LEMPRIERE'fcS 

UNIVERSAL  BIOGRAPHY; 


CONTAINING 


A  CRITICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  LIVES, 
CHARACTERS,  AND  LABOURS 


EMINENT   PERSONS, 


IN    ALL    AGES   AND    COUNTRIES. 


TOGETHER.    WITH 


SELECTIONS    OF    FOREIGN    BIOGRAPHY    FROM    WATKINS's  DICTIONARY, 
RECENTLY    PUBLISHED,    AND    ABOUT    EIGHT    HUN- 
DRED   ORIGINAL   ARTICLES 


AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY. 


BY  ELEAZAR  LORD. 


IN    TWO   VOLS. 

VOL.  I. 


NEW- YORK : 

R.  LOCK  WOOD,  154  BROADWAY. 
J.  k.  J.  Harper,  Priuters. 

1825. 


Southern  District  of  New-York,  us. 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  October,  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  R.  LOCKWOOD,  of  the  said  district, 
hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  proprietor,  in 
the  words  following,  to  wit — 

"Lempriere's  Universal  Biography;  containing  a  critical  and  historical  account  of  the  lives, 
characters,  and  labours  oi  eminent  persons,  in  all  ages  and  countries.  Together  with 
selections  of  foreign  Biography  from  Watkins's  Dictionary,  recently  published,  and  about 
eight  hundred  original  articles  of  American  Biography.     By  Eleazar  Lord." 

In  conformity  to  the  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled  "An  Act  for  the 
encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the 
authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned."  And  also  to 
an  Act,  entitled  "  An  Act,  supplementary  to  an  Act,  entitled  An  Act  for  the  encouragement 
of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and 
proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits 
thereof  to  the  art9  of  designing,  engraving:,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

'  JAMES  DILL, 

Clerk  of  the  Southern  District  of  Neio-York. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  proposals  for  publishing  an  American  Biographical 
Dictionary,  in  connexion  with  the  standard  volumes  of  Lem- 
priere,  have  led  the  public  to  expect  a  work  formed  upon  the 
model  of  that  writer — a  work  comprising  the  prominent  facts 
and  events  in  the  history,  of  the  individuals,  whose  names  are 
inserted,  and  which  are  proper  to  a  Dictionary,  in  distinction 
from  a  book  of  memoirs  or  lives. 

The  original  articles,  chiefly  of  American  Biography,  in  this 
publication,  are  marked  by  the  signature  L. — To  those  selected 
from  Watkins's  Biographical  Dictionary  are  subjoined  the  let- 
ters W.  B. 

The  publisher  begs  to  express  his  acknowledgments  to  those 
persons  who  have  favoured  him  with  communications  for  the 
work ;  while  he  regrets  that  he  has  been  unable  to  obtain 
materials  for  proper  notices  of  a  number  of  names  which'  are 
peculiarly  worthy  of  commemoration. 

A  few  articles  are  inserted  out  of  course  at  the  end  of  the 
second  volume. 

New-York,  January,  1S25. 


PREFACE. 


The  advantages  which  a  biographical  work  offers  to  the  reader 
are  so  numerous  and  so  important,  that  it  is  hoped  every  endeavour 
to  enlarge  the  knowledge  of  mankind,  and  impartially  to  develope 
the  character  of  those  who  have  contributed  to  the  happiness  or  to 
the  calamities  of  the  world,  will  be  received  by  the  public  with  in- 
dulgence and  candour.  More  minute  than  history,  biography  regards 
the  person,  the  acquirements,  and  the  conduct  of  the  individual, 
and  cursorily  passes  over  those  more  general  details  of  public  trans- 
actions which  are  more  properly  the  object  of  the  historian's  re- 
search. While  in  the  history  of  nations,  and  in  the  political  changes 
of  states,  the  reader  views  the  consequences  of  successful  intrigue, 
of  diplomatic  dexterity,  or  of  military  prowess,  it  is  in  the  details  of 
private  and  of  domestic  life  where  he  seeks  for  instruction,  and  for  the 
minute  documents  which  may  conduct  his  footsteps,  and  hold  out 
the  lamp  of  experience  to  warn  him  against  the  dangers  of  ill-di- 
rected passions,  or  of  misguided  ambition. 

In  the  following  work,  every  character,  it  may  generally  be  said, 
has  been  included  which  might  have  strong  claim  on  the  notice  of 
posterity,  either  from  public  notoriety,  or  from  lasting  celebrity. 
Those  who  have  benefited  their  fellow-creatures  by  their  exertions 
either  in  the  walks  of  science  and  literature,  or  in  the  improvement 
of  the  polite  arts,  in  the  extension  of  commerce,  or  in  the  useful 
labours  of  industry  ;  or  those  who,  in  the  field  of  honour,  have 
fought  with  superior  valour  for  the  glories  and  for  the  independence 
of  their  parent  state,  all  are  strongly  entitled  to  the  gratitude  of 
mankind.  Those  likewise,  whose  vices  and  crimes  have  rendered 
them  too  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  time,  have  a  claim  to  the  notice 
of  the  biographer ;  and  though  to  pass  over  the  foibles  as  well  as 
the  enormities  of  his  fellow-creatures  might  be  a  pleasing  omission, 
yet  the  sacred  character  of  truth  requires  that  the  irregular  passions 
of  men  should  be  curbed,  by  observing  the  fatal  effects  and  the 
everlasting  disgrace  which  misapplied  talents  have  produced,  and 
the  many  calamities  which  the  indulgence  of  criminal  desires  in 
public  life,  as  well  as  in  domestic  society,  has  always  entailed  on  the 
world.  To  be  useful,  we  must  paint  impartially  the  conduct  of  indi- 
viduals, whether  laudable  or  reprehensible  ;  and  those  who  have 
caused  the  miseries  of  their  fellow-men,  are  to  be  held  up  to  public 


tj  j>REFACL: 

notice,  and  to  public  detestation,  that,  in  their  history,  it"  we  cannot 
find  consolation,  we  may  at  least  discover  those  striking  lessons  of 
instruction  and  of  precaution  which  experience  never  fails  to  afford 
to  the  sober  and  the  contemplative  mind. 

T\  hile.  however,  the  desire  of  gratifying  curiosity  has  been   fully 
permitted  to  prevail,  it  must  be  observed,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
great  and  remarkable  characters  only  can  be  entitled  to  more  minute 
details.     In  this  particular,  the  assistance  of  judgment,  and  the  rules 
of  proportion,  are,  in  a  composition  of  this  nature,  materially  essen- 
tial.    It  is  within   the   general  observation,  that  voluminous  works 
have  been  written  to  develope  the  history,  and  to  portray  the  cha- 
racters of  many  who,  as  public  men,  have,  by  their  intrigues,  their 
labours,  or  their  virtues,  commanded  the  general  attention  for  a  long 
course  of  years  ;  and  it   is   equally  known,   that   even  not  a  few  of 
those  whose  great  merits  have  but  shone  upon  the  world,  and,  like 
the  momentary  dazzling  of  a  meteor,  have  rapidly  disappeared,  have 
formed  the  subject  of  long  and  desultory  literary  investigation.     To 
examine,  therefore,   and  to  select  the  most  prominent  features,  to 
compress  the  materials  copiously  scattered  around  him.  and  to  assign 
to  each,  to  the   mighty  conqueror,  to  the  vigilant  politician,  to  the 
popular  writer,  to  the  persevering  philosopher,  and  to  the   humble 
but  ingenious  mechanic,  his  due  proportion  of  attention  and  of  re- 
spect, forms  not  the  least  difficult  of  the  labours  of  the  biographer. 
He   may  indeed   be   forgiven   if   he  is  more  diffuse  in  painting  the 
struggles  of  virtue  and  of  innocence  against  the  inventive  powers  of 
oppression  and  of  persecution  ;  if  he   expresses   with  warmth   his 
detestation   against  successful  vice,  and  prosperous  profligacy  :  and 
if  he  is  alive  to  all  the  keen  sufferings  which  learning  has   often  to 
endure  from  the  sneers  of  pride,  and  the  clamours  of  ignorance  and 
prejudice.     It  is  frequently  not   a  little   consolatory  to  the  virtuous 
and  to  the  truly  great,  to  reflect  that  their  labours  will  not  be  in  vain. 
Posterity,  though  late,  may  replace  in  their  native   dignity  and   ho- 
nour, with  perpetuated   fame,  the   merits   and   services  which  the 
jealousy  or  the  malice  of  contemporaries  may  have  endeavoured  to 
blot  out  of  the  historic  page.     It  is  pleasing  to  contemplate  the  dif- 
ferent destinies  which   accompany   merit,  and   its   attendant  envy. 
The   man   whose   genius,  whose   industry,  whose  talents,  or  whose 
honourable  labours   in  the   cause    of  science,   of  literature,  and  of 
humanity,  have  been  often  exposed  to  ridicule  and   contempt ;  who 
has  pined  in  the  shade  of  indigence  or  ill-deserved  obscurity,  rises 
gradually  in  the  good  opinion  of  the  public,  and  ranks  with  the  dig- 
nified benefactors  of  mankind  :  while  those  who    treated  him  with 
supercilious  indifference,  who  prided    themselves  in  the  transitory 
advantages  of  rank,  of  birth,  or  of  opulence,  no  longer  occupy  the 
attention  of  the  world,  and  in  the  coqrse  of  a  few   years,   sink  into 
merited,  into  pverlastins'  oblivion. 


PKEFAUL.  ? 

iu  the  couijjusiuioii  of  his  biographical  work,  the  author  acknow- 
ledges himself  indebted  to  those,  at  home  and  abroad,  whose  labours 
have  been  directed  to  the  same  pursuits.  He  has  freely  drawn  his 
materials  from  the  researches  of  former  historians  and  biographers  ; 
and  the  accuracy  and  the  impartiality  of  their  statements,  which 
concurrent  testimonies  fully  prove  and  corroborate,  are  entitled  to 
no  small  share  of  praise.  From  this  mingled  mass,  and  from  va- 
rious sources  of  information,  he  has  endeavoured  to  form  one  gene- 
ral whole,  and  to  exhibit,  with  the  judicious  brevity  which  so  nume- 
rous a  class  of  objects  requires,  rather  "  characteristic  sketches,  in 
pleasing  miniature,  than  a  series  of  finished  and  full-sized  portraits." 
However  anxious  he  may  have  been  to  notice  every  one  who  has 
risen  to  temporary  or  to  lasting  eminence  in  the  long  lapse  of  so  many 
ages,  he  may,  perhaps,  in  the  opinion  of  some,  have  selected  the 
subjects  of  his  biographical  labours  with  too  sparing  a  hand,  while 
by  others  he  may  be  charged  with  tedious  prolixity.  He  trusts, 
however,  that  in  whatever  he  has  done,  he  has  been  actuated  by  the 
purest  motives  of  impartiality  ;  and  in  delineating  the  life,  and  in 
enumerating'  the  productions  of  men  of  various  countries,  he  has 
sacrificed  nationality  at  the  altar  of  truth.  He  trusts  that  he  has 
spoken  of  the  Christian  and  the  Pagan,  of  the  Catholic  and  the 
Protestant,  of  the  Churchman  and  Sectary,  with  the  bold  language 
of  an  unprejudiced  narration,  which  would  not  condescend  to  flatter 
the  great  and  the  powerful,  when  in  the  height  of  authority,  at  the 
expense  of  historical  veracity,  and  which  disdains  to  insult  their 
memory  after  they  have  descended  to  the  tomb. 

With  these  sentiments  he  commits,  to  the  judgment  of  the  pub- 
lic, his  biographical  labours,  as  a  companion  to  the  Classical  Dic- 
tionary, in  anxious  confidence,  that  they  will  not  be  deemed  un- 
worthy of  the  same  flattering  patronage,  and  of  the  same  extensive 
circulation,  with  which  that  work  has  so  long  and  so  liberally  been 
honoured. 

.ibingdyn,  March8th,  180*. 


THE 


UNIVERSAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


AAR 

A  A,  Peter  Vander,  a  bookseller  of  Ley- 
-  *-  den,  who,  under  the  title  of  Galerie  du 
Monde,  published  in  66  vols.  fol.  an  atlas  of 
200  charts,  as  explanatory  of  the  various 
voyages  made  between  the  13th  and  the 
close  of  the  17th  century.  These,  though 
accompanied  with  prints  to  represent  the 
customs,  edifices,  and  curiosities  of  differ- 
ent nations,  display  rather  the  labour  and 
perseverance  of  the  compiler,  than  either 
his  judgment  or  accuracy.  Aa  made  a 
continuation  of  Graevius's  Thesaurus  of 
Italian  writers,  in  six  other  volumes.  He 
was  still  living  in  1729. 

Aagard,  Nicholas  and  Christian,  two 
brothers,  born  at  Wiburg,  in  Denmark,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  The 
eldest,  who  was  distinguished  for  the  acute- 
ness  of  his  philosophical  writings,  died  1657, 
and  the  other,  known  for  his  poetical  ta- 
lents, died  1664. 

Aal am,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, at  the  court  of  Adado  Daula. 

Aalst,  Everard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Delft,  1602.  His  talents  were  displayed 
with  peculiar  success  in  the  representation 
of  shields  and  military  accoutrements,  of 
dead  birds  and  inanimate  subjects,  and  his 
paintings,  few  in  number,  are  now  highly 
valued  for  superiority  of  execution.  He 
died  in  1658.  His  nephew,  William,  be- 
came the  rival  of  his  uncle,  and  in  his  tra- 
vels through  France  and  Italy,  he  deserved 
and  obtained  the  friendship  and  patronage 
of  the  great,  and  particularly  of  the  duke 
of  Tuscany,  who  liberally  rewarded  his 
merit.  His  fruit  and  flower  pieces  were 
most  admired.  He  died  in  Holland  in 
1679,  aged  59,  leaving  several  children  by 
his  servant-maid,  to  whom  he  was  married 
after  his  return  from  Italy. 

Aaron,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  son  of 
Amram,  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  was  born  A.M. 
2434.     He  was  the  friend  and  the  assistant 

Vol.  I.  2 


AAR 

of  his  brother,  and  as  being  more  happilj 
gifted  with  the  powers  of  eloquence,  he  at- 
tended him  in  all  his  interviews  with  Pha- 
raoh in  Egypt,  and  in  his  conferences  with 
the  people  of  Israel.  Though  he  grievous- 
ly offended  God  by  making  a  calf  of  gold, 
as  the  representative  of  the  divinity,  which 
had  conducted  his  nation  safe  through  the 
Red  Sea  from  the  perils  of  Egypt,  he  was 
permitted  to  become  the  first  high-priest. 
This  sacred  office  bestowed  upon  him  ex- 
cited discontent  among  the  friends  of  Ko- 
rah  and  his  associates,  but  Aaron  exercised 
it  with  honour  and  fidelity,  and  after  in- 
vesting his  son  Eleazer  as  his  successor, 
he  died  in  his  123d  year,  without  being 
permitted  to  enter  the  promised  land. 

Aaron  Raschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Abbas- 
sides,  distinguished  by  his  conquests,  and 
the  eccentricity  of  his  character.  Valiant  in 
battle,  he  showed  himself  inhuman  and  per- 
fidious towards  the  conquered,  and  ever 
made  the  sacred  duties  of  the  sovereign  sub- 
servient to  caprice,  intemperance,  or  re- 
sentment. At  once  master  of  the  finest  pro- 
vinces of  Asia  and  Africa,  his  power  extend- 
ed from  Spain  to  the  banks  of  the  Ganges, 
and  exacted  a  tribute  from  Nicephorus,  the 
Roman  emperor  of  the  East.  He  deserves 
our  admiration  for  the  patronage  which  he 
afforded  to  literature  and  to  the  arts.  He 
was  eight  times  victorious  in  battle,  and 
eight  times  paid  his  adoration  at  the  tomb 
of  the  prophet.  Charlemagne  respected 
his  character,  and  Aaron  in  token  of  friend- 
ship presented  to  the  European  prince  a 
clock,  the  mechanism  and  construction  of 
which  were  regarded  among  the  prodigies 
of  the  age.  He  died  A.  D.  809,  in  the 
23d  year  of  his  reign. 

Aaron  Schascou,  a  rabbi  of  Thessalo- 
nica,  celebrated  for  his  writings. 

Aaron,  a  British  saint,  put  to  death  with 
his  brother  Julius,  during  Diocletian's  per- 
0 


AAB 


AAli 


secution  of  the  Christians,  and  buried  at 
Caerleon,  in  Wales. 

Aaron,  a  presbyter  and  physician  of  Al- 
exandria in  the  eighth  century,  who  wrote 
30  books  or  pandects  on  medicine  in  I  he 
Syriac  language.  He  is  the  first  author  who 
makes  mention  of  the  small-pox  and  of  the 
measles,  diseases  which  were  introduced 
into  Egypt  by  the  conquest  of  the  Arabians, 
about  640.  He  was  particularly  explicit  on 
the  symptoms  and  on  the  progress  of  these 
disorders  ;  but  as  his  compositions  are  lost, 
and  only  scattered  fragments  are  to  be  seen 
in  the  collections  of  Mohammed  Rhazis,  the 
moderns  must  ever  remain  in  ignorance  of 
the  origin  and  probable  causes  of  these 
dreadful  scourges  of  the  human  race. 

Aaron,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi,  who 
was  known  as  a  physician  at  Constantino- 
ple in  1294,  and  who  wrote  a  learned  com- 
mentary on  the  pentateuch,  besides  anno- 
tations on  some  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  a  Hebrew  grammar,  &c. 

Aaron,  Hacharon,  or  Posterior,  another 
learned  rabbi,  whose  writings  are  highly 
esteemed  by  the  Caraite  Jews.  He  was 
born  in  Nicomedia,  1346.  He  wrote  on  the 
law  of  Moses,  and  particularly  on  the  cus- 
toms of  his  nation,  in  a  treatise  entitled 
the  Garden  of  Eden. 

Aaron, Isaac,  an  interpreter  of  languages 
at  the  court  of  Constantinople  under  the 
Comneni.  He  abused  the  confidence  repo- 
sed in  him,  and  with  unparalleled  inhu- 
manity recommended  to  Andronicus,  the 
usurper  of  his  master's  throne,  to  put  out 
the  eyes  and  cut  off  the  tongues  of  his  ene- 
mies, a  punishment  which  was  afterwards 
inflicted  on  himself  by  Isaac  Angelus,  1203. 

Aaron  Ben-Chaim,  the  chief  of  the  Jew- 
ish synagogues  at  Fez  and  Morocco  in  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  Joshua,  the  law,  the  pro- 
phets, &c. 

Aaron  Ben-Aser,  a  learned  rabbi  in  the 
fifth  century,  to  whom  the  invention  of  the 
Hebrew  points  and  accents  is  attributed. 
He  wrote  a  Hebrew  grammar,  printed  1515. 

AARON,aLevite  of  Barcelona,  who  wrote 
613  precepts  on  Moses,  printed  at  Venice, 
1523.     He  died  1292. 

Aarsens,  Francis,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, son  of  the  register  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces. He  was  early  initiated  in  politics, 
and  at  the  court  of  France,  where  he  was  the 
first  honoured  and  recognised  as  the  ambas- 
sador of  Holland,  he  enlarged  his  under- 
standing, and  acquired  the  knowledge  and 
the  arts  of  negotiation  under  Henry  IV.  and 
his  ministers  Villeroi,  Rosni,  Silleri,  &c. 
Flattered  by  the  people,  esteemed  by  the 
monarch,  and  raised  to  the  honours  of  nobi- 
lity, he  continued  15  years  the  representa- 
tive of  his  nation,  till  either  the  popularity 
or  the  jealousy  of  the  court  procured  his  re- 
call. He  afterwards  was  employed  in  the 
10 


same  capacity  at  Venice,  and  in  other  iia 
Han  states,  and  he  was  one  of  those  who  ne- 
gotiated in  England  for  the  marriage  of 
William  of  Orange  with  the  daughter  of 
Charles  I.  A  persuasive  eloquence  and 
the  arts  of  dissimulation  and  intrigue  were 
united  in  Aarsens  with  an  imposing  ap- 
pearance of  bluntness  ami  rustic  simplicity, 
and  rendered  him  at  once  dangerous  and 
successful,  so  that  Richelieu,  who  knew 
and  employed  his  abilities,  acknowledged 
that  he  shared  with  Oxenstiern  of  Sweden, 
and  Viseardi  of  Montserrat,  the  honour  of 
being  the  most  consummate  politician  of 
his  age.  He  died  in  an  advanced  age,  and 
his  son  had  the  singular  reputation  of  being 
the  most  opulent  citizen  of  Holland.  He 
left  behind  him  an  account  of  all  the  em- 
bassies in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  from 
the  accuracy,  the  judgment,  and  the  exact- 
ness in  which  his  papers  are  drawn  up  and 
arranged,  we  derive  a  further  proof  of  his 
genius  and  his  perseverance.  Memoirs  of 
him  were  published  by  Du  Maurier. 

Aarsens  or  Aertsen,  Peter,  surnamed 
Longo,  from  his  tallness,  was  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1519,  where  he  also  died  in  his 
66th  year.  Though  brought  up  like  his 
father  to  the  profession  of  a  stocking-ma- 
ker, he  was  at  last  permitted,  by  the  en- 
treaties of  his  mother,  to  follow  the  bent 
of  his  genius,  and  at  18  he  began  to  study 
painting,  architecture,  and  perspective.  At 
Antwerp,  where  he  married,  and  where  he 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
painters,  he  gave  proofs  of  his  superior  ta- 
lents, and  in  his  first  pieces  particularly 
excelled  in  representing  the  utensils  of  a 
kitchen.  A  painting  of  the  death  of  the 
Virgin  for  an  altar-piece  at  Amsterdam, 
was  highly  esteemed,  and  another  equally 
deserved  the  warmest  admiration,  in  which 
he  represented  the  crucifixion  with  the 
executioner  in  the  act  of  breaking  with  an 
iron  bar  the  legs  of  the  two  thieves.  This 
last  was  torn  to  pieces  in  a  public  insur- 
rection, 1566,  and  so  unguarded  was  the 
painter  in  his  complaints  and  reproaches 
on  the  occasion,  that  the  ferocious  popu- 
lace were  with  difficulty  prevented  from 
murdering  him.  He  left  3  sons,  who  also 
engaged  in  his  profession. 

Aartgen  or  Aertgen,  the  son  of  a 
wool-comber  at  Leyden,  who,  after  fol- 
lowing his  father's  occupation,  turned  his 
thoughts  to  painting,  in  the  prosecution  of 
which  he  acquired  reputation  and  conse- 
quence. Regardless  of  the  conveniences 
of  life,  he  was  visited  by  Floris  of  Ant- 
werp, and  rejected  the  patronage  and  so- 
ciety of  this  amiable  and  disinterested 
friend,  declaring  he  found  greater  gratifi- 
cation in  his  mean  cottage,  than  in  the 
enjoyment  of  opulence.  He  was  habitu- 
ally intemperate,  and  as  he  never  touched 
his  pencil  on  Mondays,  he  devoted  those 


ABA 


ABB 


days  with  his  pupils  to  festivity  and  drun- 
kenness. He  was  drowned  in  the  canals 
of  the  city  in  the  night,  as  he  amused  him- 
self according  to  his  usual  custom  in  play- 
ing through  the  streets  on  the  german  flute. 
Aba,  brother-in-law  to  Stephen,  the  first 
Christian  king  of  Hungary,  defeated  Peter, 
who  had  succeeded  his  uncle  on  the  throne, 
and  after  he  had  banished  him  to  Bavaria, 
he  usurped  the  crown,  1041  or  1042.  He 
disgraced  himself  by  his  cruelties,  and  after 
being  conquered  in  a  battle  by  the  emperor 
Henry  III.  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  resent- 
ment of  his  offended  subjects,  1044. 

Abapfi,  Michael,  son  of  a  magistrate  of 
Hermanstad,  rose  by  his  abilities  and  in- 
trigues, to  the  sovereignty  of  Transylvania, 
in  1661.  He  bravely  assisted  the  Turks, 
and  became  formidable  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany. 

Abaca  or  Abaka,  a  king  of  Tartary, 
whose  ambassadors  were  introduced  in 
1274  to  the  ecclesiastical  synod  of  Lyons. 
He  conquered  Persia,  and  proved  a  power- 
ful and  formidable  neighbour  to  the  Chris- 
tians who  had  settled  at  Jerusalem.  He 
died  1282. 

Abano,  vid.  Apono. 

Abaris,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  his- 
tory of  whose  adventures,  as  mentioned  by 
Herodotus  and  others,  appears  more  fabu- 
lous than  authentic. 

Abas,  Schah,  was  seventh  king  of  Persia, 
of  the  race  of  the  Sophis.  He  was  brave  and 
active,  and  enlarged  the  boundaries  of  his 
dominions.  He  took,  conjointly  with  the 
English  forces,  1622,  the  island  of  Ormus, 
which  had  been  in  the  possession  of  the 
Portuguese  122  years.  He  died  1629,  in  the 
44th  year  of  his  reign,  and  obtained  from 
his  grateful  and  admiring  subjects  the  sur- 
name of  great,  and  of  restorer  of  Persia. 
He  had  made  Ispahan  his  capital. 

Abas,  Schah,  the  great  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded  his  father  in  1642  in 
his  13th  year.  He  took  Candahar  from  the 
Moguls,  and  valiantly  resisted  the  attacks  of 
300,000  besiegers.  Blessed  with  an  enlar- 
ged understanding,he  patronized  the  Chris- 
tians, and  promised  by  deeds  of  benevolence 
and  liberality  to  rival  the  greatest  heroes  of 
antiquity,  when  he  was  cut  off  by  the  lues 
venerea  in  his  37th  year,  Sept.  25,  1666. 

Abassa,  an  officer  who  revolted  against 
Mustapha  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  and  af- 
terwards was  employed  against  the  Poles, 
1634,  at  the  head  of  60,000  men.  The  cow- 
ardice of  his  troops  robbed  him  of  a  victory 
which  his  courage,  his  abilities,  and  his  am- 
bition seemed  to  promise,  and  he  was 
strangled  by  order  of  the  Sultan. 

Abassa,  a  sister  of  Aaron  Raschid, 
whose  hand  was  bestowed  by  her  brother 
on  Giafar,  on  condition  that  she  abstained 
from  the  marriage  rights.  The  promise  was 
forgotten  :  the  birth  of  a  son  that  was  se- 


cretly sent  to  Mecca  to  be  brought  up,  in- 
censed the  emperor,  and  the  husband's  life 
was  sacrificed  by  the  tyrant,  and  Abassa 
reduced  to  poverty.  There  are  still  extant 
some  Arabic  verses  which  beautifully  cele- 
brate her  love  and  her  misfortunes. 

Abasson,  an  impostor,  who,  under  the 
character  of  the  grandson  of  Abas  the  great, 
obtained  the  patronage  of  the  court  of 
France  and  of  the  grand  seignor,  by  whose 
orders  he  was  at  last  beheaded.  * 

Abats,  Andrew,  a  painter,  born  at  Na- 
ples, and  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  Spa- 
nish king.  He  died  1732.  His  fruit  pieces 
and  landscapes  were  admired. 

Abauzit,  Firmin,  born  at  Uzes,  1 1th  No- 
vember, 1679,  fled  from  the  persecution 
which  attended  his  parents  on  account  of 
their  profession  of  Protestantism,  and  reti- 
red to  Geneva,  where  he  found  protection 
and  peace.  As  he  had  early  lost  his  father, 
his  education  was  promoted  by  the  care  of 
his  mother,  who  had  the  happiness  to  dis- 
cover that  the  small  remains  of  her  scat- 
tered fortune  were  amply  compensated  by 
the  improvement  of  her  son.  Geneva  was 
the  seat  of  literature  as  well  as  of  freedom, 
and  Abauzit  was  soon  distinguished  for  his 
superior  progress  in  every  branch  of  polite 
learning,  but  particularly  mathematics  and 
natural  history.  In  Holland  he  became  the 
friend  of  Bayle,  of  Jurieu,  and  Basnage  ;  in 
England  he  was  honoured  with  the  friend- 
ship of  St.  Evremond,  and  of  the  corres- 
pondence of  Newton  ;  and  William  III.  in- 
vited him,  by  offers  of  liberal  patronage,  to 
settle  in  his  dominions  ;  but  the  remem- 
brance of  Geneva,  the  asylum  of  his  infant 
years,  made  him  decline  the  generosity  of 
the  monarch.  The  fruits  of  his  literary  la- 
bours were  few :  unambitious  to  appear 
before  the  public,  he  chose  rather  to  assist 
his  friends  than  solicit  fame  in  his  own  per- 
son. He,  however,  applied  himself  to  anti- 
quities, and  as  he  was  now  enrolled  among 
the  citizens  of  Geneva,  and  appointed  pub- 
lic librarian,  he  showed  his  gratitude  by 
republishing  Spon's  history  of  his  favourite 
city,  which  he  enriched  with  dissertations, 
and  other  valuable  explanations.  As  he 
grew  in  years,  he  continued  to  increase  in 
fame,  and  it  must  be  mentioned  to  his  praise 
that  he  was  flattered  by  Voltaire  and  com- 
plimented by  Rousseau.  He  was  an  Arian 
in  religion,  but  his  sentiments  were  liberal 
and  humane.     He  died  March  20th,  1767. 

Abbadie,  James,  D.D.  a  celebrated  Pro- 
testant minister,  born  at  Nay  in  Berne, 
1654,  or  according  to  others,  '58.  After 
improving  himself  in  France  and  Holland, 
he  visited  Prussia  and  settled  in  Berlin,  at 
the  solicitation  of  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, where,  as  minister  of  the  French 
church,  he  enforced  the  duties  of  religion 
and  morality,  and  gained  by  persuasive 
eloquence  the  favour  of  the  prince  ajtd  peo- 
11 


ABU 


ABB 


l>le.  After  his  patron's  death  he  accompa- 
nied the  duke  of  Schomberg  to  Holland 
and  to  England,  and  after  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne,  he  was  patronized  by  king  William, 
whose  cause  he  ably  supported  by  his  pen, 
and  was  made  minister  of  the  Savoy,  and  af- 
terwards advanced  to  the  deanery  of  Killaloe 
in  Ireland.  He  died  in  London  soon  after 
his  return  from  a  tour  to  Holland,  Sept. 
23,  1727.  Well  informed  as  a  writer,  elo- 
quent as  a  preacher,  and  as  a  man  virtuous 
and  charitable,  he  was  universally  respect- 
ed and  beloved.  His  writings  were  mostly 
on  divinity,  and  they  acquired  unusual  po- 
pularity, especially  his  treatise  on  the 
Christian  religion.  He  also  published  a 
defence  of  the  revolution,  and,  at  the  re- 
quest of  William,  an  account  of  the  late 
conspiracy  in  England,  compiled  from  the 
materials  furnished  by  the  earl  of  Portland 
and  secretary  Trumbull. 

Abbas,  Halli,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
Persian  magi,  who  followed  the  doctrines 
of  Zoroaster.  He  wrote  A.  D.  980,  a  book 
called  royal  work,  at  the  request  of  the  ca- 
liph's son,  to  whom  he  has  dedicated  it,  in 
the  pompous  and  bombastic  language  of  the 
East.  It  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Ste- 
phen of  Antioch,  1127,  which  is  now  ex- 
tant. 

Abbas,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet,  opposed 
the  ambitious  views  of  the  impostor,  but 
when  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Bedir,  he  was 
not  only  reconciled  to  his  nephew,  but  he 
warmly  embraced  his  religion,  and  thanked 
Heaven  for  the  prosperity  and  the  grace 
which  he  enjoyed  as  a  mussulman.  He  ac- 
quired fame  as  the  interpreter  of  the  verses 
of  the  koran,  and  more  powerfully  served 
the  cause  of  Mahomet  at  the  battle  of  Ho- 
nain,  by  recalling  his  dismayed  troops  to 
the  charge,  and  inciting  them  boldly  to  rally 
round  their  prophet,  who  was  near  expiring 
under  the  scymitars  of  the  infidel  Thake- 
sites.  His  son,  of  the  same  name,  became 
still  more  celebrated  by  his  knowledge  of 
the  koran.  Abbas  was  regarded  with  so 
much  veneration  that  the  caliphs  Omar  and 
Othman  never  appeared  before  him  without 
dismounting  from  their  horses,  and  saluting 
him  with  the  most  profound  humility,  He 
died  in  the  32d  year  of  the  hegira ;  and 
100  years  after,  Abulabbas  Saffa,  his  grand- 
son, investing  himself  with  the  sovereign 
power,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  dynasty 
of  the  Abbassides,  which  continued  to  be 
transmitted  in  his  family  from  father  to  son, 
524  years,  during  an  uninterrupted  suc- 
cession of  37  caliphs,  till  they  were  dispos- 
sessed by  the  Tartars.  Abbas  Abdallah, 
the  grandson  of  Abbas,  the  uncle  of  the 
prophet,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  teacher 
of  the  sacred  book  :  as,  before  he  was  10 
years  of  age,  he  was  said  to  have  received 
inspiration  from  the  angel  Gabriel,  whose 
communications  with  Mahomet  were  fre- 
12 


quent  and  numerous.  He  died  in  the  (Jritlt 
year  of  the  hegira,  and  was  universally  la- 
mented as  the  most  learned  doctor  of  mus- 
sulmanism. 

Aabassa,  vid.  Abassa. 

Abbategio,  Marian  d',  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  14th  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities 
to  be  governor  of  Aquila. 

Abbatissa,  Paul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poet, 
born  at  Messina,  1570.  He  translated  into 
Italian  verse  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
and  Ovid's  Metamorphoses. 

Abbiati,  Philip,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  who  died  1715,  aged  75. 

Abbon,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  Pres, 
who  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Normans  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200 
verses  in  execrable  Latin,  but,  however, 
valuable  for  its  fidelity  and  impartial  mi- 
nuteness. It  is  in  Duchesne's  collection, 
and  it  has  since  been  edited  by  Duplesis, 
1753. 

Abbon,  de  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who,  after  displaying  his  superior 
abilities  in  every  branch  of  polite  literature 
at  Paris  and  Rheims,  became  abbot  of  Fleu- 
ry, and  supported  with  vehemence  and  en- 
ergy the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against 
the  intrusions  of  the  bishops.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  King  Robert  to  appease  Pope  Gre- 
gory V.  who  wished  to  place  the  kingdom  of 
France  under  an  interdict,  and  he  proved 
successful  at  Rome.  He  was  killed  ina  quar- 
rel between  the  French  and  Gascons,  1004, 
whilst  he  endeavoured  to  introduce  a  reform 
in  the  abbey  of  Reole,  in  Gascony.  Besides 
canons  in  which  he  explained  the  duty  of 
kings  and  subjects,  there  is  a  volume  of  his 
letters  extant,  printed  1687,  in  folio. 

Abbot,  George,  son  of  a  clothworker 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  born  at 
Guildford,  in  Surrey,  29th  Oct.  1562.  After 
receiving  his  education  at  the  grammar 
school  in  his  native  town,  he  became  a 
member  and  fellow  of  Baliol  College,  in 
Oxford,  where  he  soon  after  distinguished 
himself  as  a  preacher.  His  popularity  re- 
commended him  to  favour ;  he  was  chosen 
master  of  University  College,  in  1599,  in- 
stalled dean  of  Winchester,  and  after  serv- 
ing three  times  with  dignity  and  moderation 
the  office  of  vice-chancellor,  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Litchfield  and  Coventry, 
1609.  His  learning  was  universally  res- 
pected, as  before  his  elevation  to  the  epis- 
copal chair,  he  was  the  second  of  the 
Oxford  divines  whom  king  James  appoint- 
ed to  translate  the  New  Testament,  except 
the  epistles  ;  and  as  a  negotiator  he  was 
employed  to  establish  and  cement  an  union 
between  the  churches  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, where  his  address,  his  eloquence,  and 
moderation,  were  particularly  conspicuous. 
After  a  rapid  translation  to  the  see  of  Lon- 
don,he  was,  on  the  death  of  Bancroft,  1610. 


ABB 


ABB 


laised  to  the  primacy,  and  in  this  high  si- 
tuation he  maintained  his  character  un- 
spotted, and  neither  submitted  to  the  arbi- 
trary mandates  of  despotic  power,  nor  ex- 
ercised the  ecclesiastical  authority  in  the 
establishment  of  unmeaning  ceremonies, 
or  in  shackling  the  judgment  or  devotion 
of  the  people.  In  his  zeal  for  the  protes- 
tant  faith,  he  promoted  the  union  of  the 
princess  Elizabeth  with  the  elector  pala- 
tine, and  he  strenuously  withstood  the  in- 
fluence which  James  exerted  to  make  him 
declare  in  favour  of  the  divorce  between 
the  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  and  the 
royal  favourite,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex.  He 
refused  to  sanction  the  mandate  by  which 
James  permitted  sports  and  pastimes  on 
the  Lord's  day,  and  he  forbade  it  to  be  pub- 
licly read  at  Croydon,  where  he  then  was. 
The  evening  of  his  life  was  darkened  by  a 
melancholy  event,  which  his  enemies  wish- 
ed to  convert  to  his  disgrace  and  degrada- 
tion. As  he  amused  himself  with  a  cross- 
bow in  the  grounds  of  lord  Zouch,  at  Bran- 
sill,  in  Hampshire,  where  he  retired  for 
recreation  every  summer,  he  accidentally 
killed  the  park-keeper  by  an  arrow  which 
he  aimed  at  a  deer.  This  homicide  was 
attended  with  a  settled  melancholy  in  the 
archbishop,  who,  as  an  atonement  for  the 
accident,  granted  an  annuity  of  20/.  to  the 
widow,  and  ever  after  once  a  month  ob- 
served the  fatal  day,  Tuesday,  in  penitence 
and  prayer.  His  conduct,  however,  was 
misrepresented,  and  though  James  remark- 
ed that  "  an  angel  might  have  miscarried 
in  this  sort,"  a  commission  of  ten  persons 
was  directed  to  inquire  whether  he  was  in- 
capacitated from  performing  the  duties  of 
his  office.  He  was  honourably  restored  to 
his  functions,  the  king  passing  a  pardon 
and  a  dispensation  by  which  he  was  clear- 
ed from  all  scandal,  irregularity,  or  infa- 
mation.  From  infirmity  he  was  unable  to 
attend  the  councils,  though  he  was  present 
at  the  last  illness  of  the  king,  and  he  as- 
sisted at  the  coronation  of  Charles  I.  But 
his  influence  now  began  to  decrease  at 
court ;  the  intrigues  of  Buckingham  poi- 
soned the  ears  of  the  young  monarch  ;  and 
when  the  archbishop  in  1627  refused  to 
license  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibthorpe,  which 
justified,  by  unconstitutional  means,  the 
raising  of  a  loan,  he  was  disgracefully  dis- 
missed from  the  powers  of  primate,  and 
ordered  to  withdraw  to  Canterbury,  while 
the  episcopal  authority  was  exercised  by 
commission  by  five  prelates.  He  was,  how- 
ever, soon  after  restored  to  his  full  preroga- 
tive ;  but  neither  the  threats  of  his  power- 
ful enemies,  nor  the  enmity  of  Laud  and 
Buckingham,  could  prevail  against  his  de- 
terminate zeal  in  support  of  the  rights  of 
the  subject,  and  the  liberty  of  conscience. 
He  did  not  long  preserve  the  royal  favour  ; 
lie  died  at  Croydon,  on  the  5th  of  August, 


1633,  in  his  7lst  year,  and  was  buried  ac* 
cording  to  his  direction,  in  the  church  of 
Holy  Trinity,  at  Guildford,  where  a  stately 
monument  was  erected  over  his  grave  by 
his  brother  Maurice.  In  his  general  cha- 
racter, Abbot  was  moderate  and  inoffen- 
sive ;  though  a  rigid  Calvinist,  he  recom- 
mended to  his  clergy,  rather  to  gain  the 
public  esteem,  by  morality,  than  claim  it 
as  a  due  to  their  office.  He  was  benevo- 
lent and  humane,  and  among  other  acts  of 
charity,  he  endowed,  with  an  income  of 
300/.  a  year,  a  hospital  at  Guildford  for  the 
support  and  maintenance  of  the  poor.  His 
publications  were  chiefly  divinity,  besides 
some  treatises  occasioned  by  the  situation 
of  the  times. 

Abbot,  Maurice,  youngest  brother  of  the 
archbishop,  acquired  consequence  in  com- 
mercial affairs,  and  was  employed  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  East  India  Company's  con- 
cerns, respecting  the  Molucca  Islands, 
which  were  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch.  He 
was  employed,  in  1624,  in  establishing  the 
settlement  of  Virginia,  and  he  was  the  first 
person  on  whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the 
honour  of  knighthood.  Raised  by  industry 
to  opulence  and  distinction,  he  was  elected 
representative  for  London,  and  in  1638 
was  raised  to  the  mayoralty  of  the  city,  a 
high  office,  which  he  adorned  by  the  amia- 
bleness  of  his  manners,  and  the  goodness 
of  his  heart.  He  died  Jan.  10th,  1640- 
His  son  George  was  of  Merton  college, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.B.  1630, 
and  he  distinguished  himself  during  the 
civil  wars  in  defending  Caldecote  Hall  in 
Warwickshire  against  the  attacks  of  prince 
Maurice  and  Rupert.  He  died  1648,  Feb. 
4,  aged  44.  He  published  a  paraphrase  on 
Job,  1640,— Vindiciae  Sabbati,  1641,— brief 
notes  on  the  Psalms,  1651. 

Abbot,  Robert,  D.D.  eldest  brother  of 
the  two  preceding,  was  born  at  Guildford, 
and  educated  at  Baliol  college.  After  a 
short  residence  at  Worcester,  and  at  Bing- 
ham, in  Nottinghamshire,  he  was  elected 
master  of  his  college,  1609,  where  he  sup- 
ported the  respectability  of  his  station,  by 
enforcing  obedience,  regularity,  and  tem- 
perance in  the  society.  His  eloquence  as 
a  preacher  recommended  him  to  further 
patronage ;  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
the  king,  and  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Oxford,  and  in  this  office  he  neglected  no 
opportunity  to  support  the  reformation, 
and  warn  his  audience  against  the  insinua- 
tions of  popery.  Laud  was  one  of  those 
who  felt  the  severity  of  his  oratory,  and  in 
a  discourse  in  which  the  preacher  inveigh- 
ed against  the  arts  of'  the  puritans  and  the 
friends  of  the  Romish  church,  the  eyes  of 
the  audience  were  fixed  upon  the  future 
archbishop,  and  created  confusion  and 
shame.  On  the  vacancy  of  Salisbury, 
1615,  the  king  rewarded  the  labours  of 
13 


ABD 


ABD 


Abbot  by  nominating  him  to  the  see,  and 
he  was  consecrated  by  his  brother,  at 
Lambeth.  The  infirmities  of  a  sedentary 
life,  however,  checked  the  intended  im- 
provements and  reformations  of  the  new 
prelate.  He  died,  March  2d,  1617,  in  his 
58th  year,  and  was  one  of  the  five  bishops 
who  in  six  successive  years  were  installed 
at  Salisbury.  He  was  buried  in  his  cathe- 
dral. His  writings,  though  few,  were  prin- 
cipally controversial,  and  some  of  his  manu- 
scripts were  presented  to  the  Bodleian  Li- 
brary, by  Dr.  Corbet,  who  had  married  one 
of  his  daughters,  and  who  was  rector  of 
Hasely,  Oxfordshire. 

Abbot,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  benefac- 
tor of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Ando- 
yer,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  town 
about  the  year  1730.  He  was  bred  a  mer- 
chant, and  established  himself  in  business 
in  Boston,  where  he  accumulated  a  for- 
tune, a  large  portion  of  which  he  devoted 
to  charitable  objects.  He  was  an  eminent 
benefactor  of  learning  and  religion.  His 
chief  donations  were  to  the  Theological 
Seminary,  to  which,  on  its  establishment, 
he  presented  ;,  20,000, — and  afterwards  by 
his  will  about  $  100,000.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  prudence,  integrity,  amiable- 
ness,  and  piety,  as  well  as  beneficence. 
He  died  April  30,  1810,  aged  80.     E7"  L. 

Abbt,  Thomas,  the  German  translator 
of  Sallust,  and  the  admired  author  of  a 
treatise  "  on  merit,"  and  of  another  "  of 
dying  for  one's  country,"  was  born  at  Ulm, 
and  died  at  Buckeberg,  1766,  aged  28. 

ABDALCADiiR,  a  Persian,  who  was  great- 
ly revered  by  the  mussulmans  for  his  learn- 
ing, his  piety,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  man- 
ners. His  prayers  breathed  the  spirit  of 
Christianity  :  Almighty  God,  said  he,  in  his 
devotions,  I  never  forget  thy  bounty  ;  my 
adoration  is  perpetually  directed  to  thee  ; 
deign,  therefore,  sometimes  to  remember 
and  pity  my  infirmities. 

Abdallah,  father  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave  and  a  driver  of  camels,  who,  however, 
possessed  such  merit,  according  to  the  fol- 
lowers of  the  prophet,  that  his  hand  was 
solicited  in  marriage  by  the  fairest  and  the 
most  virtuous  of  the  women  of  his  tribe. 
He  was  then  in  his  75th  or  85th  year,  but 
so  universally  admired,  that  on  the  night  of 
his  nuptials  100  young  females  expired  in 
despair.  His  wife,  though  long  barren,  at 
last  became  mother  of  Mahomet. 

Abdallah,  son  of  Zobair,  was  proclaim- 
ed caliph  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  the 
expulsion  of  Yesid.  After  enjoying  the 
sovereignty  for  four  years,  he  was  besieged 
in  Mecca,  by  the  successor  of  Yesid  in 
Svria,  and  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  ambition 
of  his  rival,  733. 

Abdallah,  a  son  of  Yesid,  celebrated  as 
a  mussulman  lawyer  in  the  7th  century. 

\.BnALLAH,  son  of  Abbas,  endeavoured 
14 


to  raise  his  family  on  the  ruins  of  the  Onv 
miades.  He  was  defeated  by  his  rivals, 
and  afterwards,  on  pretence  of  reconcilia- 
tion, he  was  perfidiously  murdered,  754. 

Abdalmalek,  son  of  Marvan,  was  5th 
caliph  of  the  Ommiades,  and  began  to  reign 
685.  He  surpassed  his  predecessors  in 
military  exploits,  and  extended  his  power 
as  far  as  Spain  in  the  west,  and  India  in 
the  east.  His  avarice,  however,  was  un- 
bounded. He  was  called  Abulzebab,  be- 
cause his  breath  was  so  offensive  that  it 
killed  the  very  flies  that  settled  on  his  lips. 
He  reigned  21  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Valid,  the  eldest  of  his  16  sons. 

Abdalmalek,  the  last  of  the  caliphs  of 
the  race  of  the  Samanides,  was  dethroned 
and  murdered  by  Mahmoud,  999,  after  a 
short  reign  disgraced  by  effeminacy  and 
weakness. 

Abdalrahman,  or  Abderames,  vid.  Ab- 
derames. 

Abdas,  a  bishop  in  Persia,  who,  by  in- 
considerately abolishing  a  Pagan  temple  of 
the  sun,  excited  the  public  indignation 
against  himself  and  his  religion.  He  was 
the  first  victim  of  a  persecution  which  call- 
ed for  the  interference  of  Theodosius  the 
younger,  in  favour  of  the  Christians,  and 
which  during  30  years  produced  war,  car- 
nage, and  desolation,  between  the  Roman 
and  Persian  empires. - 

Abdemelek,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco, 
was  dethroned  by  his  nephew  Mahomet, 
but  by  the  assistance  of  the  troops  sent 
him  by  the  Sultan  Selim,  he  defeated  Se- 
bastian, king  of  Portugal,  who  had  landed 
in  Africa  to  support  the  usurper.  The 
two  African  monarchs  and  Sebastian  fell  on 
the  field,  1578. 

Abderames,  a  caliph  of  the  race  of  the 
Ommiades.  He  was  invited  into  Spain  by 
the  Saracens  who  had  revolted  from  Jo- 
seph, and  after  he  had  conquered  the  whole 
kingdom,  he  assumed  the  title  of  king  of 
Corduba,  and  the  surname  of  Just,  though 
his  cruelties  and  ravages  were  unequalled 
in  the  Spanish  history.  He  died,  790, 
after  reigning  32  years. 

Abderames,  a  Saracen  general  of  the 
caliph  Hescham,  who  after  conquering 
Spain  penetrated  into  Aquitainand  Poitou, 
and  was  at  last  defeated  by  Charles  Mar- 
tel  near  Poitiers,  732. 

Abderames,  a  petty  prince  in  the  king- 
dom of  Morocco.  He  murdered  Ainadin, 
his  predecessor  and  nephew,  and  was  him- 
self after  a  long  reign  assassinated  by  a 
chieftain  whose  death  he  meditated  be- 
cause he  presumed  to  court  his  daughter, 
1505. 

Abdias,  a  native  of  Babylon,  who  pre- 
tended to  be  one  of  the  72  disciples  of  our 
Saviour.  He  wrote  a  legendary  treatise, 
called  Historia  certaminis  Apostolici, 
which  was  edited  and  translated  into  Latin 


ABE 


ABE 


by  Wolfgang  Lazius,   Basil,  1571,  and  is 
full  of  contradiction  and  absurdity. 

Abdissi,  a  patriarch  of  Assyria,  who 
paid  homage  to  pope  Pius  IV.  1562,  and 
extended  the  power  of  the  Romish  church 
in  the  east. 

Abdolonymus,  a  Sidonian  of  the  royal 
family,  taken  from  the  obscure  occupation 
of  a  gardener,  and  placed  on  the  throne  by 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Abdon,  a  Persian,  who  suffered  martyr- 
dom in  support  of  Christianity,  under  the 
persecution  of  Decius,  250. 

Abdulmumen,  a  man  of  obscure  origin, 
but  of  superior  talents,  who  seized  the 
crown  of  Morocco,  by  destroying  the  royal 
family  of  the  Almoravide  race,  and  who 
extended  his  dominions  by  the  conquest  of 
Tunis,  Fez,  and  Tremecen.  He  medita- 
ted the  invasion  of  Spain,  when  death 
stopped  his  career,  1156.  His  son  Joseph 
II.  carried  his  views  of  ambition  into  ef- 
fect. 

Abeille,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Riez  in 
Provence,  164S.  His  wit  procured  him 
the  friendship  of  the  marechal  de  Luxem- 
burg, who  at  his  death  recommended  him 
to  the  prince  of  Conti,  and  the  duke  de 
Vendome.  His  animated  conversation 
proved  agreeable  to  his  patrons,  and  his 
witticisms  were  attended  with  peculiar  ef- 
fect when  delivered  with  all  the  grimace  of 
a  wrinkled  and  deformed  countenance, 
artfully  distorted,  to  express  the  most 
ludicrous  and  comic  ejaculations.  He  was 
at  the  head  of  a  priory,  and  had  a  place  in 
the  French  academy.  Besides  odes  and 
epistles  he  wrote  several  tragedies,  one 
comedy,  and  two  operas,  in  a  style  languid, 
puerile,  and  uninteresting.  He  died  at 
Paris,  21st  May,  1718. 

Abeille,  Scipio,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  surgeon  in  the  regiment  of  Picar- 
dy,  and  he  published  an  excellent  history  of 
the  bones,  12mo.l6S5,  besides  some  poetry, 
and  a  treatise  relative  to  the  employment 
which  he  held  in  the  army,  in  12mo.  1669. 
He  died,  1697. 

Abeille,  Louis  Paul,  was  born  at  Tou- 
louse in  1719,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1807. 
He  had  been  inspector-general  of  the  ma- 
nufactures of  France,  and  secretary  to  the 
council  of  trade,  before  the  revolution. 
His  works  are — 1.  Corps  d'Observations  de 
la  Societe  d' Agriculture,  de  Commerce,  et 
des  Arts,  etablie  par  les  Etats  de  Bretagne, 
8vo.  1761.  2.  Principes  sur  la  Limite  du 
Commerce  des  Grains,  8vo.  1768.  He  also 
edited  Observations  sur  1'  Histoire  Natu- 
rclle  de  Buffon,  written  by  M.  Malesher- 
bes,  to  which  he  gave  a  preface  and  notes, 
2  vols.  8vo.  1756.  Nouv.  Diet.  Hist. 

Abel,  second  son  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
massacred  by  his  brother  Cain,  because  his 
sacrifice  was  accepted  by  the  Almighty 
with  greater  favour  than  that  of  his  mur- 


derer. This  remarkable  portion  of  saered 
history  has  been  beautifully  enlarged  upon 
in  the  elegant  and  interesting  performance 
of  Gesner,  the  German  poet. 

Abel,  king  of  Denmark,  and  son  of  Val- 
dimar  II.  quarrelled  with  his  eldest  brother 
Eric,  and  when  he  had  invited  him  to  a  re- 
conciliation, he  ferociously  murdered  him 
and  usurped  his  throne,  1250.  He  was 
killed  in  battle  two  years  after,  during  an 
insurrection  of  the  Frisons,  occasioned  by 
his  extortions  and  the  severity  of  his  taxes. 
Abel,  Frederick  Gottfried,  a  native  of 
Halberstadt,  who  abandoned  divinity  for 
the  pursuit  of  medicine,  and  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  at  Konigsberg,  1744.  He  pub- 
lished a  poetical  translation  of  Juvenal  in 
German,  1788,  and  after  practising  with 
great  success  in  his  native  town,  died  there, 
1794,  aged  80. 

Abel,  Charles  Frederick,  an  eminent 
musician  whose  performances  on  the  viol 
di-gamba  were  much  admired.  He  died 
20th  June,  1787. 

Abela,  John  Francis,  a  commander  of 
the  order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent 
work  called  Malta  illustrata,  in  four  books 
in  folio,  1647,  in  which  he  gives  an  ac- 
count of  the  island. 

Abelard,  Peter,  a  native  of  Palais  near 
Nantz  in  Britany,  born  1079,  who  became 
celebrated  for  his  learning  and  his  misfor- 
tunes. Blest  with  a  retentive  memory  and 
great  acuteness  of  genius,  he  made  unusual 
progress  in  logic,  and  wielded  the  weapons 
of  subtile  disputation  with  admirable  dex- 
terity. After  being  the  pupil  and  friend  of 
William  de  Champeaux,  a  famous  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Paris,  he  declared  himself 
his  rival,  and  opened  a  school  at  Melun, 
which  he  afterwards  removed  to  Cabel, 
where  the  display  of  his  abilities  drew  num- 
bers of  pupils,  and  added  stability  to  his 
reputation.  Illness,  however,  interrupted 
his  career,  and  after  two  years  spent  with 
his  family  in  Britany  he  returned  to  Pa- 
ris, and  by  the  superiority  of  his  mental 
powers  he  had  the  interest  to  gain  the  pro- 
fessorial chair,  which  the  successor  of 
Champeaux  resigned  to  become  the  pupil  of 
this  famous  logician.  But  envy  soon  drove 
him  from  his  elevation,  and  after  violent 
struggles  with  Champeaux  and  his  parti- 
zans,  Abelard  abandoned  the  field  and 
retired  to  Laon,  where  he  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  divinity.  Here  he  brought 
on  himself  the  resentment  of  Anselm,  who 
delivered  lectures  on  theology,  and  he 
again  retired  to  Paris,  where  his  explana- 
tions of  Ezekiel  gathered  around  him  the 
respect  and  the  attention  of  a  crowded 
audience.  Naturally  vain  of  his  person, 
which  was  elegant,  graceful,  and  engaging, 
and  not  unconscious  of  the  reputation 
which  his  learning  had  acquired,  he  listen- 
ed to  the  applauses  of  one  sex,  and  received 
15 


ABE 


ABE 


with  avidity  the  admiration  and  the  praises 
of  the  other.     His  success  had  rendered 
him  opulent ;  but  among  those  whose  fa* 
vours  he  boasted  he  could  gain,  he  selected 
Heloise,  whom  her  uncle  Fulbert,  a  canon 
of  Paris,  was  ambitious  to  render  as  supe- 
rior to  her  sex  in  learning,  as  she  was  in 
personal  charms.     With  this  view  the  art- 
ful Abelard  was  easily  persuaded  to  board 
in  the  house,  and  he  was  now  entrusted 
with   the  education  of  the  object  of  his 
heart,  whose  improvement  he  was  exhorted 
by  the  unthinking  Fulbert  to  promote  by 
compulsion  and  even  by  stripes.     The  mo- 
ments   intended   for    mental    instruction 
were  soon  devoted  to  love,  and,  as  he  says 
himself,  our  studies  now  furnished  us  with 
that  privacy  and  retirement  which  our  pas- 
sion desired.     In  this  enjoyment  of  unlaw- 
ful pleasures,  Abelard  forgot  the  duties  of 
his  public  life  for  the  company  of  Heloise  ; 
his  lectures  were  delivered  with  unconcern 
and  remissness,  and  soon  his  pupils  ceased 
to  frequent  his  school.    The  passion  of  the 
lovers,  however,  was  unveiled  to  the  public 
eye,   but  Fulbert  alone  remained  uncon- 
scious of  the  guilt  of  the  preceptor,  until 
the  situation  of  the  unfortunate  Heloise  at 
last  filled  him  with  remorse  and  resent- 
ment.    Abelard  fled  from  the  house,  and 
persuaded,  soon  after,  Heloise  to  retire  to 
his  sister's  house  in  Britany,  where  she 
gave  birth  to  a  son,  whom  she  called  As- 
trolabus.      The  indignation  of  the  uncle 
was   pacified  by  offers  of  marriage  from 
Abelard,  who  wished  probably  to  recover 
the  public  esteem  rather  than  to  regain  the 
confidence  of  Fulbert;  and  Heloise,  though 
actuated,  by  the  singular  wish  of  being  the 
mistress  rather  than  the  wife  of  the  man 
she  loved,  with  difficulty  consented.     The 
nuptial  blessing  was   pronounced    in  pri- 
vate ;  but  whilst  Fulbert  wished  the  union 
to  be  publicly  known,  Heloise  disdained  to 
acknowledge  it,  and  even  solemnly  denied 
it  with   an  oath.      Her  conduct   irritated 
Fulbert,  and  Abelard  removed  her  from  his 
pursuit  to  the  convent  of  Argenteuil,  where 
she  assumed  the  religious  habit,  but  not  the 
veil.     This,  however,  incensed  the  resent- 
ment of  her  family,  who  seemed  to  dread 
further  treachery  from  the  lovers,  and  ruf- 
fians were  hired  by  their  intrigues,  who  in 
the  dead  of  night  introduced   themselves 
into  the  unsuspecting  husband's  chamber, 
and  inhumanly  deprived  him  of  his   man- 
hood.    Abelard  fled  upon  this  to  a  clois- 
ter, where  he  concealed  his  confusion  from 
the  public  eye  by  assuming  the  habit  of  St. 
Dennis.  Her*>  the  immorality  of  the  monks 
roused  his  indignation,  and  after  he  had 
wandered  on  the  territories  of  the  count  of 
Champagne,  and  been  exposed  to  the  per- 
secution of  an  ecclesiastical  council  at  So- 
issons,  he  retired  to  a  solitary  place  in  the 
diocess  of  Troyes,  where  he  built  an  ora- 
16 


tory;  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  the  Pa- 
raclete. His  reputation  and  his  misfortune? 
here  drew  around  him  a  number  of  pupils, 
and  by  his  eloquence  the  solitude  of  his 
residence  was  converted  into  a  popular  as- 
semblage of  theologians  and  philosophers. 
New  persecutions,  however,  again  awaited 
him  ;   St.  Bernard  attacked  him  with  such 
virulence  and  envy,  that  he  left  Troyes  and 
fled  to  the  abbey  of  Ruis  in  the  diocess  of 
Vannes,  where  the  monks  had  elected  him 
their  superior.  It  might,  however,  be  some 
consolation  to  him  in  his  misfortunes,  to 
dedicate  the  Paraclete  to  the  residence  of 
Heloise  and  her  sister  nuns,  who  had  been 
driven  from  Argenteuil.     He  had  scarcely 
entered  upon  his  office  at  Ruis,   than  the 
monks,  whose  dissipated  morals  he  wished 
to   reform,  began  to  persecute  him,  and 
even  to  attempt  his  life  by  poison.     His 
writings  on  the  Trinity  likewise  brought 
upon  him  the  accusation  of  heresy  from  the 
archbishop  of  Sens,  and  as  he  demanded  to 
make  his  defence,  a  council  was  assembled, 
in  which  Lewis  VII.  assisted,  and  St.  Ber- 
nard appeared  as  the  accuser.    Abelard  was 
terrified  at  the  solemnity  of  the  scene,  and, 
instead  of  defending  himself,  he  declared, 
that  he  appealed  to  Rome,  and  immediately 
left  the  assembly.     His  conduct  was  con- 
sidered as  irreverent,  and  as  a  proof  of  his 
guilt ;    and    pope    Innocent  II.    was  so- 
licited  by   the    council    to   condemn   his 
writings  to  the  flames,  and  his  person  to 
perpetual   imprisonment.      The   sentence, 
however,  was  delayed  by  the  intercession  of 
Peter  the  venerable  abbot  of  Clugni.    Abe- 
lard was  received  again  into  the  bosom  of 
the  church,  and  even  reconciled  to  his  per- 
secutor St.  Bernard.     In  the  peaceful  re- 
treat of  Clugni,  in  the  company  and  friend- 
ship of  Peter,  who  had  received  the  melan- 
choly wanderer  with  hospitality  and  com- 
passion, the  husband  of  Heloise  forgot  his 
misfortunes,  and  in  his  intercourse  with  the 
monks  be  exemplified  the  virtues  of  humility 
and  resignation,  which  he  frequently  enfor- 
ced to  them  with  the  eloquence   of  youth. 
He  died  soon   after  at  the  abbey  at   St. 
Marcellus   on   the    Saon,    near   Chalons, 
April  21st,  1142,  in  the  63d  year  of  his  age, 
and  his  remains  were  claimed  by  the  un- 
fortunate Heloise,  who  deposited  them  in 
the  Paraclete,  and  who,  while  she  paid  ho- 
nour to  his  memory  as  the  founder  of  her 
house,  still  remembered  him  with  the  keen- 
ness of  anguish  as  the  former  object  of  her 
love.     She  survived  him  till  the  17th  of 
May,  1163,  and  was  buried  in  the  same 
tomb,  where  her  bones  still  repose,  though 
removed  to  a  different  part  of  the  church  ; 
and  an  inscription  and  monument,  raised 
by  madame  de  Courcy,  the  abbess,  in  1780, 
point  out  the  venerated  spot.     The  loves  of 
Abelard  and  Heloise  have  been  immorta- 
lized by  the  pen  of  Pope  ;  but  the  genius 


ABE 


ABE 


of  the  poet,  however  brilliant,  cannot 
throw  a  veil  over  the  failings  of  the  man. 
If  we  execrate  the  conduct  of  Abelard  to 
Heloise  while  in  the  house  of  Fulbert,  we 
cannot  but  contemplate  with  increased  in- 
dignation the  coldness  and  indifference  with 
which  he  treats  in  his  letters  the  affections 
and  the  friendship  of  the  abbess  of  the  Pa- 
raclete. Whilst  he  languished  during  the 
decline  of  life  under  the  unmanly  ven- 
geance of  Fulbert,  he  forgot  that  Heloise, 
once  virtuous,  had  sacrificed  her  name,  her 
honour,  and  happiness,  to  his  passion.  The 
writings  of  Abelard  are  mostly  on  divinity 
or  logical  subjects,  but  his  letters  excite  in- 
terest from  the  sensibility,  the  animation, 
and  the  elegance  which  Heloise  has  infused 
into  them.  A  voluminous  life  of  these  two 
lovers  has  been  published  in  English  by 
Berrington. 

Abell,  John,  an  English  musician,known 
for  a  fine  counter-tenor  voice,  and  his  skill 
on  the  lute.  Charles  II.  in  whose  service 
he  was,  intended  to  send  him  to  Venice,  to 
convince  the  Italians  of  the  musical  powers 
of  an  Englishman,  but  the  scheme  was 
dropped,  and  Abell  at  the  revolution  was 
dismissed  from  the  chapel  royal  for  his  at- 
tachment to  popery.  He  quitted  England, 
and  after  various  adventures  in  Holland 
and  Germany,  in  the  midst  of  opulence  and 
of  poverty,  he  at  last  reached  Warsaw, 
where  he  was  invited  to  court.  He  evaded 
the  invitation,  till  obliged  to  attend  in  con- 
sequence of  a  second  order,  he  found  him- 
self in  the  midst  of  a  large  hall,  seated  in  a 
chair  which  was  suddenly  drawn  up  oppo- 
site a  gallery  where  the  king  appeared  with 
his  nobles.  At  the  same  instant  a  number 
of  bears  were  let  loose  below,  and  the  ter- 
rified musician  was  ordered  by  the  king  to 
choose  either  to  sing  or  be  let  down  among 
the  ferocious  animals.  Abell  chose  to  sing, 
and  afterwards  declared  he  never  exerted 
himself  with  such  successful  powers  before. 
He  returned  to  England,  where  he  publish- 
ed a  collection  of  songs  dedicated  to  king 
William,  1701.  He  visited  Cambridge 
in  queen  Anne's  reign,  but  did  not  meet 
with  the  patronage  he  expected.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  had  some  secret  by  which  he 
preserved  the  natural  powers  of  his  voice 
to  his  last  moments. 

Abella,  a  female  writer,  born  at  Sa- 
lerne,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  of  Anjou. 
Among  other  books  on  medicine,  she  wrote 
a  treatise  de  Atra  Bili. 

Abelli,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Vexin  Fran- 
cois, who  was  made  bishop  of  Rhodes.  Af- 
ter three  years'  residence,  he  abdicated  his 
episcopal  office,  and  chose  rather  to  live  in 
privacy  at  St.  Lazare,  in  Paris,  in  the  bo- 
som of  literary  ease.  He  died  there  1691, 
in  his  88th  year.  He  published,  among 
other  works,  Medulla  Theoloa;ica,  and  his 
Vol.  I.  3 


works  are  often  quoted  by  the  protestants, 
against  the  eloquence  of  Bossuet  and  of 
the  catholics,  in  the  support  of  their  wor- 
ship of  the  virgin.  The  style  of  Abelli 
was  harsh  and  inelegant. 

Abendana,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
died  1685,  prefect  of  the  synagogue  in  Lon- 
don. He  wrote  a  Specilegium,  or  Hebrew 
explanation  of  select  passages  in  the  Scrip- 
tures, much  esteemed,  and  published  at 
Amsterdam. 

Abenezra,  Abraham,  a  Spanish  rabbi, 
surnamed  the  wise,  great,  and  admirable, 
for  the  extent  of  his  learning.  Though 
skilled  in  geometry,  astronomy,  and  poetry, 
he  preferred  the  explanation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, in  which  his  zeal  was  often  manifest- 
ed by  the  boldness  of  his  conjectures. 
His  commentaries  are  highly  valued,  and 
also  his  Jesud  Mora,  in  which  he  recom- 
mends the  study  of  the  Talmud.  He  died, 
1174,  aged  about  75,  after  having  acquired 
and  deserved  the  reputation  of  one  of  the 
greatest  men  of  his  age  and  nation. 

Abengnefil,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  12th  century,  who  wrote  a  treatise  de 
virtutibus  medicinarum  et  ciborum,  little 
known,  folio,  Venice,  1581. 

Abenmelek,  a  learned  rabbi  who  wrote 
in  Hebrew  a  commentary  on  the  Bible, 
which  he  called  the  perfection  of  beauty, 
Amsterdam,  1661,  in  folio,  translated  into 
Latin  in  4to.  and  8vo. 

Abercrombie,  Sir  Ralph,  an  English 
general,  celebrated  for  his  bravery.  He 
early  devoted  himself  to  the  military  ser- 
vice, and  in  1760  obtained  a  lieutenancy  in 
the  third  of  dragoon  guards,  and  two  years 
after,  he  became  captain  of  the  third  regi- 
ment of  horse,  and  in  1773  lieutenant-co- 
lonel of  that  corps.  As  his  ambition  was 
to  distinguish  himself  in  the  service  of  his 
country,  he  studied  the  duties  of  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  when  he  rose  to  the 
title  of  major-general  in  1787,  the  rank 
was  due  to  his  merits  and  to  his  experi- 
ence. When,  in  the  revolutionary  war  of 
France,  England  determined  to  support 
the  cause  of  Austria  and  of  humanity,  Sir 
Ralph  was  one  of  the  gallant  officers  em- 
ployed, and  in  the  famous  action  on  the 
heights  of  Cateau,  he  conducted  himself 
with  such  bravery  that  he  was  particularly 
noticed  in  the  despatches  of  the  royal  com- 
mander-in-chief. Ever  foremost,  in  feats 
of  danger  or  glory,  Sir  Ralph  was  slightly 
wounded  at  the  affair  of  Nimeguen  ;  and 
in  the  winter  of  1796,  when  the  treachery 
of  the  Dutch  rendered  the  continuance  of 
the  English  troops  no  longer  necessary  in 
Holland,  he  had  the  care  of  the  retreat  of 
his  brave  countrymen.  So  much  valour 
did  not  pass  unrewarded  with  the  ministry  ; 
after  supporting  the  honour  of  the  British 
arms  in  the  West  Indies,  as  commander-in- 
chief,  and  reducing;  several  of  the  enemv's 
J7 


YBtt 


ABE 


colonies,  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath, 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  "\\  ight  and  forts 
George  and  Augustus,  and  raised  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  When  Ireland 
was  distracted  by  faction,  and  a  prey  to 
seditious  leaders,  no  oflicer  seemed  better 
calculated  to  restore  order  and  confidence, 
and  to  suppress  rebellion,  than  Sir  Ralph  : 
and  during  his  residence  in  the  sister  island, 
his  whole  time  was  laudably  devoted  to  the 
health  and  discipline  of  his  troops,  and  to 
the  re-establishment  of  concord  and  mutu- 
al attachment  among  the  native  Irish.  In 
the  attack  made  on  Holland,  by  the  Eng- 
lish, Sir  Ralph  bore  a  conspicuous  part, 
and  the  landing  at  the  Helder  and  the  sub- 
sequent actions  evinced  not  only  the  bra- 
very of  his  troops,  but  the  judicious  ar- 
rangement and  military  skill  of  their  heroic 
leader,  whose  abilities  even  the  French 
themselves  were  eager  to  admire  and  com- 
mend. In  the  Egyptian  expedition,  the 
popularity  of  the  veteran  chief  marked 
him  as  destined  to  gather  fresh  laurels  for 
his  country.  After  a  long  delay  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  which  seem- 
ed to  argue  almost  timidity,  Sir  Ralph  soon 
convinced  the  enemy  that  every  noble  ex- 
ertion, in  the  field  of  honour  and  glory, 
can  be  expected  from  a  British  army.  He 
landed  at  Aboukir  in  spite  of  the  obstinate 
opposition  of  the  French,  8th  March, 
1801,  and  advanced  boldly  towards  Alexan- 
dria. On  the  21st  March,  a  bloody  battle 
was  fought  between  the  two  armies,  and 
the  French,  who  had  attempted  to  seize 
the  English  by  surprise,  found  themselves 
unable  to  withstand  the  impetuosity  of 
their  opponents,  and  retired  dismayed  and 
conquered.  This  brilliant  victory,  however, 
was  dearly  bought ;  Sir  Ralph,  whilst  ani- 
mating his  troops,  received  a  musket-ball 
in  the  hip,  and  died  seven  days  after  on 
board  the  fleet.  His  remains  were  con- 
veyed to  Malta,  and  there  interred  in  the 
great  church,  where  a  noble  monument  with 
a  becoming  inscription  records  his  merito- 
rious services.  This  illustrious  hero, 
whose  character  was  so  well  delineated  by 
his  brave  successor,  Lord  Hutchinson,  re- 
ceived in  his  descendants  the  noblest 
marks  of  respect  which  a  grateful  people 
can  pay.  The  applauses  of  the  nation 
were  seconded  by  the  approbation  of  the 
king  and  the  parliament ;  and  the  honours 
of  the  peerage  were  granted  to  his  widow 
and  to  his  children.  Sir  Ralph  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family  in  Scotland,  and  one  of  his  brothers, 
likewise  engaged  in  the  military  service  of 
his  country,  fell  at  the  melancholy  affair  of 
Bunker's  hill  in  the  American  war.  Ano- 
ther brother  has  also  acquired  high  distinc- 
tion in  the  army.  Sir  Ralph  was  member 
of  parliament  for  Kinross,  from  1771  to 
1780. 

IS 


Abercrombie,  James,  a  major-general 
in  the  British  army,  received  his  appoint- 
ment in  1756,  and  in  the  spring  of  that 
year  came  to  America,  and  took  command 
of  the  forces  destined  to  act  against  Cana- 
da, but  by  his  indecision  and  delay,  not 
only  failed  of  conquering  that  province, 
but  suffered  the  French  to  capture  several 
forts,  and  obtain  possession  of  the  lakes. 
He  was  superseded  in  the  chief  command 
by  the  arrival  of  Lord  Loudon  in  August, 
but  assumed  it  again  on  the  return  of  that 
general  in  1758.  He  commanded  the  ex- 
pedition against  Ticonderoga  in  that  year, 
and  displayed  the  greatest  want  of  talent 
and  discretion,  by  a  rash  attempt  to  take 
that  fortress  with  the  bayonet,  and  after- 
wards by  an  unnecessary  retreat.  He 
did  nothing  afterwards  to  retrieve  his  repu- 
tation, and  on  being  superseded  by  general 
Amherst,  left  the  country  in  disgrace. 

ID    L. 

Abercrombie,  John,  a  horticultural  wri- 
ter, was  the  son  of  a  gardener  near  Edin- 
burgh, and  bred  up  to  the  same  business. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  came  to  London, 
and  obtained  employment  in  some  of  the 
royal  gardens.  He  died  at  the  age  of  SO, 
in  1806.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Gar- 
dener's Calendar,"  originally  published 
under  the  name  of  Mr.  Mawe,  Gardener 
to  the  Duke  of  Leeds.  His  other  compi- 
lations with  his  own  name,  are — The  Uni- 
versal Dictionary  of  Gardening  and  Bota- 
ny, 4to.  The  Gardener's  Dictionary.  The 
Gardener's  Daily  Assistant.  The  Garden- 
er's Vade-mecum.  The  Kitchen  Gardener, 
and  Hot-b&d  Forcer.  The  Hot-house 
Gardener,  &c. — H'ulkins'  Biog. 

Abercrombt,  Thomas,  M.D.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  who,  after  studying  medicine  in  the 
universities  of  Saint  Andrews  and  Leyden, 
became  physician  to  James  II.  by  renoun- 
cing the  protestant  religion.  The  revolu- 
tion soon  after  dismissed  him  from  the 
court,  and  he  applied  himself  to  celebrate 
the  martial  achievements  of  Scotland  in  2 
vols.  fol.  in  the  1st  of  which  he  is  fabulous 
and  disgusting,  but  in  the  2d  learned  and 
instructive,  and  well  acquainted  with  the 
history  of  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 
He  wrote  besides  a  treatise  on  wit,  no 
longer  known  ;  but  he  never  distinguished 
himself  in  his  profession.  He  died  1726, 
aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  Holyrood-house 
abbey. 

Abernetht,  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Coleraine,  in  Ireland,  October 
19th,  1680.  He  was  early  removed  to 
Scotland,  where  he  escaped  the  miseries 
which  his  family  endured  at  the  siege  of 
Deny  ,  and  after  he  had  finished  his  stu- 
dies at  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  M.A.  he  returned  to 
Ireland,  and  was  soon  after  appointed 
minister  of  the  dissenting  congregation  at 


ABL 


ABO 


Antrim.  His  attempts  to  convert  the 
catholics  in  his  neighbourhood  met  with 
success  ;  but  the  concerns  of  religion  were 
for  a  while  disregarded  whilst  he  pursued 
with  more  zeal  than  prudence  the  views  of 
the  Belfast  nonconformists,  a  society  whose 
measures  would  have  eventually  proved 
dangerous  to  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of 
the  country.  Unpopularity  was  the  conse- 
quence of  these  rash  proceedings,  and 
Abernethy,  abandoned  by  his  congregation 
and  forsaken  by  his  friends,  retired  to  Dub- 
lin, where  he  became  the  pastor  of  a  small 
society  in  Wood-street,  and  for  ten  years 
displayed  moderation  in  opinions  and  ex- 
emplary manners.  He  died  of  the  gout, 
December,  1740,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age. 
He  left  several  volumes  of  sermons  much 
esteemed,  which  were  published  1748,  and 
to  which  an  account  of  his  life  was  pre- 
fixed. 

Abgarus,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for 
the  letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to 
our  Saviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  receiv- 
ed. This  legend,  first  divulged  by  Euse- 
bius,  who  asserted  that  he  copied  it  from 
the  public  records  of  Edessa,  has  been 
sufficiently  refuted  by  Spanheim,  Du  Pin, 
and  Lardner,  though  supported  by  Cave 
and  Pearson  as  founded  on  fact. 

Abgillus,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii, 
was  surnamed  Prester  John.  He  was  in 
the  Holy  land  with  Charlemagne,  and 
afterwards,  it  is  said,  went  to  Abyssinia, 
where  he  made  extensive  conquests.  He 
is  the  reputed  author  of  a  history  of  his 
journey  and  of  that  of  Charlemagne  into 
the  East. 

Abiathar,  son  of  Abimelech,  was  the 
high-priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and 
fellow-sufferer  of  David.  After  that  mo- 
narch's death,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
Adonijah,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was 
deposed  from  his  office  by  the  successful 
prince  Solomon,  and  sent  into  banishment, 
1014  B.C. 

Abigail,  wife  of  Nabal,  averted  by  her 
submissive  demeanour  the  vengeance  which 
her  husband's  insolence  towards  David  had 
brought  upon  him.  The  monarch,  struck 
with  her  beauty,  married  her  after  Nabal's 
death,  1057  B.C. 

Abijah,  son  of  Rehoboam,  was  king  of 
Judah,  after  his  father,  958  years  before 
Christ.  He  made  war  against  Jeroboam, 
king  of  Israel,  and  defeated  him,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Asa,  one  of  his  twenty-two 
sons. 

Abiosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and 
astronomer,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century.  His  dialogue  on  astrology  was 
in  great  esteem. 

Ablancourt,  vid.  Perrot. 

Able  or  Abel,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at 
the  court  of  Henry  VIII.  His  attachment 
to  the  cause  of  queen  Catharine,  whose  in- 


nocence he  ably  supported,  brought  upon 
him  the  resentment  of  the  tyrant.  He 
was  accused  as  concerned  in  the  affair  of 
the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  and  afterwards  by 
the  king's  order  he  was  sentenced  to  die, 
on  pretence  of  denying  his  supremacy. 
He  was  executed,  July  30th,  1540.  His 
writings  are  now  lost. 

Abner,  son  of  Ner,  was  Saul's  uncle, 
and  his  faithful  general.  After  the  mo- 
narch's death,  he  wished  to  place  Ishbo- 
sheth  on  the  throne,  but  afterwards  follow- 
ed the  cause  of  David,  whom  he  served 
with  fidelity  and  honour.  He  was  perfidi- 
ously slain  by  Joab,  and  buried  with  great 
magnificence  by  his  master,  who  honoured 
his  remains  with  an  epitaph,  1048  B.  C. 

Aboubeker,  vid.  Abubeker. 

Abougehel,  one  of  the  enemies  of  Ma- 
homet and  of  his  religion.  Though  his  son 
Acramas  became  a  convert  to  the  tenets  of 
the  impostor,  yet  the  father  was  for  ever 
shut  out  from  the  blessings  of  paradise  ; 
and  so  violent  is  the  resentment  of  the 
mussulmans  against  this  first  enemy  of  their 
prophet,  that  they  call  the  fruit  coloquinti- 
da,  or  cucumus  asinius,  in  contempt,  the 
melon  of  Abougehel. 

Abou-hanifah,  surnamed  Al-nooman,  a 
celebrated  doctor  among  the  mussulmans, 
born  in  the  80th  year  of  the  hegira.  Though 
he  was  imprisoned  at  Bagdat  by  the  vio- 
lence of  a  caliph,  and  though  he  died  in  his 
confinement,  yet  his  learning,  his  virtues, 
and  moderation,  found  partizans  in  the 
East,  and  335  years  after  his  decease  the 
sultan  Melikshah  erected  a  noble  mauso- 
leum in  the  city  where  his  remains  were 
deposited  ;  and  there  were  not  wanting  en- 
thusiasts, who  declared  that  his  name  was 
enrolled  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  that  his 
birth  had  been  foretold  as  well  as  that  of 
the  prophet.  Whatever  honours,  however, 
Aliou-hanifah  received  from  this  zeal  of 
posterity,  and  from  his  admirers,  who  assu- 
med the  name  of  Hanifahites,  they  were 
due  to  his  temperance,  to  his  exemplary 
life,  and  the  mildness  of  his  character. 

Abou-joseph,  a  learned  mussulman,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  of  Bagdat  by  the 
caliphs  Hadi  and  Aaron  Raschid.  He  sup- 
ported the  tenets  of  Abou-hanifah,  and 
maintained  the  dignity  of  his  office  by  im- 
partiality. When  he  was  one  day  reproach- 
ed for  his  ignorance  of  one  of  the  causes 
brought  before  him,  for  the  decision  of 
which  he  received  an  ample  allowance,  he 
jocosely  replied,  that  he  received  in  pro- 
portion as  he  knew  ;  but,  says  he,  if  I  was 
paid  for  all  I  do  not  know,  the  riches  of 
the  caliphat  itself  would  not  be  sufficient, 
to  answer  ray  demand. 

Aboulaina,  a  mussulman    doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit.     When  Moses,  son  of 
the  caliph  Abdalmalek,  put  to  death  one  of 
his  friends,  and  afterwards  spread  a  report 
19 


ABU 


ABR 


that  he  had  escaped  ;  Aboulaina,  on  bear- 
ing the  circumstance,  said  in  the  words  of 
the  lawgiver  of  the  Hebrews,  Moses  smote 
him  and  he  died.  The  sentence  was  re- 
ported to  the  prince,  and  Aboulaina  was 
summoned  to  appear.  Instead  of  dread- 
ing the  threats  of  the  oppressor  of  his 
friend,  he  boldly  replied  in  the  words  of 
the  following  verse  in  Exodus,  Wilt  thou 
kill  me  to-day  as  thou  killedst  the  other 
man  yesterday  ?  The  ingenuity  of  the  ex- 
pression disarmed  the  anger  of  Moses, 
who  loaded  him  with  presents. 

Abou-lola,  an  Arabian  poet,  born  at 
Maora  in  973.  Though  he  lost  his  sight 
in  the  3d  year  of  his  age  by  the  small-pox, 
yet  his  poetry  was  animated,  and  his  de- 
scriptions beautiful  and  interesting.  He 
became  a  Brahmin,  and  devoted  himself 
faithfully  to  the  abstinence  and  mortifica- 
tions of  that  sect,  and  died,  1057. 

Abou-navas,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the 
court  of  Aaron  Raschid. 

Abou-rihan,  a  geographer  and  astrono- 
mer, who  employed  40  years  of  his  life  in 
travelling  through  the  Indies.  Though 
highly  esteemed  by  the  mussulmans,  he  has 
few  pretensions  to  superiority  of  merit. 

Abrabanel,  Isaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon, 
who  pretended  to  be  descended  from  Da- 
vid, king  of  Israel.  He  was  employed  in 
offices  of  importance  by  Alphonso  V.  king 
of  Portugal ;  but  on  the  accession  of  John 
II.  he  shared  the  disgrace  of  the  ministry, 
and  either  from  the  consciousness  of  guilt 
or  the  apprehension  of  persecution,  he  fled 
to  Spain,  where  he  applied  himself  to  lite- 
rature. His  fame  recommended  him  to 
Ferdinand  and  Isabel,  but  when  the  Jews 
were  banished  from  Castile,  he  yielded  to 
the  storm,  which  neither  his  intrigues  nor 
his  influence  could  avert.  He  found  an 
asylum  at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Naples,  but  upon  the  defeat  of  the  next 
monarch  Alphonso,  by  the  French  armies 
under  Charles  VIII.  he  retired  to  Corfu, 
and  at  last  to  Venice,  where  he  died,  in 
1508,  in  his  71st  year.  He  was  buried 
with  great  pomp  at  Padua  without  the 
walls  of  the  city.  Though  engaged  during 
the  best  part  of  his  life  in  the  tumult  and 
the  intrigues  of  courts,  Abrabanel  cultiva- 
ted literature  in  his  hours  of  privacy  and 
retirement.  Blessed  with  a  strong  mind, 
he  wrote  with  facility,  but  the  persecutions 
which  his  nation  had  suffered,  and  which 
he  himself  had  shared  in  all  their  bitter- 
ness, envenomed  his  pen,  and  scarce  any 
thing  was  composed,  which  did  not  breathe 
the  most  violent  invectives  against  Chris- 
tianity, and  the  most  vehement  desire  of 
revenge.  His  writings  are  chiefly  com- 
mentaries or  explanations  of  Scripture. 

Abrah»m,  the   patriarch,    was  born  at 
Ur,  in  Chaldea,  A.M.  2004.     He  lived  at 
20 


Harau  in  Mesopotamia  with  his  father 
Terah,  who  was  an  idolater,  and  there  he 
was  informed  by  God  that  he  should  be- 
come the  progenitor  of  a  great  nation. 
He  left  Haran  and  went  with  his  wife 
Sarah  and  his  nephew  Lot  to  settle  at 
Sichem,  and  from  thence  in  consequence 
of  a  famine  passed  into  Egypt.  On  his 
return  to  Bethel  he  separated  from  Lot,  as 
their  flocks  were  too  numerous  to  continue 
in  the  same  company,  and  he  afterwards 
rescued  him  when  violently  seized  and 
plundered  by  the  princes  of  the  country. 
Despairing  of  raising  children  by  Sarah, 
he  had  a  son,  Ishmael,  by  Hagar  his  Egyp- 
tian slave,  and  afterwards  was  promised  by 
the  message  of  an  angel  that  his  wife, 
though  90  years  old,  should  bear  him  a 
son,  and  his  name  was  by  divine  command 
changed  from  Abram,  into  Abraham,  or 
the  father  of  a  great  multitude.  The  pro- 
mised son,  Isaac,  was  born  in  due  time, 
and  the  rites  of  circumcision  established  ; 
but  no  sooner  had  Isaac  reached  his  25th 
year,  than  God,  to  try  the  fidelity  of  the 
father,  demanded  the  sacrifice  of  his  fa- 
vourite son.  Abraham  obeyed,  and  seized 
the  knife  to  slay  his  son,  when  an  angel 
from  heaven  stopped  his  hand,  and  substi- 
tuted a  ram  for  the  burnt  sacrifice.  After 
Sarah's  death,  Abraham  married  Keturah, 
by  whom  he  had  six  sons.  He  died  in  his 
175th  year. 

Abraham,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
the  diocess  of  Toul  in  Lorraine,  who  was 
for  17  years  divinity  professor  at  Pont  i 
Mousson,  where  he  died  September  7th, 
1655,  in  his  66th  year.  His  writings  were 
on  theological  subjects,  besides  some  com- 
mentaries on  the  classics. 

Abraham,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi 
skilled  in  astrology.  He  prophesied  that 
the  coming  of  the  Messiah  expected  by  the 
Jews  would  be  in  1358.  He  died,  1303. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  figure 
of  the  earth. 

Abraham,  Usque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal, 
though  Arnaud  considers  him  as  a  Chris- 
tian. He  undertook  with  Tobias  Athias 
to  translate  the  bible  into  Spanish  in  the 
16th  century  ;  but  though  accuracy  seems 
to  pervade  the  whole,  yet  it  is  justly  view- 
ed as  a  compilation  from  preceding  Chal- 
dee  paraphrases  and  Spanish  glossaries. 
Another  edition  was  published  for  the  use 
of  the  Spanish  Christians,  and  the  differ- 
ence of  the  two  translations  is  particularly 
observable  in  those  passages  which  appcul 
to  the  faith  and  belief  of  the  readers. 

Abraham,  an  emperor  of  the  Moors  in 
Africa  in  the  12th  century.  He  was  de- 
throned by  his  subjects,  and  his  crown 
usurped  by  Abdulmumen. 

Abrosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician.  He 
wrote  a  dialogue  on  astrology,  4to.  Venice, 


ABU 


ABU 


1494,  which  is  to  be  found  in  the  index  ex- 
purgatorius. 

Abruzzo,  Balthasar,  a  Sicilian,  known 
for  his  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civi- 
lian.    He  died,  1665,  aged  64. 

Abruzzo,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  architect, 
in  the  17th  century.  His  taste  and  genius 
were  displayed  in  the  beautiful  edifices  he 
erected  in  several  cities  in  Italy. 

Absalom,  son  of  king  David,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  personal  acquirements, 
his  popularity,  and  his  vices.  He  became 
the  murderer  of  his  brother  Amnion,  who 
had  defiled  his  sister  Tamar,  and  he  after- 
wards headed  a  rebellion  against  his  father. 
He  was  slain  by  Joab,  and  his  death  was 
bitterly  lamented  by  David,  about  1030 
B.C. 

Absalom,  archbishop  of  Lunden  in  Den- 
mark, is  celebrated  as  the  minister,  the  fa- 
vourite, and  the  friend  of  Waldemar.  He 
displayed  his  abilities  not  only  in  the  cabi- 
net, but  in  the  field  as  a  general,  and  at  sea 
as  the  commander  of  the  fleet.  To  these 
great  qualities  he  added  the  virtues  of  a 
most  humane  and  benevolent  heart.  He 
died  universally  regretted,  1202. 

Abstemius,  Laurentius,  a  native  of  Ma- 
cerata,  in  the  march  of  Ancona,  who  lived 
at  the  time  of  the  revival  of  learning  in 
Europe.  His  abilities  recommended  him 
to  the  duke  of  Urbino  who  patronized 
him.  His  writings  were  chiefly  explana- 
tions of  difficult  passages,  besides  a  col- 
lection of  100  fables  after  the  manner  of 
iEsop,  Phaedrus,  Avienus,  &c.  in  which 
he  frequently  lashes  the  vices  of  his  age, 
especially  the  immorality  of  the  clergy. 

Abubeker,  father-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
was  elected  his  successor,  in  opposition  to 
AH,  the  son-in-law  of  the  prophet.  He 
supported  with  energy  the  fabric  erected 
by  the  arts  of  the  impostor,  and  reduced 
by  conquest  several  of  the  Arabian  tribes 
who  wished  to  abandon  the  new  doctrines 
to  return  to  the  religion  of  their  fathers. 
Afterwards  Abubeker  turned  his  arms 
against  foreign  nations,  and  by  the  valour 
of  his  active  general  Khaled  at  the  head  of 
36,000  men,  he  defeated  an  army  of 
200,000  men  whom  the  Greek  emperor 
Heraclius  had  sent  to  ravage  the  borders 
of  Syria.  His  victories',  however,  were  of 
short  duration,  a  slow  fever  wasted  his 
vigour,  but  before  he  died  he  appointed  for 
his  successor  Omar,  a  valiant  chieftain, 
and  after  a  reign  of  two  years  and  six 
months  he  expired  in  his  63d  year.  He 
was  buried  in  the  tomb  of  Mahomet. 

Abucara,  Theodore,  the  metropolitan  of 
Caria,  who  abjured  the  tenets  of  Photius, 
to  which  he  had  some  time  adhered,  and 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  synod  held  at  Con- 
stantinople, 869.  He  wrote  several  trea- 
tises against  the  Jews  and  Mahometans, 
which  have  been  published. 


Abudhahbr,  the  father  of  the  Carma- 
tians  in  Arabia,  spread  his  doctrines  by  his 
eloquence  as  well  as  by  the  sword.  He 
not  only  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahomet, 
but  plundered  and  insulted  the  temple  of 
Mecca,  and  carried  away  the  black  stone 
which  was  superstitiously  believed  to  have 
fallen  from  heaven.  His  violence  was  un- 
checked by  the  mussulmans,  and  he  died  in 
peaceful  possession  of  his  extensive  do- 
minions, 953. 

Abulfaragius,  Gregory,  son  of  a  Chris- 
tian physician,  was  born  at  Malatia  near 
the  source  of  the  Euphrates.  He  followed 
his  father's  profession,  but  afterwards  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  the  eastern 
languages  and  of  divinity,  and  so  great 
was  his  progress,  that  he  was  ordained 
bishop  of  Guba  in  his  20th  year,  from 
whence  he  was  afterwards  translated  to  La- 
cabena  and  Aleppo.  Though  he  gave  way 
to  the  superstitions  of  his  time,  he  is  to  be 
remembered  with  gratitude  for  the  Arabic 
history  which  he  wrote,  divided  into  dynas- 
ties. This  excellent  book,  which  is  an 
epitome  of  universal  history  from  the  cre- 
ation to  his  own  time,  has  been  published 
with  a  Latin  translation,  1663,  by  Dr.  Po- 
coke,  who  has  added  a  short  continuation 
on  the  history  of  the  east.  Abulfaragius 
died  in  his  60th  year,  1286,  and  his  memo- 
ry was  deservedly  honoured  with  the  high- 
est encomium  which  his  nation  could  be- 
stow. 

Abulfeda,  Ismael,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther as  king  of  Hamath  in  Syria,  1342. 
When  a  private  man,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  researches  in  geography,  and 
published  in  Arabic  an  account  of  the 
regions  beyond  the  Oxus,  which  was  first 
edited  by  Gramus  with  a  Latin  translation, 
London,  1650,  and  more  recently  by  Hud- 
son, Oxford,  1712.  Abulfeda,  who  had 
passed  some  part  of  his  life  in  England^ 
died  in  1345,  in  his  72d  year. 

Abulgasi-batatur,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
tars, was  descended  from  the  great  Zingis, 
and  as  his  youth  was  spent  in  the  school  of 
adversity,  misfortunes  and  experience  fitted 
him  for  the  government  of  a  state.  After 
a  reign  of  20  years,  during  which  he  was 
respected  at  home  and  abroad,  he  resigned 
the  sovereignty  to  his  son,  and  retired  to 
devote  himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a 
genealogical  history  of  the  Tartars,  which, 
though  occasionally  disfigured  by  conceited 
terms,  and  various  interpolations  from  the 
Koran,  is  truly  valuable,  as  the  only  Tar- 
tar history  known  in  Europe.  It  has  been 
translated  into  German  and  French.  He 
died,  1663. 

Abulola,  vid.  Aboulola. 

Abu-meslem,  a  mussulman  governor  of 
Khorasan,  who,  in  746  transferred  the  dig- 
nity of  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Om- 
miades  to  that  of  the  Abbassides,  and  by 
21 


ACA 


ACC 


that  revolution,  occasioned  the  death  of 
above  600,000  men.  The  caliph  Almansor, 
whom  he  had  supported  by  his  services, 
cruelly  seized  him  and  threw  him  into  the 
Tigris,  754. 

Abundius,  a  bishop  of  Como  in  Italy, 
who  assisted  at  the  council  of  Constanti- 
nople, as  the  representative  of  Leo,  and 
died,  469. 

Abunowas,  an  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
patronized  with  other  learned  men  by 
Aaron  Raschid.  He  died,  810.  His  works 
are  still  extant. 

Abu-obeidah,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
Mahomet.  He  extended  his  conquests 
over  Palestine  and  Syria,  and  died,  639. 

Abu-said-ebn-aljaptu,  a  sultan,  the 
last  of  the  family  of  Zingis-khan.  After 
his  death,  1335,  the  empire  was  torn  by 
civil  discord  and  ambitious  chieftains. 

Abusaid-mirza,  a  man  of  enterprise, 
who,  during  the  civil  dissensions  between 
Uleg  Beg  and  his  sons,  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  an  army,  and  declared  himself 
independent.  He  fell  at  last  in  an  ambush, 
and  was  killed,  1468,  aged  42. 

Abuteman,  a  poet  in  high  repute  among 
the  Arabians,  and  said  to  be  inferior  only 
to  Almotanabbi.  The  liberality  of  the 
caliphs,  who  patronized  him,  was  the  con- 
stant theme  of  his  muse.  He  was  born  at 
Yasem  between  Damascus  and  Tiberias, 
about  846.  The  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. 

Abtdene,  wrote  an  history  of  Chaldea 
and  Assyria,  of  which  valuable  composi- 
tion only  a  few  fragments  have  been  pre- 
served by  Eusebius. 

Acacius,  surnamed  Luscus,  from  having 
but  one  eye,  was  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Acaciani.  When  elevated  to  the 
episcopal  dignity,  he  opposed  Athanasius, 
and  hastened  the  banishment  of  Liberius 
from  Rome.  He  was  himself  deposed  by 
the  council  of  Sardica,  and  died,  365.  He 
wrote,  among  other  works,  the  life  of 
Eusebius,  whose  pupil  and  successor  he 
was  at  Caesarea. 

Acacius,  patriarch  at  Constantinople  af- 
ter Gennadius,  471,  established  the  supe- 
riority of  his  see  over  the  eastern  bishops, 
by  his  adulation  and  his  intrigues  with  the 
emperor  Zeno.  He  was  opposed  by  pope 
Felix,  but  secure  in  the  imperial  protection, 
he  derided  the  thunders  and  the  excom- 
munications of  Rome.     He  died,  489. 

Acacius,  a  bishop  of  Berea  in  Syria, 
who,  though  distinguished  by  learning  and 
piety,  persecuted  Chrysostom  and  Cyril  of 
Alexandria.  He  assisted  at  the  council  of 
Constantinople,  381,  in  which  were  pre- 
sent 150  bishops.  He  died,  432,  in  a  very 
advanced  age. 

Acacius,  a  bishop  of  Amida  on  the  Ti- 
gris, who  sold  the  sacred  vessels  of  his 
churches  to  ransom  7000  Persian  slaves ; 
32 


which  generous  action  produced  a  peace 
between  the  Persian  king  and  Theodosius 
the  younger. 

Acca-laurentia,  a  woman  celebrated 
in  Roman  history  as  the  nurse  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus.  She  was  the  wife  of  the 
shepherd  Faustulus,  or  according  others, 
she  was  a  common  prostitute. 

Acca,  bishop  of  Hexham,  was  author  of 
treatises  on  the  sufferings  of  the  saints, 
and  other  divinity  works.  He  was  a  great 
patron  of  learned  men,  and  contributed 
much  to  the  embellishment  of  his  cathe- 
dral.    He  died  at  Hexham,  1740. 

Accarisi,  James,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Mantua.  He  pub- 
lished some  learned  works,  and  died  Octo- 
ber, 1654. 

Accetto,  Reginald,  an  Italian,  author 
of  a  thesaurus  of  the  Italian  tongue,  died 
at  Naples,  1560. 

Acciaioli,  Donatus,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
learning,  and  by  his  political  services  to 
his  country.  Besides  several  treatises,  he 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  ethics  of  Aris- 
totle, and  translated  some  of  the  lives  of 
Plutarch.  He  died,  1478,  in  his  50th  year, 
at  Milan,  in  his  journey  to  France  as  am- 
bassador from  the  Florentines  to  Lewis  XI. 
to  implore  his  assistance  against  the  ambi- 
tious views  of  pope  Sixtus  IV.  His  for- 
tune was  discovered  to  be  so  small  that  his 
daughters  were  portioned  for  marriage  at 
the  public  expense,  as  a  mark  of  the  grati- 
tude of  the  country  to  the  virtues  of  the 
father. 

Acciaioli,  Renatus,  a  noble  Florentine, 
who  conquered  Athens,  Corinth,  and  Bceo- 
tia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  11th  century. 
As  he  had  no  male  issue  by  Eubois  his 
wife,  he  divided  his  conquests,  and  gave 
Athens  to  the  Venetians,  Corinth  to  Theo- 
doras Palaeologus,  who  had  married  his 
eldest  daughter,  and  Bceotia  to  his  natural 
son  Antony,  who  afterwards  seized  Athens, 
of  which  his  successors  were  dispossessed 
by  Mahomet  II.  1455. 

Acciaioli,  Zenobio,  a  learned  ecclesias- 
tic of  Florence,  who  for  19  years  was  libra- 
rian to  Leo  X.  at  Rome.  Besides  several 
treatises  and  sermons,  he  published  a  col- 
lection of  Politiah's  epigrams.  He  died 
1537. 

Acciaioli  or  Acciauoli,  Angclo,  a  learn- 
ed cardinal,  archbishop  of  Florence,  who 
wrote  in  favour  of  Urban  VI.  He  retain- 
ed by  his  influence  the  Florentines  faith- 
ful to  Rome  against  the.  opposition  of  De 
Prata,  who  wished  to  seduce  them  to  the 
side  of  Clement  VII.     He  died  1407. 

Acciaioli,  Magdalen,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, celebrated  for  her  beauty,  but  more 
for  the  powers  of  her  mind.  She  was  in 
great  favour  with  Christina,  duchess  of 
Tuscany,  and  wrote  verses  in  a  very  pleas- 


ACC 


ACH 


nig  and  elegant  style.  She  began  a  heroic 
poem  on  the  persecutions  of  David,  but 
died  before  its  completion,  1610. 

Accius,  Lucius,  a  Roman  Latin  poet, 
about  170  B.C. 

Accius,  Zuchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the 
16th  century,  who  has  paraphrased  some  of 
the  fables  of  jEsop.  He  is  highly  com- 
mended by  Jul.  Scaliger,  but  perhaps  un- 
deservedly. 

Accolti,  Benedict,  a  lawyer  of  Flo- 
rence, but  originally  of  Arezzo,  secretary 
to  the  republic.  Besides  an  account  of 
the  great  men  of  his  time,  he  has  written 
an  elegant  account,  in  three  books,  of  the 
war  of  the  Christians  against  the  Infidels, 
for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land,  from 
which  Tasso  has  drawn  the  foundation  of 
his  Jerusalem  Delivered.  His  memory 
was  so  retentive  that  he  repeated  verbatim 
the  Latin  harangues  of  the  Hungarian  am- 
bassador, on  his  introduction  to  the  Flo- 
rentine senate.     He  died  1466,  aged  51. 

Accolti,  Francis,  brother  to  Benedict, 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation  by  the 
clearness  of  his  judgment,  the  graces  of 
his  eloquence,  and  his  knowledge  of  juris- 
prudence. He  aspired  to  the  purple,  but 
Sixtus  VI.  in  refusing  it,  flattered  him 
with  the  compliment  that  such  a  promo- 
tion would  deprive  his  pupils  and  the  world 
of  the  advantages  of  his  instruction.  He 
died  in  1470,  leaving  a  large  property  ac- 
cumulated by  excessive  parsimony.  He 
wrote  some  ill  digested  law  books,  and  in- 
correct translations  of  St.  Chrysostom. 
As  he  was  a  native  of  Arezzo,  he  is  some- 
times called  Aretin.     Kid.  Aretin. 

Accolti,  Peter,  a  son  of  Benedict,  pa- 
tronized by  the  popes,  and  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  He  defended  in  his 
treatises  the  right  of  the  pope  over  the 
crown  of  Naples,  and  died  at  Florence, 
1549,  in  his  52d  year.  His  brother  Bene- 
dict, duke  of  Nepi,  distinguished  himself 
as  a  poet ;  and  his  Virginia,  a  comedy, 
and  some  small  poems  are  mentioned  as 
deserving  celebrity. 

Accolti,  Benedict,  a  man  of  violent 
passions,  who  conspired  with  five  others  to 
murder  Pius  IV.  on  pretence  that  he  was 
not  lawfully  elected.  The  frequent  audi- 
ences that  he  demanded  of  the  pope  ren- 
dered him  suspected  ;  he  was  seized,  and 
with  his  companions  suffered  capital  pun- 
ishment, 1564. 

Accords,  Stephen  Tabouret,  Seigneur 
des,  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Dijon, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  writing  some 
sonnets,  and  other  light  pieces  of  poetry. 
His  "  Bigarrures,"  and  "  les  Touches," 
though  filled  with  wit  and  humour,  yet  con- 
tain indelicate  passages,  under  the  name 
of  acrostics,  rebuses,  leonine  verses,  &c. 
His  title  was  imaginary,  and  borrowed 
(Vom  the  arms  of  his  ancestors,  which  was 


a  drum,  with  the  motto  of  "a  toue  ac- 
cords." He  died  July  24th,  1561,  in  his 
46th  year. 

Accurse,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  became  a  professor  of  law  at  Bologna. 
Though  surnamed  the  idol  of  lawyers,  his 
glossary,  printed  at  Lyons,  in  6  vols.  fol. 
1627,  is  both  inelegant  and  incorrect.  He 
died  about  1229,  in  his  78th  year.  His 
son  also  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer, 
at  Toulouse. 

Accurse,  Marius  Angelo,  a  native  of 
Aquileia,  in  the  16th  century,  eminent  for 
his  critical  and  literary  abilities.  His  Dit- 
tribae,  on  ancient  and  modern  authors,  are 
a  monument  of  his  extensive  erudition,  and 
of  the  delicacy  of  his  taste.  He  also  pub- 
lished Ammianus  Marcellinus,  besides 
notes  on  Ovid,  Solinus,  Ausonius,  and 
other  classics ;  and  he  made  a  valuable 
collection  of  MSS. 

Acerbo,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nocera, 
who  published  some  inferior  poems  at  Na- 
ples, 1666,  to  soothe  the  pangs  of  his  indis- 
position. 

Acesius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  ri- 
gidly maintained  at  the  council  of  Nice, 
that  those  who  had  committed  any  sin  after 
being  baptized,  ought  not  to  be  again  ad- 
mitted into  the  church,  though  they  might 
repent,  Constantinu  felt  the  severity  of  the 
remark,  and  told  the  austere  prelate,  Ace- 
sius, make  a  ladder  for  yourself  and  go  to 
heaven  alone. 

Ach  Van  or  Achen,  John,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  born  at  Cologne.  He 
died  1621,  aged  55. 

Achard,  Claude,  Francis,  a  physician  of 
Marseilles,  was  born  in  1753,  and  died  in 
1809.  He  was  secretary  to  the  academy, 
and  librarian  of  the  city  of  Marseilles.  His 
works  are — 1.  Dictionnaire  de  la  Provence 
et  du  Contat  Venaissin,  4  vols.  4to.  2. 
Description  Historique,  Geographique,  et 
Topographique  de  la  Provence  et  du  Ccm- 
tat  Venaissin,  1  vol.  4to.  3.  Tableau  de 
Marseilles,  1  vol.  8vo.  4.  Bulletin  des  So- 
cietes  Savantes  de  Marseilles  et  de  Dc- 
partemens  du  Midi,  Svo.  1802.  5.  Cours 
Elementaire  de  Bibliographic,  ou  la  Science 
du  Bibliothecaire,  3  vols.  Svo.  He  was 
also  the  compiler  of  some  catalogues,  parti- 
larly  that  of  the  museum  of  Marseilles. — 
Watkins1  Biog. 

Achards,  Eleazer  Francis  des,  a  native 
of  Avignon,  distinguished  as  much  by  his 
learning,  as  by  his  piety  and  great  huma- 
nity to  the  poor  during  the  plague.  He 
was  nominated  bishop  of  Halicarnassus, 
by  Clement  XII.  and  soon  after  sent  to 
China  as  apostolic  vicar,  to  settle  the  dis- 
putes of  the  missionaries.  After  four  year? 
of  labours  and  danger,  he  died  at  Cochin, 
in  1741,  aged  62.  A  tedious  account  of 
his  mission  had  been  published  in  three 
vols.  12mo.  by  Fabre,  his  secretary. 
23' 


ACM 


ACU 


AcHalen,  a  British  sovereign  in  the 
sixth  century.  When  driven  from  his  do- 
minions, he  took  refuge  in  Wales.  He  is 
mentioned  with  some  commendation  by 
Owen,  in  his  Cambrian  biography,  for 
having,  with  his  brother  Arthanad,  perform- 
ed a  difficult  journey  on  horseback  up  the 
Maelwg  hills,  in  Cardiganshire,  to  avenge 
their  father's  death. 

Achery,  Dom  Luc  d',  a  native  of  St. 
Quintin,  in  Picardy,  who  displayed  his 
learning  as  an  ecclesiastic  and  an  antiqua- 
ry, by  several  valuable  publications,  parti- 
cularly editions  of  the  Fathers.  In  private 
life,  he  was  respected  and  admired.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1685,  aged  76. 

Achillini,  Alexander,  a  Bolognese  phy- 
sician, known  by  his  useful  publications  on 
anatomy  and  medicine,  published  at  Ve- 
nice, 1568,  in  folio.  He  gave  the  name  of 
hammer  and  anvil  to  two  of  the  auditory 
bones,  and  distinguished  himself  as  the 
follower  of  Averroes.  He  died  in  his  40th 
year,  1512. 

Achillini,  Philotheus,  a  relation  of  the 
preceding,  who  wrote  "  il  viridario,"  a  re- 
spectable poem,  to  honour  the  memory  of 
Italian  genius,  and  recommend  morality. 
He  died  153S. 

Achillini,  Claude,  grand  nephew  of 
Alexander,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine,  theology,  and  jurispru- 
dence. As  a  professor  of  law,  he  acquired 
reputation  and  honour,  at  Parma,  Ferrara, 
and  Bologna,  and  gained  the  applauses  of 
the  sovereign  pontiff.  In  poetry,  he  shone 
among  the  learned  of  his  age,  and  his  well- 
known  sonnet  on  the  conquests  of  Lewis 
XIII.  in  Piedmont,  procured  from  Riche- 
lieu the  liberal  present  of  a  chain  of  gold, 
worth  1000  crowns.  He  died  at  Bologna, 
1640,  in  his  66th  year. 

Achmet  I.  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  Mahomet  III.  made  war 
against  the  Hungarians  and  afterwards  was 
engaged  in  quelling  the  commotions  of  in- 
surgents and  of  rivals.  He  died  1617,  in 
his  30th  year,  and  14th  of  his  reign. 

Achmet  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Soly- 
man  III.  1691,  on  the  throne  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  was  unfortunate  in  his  wars 
against  the  Venetians  and  the  Austi  ians, 
but  his  private  character  was  amiable.  He 
died  in  1695. 

Achmet  III.  son  of  Mahomet  IV.  was 
placed  on  the  throne  by  the  heads  of  a  fac- 
tion which  had  deposed  his  brother  Musta- 
pha  II.  After  he  had  artfully  destroyed 
those  dangerous  subjects,  he  end<  avoured 
to  increase  the  revenues  of  his  empire  by 
new  taxes,  and  by  an  alteration  of  the  va- 
lue of  the  current  coin.  He  granted  a 
friendly  asylum  to  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
after  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  the  kind- 
ness and  the  hospitality  which  marked  the 
whole  of  his  intercourse  with  that  unfortu- 
24 


nate  monarch,  are  entitled  to  the  highest 
encomiums.  Achmet  made  war  against 
the  Russians  and  Persians,  and  conquered 
Morea  from  Venice,  but  his  armies  were 
less  successful  against  Hungary ,  and  he 
was  defeated  by  prince  Eugene,  at  the 
battle  of  Peterwaradin.  He  was  preparing 
another  expedition  against  Persia,  when  an 
insurrection  hurled  him  from  his  throne, 
and  exalted  his  nephew  Mahomet  V.  from 
a  prison  to  assume  the  sovereign  power. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  23d  June,  1736,  in 
his  74th  year. 

Achmet  Geduc,  or  Acomet,  a  cele- 
brated general  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  who 
assisted  Bajazet  II.  in  obtaining  the  throne, 
1482,  by  whom  he  was  afterwards  inhu- 
manly assassinated. 

Achmet,  Bacha,  a  general  of  Solyman, 
who,  when  appointed  governor  of  Egypt, 
revolted  from  his  sovereign,  1524,  and  as- 
sumed the  dignity  of  independent  emperor, 
which  he  deserved  by  his  popularity,  the 
firmness  of  his  government,  and  the 
amiableness  of  his  character.  He  was  soon 
after  defeated  by  Ibrahim,  the  favourite  of 
Solyman,  and  his  head  sent  to  Constanti- 
nople. 

Achmet,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  the 
interpretation  of  dreams.  The  original  of 
this  puerile  performance  is  now  lost,  but  a 
translation  of  it  was  made  in  the  ninth 
century,  and  it  was  published  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  by  Rigault,  1603,  in  4to. 

Acidalius,  Valens,  a  native  of  Wistock, 
in  Brandebourg,  who  distinguished  himself 
by  his  extensive  erudition,  and  published 
learned  notes  on  Q.  Curtius.  He  died  of  a 
fever  before  his  30th  year,  1595. 

Ackermann,  John  Christian,  Gottlieb, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Altdorf,  in  Fran- 
conia,  was  born  at  Zeulenrode,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  1756.  He  studied  first  under 
his  father,  who  %vas  an  eminent  physician, 
and  next  under  Baldinger,  at  Gottingen, 
where  he  gained  the  esteem  of  Heyne, 
whose  lectures  he  attended.  He  died  at 
Altdorf,  in  1801.  His  works  are  1.  In- 
stitutiones  Historiae  Medicinae,  1792,  8vo. 
2.  A  Manual  of  Military  Medicine,  in 
German,  2  vols.  8vo.  1794.  3.  The  Life 
of  J.  C.  Dippel,  1781,  8vo.  He  also  wrote 
for  the  new  edition  of  Fabricius'  Bibliothe- 
ca  Graeea,  by  Harles,  the  lives  of  Hippo- 
crates, Galen,  Theophrastus,  Dioscorides, 
and  Aretaeus. —  Watkins,  Biog. 

Acoi.uthus,  Andrew,  a  learned  professor 
of  languages  at  Breslaw.  He  published  a 
treatise  De  Aquis  Amaris,  4to.  besides  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  Armenian  version 
of  Obadiah,  4to.  Leipsic,  and  died  1704. 

Acontius,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminent 
as  a  philosopher,  divine,  and  civilian.  He 
became  a  convert  to  the  protestant  religion, 
and  found  an  asylum  in  the  court  of  Eng- 
land, which  he  repaid  by  fulsome  adulation 


\co 


ACT 


10  queen  Elizabeth.  His  books  met  with 
great  popularity,  especially  his  works  of  the 
Stratagems  of  Satan,  in  which  he  wished  to 
reduce  to  a  small  compass,  the  fundamen- 
tal doctrines  of  the  Christian  faith,  and  in- 
troduced an  universal  toleration  in  reli- 
gious tenets.  He  possessed  extensive 
abilities  and  deep  penetration,  but  as  he 
carried  his  ideas  on  religion  too  near 
skepticism,  he  drew  upon  himself  the  odium 
of  the  clergy.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown.  He  was  still  living  in  1566.  He 
wrote  other  works  besides,  but  his  best 
performance  is  a  treatise  on  the  method  of 
studying,  printed  Utrecht,  1658. 

Acosta,  Gabriel,  divinity  professor  of 
Coimbar,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on 
the  Old  Testament,  published  in  folio,  and 
died  1616. 

Acosta,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the  Je-« 
suits,  in  Peru,  was  born  at  Medina  del 
Campo,  and  died  at  Salamanca,  1600,  in  his 
GOt':  year.  Among  his  writings,  his  histo- 
ry natural  and  moral  of  the  West  Indies, 
in  Spanish,  and  translated  into  French,  is 
particularly  celebrated.  As  a  missionary, 
he  laboured  assiduously  and  successfully 
in  the  conversion  of  the  Americans. 

Acosta,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  edu- 
cated in  the  Romish  religion,  which  his  fa- 
mily, though  of  Jewish  extraction,  had  em- 
braced by  compulsion.  Naturally  of  a  ti- 
mid and  superstitious  mind,  he  directed  his 
inquiries  to  comprehend  the  means  by 
which  he  might  escape  eternal  death,  but 
finding  himself  bewildered  in  the  writings 
and  the  spiritual  creeds  of  professors,  he 
sunk  under  his  apprehension,  and  despaired 
of  salvation.  He  was  at  that  time  only  in 
his  22d  year,  when  the  passions  often  mis- 
lead the  judgment ;  but  instead  of  pausing 
in  silence  and  meditation,  he  flew  to 
Judaism,  and  expected  to  find  in  the  law  of 
Moses  what  the  religion  of  Christ  seem- 
ed to  deny.  With  this  view  he  prevailed 
on  his  mother  and  brothers  to  leave  Portu- 
gal, where  the  inquisition  paralyzed  the 
powers  of  the  mind,  and  to  accompany  him 
to  Holland.  Here  he  was  circumcised  and 
admitted  into  the  synagogue,  but  soon 
found  that  the  rabbis  were  followers  of 
Moses  more  in  appearance  than  reality. 
He  exclaimed  against  their  profanation  of 
the  law,  and  his  complaints  were  answered 
by  excommunication.  Under  this  dreadful 
sentence,  in  which  he  was  not  even  permit- 
ted to  salute  his  brothers,  Acosta  main- 
tained an  unyielding  character,  and  even 
published  a  treatise  against  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  and  attempted  to  prove  that 
the  laws  of  Moses  were  not  derived  from 
God,  but  were  a  mere  political  institution. 
His  infidelity  was  resented  by  the  Jews,  he 
was  accused  before  the  magistrates,  and 
the  payment  of  a  fine  of  300  florins  at  last 
delivered  him  from  the  horrors  of  impri- 

Vol.  I.  4 


sonment.  Reflection  now  operated  upon 
his  mind,  and  after  an  exclusion  of  15 
years,  he  was  again  reconciled  to  the  syna- 
gogue, and  renounced  his  errors.  Fresh 
imprudences  however  tarnished  his  since- 
rity, he  was  accused  by  his  own  nephew  of 
not  conforming  to  the  rites  of  Moses,  in 
his  eating  and  other  {particulars,  and  a  se- 
cond time  excommunicated*  Seven  years 
of  persecution  at  last  re-opened  the  door  of 
the  synagogue  ;  but  while  he  was  promised 
forgiveness,  he  was  artfully  drawn  into  a 
submission  to  the  severest  discipline,  which 
produced  not  only  a  public  recantation  of 
past  errors,  but  the  infliction  of  the  39 
scourges  of  the  law.  This  disgraceful 
treatment  probably  roused  his  passions  to 
the  commission  of  suicide.  He  attempted 
to  shoot  one  of  his  principal  enemies  as  he 
passed  through  the  street,  but  missing  in  his 
aim,  he  immediately  shot  himself  in  the 
head  with  another  pistol,  1640,  or  accord- 
ing to  others,  1647.  A  few  days  before  his 
death,  it  is  supposed  that  he  wrote  his  Ex- 
emplar Humana?  Vitae,  a  bold  incoherent 
composition. 

Acquaviva,  vid.  Aquaviva. 

Acron,  a  physician  of  Sicily,  who  re- 
lieved Athens  during  a  plague  by  burning 
perfumes.  He  lived  about  440  years  B.  C. 
One  of  the  commentators  on  Horace.  Hi.- 
Scolia  were  published  in  the  edition  of  Ba- 
sil, in  8vo.  1527. 

Acronius,  John,  a  mathematician  of 
Friesland,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the 
earth.     He  died  at  Basle,  1563. 

Acronius,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the 
17th  century,  who  wrote  against  the  Ro- 
mish religion. 

Acropolita,  George,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historians  in  the  13th  century,  cele- 
brated for  his  knowledge  of  poetry,  mathe- 
matics, and  rhetoric.  He  was  employed 
as  ambassador  and  as  governor  at  the 
court  of  Constantinople,  and  was  the 
means  of  a  reconciliation  and  reunion  of 
religion  between  the  two  churches  of  the 
east  and  west,  to  which  he  gave  his  solemn 
sanction  in  the  name  of  the  emperor,  at 
the  second  council  of  Lyons,  1274.  His 
history  was  discovered  in  the  east  by  Dou- 
za,  and  published  1614.  It  is  a  faithful 
narrative  of  the  public  transactions  from 
1205  to  1265.  Acropolia  is  generally  call- 
ed Logotbete,  the  name  of  the  place  or 
chancellorship  which  he  held.  He  died 
about  the  year  1283,  aged  62.  His  son, 
Constantine,  distinguished  himself  also  by 
the  public  offices  he  filled  at  the  court  of 
the  Pala:ologi. 

Actius  or  Azzo,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  government.  He 
died  in  his  38th  year,  after  a  reign  of  16 
years,  in  1355. 

Actuarius,  a  Jew  physician,  who  prar- 


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tiscd  at  Constantinople  in  the  loth  centu- 
ry. His  treatises  in  Greek  are  chiefly 
drawn  from  Galen,  Paulus,  and  preceding 
medical  writers.  He  is  the  first  who  re- 
commended the  mild  purgative  medicines 
of  manna,  senna,  cassia,  &c.  used  by  the 
Arabians  about  300  years  before  his  time. 
His  works  on  therapeutics,  on  urines,  and 
on  the  animal  spirits,  &c.  are  inserted  in 
Stephens's  Medicae  Artis  Principes,  fol. 
1567.  It  is  said  that  in  honour  of  him, 
the  name  of  Actuarius  is  still  given  to  the 
physicians  of  the  court. 

Acuna,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  of  Burgos, 
employed  as  a  missionary  in  America.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  the 
Amazon  river,  on  his  return  to  Madrid, 
1641,  and  the  work  has  been  translated  into 
French,  in  4  vols.  12mo.  1682. 

Adair,  James,  an  English  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, son  of  an  army  agent.  He  was  in 
parliament  for  Cockermouth,  in  1780,  and 
afterwards  for  Higham  Ferrers.  He  suc- 
ceeded Serjeant  Glynne,  as  recorder  of 
London,  and  afterwards  resigned  that  situa- 
tion, in  which  he  had  displayed  integrity 
as  well  as  ability  ;  but  his  expectations  of 
superior  preferment  were  disappointed. 
He  was  one  of  the  lawyers  employed 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  persons  accused 
of  high  treason  in  1794,  and  conducted 
himself  with  great  candour  and  liberality. 
He  died  1798.  Two  extracts  were  pub- 
lished by  him,  called  Thoughts  on  the  dis- 
mission of  officers  for  their  conduct  in  par- 
liament, and  observations  on  the  power  of 
alienations  of  the  crown,  before  the  first  of 
queen  Anne. 

Adair,  James  Makittrick,  a  physician, 
who  resided  some  years  in  that  capacity, 
in  the  island  of  Antigua,  and  other  parts  of 
the  West  Indies,  where  also  he  presided  as 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  courts.  He  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and,  on  his  return  to 
England,  settled  at  Bath,  where  he  had 
many  quarrels,  particularly  with  Philip 
Thicknesse,  of  turbulent  memory.  The 
doctor  died  at  Harrowgate,  in  1802.  His 
principal  performances  are — 1.  Medical 
Cautions  for  Invalids  who  resort  to  Bath, 
8vo.  1786.  2.  A  Philosophical  and  Medi- 
cal Sketch  of  the  Natural  History  of  the 
Human  Body  and  Mind,  Svo.  1787.  3. 
Unanswerable  Objections  against  the  Abo- 
lition of  the  Slave  Trade.  8vo.  '  4.  Essays 
on  Fashionable  Diseases,  8vo.  5.  An  Es- 
say on  a  Nondescript,  or  newly-invented 
Disease,  Svo.  1790.  6.  On  certain  Chan- 
ges respecting  the  Inoculation  for  the 
Small-pox.  7.  Anecdotes  of  his  own  Life, 
8vo. — This  Dr.  Adair  is  not  to  be  confound- 
ed with  James  Adair,  Esquire,  who  was  a 
trader,  and  resident  among  the  North 
American  Indians  above  forty  years.  In 
1775,  this  gentleman  published  a  very 
curious  work,  entitled  "  The  History  of 
26 


the  American  Indians,  particularly  those 
Nations  adjoining  to  the  Mississippi,  East 
and  West  Florida,  Georgia,  South  and 
North  Carolina,  and  Virginia,"  4to.  In 
this  book  the  author  endeavours  to  trace 
the  Indians  to  a  Hebrew  origin. — Watkmi 
Biog. 

Adalard  or  Adelard,  son  of  count; 
Bernard,  and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel, 
was  related  to  Charlemagne.  On  the  di- 
vorce of  Ermengarda,  by  the  emperor, 
Adalard  left  the  court  in  disgust,  and  as- 
sumed the  religious  habit  at  Corbie.  He 
was,  however,  still  patronized  by  the  great, 
and  made  prime  minister  of  Pepin,  king  of 
Italy  ;  but  he  preferred  solitude  to  the  tur- 
bulence of  an  elevated  station,  and  found- 
ed the  Abbey  of  New  Corbie,  or  Corwey, 
in  Saxony.  He  died  2d  Jan.  826,  in  his 
72d  year,  greatly  lamented,  as  his  virtues 
had  procured  him  the  respect  of  the  world, 
and  his  learning  the  title  of  the  Augustine 
of  his  age.  Only  fragments  of  his  wri- 
tings remain. 

Adalberon,  archbishop  of  Rheiins,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  was  known  for  his 
great  services  as  an  ecclesiastic,  and  as  the 
minister  of  Lothaire.     He  died  988. 

Adalberon,  Ascelin,  bishop  of  Leon, 
meanly  betrayed  into  the  hand  of  Hugh 
Capet,  Arnoul,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  and 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  the  king's  rival,  who 
had  taken  refuge  under  his  episcopal  pro- 
tection. He  died  1030.  He  published  a 
satirical  poem  in  430  verses,  containing 
some  curious  historical  facts. 

Adalbert,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
preached  the  gospel  among  the  Bohemians, 
and  afterwards  among  the  Poles,  by  whom 
he  was  murdered,  29th  April,  997.  Ano- 
ther of  the  same  name,  bishop  of  Magde- 
burg, converted  the  Sclavonians,  and  pene- 
trated far  into  Pomerania,  as  a  Christian 
missionary.  He  died  at  Pivsburg.  ?0th 
June,  981. — Another  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men, who  became  very  powerful  in  Den- 
mark, and  even  obliged  the  king  to  divorce 
his  wife  Gutha,  because  she  was  somewhat 
allied  to  him.  Tfiough  intriguing  and  vio- 
lent, he  possessed  some  good  qualities, 
and  in  1072,  he  formed  some  wise  regula- 
tions for  the  conduct  of  the  clergy  and  for 
the  government  of  the  kingdom  in  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  aflnirs. 

Adalgise,  son  of  Didier,  king  of  Lom- 
bardy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemagne, 
after  the  defeat  of  his  father,  but  was  at 
last  conquered,  though  supported  by  the 
troops  of  Constantinople,  and  he  was  put 
to  death  788. 

Adaloald,  a  king  of  Lomhardy,  who 
was  deposed  by  his  subjects  for  his  oppres- 
sion, as  well  as  his  incapacity,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  sister's  husband,  Ariovald. 
He  died  629,  in  a  private  station. 

Adam,   the  father  of  the  human  race. 


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was  formed  from  the  dust,  on  the  sixth  day 
of  the  creation,  and  placed  in  the  garden 
of  Eden,  from  which  he  was  banished  for 
his  disobedience.     This   aera  is  fixed  4004 
years  B.C.     Adam   lived  930  years  after 
his  expulsion  from  paradise  ;  and  besides 
Cain,  Abel,  and  Seth,  he  had  several  other 
children  whose  names  are  not  mentioned 
in  Scripture.     The  name  of  Adamites  was 
assumed  in  the  13th  century,  by  some  en- 
thusiasts of  Antwerp,  who  appeared  naked 
in  their  meetings,  and  pretended  that  since 
the  death  of  Christ,  men  were  restored  to 
the  original  innocence  of  Adam.    These  te- 
nets, which  opened  the  door  to  every  lasci- 
viousness,  were  also  followed  in  Bohemia, 
in  the  15th  century,  and  from  thence  passed 
into  Poland,  where  it  is  said  they  still  exist. 
Adam,   Alexander,   a  schoolmaster  and 
learned  writer,  was  born  at  Raffbrd,  in  the 
county  of  Moray,    in    1741.     Though   his 
parents  were  poor,  they  gave  him  a  good 
education  at  the  parish  school,  after  which 
he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  studied 
with   great   diligence,   and    in   1761,   was 
elected  schoolmaster  to  Watson's  Hospital. 
In  1767,  he  was  appointed  assistant  to  the 
rector  of  the  high  school,  of  which  semi- 
nary he    became    head   master  in   1771. 
Here,  however,  a  dispute  soon  arose  be- 
tween him  and  the  ushers,  on  account  of 
his  endeavour  to  introduce  a  new  grammar 
instead   of  that  of  Ruddiman.     This  dif- 
ference  being  referred  to  Dr.  Robertson, 
principal  of  the  university,  was  decided  by 
him  against  the  rector.     The  book  which 
made  so  much  noise  was  published  in  1772, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Principles  of  Latin 
and  English  Grammar,"  and  has  been  re- 
printed several  times.     Previous  to  this, 
he  had   obtained  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,   and  he  continued  to  compile  some 
useful  books  in  the  line  of  teaching,  which, 
on  being  published,   increased  his  reputa- 
tion ;  but  when  the  French  revolution  broke 
out,   he  lost  some  credit  by  the  political 
opinions  which  he  openly  avowed,  and  im- 
prudently introduced  into  his  school.     He 
died  of  an  apoplectic  stroke,  December  IS, 
1809.     His   other  works   are — 1.  Roman 
Antiquities,  „8vo.  1791.     2.  A  Summary  of 
Geography   and   History,    8vo.    1794.     3. 
Classical     Biography,   8vo.       4.   Lexicon 
Linguae    Latinse    Compendiarum,    8vo. — 
IVatkiiu'1  Biog. 

Adam,  Melchior,  a  protestant  of  Grot- 
kaw,  in  Silesia,  remarkable  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  perseverance.  After  being  ap- 
pointed rector  of  a  college  at  Heidelberg, 
he  published  in  four  volumes  the  lives  of 
illustrious  men,  who  had  flourished  in  Ger- 
many and  Flanders,  during  the  16th  and 
17th  century.  Though  the  lives  are  not 
numerous,  yet  the  execution  was  laborious. 
He  is  however  accused  of  partiality  by  the 
Lutherans,  who  consider  him  as  too  insig- 


nificant to  pass  judgments  on  the  merits 
and  demerits  of  the  literati  of  Germanv. 
He  died  in  1622. 

Adam,  Lambert,  Sigisbert,  an  ingenious 
sculptor,  born  at  Nici.  He  improved  him- 
self at  Berlin,  but  the  labours  of  his  chisel 
were  reserved  for  the  admiration  of  his 
countrymen,  and  to  adorn  the  palaces  of 
St.  Cloud,  and  Versailles.  His  Prome- 
theus, and  Mars  caressed  by  Love,  are 
most  admired.     He  died  1759,  aged  59. 

Adam,  Nicholas,  brother  of  Lambert, 
imitated  and  equalled  him.  He  executed 
the  Mausoleum  of  the  queen  of  Poland,  at 
Bonsecours,  besides  other  works  equally 
admired.  He  lost  his  sight  some  years 
before  his  death,  which  happened  1778. 

Adam,  Francis  Gaspard,  younger  bro- 
ther of  the  two  preceding,  excelled  also 
like  them  as  an  artist.  He  resided  for 
for  some  years  in  Prussia,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1757,  aged  49. 

Adam,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated  in 
his  native  town,  and  at  Wakefield  school. 
He  was  of  Christ  College,  Cambridge,  but 
removed  to  Har-hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  bachelor's  degree.  He  after- 
wards obtained  the  living  of  Wintringham, 
Lincolnshire,  where  he  resided  for  58  years, 
an  active,  pious,  and  benevolent  parish 
priest,  and  where  he  died,  1784,  aged  83. 
He  published  lectures  on  the  church  cate- 
chism, sermons,  a  paraphrase  of  the  11 
first  chapters  of  the  Romans,  and  after  his 
death  appeared  a  collection  of  thoughts,  to 
which  his  life  is  prefixed. 

Adam,  Billaut,  a  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Master  Adam.  He 
wrote  poetry  while  employed  at  his  tools, 
and  his  effusions  were  often  elegant  and 
happy.  He  was  flattered  by  the  great,  and 
patronized  by  Richelieu,  but  he  had  the 
greatness  of  mind  to  refuse  the  pomp  of 
Versailles  for  the  tranquil  obscurity  of  Ne- 
vers, where  he  died,  1662.  His  poems, 
though  once  very  popular,  are  now  seldom 
perused. 

Adam,  Robert,  an  architect,  born  at  Kir- 
kaldy,  in  Scotland,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  possessed  of  a  strong  ge- 
nius, and  he  improved  himself  by  study  and 
application,  and  acquired  in  Italy  a  taste  for 
whatever  is  great,  bold,  and  magnificent. 
He  was  patronized  by  George  III.  but  re- 
signed his  employment  of  royal  architect 
in  1768,  on  being  elected  member  for  Kin- 
ross. The  breaking  of  a  blood-vessel  put  t\ 
period  to  his  labours,  March  3d,  1792,  and 
he  was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey.  His 
talents  had  been  happily  called  into  action 
by  the  public  voice,  and  not  less  than  eight 
great  public  works  and  25  private  buildings 
were  designed,  the  year  preceding  his 
death,  to  remain  as  monuments  of  his  su- 
perior powers, 

27 


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ADA 


Adam,  a  canon  of  Bremen,  in  the  17th 
century,  who  published  an  ecclesiastical 
history  of  Bremen  and  Hamburg,  in  four 
books,  from  the  reign  of  Charlemagne  to 
that  of  the  Emperor  Henry  IV.  edited 
1670,  in  4to. 

Adam,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Paris, 
who  published  some  theological  treatises. 
He  died  1177. 

Adam,  Scotus,  a  monkish  writer,  born  in 
Scotland,  and  educated  at  the  monastery  of 
Lindisferna,  now  Holy  Island,  south  of 
Berwick,  at  that  time  famous  for  the  learn- 
ing of  its  professors.  He  went  to  Paris 
and  taught  divinity  at  the  Sorbonne,  but 
afterwards  became  a  resident  monk  at  Mel- 
ross  and  Durham,  where  he  wrote,  besides 
an  account  of  David  I.  of  Scotland,  the 
lives  of  Columbus  and  of  some  of  the  saints 
of  the  sixth  century.  He  died  1180.  His 
works  were  published  at  Antwerp,  fol. 
1659. 

Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Bordeaux,  who 
wrote  several  treatises  against  the  new  dis- 
ciples of  St.  Austin.     He  died  1684. 

Adam,  d'Orleton,  a  native  of  Hereford, 
who  became  bishop  of  Winchester.  He 
was  intriguing,  and  turbulent,  and  it  is  said 
that  the  life  of  Edward  II.  was  sacrificed 
to  this  ambiguous  expression  which  he 
used :  Edwardum  regem  occidere  nolite 
timere  bonum  est,  which,  with  and  without 
punctuation  after  nolite,  will  admit  of  two 
very  different  meanings. 

Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  theological  subjects,  little  esteem- 
ed, and  died  at  Bordeaux,  1684. 

Adams,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wem, 
in  Shropshire,  who,  after  receiving  his  edu- 
cation in  Cambridge,  became  a  draper  in 
London,  and  rose  to  the  high  honour  of 
lord  mayor  of  London,  1645.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  privileges  of  the  city, 
which  he  maintained  with  a  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence. His  partiality,  however,  to  the 
royal  cause  rendered  him  suspicious,  and 
the  republicans  searched  his  house  for  the 
unfortunate  Charles.  His  affection  was 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  son,  to  whom 
during  his  exile  he  sent  as  a  present 
10,000i.  He  accompanied  Monk  to  Breda, 
to  congratulate  the  monarch  on  his  res- 
toration, and  for  his  loyalty  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood  and  a  baronetcy.  His 
liberality  in  public  and  private  life  was  un- 
bounded ;  he  erected  and  nobly  endowed  a 
school  at  his  native  place,  founded  the  Ara- 
bic professorship  at  Cambridge,  and  at  his 
sole  expense  printed  the  gospel  in  Persian, 
which  he  distributed  in  the  east.  He  died 
in  his  81st  year,  24th  Feb.  1667,  of  the 
.'tone,  and  after  death,  his  body  was  open- 
ed and  a  calculus  of  the  extraordinary 
weight  of  25  ounces  extracted,  which  is 
Mill  preserved  in  the  laboratory  of  Cam- 
28 


bridge.  His  honours  were  enjoyed  by  hi;- 
descendants  till  the  late  Sir  Thomas,  who 
died  captain  in  the  navy. 

Adams,  John,  a  poet,  and  a  congrega- 
tional minister,  was  the  son  of  the  honour- 
able John  Adams  of  Nova-Scotia,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1721.  He 
was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Newport 
Rhode-Island,  in  1728,  but  was  dismiss- 
ed at  the  end  of  two  years.  He  died  at 
Cambridge,  in  1740,  in  his  36th  year.  He 
possessed  a  fine  genius,  excelled  in  learning 
and  piety,  and  was  a  popular  preacher. 
A  volume  of  his  poems,  including  the 
book  of  Revelations  in  heroic  verse  was 
published  at  Boston  in  1745.  !L    L. 

Adams,  Joseph,  a  physician,  was  the  son 
of  an  apothecary  in  Basinghall-street,  Lon- 
don, and  bred  to  the  same  profession.  In 
1796  he  obtained  a  diploma  from  Aberdeen, 
and  soon  afterwards  went  to  reside  at 
Madeira,  from  whence  he  returned  in  1805, 
and  was  elected  physician  to  the  small- 
pox hospital.  He  was  also  physician  to  the 
new  Finsbury  and  Central  Dispensary,  and 
died  in  consequence  of  an  accidental  fall, 
June  20,  1818,  aged  62.  He  published— 
Observations  on  Morbid  Poisons  ;  a  Tract 
on  the  Cancerous  Breast ;  Inquiry  into  the 
Laws  of  Epidemics  ;  an  Account  of  Madei- 
ra ;  a  Treatise  on  the  hereditary  peculia- 
rities of  the  Human  Race ;  a  Manual  on 
Vaccination ;  the  Life  and  Doctrines  of 
John  Hunter  ;  a  Treatise  on  Epilepsy  ;  and 
various  papers  in  different  medical  miscel- 
lanies and  journals. —  Watkins1  Biog. 

Adams,  Thomas,  a  fellow  of  Brazen 
Nose,  distinguished  for  his  learning.  He 
was  tutor  to  persons  of  rank  and  respecta- 
bility during  Cromwell's  usurpation,  and 
officiated  as  chaplain  to  Sir  Samuel  Jones, 
of  Shropshire,  and  to  lady  Clare,  of  North- 
amptonshire. He  published  "  Protestant 
Union,  or  Principles  of  Religion,"  a  valua- 
ble work,  and  died  Dec.  11th,  1670. 

Adams,  Richard,  a  member  of  Brazen 
Nose,  minister  of  St.  Mildred,  Bread- 
Street,  from  which  place  he  was  ejected, 
1662.  He  wrote  a  few  sermons,  and  assist- 
ed in  the  completion  of  Pool's  annotations, 
and  in  the  editing  of  Charnock's  works. 
He  died  1698. 

Adams,  William,  D.D.  fellow  and  after- 
wards master  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
was  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  distin- 
guished no  less  for  the  urbanity  of  his 
manners  than  the  extent  of  his  learning. 
He  wrote  some  tracts  and  sermons,  and  ac- 
quired celebrity  by  the  manner  in  which  he 
attacked  the  tenets  of  Hume.  It  was  du- 
ring this  controversy  that  the  historian  ob- 
served that  he  was  the  only  opponent  who 
maintained  the  dispute  with  the  spirit  and 
the  manners  of  a  gentleman.  He  died 
1789,  beloved  and  respected  by  the  society 
over  which  he  presided  for   fourteen  years. 


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ADA 


Adams,  Samuel,  L.L.D.  a  civilian  dis- 
tinguished for  the  service  he  render. d  bis 
country  during  the  war  of  the  revolution, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Sep- 
tember 27th,  1722.  He  was  educated  at 
Harvard  College,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1740.  In  1765  he  was  elected  to  a  seat 
in  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  a.id  du- 
ring several  eventful  years,  displayed  there 
uncommon  energy  and  firmness,  in  advoca- 
ting the  cause  of  liberty.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  colonial  charter,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  provincial  convention,  and 
in  1774  of  the  general  congress.  In  the 
latter  station  ;  whkh  he  occupied  a  number 
of  years,  he  rendered  the  most  signal  ser- 
vices to  the  country,  being  qualified  by  his 
energy,  decision,  fortitude,  enthusiasm,  and 
eloquence,  to  be  a  leader  at  such  a  crisis. 
By  the  last  act  of  British  rule  in  Massachu- 
setts June  12,  1775,  he,  with  his  friend 
John  Hancock,  was  proscribed,  while 
pardon  was  announced  to  all  others  who  had 
shared  in  the  resistance  to  the  measures  of 
the  British  ministry.  In  1776  he  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence  with  Franklin, 
Jefferson,  Hancock,  and  the  other  illustrious 
men  whose  names  adorn  that  instrument. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  of 
Massachusetts  which  accepted  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  and  on  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  elected  president  of  the  senate. 
From  1789  to  1794,  he  held  the  office  of 
lieutenant-governor,  and  that  of  chief  ma- 
gistrate during  the  three  succeeding  years. 
He  died  Oct.  2,  1803,  aged  82.  His  private 
character  from  early  life  was  marked  by 
the  vh  tues  of  the  practical  Christian.  His 
manners  were  mild,  gentlemanly,  and  digni- 
fied though  his  feelings  were  warm,  and 
his  animosities  strong.  An  enthusiastic  love 
of  liberty,  a  jealous  watchfulness  over  his 
rights,  an  inextinguishable  hatred  of  tyran- 
ny, great  promptness  of  decision,  and  inflex- 
ible firmness,  were  the  prominent  traits  cf 
his  character  ;  and  it  was  by  those  qualities 
rather  than  by  great  brilliancy  of  genius,  or 
profoundness  of  learning,  that  he  acquired 
his  great  influence,  and  rendered  such  im- 
portant service  to  the  nation.  [ET  L. 

Adams,  Andrew,  L.L.D.  chief  justice  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Stratford,  Conn. 
January  1736  ;  and  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1760.  In  1764  he  entered  on  the 
practice  of  law  at  Litchfield.  After  having 
held  a  scat  in  the  legislature  for  some  time, 
he  was  in  1781  elected  a  member  of  the 
council,  and  about  that  time  a  representa- 
tive in  Congress.  He  was  apointed  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1789,  and  in  1793 
chief  justice.  He  was  distinguished  for 
knowledge  and  adroitness  as  a  lawyer,  and 
ability  as  a  judge.  He  died  Nov.  26, 
1799,  aged  63.  (LTL. 

Adamson,  Patrick,   a  native    of  Perth, 


who,  after  studying  at  St.  Andrews,  travel" 
led  into  France,  as  tutor,  and  with  difficulty 
escaped  the  persecuting  spirit  which  at  the 
massacre  of  Paris  doomed  to  torture  and 
to  death  the  unfortunate  Protestants  of 
every  age  and  of  every  station.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Scotland,  he  was  appointed  minister 
of  Paisley,  and  afterwards,  by  the  fa- 
vour and  interest  of  lord  Moreton,  he  was 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  St.  Andrews. 
In  this  elevated  situation  he  was  surrounded 
with  dangers  and  difficulties,  and  the  viru- 
lence of  the  presbyterians  was  successfully 
directed  against  him  as  the  firmest  pillar  of 
episcopacy.  James  VI., however,  patronized 
him,  and  sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to 
England,  where  his  eloquence  and  his  ad- 
dress gained  him  admirers,  and  raised  such 
a  tide  of  popularity  in  favour  of  the  young 
king,  his  master,  that  the  jealousy  of  Eli- 
zabeth forbade  him  again  to  ascend  the  pul- 
pit while  at  her  court.  In  1584,  he  was 
recalled  home,  and  so  violent  was  the  irri- 
tation of  the  presbyterians  against  him,  that 
at  a  provincial  synod,  he  was  accused  and 
excommunicated  ;  and  neither  appeals  to 
the  king  and  to  the  states,  nor  the  protesta- 
tions of  innocence,  would  have  saved  him 
from  this  disgraceful  sentence,  if  he  had  not 
yielded  to  the  storm,  and  implored  for  par- 
don by  the  most  abject  submission.  His 
life  continued  a  scene  of  persecution  ;  even 
the  monarch  grew  deaf  to  his  petitions,  and 
alienated  the  revenues  of  his  see  in  favour 
of  the  duke  of  Lennox,  so  that  Adamson  had 
to  add  to  the  indignities  offered  to  his  office, 
the  more  poignant  sufferings  of  indigence 
and  wretchedness,  in  the  midst  of  a  forlorn, 
a  deserted,  and  starving  family.  He  died 
1591,  in  his  48th  year.  A  4to.  volume  of 
his  works  was  published,  containing  trans- 
lations of  some  of  the  books  of  the  bible  in 
Latin  verse,  frequently  composed  to  allevi- 
ate his  grief,  and  disarm  the  terrors  of  per- 
secution. 

Adanson,  Michael,  a  French  naturalist, 
was  born  at  Aix  in  Provence,  of  a  Scotch 
family,  in  1727.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  university  of  Paris,  where  his  dimi- 
nutive stature  excited  the  ridicule  of  his 
fellow  students,  from  whom,  however,  he 
contrived  by  his  aLilities  to  carry  away  the 
principal  prizes.  The  friendship  of  Need- 
ham  induced  him  to  pursue  the  study  of 
natural  history,  in  which  he  made  great 
progress  without  neglecting  other  branches 
of  learning.  In  1748,  he  visited  Senegal, 
where  he  made  a  vast  collection  of  natural 
curiosities  ;  and  on  his  return  published  an 
interesting  accountof  that  country;  of  which 
work  a  translation  appeared  at  London,  in 
1759.  In  1763  the  author  printed  his  "  Fa- 
miles  des  Plantes,"  2  vols.  8vo.  of  which 
work  he  published,  many  years  after,  a  se- 
cond and  enlarged  edition.  His  reputation 
as  a  naturalist  of  the  first  order,  not  onlv 
29 


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introduced  him  into  the  academy,  hut  pro- 
cured him  the  place  of  royal  censor,  and 
invitations  from  the  emperor  of  Germany, 
the  empress  of  Russia,  and  the  king  of 
Spain,  to  settle  in  their  dominions.  The 
last  offers  he  declined  ;  and  in  the  same  spi- 
rit of  disinterestedness  he  neglected  to  se- 
cure a  provision  for  tbe  close  of  life,  in  con- 
sequence of  which,  at  the  revolution  he  was 
reduced  to  extreme  indigence;  so  that  when 
asked  to  become  a  member  of  the  Institute, 
he  refused,  saying,  "  he  had  no  shoes." 
He  died  in  1806,  leaving  behind  him  avast 
number  of  manuscripts. —  ii  atkins'  Biog. 

Addison,  Lancelot,  D.D.  son  of  a  cler- 
gyman of  the  same  name,  born  at  Maulds 
Meaburne,  in  Westmoreland,  was  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  his  sa- 
tirical reflections  on  the  pride,  ignorance, 
and  hypocrisy  of  bis  superiors,  in  an  ora- 
tion, 1658,  caused  such  irritation,  that  he 
obtained  forgiveness  only  by  a  public  recan- 
tation on  his  knees.  He  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged as  chaplain  at  Dunkirk  and  at  Tan- 
giers,  and  in  consideration  of  his  services, 
and  of  what  he  had  suffered  for  his  loyalty, 
he  was  deservedly  preferred  to  the  living  of 
Milston  and  a  Sarum  prebend,  and  in  1683, 
to  the  deanry  of  Litchfield  and  the  archdea- 
conry of  Coventry.  He  died  April  20th, 
1703,  aged  71,  and  was  buried  at  Litchfield. 
He  wrote  several  valuable  treatises,  among 
which  were  his  Historical  Observations, 
while  resident  in  Africa,  an  Account  of  the 
present  state  of  the  Jews,  &c. 

Addison,  Joseph,  son  of  Dr.  Lancelot 
Addison,  was  born  May  1st,  1672,  at  Mil- 
ston, near  Ambrosbu.y,  Wiltshire,  of  which 
place  his  father  was  re  jtor.  He  appeared 
so  weak,  and  so  unlikely  to  live,  that  he 
was  christened  the  same  day.  After  pass- 
ing through  the  rudiments  of  his  education 
under  Mr.  Naish  of  his  native  place,  Mr. 
Taylor,  of  Salisbury,  and  Mr.  Shaw,  of 
Litchfield,  he  was  placed  at  the  Charter- 
house under  Dr.  Ellis,  where  an  intimacy 
began  with  Sir  Richard  Steele,  which  ge- 
nius and  reciprocal  friendship  have  immor- 
talized. At  Oxford,  he  entered  at  Queen's 
College,  but  the  accidental  perusal  of  some 
Latin  verses  recommended  him  to  Dr. 
Lancaster,  by  whose  patronage  he  was  two 
years  after,  1689,  elected  demy  of  Magda- 
len. His  academical  hours  were  not  here 
devoted  to  bacchanalian  orgies,  or  dis- 
graceful intrigues ;  but  the  powers  of  the 
mind  were  cultivated  and  improved,  and 
the  frequent  composition  of  Latin  verses 
produced  such  correctness  of  style  and  ele- 
gance of  diction,  that  the  Muss  Anglicans 
alone  would  give  celebrity  to  the  name  of 
Addison.  He  next,  in  his  22d  year,  dis- 
played his  powers  in  English  poetry,  by 
some  verses  addressed  to  Dryden,  and  by 
a  translation  of  part  of  Virgil's  4th  Georgic 
on  the  Bees ;  and  as  the  number  of  his 
30 


friends  increased  with  his  popularity,  the 
student  was  gradually  converted  into  the 
courtier,  and  introduced  by  Congreve  to 
Montague,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  a 
man  who  in  discerning  merit  did  not  wish 
it  to  be  forgotten  that  flattery  is  a  tribute 
paid  to  power.  By  the  advice  of  Mon- 
tague, Addison  laid  aside  his  intention  of 
taking  orders ;  and,  studying  the  temper 
of  the  times,  he  published  a  poem  address- 
ed to  king  William,  and  two  years  after 
celebrated  the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  Latin 
verses,  which  paved  the  way  to  a  pension 
of  300/.  a  year,  and  claimed  the  still  more 
honourable  merit  of  being,  in  the  opinion 
of  Smith,  the  best  Latin  poem  since  the 
iEneid.  Raised  now  to  easy  circumstances, 
he  travelled  to  Italy,  and  with  the  eyes  and 
the  genius  of  a  classical  poet,  surveyed  the 
monuments  and  the  heroic  deeds  of  ancient 
Rome,  which  he  described  in  his  famous 
epistle  to  lord  Halifax,  the  most  elegant  if  not 
the  most  sublime  of  his  productions.  He 
wrote  here  also  his  dialogues  on  medals,  and 
according  to  Tickell,  some  acts  of  his  Cato  ; 
and  after  a  residence  of  two  years,  return- 
ed to  England,  1702,  with  a  meanness  of 
appearance,  which  proclaimed  aloud  that 
he  laboured  under  pecuniary  distresses. 
He  now  published  his  travels,  with  a  dedi- 
cation to  lord  Somers,  and  so  great  was  its 
popularity  that  the  book  rose  to  five  times 
its  original  price  before  it  could  be  reprint- 
ed. When  the  victory  of  Blenheim  was 
obtained,  Godolphin  looked  out  for  a  poet 
equal  to  celebrate  the  glory  of  his  country, 
and  Addison  was  recommended  by  Hali- 
fax ;  and  soon  after,  when  he  had  read  to 
his  patron  what  he  had  written,  as  far  as 
the  simile  of  the  angel,  he  was  appointed 
commissioner  of  appeals.  On  the  follow- 
ing year  he  accompanied  Halifax  to  Hano- 
ver, and  was  the  next  year  made  under-se- 
cretary  of  state.  About  this  time  he  tried  the 
opera  of  Rosamond  on  the  stage,  but  the 
audience  were  regardless  of  the  poet's 
fame,  and  it  was  condemned  only  because 
it  was  an  English  performance.  When  the 
duke  of  Wharton  went  as  viceroy  to  Ire- 
land, Addison  accepted  the  place  of  his 
secretary,  and  with  a  salary  of  300  pounds 
a  year  as  keeper  of  the  records  of  Birming- 
ham, he  made  a  rule,  as  Swift  observes,  of 
never  returning  to  his  friends,  out  of  po- 
liteness, the  fees  due  to  his  office.  During 
his  residence  in  Ireland,  the  first  paper  of 
the  Tattler  was  published  by  Steele,  April 
22d,  1709,  unknown  to  him,  though  he 
soon  discovered  by  the  insertion  of  a  re- 
mark on  Virgil,  which  had  originated  in 
himself,  who  the  author  was.  The  Tattler 
was  succeeded  in  about  two  months  by 
the  Spectator,  a  series  of  essays  of  the  same 
nature,  but  written  with  less  levity, 
upon  a  more  regular  plan,  and  pub- 
lished daily.     In  1713,  the  Cato  was  pro- 


ADD 


ADD 


duced  on  the  stage,  and  was  the  grand 
climacteric  of  Addison's  reputation.  The 
last  act  was  composed  with  haste,  and  a 
house  was  assembled  by  the  intrigues  of 
Steele  to  judge  of  the  merits  of  his  friend's 
performance.  As  the  nation  was  at  that 
time  heated  by  party  spirit,  the  production 
of  an  historical  play  was  considered  as  po- 
litical craft.  The  whigs  applauded  every 
line  which  extolled  liberty,  as  a  satire  on 
the  tories  ;  and  the  tories  echoed  every 
clap  to  show  that  the  satire  was  unfelt. 
When  the  play  was  printed,  the  queen  ex- 
pressed a  wish  it  might  be  dedicated  to  her, 
but  as  Addison  had  promised  it  elsewhere, 
as  a  man  of  honour  he  could  not  retract, 
and  Cato  appeared  without  a  patron  ;  but 
such  was  its  popularity,  that  it  was  trans- 
lated into  several  languages,  and  introduced 
upon  some  of  the  other  theatres  of  Europe. 
During  the  representation  of  Cato,  Steele 
published  another  daily  paper  called  the 
Guardian,  to  which  Addison  contributed 
much  of  his  assistance.  In  this  publica- 
tion his  papers  were  distinguished  by  a 
hand  ;  in  the  Spectator  they  were  marked 
by  one  of  the  letters  which  compose  the 
name  of  the  muse  Clio.  Success  in  litera- 
ture did  not  render  Addison  indolent  or 
conceited,  and  Steele  has  attributed  to  him 
the  comedy  of  the  Drummer,  which  he  said 
he  carried  for  him  to  the  play-house,  and 
of  which  afterwards  he  sold  the  copy  for 
fifty  guineas.  These  circumstances  are 
denied  by  Tickell ;  but  as  no  writer  has 
claimed  the  Drummer,  it  is  deservedly  con- 
sidered as  the  production  of  the  author  of 
Cato.  Political  discussions  occasionally 
engaged  the  attention  of  Addison,  and  on 
temporary  topics  he  wrote  the  Present 
State  of  the  War — the  Whig  Examiner — 
the  Trial  of  count  Tariff ;  pamphlets  which 
disappeared  with  the  subjects  which  gave 
them  birth.  Some  time  after,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  revive  the  Spectator,  and  80 
numbers  were  published,  of  which  a  fourth 
part  was  by  Addison ;  and  these  papers, 
perhaps  more  valuable  than  the  others,  for 
the  religious  and  moral  topics  which  they 
discuss,  were  collected  to  form  an  8vo. 
volume.  On  the  death  of  queen  Anne, 
Addison,  who  had  been  appointed  secretary 
to  the  regency,  was  officially  required  to 
announce  to  the  elector  of  Hanover  his 
accession  to  the  English  throne.  He  was 
however  so  overpowered  by  the  greatness 
of  the  event,  that  the  Lords  grew  tired 
while  waiting  for  the  niceties  of  his  expres- 
sions, and  Southwell,  one  of  the  clerks  of 
the  office,  was  directed  to  close  the  des- 
patches, which  he  immediately  completed 
in  the  common  style  of  business,  not  a 
little  elated  that  he  could  do  what  seemed 
so  difficult  for  the  gigantic  powers  of  Addi- 
son. Never  losing  sight,  however,  of  his 
public  character,  he  published  the  Free- 


holder twice  a  week,  from  December  23d, 
1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  following  year, 
in  support  of  the  government,  full  of  the 
most  convincing  arguments,  and  with  hu- 
mour forcible,  singular,  and  matchless.  In 
August,  1716,  he  married  the  countess 
dowager  of  Warwick  ;  but  if  it  added  to 
his  elevation,  it  diminished  his  happiness, 
for  it  neither  found  them  nor  made  them 
equal.  She  remembered  her  rank,  and 
treated  with  so  little  ceremony  a  husband 
who  had  been  tutor  to  her  son,  that  the 
example  of  Addison  can  hold  no  great  en- 
couragement to  ambitious  love.  In  1717, 
he  was  raised  to  his  highest  dignity,  being- 
made  secretary  of  state,  a  place  to  which 
he  was  unequal,  as  he  possessed  not  either 
boldness  or  eloquence  to  defend  the  mea- 
sures of  government  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mona,  but  rather  wasted  away  his  time  in 
his  office  in  quest  of  fine  expressions.  He 
therefore  soon  requested  and  obtained  his 
dismission  with  a  pension  of  £1500  a  year. 
His  friends  indeed  palliated  this  relinquish- 
ment, but  they  as  well  as  his  enemies  knew 
well  that  it  was  not  on  account  of  declin- 
ing health,  or  from  the  necessity  of  relaxa- 
tion and  repose.  In  his  retirement  he 
now  laid  plans  for  literary  labours ;  he 
wrote  a  defence  of  the  Christian  religion, 
part  of  which  was  published  after  his  death, 
and  he  proposed  a  tragedy  on  the  death  of 
Socrates,  besides  an  English  dictionary, 
and  a  version  of  the  Psalms.  It  is  painful 
to  relate,  that,  in  the  decline  of  life,  this 
illustrious  man  gave  way  to  the  suggestions 
of  malice,  and  treated  with  unkindness 
Steele,  whose  friendship  had  been  cement- 
ed by  the  lapse  and  trial  of  a  long  series  of 
years.  Lord  Sunderland  attempted  to  in- 
troduce a  bill  to  limit  the  creation  of  peers, 
and  this  supported  by  Addison  was  vehe- 
mently opposed  by  Steele,  so  that  various 
pamphlets  replete  with  rancour  and  acri- 
monious expressions  were  issued  from  the 
press,  and  a  perfect  reconciliation  could 
never  be  effected.  But  now  he  felt  his  end 
approach  from  shortness  of  breath,  aggra- 
vated by  a  dropsy,  and,  like  a  Christian, 
determined  to  die  at  peace  with  all  the 
world, 'he  sent  for  Gay,  and  told  him  that 
he  had  injured  him,  for  which  he  would 
recompense  him.  Of  the  nature  of  this 
offence  Gay  was  ignorant,  and  Addison  did 
not  mention  it,  though  it  was  supposed  that 
some  preferment  had  by  his  influence  been 
withheld  from  him.  Anxious  still  to  do 
another  kind  office,  he  sent  for  Lord  War- 
wick, whose  morals  were  dissipated,  and 
whose  principles  were  most  licentious  ;  and 
as  he  had  often  endeavoured  in  vain  to  re- 
claim him  by  advice,  he  now  wished  to  raise 
in  him  reflection  and  repentance.  When  he 
begged  to  know  his  last  injunctions,  I  have 
sent  for  you,  said  the  expiring  man,  that 
von  may  see  how  a  Christian  can  die.  The 
31 


ADE 


ADH 


effect  of  this  on  the  conduct  of  the  carl  is 
not  known,  as  he  died  shortly  after.  When 
he  had  given  directions  to  Tickell  about  the 
publication  of  his  works,  and  on  his  death- 
bed dedicated  them  to  his  friend,  Mr. 
Craggs,  he  expired,  June  17,  1729,  at  Hol- 
land-house, leaving  only  one  daughter,  who 
died  unmarried,  17i»7.  Of  Addison's  cha- 
racter as  a  poet  and  a  moral  writer,  little 
more  can  be  added  ;  he  was  not  only  the 
ornament  of  his  age  and  country,  but  he 
reflects  dignity  on  the  nature  of  man.  He 
has  divested  vice  of  its  meretricious  orna- 
ments, and  painted  religion  and  virtue  in 
the  modest  and  graceful  attire  which  charm 
and  elevate  the  heart.  In  Dr.  Johnson's 
and  Dr.  Anderson's  lives,  from  whom  the 
above  is  extracted,  a  fuller  account  maybe 
found. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Rodolphus,  king 
of  Burgundy,  married  Lotharius  II.  king  of 
Italy,  and,  after  his  death,  the  emperor 
Otho  I.  Her  manners  were  exemplary, 
and  her  judgment  and  benevolence  were 
exerted  for  the  good  of  her  subjects.  She 
died,  aged  69,  in  999. 

Adelaide,  wife  of  Frederick,  prince  of 
Saxony,  conspired  with  Lewis,  marquis  of 
Thuringia,  against  her  husband's  life,  and 
married  the  murderer,  1055. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Humbert,  count 
of  Maurienne,  was  queen  to  Lewis  VI.  of 
France,  and  mother  of  seven  sons  and  a 
daughter.  After  the  king's  death  she  mar- 
ried Matthew  of  Montmorency,  and  died, 
1154. 

Adelaide,  wife  of  Lewis  II.  of  France, 
was  mother  of  Charles  III.  surnamed  the 
simple,  who  was  king,  898. 

Adelard,  an  English  monk,  who,  in  the 
12th  century,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia, 
and  translated  into  Latin  Euclid's  Ele- 
ments, before  the  Greek  manuscripts  of  the 
work  were  known  in  Europe.  Several 
other  translations  by  him  from  mathemati- 
cal as  well  as  medical  writers,  are  stil!  pre- 
served in  Corpus  Christi  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege libraries  at  Oxford. 

Adelbold,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  author 
of  a  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.  died 
1207. 

Adelar,  Curtius,  called  also  Servisen,  a 
native  of  Norway,  who  served  in  the  Dutch 
navy,  and  then  went  to  Venice,  where  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and  made 
knight  of  St.  Mail  ,  with  a  pension  for  his 
meritorious  services  against  the  Turks.  He 
married  a  woman  of  rank  at  Amsterdam, 
and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  Co- 
penhagen, where  he  died,  1675,  aged  53, 
universally  respected. 

Adelgrieff,  John  Albrccht,  natural  son 
of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  was  known  for  the 
eccentricity  and  madness  of  his  conduct. 
He  pretended  to  be  the  vicegerent  of  God 
on  earth,  an  office  which  he  said  he  hadre- 
32 


ceived  from  seven  angels,  and  he  was  at  last 
condemned  to  death  at  Koningsberg  for 
blasphemy  and  magic,  in  1636.  He  ridi- 
culed his  judges,  and  asserted  that  his  body 
would  rise  again  in  three  days. 

Adelman,  a  bishop  of  Bresci  in  the  11th 
century,  who  wrote  a  letter  on  the  eucha- 
rist  to  Berenger,  in  a  style  argumentative 
and  dispassionate,  and  printed  at  Louvain, 
156l,in8vo.     He  died,   1062. 

Adei.phus,  a  philosopher  of  the  third 
century,  who  mingled  the  doctrines  of 
Plato  with  the  tenets  of  the  Gnostics.  He 
was  opposed  by  Plotinus. 

Adelong,  John  Christopher,  a  German 
writer,  was  born  in  1734,  at  Spantekow, 
in  Pomerania.  He  completed  his  studies 
at  Halle,  and  in  1759  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  the  academy  at  Erfuit,  which 
place  he  quitted  for  Leipsie,  where,  in 
1737,  he  was  made  librarian  to  the  elector 
Dresden.  He  died  in  1806.  His  great 
work  is  a  Grammatical  and  Critical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  German  Language,  5  vols. 
4to.  1774—1786.  In  1793  anew  edition 
appeared,  in  4  vols.  4to.  with  many  addi- 
tions. His  other  performances  are — Gios- 
sarium  Manuale  ad  Scriptores  medii  et  infi- 
mae  Latinitatis,  6  vols.  8vo.  ;  three  Ger- 
man Grammars,  8vo.  ;  a  Treatise  on  the 
German  Style,  2  vols.  8vo  ;  Supplements 
to  Jcecher's  Dictionary  of  Literary  Charac- 
ters, 2  vols.  4to.  ;  History  of  Human  Folly, 
8vo.  ;  a  species  of  Cyclopaedia,  4  parts  ; 
On  Civilization,  8vo.  ;  The  History  of 
Philosophy,  3  vols.  ;  Treatise  on  German 
Orthography,  8vo.  ;  History  of  the  Teu- 
tones,  8vo.  ,  Mithridate,  or  Universal  Ta- 
ble of  languages,  8vo.  Adelung,  though  a 
hard  student,  was  fond  of  good  living ; 
and  his  cellar  is  said  to  have  contained  for- 
ty kinds  of  wine. — W atkins1  Biog. 

Adeodatus  or  Godsgift,  a  Roman  priest, 
elevated  to  the  papal  throne,  672.  He 
died  four  years  after,  universally  respected 
for  piety  and  many  virtues. 

Ader,  William,  a  learned  physician  of 
Touiouse,  in  the  17th  century,  who  wrote 
a  book  to  prove  that  the  diseases  and  infir- 
mities which  our  Saviour  cured,  could  not 
have  been  removed  by  human  art.  Vigneul 
Marville  says,  this  book  was  written  to  dis- 
prove what  the  author  had  before  asserted, 
when  he  maintained  a  contrary  opinion. 

Adhab-Eddodlat,  an  emperor  of  Per- 
sia, after  his  uncle  Amad-EDDOULAT.  He 
was  not  only  warlike  but  humane,  and  a 
great  patron  of  letters  and  of  arts.  He  em- 
bellished Bagdad  and  other  places  which  he 
had  conquered,  by  magnificent  public  edi- 
fices, and  died,  982,  aged  47. 

Adhelme,  William,  nephew  to  Ina,  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  was  the  first  bishop  of 
Sherborne,  and  so  learned  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote 
Latin,  and  introduced  poetry  into  England. 


ADO 


ADR 


His  life  was  written  by  William  of  Malms- 
bury.  He  died  in  709.  His  works  were 
edited  1601,  at  Mentz. 

Adhemar,  William,  a  native  of  Pro- 
vence, who  dedicated  his  book  on  illustri- 
ous ladies  to  the  empress  Beatrix,  wife  of 
Frederick  Barbarossa,  whose  patronage  and 
esteem  he  experienced.  He  died  about 
1190. 

Adimantus,  a  Manichaean  sectary  at  the 
close  of  the  third  century,  who  denied  the 
authenticity  of  the  old  testament,  in  a  trea- 
tise which  was  ably  combattcd  by  St.  Au- 
gustine. 

Adimari,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Rimini  in  the  16th  century,  not  so 
highly  esteemed  as  Cle  nentini.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  his  country,  in  2  vols.  4to. 
1616. 

Adimari,  Alexander,  a  Florentine,  ad- 
mired for  his  poetical  genius.  He  died  in 
his  70th  year,  in  1649. 

ADLERFELDT,Gustavus,a  learned  Swede, 
who  was  in  the  suite  of  Charles  XII.  of 
whose  battles  he  has  given  a  faithful  and 
minute  account.  He  was  killed  by  a  can- 
non ball  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  1709,  and 
on  that  fatal  day  his  history  concludes. 
The  work  was  translated  into  French  by 
his  son,  4  vols.   l2mo.  1740. 

Adlzreitter,  John,  chancellor  of  Bava- 
ria, in  the  17th  century,  wrote  in  Latin  the 
annals  of  his  country,  printed,  Leipsic,  fo- 
lio, 1710. 

Ado,  vid.  Adon. 

Adolphus,  count  of  Nassau,  was  crown- 
ed king  and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  1292. 
He  showed  himself  violent  and  oppressive, 
and  was  killed  six  years  after,  in  a  battle 
near  Spires,  by  his  rival  Albert  of  Austria, 
who  succeeded  him,  July  2d,  1298. 

Adolphus,  a  count  of  Cleves,  who  insti- 
tuted an  order  of  chivalry  in  1380,  which 
has  long  since  been  abolished. 

Adolphus,  bishop  of  Mersburg,  opposed 
the  doctrines  of  Luther,  but  afterwards  fa- 
voured their  establishment.  He  died  1526, 
aged  68. 

Adolphus  Frederick  II.  king  of  Swe- 
den, showed  himself  the  patron  of  learning 
and  science,  the  dispenser  of  justice,  and 
the  friend  of  merit.  He  founded  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  at 
Torneo,  and  died  12th  of  Feb.  1771,  in  his 
61st  year,  and  in  the  20th  of  his  reign. 

Adolphus,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refused 
the  crown  of  Denmark  after  the  death  of 
Christopher  III.  and  placed  it  on  the  head 
of  his  nephew  Christiern  I.  He  died  in  1459, 
after  a  life  of  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

Adon,  archbishop  of  Vienne  in  Dau- 
[ihine,  died  16th  December,  875,  at  the  age 
of  76,  after  a  life  devoted  to  the  care  of  his 
diocess  and  the  regulation  of  his  clergy. 
He  wrote  a  useful  chronicle,  printed  at  Pa- 

Voi.  I.  *     5 


lis,  folio,  1522,  and  at  Rome,  1745,  folio, 
besides  a  martyrology,  published  1613. 

Adorne,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  a  Genoese 
family,  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline  at 
the  request  of  Charles  IX.  He  died  13th 
January,  1586,  aged  56. 

Adorne,  Antony,  a  Genoese,  of  a  ple- 
beian family,  raised  to  the  dignity  of  doge 
in  1383.  His  reign  was  in  the  midst  of  tu- 
mults and  insurrections,  which  the  Genoese 
attempted  to  appease  by  resigning  their  in- 
dependence into  the  hands  of  Charles  VI. 
of  Fiance,  in  1396.  Adorne  was  appointed 
governor,  but  Genoa  regained  her  liberty 
afterwards. 

Adorne,  Gabriel,  a  Genoese,  who, during 
the  tumultuous  times  of  his  country,  be- 
came doge,  1336.  He  was  driven  from 
power  four  years  after  by  Fregose,  a  more 
successful  rival. 

Adorne,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made 
doge  after  the  expulsion  of  the  French  in 
1460.  He  afterwards  betrayed  his  power 
into  the  hands  of  the  Duke  of  Milan,  to 
avenge  himself  against  his  rivals  in  the 
state  ;  but  the  love  of  independence  pre- 
vailed, the  Milanese  were  banished,  and 
Prosper  declared  the  defender  of  Genoese 
liberty.  His  enemies  at  last  prevailed,  and 
at  the  end  of  a  life  chequered  by  popularity 
and  by  misfortunes,  he  fled  to  Naples, 
where  he  died    1486. 

Adorne,  Jerome,  a  Genoese  of  the  same 
family,  who  opposed  the  party  of  the  Fre- 
goses,  who  aspired  to  the  supreme  power. 
His  abilities  were  of  great  service  to  his 
country,  and  Genoa,  placed  by  his  means 
in  1522  under  the  protection  and  in  the 
alliance  of  Charles  V.,  enjoyed  peace  and 
prosperity.  He  was  much  respected  as  a 
negotiator,  as  an  admiral,  as  a  politician, 
and  as  a  public  magistrate. 

Adorn i,  Catharine  Fieschi,  a  Genoese 
lady,  who  married  her  countryman  Julian 
Adorni,  a  dissipated  youth,  whom  by  her 
modest  and  virtuous  conduct  she  reclaimed. 
After  his  death  she  retired  to  Geneva, 
where  she  devoted  herself  to  acts  of  piety 
and  benevolence.  She  died  there,  14th  De- 
cember, 1510,  aged  63.  She  wrote  several 
works  on  divinity  subjects. 

Adrets,  Francis  Beaumont  de3,  a  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  family  in  Dau- 
phine,  possessed'  a  bold  enterprising  spirit. 
He  embraced  the  cause  of  the  Huguenots 
in  resentment  to  the  duke  of  Guise,  and 
glutted  his  vengeance  by  inflicting  the  most 
barbarous  punishments  and  tortures  on 
those  who  fell  into  his  hands.  It  is  said  that 
he  often  compelled  his  prisoners  to  leap  from 
the  battlements  on  the  pikes  of  his  soldiers. 
One  of  these  wretched  victims,  being  se- 
verely reproved  for  having  twice  shrunk 
from  the  fatal  leap,  answered,  As  bold  a9 
you  are,  I  defy  your  leaping  in  the  third  at- 
tempt. The  reply  saved  the  devoted  man- 
33 


ADR 


ADll 


Even  his  friends  feared  him,  and  Coligny 
palliated  his  licentiousness  by  comparing 
him  to  a  lion  whose  fury  was  accidentally 
converted  to  the  good  of  his  party.  He 
died  despised  and  neglected  in  1587,  leaving 
hvo  sons  and  a  daughter,  in  whom  the  fa- 
mily became  extinct.  One  of  the  sons  was 
engaged  in  the  murders  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, and  he  showed  himself  as  cruel  and 
vindictive  as  his  father.  The  life  of  Adrets 
was  published  by  Guy  Aliard,  Grenoble, 
1675,  in  12mo. 

Adria,  John  James,  a  physician  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  He  wrote  some  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  died  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  Mazara,  1560. 

Adrian,  Publ.  iElius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  the  death  of  Trajan,  died  in  the  63d 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  22d  of  his  reign, 
A.  D.  139. 

Adrian,  a  Greek  author  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, who  wrote  an  introduction  to  the 
scriptures  in  Greek,  printed  at  Augsburg, 
1602,  in  4to.  and  in  Latin,  1650,  fol. 

Adrian,  a  learned  Carthusian,  who  like 
Petrarch,  wrote  an  admired  treatise  called 
De  remediis  utriusque  fortunae,  published  at 
Cologne,  1471,  in  4to. 

Adrian  I.  a  Roman  patrician,  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  772.  He  highly  embel- 
lished St.  Peter's  church,  and  showed  him- 
self very  benevolent  and  humane,  during  a 
famine  occasioned  by  the  inundations  of 
the  Tiber.     He  died,  26th  Dec.  795. 

Adrian  II.  was  raised  to  the  popedom, 
867.  He  was  in  this  character  artful  and 
intriguing,  and  was  deeply  engaged  in  ma- 
king the  patriarch  of  Constantinople  bow 
before  the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  and  in  sub- 
jecting under  the  papal  power  the  kings  and 
princes  of  western  Europe,  by  the  threats 
of  excommunication.     He  died,  872. 

Adrian  III.  was  elected  Pope,  884,  and 
enjoyed  his  dignity  only  one  year.  He 
died  as  he  was  going  to  the  diet  to  be  held 
at  Worms. 

Adrian  IV.  a  native  of  Langley,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, the  only  Englishman  raised  to 
the  papal  chair.  His  name  was  Nicholas 
Breakspear.  In  his  youth  he  was  employed 
in  mean  offices  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's, 
and  after  his  being  refused  admission  in  a 
superior  order,  he  travelled,  though  in  ob- 
scure circumstances,  into  France,  where  his 
orderly  behaviour  and  his  engaging  appear- 
ance recommended  him  to  the  monks  of 
Paris,  and  procured  him  an  acquaintance 
with  the  most  essential  branches  of  litera- 
ture. He  afterwards  retired  to  the  abbey 
of  St.  Rufus,  in  Provence,  where  he  was 
made  superior,  but  the  turbulence  of  the 
monks  carried  accusations  to  Rome  against 
him,  and  the  pope,  Eugenius  III.  who  ad- 
mired the  eloquence  of  Adrian, removed  him 
34 


from  his  persecutors,  and  created  him  car- 
dinal and  bishop  of  Alba,  1146.  Under 
this  patronage  he  was  sent  as  legate  to 
Norway  and  Denmark,  and  his  popular 
preaching  and  his  influence  were  success- 
ful in  spreading  the  light  of  the  gospel  in 
these  uncivilized  countries.  On  the  death 
of  Anastasius,  he  was  elected  to  the  papal 
chair,  November,  1154,  and  he  received  on 
his  elevation  by  the  embassy  of  three  bi- 
shops and  an  abbot,  the  congratulations  of 
Henry  II.  of  England,  who  thus  paid  ho- 
mage to  a  man  who  a  few  years  before  had 
left  his  kingdom  as  a  mendicant.  Henry 
was  the  favourite  of  the  pope,  and  he  re- 
ceived the  papal  permission  and  apostolic 
blessing,  when  he  undertook  the  conquest 
of  Ireland.  In  his  government  of  Rome, 
Adrian  was  jealous  of  his  power  ;  he  re- 
pressed the  insurrections  of  the  consuls 
who  aspired  to  the  independence  of  an- 
cient times,  and  by  the  terrors  of  excom- 
munication he  rendered  the  king  of  Sicily 
submissive  to  his  temporal  authority.  The 
emperor  of  Germany  likewise  acknowledg- 
ed his  power,  and  after  holding  the  stir- 
rup whilst  his  spiritual  master  mounted  on 
horseback,  he  owned  his  dependence  on 
the  see  of  Rome,  and  humbly  received  con- 
secration in  the  church  of  St.  Peter.  Yet 
in  the  midst  of  prosperity,  Adrian  felt  the 
oppressive  weight  of  greatness,  and  in  a  fa- 
miliar conversation  with  his  friend  and 
countryman  John  of  Salisbury,  he  bitterly 
complained  that  an  elevated  situation  is  not 
always  the  parent  of  happiness.  He  died, 
September  1st,  1159,  in  the  fourth  year  and 
tenth  month  of  his  pontificate,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  St.  Peter's  church.  He  showed 
himself  an  able  and  prudent  pontiff,  and 
his  short  reign  added  much  to  the  security 
and  to  the  happiness  of  the  Roman  state. 

Adrian  V.  a  native  of  Genoa,  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  1276.  He  died  38  days 
after.  He  had  been  employed,  in  1254  and 
in  1265,  as  papal  legate  in  England,  to  set- 
tle the  disputes  between  the  king  and  his 
rebellious  barons. 

Adrian  VI.  a  native  of  Utrecht,  of  ob- 
scure birth.  His  abilities  gradual!  v  raised 
him  to  consequence  ;  he  was  preceptor  to 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  procured  in  the 
Spanish  dominions  the  highest  honours  in 
church  and  state,  which  could  gratify  his 
ambition.  He  was  elected  pope  in  1522, 
and  died  after  a  short  and  turbulent  reign 
of  one  year,  in  which,  like  his  predecessor 
Adrian  IV.  he  lamented  the  misery  of 
greatness. 

Adrian  de  Castello,  born  at  Cornetto  in 
Tuscany,  of  obscure  parentage,  was  em- 
ployed by  the  popes  as  legate  in  Scotland 
and  England.  His  great  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  the  friendship  of  Morton 
the  primate,  and  to  the  patronage  of  Henrv 


ADS 


;UM 


VII.  by  whom  he  was  raised  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Hereford,  and  afterwards  of  Bath  and 
Wells.  He  chiefly  resided  at  Rome,  while 
the  care  of  his  diocess  was  intrusted  to 
Wolsey,  and  in  this  place  of  intrigue  and 
treacheryhe  forgot  the  dignity  of  his  charac- 
ter, by  conspiring  against  pope  Leo  X.  from 
the  ambitious  expectation  of  being  raised 
to  the  pontificate,  according  to  a  prophecy 
which  declared  the  name  of  the  successor 
to  be  Adrian.  He  was  fined  12,500  ducats, 
and  forbidden  to  leave  Rome  ;  but  after- 
wards, upon  the  discovery  of  the  plot, 
Adrian  fled  from  the  city,  and  in  conse- 
quence was  solemnly  stripped  of  all  his 
ecclesiastical  honours,  1518.  The  place  of 
his  retreat,  and  the  time  of  his  death,  are 
unknown,  though  some  imagine  that  he 
concealed  his  disgrace  among  the  Mahome- 
tans of  Asia.  Polydore  Virgil,  who  shared 
his  friendship  and  his  liberality,  has  be- 
stowed the  highest  encomium  upon  his  cha- 
racter, as  a  man  of  taste  and  judgment,  and 
as  the  first  since  the  age  of  Cicero,  who 
had  revived  the  classical  style  of  chaste  la- 
tinity  and  pure  diction.  According  to  Po- 
lydore, he  died  at  Riba,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Trent. 

Adriani,  John  Baptist,  a  noble  of  Flo- 
rence, who  was  secretary  to  the  republic, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  statesman 
and  a  man  of  letters.  He  died,  1579,  in 
his  68th  year.  He  wrote  a  history  of  his 
own  times,  which  is  a  continuation  of  Guic- 
ciardini's,  valuable  for  its  candour  and  au- 
thenticity, and  highly  commended  by  the 
indefatigable  Thuanus.  He  composed,  be- 
sides, six  funeral  orations  upon  the  first 
characters  of  the  times,  and  was  the  author 
of  a  letter  on  ancient  painters  and  sculptors, 
prefixed  to  Vasari. 

Adriani,  Marcellus,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  left  a  manuscript  translation  of  Plu- 
tarch, and  of  Demetrius  Phalereus.  This 
last  was  published  by  the  able  Gozi,  at  Flo- 
rence, 1738.     He  died  1604. 

Adrichomia,  Cornelia,  a  nun  in  Holland, 
of  the  Augustine  order,  who  published  a 
poetical  version  of  the  psalms,  in  the  16th 
century. 

Adrichomius,  Christian,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Cologne,  in  1585,  in  his 
52d  year.  He  was  for  some  time  director  of 
the  nuns  of  Barbara  ;  and  afterwards,  when 
civil  commotions  drove  him  from  his  coun- 
try, he  presided  in  the  same  capacity  over 
the  canonesses  of  Nazareth.  He  publish- 
ed a  description  of  Judea,  called  Theatrum 
Terrae  Sanctae,  with  a  Chronicle  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,  fol.  1593,  in  which 
he  depends  too  much  on  the  authority  of 
Annius  of  Viterbo. 

Adson,  an  abbot  of  Luxeuil,  in  960,  au- 
thor of  the  miracles  of  Saint  Vandalbert, 
third  abbot  of  the  place,  a  work  full  of  su- 
perstitious and  legendary  tales. 


/Ldesius,  succeeded  Jamblichusas  teach- 
er of  Platonic  philosophy  in  Cappadocia,  in 
the  4th  century. 

./Egeates,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nesto- 
rian  sect,  who  flourished,  483,  and  wrote  a 
treatise  against  the  council  of  Chalcedon, 
and  an  ecclesiastical  history  from  the  reign 
of  Theodosius  to  that  of  Zeno. 

jEgidius,  Peter  Albiensis,  a  writer  sent 
by  Francis  I.  to  examine  and  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  most  celebrated  places  of  Asia, 
Greece,  and  Africa.  He  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates, but  made  his  escape,  and  died  of  a 
surfeit,  in  his  65th  year,  1555.  He  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  travels,  besides 
other  works. 

jEgidius,  Atheniensis,  a  Grecian  physi- 
cian in  the  8th  century,  who  became  a  Be- 
nedictine monk,  and  published  several 
learned  treatises,  especially  De  Pulsibus, 
and  De  Venenis.  Some  imagine  there  was 
another  author  of  the  same  name. 

jEgidius,  de  Colonna,  divinity  professor 
at  Paris,  was  general  of  the  Augustines,  and 
for  his  learning  received  the  appellation  of 
Doctor  Fundatissimus.  His  works  are  now 
deservedly  forgotten.     He  died,  1316. 

jEgineta,  Paulus,  a  physician  of  iEgina, 
in  the  seventh  century,  who  first  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  cathartic  powers  of  rhu- 
barb. His  works  appeared  at  Paris,  in  fol. 
1532. 

jEginhard,  a  German,  educated  by- 
Charlemagne,  of  whom  he  became  the 
faithful  secretary.  He  retired  from  the 
active  scenes  of  life  after  the  loss  of  Imma, 
his  beloved  wife,  whom  some  have  falsely 
called  daughter  of  the  emperor,  asserting 
that  she  conveyed  her  husband  on  her 
shoulders  from  her  house,  through  the 
snow,  that  his  escape  might  not  be  traced 
by  the  jea  ousy  of  her  father.  iEginhard 
is  the  author  of  a  valuable  life  of  Charle- 
magne, besides  annals  from  741  to  839,  and 
letters.  He  died,  840.  His  works  were 
first  edited  at  Paris,  2  vols.  fol.  1576. 
Alfred,  vid.  Alfred. 
^Elian,  Claudius,  a  historian,  born  in 
Italy,  in  the  first  century.  He  wrote  in 
the  Greek  language  a  history  of  animals,  a 
various  history,  &c.  published  by  Gesner, 
1556. 

/Elianus,  Meccius,  a  physician  before 
Galen,  the  first  who  used  treacle  against 
the  plague,  and  with  success. 

j?Elst,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  Aalst. 
jEmiliani,    Jerome,  a   noble    Venetian, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  regular  clerks  of 
Saint  Maicul,  in  the  16th  century. 

iEMiLiANirs,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor,  who, 
from  the  lowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial 
dignity,  which  he  enjoyed  only  four  months. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Valerian. 

^Emilius,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  victory  over  Perseus,  king 
of  Macedonia.  He  died,  aged  64,  B.  C.  164. 
35 


iEJN 


JSB& 


.1i.im.ius,  Paulus,  a  native  of  Verona, 
invited  into  France  by  Lewis  XII.  by  tbe 
advice  of  Poncher,  bisbop  of  Paris,  and 
engaged  to  write  a  Latin  bistory  of  tbe 
French  monarchy.  Tbe  work,  wbich  em- 
ployed 18,  or  according  to  otbers  30  years 
of  bis  life,  was  left  unnnished  at  bis  death, 
is  divided  into  ten  books,  from  tbe  reign  of 
Fharamond  to  tbe  fifth  year  of  Charles 
VIII.  in  1483.  Tbe  whole  is  written  with 
judgment  and  precision,  and  though  the  au- 
thor was  delicate  even  to  a  fault  in  tbe 
choice  and  collocation  of  his  words,  yet  his 
style  is  elegant  and  correct,  if  we  except  a 
studied  affectation  of  antiquity  in  tbe  names 
of  men  and  of  places.  Ibis  history  was 
eontinued  by  Arnoldus  Ferronius,  who 
completed  it  by  the  addition  of  nine  books, 
to  the  death  of  Francis  I.  iEmilius  died  in 
1529,  and  left  behind  him  the  amiable  cha- 
acter  of  a  man  of  learning,  virtue,  and 
ntegnty.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathedral 
at  Paris. 

JEneas,  Gazeus,  author  of  a  dialogue  on 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resur- 
rection, printed  in  Greek  and  Latin,  1560, 
Basil,  and  Leipsic,  1655,  was  a  Platonic 
philosopher  of  the  fifth  century,  converted 
to  Christianity. 

./Eneas,  Sylvius,  a  native  of  Corsigny  in 
Sienna,  of  the  family  of  the  Piccolimini. 
After  struggling  with  poverty  in  his  younger 
years,  he  rose  to  consequence  by  his  abili- 
ties, and  was  employed  as  secretary  to  car- 
dinal Capranica,  at  the  council  of  Basil,  in 
1431.  He  came  to  Scotland  to  mediate  a 
peace  between  that  country  and  the  Eng- 
lish crown,  and  at  his  return  was  promoted 
to  the  dignity  of  secretary  to  the  council  of 
Basil,  an  assembly  which  he  defended 
against  the  usurpation  of  Rome  by  his  elo- 
quence, as  well  as  by  his  writings.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  several  em- 
bassies to  Trent,  Frankfort,  itc.  and  in  one 
of  these,  at  Strasburg,  be  had  an  intrigue 
with  a  lady,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  ;  a  cir- 
cumstance which  he  endeavours  to  palliate 
and  ridicule  in  a  letter  to  bis  father,  with 
more  affectation  than  vivacity.  About 
1439,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the 
imperial  court,  and  so  high  was  his  reputa- 
tion, that  the  emperor  Frederick  not  only 
received  him  with  kindness,  but  crowned 
him  with  the  poetical  laurel,  promoted  him 
to  the  highest  dignities,  and  honoured  him 
with  his  friendship  and  confidence.  During 
the  schism  which  distracted  Rome,  he  wish- 
ed to  stand  neuter  ,  but  he  at  last  followed 
the  example  of  Frederick,  and  espoused  the 
cause  of  Eugenius,  to  whom,  after  a  re- 
cantation of  bis  errors,  he  was  reconciled. 
His  elevation  to  tbe  rank  of  Cardinal,  as  a 
reward  for  his  services,  was  followed,  in 
1458,  by  his  election  to  the  papal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Callixtus,  and  by  the  publica- 
tion of  a  bull  wbich  condemned  and  re- 
36 


nounced  all  that  he  had  said  or  written  in 
the  defence  of  the  council  of  Basil,  and  ex- 
horted the  members  of  his  church  to  reject 
iEneas  Sylvius,  and  submissively  to  receive 
Pius  II.  the  name  which  he  assumed.  The 
character  of  firmness  and  dignity  which  he 
had  maintained  in  private  life,  he  displayed 
at  the  head  of  the  church.  He  expelled 
tyrants,  supported  the  election  of  princes, 
and  every  where  established  and  confirmed 
the  temporal  power  of  Rome  over  the 
Christian  world.  He  died  in  his  59th  year, 
14th  of  August,  1464,  after  a  reign  of 
nearly  seven  years,  during  which  he  de- 
served the  eulogium  which  was  passed 
upon  him  in  the  conclave  by  the  cardinal  of 
Pavia,  by  his  zeal  for  religion,  bis  integrity 
of  manners,  his  solid  judgment,  and  pro- 
found learning.  His  works,  which  consist 
of  letters,  of  memoirs  of  the  council  of  Ba- 
sil— of  two  books  on  cosmography — of  Eu- 
ryalus,  and  Lucretia,  a  romance — of  a 
poem  on  the  crucifixion — of  a  history  of 
the  Bohemians — of  memoirs  of  his  own 
life,  &c.  were  printed  at  Basil,  in  folio, 
1551,  and  at  Helmstadt,  1700,  fol.  His 
life  was  published  by  Gobelin,  his  secreta- 
ry, at  Rome,  1584  and  1589,  and  at  Frank- 
fort, 1614. 

iENEAS,  Taciticus,  author  of  a  Greek 
treatise  on  the  art  of  war,  flourished  336 
B.C. 

iEpiNUS,  Francis  Marie  Ulric  Theodore, 
a  German  physician,  was  born  at  Rostock, 
in  1724,  and  died  at  Dorpt,  in  Livonia,  in 
1802.  He  distinguished  himself  by  his  elec- 
trical experiments,  and  some  valuable  ob- 
servations on  natural  philosophy.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  entitled  Tentamen  Theoria? 
Electricitatis  et  Magnetismi ;  Petersburgh, 
4to.  Besides  this,  he  wrote  Reflections  on 
the  Action  of  Heat,  and  Experiments  on 
the  Tourmalin. —  ^Vatkins,  Biog. 

jErtzen,  vid.  Arsens. 

iEnius,  a  presbyter  of  Sebastia,  who  is 
supposed  by  some  to  be  the  founder  of  the 
presbyterians.  He  separated  from  the 
church,  because  Eustathius  was  raised  to 
the  bishopric  of  Sebastia,  in  preference  to 
himself,  and  in  asserting  that  presbyters 
and  bishops  were  the  same  in  rank  in  the 
Christian  church :  he  established  a  sect 
which  was  branded  with  the  name  of  here- 
sy, and  his  supporters  expelled  from  towns 
and  villages  to  the  fields  and  woods,  where 
their  doctrines  were  propagated.  He  flou- 
rished about  385. 

iEsciiiNES,  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  author 
of  some  dialogues,  of  wbich  only  three  are 
extant. 

jEschines,  a  celebrated  orator,  known 
particularly  as  the  rival  of  Demosthenes. 
He  flourished  342  B.  C.  and  died  at  Samos 
or  Rhodes. 

iEscHYms,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet  of 
Athens,  of  whose  plays  only  seven  are  ex- 


AGA 

tant.     He  died  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age, 
456  B.  C. 

jEsop,  a  Phrygian,  well  known  as  a  fabu- 
list. He  lived  in  the  age  of  Solon  and 
Croesus,  about  600  B.  C. 

jEsopus,  Clodius,  a  famous  actor  at 
Rome,  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 

jEtion,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 

.Ethrius,  an  architect  in  the  sixth  cen- 
ry,  raised  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius 
I.  He  is  supposed  to  have  built  the  wall 
which  extended  from  Selembria  to  the  sea, 
to  check  the  inroads  of  the  barbarians  of 
the  north. 

jEtius,  an  able  general  under  Valenti- 
nian  III.  He  devoted  himself  to  military 
affairs,  and  at  one  time  weakened  the  Ro- 
man power  by  espousing  the  cause  of  the 
barbarians.  His  valour  at  last,  however, 
was  exerted  nobly  in  the  defence  of  the 
tottering  empire,  and  he  obliged  the  victo- 
rious Attila  to  retire  beyond  the  Rhine. 
He  was  stabbed  by  Valentinian,  454,  who 
was  jealous  of  his  military  glory,  and  sus- 
pected that  he  aspired  to  the  imperial 
throne. 

jEtius,  a  Syrian,  who,  from  a  menial 
servant  rose  to  consequence,  and  was  made 
bishop  by  Eudoxus  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople. He  was  the  founder  of  a  sect 
called  iEtians,  which  adopted  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians,  and  besides  maintained  that 
faith  alone  without  good  works  was  suffi- 
cient for  salvation.     He  flourished  336. 

vEtius,  a  physician  of  Amida  in  the  fifth 
century.  His  work  called  Tetrabiblos,  in 
Greek,  is  divided  into  16  books,  contain- 
ing the  opinions  of  preceding  physicians, 
with  occasional  observations  of  his  own. 
He  studied  at  Alexandria. 

Afer,  Domitius,  an  orator,  born  at  Nis- 
mes.  He  was,  in  consequence  of  his  flattery, 
noticed  by  Tiberius  and  by  Caligula  ;  and 
raised  to  the  consulship.     He  died  A.D.  59. 

Afflitto,  Matthew,  an  able  civilian, 
born  at  Naples,  1443 ;  he  wrote  various 
books  on  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  died, 
1553.  His  family  produced  other  men  of 
celebrity. 

Afranius,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  who 
flourished  100  B.  C. 

Africanus,  Julius,  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
which  some  fragments  remain,  besides  a 
letter  to  Origen,  censuring  the  history  of 
Susanna  as  a  romance,  and  another  to  re- 
concile the  apparent  contradictions  of  the 
genealogies  of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Luke. 

Agapetus  I.  was  made  Pope,  535.  He 
died  at  Constantinople  the  following  year. 
The  second  of  that  name  was  elected  pope, 
946,  and  died  965. 

Agapetus,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emperor 
Justinian  on  the  duties  of  a  Christian 
prince. 

Agapius,  a  Greek  monk  of  mount  Athos, 


AGI 

in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  a  treatise  in 
modern  Greek  in  favour  of  transubstantia- 
tion,  called  the  Salvation  of  Sinners,  print- 
ed at  Venice,  1641. 

Agard,  Arthur,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  Toston,  in  Derbyshire.  He  held 
the  respectable  employment  of  deputy  cham- 
berlain in  the  exchequer  office, which  afford- 
ed him  the  means  of  consulting  valuable 
books  and  records,  and  his  inquiries  on  po- 
litical and  constitutional  subjects  were  af- 
terwards made  public  by  Mr.  Hearne, 
among  the  papers  of  the  antiquarian  so- 
ciety, to  the  establishment  of  which  he  him- 
self contributed.  He  died,  August  "22d, 
1615,  in  his  75th  year,  and  was  interred  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  Some  of  his  papers 
were  bequeathed  for  the  use  of  his  succes- 
sors in  the  exchequer,  but  twentyvolun.es  of 
his  excellent  collections  were  left  by  his  will 
to  his  friend,  Sir  Robert  Cotton. 

Agatharcidas,  a  Cnidian,  180  B.  C.  au- 
thor of  a  Greek  history  of  Alexander's  wars. 

Agatharcus,  a  Samian,  engaged  by 
iEschylus  as  a  stage  painter. 

Agathemer,  Orthonis,  wrote  a  Greek 
compendium  of  Geography,  edited  by  Hud- 
son, Oxford,  1703. 

Agathias,  a  Greek  historian,  author  of 
an  account  of  Justinian's  reign,  published 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  Ley  den,  1594,  and 
Paris,  1658. 

Agathocles,  a  Sicilian,  who  rose  from 
the  obscurity  of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign 
power  of  all  Sicily.  He  died  289  B.  C. 
aged  72. 

Agathon,  a  tragic  Poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games,  B.  C.  419. 

Agathon,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected 
to  the  papal  chair,  679.  In  his  time,  the 
Eutychians,  or  Monothelites,  were  con- 
demned at  the  council  of  Constantinople. 
He  died,  682. 

Agelias,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno, 
in  Italy,  published  commentaries  on  the 
psalms,  and  some  of  the  prophets.  He 
died  1608. 

Agelnoth,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
refused  to  crown  Harold  king,  though  he 
had  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  his  father  Ca- 
nute. He  died,  1038,  after  being  seventeen 
years  in  the  see  of  Canterbury. 

Agesilaus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated 
for  his  victories  against  the  Persians.  He 
died  B.  C.  362. 

Aggas,  Robert,  called  Augus,  a  land- 
scape painter,  one  of  whose  pieces  is  still 
preserved  in  the  hall  of  the  paper-stainers' 
company.  He  died,  1679,  in  London,  in 
his  60th  year. 

Agila,  king  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain, 
was  murdered  by  his  nobles  in  the  5th  year 
of  his  reign,  554. 

Agilulf,  duke  of  Turin,  was  appointed 
on  the  death  of  Antharic,  king  of  Lom- 
bardy,  his  successor,  and  married  his  wi- 
37 


AGR 


AGR 


dow,  Theudelinda.  He  abandoned  Arian- 
isra  for  the  catholic  faith,  and  displayed 
great  abilities  as  a  warrior  and  a  statesman. 
He  died,  61G,  after  a  reign  of  25  years,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Adalnald. 

Agis,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kings. 
The  most  famous  are  the  second  of  that 
name,  who  was  engaged  in  the  Peloponne- 
sian  war,  and  died,  427  B.  C.  and  the 
fourth,  who,  in  consequence  of  his  attempts 
to  restore  Lacedsmon  to  her  ancient  disci- 
pline and  glorious  independence,  was  put  to 
death,  241  B.  C. 

Aglionbt,  John,  D.D.  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  known  for  his  great  learning  and 
his  knowledge  of  school  divinity.  He  was 
head  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  chaplain  to 
James  I.  and  one  of  those  who  translated 
the  New  Testament.  He  died  at  Islip, 
where  he  was  rector,  1610,  February  6th, 
in  his  43d  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chan- 
cel there.  His  son  of  the  same  name,  was 
dean  of  Canterbury,  an  honour  which  he 
enjoyed  but  a  few  months,   and  died,  1643. 

Agnellus,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna,  in  the 
ninth  century,  often  confounded  with  a 
bishop  of  Ravenna  of  the  same  name  in  the 
sixth  century.  Agnellus  wrote  an  history 
of  the  lives  of  the  prelates  of  Ravenna, 
which  is  often  quoted  by  Jerome  Reubens, 
and  is  full  of  uninteresting  matter,  but  de- 
served sarcasm  upon  the  debauchery  of  the 
monks. 

Agnesi,  Maria  Gaetna,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  born  at  Milan,  and  made,  in  conse- 
quence of  her  great  merit,  and  her  many 
virtues,  mathematical  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bologna,  by  Benedict  XIV.  She 
died  about  1770,  aged  52,  universally  re- 
spected. Her  Analytical  Institutions  ap- 
peared at  Milan,  2  vols.  4to.  174S,  and 
were  translated  into  French  by  Cousin, 
1775,  and  lately  into  English,  2  vols.  4to. 
with  her  life  from  Montucla. 

Agobard,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  sup- 
ported the  revolt  of  Lothaire,  against  Lewis 
the  debonnaire.  In  consequence  of  this 
violent  opposition  he  was  deposed  at  Thion- 
ville,  but  afterwards  restored  to  his  eccle- 
siastical honours,  on  being  reconciled  to 
Lewis.  He  died,  840.  His  works  were 
edited  by  Baluze,  in  1666,  2  vols.  8vo. 
They  contain  able  arguments  against  image 
worship,  against  witchcraft,  and  against 
duelling. 

Agostino,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  papal  chapel  at  Rome.  His 
choruses  are  much  commended.  He  died, 
1629,  aged  36. 

Agoult,  Guillaume  d',  a  poet  of  Pro- 
vence, in  11 93.  His  ballads  were  hiost  es- 
teemed in  those  times  of  chivalry  and 
hospitable  rusticity. 

Agreda,  Mary  d',  superior  of  a  convent 
3t  Agreda,  in  Spain,  wrote  a  fanatical  book 
38 


on  the  life  of  the  virgin  Mary,  which  she 
said  had  been  revealed  to  her  from  heaven. 
A  translation  of  this  nonsensical  book, 
which  was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne  and 
prohibited  at  Rome,  was  published  at  Brus- 
sels, 1717,  in  S  vols  12mo.  She  died,  1665, 
aged  63. 

Agresti,  Licio,  an  historical  painter, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  by  Gregory 
XIII.  in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He  died, 
15S0. 

Agrestis,  Julius,  a  Roman  general 
under  Vespasian,  who  destroyed  himself. 

Agricola,  Cn.  Julius,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, known  for  his  humanity,  when  go- 
vernor of  Britain,  and  immortalized  by  the 
pen  of  his  son-in-law,  the  historian  Tacitus. 
He  died  A.  D.  93,  aged  56. 

Agricola,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Gro- 
ningen,  who  travelled  into  France  and  Italy, 
where  he  was  honoured  with  the  patronage 
of  Hercules  d'Est,  duke  of  Ferrara.  He 
died  at  Heidelberg,  1485.  His  works  on 
historical  subjects  were  published  at  Co- 
logne in  4to.  1539  ;  but  though  flattered  by 
the  compliments  of  Erasmus,  and  called  in 
prose  and  poetry  the  Poiitien  and  Virgil  of 
his  time,  they  are  not  possessed  of  superior 
merit.  He  had  the  singular  merit  of  first 
introducing  the  study  of  Greek  into  Ger- 
many, and  he  himself  gave  lectures  at 
Worms  and  Heidelberg. 

Agricola,  George,  a  physician  of 
Glaucen,  in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  works  on  Metallic  Substances 
and  Minerals.  He  died  1555,  Nov.  21, 
aged  61. 

Agricola,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo, 
in  Finland,  the  first  who  translated  the 
New  Testament  into  the  language  of  the 
country,  and  thus  greatly  favoured  the  doc- 
trines of  Luther. 

Agricola,  a  leanred  bishop  of  Chalons- 
sur-Saone.     He  died  in  his  S3d  year,  530. 

Agricola,  John,  a  German  divine,  born 
at  Isleb.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  disciple 
of  Luther,  but  afterwards  violently  opposed 
him,  and  became  the  head  of  the  Anomeans, 
a  sect  which  regarded  faith  as  the  whole  of 
the  duties  of  man.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  a  dispute  with  Melancthon,  but  with  the 
most  laudable  motives  he  endeavoured  to 
effect  a  reconciliation  between  the  catho- 
lics and  Protestants.  He  died  at  Berlin, 
1566,  aged  74.  His  commentaries  on  St. 
Luke,  8vo.  his  historical  passions  J.  C.  fol. 
and  his  collection  of  German  proverbs, 
have  been  printed,  and  possess  merit. 

Agrippa,  Mencnius,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  in  history  for  appeasing  a  sedition  by 
the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  limbs,  B.  C. 
492. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman 
general  celebrated  for  his  military  exploits, 
but  more  for  his  intimacy  with  Ausust'^ 
He  died  12  B.  C. 


AGR 


AGU 


AGRirPA,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  was  noticed  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
and  made  king  of  all  Judsa  and  some  other 
neighbouring  provinces.  He  persecuted  the 
Christians,  and  was  the  person  represented 
in  scripture  as  struck  with  death  on  his 
throne  by  an  angel,  for  his  impious  vanity, 
A.  D.  44. 

Agrippa  II.  son  of  the  above,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne,  and  last  king  of  Ju- 
daea, was  the  monarch  before  whom  Paul 
appeared  as  a  prisoner,  and  whom  he  per- 
suaded almost  to  be  a  Christian.  He  died 
at  Rome,  A.  D.  94. 

Agrippa,  Henry,  Cornelius,  a  native  of 
Cologne,  descended  from  a  noble  family. 
He  was  in  the  armies  of  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian, and  distinguished  himself  so  much 
by  his  courage  and  military  abilities,  that 
he  was  knighted  after  seven  years'  service 
in  Italy.  Eager  to  add  to  his  laurels  the 
honours  of  learning,  he  applied  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  more  abstruse  sciences, 
and  took  degrees  in  law  and  medicine.  The 
fickleness  of  his  temper,  however,  and  his 
irritable  passions  prevented  him  from 
acquiring  that  distinction  which  is  due  to 
superior  genius  and  virtue.  His  writings, 
often  severe,  drew  upon  him  the  resent- 
ment of  the  monks,  and  though  liberally 
patronized  by  the  great,  he  led  a  fugitive 
and  solitary  life.  After  reading  lectures 
in  several  places  in  France,  and  at  Pavia, 
where  his  eloquence  commanded  admira- 
tion, he  retired  to  Metz  by  the  solicitations 
of  his  friends  ;  but  his  engaging  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  about  St.  Anne,  whether  she 
had  one  or  three  husbands  according  to  the 
opinion  of  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  times, 
rendered  him  so  upopular  that  he  fled  to 
Cologne,  and  afterwards  to  Switzerland. 
Fortune  here  seemed  to  favour  him  ;  Fran- 
cis I.  granted  him  a  pension,  and  he  was 
made  physician  to  the  queen  mother  ;  but 
his  unwillingness  to  apply  his  knowledge  of 
astrology  to  foretell  success  to  the  arms  of 
France,  incensed  the  court,  and  he  was  dis- 
missed in  disgrace.  He  retired  with  diffi- 
culty to  Antwerp,  and  after  receiving 
invitations  from  Henry,  kins;  of  England, 
and  from  other  powerful  princ  s,  he  pre- 
ferred the  protection  of  Margaret  of  Austria, 
governess  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  as 
historiographer  to  the  emperor,  he  began  the 
hi-tory  of  the  government  of  Charles  V. 
The  death  of  his  patroness  occasioned  a 
change  in  his  affairs,  and  though  he  was 
permitted  to  pronounce  her  funeral  oration, 
he  found  that  his  enemies  were  inveterate 
against  him,  and  that  from  their  malevo- 
lence the  favours  of  the  emperor  were  for 
ever  forfeited.  After  being  persecuted  and 
imprisoned  at  Brussels,  and  at  Lyons,  he  at 
last  retired  to  Grenoble,  where  he  died, 
1535,  in  his  49th  year.  By  his  first  wife, 
who  died  in  1521,  he  had  one  son  ;  and  by 


his  second,  whom  he  married  in  1522,  and 
who  died  1529,  he  had  five  sons.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark,  that  he  has  been  lavish 
of  his  praises  on  the  merits  and  virtues  of 
these  two  amiable  women,  and  if  he  met 
persecution,  enmity,  and  ingratitude  in  th© 
world,  he  had  the  singular  happiness  to  find 
peace, support,  and  consolation  in  the  bosom 
of  his  family.  He  lived  and  died  in  the  Ro- 
mish church,  according  to  Bayle,  though 
others  supposed  that  he  favoured  the  cause 
of  Luther.  Of  this  celebrated  reformer,  he 
speaks  with  harshness,  sometimes  even  with 
contempt,  and  only  once  with  respect,  in  the 
19th  chapter  of  his  apology.  He  opposed  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  from  queen  Catha- 
rine, and  ridiculed  the  meanness  of  his 
contemporaries,  whose  religious  opinions 
yielded  to  the  gold  and  the  lust  of  a  tyrant. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  writings  were, 
his  Treatise  on  the  Excellence  of  Women, 
which  recommended  him  to  the  favour  of 
Margaret  j  his  Commentary  on  St.  Paul's 
Epistles,  written  in  England  ;  his  Occult 
Philosophy,  and  his  Key  to  it ;  a  Disserta- 
tion on  Original  Sin,  his  Letters,  &c.  His 
great  learning  and  extensive  information 
probably  procured  him  in  these  ages  of 
darkness,  and  barbarism,  the  fame  of  magi- 
cian and  astrologer,  and  he,nce  his  enemies 
have  been  fond  of  recording  his  frequent  in- 
tercourse with  departed  spirits,  and  with  all 
the  demons  of  the  infernal  regions.  His 
works  were  published  at  Lyons,  1550,  in 
3  vols.  Svo. 

Agrippina,  the  virtuous  wife  of  Germa- 
nicus  Caesar,  was  banished,  after  her  hus- 
band's death,  by  Tiberius,  and  died  in 
exile,  A.  D.  33. 

Agrippina,  daughter  of  the  preceding, 
took  as  her  third  husband  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned,  to  raise  her 
son  Nero  to  the  throne.  She  perished  by 
the  order  of  that  ungrateful  son. 

Aguesseau,  Henry  Francis  d',  the  de- 
scendant of  a  noble  family  of  Saintonge, 
was  born  at  Limoges,  1668,  and  after  com- 
pleting his  education,  which  was  begun 
under  the  direction  of  his  father,  he  culti- 
vated poetry  with  taste  and  elegance,  and 
acquired  the  esteem  and  friendship  of  men 
of  letters,  particularly  of  Boileau  and  Ra- 
cine. In  the  office  of  advocate-general  of 
Paris,  in  1691,  and,  nine  years  after,  of  pro- 
curer-general, he  displayed  all  the  energies 
of  his  nature  ;  he  gave  vigour  and  support 
to  the  laws,  banished  corruption  from  the 
tribunals,  and  distributed  justice  with  an 
impartial  hand.  His  attention  was  parti- 
cularly directed  to  the  management  of  the 
hospitals  ;  and  in  the  enlarged  views  of  a 
benevolent  heart,  he  often  resisted  with 
boldness  and  success  the  intrigues  of  favou- 
rites and  even  the  prejudices  of  LewisXIV. 
After  this  monarch's  death,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the  regent, 
39 


AGU 


AJA 


to  succeed  Voisin  as  chancellor,  and  by  his 
eloquence  and  firmness  he  opposed  and  re- 
jected the  schemes  of  Law,  which  were 
afterwards  too  fatally  adopted,  and  hurled 
the  whole  kingdom  into  ruin  and  despon- 
dency. The  machinations  of  enemies  were, 
however,  too  powerful  against  integrity 
of  conduct,  and  Aguesseau  was  twice 
obliged  to  resign  the  seals,  and  retire  in 
disgrace  to  his  seat  of  Fresnes,  and  twice 
again  he  was  solicited  by  the  regent  to 
resume  a  situation  which  he  adorned  and 
dignified.  The  wishes  nearest  to  his  heart 
were,  to  be  useful  to  his  country,  to  main- 
tain her  liberties,  and  not  to  accumulate 
wealth  by  oppression  or  dishonourable 
measures.  On  the  tribunal,  his  moderation 
and  his  equity  were  ever  apparent,  and  in 
his  retirement  at  Fresnes,  where,  as  he  says, 
he  passed  the  fairest  days  of  his  life,  the 
chancellor  of  France  was  employed  in  the 
education  of  his  children,  in  literary  pur- 
suits, and  often  amused  himself  in  digging 
the  ground.  Temperance  and  cheerful- 
ness added  to  the  pleasures  of  science,  and 
contributed  to  the  health  of  the  body  and 
vigour  of  the  mind,  and  till  his  80th  year, 
he  enjoyed  a  robust  constitution.  At  this 
advanced  age,  infirmities  came  upon  him, 
he  resigned  the  office  of  chancellor,  and 
died  soon  after,  on  the  ninth  of  February, 
1751.  He  married,  1694,  Anne  le  Fevre 
d'Ormesson,  who  died  at  Auteuil,  1735,  mo- 
ther of  six  children,  and  leaving  him  dis- 
consolate for  the  dissolution  of  mutual 
tenderness.  D'Aguesseau  was  humane  and 
religious  from  his  childhood,  he  never 
spent  a  day  without  reading  the  scriptures, 
which  he  called  the  balm  of  his  life.  From 
the  vast  conceptions  of  his  genius,  France 
derived  new  regulations,  which  tended  to 
strengthen  the  liberties  of  the  subject, 
check  the  rapacity  of  the  nobles,  and  unite 
the  whole  kingdom  in  paying  reverence  to 
the  laws,  which  he  wished  to  see  adminis- 
tered with  impartiality  and  without  unne- 
cessary delay.  His  memory  was  quick  and 
retentive,  and  besides  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  the  dead  languages,  he  spoke  with  ease 
the  Arabic,  Portuguese,  English,  Italian, 
and  Spanish.  His  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  9  vols.  4to.  M.  Thomas  has 
written  his  Eulogy,  which  obtained  the 
prize  of  the  French  academy  in  1760,  and 
from  it  this  article  is  extracted. 

Agui,  a  king  of  Bantam,  in  Java,  at  the 
end  of  the  17th  century,  who,  after  succeed- 
ing to  the  throne,  on  the  resignation  of  his 
father,  Agouin,  extended  his  power  by 
means  of  the  Dutch,  and  imprisoned  the 
old  monarch,  who  wished  to  check  the 
eareer  of  his  ambition. 

Aguillon,  Francis,  a  mathematician,  of 
Brussels,  who  published  a  Treatise  on  Op- 
tics, and  another  on  Spheric  Projections, 
nnd  died  1617,  at  Seville,  in  his  50th  vear. 
40 


Agcirre,  Joseph,  a  learned  Benedictine, 
a  native  of  Spain,  who  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Cardinal,  by  Innocent  XI.  His 
writings  were  on  Theological  Subjects,  be- 
sides a  Collection  of  the  Councils  of  Spain, 
6  vols.  fol.  He  died  at  Rome,  1699,  in 
his  69th  year. 

Agylaus,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bois-le- 
Duc,  who  made  an  inelegant  translation  of 
Photius'  Monocanon.  He  died  1595,  in 
his  62d  year. 

Ahab,  son  and  successor  of  Omri,  as 
king  of  Israel,  was  remarkable,  for  his  im- 
pieties, his  oppression,  and  his  wickedness, 
which  were  increased  by  the  influence  of 
his  wife  Jezabel.  He  was  killed  in  a 
battle  which  he  fought  against  the  Syrians, 
and,  according  to  the  prophecy  of  Elijah, 
the  dogs  licked  his  blood  on  the  very  spot 
where  he  had  cruelly  shed  the  blood  of  the 
innocent  Naboth,  whose  vineyard  he  had 
unjustly  seized,  about  898  B.  C. 

Ahaz,  son  and  successor  of  Jotham  on 
the  throne  of  Judah,  B.  C.  742,  defeated 
Rezin,  king  of  Syria,  but  afterwards  was 
routed  by  him,  and  became  tributary  to 
Tiglathpileser,  king  of  Assyria,  whose  as- 
sistance he  had  implored.  He  afterwards 
defaced  the  holy  vessels  of  the  temple,  and 
forbade  the  people  to  assemble  there  for  the 
offering  of  prayers  and  oblations  ;  and  such 
was  his  impiety,  that,  at  his  death,  his  re- 
mains were  deemed  unworthy  to  repose  in 
the  tomb  of  his  ancestors. 

Ahaziah,  succeeded  his  father  Ahab  on 
the  throne  of  Israel,  and  reigned  two  years, 
in  which  he  followed  the  impious  examples 
of  his  rebellious  house.  Another  Ahaziah, 
son  of  Jehoram,  was  king  of  Judah,  and 
reigned  but  one  year,  and  was  killed  by  Je- 
hu, who  succeeded  him,  889  B.  C. 

Ahlwardt,  Peter,  a  native  of  Griefs- 
walde,  in  Germany,  who,  though  but  the 
son  of  a  shoemaker,  rose  by  his  abilities, 
and  became  an  eminent  professor  of  logic 
and  metaphysics.  He  wrote  some  Treati- 
ses on  the  Human  Understanding,  on  the 
Immortality  of  the  Soul,  and  Thoughts  on 
Thunder  and  Lightning,  and  died  1791, 
aged  81. 

Ahmed  Khan,  son  of  Hulagu,  succeeded 
his  brother  Abaka  on  the  throne  of  the  Mo- 
guls, and  was  the  first  emperor  who  embra- 
ced the  Mahometan  religion.  This  change, 
so  displeasing  to  his  family,  excited  an  in- 
surrection against  him,  which  proved  victo- 
rious, and  in  dooming  him  to  death,  placed 
his  nephew,  Argoun,  on  his  throne,  1284. 

Ajala,  Martin  Perez  d',  a  native  of  Car- 
thagena,  who,  though  of  obscure  birth,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  abilities,and  served 
Charles  V.  at  the  council  of  Trent.  He 
was  promoted  to  two  bishoprics,  and  was 
at  last  made  archbishop  of  Valencia,  where 
he  died,  universally  respected,  1566,  in  his 
62d  year.     He  wrote  a  Latin  Treatise  in  10 


AIL 


A1N 


books,  on  apostolic  traditions.  There  were 
of  the  same  name,  Gabriel,  a  physician  of 
Louvain,  who  wrote  Popularia  Epigramma- 
ta, — and  De  Lue  Pestilenti,  &c— and 
Balthazar  of  Antwerp,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise De  Jure  et  Officiis  Bellicis  ac  Militari 
Disciplina.  These  two  were  brothers,  and 
lived  in  the  16th  century. 

Aidan,  bishop  of  Lindisfarne  or  Holy 
Island,  in  Northumberland,  was  a  prelate, 
humane,  mild,  and  benevolent,  who,  by  his 
exemplary  zeal,  converted  many  of  the 
northern  heathens  of  Britain  to  Christiani- 
ty.    He  died  651. 

Aikman,  William,  son  of  an  advocate  of 
Scotland,  of  the  same  name,  was  brought 
up  to  the  profession  of  his  father.  A  na- 
tural bias  for  the  arts,  however,  prevailed 
upon  the  son  to  relinquish  the  honours  of 
the  Scotch  bar  for  distinction  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  painting,  and  an  absence  of  five 
years  in  visiting  Italy  and  Constantinople 
and  Smyrna,  served  to  improve  and  adorn 
his  mind,  and  enlarge  and  correct  his  taste. 
As  his  fortune  was  independent,  he  did  not 
court  the  patronage  of  the  great  by  flattery, 
and  to  his  merit  alone  he  was  indebted  for 
the  esteem  of  John,  duke  of  Argyle,  and 
of  the  eari  of  Burlington,  and  for  the  af- 
fectionate friendship  of  Allan  Ramsay, 
Thomson,  Swift,  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  Gay, 
Somerville,  and  the  other  wits  of  the  age. 
His  genius  was  exerted  in  portrait  painting, 
and  many  of  those  who  then  shone  in  rank 
and  fashion,  will  receive  more  celebrity 
from  his  pencil,  than  from  the  possession 
of  beauty  destroyed  by  incontinence,  and 
of  riches  wasted  in  riot  and  effeminacy.  A 
picture  of  the  royal  family  of  England,  now 
in  possession  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire, 
and  several  portraits  of  the  earl  of  Buck- 
inghamshire's family,  were  among  the  last 
of  his  pieces.  He  died  in  Leicester  Field, 
1731,  the  7th  of  June,  in  the  49th  year  of 
his  age.  His  son,  aged  17,  had  died  the 
January  preceding.  He  left  two  daugh- 
ters. His  abilities  and  the  virtues  of  his 
heart  had  the  singular  honour  of  being  ce- 
lebrated by  his  poetic  friends,  Thomson, 
Somerville,  Smollet,  and  Ramsay. 

Ailhaud,  John,  a  French  surgeon  of 
Cadenet,  in  Provence,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  and  fortune  by  the  selling  of  a 
purgative  powder,  which  he,  with  all  the  art 
of  an  empiric,  declared  capable  to  cure 
all  diseases.  He  died  in  a  good  old  age, 
1756. 

Aillt,  Peter  d',  born  of  an  obscure  fa- 
mily, rose  by  his  merit  to  the  highest  ho- 
nours in  the  service  of  Charles  VI.  and 
was  made  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Puy  and 
Cambray.  His  eloquence  was  exerted  to 
heal  the  wounds  which  existed  in  the  Ro- 
mish church,  though  he  presided  over  the 
•ouncil  of   Constance,   and  shared  their 

Vol.  I,  r, 


guilt  when  they  condemned  John  Lluss  to 
the  flames.  He  was  rewarded  by  John 
XXIII.  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  the  of- 
fice of  legate  to  the  holy  see.  He  died 
the  eighth  of  August,  1419.  His  works  on 
theological  subjects  were  published  at 
Strasburg. 

Ailred  or  Athelred,  author  of  a  Ge- 
nealogy of  English  Kings — of  a  life  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  &c.  was  abbot  of 
Revesly,  in  Lincolnshire,  and  flourished 
about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 

Aimoin,  a  Benedictine  of  Aquitaine,  au- 
thor of  an  inelegant  and  puerile  History  of 
France,  in  five  books,  found  in  the  third 
volume  of  Duchesne's  Collection.  He  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  century. 

Ainsworth,  Henry,  a  nonconformist, 
known  for  his  learning  and  for  the  commen- 
taries which  he  wrote  on  the  holy  scrip- 
tures. As  he  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
Brownists,  he  shared  their  persecutions  and 
fled  to  Amsterdam,  where,  with  Johnson, 
he  erected  a  church,  of  which  he  became, 
the  minister.  This  union,  however,  was 
soon  productive  of  a  quarrel  :  Johnson  was 
violent,  and  he  was  banished  by  the  con- 
gregation ;  and  Ainsworth  afterwards 
shared  his  fate,  and  retired  to  Ireland.  He 
soon  after  returned  to  Amsterdam,  where 
he  died,  as  it  is  supposed,  a  violent  death. 
He  had  found  a  diamond  of  great  value, 
and  he  asked  of  the  Jew  to  whom  it  belong- 
ed no  other  reward  but  a  conference  with 
the  rabbis  of  his  synagogue,  concerning 
the  prophecies  relating  to  the  Messiah. 
The  Jew  had  not  interest  sufficient  to  fulfil 
his  wishes,  and  in  his  disappointment  he 
caused  Ainsworth  to  be  poisoned,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century.  His  Treati- 
ses were  admired  for  their  ingenuity  as  well 
as  their  profound  learning  ;  and  so  great 
was  his  name,  that  Dr.  Hall,  bishop  of  Exe- 
ter, wrote  against  him  and  refuted  his  ar- 
guments in  favour  of  the  Brownists.  Dr. 
Lightfoot  is  said  to  have  derived  much  as- 
sistance from  his  writings. 

Ainsworth,  Robert,  was  born  at  Wood- 
yale,  four  miles  from  Manchester,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1660,  and  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  in  Bolton,  founded  by  Robert  Lever, 
of  which  he  afterwards  became  master  for 
a  few  years.  From  thence  he  retired  to 
London,  and  opened  a  shool  at  Bethnal 
Green,  at  Hackney,  and  other  places, 
where  his  pupils  were  numerous  and  res- 
pectable. His  great  application  procured 
him  a  comfortable  competence,  and  he 
some  time  after  retired  from  his  laborious 
occupation  to  the  enjoyment  of  literary 
ease.  In  1714,  a  plan  was  proposed  to  the 
booksellers  for  the  compilation  of  an  Eng- 
lish and  Latin  Dictionary,  after  Faber's 
plan,  and  Ainsworth  was  invited  to  the  un- 
dertaking, as  his  abilities  weie  known,  any 
his  judgment  mature  and  correct.  Th' 
41 


AIT 


AKE 


task,  however,  was  soon  discovered  to  be 
more  difficult  than  was  expected,  his  la- 
bours were  suspended  for  some  years,  but 
at  last  application  succeeded,  and  the  book 
was  published  in  4to.  in  1736,  dedicated  to 
Dr.  Mead.  The  second  edition  was  im- 
proved by  Patrick,  and  published  10  years 
after.  The  other  publications  by  Ains- 
worth  were  a  Treatise  on  Grammar,  and 
other  small  classical  compositions,  besides 
some  specimens  of  English  and  Latin  poe- 
try. He  died  at  London  on  the  4th  of  April, 
1743,  in  bis  83d  year,  and  was  buried,  ac- 
cording to  his  desire,  in  Poplar  church- 
yard, under  an  inscription  written  by  him- 
self. 

Airault,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
born  at  Angers,  where  he  also  died,  1601, 
July  21st,  in  his  65th  year.  As  a  magis- 
trate, he  behaved  with  firmness  and  integ- 
rity, and  was  desei-vedly  called  the  Rock 
of  the  accused.  He  left  ten  children,  the 
eldest  of  whom,  Rene,  was  intrusted  to 
the  Jesuits  for  his  education,  and  induced 
to  enter  into  the  order,  from  which  he 
never  could  extricate  himself,  though  his 
father  procured  the  interest  of  the  king  of 
France  and  of  the  Pope.  Rene  died  at  la 
Fleche,  December  18,  1644,  in  his  77th 
year.  His  father  wrote  some  Treatises,  es- 
pecially on  the  power  of  fathers,  &c. 

Airay,  Henry,  a  native  of  Westmore- 
land, patronized  by  Bernard  Gilpin,  who 
was  named  the  northern  apostle.  He  be- 
came member  of  St.  Edmunds  Hall,  and  a£- 
terwards  of  Queen's,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
was  elected  provost,  1598.  He  was  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  university,  and  published 
some  tracts  and  sermons.  He  died  10th 
of  October,  1616,  aged  57,  and  was  buried 
in  the  college  chapel.  He  was  a  strict 
Calvinist,  and  was  author  of  some  theolo- 
gical pieces. 

Airay,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Clifton, 
Westmoreland,  student  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  vicar  of  Milford, 
Hants.  He  published  a  Logical  Treatise 
and  other  pieces,  and  died  at  Milford,  19th 
Oct.  1670,  aged  61. 

Aistulfe,  a  king  of  the  Lombards,  af- 
ter his  brother  Rachis.  He  laid  siege  to 
Rome,  from  which  he  was  driven  to  Pavia 
in  disgrace,  by  Pepin,  king  of  France,  at 
the  solicitation  of  the  Pope  Stephen  III. 
He  was  killed  in  hunting,756. 

Aiton,  William,  a  native  of  Lanark- 
shire, first  recommended  by  the  friendship 
of  Philip  Miller,  and  known  as  a  botanist 
and  gardener  in  the  royal  gardens  at  Kew, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  1759.  The  high 
patronage  which  he  received  was  due  to 
his  merit  and  taste,  for,  under  his.  atten- 
iivf  eye  and  directing  hand,  Kew  soon  ex- 
hibited the  most  curious  and  valuable 
plants,  collected  from  every  part  of  the 
ivorld  by  the  munificence  of  bis  patron. 
42 


He  published  in  1789,  a  useful  catalogue 
of  the  plants  of  the  gardens,  called  Hortus 
Kewensis,  and  died  of  that  dreadful  dis- 
temper, a  schirrous  liver,  Feb.  1st,  1793, 
after  enjoying  the  friendship  and  esteem  of 
men  of  rank,  of  virtue,  and  literary  emi- 
nence. The  king,  with  that  liberality  which 
distinguishes  and  rewards  merit,  appointed 
his  son  successor  in  the  care  of  the  gar- 
dens. 

Aitzema,  Leovan,  a  noble  of  Dorcum, 
in  Friesland,  employed  as  representative 
of  the  Hanseatic  towns  at  the  Hague.  He 
wrote  in  Dutch  in  seven  volumes  fol.  a 
History  of  the  United  Provinces — and  a 
History  of  the  Peace  of  Munster,  valuable 
for  the  public  acts  and  authentic  records 
which  it  contains,  but  otherwise  inelegant 
and  injudicious.  The  work  was  continued 
by  other  hands  to  1692.  He  died  at  the 
Hagne,  1669,  in  his  69th  year. 

Akakia,  Martin,  a  native  of  Chalons, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Paris.  He  was 
surnamed  Harmless,which  he  altered  to  the 
Greek  word  Akakia.  He  published  trans- 
lations of  Galen's  writings,  and  died  1551. 
His  son  of  the  same  name  was  physician  to 
Henry  III.  He  wrote  Medical  Treatises 
de  Morbis  Muliebribus — Consilia  Medica, 
&c.  and  died  1588,  in  his  89th  year.  There 
were  other  persons  of  the  family  who  gain- 
ed distinctions  by  their  talents  in  various 
professions. 

Akbar,  a  sultan  of  the  Moguls,  after  his 
father  Hemayun,  1556.  He  enlarged  his 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Bengal,  Cash- 
mere, and  Scindi,  and  showed  himself  a 
wise  and  powerful  monarch.  Selim,  his 
son,  rebelled  against  him,  and  was  pardon- 
ed. He  died  by  ignorantly  taking  poison, 
which  he  had  prepared  for  the  destruction 
of  his  enemies,  1605. 

Akenside,  Mark,  M.  D.  son  of  a  butcher 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  was  educated  in 
his  native  town,  and  at  the  age  of  18,  went 
to  Edinburgh  to  study  divinity  and  enter 
into  holy  orders.  Here,  however,  his  in- 
tentions changed  ;  but  he  no  sooner  applied 
himself  to  medicine,  than  he  honourably 
replaced  the  contribution  which  he  had  re- 
ceived from  the  fund  established  to  pro- 
mote the  education  of  dissenting  ministers. 
In  1741,  he  went  to  Leyden,  and  in  taking 
his  degree  three  years  after,  he  published  a 
much  admired  Dissertation  on  the  Growth 
of  the  Human  Foetus.  His  genius  unfolded 
itself  in  his  early  years,  and  his  greatest 
work,  the  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination,  was 
published  in  1744.  Dodsley,  to  whom  it 
was  offered  for  sale,  at  a  high  price,  seemed 
reluctant  till  he  had  consulted  Pope,  who 
admired  the  composition,  and  advised  the 
bookseller  not  to  make  a  niggardly  offer,  as 
it  was  no  every  day  writer.  The  publica- 
tion was  attacked  by  Warburtou,  as  a  not< 
on  the.  third  book  maintained,  after  Shaftes- 


ALA 


ALA 


bury,  that  ridicule  is  the  test  of  truth,  and 
though  defended  anonymously  by  Dyson, 
Akenside  had  the  sense  or  timidity  to  omit 
the  objectionable  passage  in  another  edi- 
tion. He  published  some  odes  afterwards, 
and  virulently  attacked  lord  Bath,  under  the 
title  of  Curio,  as  the  betrayer  of  his  coun- 
try ;  but  the  philippic  was  afterwards  ex- 
punged. He  first  practised  as  physician  at 
Northampton,  afterwards  at  Hampstead, 
and  then  at  London,  where  his  friend  Dy- 
son supported  his  appearance  by  an  allow- 
ance of  3001.  a  year.  His  abilities  began 
now  to  recommend  him  ;  he  published  se- 
veral Medical  Treatises,  especially  on  dy- 
senteries, &c.  read  the  Gultonian  lectures, 
and  was  elected  fellow  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  and  physician  to  the  queen. 
His  hopes,  however,  were  cut  short  by  a 
putrid  fever  which  terminated  his  life,  23d 
June,  1770,  in  his  59th  year.  He  was  bu- 
ried in  St.  James's  church,  Westminster. 
Akenside  possessed  great  powers  of  mind  ; 
his  poem  was  published  before  he  was  23 
years  old,  and  afterwards  altered  and  re- 
vised, but  so  excellent  was  the  original  con- 
sidered, that  it  is  printed  separately  with 
the  corrections,  to  show  that  whatever 
comes  from  the  hand  of  a  master  is  never 
devoid  of  elegance  or  dignity.  It  is  an  em- 
bellishment of  Shaftesbury's  Characteris- 
tics, and  he  has  done  for  him  what  Lucre- 
tius did  for  the  founder  of  the  Epicurean 
sect. 

Akiba,  a  learned  rabbi,  who  quitted  the 
obscure  life  of  a  shepherd,  and  at  the  age 
of  40,  through  his  love  for  his  master's 
daughter,  who  esteemed  learned  men,  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  joined 
himself  to  Barchonebas,  the  false  Messiah, 
and  was,  with  his  son  Pappus  and  his  fami- 
ly, flayed  alive  by  the  Romans,  135.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  who  began  the  compi- 
lation of  the  Cabalistic  Traditions  of  the 
Jews. 

Alabaster,  William,  a  protestant,  born 
at  Hadleigh,  in  Suffolk,  and  educated  at 
Trinity,  Cambridge.  He  went  to  Cadiz 
with  Essex,  and  after  embracing  the  Catho- 
lic doctrines,  returned  to  the  English 
church,  and  was  canon  of  St.  Paul's.  He 
wrote  a  Hebrew  Lexicon  Pentaglotton, 
folio,  and  some  Theological  Tracts,  besides 
Roxana,  a  Latin  Tragedy,  performed  at 
Cambridge.     He  died  1640. 

Alagon,  Claude,  a  native  of  Provence, 
who  foolishly  attempted  to  introduce  the 
Spaniards  into  Marseilles,  for  which  he 
was  put  to  death  in  1705. 

Alain,  de  Lisle,  a  divine  of  Paris,  sur- 
named  the  universal  doctor.  His  works 
were  printed  folio,  1653.     He  died  1294. 

Alain,  John,  a  Dane,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Origin  of  the  Cimbri,  and  other 
works.     He  died  1630,  aged  61. 

Alain,   Chartier,  secretary  to   Charles 


VII.  of  France,  was  born  13S6.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  writings,  particu- 
larly his  Chronicle  of  Charles  VII.  valuable 
for  the  elegance  of  the  composition,  and 
the  important  and  interesting  details  which 
it  contains.  He  has  been  compared  to  Se- 
neca for  the  beauty  of  his  sentences. 

Alain,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  cobbler  at  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century,  known  as 
the  writer  of  some  comedies.  His  Epreuve 
Reciproque  is  still  admired  on  the  stage. 

Alaleona,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mace- 
rata,  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  universi- 
ty of  Padua.  He  wrote  some  admired 
treatises,  and  died  5th  April,  1749,  aged 
79. 

Alamanni,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  opposed  the  power  which  Julius  de 
Medici  and  his  partisans  exercised  at  Flo- 
rence. The  conspiracy  into  which  he  had 
entered,  was  discovered ;  one  of  the  ac- 
complices was  punished  with  death,  and  he 
himself  saved  his  life  by  flight.  The  elec- 
tion of  Julius  to  the  popedom  by  the  name 
of  Clement  VII.  seemed  to  forbid  his  resto- 
ration to  his  country ;  but  the  success  of 
Charles  V.  at  Rome,  and  the  confinement 
of  the  pontiff  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
encouraged  the  Florentines  to  break  their 
chains ;  the  Medici  were  banished,  and 
Alamanni  recalled.  The  leader  of  a  party, 
however,  is  always  in  danger,  and  whilst 
Alamanni  wished  to  solicit  the  patronage 
and  alliance  of  the  emperor,  he  became 
unpopular,  and  he  again  fled  before  the 
general  odium  of  the  city.  His  good  offi- 
ces, in  the  mean  time,  were  not  wanting  to 
his  ungrateful  countrymen,  but  in  vain  ;  as 
after  a  few  struggles  the  power  of  the  Me- 
dici was  re-established.  Alamanni  found 
an  asylum  in  the  French  court,  and  was 
employed  as  ambassador  by  Francis  I.  to 
the  emperor.  Charles  V.  received  him 
with  coldness,  and  in  answer  to  his  ful- 
some but  eloquent  address,  repeated  the 
ludicrous  verses  which  he  had  written 
against  him.  Alamanni  vindicated  himself, 
and  by  his  firmness  and  the  dexterity  of  his 
speech,  he  changed  the  emperor's  displea- 
sure into  admiration  and  esteem.  After 
being  employed  in  another  embassy  to  Ge- 
noa, he  died  at  Amboise,  18th  April,  1566, 
in  his  66th  year.  His  poems  and  other 
compositions  in  Italian  are  highly  commen- 
ded. His  son  Baptist  was  almoner  to  the 
queen,  and  also  bishop  of  Bazar  and  Maion, 
and  died  1581,  author  of  some  letters  and 
other  pieces. 

Alamos,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in 
the  service  of  Anthony  Perez,  the  secreta- 
ry of  state  under  Philip  II.  He  shared  his 
master's  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned  for 
11  years,  till  his  abilities  were  called  into 
action  by  Olivarez,  the  favourite  of  Philip 
IV.  He  was  made  counsellor  of  the  coun- 
cil of  the  Indies,  and  honoured  with  knight- 
43 


ALA 


ALA 


hood.  He  died  in  his  88th  year.  He  pub- 
lished an  excellent  translation  of  Tacitus, 
1614,  besides  Aphorisms  much  admired, 
written  during  his  confinement.  Some  of 
his  works  are  still  unpublished. 

Alamundir,  a  king  of  the  Saracens,  509, 
whom  the  bishops  of  his  age  endeavoured 
to  convert  to  Christianity. 

Alan,  Allen,  Allyn,  William,  a  native 
of  Rossal,  in  Lancashire,  educated  at  Oriel 
College,  and  made  principal  of  St.  Mary's 
Hall  in  his  24th  year.  As  he  was  a  warm 
defender  of  the  Pope,  he  left  his  preferment 
in  England  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth, 
and  retired  to  the  English  college  of  Lou- 
vaine,  where  he  supported  the  tenets  of  his 
religion  by  his  writings.  The  intenseness 
of  his  application,  however,  endangered  his 
health,  and  his  physicians  advised  his  re- 
turn to  England.  There,  with  more  zeal 
than  prudence,  he  publicly  avowed  his  prin- 
ciples, and  attempted  to  make  converts;  but 
neither  Lancashire,  nor  Oxford,  nor  Lon- 
don could  long  conceal  the  author  of  viru- 
lent attacks  against  the  established  religion 
of  his  country,  and  he  fled  with  difficulty 
ro  Douay.  Here  preferments  were  heaped 
upon  him  by  the  Guises,  as  he  was  consi- 
dered the  champion  and  martyr  of  the  Ca- 
tholic cause,  and  he  was  soon  after  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Mechlin.  His  resentment  kept  pace 
with  his  elevation  ;  in  1586,  he  published  a 
book  to  explain  the  Pope's  bull,  for  the  ex- 
communication of  Elizabeth,  and  to  excite 
the  people  of  England  to  revolt  against 
their  lawful  sovereign  and  espouse  the  cause 
of  Philip  of  Spain,  and  of  the  invading  Ca- 
tholics ;  and  several  thousand  copies  of  this 
unnatural  composition  were  sent  on  board 
the  Armada,  but  were  happily  destroyed  by 
the  projects  of  the  tyrant.  Elizabeth  in- 
deed complained  of  the  indignity  by  Dr. 
Dale,  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries ;  but  the  duke  of  Parma  received  the 
messenger  with  supercilious  indifference. 
Alan  died  at  Rome,  26th  Oct.  1594,  in  his 
63d  year.  His  old  age  was  not  free  from 
disquietudes  ;  his  person  was  surrounded 
by  the  spies  of  the  English  court ;  he  grew 
unpopular  among  the  Jesuits,  who  are  even 
suspected  of  poisoning  him  ;  and  to  his 
sufferings  must  be  added  that  inward  tor- 
ment, which  persecutes  and  harrows  up  the 
heart  that  has  formed  the  homicidal  design 
of  making  his  country  bend  to  the  yoke  of 
foreign  usurpation.  His  publications  were 
mostly  on  controversial  or  political  sub- 
jects, one  particularly  in  answer  to  Lord 
Burleigh. 

Alan,  of  Linn,  in  Norfolk,  a  divine 
known  as  the  author  of  useful  Indexes  to 
the  books  he  read.  He  wrote  a  book  called 
Moralia  Bibliorum,  &c.  He  flourished  in 
the  15th  century. 

Aland,  Sir  John  Fnrtescue,  was  desecn- 


ded  from  Sir  John  Fortescue,  lord  chancel- 
lor under  Henry  VI.  Naturally  endowed 
with  strong  powers  of  mind,  he  cultivated 
his  understanding  with  successful  industry, 
and  after  being  honoured  with  a  degree  at 
Oxford,  and  called  to  the  bar,  his  abilities 
were  further  distinguished  by  being  made 
solicitor  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  after- 
wards to  George  I.  and  the  next  year,  1716 
— 17,  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer.  In  his  judicial  capacity,  he 
displayed  integrity  of  heart  and  firmness  of 
conduct ;  but  his  services  were  neglected, 
and  either  from  private  resentment,  or  the 
spirit  of  misrepresentation  which  too  often 
poisons  the  ears  of  kings,  he  was  the  only 
judge  whose  patent  was  not  renewed  on  the 
accession  of  George  II.  This  apparent  dis- 
grace, however,  was  momentary  ;  he  was 
restored  the  following  year  to  his  profes- 
sion, and  he  continued  to  dignify  the  bench 
and  to  benefit  the  public  by  his  wisdom  till 
1746,  when  he  resigned,  and  as  a  reward 
for  his  long  and  laborious  services  as  a  judge 
for  30  years,  he  was  created  a  peer  of  Ire- 
land. Sir  John  had  assumed  the  surname 
of  Aland,  in  compliment  to  the  virtues  of 
an  amiable  wife,  of  the  Aland  family,  at 
Waterford,  and  he  maintained  through  life 
the  dignity  of  character  which  had  been  so 
much  admired  in  his  great  ancestor,  and 
which  received  fresh  lustre  from  the  merits 
and  eminent  services  of  his  descendant. 
He  was  remarkable  for  a  small,  short,  flat 
nose,  which,  however,  was  made  to  disap- 
pear in  his  portrait,  either  by  the  adulation 
or  the  dexterity  of  the  pencil  of  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller.  This  deformity  exposed  him 
once  to  the  sarcasm  of  a  barrister,  whom 
he  censured  for  treating  his  cause  rather 
obscurely  ; — My  lord,  replied  the  undismay- 
ed lawyer,  if  you  will  have  patience,  I  will 
make  it  appear  as  plain  as  the  nose  in  your 
lordship's  face.  His  writings,  which  were 
on  judicial  subjects,  have  been  published, 
and  are  held  in  esteem.  He  was  born  7th 
of  March,  1670,  and  died  1746.  The 
family  is  now  extinct. 

Alankava,  daughter  of  Gioubire,  mar- 
ried her  cousin,  Doujoun,  king  of  the 
Monguls,  in  the  North  of  Asia,  by  whom 
she  had  two  sons.  Some  miraculous  re- 
ports concerning  her  conception  are  rela- 
ted among  the  nations  over  which  she 
reigned,  and  tend  to  prove  that  in  all  ages 
and  countries  the  throne  is  supported  by 
the  fiction  of  supernatural  events,  and  by 
imposture,  if  it  rests  not  on  the  love  of  the 
people,  and  the  happiness  of  the  subject. 

Alard,  a  priest  of  Amsterdam,  author 
of  some  learned  works,  especially  Selectae 
Similitudines,  or  Collationes,  Exbibliis,  3 
vols.  8vo.  Paris,  1543.  He  died  at  Lou- 
vaine,  1531. 

Alaric  I.  a  celebrated  king  of  the  Visi- 
goths, who  made  war  against  Arcadius, 


ALB 


ALB 


and  after  spreading  his  devastations  over 
Greece,  entered  Italy,  and  laid  siege  to 
Rome.  Though  his  retreat  was  repeatedly 
purchased  with  gold,  he  at  last  plundered 
the  imperial  city,  400,  A.D.  and  extorted 
the  heaviest  contributions  from  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Italy.  He  died  soon  after  at  Co- 
senza. 

Alaric  II.  made  king  of  the  Visigoths 
484,  was  slain  in  a  battle  by  the  hand  of 
Clovis,  king  of  France,  at  Vougle,  in  Pic- 
tou,  509. 

Alasco,  John,  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland.  He  became 
afterwards  a  convert  to  the  protestant  prin- 
ciples, and  came  to  England  under  Edward 
VI.  and  took  care  of  a  Dutch  congregation 
in  London.  His  piety  and  his  virtues  ren- 
dered him  popular,  but  the  reign  of  Mary 
drove  him  to  the  continent,  where  be  died 
1560.  He  was  much  esteemed  by  the 
learned  of  the  times,  and  particularly  by 
Erasmus,  whose  library  he  bought. 

Alava,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Vittoria,  in  Biscay.  He  was  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  published  a  valuable 
work  on  councils  and  the  regulations  ne- 
cessary to  reform  the  Christian  religion. 
He  died  March  17th,  1562. 

Alavin,  a  chief  of  the  Goths  who  settled 
on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  by  permission 
of  Valens,  and  afterwards  rose  against 
the  imperial  troops,  and  defeated  them  near 
Adrianople,  378. 

Alban,  St.  a  native  of  Verulam,  the 
protomartyr  of  England.  He  travelled  in 
his  youth  to  Rome,  and  served  as  a  soldier 
in  Diocletian's  army  for  seven  years.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  renounced  the 
Pagan  religion  by  the  advice  and  influence 
of  his  friend  Amphibalus,  a  monk  of  Caer- 
leon,  and  during  the  persecution  of  Dio- 
cletian, he  was  martyred  for  the  Christian 
faith,  286,  or  296,  or  seven  years  later,  ac- 
cording to  Usher.  Nearly  500  years  after, 
his  memory  was  honoured  by  Offa,  king  of 
the  Mercians,  who  built  a  stately  monas- 
tery over  him,  from  which  the  modern 
town  of  St.  Albans  received  its  name. 

Albani,  Francis,  son  of  a  silk  merchant 
at  Bologna,  forsook  his  father's  profession 
for  painting,  in  which  nature  had  formed 
him  to  excel.  He  was  the  school-fellow, 
and  afterwards  the  pupil  of  Guido,  by 
whom  he  was  introduced  to  the  Caracchis  ; 
and  after  he  had  studied  among  the  monu- 
ments of  Rome  for  some  years,  he  return- 
ed to  Bologna,  where  he  married  for  his 
second  wife,  Doralice,  a  woman  of  match- 
less beauty,  and  of  superior  understanding. 
In  her  he  found  a  most  perfect  model,  and 
the  Venus,  the  Nymphs,  and  the  Graces, 
which  came  from  his  pencil,  possessed  all 
her  charms,  and  though  remarkable  for  too 
much  uniformity,  yet  they  were  universally 
ndmired.     She  became  mother  of  twelve 


children,  who  equally  inherited  her  per- 
sonal accomplishments,  and  were  made  by- 
the  fond  father  the  originals  of  his  Cupids 
in  the  most  playful  and  enchanting  atti- 
tudes. Albani  particularly  excelled  in  ex- 
pressing the  graces  of  the  fair  sex  ;  in  his 
imitation  of  men  he  was  less  fortunate ; 
but  into  every  thing  which  he  drew,  he 
transfused  the  happiness  and  serenity  of 
his  disposition,  and  all  the  mild  virtues  of 
an  amiable  character.  He  died  in  his  82d 
year,  October  4,  1660,  and  the  whole  city 
of  Bologna  testified  their  grief  for  the  loss 
of  a  man,  who  during  life  had  been  honour- 
ed with  the  esteem  not  only  of  the  most 
eminent  of  his  fellow-citizens,  but  even  of 
monarchs.  Charles  I.  of  England,  was 
one  of  those  who  invited  him  to  his  do- 
minions. His  pieces  are  highly  esteemed, 
and  are  dispersed  in  the  cabinets  of  Europe. 
His  brother,  John  Baptist,  was  his  pupil, 
and  excelled  as  a  landscape  painter.  He 
died  1668. 

Albani,  John  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  cardinal  after  the  death  of  his  wife, 
1570.  He  wrote  treatises  on  ecclesiastical 
affairs,  &c.  and  died  1591. 

Albani,  Alexander,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
who  died  2d  December,  1779,  aged  87.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  merit,  well  acquainted 
with  the  records  and  monuments  of  anti- 
quity, and  a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters. 

Albani,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Rome  in  1720,  and  in 
1747  obtained  the  rank  of  cardinal,  which 
was  followed  by  numerous  preferments. 
He  opposed  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits, 
as  a  measure  fraught  with  danger  to  the 
church  ;  but  in  all  other  respects  he  was  a 
most  enlightened  prelate.  He  succeeded 
his  uncle  in  almost  all  his  places,  and  imi- 
tated him  in  his  encouragement  of  letters 
and  learned  men.  But  his  liberality  could 
not  save  him  from  republican  rigour  when 
the  French  entered  Rome,  where  they 
plundered  his  palace,  confiscated  his 
estates,  and  reduced  the  cardinal,  then  in 
his  seventy-seventh  year,  to  poverty.  All 
his  valuable  collection  was  packed  up  and 
,  sent  off  to  Paris,  and  even  the  plants  of  his 
garden  were  rooted  up  and  sold.  Amidst 
this  devastation,  the  cardinal  took  refuge 
in  a  convent,  from  whence  he  removed  to 
Naples,  on  the  approach  of  the  French  to 
Messina.  In  1800  he  was  at  Venice,  when 
the  present  Pope  was  chosen,  and  after- 
wards returned  to  Rome,  where  he  lived  in 
private  lodgings,  not  having  strength  of 
mind  enough  to  enter  his  desolated  palace. 
He  died  in  1303.—  Watkins'  Biog. 

Albany,  John,  duke  of,  a  Scotch  noble- 
man in  the  service  of  Francis  I.  king  of 
France.  He  was  intrusted  by  that  monarch 
with  an  army  of  10,000  men  to  attack  Na- 
ples, but  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia  obligedhim 
to  return  to  France,  where  he  died,  1536. 
45 


ALB 


ALB 


Albategnius,  an  Arabian  astronomer, 
•who  died  929.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
knowledge  and  the  obliquity  of  the  zodiac 
of  the  stars,  printed  4to.  at  Nuremberg, 
1537,  and  at  Bologna,  1545. 

Albemarle,  Monk,  duke  of,  rid.  Monk. 

Albemarle,  Anne  Clarges,  duchess  of, 
daughter  of  a  blacksmith,  was  brought  up 
as  a  milliner,  and  retained  the  vulgarity  of 
her  manners  in  her  highest  elevation.  She 
■was  first  the  mistress  of  general  Monk 
When  confined  in  the  tower,  and  afterwards 
his  wife  ;  but  so  clear  was  her  understand- 
ing, that  she  was  often  consulted  in  the 
greatest  emergencies  ;  and  there  is  little 
doubt,  but  that  by  favour  and  bribery,  she 
filled  up  the  list  of  privy  counsellors  which 
was  presented  to  the  second  Charles  on  his 
landing.  Her  animosity  was  so  great 
against  Clarendon,  that  she  prevailed  upon 
her  husband  to  join  in  the  ruin  of  his  for- 
mer friend ;  and  as  the  virulence  of  her 
temper  was  unbounded,  the  general  was 
often  forced  to  comply  under  her  threats, 
as  he  dreaded  her  invectives  more  than  the 
cannon's  mouth. 

Albemarle,  Keppel,  Lord,  a  native  of 
Guelders,  one  of  the  favourites  of  William 
III.  by  whom  he  was  raised  to  an  earldom. 
In  the  last  of  queen  Anne's  wars,  he  was 
made  commander  of  the  Dutch  forces,  and 
was  defeated  by  marshal  Villars,  at  Denian, 
1712,  and  made  prisoner.  He  died  six 
years  after. 

Albergati,  Capacelli  Marquis,  a  native 
.©f  Bologna,  who  devoted  the  first  years  of 
his  life  to  dissipation  and  licentiousness, 
and  at  the  age  of  34  began  to  make  amends 
for  ill-spent  hours,  by  the  severest  applica- 
tion to  literary  pursuits.  Nature  had  en- 
dowed him  with  great  talents,  and  the 
knowledge  of  the  world  had  enriched  his 
mind  with  salutary  reflections,  so  that  at 
the  age  of  40,  he  burst  upon  the  public  not 
only  as  a  dramatist,  elegant,  correct,  and 
sublime,  but  as  an  actor,  lively,  interesting, 
and  judicious.  Honoured  with  the  appel- 
lation of  the  Garrick  of  Italy,  he  displayed 
his  abilities  with  effect,  and  acquired  de- 
served reputation  by  the  wit  and  facetious- 
ness  of  his  compositions.  He  died  1802. 
His  works  were  published  together,  1783, 
in  12  vols.  8vo. 

Albergotti,  Francis,  an  ancient  civi- 
lian, born  at  Arezzo,  where  he  practised 
till  his  removal  to  Florence.  At  Florence 
he  was  raised  to  the  honour  of  nobility, 
and  deserved  for  his  abilities  the  name  of 
"  the  teacher  of  solid  truth."  His  treatises 
on  the  Digest  and  the  Code  were  much 
read  in  his  time,  but  are  now  little  known. 
He  died  at  Florence,  1376. 

Alberic  or  Albert,  a  canon  of  Aix,  in 
Provence,  who,  not  being  able   to   accom- 
pany the  first  Crusaders,  wrote  from  the 
best  authorities  an  account  of  their  adven- 
46 


tures  from  1095  to  1120,  under  the  title  of 
Chronicon  Hierosolymitanum,  published  in 
two  vols.  8vo.  1584. 

Alberic,  a  French  monk  of  Cluny,  bish- 
op of  Ostia  and  a  cardinal,  was  legate  in 
England,  Scotland,  France,  &c.  and  died 
1147. 

Alberic,  of  Rosata,  a  learned  lawyer  of 
Bergamo,  who  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
six  books  of  the  Decretals,  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury. 

Alberic,  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Trois- 
fontaines,  near  Chalons,  wrote  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  the  year  1241,  soon 
after  which  year  he  died.  The  work  was 
edited  by  Leibnitz,  4to.  1698. 

Alberini,  Rodiana,  a  lady  born  at  Par- 
ma, 1530,  distinguished  for  her  poetical 
works,  both  in  Latin  and  Italian,  as  well 
as  for  her  many  amiable  and  virtuous  quali- 
ties. 

Alberoni,  Julius,  son  of  a  gardener  in 
the  suburbs  of  Placentia,  worked  with  his 
father  till  his  14th  year,  but  afterwards 
being  admitted  to  the  meaner  employments 
of  the  cathedral,  he  was  ordained  priest, 
and  preferred  to  a  benefice.  At  that  time 
the  poet  Campistron,  the  favourite  of  the 
duke  of  Vendome,  was  plundered  in  his 
way  to  Rome,  and  in  his  distress  he  found 
a  hospitable  asylum  in  the  house  of  the 
new  ecclesiastic,  who  supplied  him  with 
clothes  and  money  for  his  journey.  The 
kindness  was  not  forgotten  ;  Campistron 
mentioned  the  generous  treatment  to  the 
duke,  and  Alberoni  soon  after  gained  his 
protection  and  confidence,  by  discovering 
to  him,  in  the  wars  of  Italy,  the  places 
where  the  inhabitants  had  concealed  their 
corn  from  the  plunder  of  the  soldiery. 
Obliged  therefore  to  fly  from  a  neighbour- 
hood whose  secrets  he  had  betrayed,  he 
followed  the  army,  and  when  Vendome. 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  military 
forces  in  Spain,  his  abilities  were  employed 
to  negotiate  between  the  duke  and  the  prin- 
cess of  Ursino,  whose  wit  and  whose  in- 
trigues had  gained  an  ascendency  over  the 
Spanish  monarch.  He  behaved  with  such 
dexterity,  that  he  became  the  favourite  of 
the  princess ;  and  to  appear  with  greater 
dignity,  he  assumed  the  character  of  agent 
of  the  duke  of  Parma  to  the  court  of 
Madrid,  and  employed  his  influence  to  fix 
a  daughter  of  that  house  on  the  throne  of 
Spain.  The  task  was  dangerous,  but 
the  princess  of  Ursino  was  soothed  and 
flattered  into  compliance  with  the  artful 
representation  that  the  intended  queen 
was  given  to  gayety  and  pleasure,  and 
of  a  weak  insignificant  character  which 
could  easily  be  governed.  Alberoni  used 
all  possible  despatch  in  this  delicate  af- 
fair ;  the  princess  of  Ursino  had  already 
changed  her  mind,  and  a  courier  was 
sent    to    stop   the    negotiation ;    but  the 


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minister  forbade  his  appearance  on  pain  of 
death,  the  treaty  was  signed,  and  Philip  V. 
received  his  new  queen.     The  consequent 
disgrace  of  the  princess  of  Ursino  made 
room  for  Alberoni :  the  beauty  and  the  wit 
of  the  queen  were  made,  with  the  king, 
subservient  to  the  elevation  of  the  favour- 
ite, who  became  prime  minister,  and  was 
raised  to  the  purple.   His  abilities  deserved 
the  honours  he  held  ;  he  gave  vigour  to  the 
nation,  and  in  a  little  time  infused  such  a 
spirit  of  activity  and  enterprise  into  the  in- 
dolent Spaniards,  that  after  a  lethargic  re- 
pose of  a  century,they  rose  to  the  hardihood 
and  heroicdeeds  of  their  forefathers.  Madrid 
became  the  centre  of  negotiation,  and  of 
intrigue,  and  the  gigantic  mind  of  the  car- 
dinal formed  the  design  of  seizing  Sardinia 
and  Sicily,   of  replacing  the  pretender  on 
the  English  throne  by  the  hands  of  Charles 
XII.  and  the  czar   of  Russia,  whilst  in  the 
east  the  Turks  were  to  arm  against  Germa- 
ny, whose  sceptre  in  Italy  was  to  be  broken, 
whilst  the  duke  of  Orleans  was  to  be  de- 
prived of  the  regency  of  France.     These 
vast  projects,  however,  were  defeated  by 
the  arts  of  Orleans,  who,  with  George  I. 
declared  war  against  Spain,  1719,  and  made 
it  one  of  the  conditions  of  peace,  that  the 
cardinal  should  be  banished  from  the  court. 
Alberoni  yielded  to  the  storm,  and  retired 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  basely  accused  of 
intrigues    and    correspondence    with    the 
infidel  Turks,  and  confined  for  one  year. 
He,  however,  still  retained  some  share  of 
influence  at  Madrid  ;  but  his  old  age  was 
tarnished  by  the  attempt  to  destroy  the  in- 
dependence of  the   little    republic    of  St. 
Marino.     He  died  at  Placentia,  26th  June, 
1752,  in  his  89th  year,  with  the  character 
of  a  great  and  ambitious  statesman.     He 
left  his  estates  to  the  college  of  Lazarus. 
His  Testament  Politique  was  published  at 
Lausanne,  1753,  though  some  consider  it  as 
a  literary  fraud  imposed  on  his  name.    His 
life  was  published  by  J.  Rousset,  in    1  vol. 
12mo. 

Albert  I.  son  of  the  emperor  Rodol- 
phus,  was  chosen  emperor  of  Germany,  af- 
ter the  defeat  of  his  competitor,  Adolphus 
of  Nassau.  He  was  frequently  guilty  of 
injustice  in  his  attempts  to  extend  the  pow- 
er of  his  family,  and  to  his  oppressions  the 
Swiss  were  indebted  for  the  assertion  of 
their  independence.  He  was  killed  by  his 
own  nephew,  John,  duke  of  Swabia,  1308, 
leaving  five  sons  and  six  daughters. 

Albert  II.  emperor  of  Germany,  was 
called  grave,  or  magnanime,  and  he  pos- 
sessed the  milder  virtues  which  render  a 
prince  popular  and  beloved.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  Sigismund,  king  of  Hun- 
gary, and  thus  succeeded  to  that  kingdom. 
He  died,  27th  October,  1439,  in  the  second 
year  of  his  reign,  aged  45. 

\i  tiert,  archduke  of  Austria,  sixth  son 


of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  was  at  first  a 
cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Toledo  ;  but  in 
1583,  he  was  made  governor  of  Portugal, 
and  some  time  after  governor  of  the  Low 
Countries.  He  here  distinguished  himself 
by  the  reduction  of  Calais,  Ardres,  and 
other  towns  ;  and  afterward-  he  undertook 
the  siege  of  Ostend,  which  lasted  three 
years,  three  months,  and  three  days,  and 
which,  when  taken,  22d  September,  1604, 
was  only  a  heap  of  ashes,  after  the  slaugh- 
ter of  more  than  100,000  men.  The  arch- 
duke had  resigned  the  purple,  in  1598,  to 
marry  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  and  he  obtained,  as  her  portion,  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands.  He  made 
a  peace  with  the  Dutch,  in  1609,  and  the 
last  years  of  his  life  were  usefully  devoted 
to  the  happiness  of  his  people,  and  to  the 
encouragement  of  the  arts.  He  died, 
1621,  in  his  62d  year. 

Albert  IV.  son  of  Otho  I.  prince  of 
Anhalt,  was  made  elector  of  Brandenburg, 
1150,  and  he  immortalized  himself  by  con- 
verting vast  forests  into  cultivated  lands, 
where  he  built  churches  and  towns  for  the 
comfort  and  security  of  grateful  subjects. 
He  died  universally  regretted,  18th  No- 
vember, 116S. 

Albert  V.  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
and  obtained  the  surname  of  the  Magnani- 
mous. He  was  a  wise,  humane,  and  en- 
lightened prince,  the  liberal  patron  of 
literature,  and  of  the  arts,  and  himself  a 
pattern  of  every  amiable  virtue.  He  died 
1579,  aged  50. 

Albert  VI.  duke  of  Bavaria,  was 
known  for  his  learning.  He  died  at 
Munich,  1666. 

Albert,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luynes,  was 
the  descendant  of  a  noble  family  of  Flo- 
rence, who  settled  in  France.  He  was 
much  noticed  by  Henry  IV.  and  rose  by 
degrees  from  inferior  offices  to  be  the  fa- 
vourite and  the  counsellor  of  Lewis  XIII. 
His  power  over  the  monarch  was  so  great, 
that  the  kingdom  obeyed  him  as  their  sove- 
reign ;  but  his  tyranny  became  so  odious, 
that  when  he  died  of  a  fever  in  the  camp  of 
Dongueville,  1621,  the  soldiers  plundered 
his  tent,  so  that  there  could  not  be  found  a 
cloth  to  cover  the  remains  of  the  royal 
favourite. 

Albert,  Joseph  d',  of  Luynes,  was  am- 
bassador from  the  emperor  Charles  VII. 
in  France,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
man  of  letters.  His  different  pieces,  among 
which  are  Le  Songe  d'  Alcibiade — Timan- 
dre  instruit  par  son  genie,  &c.  have  been 
collected  and  published,  1759,  in  8vo. 

Albert,  Honore  d',  duke  of  Chaulnes, 
was  indebted  for  his  greatness  to  the  fa 
vours  and  intrigues  of  his  elder  brother,  the 
duke  of  Luynes,  as  well  as  to  the  partiality 
of  Richelieu.  He  died  1649,in  his  69th  year, 
Albert,  kins  of  Sweden,  succeeded  to 
47 


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the  throne  on  the  deposition  of  Magnus  II. 
by  his  rebellious  nobles,  1363.  Though  for 
some  time  he  weathered  the  storms  of  op- 
position, he  was  at  last  taken  prisoner,  1387, 
by  Margaret,  queen  of  Norway  and  Den- 
mark, who  had  listened  to  the  intrigues  of 
his  disaffected  barons  ;  and  though  he  re- 
covered his  liberty,  it  was  to  see  his  at- 
tempts to  regain  the  sovereign  power  utterly 
fail,  and  himself  a  prisoner  at  Mecklen- 
burg, where  he  ended  his  days,  1412. 

Albert,  Margrave  of  Brandenburg,  first 
duke  of  Prussia,  was  for  some  time  enga- 
ged in  a  war  with  Sigismund,  king  of 
Poland,  but  at  last  he  consented  to  hold 
Prussia  as  a  fief  of  Poland.  He  married  a 
Danish  princess,  and  declared  himself  a 
protestant.     He  died  1568,  aged  73. 

Albert,  of  Brandenburg,  surnamed  the 
Alcibiades  of  Germany,  was  son  of  Casi- 
mir,  margrave  of  Culmbach,  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  opposition  to  the 
views  of  Charles  V.  against  whom  he  made 
war  with  other  confederated  states.  A 
reconciliation  at  last  was  eil'ected,  but  it 
was  of  short  continuance,  as  he  provoked 
the  resentment  of  his  late  allies,  even  of  his 
friend  Maurice,  elector  of  Saxony,  by  re- 
taining in  his  hands  the  plunder  of  the 
ecclesiastical  states.  A  battle  was  fought 
by  the  rival  powers,  and  Maurice  was  slain, 
and  Albert  severely  wounded.  He  was 
afterwards  deprived  of  his  possessions  by 
the  decree  of  the  diet  of  the  empire,  and 
died  1558.  To  the  intrepidity  and  man- 
liness of  his  character  were  united  arro- 
gance, violence,  and  licentiousness  of 
manners. 

Albert,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Frankfort, 
preacher  to  Joachim  II.  elector  of  Bran- 
denburg. He  was  the  pupil  of  Luther,  and 
he  assisted  his  cause  by  collecting  the 
greatest  absurdities  of  the  conformities  of 
Saint  Francis  with  Jesus  Christ,  whieh  he 
published  in  German  and  Latin,  under  the 
name  of  the  Alcoran  of  the  Cordeliers. 
This  satirical  work,  to  which  Luther  wrote 
a  preface,  highly  promoted  the  cause  of  the 
reformation.  Albert  was  at  Magdeburg 
during  its  siege,  and  died  at  New  Branden- 
burg, 1551.  The  last  edition  of  his  work 
is  that  of  Amsterdam,  2  vols.  12mo.  1734. 
Albert,  Krantz,  author  of  the  history 
of  Saxony,  and  of  the  Vandals,  and  of  a 
Chronicle  of  Charlemagne  up  to  1504,  was 
divinity  professor  at  Hamburgh,  and  died 
1517. 

Albert,  of  Stade,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  1286,  was  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  the  13th  century. 

Albert,  of  Strasburg,  author  of  a  chro- 
nicle from  1270  to  1378,  flourished  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century. 

Albert,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  revolted 
against  his  friend  and  benefactor,  the  era- 
7>eror  Henry  V.     He  died  1 1 37. 
48 


Albert,  called  the  Great,  was  born  at 
Lawingun  in  Swabia,  and  put  on  the  Domi- 
nican habit  after  visiting  Pavia,  Cologne, 
and  Paris,  where  he  read  lectures  with 
credit  and  reputation.  He  was  called  to 
Rome  by  pope  Alexander  IV.  and  appointed 
master  of  the  sacred  palace,  and  afterwards 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Ratisbon.  A 
life  of  ease  was,  however,  his  delight,  and 
the  crosier  was  soon  resigned  for  the  mo- 
nastic haiut.  His  studies  were  eagerly 
pursued  in  his  retirement,  and  the  great 
knowledge  which  he  possessed  in  an  age 
not  famous  for  inquisitiveness  or  informa- 
tion, soon  passed  among  the  vulgar  and 
illiterate  for  magic  and  enchantment. 
Albert  not  only  laboured  in  quest  of  the 
philosopher's  stone,  but  he  was  said  to  have 
formed  a  human  head  of  brass,  which,  like 
an  oracle,  guided  all  his  actions.  His  works 
were  voluminous,  without  containing  much 
information.  They  were  published  at 
Lyons,  1615,  in  21  vols,  folio;  but  some 
treatises  of  an  unchaste  or  licentious  ten- 
dency have  been  falsely  ascribed  to  him, 
such  as  the  Master  of  Sentences — De 
Natura  Reruni  -De  Secretis  Mulierum, 
&c.  He  died  at  Cologne,  November  loth, 
1280,  in  his  87th,  or,  according  to  others, 
in  his  75th  year.  Mattha;ushas  improperly 
attributed  the  invention  of  fire-arms  to 
him. 

Albert,  Jane  d',  daughter  of  Margaret, 
of  Navarre,  was  married,  at  the  age  of  11, 
to  the  duke  of  Cleves,  but  this  union  was 
annulled  by  the  Pope,  and  in  1548,  she 
gave  her  hand  to  Antony,  duke  of  Ven- 
dome,  and  five  years  after  gave  birth  to  a 
son  who  became  Henry  IV.  of  France.  In 
1555,  she  was  made  queen  of  Navarre  on 
her  father's  death, and  she  became  zealous  to 
promote  the  reformation  there.  She  was 
present  at  Paris  at  the  nuptials  of  her  son 
with  Margaret  of  Valois,  and  died  there 
suddenly,  as  it  is  supposed,  in  consequence 
of  poison,  1572,  in  her  44th  year.  She  had 
written  some  works  which  are  still  pre- 
served. 

Albertet,  a  mathematician  and  poet  in 
the  13th  century,  whose  amorous  verses 
were  perfidiously  published  after  his  death 
by  one  of  his  friends,  to  whom  he  had  in- 
trusted the  care  of  committing  them  to  the 
flames. 

Alberti,  Cherubino,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  engraver  of  eminence,  who  died  1615, 
aged  63. 

Alberti,  Giovanni,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  equally  eminent  in  the  per- 
spective, and  in  historical  pieces.  He 
was  born  near  Florence,  and  died  1601, 
aged  43. 

Alberti,  Dominico,  a  native  of  Venice, 
whose  musical  powers  were  displayed  in 
London,  in  the  suite  of  the  Spanish  ambas- 
sador, and  also  at  Rome,  and  other  places 


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on  tbe  continent.  In  1737,  he  set  to  music 
Metastasio's  Endymion,  and  published 
other  things.  As  a  performer  on  the  harp- 
sichord, he  was  particularly  admired. 

Alberti,  Andrew,  was  author  of  an  ad- 
mired treatise  on  perspective,  printed  in 
folio,  at  Nurcmburgh,  1670. 

Alberti,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  sur- 
named  Widman  Stadius.  His  knowledge 
of  the  oriental  languages  enabled  him  to 
abridge  the  Alcoran,  and  illustrate  it  with 
learned  notes  ;  a  work  which  procured  him 
the  chancellorship  of  Austria.  He  also 
published  a  beautiful  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  in  Syriac,  at  the  expense  of 
the  emperor,  in  which  the  Apocalypse  was 
omitted,  and  St.  Peter's  second  epistle, 
Jude's,  and  St.  James's  second  and  third. 
Of  this  work  1000  copies  were  printed, 
half  of  which  were  kept  by  the  emperor, 
and  the  others  sent  into  the  east. 

Alberti  di  Villanova,  Francis  d',  an 
able  lexicographer,  was  born  at  Nice,  in 
1737,  and  died  at  Lucca,  in  1803.  He 
published  a  dictionary,  French  and  Italian, 
the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Mar- 
seilles, 1796,  2  vols.  4to.  The  year  follow- 
ing appeared  his  "  Dizionario  Universale 
Critico  Enciclopedico  della  lingua  Italiana." 
Alberti  was  employed  on  a  new  edition  of 
this  last  great  work  when  he  died  ;  but  it 
was  carefully  published  the  same  year,  in 
6  vols.  4to. —  Watkins'  Biog. 

Alberti,  Leander,  a  Dominican  of  Bo- 
logna, who  wrote  some  interesting  works, 
especially  a  history  of  Italy,  4to.— Bio- 
graphical Memoirs — The  History  of  Bo- 
logna— and  that  of  Illustrious  Dominicans, 
&c.     He  died,  1552,  in  his  74th  year. 

Alberti,  Leon  Baptista,  a  Florentine, 
author  of  a  valuable  work  on  architecture 
in  10  books.  He  was  well  acquainted  with 
painting  and  sculpture,  and  was  employed 
with  commendation  by  Pope  Nicholas  V. 
in  ornamenting  the  buildings  which  he 
erected.     He  died,  1485. 

Alberti-Aristotile,  called  also  Ri- 
dolfe  Fioravente,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of 
Bologna,  in  the  16th  century,  who  is  said 
to  have  removed  one  of  the  steeples  of  his 
native  city,  with  all  the  bells,  to  the  dis- 
tance of  35  paces.  He  extended  his  fame 
in  Hungary,  where  he  built  a  remarkable 
bridge,  and  where  he  received  the  highest 
honours.  He  was  also  employed  in  erect- 
ing churches  in  Russia. 

Albertini,  Francis,  a  Calabrian  Je- 
suit, author  of  some  theological  woi  ks,  in 
2  vols.  fol.  and  a  treatise,  in  which  he  as- 
serts that  brute  animals  have  their  guar- 
dian angels.     He  died,   1619. 

Albertino,  Edmund,  a  Calvinist  minis- 
ter, born  at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  who  wrote 
a  treatise  against  the  eucharist,  which  ex- 
cited violent  opposition,  and  was  ably  re- 
futed.    He  died,  5th  April,  1652. 

Vol.  I.  7 


Albertino,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  book  on  the  wonders  of  ancient 
and  of  modern  Rome,  &c.  at  the  beginning 
of  the  16th  century. 

Albertinus,  Nussatus,  an  Italian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII. 
and  of  some  poetical  pieces,  &c. 

Albertus,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  was 
known  for  a  conspiracy  which  he  formed 
against  the  emperor  Henry  V.  whose  fa- 
vours and  liberality  he  had  repeatedly  ex- 
perienced. He  was  imprisoned  for  four 
years,  but  he  was  so  popular  that  the  in- 
habitants rose  up  in  arms  against  the  em- 
peror, and  restored  him  to  liberty.  He  died, 
June  23d,  1137. 

Albi,  Henry,  author  of  an  interesting 
history  of  illustrious  cardinals,besides  seve- 
ral lives,  was  a  Jesuit  of  Bolene,  in  the 
Venarssin,  and  died  at  Aries,  1659. 

Albicus,  was  made  archbishop  of 
Prague,  by  Sigismund,  king  of  Bohemia. 
His  partiality  to  John  Huss,  and  the  fol- 
lowers of  Wickliff,  have  exposed  him  to 
the  severe  censures  of  the  catholics.  He 
wrote  three  treatises  on  medicines,  printed, 
Leipsic,  1484. 

Albinovanus,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age 
of  Ovid.  Only  two  of  his  elegies  are  ex- 
tant. 

Albinus,  Dec.  Clodius,  a  Roman,  who 
assumed  the  imperial  purple,  in  opposi- 
tion to  Severus.  He  was  slain  in  battle, 
A.  D.  197. 

Albinus,  A.  Posthum.  a  Roman,  author 
of  a  history  of  his  own  country  in  Greek, 
flourished  about  150  years  B.  C. 

Albinus,  Bernard,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian,  born  at  Dessau  in  Anhalt.  He  stu- 
died at  Leyden,  and  after  travelling  over 
the  Low  Countries  and  France, for  improve- 
ment, bp  was  rotaed  to  a  professor's  chair, 
at  Frankfort  on  Oder,  and  22  years 
after  enjoyed  the  same  dignity  at  Leyden. 
He  died,  7th  Dec.  1721,  in  his  69th  year. 
He  was  a  great  favourite  of  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  who  gave  him  ecclesiastical 
preferment,  which  he  soon  resigned.  The 
list  of  his  numerous  medical  treatises,  is 
in  the  Bibliotheque  de  M.  Carrere. 

Albinus,  Bernard  Sigfred,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  medicine  at 
Leyden,  and  surpassed  all  former  masters 
in  the  knowledge  of  anatomy.  He  publish- 
ed three  volumes,  folio,  in  1744,  1749, 
and  1753,  with  elegant  and  accurate  plates 
of  the  muscles,  ligaments,  and  bones  of 
the  human  body.  He  married,  in  his  73d 
year,  a  young  girl,  and  died,  1771,  aged  88. 
His  brother,  Christian  Bernard,  who  was 
professor  at  Utrecht,  equally  distinguished 
himself  by  his  history  of  spiders  and  in- 
sects, with  engravings. 

Albinus,  Eleazar,  was  author  of  a  na^ 
tural  history  of  birds,    with   30  copper- 
plates, coloured,  of  which  a  French  tran* 
49 


ALB 


ALB 


lation  appeared  at  the  Hague,  1750,  in  2 
vols.  4to.  The  work  is  in  less  estimation 
than  that  of  Edwards. 

Albints,  Peter,  a  historian  and  poet 
of  the  16th  century,  professor  at  Wittem- 
herg,  and  afterwards  secretary  to  the 
elector  at  Dresden.  He  was  author  of 
some  esteemed  historical  treatises,  espe- 
pecially  the  chronicles  of  Misnia,  his  na- 
tive country. 

Albis,  Thomas,  or  White,  a  catholic 
priest  and  eminent  philosopher,  of  Essex. 
He  was  intimate  with  Hobbs  of  Malmsbu- 
ry,  and  in  their  dissertations  it  was  often 
acknowledged  that  White  was  superior. 
He  did  1676,  aged  94. 

Albizi,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Riva- 
no  in  Tuscany,  distinguished  by  his  preach- 
ing, and  the  works  of  his  pen.  He  is  au- 
thor of  the  conformity  of  St.  Francis  with 
Jesus  Christ,  a  performance  in  which  he 
equals  the  saint  to  the  son  of  God.  He 
died  at  Pisa,  in  1401,  in  the  convent  of  the 
Cordeliers,  an  order  to  which  he  belonged. 

Alboix,  or  Aleovincs,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Audoin  as  king  of  Lombardy.  From 
Pannonia,  where  he  had  first  settled,  he 
advanced  towards  Italy  and  carried  every 
thing  before  him,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed  king  of  the  country,  in  570, 
and  made  Pavia  the  capital  of  his  new  do- 
minions. He  was  assassinated  by  order 
of  his  wife  Rosamond,  whom  he  had  in- 
sulted by  sending  her  wine  in  the  skull  of 
her  father  Gunimond.  He  had  slain  in 
battle  Gunimond,  who  was  king  of  a  neigh- 
bouring horde  ;  but  while  he  took  his  cap- 
tive daughter  for  his  wife,  he  wished  to  re- 
tain a  monument  of  his  victory  by  convert- 
ing the  head  of  her  father  into  a  drinking 
cup. 

Albok,  James  d',  a  famous  French  gene- 
ral, known  as  mareschal  Saint  Andre.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns  of 
1552  and  1554,  at  the  retreat  of  Quesnoy, 
and  at  the  battles  of  Renty  and  St.  Quin- 
tin.  He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  at  last  fa- 
voured the  party  of  the  Guises.  He  was 
shot  at  the  battle  of  Dreux,  1562. 

Aleo.v,  Camille,  a  descendant  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1788,  aged  35.  He  published  vari- 
ous treatises,  &c.  which  possess  some 
merit ;  but,  with  many  good  qualities,  he 
united  some  disagreeable  singularities,  and 
an  affectation  of  misanthropy. 

Alborxos,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  a  na- 
tive of  Suena,  archbishop  of  Toledo.  He 
resigned  his  preferment,  when  raised  to 
the  rank  of  cardinal,  and,  taking  up  arms, 
he  reduced  Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the 
church,  and  recalled  the  pope  from  Avignon 
to  Rome.  When  questioned  about  the 
money  with  which  he  had  been  supplied,  he 
brought  to  the  pope's  palace,  a  wagon 
loaded  with  locks,  kevs,  and  bars,  and  de- 
50 


clared  that  the  money  had  been  expended 
in  obtaining  possession  of  the  cities  to 
which  those  belonged.  This  truly  great 
man  founded  the  splendid  college  of  Barce- 
lona, and  retired  to  Viterbo,  where  he  died, 
1367. 

Alborsos,  Diego  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Carthagena  in  Spain,  author  of  a  Spa- 
nish book  called  Elements  of  Politique, 
which  attracted  the  notice  of  Ferdinand, 
son  of  Philip  V.  though  a  youth  only  ten 
years  old,  and  drew  on  the  author  the 
patronage  of  the  court. 

Albret,  a  noble  and  illustrious  family 
in  France,  which  has  given  generals  and 
statesmen  to  the  kingdom.  Charles  com- 
manded the  French  forces  at  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  against  Henry  V.  of  England, 
and  he  perished  in  the  field. 

Alericcj,  a  native  of  London,  known 
as  a  learned  philosopher  and  physician.  He 
studied  at  Oxford,  about  1217,  and  travel- 
led for  improvement.  Bayle  has  given  a 
catalogue  of  his  writings,  which,  however, 
were  never  made  public. 

Aleucasa.  or  Aleccassis,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  11th  century,  who  wrote 
some  valuable  tracts  on  medicine,  orna- 
mented with  cuts  of  chirurgical  instru- 
ments in  use  at  that  time. 

AiBr/MAZAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century,  known  also  as  an  astro- 
loger. His  works — De  Magnis  Conjunc- 
tionibus,  Annorum  Revolutionibus,  Ac 
eorum  Perfectionibus,  appeared  at  Ve- 
nice, 1526,  Svo.  and  his  Introductio  ad  As- 
tronomiam,  14S9. 

Albuqcerqce,  Alphonso, a  native  of  Lis- 
bon, whose  great  genius  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Portuguese  power  in  India.  He 
was  sent  by  Emmanuel,  king  of  Portugal, 
in  1503,  with  his  brother  Francis,  to  form 
an  establishment  in  the  east  ;  and  by  In- 
spirited bravery,  he  supported  his  allies, 
and  maintained  the  superiority  of  his  na- 
tion. He  gained  large  possessions  on  the 
coast  of  Cochin,  which  was  secured  by 
strong  and  impregnable  fortifications.  His 
return  to  Europe  was  attended  by  the 
death  of  his  brother,  who  perished  in  the 
voyage  ;  but  private  sorrow  gave  way  be- 
fore public  concerns,  and  Albuquerque,  in 
1508,  invested  with  new  power  by  his 
sovereign,  sailed  back  to  India.  In  his 
way  he  plundered  the  coast  of  Arabia,  and 
with  unparalleled  boldness,  with  a  corps  of 
only  470  men,  he  undertook  the  siege  of 
Ormuz,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Persian  gulf,  subject  to  a  king  of  its  own, 
and  defended  by  numerous  forces  ;  and  af- 
ter some  months'  obstinate  resistance,  the 
place  submitted  to  the  conqueror,  and  the 
king,  in  despair,  became  tributary  to  Por- 
tugal :  but  when  the  Persian  monarch  de- 
manded the  tribute  which  Ormuz  paid  to 
his  superior  power.    Albuquerque    threw 


alc 


ALG 


down  bullets  and  arms  before  the  ambassa- 
dors, and  exclaimed,  to  their  consterna- 
tion, Those  are  the  tributes  which  my  mas- 
ter consents  to  pay  !  His  arms  were  now 
directed  against  Goa,  which  he  subdued  ; 
but  the  dissensions  of  his  officers,  who,  in 
sharing  his  victories,  were  yet  jealous  of 
his  glory,  disturbed  for  awhile  the  career 
of  his  triumphs.  He  retired  from  his  new 
conquest,  but  unbroken  by  misfortune  and 
the  ingratitude  of  his  countrymen,  he  soon 
returned  to  Goa,  which,  after  the  loss  of 
3000  of  its  defenders,  now  again  submitted 
to  his  superior  valour.  His  power  was  now 
extended  over  the  whole  coast  of  Malabar, 
and  therefore  he  sailed  towards  the  east, 
and  made  the  island  of  Sumatra,  Malacca, 
and  the  neighbouring  cities,  tributary  to 
the  Portuguese  government.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Goa,  he  meditated  fresh  conquests, 
when  he  suddenly  fell  sick  and  died,  1515, 
in  his  63d  year.  In  him  were  happily  uni- 
ted the  valour  of  a  hero,  and  the  more 
amiable  virtues  of  mildness  and  humanity  ; 
but  this  great,  this  illustrious  character, 
whose  genius  reared  the  power  of  Portu- 
gal in  the  east,  and  whose  memory  was 
cherished  even  to  adoration  by  the  native 
Indians,  felt  the  persecution  of  envy,  and 
on  his  death-bed  he  had  the  mortification 
to  learn,  that  the  monarch,  whom  he  had  so 
faithfully  served,  had  the  ingratitude  to  re- 
call him  by  the  appointment  of  a  suc- 
cessor. 

Albuquerque,  Blaise,  son  of  Alphonso, 
was  born  in  1500.  The  merit  of  his  father, 
and  the  regret  of  Emmanuel  for  the  loss  of 
the  conqueror  of  the  east,  raised  him  to  the 
first  honours  of  the  state,  and  to  the  rank  of 
nobility.  He  published  an  account  in  Portu- 
guese of  his  father's  victories,  Lisbon,  1576. 

Albuquerque  Coelho,  Edward,  a  no- 
bleman in  the  service  of  Philip  IV.  of  Por- 
tugal, who  wrote  a  journal  of  the  war  of 
the  Brazils  besun  in  1630,  printed  at  Ma- 
drid, 1654.     He  did  at  Madrid,  1653. 

Albutius,  Caius  Silus,  a  Roman  orator 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself 
to  death. 

Albutius,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
banished  by  the  senate  for  corruption. 

Alceus,  an  ancient  poet  of  Lesbos,  who 
flourished  600  B.  C. 

Alcasar,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
author  of  a  commentary  on  the  Apoca- 
lypse, and  other  works.  He  died,  1613, 
aged  59. 

Alcendi,  James,  an  Arabian  physician 
about  the  year  1145,  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Alchindres,  a  Peripatetic  philoso- 
pher, in  the  reign  of  Almanzor,  king  of 
Morocco.  His  works  are  mentioned  in 
the  Biblioth.  de  Medicine  de  M.  Carbere. 

Alchabitius,  author  of  Treatises  on  the 
Judgment  of  the  Star? — on  Optics — on  the 
Conjunction   of  the   Planets,  printed,  Ve- 


nice, 1491,  and  Seville,  1521,  was  an  Ara- 
bian astrologer  of  the  12th  century. 

Alchindus,  an  Arabian  physician  and 
astrologer,  considered  by  Jerome  Cardan 
as  one  of  the  12  men  who  possessed  supe- 
rior genius  and  learning.  He  flourished 
'before  the  twelfth  century,  and  was  ac- 
cused of  magic.  He  wrote  several  tracts, 
often  quoted. 

Alciat,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who,  after  studying  law  at  Pavia  and  Bo- 
logna, was  advanced  to  the  professor's  chair 
at  Avignon.  Francis  I.  knew  his  merit, 
and  prevailed  upon  him  to  remove  to  Bour- 
ges,  where  his  lectures  on  law  were  fre- 
quented and  admired.  His  abilities  how- 
ever were  too  great  to  be  lost  in  a  distant 
country,  and  therefore  the  duke  of  Milan 
invited  him  back  to  his  native  town,  and 
welcomed  lis  return  by  the  grant  of  a 
large  salary  and  the  dignity  of  senator. 
These  honours  were  not  bestowed  in  vain. 
Alciat  laboured  with  indefatigable  zeal  in 
the  service  of  science,  and  at  Pavia,  at 
Bologna,  and  afterwards  at  Ferrara,  his 
lectures  were  delivered  to  crowded  and  ap- 
plauding auditors.  The  pope,  Paul  III. 
treated  him  with  kindness,  but  he  modestly 
refused  the  preferment  which  he  offered. 
The  emperor  also  raised  him  to  the  rank  of 
count  palatine  and  senator,  and  Philip, 
king  of  Spain,  gave  him  a  gold  chain  as  a 
mark  of  his  favour.  He  died  at  Pavia, 
12th  January,  1550,  in  his  5Sth  year.  It 
was  his  intention,  with  his  immense  wealth, 
to  found  and  endow  a  college  ;  but  the  in- 
solence of  some  students  to  his  person  irri- 
tated him,  and  he  adopted  for  his  heir  his 
distant  relation  Francis  Alciat.  His  pub- 
lications were  chiefly  on  law,  besides 
notes  on  Tacitus,  and  some  emblems  which 
have  been  justly  commended  for  their  ele- 
gance, purity,  and  the  flow  of  genius  which, 
they  display.  He  was  succeeded  in  his 
professional  chair  at  Pavia,  by  his  heir, 
whose  law  lectures  were  equally  learned, 
and  equally  admired.  Francis  was  recom 
mended  to  the  patronage  of  pope  Pius  IV. 
by  his  pupil,  cardinal  Barromeo,  and  he 
was  raised  to  a  bishopric,  the  chancellor- 
ship of  Rome,  and  the  dignity  of  cardinal. 
He  died  at  Rome,  April,  15S0,  in  his  50th 
year. 

Alcibiades,  an  illustrious  Athenian,  dis- 
ciple of  Socrates.  He  for  awhile  enjoyed 
popularity,  and  afterwards  felt  the  oppres- 
sive hatred  of  his  fickle  countrymen,  and 
was  at  last  assassinated  in  Persia,  about 
404  B.  C.  in  his  46th  year. 

Alcidamas,  a  Greek  rhetorician,  about 
420  years  B.  C. 

Alcimcs,  called  also  Jachim,  was  made 
high-priest  of  Judea  by  Antiochus  Eupater. 
He  rendered  himself  unpopular  by  his  op- 
pression and  avarice,  and  died  two  or  three 
years  after  his  elevation,  about  165  B.  C. 
51 


ALC 


AL1) 


Alcimus,  Alethius,  a  historian  and  poet 
of  Agin,  in  the  4th  century,  who  wrote  the 
history  of  Julian,  and  of  Sallust,  prefect  of 
Gaul.  This  work  is  lost,  and  only  an  epi- 
gram on  Homer  and  Virgil  preserve  his 
name  in  Maittaire's  Corpus  Poet.  1714. 

Alcinous,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  in  the 
second  century. 

Alciphron,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Alcm^eon,  a  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  who 
dwelt  at  Crotona. 

Alcman,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  about 
672  B.  C.  There  was  another  of  the  same 
name,  who  wrote  lyrics,  about  612  B.  C. 

Alcock,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Beverly,  and  raised,  in  1471,  to  the  see 
of  Rochester,  and  afterwards  translated  to 
Worcester  and  Ely.  His  great  learning 
recommended  him  to  the  king's  favour,  by 
whom  he  was  appointed  president  of  Wales, 
and  chancellor  of  England.  He  was  the 
founder  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  He 
wrote  several  theological  tracts,  and  died 
1st  Oct.  1500.  He  was  buried  at  Kingston 
upon  Hull,  in  the  chapel,  which,  besides 
the  grammar  school,  he  had  erected  there, 
and  liberally  endowed. 

Alccinus,  or  Albinus,  Flaccus,  a  native 
of  Yorkshire,  educated  by  the  venerable 
Bede  and  Egbert,  archbishop  of  York.  He 
was  made  abbot  of  Canterbury,  and  after- 
wards passed  to  the  continent  on  the  invi- 
tation of  Charlemagne,  whose  favours  he 
experienced,  and  whose  confidence  and 
friendship  he  fully  enjoyed.  He  instructed 
his  royal  patron  in  rhetoric,  logic,  divinity, 
and  mathematics,  and  laboured  to  diffuse 
through  Europe  the  learning  and  the  genius 
which  he  so  eminently  possessed.  With 
difficulty  he  obtained  permission  from  the 
fondness  of  the  emperor  to  retire  from 
court,  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin,  at  Tours, 
where  he  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life  to 
study,  and  the  duties  of  religion.  He  died 
on  Whitsunday,  804,  and  was  buried  at 
Tours,  and  a  Latin  epitaph  of  24  verses  of 
his  own  composition  was  placed  on  his 
grave.  His  writings,  most  of  which  are 
extant,  are  numerous  ;  his  style  is  elegant 
and  sprightly,  and  his  language  sufficiently 
pure  for  the  age  ;  and  he  may  be  consider- 
ed as  one  of  the  learned  few,  whose  genius 
dissipated  the  gloom  of  the  eighth  century. 
Andrew  du  Chesne  published  his  works  in 
one  volume,  folio,  1617. 

Alcyonius,  Peter,  an  Italian,  for  some 
lime  corrector  of  the  press  for  Aldus  Manu- 
tius,  and  author  of  some  learned  publica- 
tions. He  translated  some  of  Aristotle's 
treatises,  and  was  severely  censured  by  Sc- 
pulveda  for  inaccuracy.  In  his  work  on  ba- 
nishment, he  displayed  such  a  mixture  of 
elegant  and  barbarous  words,  ihat  he  was 
inspected  of  largely  borrowing  from  Cice- 


ro's Treatise  de  Gloria  ;  and  it  is  said,  that 
to  avoid  detection  of  this  illiberal  deed,  he 
burnt  the  only  extant  manuscript  of  Cicero, 
which  had  been  given  by  Bernard  to  the 
library  of  a  nunnery,  of  which  Alcyonius 
was  physician.  At  Florence  he  was  pro- 
moted to  a  professor's  chair,  but  the  ambi- 
tion of  rising  to  higher  eminence  drew  him 
to  Rome,  where  he  lost  all  his  property, 
during  the  insurrection  of  the  Columnas. 
When  the  imperial  troops  took  the  city, 
1527,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  pope, 
and  though  wounded,  he  joined  him  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  afterwards  in 
bold  and  elegant  language  he  arraigned,  in 
two  orations,  the  injustice  of  Charles  V. 
and  the  barbarity  of  his  soldiers.  When 
the  siege  was  raised,  he  abandoned  the 
pope,  and  with  a  fickleness  that  deserves 
the  name  of  ingratitude,  he  retired  to  the 
house  of  cardinal  Pompeius  Columna, 
where  he  fell  sick  and  died  a  few  months 
after.  Alcyonius  has  been  in  some  instan- 
ces highly  applauded  for  his  many  accom- 
plishments, though  his  vanity,  self-conceit, 
and  abusive  language,  have  tarnished  his 
private  character. 

Aldana,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor 
of  Lippa,  on  the  confines  of  Turkey, 
which,  in  a  fit  of  panic,  he  set  on  fire,  1552. 
He  was  pardoned  for  his  cowardice  by  the 
interference  of  Mary,  queen  of  Bohemia, 
and  afterwards  behaved  with  great  valour 
at  Tripoli. 

Aldebert,  an  impostor  in  France,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised 
himself  to  a  bishopric.  He  asserted  that 
he  had  a  letter  written  by  our  Saviour, 
which  had  been  brought  to  him  by  St.  Mi- 
chael. His  opinions  were  condemned  by 
two  general  councils,  in  744  and  746,  and 
he  died  in  prison. 

Aldegraff,  Albert,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver, of  Zoust,  in  Westphalia,  born  1502. 
His  nativity  was  highly  admired.  He  made, 
however,  engraving  his  principal  pursuit. 

Alderette,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Je- 
suits of  Malaga,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century,  in  their  features  and  voice 
very  much  alike.  They  were  authors  of 
Antiquities  of  Spain,  1614,  in  4to. — a  book 
on  the  Castilian  language,  4to.  1606. 

Alderoti,  Thaddeus,  a  Florentine, 
known  for  his  great  abilities  as  a  physi- 
cian. He  set  so  high  a  value  upon  his 
skill,  that  only  princes  and  prelates  could 
be  admitted  as  his  patients.  He  died 
1295,  aged  80.  His  life  has  been  written 
by  Villani. 

Aldhelm,  or  Adelm,  Saint,  an  English 
divine  during  the  heptarchy.  He  was  re- 
lated to  the  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  l>\ 
whom  he  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Shireburn,  over  the  counties  of  Devon, 
Cornwall,  Dorset,  and  Wilts.  He  travel- 
led  in  I'rance  and  Italv,  and  is  said  to  h< 


ALD 


AL1> 


the  first  Englishman  who  ever  wrote  in 
Latin,  and  introduced  poetry  into  the 
island.  He  led  a  most  exemplary  life ;  and, 
in  those  times  of  barbarism  and  ignorance, 
he  often  gained  auditors  by  stopping  on  the 
bridges  and  in  the  highways,  and  command- 
ing their  attention  to  his  religious  discour- 
ses, by  mixing  ballads  and  songs  to  grave 
and  serious  exhortations.  He  died,  May 
25th,  709. 

Aldhun,  a  bishop  of  Holy  Island,  who 
left  his  habitation,  because  infested  by  the 
Danes,  and  retired  with  the  body  of  St. 
Cuthbert  to  Durham,  where  he  became  the 
first  bishop  of  that  see.  He  built  the  ca- 
thedral, and  died,  1018. 

Aldini,  Tobias,  a  physician  of  Cesena, 
author  of  a  botanical  work,  printed  at 
Rome,  1525,  in  folio. 

Aldobrandin,  Sylvester,  a  native  of 
Florence,  professor  of  law  at  Pisa.  He 
was  banished  for  his  opposition  to  the 
Medicis,  and  he  died  at  Rome,  1558,  aged 
58.  His  son,  Hippolytus,  became  pope. — 
Another  son,  John,  was  made  cardinal, 
1570,  and  died  at  Rome  three  years  after. 

Aldred,  abbot  of  Tavistock,  and  after- 
wards bishop  of  Worcester,  1046.  He  was 
a  great  favourite  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
and  his  influence  produced  a  reconciliation 
between  that  monarch  and  Griffith,  king  of 
Wales,  and  also  with  Swaine,  son  of  God- 
win, who  had  invaded  the  kingdom.  He 
was  the  first  English  bishop  who  visited 
Jerusalem,  and  after  his  return  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  York  ;  an  elevation, 
which,  when  he  appeared  at  Rome,  the 
pope  refused  to  ratify,  on  account  of  his 
ignorance,  and  simony.  Aldred's  solicita- 
tions, however,  prevailed,  and  he  received 
the  pallium  from  the  pontiff.  On  the  death 
of  Edward  he  crowned  Harold,  and  after- 
wards the  Conqueror,  whose  esteem  he  en- 
joyed,andwhose  power  he  made  subservient 
to  the  views  of  the  church.  When  he  had 
received  some  indignities  from  a  governor 
of  York,  he  flew  to  London,  and  with  all 
the  indignation  and  haughtiness  of  an  of- 
fended prelate,  demanded  vengeance,  and 
pronounced  a  curse  on  the  head  of  William. 
His  wrath  was  with  difficulty  pacified  by 
the  entreaties  of  the  sovereign  and  his 
nobles,  and  the  curse  was  recalled  and  chan- 
ged into  a  blessing.  It  is  said  that  he  died 
with  grief  in  seeing  the  north  of  England 
desolated  by  the  ravages  of  Harold  and  Ca- 
nute, sons  of  Swaine,  11th  Sept.  1068. 

Aldric,  Saint,  bishop  of  Mans,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  learning,  and  col- 
lected the  decrees  of  the  popes,  &c.  He 
died,  856,  after  enjoying  the  favours,  and 
feeling  the  persecutions  of  the  nobles,  in 
the  courts  of  Charlemagne,  Louis,  Clo- 
thaire,  and  Charles  II. 

Aldrich,  Robert,  a  native  of  Burnham, 
in  Buckinghamshire,  educated  at  Eton,  and 


King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  elect- 
ed master  of  Eton,  and  provost,  and  after- 
wards, in  1537,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Carlisle.  Leland,  who  enjoyed  his  friend- 
ship, has  commended  his  learning  and 
piety.  He  wrote  epigrams,  &c.  and  died, 
March  25",  1555,  at  Horncastle  in  Lincoln- 
shire. 

Aldrich,  Henry,  a  native  of  Westmin- 
ster, educated  under  Busby,  and  admit- 
ted at  Christ  Church,  where  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  a  tutor.  He  was  made  canon 
in  1681,  and  at  the  revolution  he  replaced 
Massey,  the  popish  dean  of  Christ  Church. 
In  this  dignified  situation  he  supported  dis- 
cipline, promoted  religion,  and  encouraged 
learning.  He  published,  with  Dr.  Sprat, 
Clarendon's  history,  not,  however,  without 
being  charged  by  Oldmixon  with  improper 
interpolations  ;  an  accusation  which  At- 
terbury  proved  to  be  false  and  invidious. 
He  was  fond  of  music,  and  collected  mate- 
rials for  the  history  of  it,  which  are  still 
preserved ;  but  as  an  architect  he  gained 
deserved  praise,  and  to  his  liberality  as  well 
as  to  his  taste,  Christ  Church  is  indebted  for 
the  erection  of  three  sides  of  Peckwater 
quadrangle,  Trinity  College  for  its  elegant 
chapel,  and  the  parish  of  All  Saints  for  its 
beautiful  church  Dr.  Aldrich  was  author 
of  a  compendium  of  logic,  and  several 
other  useful  publications  ;  but  he  particu- 
larly distinguished  himself  by  editing  seve- 
ral of  the  Greek  classics,  which  generally 
appeared  annually  for  the  benefit  of  the 
students  of  his  society.  He  also  passes  as 
the  composer  of  those  popular  catches, 
"  Hark  the  bonny  Christ  Church  bells," 
and  a  smoking  catch.  He  was  rector  of 
Wem  in  Shropshire,  and  died  at  Christ 
Church,  Dec.  14th,  1710. 

Aldringer,  a  native  of  Luxembourg, 
who,  from  a  common  soldier,  was  raised  by 
merit  to  be  a  general  of  Ferdinand  II.  His 
abilities  were  exerted  in  raising  the  siege 
of  Constance,  but  avarice  and  cruelty  tar- 
nished a  great  and  illustrious  military  cha- 
racter. He  fell  at  Landshut  in  Bavaria, 
1634,  and  it  has  been  doubted  whether  he 
died  by  the  hands  of  his  own  soldiers  or  ol 
the  Swedes. 

Aldrovandits,  Ulysses,  a  native  of  Bo- 
logna, professor  of  physic  and  philosophy. 
His  inquiries  into  the  history  of  nature 
were  so  ardent,  that  he  visited  the  most  dis- 
tant countries  in  search  of  minerals,  plants, 
metals,  animals,  and  birds,  and  he  spared 
no  expense  that  he  might  procure  exact 
figures  taken  from  the  life.  It  is  to  be  la- 
mented that  so  noble  a  spirit  of  liberality 
should  have  been  checked  ;  but  the  resour- 
ces of  Aldrovandus  failed,  and  he  ended  his 
days  in  an  hospital  at  Bologna,  at  the  great 
age  of  80,  and  after  surviving  the  loss  of 
his  sight,  1605.  About  six  large  volumes 
folio,  containing  Ihe  history  of  birds  am! 


ALE 


ALE 


insects,  were  published  during  his  life,  and 
the  work  was  continued  on  the  same  scale 
after  his  death,  and  under  his  name,  as  it 
certainly  derived  a  high  recommendation 
for  the  illustrious  undertaker  of  the  plan. 

Aldrude,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  is  cele- 
brated in  Italy  for  her  courage  and  her 
eloquence.  When  Ancona  was  besieged  by 
the  arms  of  the  Venetians,  and  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  I.  in  1172,  she  pitied  the 
situation  of  the  distressed  inhabitants,  and 
with  heroic  intrepidity  flew  to  their  relief, 
at  the  head  of  her  dependants  and  friends, 
and  supported  by  William  Degli  Adelardi, 
of  Ferrara.  Her  troops  were  animated  by 
her  eloquence  and  her  example,  and  the 
enemy  fled  at  her  approach,  and  though  on 
her  return  home  she  was  attacked  by  some 
parties  of  the  enraged  besiegers,  she  routed 
them  in  every  encounter,  and  added  fresh 
laurels  to  her  fame.  The  history  of  that 
memorable  siege  has  been  published  by 
Buon-Campagnono  of  Florence. 

Aldus,  Manutius,  a  native  of  Bassano, 
illustrious  as  a  correct  printer,  and  as  the 
restorer  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages 
to  Europe.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the 
Italic  letter,  and  was  alone  permitted  by 
the  pope  the  use  of  it.  He  wrote  a  Greek 
grammar,  and  published  learned  notes  on 
Horace,  Homer,  &c. ;  and  his  editions  of 
the  classics  are  admired  for  neatness  and 
elegance.  He  died  at  Venice,  1516,  in  a 
good  old  age.  For  his  son,  &c.  vid.  Ma- 
nutius. 

Aleander,  Jerome,  was  born  in  a  small 
village  of  Istria,  and  recommended  him- 
self by  his  great  abilities  and  his  learning 
to  pope  Alexander  VI.  and  Lewis  XII.  un- 
der whose  patronage  he  taught  belles 
lettres,  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards  in  the 
service  of  Leo  X.  at  Rome,  and  as  nuncio 
of  the  holy  see  he  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion by  the  eloquent  harangue  which  he 
delivered  in  the  diet  of  Worms,  against  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  the  burning  of  whose 
books  he  procured,  though  he  could  not 
silence  his  preaching.  On  his  return  to 
Rome  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Brindisi 
by  Clement  VIII.  and  his  services  were 
again  employed  in  Germany  against  the 
protestants,  whose  opinions  he  attacked 
with  virulence,  not,  however,  without  being 
loaded  in  his  turn  with  sarcastic  reflections 
and  invectives,  but  all  his  intrigues  were 
Tillable  to  prevent  the  truce  which  Charles 
V.  at  last  made  with  these  persecuted  men. 
Aleander  was  made  a  cardinal  by  Paul  III. 
and  died  1st  February,  1542,  by  a  mistake, 
as  some  say,  of  his  physician. 

Aleander,  Jerome,  great  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Friuli.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  antiquarian,  a  poet, 
;ind  a  lawyer,  and  died  at  Rome,  1631,  in 
consequence  of  an  excess  of  eating,  at  the 
-*blc  of  one  of  hi?  friend?-  He  was  one 
54 


of  the  original  members  of  the  Academy  of 
Humorists,  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of 
pope  Urban  VII.  by  whose  means  he  passed 
from  the  family  of  the  Bandini  into  that  of 
the  Barberini,  who  honoured  his  remains 
with  a  most  magnificent  funeral. 

Alegambe,  Philip,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
who  attended  the  duke  of  Ossuna,  when 
Spanish  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  entered  into 
the  society  of  the  Jesuits  at  Palermo.  Af- 
ter studying  divinity  at  Rome,  he  retired  to 
Gratz,  where  his  good  conduct,  and  his 
abilities  raised  him  to  the  professorial 
chair.  He  afterwards,  as  tutor  to  the 
prince  of  Eggemberg's  son,  travelled  for 
five  years,  through  Germany,  France, 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  and  obtained 
offices  of  trust  and  respectability  near  his 
patron,  and  in  the  college  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  died  at  Rome  of  a  dropsy,  6th  Sept. 
1652.  The  few  books  which  he  wrote 
were  in  high  estimation. 

Alegre,  Yves  d',  an  officer  of  an  ancient 
family  in  the  service  of  the  kings  of 
France.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Ravenna,  1512. — another  of  the  same  fa- 
mily died  mareschal  of  France,  1733, 
aged  80. 

Alegrinus,  John,  a  native  of  Abbeville, 
made  a  cardinal  and  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  employed  as  legate  in  Spain 
and  Portugal.  His  worEs  were  once  in  pub- 
lic esteem.     He  died  1240. 

Aleman,  Lewis  Augustine,  a  lawyer  of 
Grenoble,  born  1653,  author  of  two  vo- 
lumes of  a  Historical  Journal  of  Europe, 
and  other  works. 

Aleman,  Lewis,  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  a  cardinal,  was  born  at  the  castle  of 
Arbent,  1390.  His  abilities  were  employed 
as  legate  to  Sienna,  to  procure  the  removal 
of  the  council  of  Pavia  to  Sienna  ;  but  at 
the  council  of  Basil,  where  he  presided, 
his  opposition  to  Eugenius  IV.  was  followed 
by  his  degradation  from  the  purple,  and  his 
excommunication.  He  was  restored  to  his 
honours  by  Nicholas  V.  and  sent  as  legate 
into  Germany.  He  died  1450,  and  was 
canonized. 

Aleman,  Maeto,  a  Spaniard,  born  near 
Seville.  He  was  nearly  twenty  years  in 
the  service  of  the  court  of  Philip  II.  and 
then  retired  to  privacy,  and  employed  him- 
self in  writing  the  history  of  Guzman  d'Al- 
farache,  a  romance,  which  has  been  through 
more  than  30  editions  in  Spain,  and  has 
been  translated  into  most  of  the  languages 
of  Europe. 

Alembert,  John  le  Rond  d',  an  illustri- 
ous philosopher,  born  at  Paris,  16th  Nov. 
1717.  He  was  exposed  as  a  foundling, 
and  from  the  church,  near  which  he  al- 
most perished,  he  received  the  name  of 
le  Rond.  His  father,  however,  listened 
to  the  cries  of  nature  and  humanity,  and 
to  reward  the  necessary  comfort  which 


ABE 


ALE 


he  provided  for  his  son,  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion soon  to  learn  that  his  abilities  were 
brilliant,  and  his  improvement  unusually 
rapid.  As  the  flashes  of  his  genius  were 
early  displayed,  he  was  encouraged  by  his 
friends  to  seek  reputation  and  opulence  in 
studying  the  law;  but  that  pursuit  as  well  as 
the  study  of  medicine  was  quickly  abandon- 
ed, and  retirement  and  geometry  seemed 
the  only  ambition  of  the  young  philosopher. 
In  the  house  of  his  nurse,  whose  ignorance 
and  poverty  did  not  diminish  the  flow  of 
his  affections,  he  passed  40  years,  and  re- 
fused to  quit  this  humble  and  peaceful 
dwelling  for  the  splendour  of  a  palace. 
Frederic  of  Prussia,  whose  friendship  he 
enjoyed  through  life,  wished  to  invite  him 
to  Berlin,  with  the  most  liberal  offers  of 
patronage  and  literary  ease,  but  he  refused  ; 
and  when  the  empress  Catharine  solicited 
him  to  take  the  care  of  the  education  of 
her  son,  with  the  promise  of  a  pension  of 
ci  hundred  thousand  livres  besides  the  most 
distinguished  honours,  he  declined  the 
princely  offer  in  firm  but  respectful  terms, 
and  devoted  the  strong  powers  of  his  mind 
to  the  service  of  the  country  which  gave 
him  birth.  His  labours  were  usefully  ex- 
erted on  philosophical  subjects.  He  ex- 
amined the  power  of  fluids  on  the  motion 
of  bodies ;  he  wrote  a  discourse  on  the 
general  theory  of  the  winds,  which  obtain- 
ed the  prize  medal  at  Berlin  in  1746 ;  he 
solved  the  problem  of  the  procession  of  the 
equinoxes,  and  explained  the  rotation  of 
the  terrestrial  axis  ;  and  in  these  and  other 
numerous  philosophical  works,  he  enriched 
science  with  new  facts,  produced  original 
ideas,  and  explained  the  various  phenome- 
na of  nature  in  the  most  interesting  and 
satisfactory  point  of  view.  Few  but  select 
were  the  friends  to  whom  this  great  man 
was  known  ;  and  it  must  be  considered  as 
not  the  least  striking  part  of  his  character, 
that  he  who  was  flattered  by  the  learned, 
courted  by  the  great,  and  admired  by  prin- 
ces, did  not  pay  his  adoration  to  power  ; 
but  with  a  gratitude  which  deserves  the 
highest  encomiums,  he  dedicated  his  work 
to  the  count  d'Argenson  and  his  brother, 
two  men  who  had  been  banished  from  the 
court,  but  who  in  their  prosperity  had  seen 
and  respected  the  philosopher,  and  reward- 
ed his  genius  by  the  grant  of  a  small  pen- 
sion. D'Alembert  is  to  be  considered  also 
in  a  different  light  from  that  of  a  mathe- 
matician. Besides  geometrical  calcula- 
tions, his  mind  was  stored  with  all  the 
powers  of  literature,  and  of  a  refined  taste, 
and  it  has  been  said,  with  exactness  and 
truth,  that  what  he  expressed  on  every  sub- 
ject, could  by  no  other  man  have  been  ex- 
pressed with  greater  elegance,  more  preci- 
sion, or  stricter  propriety.  To  his  gigantic 
powers,  and  those  of  Diderot  and  others, 
we  are  to  ascribe  the  plan  of  the  Encyclo- 


pedic ;  and  he  adorned  this  stupendous 
work,  by  writing  the  preliminary  discourse 
prefixed  to  it,  so  deservedly  admired  for 
the  masterly  record  which  it  unfolds,  con- 
cerning the  rise,  progress,  connexions,  and 
affinities  of  all  the  branches  of  human 
knowledge,  and  the  gradual  improvement, 
of  the  arts  and  sciences.  Every  thing 
which  tends  to  meliorate  the  condition  of 
man,  is  entitled  to  the  blessings  of  prospe- 
rity ;  but  the  best  friends  of  d'Alembert 
could  not  perceive  in  the  philosopher,  and 
in  his  coadjutors  in  the  Encyclopedic,  the 
supporters  of  virtue  and  morality ;  and 
latter  times  have  too  fatally,  too  bitterly 
proved  that  a  work  which,  in  explaining 
the  mysteries  of  philosophy,  disarms  Pro- 
vidence of  her  powers  of  benevolence  and 
government,  and  obscures  the  views  of  sal- 
vation, which  religion  holds  forth  to  her 
votaries,  but  ill  deserves  the  applauses 
of  mankind.  Besides  his  contributions  to 
the  Encyclopedie,  which  were  very  large 
and  numerous,  d'Alembert  published  a  dis- 
sertation on  the  fall  of  the  Jesuits,  which 
in  adding  to  his  fame,  increased  the  number 
of  adversaries  which  ever  depreciate  the 
merits  of  literary  labours.  His  Opuscules 
or  Memoirs,  in  9  volumes,  contained  among 
other  things  the  solution  of  problems  in 
astronomy,  mathematics,  and  natural  phi- 
losophy. After  enjoying  the  highest  ho- 
nours in  the  French  academy,  and  the 
friendship  of  the  literati  of  the  age,  and 
the  veneration  of  Europe,  this  great  man 
died,  29th  Oct.  1773,  still  in  the  full  pos- 
session of  all  his  faculties,  leaving  behind 
him  a  high  character  for  learning  and  dis- 
interestedness, in  which  however  it  must 
be  confessed  were  united  profound  dissi- 
mulation, affected  candour,  and  imposing 
moderation.  His  eidogium  as  an  acade- 
mician, and  after  the  manner  that  he  had 
honoured  seventy  of  his  predecessors,  has 
been  drawn  up  by  Condorcet,  Hist,  de 
l'Academie  Roy.  des  Sciences,  1783. 

Alen,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  in  representing  birds, 
landscapes,  and  still  life.  He  died  169S, 
aged  47. 

Alenio,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia,  who 
went  as  a  missionary  to  China,  where,  for 
36  years,  he  preached  the  Christian  reli- 
gion and  built  several  churches.  He  died 
August,  1649.  He  left  several  works  in 
the  Chinese  language  on  theological  sub- 
jects. 

Aleotti,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  who, 
from  the  mean  occupation  of  carrying- 
bricks  and  mortar  to  workmen,  rose  to  emi- 
nence as  an  astrologer  and  geometrician, 
by  the  strength  of  his  genius,  and  even 
wrote  books  on  the  subject.  He  was  con- 
cerned in  the  hydrostatic  controversies 
about  the  inundations  so  frequent  at  Bo- 
55 


all 


\LL 


logna,  Ferrara,  and  Romagna.  He  died 
1630. 

Ales  or  Hales,  Alexander  d',  a  native 
of  England,  who  taught  philosophy  and  di- 
vinity at  Paris,  where  he  was  much  admi- 
red, and  called  the  irrefragable  doctor. 
His  voluminous  works,  however,  are  now 
little  known.     He  died  1245. 

Ales,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
who  warmly  opposed  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
which  he  afterwards  as  eagerly  embraced, 
when  he  had  suffered  persecution  for  his 
religion,  and  seen  the  firmness  with  which 
his  countryman,  Patrick  Hamilton,  was 
burnt  to  death  by  Beatoun,  archbishop  of 
Saint  Andrews,  for  protestantism.  He 
came  back  to  London  from  Germany,  when 
Henry  VIII.  abolished  the  papal  power  in 
England,  and  he  there  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  Cranmer,  Cromwell,  and  Latimer. 
He  afterwards  retired  to  Germany,  and 
was  appointed  to  a  professorial  chair  at 
Frankfort  upon  Oder,  and  afterwards, 
when  persecuted  by  the  court  of  Braden- 
burg,  at  Leipsic,  where  he  died,  March 
17th,  1565,  in  his  65th  year.  His  works 
were  on  controversial  subjects. 

Alesio,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  native  of 
Rome,  skilful  in  the  exercise  of  the  pencil 
as  well  as  of  the  graver.  His  most  curi- 
ous piece  is  the  colossal  Saint  Christopher  in 
fresco,  in  the  great  church  of  Seville,  the 
calf  of  whose  leg  is  an  ell  in  thickness. 
He  died  1600. 

Alessi,  Galeas,  an  architect  of  Perusia, 
whose  plans  were  the  result  of  great  abili- 
ties, and  a  fertile  genius.  He  decorated 
many  of  the  towns  of  Spain,  France,  and 
Germany,  with  palaces,  churches,  and  ex- 
tensive baths  ;  but  the  noblest  monuments 
of  his  taste  and  judgment  are  the  public 
edifices  of  Genoa,  and  the  monastery  of  the 
Escurial.  He  died  1572,  in  his  72d 
year. 

Aletino,  Benedetto,  a  professor  in  the 
Jesuit's  College  at  Naples,  who,  in  1688,  in 
elegant  language,  refuted  the  Cartesian 
system,  and  undertook  to  re-establish  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  as  more  congenial 
to  the  Catholic  faith,  but  not  with  the  suc- 
cess he  expected.     He  died  1719. 

Alexander,  the  Great,  son  of  Philip  of 
Macedonia,  was  born  at  Pella,  355  years 
B.  C.  After  extending  his  power  with  un- 
usual rapidity  over  Greece,  and  destroying 
Thebes,  he  invaded  Asia.  The  defeat  of 
the  Persian  forces  at  the  three  celebrated 
battles  of  the  Granicus,  of  Isus,  and  of 
Arbela,  rendered  him  master  of  the  coun- 
try ;  and  after  he  had  laid  the  foundation 
of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  as  the  future  ca- 
pital of  his  extensive  dominions,  and  after 
lie  had  wandered  over  Asia  in  quest  of 
more  enemies,  he  returned  to  Babylon, 
where  he  died  of  intemperance,  B.  C.  323, 
hi  his  33d  year.  His  vast  empire,  whirh 
56 


his  wisdom  and  the  great  energies  of  his 
mind,  if  not  corrupted  by  flattery  and  suc- 
cess, might  have  consolidated,  was  divided 
at  his  death  among  his  generals. 

Alexander,  Balas,  an  impostor,  who 
pretended  to  be  the  son  of  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes.  He  was  slain  146  B.C.  by  Deme- 
trius Soter. 

Alexander,  Severus,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, by  birth  a  Phenician.  He  was  distin- 
guished by  great  virtues  in  public  and  pri- 
vate life.  He  was  cruelly  murdered 
by  his  mutinous  soldiers,  A.  D.  235,  after 
a  glorious  reign  of  13  years. 

Alexander,  Jannxus,  a  king  of  the 
Jews,  warlike  but  cruel  and  oppressive.  He 
died  of  intemperance,  B.  C.  79. 

Alexander  II.  son  of  Aristobulus,  was 
carried  to  Rome  prisoner  by  Pompcy. 
When  afterwards  restored  to  liberty  and 
made  king  of  Judaea,  he  proved  ungrateful 
to  the  Romans,  and  was  put  to  death  B.  C. 
49. 

Alexander,  bishop  of  Hierapolis,  in  the 
fifth  century,  maintained  after  Nestorius 
that  there  were  two  natures  in  Christ.  He 
was  banished,  and  died  an  exile. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
who  opposed  the  tenets  of  Arius,  and  dis- 
played in  his  office  the  most  exemplary 
piety  with  every  Christian  virtue.  He  died 
about  325. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Jerusalem, 
known  for  his  virtues  and  his  sufferings. 
He  was  exposed  to  the  persecutions  of  Se- 
verus and  also  of  Decius,  and  died  in  pri- 
son, in  consequence  of  ill  treatment,  about 
251.  He  wrote  some  letters,  now  lost, 
and  founded  a  library  at  Jerusalem. 

Alexander,  of  Lycopolis,  strongly  op- 
posed the  Manichaean  system  in  a  work- 
edited  at  Paris,  1672,  in  folio.  Some  call 
him  a  Pagan,  and  others  a  Christian. 

Alexander,  Trallianus,  a  philosopher 
and  physician  in  the  sixth  century,  whose 
works  were  edited  at  Paris,  1543,  and  at 
Lausanne,  1772,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Alexander,  Polyhistor,  a  Latin  his- 
torian about  80  B.  C.  His  works  are  all 
now  lost.  He  was  burnt  to  death  at  Lau- 
rentum. 

Alexander,  Aphrodisceus,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher,  called  also  the  commentator, 
in  the  second  century.  His  work  "  Do 
Fato"  appeared  at  London  1688,  and  his 
commentaries  on  Aristotle  were  edited  at 
Venice,  by  Aldus. 

Alexander,  of  iEgea,  a  philosopher, 
preceptor  to  Nero.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary, on  Aristotle's  meteorology. 

Alexander,  the  Paphlagonian,  an  im- 
postor, who  gained  the  respect  of  his  credu- 
lous and  ignorant  countrymen,  and  thus 
acquired  such  celebrity  that  Marcus  Aure- 
Hus  himself,    deceived  l>v  his  artifice,  ho- 


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ILL 


nourably  invited  him  to  Rome,  A.  D.  174. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  70. 

Alexander,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in 
the  12th  century,  author  of  a  history  of 
Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  edited  1578,  at 
Saragossa. 

Alexander,  an  English  abbot,  who 
boldly  supported  the  rights  and  honours  of 
his  master  Henry  II.  at  the  court  of  Rome, 
for  which  he  was  tyrannically  excommuni- 
cated by  Pandulph,  the  papal  legate,  1217. 
He  wrote  Victoria  a  Proteo — De  Ecclesiae 
Potestate— De  Cessatione  Papali — De  Po- 
testate  Vicaria,  &c. 

Alexander  succeeded  his  brother, 
John  Albert,  as  king  of  Poland,  1501.  He 
died  five  years'  after,  aged  45,  and  left 
behind  him  the  respectable  character  of 
a  man  of  courage,  virtue,  piety,  and  bene- 
volence. 

Alexander  I.  king  of  Scotland,  as- 
cended the  throne  1107,  after  his  brother 
Edgar,  and  merited  by  his  severity  the 
appellation  of  "  The  Fierce,"  though  in  pri- 
vate life  he  had  been  distinguished  for 
meekness,  benevolence,  and  moderation. 
He  had  the  good  fortune  to  suppress  all  the 
insurrections  raised  against  his  tyranny, 
and  died  1124. 

Alexander  II.  king  of  Scotland,  1214, 
after  his  father  William  the  Lion,  was  en- 
gaged in  war  with  John  of  England, 
whose  dominions  he  boldly  invaded.  Peace 
was  restored  to  the  two  kingdoms  in  1221, 
by  the  marriage  of  Alexander  with  the  sis- 
ter of  Henry  HI.     He  died  1249,  aged  51. 

Alexander  III.  king  of  Scotland,  son 
of  the  preceding  by  a  second  wife,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  1249,  when  eight  years 
old.  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  III.  He  was  successful  in  his  de- 
feat of  the  Norwegians  who  had  invaded 
his  kingdom,  and  he  assisted  his  father- 
in-law  against  his  rebellious  barons.  He 
was  killed  in  hunting,  12S5,  and  left  behind 
him  a  high  character  for  courage,  for  be- 
nevolence, and  magnanimity.    . 

Alexander  I.  bishop  of  Rome,  109, 
after  Saint  Evaristus,  died  3d  May,  119. 
He  is  mentioned  as  a  saint  and  a  martyr  in 
the  catholic  calendar,  and  according  to  Pla- 
tina,  he  first  introduced  the  use  of  holy 
water  in  the  Roman  church.  The  epistles 
attributed  to  him  are  spurious. 

Alexander  II.  Pope,  succeeded,  1061. 
His  elevation  was  opposed  by  the  imperial 
court,  and  Cadalous,  bishop  of  Parma,  was 
appointed,  under  the  title  of  Honorius  II. 
Alexander,  however,  though  of  dissolute 
manners,  prevailed,  and  banished  his  rival 
from  Rome,  and  then  employed  himself  in 
securing  his  power,and  in  extending  the  pa- 
pal authority  over  the  neighbouring  princes. 
His  humanity  towards  the  Jews,  whom  he 
protected    against  their  persecutors    and 

Vol.  T.  a 


murderers,  is  deservedly  commended.     He 
died  21st  April,  1073. 

Alexander  HI.  Pope,  was  a  native  of 
Sienna,  and  was  raised  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Adrian  IV.  1159.  His  election,  though 
acknowledged  by  England  and  France,  was 
disputed  by  the  emperor  Frederic,  who 
caused  Victor  to  be  nominated  in  his  room 
at  Pavia.  Alexander  for  a  while  yielded 
to  the  storm  ;  but  after  the  death  of  Vic- 
tor, his  imperial  persecutor  elected  another 
successor,  cardinal  Guy,  under  the  name 
of  Paschal  III.  Alexander,  who  had  fled 
into  France,  and  who  had  hurled  the  thun- 
ders of  excommunication  against  Frederic, 
and  even  absolved  his  subjects  from 
their  oaths  of  allegiance,  now  determined 
to  maintain  his  cause  by  force,  and  to  arm 
the  Venetians  in  his  favour.  These  bold 
measures  might  have  succeeded,  but  Fre- 
derick, either  tired  of  the  contest,  or  ter- 
rified by  the  preparations,  acknowledged 
Alexander  as  the  lawful  pontiff,  and  was 
reconciled  to  him  at  an  interview  at  Venice. 
Alexander  died  at  Rome  30th  Aug.  1181, 
beloved  by  his  subjects,  and  respected  by 
the  world. 

Alexander  IV.  bishop  of  Ostia,  was 
raised  to  the  papal  chair  at  the  death  of  In- 
nocent IV.  1254.  He  opposed  the  settle- 
ment of  the  emperor's  natural  son  as  king 
of  Sicily,  and  bestowed  the  crown  on  Ed- 
mund, son  of  the  king  of  England.  He 
wished  to  reunite  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches,  but  did  not  seriously  attempt  it. 
He  died  at  Viterbo,  25th  May,  1261. 

Alexander  V.  Pope,  was  born  of  mean 
parents  at  Candia,  near  Milan.  While 
begging  his  bread  from  door  to  door,  an 
Italian  monk  noticed  his  engaging  man- 
ners, and  procured  his  admission  into  his 
order.  Thus  enabled  to  cultivate  his  mind, 
he  devoted  himself  laboriously  to  study, 
and  after  distinguishing  himself  at  Oxford 
and  Paris,  he  obtained  preferment  by  the 
patronage  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  was  made 
bishop  of  Vicenza,  and  then  archbishop  of 
the  Milanese,  and  raised  by  Innocent  VII. 
to  the  purple,  and  named  legate  in  Lom- 
bardy.  He  was  elected  Pope  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Pisa,  1409,  but  he  died  the  next  year, 
3d  May,  not  without  suspicions  of  poison 
administered  by  his  favourite,  cardinal 
Cossa.  He  was  a  man  of  great  firmness, 
and  in  his  character  liberal  and  munificent. 
Alexander  VI.  Pope,  a  native  of  Valen- 
cia, in  Spain,  originally  called  Roderic 
Borgia.  The  elevation  of  his  uncle  Callix- 
tus  III.  to  the  pontificate  paved  the  way  to 
his  greatness  ;  he  was  made  cardinal,  and 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Valencia.  On 
the  death  of  Innocent  VIII.  his  intrigues 
ensured  him  the  papal  chair,  though  he 
was  then  infamous  for  his  debaucheries, 
and  offensive  to  the  purity  of  the  holy  con- 
clave, as  the  adulterous  father  of  four  sons 
57 


ALE 


ALE 


and  one  daughter,  by  a  Roman  lady  of  the 
name  of  Vanozia.  These  children  follow- 
ed the  example  of  their  dissolute  father, 
and  became  monsters  of  profligacy.  The 
fwo  eldest,  the  duke  of  Candia  and  Caesar, 
disputed  about  the  incestuous  favours  of 
their  sister  Lucretia,  and  the  hoary  father 
himself  is  said  to  have  increased  the  abo- 
mination by  a  horrid  commerce  with  his 
own  daughter.  Though  thus  devoted  to 
the  grossest  licentiousness,  Alexander 
found  the  time  and  the  means  to  raise  ca- 
bals, and  to  create  intrigues  in  the  courts 
of  Europe,  and  to  convert  their  dissensions 
to  the  advantage  of  the  holy  see,  and  the 
enriching  of  his  favourite  Caesar.  His 
death,  which  happened  Aug.  8,  1503,  was 
such  as  might  be  expected  to  conclude  an 
infamous  life.  The  great  opulence  of  car- 
dinal Corneto  and  others,  were  strong 
temptations  to  the  avaricious  Pope  and  his 
profligate  son  Caesar.  These  innocent 
victims  were  invited  to  a  banquet,  but  by 
some  mistake  the  poison  intended  for  them 
was  taken  by  the  guilty  pontiff  and  his  son. 
The  Pope  immediately  expired,  but  Caesar 
survived  the  accident  some  years  to  pe- 
rish by  the  hands  of  an  assassin.  This  ac- 
count of  the  manner  of  his  death  is 
doubted  by  some.  His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten in  English  by  Alexander  Gordon,  1729, 
folio,  and  by  Burchard  in  Latin. 

Alexander  VII.  Pope,  a  native  of 
Sienna,  whose  name  was  Fabio  Chigi. 
He  gradually  rose  through  the  offices  of 
inquisitor,  legate,  bishop,  and  cardinal,  to 
the  papal  chair,  1655,  on  the  death  of  In- 
nocent X.  Thus  elevated  by  dissembled 
humility  to  the  head  of  the  church,  he  con- 
firmed by  a  bull  his  predecessor's  measures 
against  the  Jansenists,  1656.  But  while 
much  was  expected  from  him,  he  showed 
himself,  as  has  been  observed  by  a  biogra- 
pher, little  in  great  things,  and  great  in  lit- 
tle ones.  In  his  conduct  towards  men  of 
letters,  he  was  liberal  and  munificent,  and 
he  embellished  Rome  with  some  splendid 
buildings.  He  died  22d  May,  1667,  aged 
68. 

Alexander  VIII.  Pope,  Mark  Ottoboni, 
was  a  native  of  Venice,  and  became  bi- 
shop of  Brescia  and  Frescati,  and  cardinal, 
and  in  1689  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair, 
on  the  death  of  Innocent  XI.  He  died 
two  years  after,  1st  Feb.  1691,  aged  82. 

Alexander,  ab  Alexandro,  a  native  of 
Naples,  who  applied  himself  to  the  law, 
but  afterwards  left  it  that  he  might  more 
ycriously  devote  his  time  to  polite  litera- 
ture. He  possessed  genius  and  abilities, 
and  his  remarks  on  mankind  are  judicious 
and  interesting.  The  particulars  of  his 
life  are  related  in  his  Genialium  Dierum,  a 
work  in  the  manner  of  Gellius'  Attic 
Nights,  which  was  published  with  a  learned 
commentiiry  by  Tiraqueau,  1587.  Alex- 
58 


ander  died  in  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century,  and  was  buried  in  the  monastery 
of  the  Olivets. 

Alexander,  Neckam,  a  native  of  St. 
Albans,  who,  aft^r  studying  in  England, 
France,  and  Italy,  gave  public  lectures  at 
Paris,  which  at  that  time  was  the  most  ce- 
lebrated university  in  Europe.  He  re- 
turned to  England,  where  his  genius  and 
learning  recommended  him  to  preferment. 
He  died  1227,  abbot  of  Exeter.  His 
works,  which  were  written  in  elegant  lan- 
guage for  the  time,  have  never  been  pub- 
lished, but  remain  in  manuscript  in  public 
libraries. 

Alexander,  Noel  or  Natalis,  an  emi- 
nent writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy. 
For  12  years  he  taught  philosophy  at  the 
great  convent  at  Paris,  and  as  a  Dominican 
friar,  propagated  the  doctrines  of  his  or- 
der from  the  pulpit,  but  as  he  did  not  pos- 
sess in  a  high  degree  the  fluency  and  elo- 
quence required  in  a  popular  preacher,  he 
afterwards  devoted  himself  to  ecclesiasti- 
cal history,  and  was  created  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne  in  1675.  Colbert  saw  his 
abilities,  and  patronized  them,  by  intrust- 
ing him  with  part  of  the  education  of  his 
son.  The  life  of  Alexander  spent  in  seclu- 
sion contains  no  particular  events  ;  his  stu- 
dies were  laborious,  and  his  works  many. 
His  Ecclesiastical  History  is  chiefly  admi- 
red for  its  accuracy,  moderation,  and 
fidelity  It  was  published  in  24  vols.  8vo. 
or  8  vols.  fol.  Though  for  a  little  while 
persecuted  by  the  Pope  for  some  of  his 
opinions,  yet  he  was  beloved  and  respected. 
He  bore  with  infinite  resignation  the  loss 
of  his  sight  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life, 
and  died  of  a  decay  of  nature  in  his  86th 
year,  1724.  A  catalogue  of  his  works 
was  printed  at  Paris,  1716. 

Alexander,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  after  his  return  from  the  conti- 
nent, where  he  had  attended  the  duke  of 
Argyle,  as  tutor,  celebrated,  in  a  poem 
called  the  Aurora,  the  charms  of  a  lady  to 
whom  he  had  unsuccessfully  paid  his  ad- 
dresses. When  this  unkind  mistress  was 
married,  he  extinguished  his  former  flame 
by  imitating  her  example,  and  in  the  re- 
tirement and  patronage  which  James  VI. 
granted  him,  he  devoted  himself  to  more 
serious  pursuits  by  writing  plays  on  the 
ancient  models  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Af- 
ter being  flattered  by  the  poets  of  the  age, 
he  became  a  regular  attendant  on  the 
court,  was  knighted,  and  in  1621  received 
agrant  of  Nova  Scotia,  which  he  proposed 
to  colonize  at  his  own  expense,  and  that  of 
those  who  wished  to  embark  on  the  enter- 
prise. The  death  of  James  prevented  the. 
creation  of  baronets  to  the  number  of  150, 
who  were  to  contribute  to  support  the 
views  of  the  favourite  ;  though  Charles  I. 
in  some  degree  pursued  the  intention?  of 


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bis  father,  by  granting  patents  of  knight 
baronet  to  the  chief  promoters  of  the  set- 
tlement. The  original  scheme  was  de- 
feated, and  Sir  William  sold  his  property  in 
Nova  Scotia  to  the  French.  Sir  William 
served  Charles  with  fidelity  as  secretary 
for  Scotland,  and  was  created  Lord  Stirling. 
He  died  12th  February,  1640,  in  his  60th 
year.  His  poetical  works  appeared  in  one 
vol.  fol.  three  years  before  his  death. 

Alexander,  de  Medicis,  first  duke  of 
Florence  in  1530,  was  the  natural  son  of 
Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  and  nephew  to  pope 
Clement  VII.  He  owed  his  elevation  to 
the  arts  of  his  uncle  and  the  influence  of 
Charles  V.  but  his  power,  however  weak, 
became  odious  by  his  cruelty,  the  debauche- 
ry of  his  manners,  and  his  incontinence. 
He  was  at  last  murdered  by  his  relation 
Lorenzo,  who  had  gained  his  confidence  by 
promising  him  an  interview  with  a  woman 
of  whom  he  was  enamoured.  He  died  in 
his  26th  year,  1537,  and  the  duchy  passed 
into  the  hands   of  Cosmo  de  Medicis. 

Alexander,  Farnese,  Duke  of  Parma, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  16th  century 
by  his  military  valour.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  wars  of  Flanders  and  of  France,  and 
died  of  a  wound  which  he  received  at  the 
siege  of  Rouen,  2d  Dec.  1592. 

Alexander,  Farnese,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  cardinal,  and  the  favourite 
of  pope  Clement  VII.  He  was  engaged  in 
different  embassies  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Flanders,  and  afterwards  retired  to 
Rome,  where  he  lived  in  great  splendour, 
the  friend  of  the  indigent,  and  the  patron 
of  the  learned.     He  died  1589,  aged  69. 

Alexander,  a  Norman,  nephew  to  Ro- 
ger, bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  and  Stephen.  By  the  interest  of 
his  uncle  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
and  he  rebuilt  his  cathedral,  which  had 
been  destroyed  by  fire,  and  added  to  its 
security  by  making  the  roof  of  stone.  Like 
the  barons  in  those  turbulent  times,  he 
raised  the  castles  of  Banbury,  Sleaford,  and 
Newark,  for  his  defence,  and  founded  two 
monasteries,  which  he  liberally  endowed. 
After  visiting  the  pope  three  times  on  the 
continent,  he  returned  to  England,  where 
he  died,  1147,  in  the  24th  year  of  his  pre- 
lacy. 

Alexander,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor, 
who  retired  from  the  emperor's  court,  and 
became  the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Ace- 
metus,  (Non-Sleepers,)  because  one  of  the 
community  was  always  awake  to  sing.  He 
died  about  the  430th  year  of  the  Christian 
era,  near  the  shores  of  the  Euxine. 

Alexander,  St.  Elpide,  a  hermit  of  St. 
Austin,  archbishop  of  Amalfi,  author  of  an 
incorrect  and  partial  treatise  of  the  papal 
power,  &c.  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century.     His  book  was  printed  1624. 

Alexander,  Dom.  James,  a  Benedictine 


of  St.  Maur,  born  at  Orleans,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  elementary  clocks,  printed,  8vo. 
L734.     He  died,  1734,  aged  82. 

Alexander,  of  Paris,  a  poet  of  the  12th 
century,  who  introduced,  in  a  poem  on 
Alexander  the  Great,  verses  of  12  sylla- 
bles, which,  from  him,  have  been  called 
Alexandrines. 

Alexander,  James,  a  native  of  Scot 
land,  accompanied  Mr.  William  Smith,  af 
terwards  chief  justice,  to  New- York,  in 
1715.  He  was  many  years  a  member  of 
the  legislature,  and  of  the  council ;  was  at 
the  head  of  his  profession  as  a  lawyer,  and 
the  particular  friend  of  Governor  Burnet. 
In  1721,  he  was  appointed  attorney-gene- 
ral. He  was  afterwards  secretary  of  the 
province,  and  died  in  1756.  ,i_-    L. 

Alexander,  William,  commonly  called 
lord  Stirling,  a  major-general  in  the  Ame- 
rican army  of  the  revolution,  was  born  in 
New- York,  in  1726.  He  was  reputed  the 
rightful  heir  to  an  earldom  in  Scotland,  of 
which  country  his  father  was  a  native,  but 
was  unsuccessful  in  endeavouring  to  ob- 
tain from  the  government  the  acknow- 
ledgment of  his  claim.  He  enjoyed  a 
classical  education,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy. At  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution  he  joined  the  American  army, 
and  in  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  on  the 
27th  August,  1776,  was  taken  prisoner, 
after  having,  by  attacking  Cornwallis,  se- 
cured to  a  large  part  of  the  detachment  an 
opportunity  to  escape.  In  1777,  he  com- 
municated to  Washington  the  disaffection 
of  general  Conway.  He  died  at  Albany, 
January  15th,  1783,  aged  57.  He  was  a 
brave,  discerning,  and  intrepid  officer. 

0=L. 

Alexander,  Nathaniel,  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  was  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton in  1776,  and  after  the  peace  estab- 
lished himself  in  Carolina  as  a  physician. 
After  having  been  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture several  years,  and  held  a  seat  in  con- 
gress, he  was  in  1806  chosen  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  He  died  at  Salisbury, 
March  8,  1808.  03=  L. 

Alexander,  Nicholas,  a  Benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  known  for  his  charitable  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
simples.  He  is  author  of  two  useful  works, 
"Physic  and  Surgery  for  the  Poor,"  pub- 
lished, 1738,  and  a  "Botanical  and  Phar- 
maceutical Dictionary,"  8vo.  He  was  born 
at  Paris,  and  died  at  St.  Denys,  1728,  in 
an  advanced  age. 

Alexander,  William,  an  ingenious 
artist,  was  the  eldest  son  of  a  coach- 
maker  at  Maidstone,  and  born  there  in 
1768.  He  received  a  good  education  in  his 
native  town,  but  at  the  age  of  fifteen  came 
to  London  to  study  the  fine  arts,  in  which 
he  attained  such  excellence  as  to  be  chosen 
59 


ALE 


ALE 


to  accompany  lord  Macartney  in  his  em- 
bassy to  China.  On  his  return,  many  of 
his  drawings  were  selected  to  illustrate  Sir 
George  Staunton's  account  of  that  voyage, 
and  Mr.  Alexander  himself  published  a 
splendid  work  on  the  "  Costume  of  China," 
which  was  so  well  received  as  to  encourage 
the  author  to  bring  out  another  part. 
On  the  formation  of  the  royal  military  col- 
lege at  Mariow,  Mr.  Alexander  was  ap- 
pointed drawing-master,  which  office  he 
resigned  on  being  chosen  one  of  the  keep- 
ers of  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum, 
where  he  died,  in  1816,  after  having  exe- 
cuted the  drawings  of  the  ancient  marbles 
and  terra  cottas  in  that  great  national  col- 
lection, and  which  have  been  published  by 
Mr.  Taylor  Combe,  in  three  vols.  4to. — 
Watkins'  Biog. 

Alexander,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218,  signalized  himself  by  a 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  the  northern 
powers  on  the  banks  of  the  Neva.  His 
military  and  political  character,  which  pro- 
cured him  the  title  of  saint,  was,  five  cen- 
turies after,  more  highly  honoured  by  the 
policy  of  Peter  the  Great.  The  spot  where 
the  victory  had  been  won  was  consecrated 
for  a  monastery,  where  the  bones  of  the 
saint  were  deposited  with  religious  pomp, 
and  which  is  become  the  mausoleum  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Russia.  There  is  an  order  of 
knighthood  instituted  in  honour  of  the 
saint,  which  consists  now  of  about  135 
knights. 

Alexandrini,  Julius  de  Neustain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favourite  of 
Maximilian  II.  He  died,  1590,  in  his 
84th  year.  He  was  author  of  some  medi- 
cal treatises  in  prose  and  verse,  which  dis- 
play his  genius,  sense,  and  erudition. 

Alexis,  William,  a  Benedictine  monk  of 
Lyra,  author  of  some  poems  of  considera- 
ble merit.  He  was  prior  of  Bussiau  Perche, 
and  was  living  in  1500. 

Alexis,  a  Piedmontese,  who  applied  him- 
self to  study,  but  with  the  determination  of 
not  revealing  the  discoveries  he  might 
make  in  philosophy.  After  57  years  of 
travels,  he  saw  a  poor  man  die  of  a  disor- 
der which  might  have  been  removed,  if  he 
had  imparted  his  knowledge  to  the  surgeon, 
and  with  such  remorse  was  he  visited,  that 
he  retired  from  the  world,  and  set  in  order, 
for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  the  result  of 
his  researches,  which  were  afterwards 
published  under  the  name  of  his  secrets  at 
Basil,  1536,  and  dispersed  through  Europe. 

Alexius,  Michaelovitch,  son  of  Michael, 
Czar  of  Russia,  succeeded  to  the  throne  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  wars  against  the  Turks,  the 
Swedes,  and  Poles.  Respected  abroad,  he 
was  beloved  at  home,  as  the  improvement 
of  his  barbarian  subjects  was  the  sole  wish 
yf  his  heart.  The  laws  of  the  empire  were 
60 


printed  for  public  information,  and  no 
longer  trusted  to  the  incorrectness  of  manu- 
scripts ;  commerce  was  encouraged,  and 
manufactures  of  silk  and  linen  were  intro- 
duced ;  and  the  munificence  of  the  empe- 
ror was  supported  by  economy  and  by  the 
prosperity  of  the  state.  Alexius  died  in  his 
46th  year,  1677,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son,  the  famous  Czar  Peter. 

Alexius,  Petrovitch,  only  son  of  Peter 
the  Great  and  Eudocia  Lapukin,  was  born 
1690.  His  early  youth  was  neglected  in 
the  hands  of  women,  and  of  ignorant 
priests  ;  but  when,  in  his  eleventh  year,  he 
was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  baron  Huysen, 
the  instructions  of  this  able  and  meritori- 
ous man  were  counteracted  by  the  intrigues 
and  infernal  policy  of  Mentshikoflf,  one  of 
the  Czar's  ministers.  The  young  prince, 
permitted  to  indulge  every  passion  by  the 
example  and  encouragement  of  the  meanest 
and  most  debauched  of  the  vulgar,  who 
were  his  constant  associates,  grew  unprin- 
cipled and  vicious,  and  soon  converted  the 
contempt  he  felt  for  restraint  upon  the  con- 
duct and  the  character  of  his  father.  This 
mutual  hatred  between  the  Czar  and  his 
son  was  fomented  by  the  arts  of  enemies, 
and  at  last  Alexius  renounced  all  his  rights 
to  the  succession,  that  he  might  spend,  in 
the  retirement  of  a  convent,  the  remains  of 
a  life  already  shortened  by  drunkenness 
and  intemperance.  Persecution,  however, 
attended  him ;  though  protected  by  the 
emperor  of  Germany,  he  was  betrayed  by 
his  Finlandish  mistress,  whom  he  is  said  to 
have  married,  and  conveyed  to  Petersburg, 
where  he  was  tried  by  secret  judges,  and 
condemned  to  death,  1719.  This  cruel,  un- 
feeling conduct  of  the  father,  which  not  all 
the  imprudencies  and  provocations  of  a 
licentious  son  could  justify,  has  been  pal- 
liated by  his  panegyrists,  who  attribute  the 
death  of  the  prince  to  an  apoplectic  fit, 
brought  on  by  his  violent  irregularities. 

Alexius,  or  Alexis  I.  Comnenus,  born 
at  Constantinople,  1048,  was  nephew  to  the 
emperor  Isaac  Comnenus.  He  usurped 
the  throne  in  1081,  after  banishing  Nice- 
phorus,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
wars  against  the  Turks  and  other  northern 
invaders.  He  received  with  coldness  the 
crusaders  ;  but,  intimidated  by  their  num- 
bers and  consequence,  he  signed  a  treaty 
of  peace  with  them,  and  promised  them 
support.  He  died  in  his  70th  year,  1118. 
His  daughter,  Anna  Comnena,  has  written 
a  Greek  account  of  his  reign  ;  but  her  his- 
tory is  a  panegyric  on  the  virtues  of  hei 
father,  and  not  the  record  of  truth. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  succeeded  his 
father,  Michael,  on  the  throne  of  Constan- 
tinople, 1180,  in  his  12th  year.  His  tender 
age  was  the  cause  of  dissension  and  tumult, 
and  he  was  murdered   with    his  mother 


ALF 


ALF 


Mary,  two  years  after,  by  Andronicus,  who 
usurped  the  throne. 

Alexius  III.  Angelus,  dethroned  his  bro- 
ther, Isaac  Angelus,  1195,  and  put  out  his 
eyes.  An  effeminate  life  rendered  him  de- 
spised at  home  and  abroad ;  he  was  de- 
feated by  the  Turks  and  Bulgarians,  and 
his  capital  was  soon  besieged  and  taken, 
1203,  by  an  army  of  Venetians  and  French 
crusaders,  headed  by  Alexius,  the  son  of 
the  deposed  monarch,  who  had  fled  to  the 
court  of  Vienna.  Alexius  received  from 
Theodore  Lascaris  the  same  cruel  punish- 
ment which  he  had  inflicted  on  his  brother, 
and  the  young  conqueror  placed  his  blind 
father  from  the  dungeon  on  the  throne, 
and  reigned  with  him  as  Alexius  IV.;  but 
his  elevation  was  succeeded  by  a  rebellion, 
because  he  wished  to  raise  great  contribu- 
tions upon  his  subjects,  and  his  life  was 
sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  the  people,  1204. 

Alexius  IV.  vid.  Alexius  HI. 

Alexius  V.  Ducas  Murtzuphle,  or  Mour- 
zoufle,  from  his  black  eyebrows,  an  officer 
at  the  court  of  Isaac  Angelus  and  Alexius 
IV.  who  dethroned  and  murdered  his  mas- 
ter, and  usurped  the  throne  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  was  attacked  by  the  crusaders, 
who  took  his  capital,  and  after  putting  out 
his  eyes,  threw  him  down  from  the  top  of 
Theodosius'  Pillar,  147  feet  high,  and  killed 
him,  1264,  after  a  reign  of  only  three 
months  of  extortion,  arrogance,  and  cruelty. 
The  conquerors  elected  two  emperors ; 
Baldwin  was  appointed  by  the  Latins,  and 
Theodore  Lascaris  by  the  Greeks. 

Alexius,  an  impostor,  who  for  some 
time  assumed  the  name  and  character  of 
Alexius,  son  of  Michael  Comnenus,  em- 
peror of  Constantinople,  and  raised  an 
army  in  Asia,  with  which  he  ravaged  the 
country,  and  spread  terror  to  the  gates  of 
the  capital.  He  was  murdered  by  a  priest, 
as  he  unguardedly  retired  from  a  banquet, 
at  a  time  when  he  might  have  overturned 
the  empire  and  seated  himself  on  the 
throne. 

Aleyn,  Charles,  an  English  poet,  who 
published  in  1631,  in  stanzas  of  six  lines, 
two  poems  on  the  battles  of  Cressy  and 
Poictiers,  and  seven  years  after,  another 
poem  on  Bosworth  field,  besides  the  history 
of  Euryalus  and  Lucretia,  translated  from 
^neas  Sylvius.  He  was  educated  at  Sid- 
ney College,  Cambridge,  and  was  assistant 
to  Thomas  Farnaby  in  St.  Giles,  Cripple- 
gate,  London,  and  afterwards  tutor  to  the 
son  of  Edward  Sherburne,  Esquire,  who 
was  clerk  of  the  ordnance  to  Charles  I. 
He  died  in  1640,  and  was  buried  in  St.  An- 
drew's church,  Holborn. 

Al-farabia,  a  mussulman  philosopher 
in  the  10th  century,  remarkable  for  the  ge- 
nerality and  greatness  of  his  talents.  He 
was  killed,  by  robbers  in  Syria,  in  954.    His 


works  on  various  subjects  are  said  to  be  in 
the  Leyden  library. 

Alfargan,  Ahmed  Ebn  Cothair,  or  Al- 
fraganius,  an  Arabian  astronomer  of  the 
ninth  century,  author  of  an  introduction  to 
astronomy,  printed  by  Golius,  in  1669,  at 
Amsterdam,  with  curious  notes. 

Alfenus  Varus  Publius,  a  native  of 
Cremona,  who  rose  from  the  mean  occu- 
pation of  a  cobler,  to  the  dignity  of  con- 
sul. 

Alfes,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomi- 
zed the  Talmud.     He  died,  1103. 

Alfieri,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  poet,  wa3 
born  in  1749,  of  an  ancient  family  at  Asti, 
in  Piedmont,  and  educated  at  Turin.  His 
progress  in  learning,  however,  gave  but  lit- 
tle promise  of  his  future  eminence,  and  he 
left  the  academy  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  al- 
most as  ignorant  as  when  he  entered  it. 
After  this,  he  became  passionately  fond  of 
riding,  and  next  he  indulged  a  humour  for 
travelling ;  but,  though  he  visited  many 
countries,  he  took  no  pains  to  acquire  the 
language  of  any  of  them.  He  was  twice  in 
England,  where  he  became  distinguished 
only  by  affairs  of  gallantry,  and  after  re- 
maining in  London,  the  last  time,  about 
seven  months,  he  returned  to  Turin,  where 
love  inspired  him  with  a  taste  for  poetry. 
In  1775  he  produced  at  the  theatre  of  that 
city,  a  tragedy,  called  "  Cleopatra,"  and  a 
farce,  entitled  "  The  Poets,"  the  latter 
being  a  burlesque  of  the  former.  The  pie- 
ces, however,  were  so  successful,  that  Al- 
fieri from  this  time  resolved  to  make  lite- 
rature his  chief  pursuit.  He  accordingly 
applied  with  diligence  to  the  study  of  Latin, 
Italian,  and  French,  in  which  he  made  a 
great  proficiency.  Within  less  than  seven 
years  he  produced  fourteen  dramas,  besides- 
various  other  works  in  prose  and  verse, 
among  which  were  a  version  of  Sallust,  and 
a  treatise  on  tyranny.  He  afterwards  re 
newed  his  travels,  and  visited  Paris  with 
his  lady,  who  was  the  princess  of  Schom- 
berg,  widow  of  Charles  Edward,  the  last 
prince  of  the  house  of  Stuart.  This  was  at 
the  period  when  the  revolution  was  raging 
with  all  its  horrors,  in  consequence  of 
which  Alfieri  quitted  France  in  haste,  leav- 
ing  behind  him  considerable  property,  the 
whole  of  which  was  sequestered  and  sold. 
From  this  time  he  always  entertained  the 
utmost  abhorrence  for  the  French  people. 
At  the  age  of  48  he  began  the  study  of 
Greek,  and  succeeded  so  far  as  to  translate 
some  works  from  that  language.  His  in- 
cessant labours  at  length  undermined  his 
constitution,  and  he  died  at  Florence  in 
1803.  His  remains  were  interred  in  the 
church  of  St.  Croix,  where  his  widow 
erected  a  monument  to  his  memory,  which 
was  executed  by  Canova.  He  wrote  his 
own  life,  which  has  been  printed  in  2  vols, 
and  his  posthumous  works  were  published 
61 


ALF 


ALl- 


^t  Florence,  with  London  in  the  title  page, 
in  13  vols.  1 804.— Watkins'  Biog. 
Alfonso,  vid.  Alphonsus. 
Alford,  Michael,  author  of  "  Britania 
Illustrata" — "  Annales  Ecclesiastici  Britan- 
norum,"  and  other  works,  was  an  English 
Jesuit,  born  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Rome  and  in  Spain.  He  resided  in  Eng- 
land as  Jesuits'  missionary  for  above  30 
years,  and  died  at  St.  Omer's,  1652,  aged 
65. 

Alfred,  the  Great,  fifth  and  youngest 
son  of  Ethelwolf,  king  of  the  West  Saxons, 
was  born  at  Wantage  in  Berkshire,  849. 
His  father  sent  him  early  to  Rome,  where 
he  was  confirmed,  and  according  to  some, 
privately  anointed  king  by  pope  Leo  IV. 
who  saw  and  admired  his  manly  character. 
After  the  death  of  his  brother,  Alfred 
mounted  the  throne  of  England  in  his  22d 
year,  in  871,  at  a  time  when  the  kingdom 
was  a  prey  to  domestic  dissensions,  and  to 
the  invasion  of  the  Danes.  His  valour  was 
soon  called  into  the  field  ;  battles  were  fol- 
lowed by  battles  :  but  the  slaughter  of  thou- 
sands seemed  not  to  heal  the  wounds  of  the 
country,  or  to  remove  the  rapacious  foe 
from  the  coasts.  After  a  dreadful  overthrow 
Alfred  concealed  his  misfortunes  for  a  year, 
under  the  dress  of  a  peasant,  till  the  suc- 
cess of  one  of  his  chiefs,  Odun,  earl  of 
Devon,  in  defeating  a  body  of  the  Danes, 
drew  him  from  his  retirement.  With  unu- 
sual boldness  he  examined  the  false  security 
of  the  enemy's  camp,  he  was  admitted  into 
the  presence  of  the  chief,  under  the  disguise 
of  a  harper,  and  returned  to  his  friends  to 
inspire  them  with  courage  and  lead  them  to 
victory.  The  Danes  were  totally  routed  at 
Eddington  :  and  Guthrum,  their  chief,  des- 
pairing of  further  opposition,  consented  to 
renounce  Paganism,  and  was  presented  at 
the  font  by  his  conqueror.  From  that  period 
the  kingdom  became  more  settled,  and 
though  the  Danes  occasionally  repeated 
their  predatory  attacks,  the  mind  of  Alfred 
was  not  shaken  from  its  noble  purpose  of 
enlightening  his  subjects,  and  giving  stabi- 
lity to  their  independence,  and  protection 
to  their  property.  He  published  laws,  to 
the  number  of  51,  which  were  partly  col- 
lected, as  he  himself  said  in  the  preface, 
from  those  of  his  predecessor,  king  Ina, 
and  from  the  Trojan  and  Grecian  codes. 
He  not  only  divided  his  dominions  into 
counties,  and  other  smaller  subdivisions,  but 
he  made  each  householder  responsible  for 
the  behaviour  of  his  family,  and,  as  the  ty- 
things  consisted  of  ten  families,  each  became 
a  pledge  for  the  peaceful  conduct  of  the  rest, 
so  that  the  whole  kingdom  was  but  a  large 
family  eager  to  preserve  the  public  security, 
while  they  ensured  domestic  concord.  As 
a  man  of  letters,  Alfred  gained  reputation  : 
he  not  only  translated  and  wrote  several 
books,  particularly  BoetUias'  Consolations 
62 


of  Philosophy  ;  but  that  learning  might  find 
an  asylum  in  England,  he  endowed  several 
schools  in  the  kingdom,  and  founded,  or 
according  to  others,   restored,  the   univer- 
sity of  Oxford,   and  filled  the  professorial 
chairs  with  men  of  taste,  genius,  and  erudi- 
tion.    In  his  own  conduct  he  was  a  pattern 
of  regularity,    so  that   he  divided    tne  24 
hours  of  the  day  into  three  equal  portions, 
one  of  which  was  set  apart  for  religious  du- 
ties,  the  other  for  repose,   recreation,  and 
literature,   and  the  third  for  the  afl'airs  of 
the  state.     To  his  wisdom   and  foresight, 
England  may  look  back  with  gratitude   for 
the  first  beginning  of  her  naval  greatness. 
Alfred  not  only  built  ships,  and  inured   his 
subjects  to  the  toils  and  dangers  of  the  sea, 
but  he  had  the  boldness  to  attempt  to  dis- 
cover the   north-east  passage.     Though  by 
profession   and  the  circumstances    of  the 
times,  a  soldier,  the  humane  monarch,  who 
had  been  personally  engaged  in  56  battles 
for  the  defence  and  independence  of  his 
country,  viewed  with  detestation  the  scenes 
of  carnage  which  ambition  or  the  love  of 
plunder  might  exhibit,   and  considered  his 
glory  as  better  cemented  by  the  peaceful 
occupations   of  his  subjects  than  by   war, 
and  by  the  promotion  of  industry  and  mu- 
tual confidence  than  by  the  use  of  arms. 
After  a  reign  of  above   28  years,  in  which 
every  moment  had  been  devoted  to  the  hap- 
piness of   his    people,    this    magnanimous 
prince  died,  on  the   28th  of  October,    900, 
and  was  buried    in  Winchester  cathedral. 
History  does  not  present  a  man  more  amia- 
ble in  his  public  and  private  character,   or 
whose  virtues  entitled  him  to  a  throne  more 
than  this  great  and  benevolent  hero.      He 
left  by  his  queen,  Elswitha,  two  sons  and 
three  daughters,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
second   son,  Edward,  surnamed  the  elder. 
Alfred,  or  Alured,  son  of  Ethelred  by 
Emma,  daughter  of  Richard,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, was  sent  by  his  father,  with    his 
brother  Edward,  to  the  Norman  court,  du- 
ring the  invasions  of  the  Danes.     After  Ca- 
nute's death,  he  landed  in  England,  with  a 
force,  and  might  have  succeeded  in  the  ex- 
pulsion of  Harold,  if  not  thwarted  by  the 
arts  of  Godwin.     He  fell  into  the  hands  of 
his  enemies,  who  cruelly  put  out  his  eyes, 
and  confined  him  in  Ely  monastery,  where 
he  was  murdered,  as  it  is  supposed,  1037, 
in  his  34th  year. 

Alfred,  a  learned  Benedictine  monk  of 
Malmsbury,  made  bishop  of  Exeter,  in  the 
10th  century.  He  was  intimate  with  St. 
Dunstan,  and  wrote  several  learned  books, 
particularly  the  life  of  Adelmus — The  His- 
tory of  Malmesbury  Abbey — De  Naturis 
Rerum. 

Alfred,  of  Beverley,  a  historian.  Vid. 
Alpedus. 

Alfred,  an  Englishman,  surnamed  the 
Philosopher,  much  respected  at  Rome.   He 


ALG 


AJUt 


died  1270,  and  left  four  books  on  the  Mete- 
ors of  Aristotle — one  on  Vegetables — and 
five  on  the  Consolations  of  Boethius. 

Alfride,  or  Elfrjd,  the  natural  son  of 
Oswy,  king  of  Northumberland,  fled  to  Ire- 
land, or,  as  some  suppose,  to  Scotland,  to 
avoid  the  persecution  of  his  brother  Egfrid, 
whom  he  had  succeeded,  on  the  throne.  In 
his  exile  he  still  felt  the  virulence  of  his 
enemies,  and  at  last  the  two  brothers  met 
to  decide  their  fate  by  arms.  Egfrid 
was  slain,  and  Alfride  ascended  the  vacant 
throne,  686,  and  deserved  the  love  and 
the  applauses  of  his  subjects  by  his  benevo- 
lence and  mildness,  and  the  liberal  patro- 
nage which  he  afforded  to  literature.  He 
died  705. 

Algardi,  Alexander,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  Bologna,  pupil  to  Lewis  Carra- 
chi,  and  intimate  with  Dominichino.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1654.  There  is  at  Bologna, 
a  groupe  of  the  beheading  of  St.  Paul  by 
him,  much  admired,  besides  a  bas-relief  in 
the  Vatican,  representing  St.  Leo  in  the 
presence  of  Atilla. 

Algarotti,  Francis,  son  of  a  Venetian 
merchant,  who,  after  improving  himself  at 
Rome  and  Bologna,  came  to  Paris,  where 
he  published  his  Newtonianism  for  the 
Ladies,  in  Italian,  a  work  which  was  trans- 
lated into  French  by  Du  Perron,  but  was 
of  inferior  merit  to  Fontenelle's  Plurality 
of  Worlds.  From  thence  Algarotti  visited 
England  and  Germany,  and  received  re- 
peated marks  of  esteem  and  honour  from 
the  kings  of  Poland  and  Prussia.  After 
some  residence  in  the  Polish  court,  as  privy 
counsellor  for  the  affairs  of  war,  he  return- 
ed to  Italy,  and  died  unexpectedly  at  Pisa, 
23d  of  May,  1764,  in  his  52d  year.  As  a 
eonnoiseur  in  painting,  sculpture,  and  ar- 
chitecture, he  possessed  taste  and  judgment, 
and  his  genius  as  a  poet  is  fully  proved  in 
the  elegant  trifles  which  he  wrote  in  Ita- 
lian. His  works  were  published  in  4 
volumes,  Svo.  in  1765,  and  translated  into 
French,  at  Berlin,  1772,  8  volumes,  Svo. 
They  consist  chiefly  of  historical  and  phi- 
losophical dissertations,  essays,  and  poetry. 

Algazali,  an  Arabian,  born  at  Thous, 
in  Korassan,  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
different  classes  of  science  which  concern 
religion.  He  made  the  pilgrimage  of  Mec- 
ca, and  died  in  the  504th  year  of  the 
hegira. 

Alger,  a  monk  of  Liege,  author  of  a 
book  on  the  sacraments.  He  died  at  Clu- 
ny,   1131. 

Alghisi,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surgeon 
and  lithotomist  of  Florence.  He  died  in 
consequence  of  being  severely  wounded 
by  the  bursting  of  his  gun,  1713.  He 
published  Lithotomia,  in  4to.  1708,  &c. 

ALGiERi,Peter,  a  Venetian,  whose  talents 
in  painting  were  usefully  employed  in  the 


decorations  of  the  opera  at  Paris.     He  died 
1760. 

Alhazen,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  op- 
tics, about  the  year  1100. 

Ali,  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
was  opposed  in  his  view  to  succeed  the 
prophet  by  Othman  and  Omar,  and  retired 
into  Arabia,  where  his  mild  and  enlarged 
interpretation  of  the  Koran  increased  the 
number  of  his  proselytes.  After  the  death 
of  Othman  he  was  acknowledged  caliph  by 
the  Egyptians  and  Arabians, but  in  less  than 
five  years  after,  he  was  assassinated  in  a 
mosque,  660.  Ali,  after  the  decease  of  his 
beloved  Fatima,  claimed  the  privilege  of 
polygamy,  and  left  15  sons  and  18  daugh- 
ters. His  memory  is  still  held  in  the  high- 
est veneration  by  the  Persians,  who  pro- 
nounce with  contempt  the  names  of  Othman 
and  Omar,  whilst  the  Turks  despise  him, 
and  pay  adoration  to  his  opponents. 

Ali-bassa,  a  distinguished  general  of  the 
Ottoman  empire,  to  whom  Achmet  IV. 
gave  his  sister  in  marriage.  He  died, 
1663,  in  his  70th  year. 

Ali  Beg,  a  Pole,  born  of  Christian  pa- 
rents ;  when  young  he  was  made  prisoner 
by  the  Tartars  and  sold  to  the  Turks,  who 
educated  him  in  the  Mahometan  faith.  He 
rose  to  consequence  in  the  Turkish  court, 
and  was  appointed  interpreter  to  the  grand 
seignior.  He  employed  himself  in  trans- 
lating the  Bible  and  the  English  catechism 
into  the  Turkish  language  ;  but  his  great 
work  is  on  the  liturgy  of  the  Turks,  their 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  and  other  religious 
ceremonies.  This  work  was  translated 
into  Latin  by  Dr.  Smith.  Ali  died  1675, 
at  a  time  when  he  intended  to  abjure  the 
Mahometan  tenets  for  Christianity. 

Ali  Bet,  a  native  of  Natolia,  son  of  a 
Greek  priest.  In  his  13th  year  he  was  car- 
ried away  by  some  robbers  as  he  was  hunt- 
ing, and  sold  to  Ibrahim,  a  lieutenant  of 
the  Janissaries,  at  Grand  Cairo,  who  treat- 
ed him  with  kindness,  and  from  a  slave 
raised  him  to  power  and  consequence.  Ali 
distinguished  himself  against  the  Arabs, and 
his  military  valour  rendered  him  feared  and 
respected  ;  but  when  his  friend  and  patron 
was  basely  assassinated,  1758,  by  Ibrahim 
the  Circassian,  he  avenged  his  death,  and 
slew  the  murderer  with  his  own  hand. 
This  violent  measure  raised  him  enemies, 
and  his  flight  to  Jerusalem  and  to  St.  John 
of  Acre  with  difficulty  saved  him  from  the 
resentment  of  the  Ottoman  Porte,  that  had 
demanded  his  head.  Time,  however,  paved 
the  way  to  his  elevation  to  the  supreme 
power  of  Egypt.  Those  who  had  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Circassian  were  sacrificed 
to  the  public  safety  ;  and  Ali,  recalled  by 
the  public  voice,  governed  the  country  with 
benevolence  and  equity.  The  chiefs  of 
each  village  were  declared  responsible  fo; 
63 


ALI 


ALL 


the  ill  conduct  of  their  neighbours,  and 
whilst  the  general  link  was  extended 
through  every  province,  security  was  re- 
stored, and  confidence  revived.  But  the 
power  of  an  eastern  prince  is  always  pre- 
carious ;  ingratitude  was  found  among 
those  on  whom  Ali  had  heaped  favours,  and 
when  he  assisted  the  Turkish  government 
with  12,000  auxiliary  troops  in  the  Russian 
war  of  1768,  his  conduct  was  viewed  with 
a  jealous  eye,  and  his  death  determined  at 
Constantinople.  He,  however,  evaded  the 
blow,  and  in  declaring  war  against  the  Porte 
to  avenge  his  wrongs,  he  intrusted  the 
command  of  his  armies  to  Abou  Dahab,  a 
perfidious  Mameluke,  who,  in  extending 
the  conquests  of  Ali  over  Arabia  and  Syria, 
hoped  to  establish  his  reputation  over 
the  ruins  of  his  patron.  The  traitor  re- 
volted, and  was  followed  by  the  beys,  whose 
fidelity  was  shaken  either  by  jealousy  or  by 
bribes  ;  but  Ali  was  not  deserted,  though  he 
fled  from  Cairo  to  Gaza,  and  he  marched 
into  the  field  at  the  head  of  a  numerous 
army.  But  treason  pervaded  his  ranks, 
and  when  the  decisive  battle  was  fought, 
13th  of  April,  1773,  Ali  saw  some  of  his 
troops  desert,  and  unwilling  to  survive  a 
defeat,  he  defended  himself  with  the  fury 
of  a  lion,  till  he  was  cut  down  by  a  sabre 
and  carried  to  the  conqueror's  tent,  where, 
eight  days  after,  he  expired  of  his  wounds. 
Ali  died  in  his  45th  year,  and  left  behind 
him  a  character  unrivalled  for  excellence, 
for  courage,  and  magnanimity.  As  gover- 
nor of  Egypt  he  behaved  with  the  tender- 
ness of  a  parent ;  and  to  the  love  of  his 
country  were  united  humanity,  a  generous 
heart  and  an  elevated  genius. 

Ali  Berg,  a  learned  Turk  in  the  17th 
century,  acquainted  with  17  languages.  He 
translated  the  Bible  into  the  Turkish  lan- 
guage. 

Alice,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.  count 
of  Champagne,  married  Lewis  VII.  king  of 
France,  by  whom  she  had,  1165,  a  son 
called  Philip  Augustus.  During  her  son's 
absence  in  the  Holy  Land,  she  was  appoint- 
ed queen  regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  her 
government  was  marked  by  prudence, 
moderation,  and  justice.  She  died  at 
Paris  universally  respected,  4th  June, 
1206. 

Aligre,  Etienne,  a  native  of  Chartres, 
who  rose  by  his  merit  to  be  chancellor  of 
France.  He  did  not,  however,  possess  the 
firmness  required  for  an  elevated  station. 
He  died  1635  in  his  76th  year.  His  son 
of  the  same  name,  was  raised  to  the 
same  dignity  as  his  father,  and  enjoyed 
the  character  of  a  great  and  upright 
magistrate.  He  died  1677,  in  his  S5th 
year. 

Alimentus,  Cneius,  a  Roman  historian, 
B.  C.  150. 

Alipius,  a  bishop  of  Tagastc  in  Africa, 
64 


394.  He  was  the  friend  of  Augustine, 
and  was  baptized  together  with  him  at  Mi- 
lan by  the  hands  of  St.  Ambrose.  He  was 
an  active  and  zealous  prelate,  and  assisted 
at  several  councils,  especially  those  of  Car- 
thage, where  he  opposed  the  Donatists. 
He  died  430. 

Alipus,  a  geographer  of  Antioch,  com- 
missioned by  Julian  to  rebuild  the  temple 
of  Jerusalem.  It  is  unknown  whether  he 
is  author  of  the  system  of  geography  pub- 
lished under  his  name  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  Geneva,  1628,  in  4to.  by  Jac.  Gode- 
froi. 

Alkmaar,  Henry  D',  an  eminent  Ger- 
man of  the  15th  century,  author  of  the  fa- 
ble of  Reynard,  an  ingenious  poem  which 
lashes  the  vices  and  foibles  of  mankind 
in  the  character  of  beasts,  especially  the 
fox.  Gottsched  has  given  a  magnificent 
edition  of  this  valuable  book.  Some  sup- 
pose that  Alkmaar  is  the  fictitious  name 
assumed  by  Nicholas  Baumaun  of  Fries- 
land,  who  died  1503. 

Allainval,  Leonor  Jean-Christine  Sou- 
las  d',  a  native  of  Chartres,  author  of  seve- 
ral comedies  of  considerable  merit.  His 
best  piece  was  l'Embarras  des  Richesses. 
D'Allainval  was,  like  most  men  of  genius, 
indigent.  He  died  of  the  palsy  in  the 
H6tel-Dieu,  where  he  had  been  admitted  a 
patient,  2d  May,  1753. 

Allais,  Denys  Vairasse  d',  a  native  of 
Allais  in  Languedoc,  who  served  in  1665 
in  the  Duke  of  York's  fleet,  and  afterwards 
taught  the  English  language  in  Paris.  His 
writings  were  not  much  esteemed,  ex- 
cept his  History  of  Sevarambia,  a  politi- 
cal romance,  first  printed  1677,  in  2  vols. 
12mo. 

Allam,  Andrew,  born  at  Garsington  in 
Oxfordshire,  was  of  St.  Edmund-hall,  of 
which  he  became  the  vice-principal.  He 
translated  the  life  of  Iphicrates,  and  assist- 
ed Wood  in  his  Athens  Oxonienses.  He 
died  of  the  small-pox,  17th  June,  16S5,  in 
his  30th  year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's 
in  the  east. 

Allan,  George,  an  English  antiquary, 
was  a  native  of  Darlington,  where  he  be- 
came eminent  as  an  attorney.  His  leisure 
hours  were  devoted  to  literature,  and  he 
had  a  printing  press  in  his  house  from 
which  he  struck  off  limited  copies  of  many 
curious  tracts,  as  "  The  Letter  of  Crom- 
well on  the  founding  of  a  College  at  Dur- 
ham ;"  "  The  Life  of  Bishop  Trevor  ;" 
"  The  Life  of  St.  Cuthbert ;"  "  Collections 
relating  to  Sherborn  Hospital,"  &c.  He 
also  engraved  several  charters  in  fac  simile, 
with  the  seals  of  bishops.  His  library  wns 
large,  and  he  contributed  liberally  to  the; 
literary  undertakings  of  persons  engaged 
in  similar  studies  ;  particularly  to  Mr.  Hut- 
chinson, in  his  History  of  Durham.  Mr. 
Allan  presented  to  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 


ALL 


ALL 


vies,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  26 
volumes  of  MSS.  relating  to  the  Universi- 
ty of  Oxford.  He  died  in  1800.—  Watkins' 
Biog. 

Allard,  Guy,  was  author  of  several 
scarce  treatises  on  the  history  of  Dau- 
phine,  valuable  for  provincial  and  genealo- 
gical anecdotes  ;  and  also  of  the  history  of 
prince  Zizim,  an  amorous  romance.  He 
died  1715,  aged  70. 

Allatius,  Leo,  a  native  of  the  island  of 
Scio,  who  studied  belles  lettres  and  the  lan- 
guages at  Rome.  After  visiting  Naples 
and  his  native  country,  he  returned  to 
Rome,  where  he  applied  himself  to  physic, 
in  which  he  took  a  degree,  but  literature 
was  his  favourite  pursuit,  and  as  his  eru- 
dition was  great,  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  teacher  in  the  Greek  college  at  Rome. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  by  pope  Gre- 
gory XV.  to  remove  the  elector  Palatine's 
library  from  Germany  to  the  Vatican,  in 
reward  for  which  services,  though  for  a 
while  neglected,  he  was  appointed  libra- 
rian. Though  bred  and  employed  among 
ecclesiastics,  he  never  entered,  into  orders, 
because,  as  he  told  the  pope,  he  wished  to 
retain  the  privilege  of  marrying  if  he  plea- 
sed. His  publications  were  numerous,  but 
chiefly  on  divinity,  and,  though  full  of  learn- 
ing and  good  sense,  remarkable  for  unneces- 
sary digressions.  In  the  controversy  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Port  Royal  with  Claude 
concerning  the  eucharist,  he  greatly  assisted 
the  former,  for  which  he  was  severely 
abused  by  their  bold  antagonist.  It  is  said 
by  Joannes  Patricius  that  he  wrote  Greek 
for  40  years  with  the  same  pen,  and  that 
when  he  lost  it,  he  expressed  his  concern 
even  to  the  shedding  of  tears.  Allatius 
died  at  Rome  in  his  83d  year,  1669. 

Allectus,  prefect  of  Britain,  murdered 
Carausius,  294,  and  made  himself  emperor. 
He  was  defeated  by  Asclepiodotus  three 
years  after. 

Allegrain,  Christopher  Gabriel,  a 
French  sculptor,  admitted  into  the  academy 
for  the  masterly  execution  of  the  figure  of 
a  young  man.  Among  other  pieces  his 
Venus  and  his  Diana  were  much  admired. 
He  was  in  his  private  character  very  mo- 
dest and  amiable.  He  died  1795.  His 
father  and  grandfather  before  him  had 
been  members  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing. 

Aljlegri,  Antonio,  an  illustrious  painter, 
better  known  by  the  name  of  Corregio, 
from  the  place  where  he  was  born.  As  he 
was  born  to  poverty,  his  education  was 
neglected,  and  he  was  not  able  to  see  and 
to  study  the  beautiful  models  of  ancient 
times,  or  the  productions  of  the  Roman  or 
Venetian  schools.  Nature,  however,  had 
formed  him  for  a  painter,  and  his  genius 
burst  through  the  shackles  of  ignorance 
and  poverty.     It  is  to  be  lamented  that  he 

Vol,  I.  9 


never  visited  Rome,  as  his  residence  at 
Parma  procured  him  neither  patronage  nor 
fame.  His  most  celebrated  paintings  were 
the  Virgin  and  Child,  with  Mary  Magdalen, 
St.  Jerome,  and  the  Notte  or  Night,  which 
is  so  well  described  by  Lady  Millar  in  her 
letters  from  Italy  ;  but  in  every  thing  that 
he  did,  there  was  superior  execution,  great 
judgment,  and  infinite  taste.  The  en- 
comiums of  Annibal  Caracci  who,  fifty 
years  after  his  death,  admired  and  imita- 
ted him,  are  strong  but  just.  "Every 
thing,"  says  he,  "  that  I  see,  astonishes 
me,  particularly  the  colouring  and  the 
beauty  of  the  children.  They  live — they 
breathe — they  smile  with  so  much  grace 
and  so  much  reality,  that  the  beholder 
smiles  and  partakes  of  their  enjoyments." 
Corregio  was  employed  by  the  canons  of 
Parma  to  paint  the  assumption  of  the  Vir- 
gin on  the  cupola  of  the  cathedral ;  but 
when  the  work,  which  will  ever  immorta- 
lize his  name,  was  completed,  the  artist 
was  indignantly  treated  by  the  proud  and 
ignorant  ecclesiastics,  who  abused  his  exe- 
cution, and  refused  to  fulfil  their  agree- 
ment. The  painter  was  meanly  forced  to 
accept  the  small  pittance  of  200  livres ; 
and,  to  load  him  with  greater  indignity,  it 
was  paid  in  copper.  Corregio  hastened 
with  the  money  to  his  starving  family,  but 
as  he  had  six  or  eight  miles  to  travel  from 
Parma,  the  weight  of  his  burden  and  the 
heat  of  the  climate,  added  to  the  oppression 
of  his  breaking  heart,  and  he  was  attacked 
with  a  pleurisy  which  in  three  days  termi- 
nated his  existence  and  his  sorrows,  1534,  in 
his  40th  year.  Titian  was  the  cause  that 
this  great  work  was  not  destroyed.  As  he 
passed  through  Parma,  he  visited  and  ad- 
mired the  cathedral,  and  told  the  ignorant 
priests  who  threatened  speedily  to  efface 
the  painting,  that  they  ought  to  value  it  as 
most  inestimable,  for,  added  he  emphatical- 
ly, "  were  I  not  Titian,  I  would  wish  to  be 
Corregio."  Corregio  was  the  first  who 
happily  introduced  in  his  pictures  fore 
shortenings,  an  attitude  which  expresses 
boldness  of  conception,  and  is  attended 
with  striking  effect. 

Allegri,  Gregorio,  an  eminent  compo- 
ser, whose  works  are  still  used  in  the  pope's 
chapel  at  Rome.  His  "  Miserere"  is  al- 
ways used  on  Good  Friday,  and  is  much 
admired.  Clement  XIV.  sent  a  copy  of 
this  beautiful  composition  to  George  III.  in 
1773.     Allegri  died  1672. 

Allein,  Richard,  was  born  at  Ditchet  in 
Somersetshire,  where  his  father  was  rector 
for  50  years.  He  studied  at  St.  Alban  and 
New  Inn  Halls,  in  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
obtained  the  living  of  Batcomb  in  Dorset- 
shire. As  he  favoured  the  puritanical  doc- 
trines of  the  times,  he  was  employed  as 
commissioner  by  parliament  for  the  eject- 
ing of  scandalous  ministers,  and  on  the- 
65 


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restoration  he  was  expelled  from  his  living, 
as  he  refused  to  subscribe  to  the  act  of 
conformity.  His  peaceful  behaviour,  how- 
ever, entitled  him  to  respect  and  populari- 
ty ;  he  preached  frequently  in  private 
houses,  and  though  sometimes  reprimanded 
as  the  holder  of  a  conventicle,  yet  his  learn- 
ing and  exemplary  life  shielded  him  against 
persecution  and  imprisonment.  His  wri- 
tings were  mostly  on  theological  subjects. 
He  died  December  22d,  16S1,  in  his  65th 
year. 

Allein,  William,  son  of  the  above,  was 
of  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degrees.  He  afterwards  settled  at 
Blandford,  Dorset,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  as  a  non-conformist.  His  Millen- 
nium, among  other  curious  theological 
tracts,  was  much  admired.  He  died  1677. 
Allein,  Joseph,  son  of  Tobias  Allein, 
was  born  at  Devizes  1623.  He  was  a 
member  of  Lincoln  and  Corpus  Christi 
colleges,  in  Oxford,  and  took  orders,  and 
afterwards  went  to  Taunton  in  Somerset- 
shire, where  he  married,  and  where  as 
minister  he  applied  himself  with  indefati- 
gable zeal  to  his  office.  His  income  was 
small,  but  it  was  increased  by  the  industry 
of  his  wife,  who  kept  a  boarding-school. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  ejected  as  a  non- 
conformist, but  as  he  continued  his  minis- 
try in  private,  he  was  committed  to  Ilches- 
ter  jail,  and  sentenced  at  the  assizes  by 
Judge  Foster  to  pay  a  fine  of  100  marks, 
and  to  remain  in  prison  till  the  payment. 
His  confinement,  which  was  extended  to 
one  year,  ruined  his  constitution,  and 
though  the  liberality  of  his  friends  enabled 
him  to  visit  different  places  for  the  re-es- 
tablishment of  his  health,  all  his  care  was 
ineffectual.  He  died  in  November,  166S, 
in  his  36th  year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mag- 
dalen's church,  Taunton.  Anthony  Wood 
has  severely  lashed  him  as  a  nonconformist ; 
but  his  learning,  his  piety,  his  inoffensive 
manners,  cast  an  amiable  light  on  his  cha- 
racter. His  Alarm  to  unconverted  Sinners 
has  often  been  republished. 

Allen,  John,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  took 
his  degree  of  LL.  B.  at  Cambridge,  though 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  nine  years  at 
Rome  as  commissioner  from  Wareham  the 
primate,  and  at  his  return  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  Wolsey,  who  made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  the  judge  of  his  court  as  le- 
gate a  latere.  In  152S  he  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Dublin,  and  made  chancellor  of 
Ireland.  He  was  murdered  six  years  after 
by  Thomas  Fitzgerald,  son  of  lord  Kildare. 
Allen,  Sir  Thomas,  illustrious  as  an 
English  admiral,  made  the  first  hostile 
attack  on  the  Dutch  in  1665.  Though  with 
only  eight  ships,  he  attacked  their  Smyrna 
fleet,  killed  their  commander  Brackel,  took 
four  prizes,  and  dispersed  the  rest  into 
Cadiz.  The  next  year  he  was  at  the  me- 
66 


morable  battle  of  the  25th  July,  when  De 
Ruyter  the  Dutch  commander,  seeing  his 
van  defeated,  and  three  of  his  admirals 
killed,  exclaimed,  What  a  wretch  I  am, 
that,  among  so  many  thousand  bullets, 
none  can  come  and  put  an  end  to  my 
misery ! 

Allen,  Thomas,  a  divine  educated  at 
Worcester  school  and  at  Brazen  Nose  and 
Merton,  Oxford,  and  intimate  with  Sir 
Henry  Saville,  by  whose  influence  he  was 
promoted  to  a  fellowship  at  Eton.  He 
wrote  learned  observations  on  Chrysos- 
tom's  book  on  Isaiab,  and  died  October 
10th,  1633,  aged  65,  and  was  buried  in 
Eton  college  chapel. 

Allen,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Uttoxeter 
in  Staffordshire,  illustrious  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics  and  philosophy.  He 
was  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
which  he  quitted  1590  for  Gloucester  hall, 
where  he  applied  himself  with  greater  assi- 
duity to  his  favourite  studies.  His  abilities 
not  only  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
the  greatest  mathematicians  of  the  age,  but 
gained  him  the  esteem  of  the  earl  of  North- 
umberland. Robert,  earl  of  Leicester, 
was  also  particularly  attached  to  him  ;  he 
gave  him  his  confidence,  consulting  him  on 
aflairs  of  state,  but  attempted  in  vain  to 
withdraw  him  from  his  retirement  by  the 
offer  of  a  bishopric.  Allen,  who  was  em- 
ployed in  collecting  the  most  curious  manu- 
scripts on  history  and  astronomy,  did  not 
escape  the  suspicions  of  the  ignorant,  who 
accused  him  of  using  magic  and  conjura- 
tion to  produce  a  marriage  between  the 
queen  end  Leicester.  He  published  in 
Latin  the  second  and  third  books  of  Ptole- 
my concerning  the  judgment  of  the  stars, 
besides  notes  on  Lilly's  books,  and  on 
Bale's  work  de  Scriptoribus  Britan.  He 
died  in  an  advanced  age  at  Gloucester  hall 
in  1632,  universally  respected  for  his  great 
learning,  his  piety,  and  the  affability  of  his 
manners. 

Allen,  Samuel,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  a  merchant  of  London.  Hebe- 
came  proprietor  of  New  Hampshire  by 
purchase  from  Mason's  heirs  in  1691,  and 
was  governor  until  the  arrival  of  lord  Bel- 
lamont  in  1699.  His  administration  was 
attended  with  many  vexations,  and  his  pur- 
chase proved  to  him  and  his  successors,  as 
it  had  to  the  former  proprietors,  a  fruitful 
source  of  contention  and  embarrassment. 
In  private  life  he  was  upright  and  honour- 
able, mild  and  charitable.  His  only  son, 
Thomas  Allen,  Esq.  of  London,  continued 
the  claims  of  his  father,  and  they  were  a 
subject  of  controversy  many  years  under 
various  persons,  who  assumed  to  be  pro- 
prietors. Gov.  Allen  died  May  5th,  1705, 
aged  70.     (D=  L. 

Allen,  William,  chief  justice  of  Penn- 
sylvania before  the  revolution,  and  a  dis« 


ALL 


ALL 


tinguished  friend  of  literature,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Philadelphia.  He  was  a  patron  of 
Benjamin  West,  the  painter,  and  co-opera- 
ted with  Dr.  Franklin,  in  establishing  the 
college  of  Philadelphia.  His  political  prin- 
ciples were  unfavourable  to  the  liberties  of 
the  Colonies.  He  published  in  London,  in 
1774,  a  plan  for  restoring  the  dependence 
of  America.     I~r  L. 

Allen,  Ethan,  a  Brigadier-general  in 
the  American  army,  was  born  in  Salisbury, 
Connecticut,  and  removed  in  early  life  to 
Vermont.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
controversy  in  1770,  between  the  inhabi- 
tants of  that  State,  and  the  government  of 
New- York,  and  was  declared  by  the  latter 
an  outlaw.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution,  he,  with  the  inhabitants  of  Ver- 
mont, took  a  vigorous  part  in  resisting  the 
British.  In  May  1775,  at  the  head  of  a 
small  party,  he  surprised,  and  captured 
Ticonderoga.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year, 
he  went  several  times  into  Canada,  to 
ascertain  the  disposition  of  the  people,  and 
endeavour  to  attach  them  to  the  cause  of 
the  Colonies.  In  an  attempt  to  take  Mon- 
treal, at  the  head  of  a  small  body  of  troops, 
he  was  captured  after  a  severe  battle,  and 
sent  to  England.  Being  returned  to  New- 
York,  and  exchanged  in  1778,  he  went  to 
Vermont,  and  was  soon  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  militia  of  that  State,  but  was  not 
called  to  any  important  service.  He  died 
in  Colchester,  February  13th,  1789.  His 
body  was  gigantic  in  size  and  strength,  and 
he  possessed  a  strong  mind,  but  was  with- 
out the  polish  of  education.  His  religious 
opinions  were  Deistical.     (r~p  L. 

Allen,  Ira,  general  of  militia,  and  bro- 
ther of  Ethan  Allen,  was  born  at  Cornwall, 
Connecticut,  about  1752,  and  removed  in 
early  life,  to  Vermont.  He  shared  in  the 
tumults  of  the  revolution,  was  a  member 
of  the  Convention,  which  formed  the  Con- 
stitution of  Vermont,  and  the  first  secre- 
tary of  that  State.  In  1778,  he  was  elect- 
ed treasurer,  and  a  member  of  the  council, 
and  soon  after  appointed  surveyor-general. 
When  the  claims  of  the  neighbouring 
States,  to  the  territory  of  Vermont,  were 
under  consideration  in  Congress,  he  was 
appointed  joint  commissioner  with  Mr. 
Bradley  to  oppose  them.  In  1795,  he  was 
employed  to  obtain  from  Europe  a  supply 
of  arms  for  the  use  of  the  State,  and  con- 
tracted in  France  for  20,000  stand,  with  a 
part  of  which,  on  his  return  to  New-York, 
he  was  captured,  carried  to  England,  and 
involved  in  a  tedious  litigation  in  the  court 
of  Admiralty,  which,  however,  issued  in 
his  favour.  He  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
7th,  1814.  He  published  the  "Natural, 
and  Political  History  of  Vermont."  [GT  L. 
Allestry  or  Allestree,  Richard,  a 
native  of  Uppington  in  Shropshire,  born  in 
March,  1619.    He  entered  at  Christ  Church 


in  Oxford,  under  the  care  of  the  famous 
Busby,  and  for  his  industry  was  presented 
with  a  studentship  by  dean  Fell.  During 
the  civil  war,  he  joined  the  king's  party  un- 
der Sir  John  Byron,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Keinton-field  in  Warwickshire.  At  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  took  orders,  and 
was  afterwards  one  of  those  expelled  when 
the  parliament  in  1648  sent  visiters  to  Ox- 
ford to  demand  the  submission  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  found  an  asylum  in  the  family 
of  lord  Newport,  in  Shropshire,  and  after 
the  battle  of  Worcester,  he  was  fixed  upon 
by  the  royalists  as  a  proper  person  to  con- 
vey despatches,  and  have  a  conference  with 
the  king  at  Rouen.  On  his  return  from  a 
second  journey  in  1659,  he  was  seized  at 
Dover  by  the  parliament  party,  but  he  had 
the  address  to  save  his  papers,  and  after  six 
or  eight  weeks'  confinement  he  was  restored 
to  liberty.  Soon  after  the  return  of 
Charles,  he  was  made  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  king's  chaplain,  Regius  professor  of 
divinity,  and  in  1665  promoted  to  the  pro- 
vostship  of  Eton,  which  he  resigned  1678. 
He  died  of  a  dropsy  in  January,  1680,  and 
was  buried  in  Eton  chapel.  He  published 
40  sermons,  besides  a  small  tract  on  the 
privileges  of  the  university  of  Oxford. 

Allestry,  Jacob,  an  English  poet,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  and  son  of  James 
Allestry,  a  London  bookseller,  who  was 
ruined  by  the  fire  of  1666.  From  West- 
minster school  he  passed  to  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as 
the  author  of  some  verses  and  pastorals, 
which  were  repeated  before  the  duke  of 
York,  when  he  visited  the  university.  He 
died  October  15th,  1686,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Thomas's  church-yard. 

Alletz,  Pons  Augustin,  a  native  of 
Montpellier,  who  at  first  studied  the  law, 
but  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  literary- 
pursuits.  He  published  various  works  of 
some  celebrity  in  France,  in  the  composi- 
tion of  which,  he  showed  indefatigable 
perseverance,  and  great  judgment.  He 
died  at  Paris,  seventh  March,  1785,  aged 
82. 

Alley,  William,  a  native  of  Wycomb, 
Bucks,  who,  after  an  Eton  education,  went 
to  King's  college,  Cambridge.  He  after- 
wards studied  at  Oxford,  but  as  he  was  a 
zealous  advocate  for  the  reformation,  he 
retired  during  Mary's  reign  into  the  north, 
where  he  kept  a  school,  and  practised 
physic.  Under  Elizabeth  he  was  made 
lecturer  of  St.  Paul's,  and  in  1560  bishop 
of  Exeter.  He  wrote  the  Poor  Man's  Li- 
brary, containing  sermons,  &c.  besides  a 
Commentary  on  St.  Peter's  first  epistle, 
and  a  translation  of  the  Pentateuch,  in  the 
bishops'  Bible.  He  died  April  15th,  1570, 
and  was  buried  at  Exeter. 

Alleyn,  Edwards,  founder  of  Dulwich 
college,  was  born  at  St.  Botolph,  London^ 
67 


VLL 


ALL 


Sept.  1st,  1566.  As  he  possessed  an  ele- 
gant person,  cheerful  manners,  and  a  re- 
tentive memory,  he  applied  himself  to  the 
stage,  and  with  so  much  success  that  he 
was  flattered  by  Ben  Jonson's  muse,  and 
applauded  by  crowded  audiences.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  actors  in  Shakspeare's 
plays,  and  his  popularity  procured  him  not 
only  friends  but  opulence.  He  built  at  his 
own  expense  the  Fortune  playhouse  near 
Whitecross-street,  Moorfields,  and  still  ad- 
ded to  his  income  by  being  keeper  of  the 
king's  wild  beasts,  with  a  salary  of  500/. 
per  annum.  His  erection  of  Dulwich  col- 
lege is  attributed  to  a  superstitious  cause. 
Whilst  with  six  others  he  was  acting  the 
part  of  a  demon  in  one  of  Shakspeare's 
plays,  he  is  said  to  have  been  terrified  by 
the  real  appearance  of  the  devil,  and  the 
power  of  imagination  was  so  great,  that  a 
solemn  vow  was  made,  and  the  college  in 
1614  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  Inigo 
Jones,  and  in  three  years  finished,  at  the 
expense  of  10,000/.  This  noble  edifice, 
which  was  to  afford  an  asylum  to  indigence 
and  infirmity,  was  nearly  ruined  by  the 
opposition  of  chancellor  Bacon,  who  re- 
fused to  grant  the  patent ;  but  Alleyn's  so- 
licitations prevailed,  and  the  hospital,  by 
the  name  of  "  the  College  of  God's  Gift" 
was  solemnly  appropiated  on  the  13th  Sept. 
1619,  in  the  presence  of  a  numerous  audi- 
ence, to  the  humane  purposes  of  the  foun- 
der, who  appointed  himself  its  first  master. 
The  original  endowment  was  800/.  per 
annum,  for  the  maintenance  of  one  mas- 
ter, one  warden  always  to  be  unmarried 
and  of  the  name  of  Alleyn,  four  fellows, 
three  of  whom  are  in  orders,  and  the 
fourth  an  organist,  besides  six  poor  men, 
and  six  women,  and  twelve  boys  to  be  edu- 
cated till  the  age  of  14  or  16,  and  then  to 
be  apprenticed.  Alleyn  married  three 
wives,  the  last  of  whom  survived  him.  He 
died  Nov.  25th,  1626,  in  his  61st  year, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  col- 
lege. 

Allioni,  Charles,  a  Piedmontese  phy- 
sician and  professor  of  botany  at  Turin, 
was  born  in  1725,  and  died  in  1804.  He 
was  a  member  of  several  learned  societies, 
and  is  celebrated  by  the  following  works — 
1.  Pedemontii  stirpium  rariorum  specimen 
primum,  1755,  4to.  2.  Oryctographise  Pe- 
demontanae  Specimen,  1757,  Svo.  3. 
Tractatus  de  miliarium  origine,  progressu, 
natura,  et  curatione,  1758,  Svo.  4.  Stir- 
pium praecipuarum  littoris  et  agri  Nicae- 
ensis  enumeratio  methodica,  1757,  8vo.  5. 
Synopsis  methodica  horti  Taurinensis,  4to. 
1762.  6.  Flora  Pedemontana,  sive  enu- 
meratio methodica  stirpium  indigcnarum 
Pedemontii,  3  vols.  fol.  1785.  7.  Auctuari- 
uni  ad  Flora  Pedemontana,  1789.  Besides 
these,  he  has  several  papers  in  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  Turin.  Lnefflins  has 
68 


given  his  name  to  a  genus  of  the  mono- 
gynia  order,  and  tetrandria  class  of  plants, 
which  appellation  Linnaeus  also  adopted. — 
Biog.  Universelle. 

Alliosi,  N.  a  civil  officer  in  the  service 
of  Stanislaus  king  of  Poland.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  the  expenses  of  his  master 
in  the  buildings  at  Nancy — and  a  relation 
of  the  funeral  pomp  of  Leopold  II.  1730. 
He  died  1779. 

Allison,  Francis,  D.D.  a  learned  di- 
vine and  pastor  of  a  church  in  Philadel- 
phia, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1705.  He 
studied  first  in  his  native  country,  and  af- 
terwards in  Glasgow ;  and  in  1735  came 
to  America  and  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
New-London,  Pennsylvania.  In  1747  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia  and  took  charge 
of  an  academy,  and  in  1755,  was  chosen 
Vice  Provost,  and  professor  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy of  the  college  then  recently  esta- 
blished there,  and  also  minister  of  the  first 
presbyterian  church,  in  which  stations  he 
rendered  great  service  to  the  interests  both 
of  religion  and  literature.  He  was  an  ac- 
complished Latin  and  Greek  scholar,  and 
well  versed  in  moral  philosophy,  history, 
and  general  literature  ;  a  plain,  animated, 
and  dignified  preacher  ;  and  peculiarly 
amiable  in  his  dispositions  and  agreeable 
in  conversation.  After  a  life  of  great  la- 
boriousness,  usefulness,  and  popularity,  he 
died  Nov.  28th,  1777.  ID  L. 

Allison,  Patrick,  D.D.  was  a  native  of 
Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  born 
in  1740.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
College  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  installed 
Pastor  of  the  Church  in  Baltimore  in  1762  ; 
where  he  remained  eminently  honour- 
ed and  useful,  until  his  death  in  1802,  in 
the  62d  year  of  his  age.  Dr.  Allison  was 
entitled  to  a  place  in  the  first  rank  of  Ame- 
rican Clergymen.  He  was  not  only  emi- 
nent as  a  pseacher,  but  was  highly  distin- 
guished also,  as  an  active  patron  of  every 
thing  which  tended  to  promote  the  political 
prosperity,  the  literature,  and  the  moral, 
and  religious  interests  of  his  country.  He 
shone  with  peculiar  lustre  as  a  member  of 
the  church  Judicatories,  in  which  he  was 
admired  for  the  perspicuity,  the  correct- 
ness, the  sound  reasoning,  and  the  mascu- 
line eloquence  of  his  speeches.  He  made 
a  few  small  publications,  all  of  them,  it  is 
believed,  in  behalf  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  of  which  he  was  always  a  warm 
advocate.  ID"  L. 

Allix,  Peter,  a  native  of  Alencon,  who 
became  minister  of  the  protestant  congre- 
gation of  Rouen,  and  afterwards  of  Cha- 
renton  near  Paris.  On  the  cancelling  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  left  his  country 
and  came  to  England,  where  he  soon  ac- 
quired the  knowledge  of  the  language,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  and  learn- 
ing,   in   defence  of  the  reformed   church 


AIM 

His  reflections  on  the  holy  scriptures  were 
dedicated  to  king  James  II.  and  his  re- 
marks on  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the 
churches  of  Piedmont  to  William.  He 
was  honoured  with  the  degree  of  D.D. 
and  promoted  to  the  place  of  treasurer  of 
Salisbury.  He  died  in  London,  Feb.  21st, 
1717,  in  his  76th  year.  His  works,  which 
are  numerous,  and  expressive  of  his  piety 
and  great  erudition,  are  all  on  theological 
subjects,  and  consist  of  reflections  on  all 
the  books  of  scripture,  1688,  republished 
by  bishop  Watson  in  his  theological  tracts, 
— the  ancient  Jewish  church  vindicated 
against  the  Unitarians,  1691,  8vo.  men- 
tioned with  high  commendation  by  Hors- 
ley  in  his  letters  to  Priestley,— Remarks 
on  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  Pied- 
montese  churches,  4to.  &c. 

Alloisi,  Balthazar,  an  able  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  who  studied  under  the 
Caraccis.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and 
died  1638,  aged  60. 

Allort,  Alexander,  a  painter  at  Flo- 
rence, famous  for  his  skill  in  the  represen- 
tation of  naked  figures.  As  he  was  well 
acquainted  with  anatomy,  his  portraits  are 
correct  and  graceful.  He  was  nephew  and 
disciple  of  Bronzin,  and  his  pieces  are 
preserved  at  Rome  and  Florence.  He  died 
1607,  in  his  72d  year. 

Almagro,  Diego,  one  of  the  conquerors 
of  Peru,  was  of  so  obscure  an  origin  that 
he  knew  not  his  parents.  He  accompa- 
nied Pizarro  in  1525,  and  every  where 
showed  the  greatest  valour  mingled  with 
the  basest  cruelty.  He  penetrated  in  1 525 
to  Chili,  took  Cuzco,  and  at  last  assassi- 
nated his  friend  Pizarro.  His  violent  con- 
duct armed  the  partisans  of  Pizarro  against 
him,  and  'he  was,  after  experiencing  some 
success,  defeated,  and  condemned  to  be 
strangled  1538  in  his  75th  year.  His  son 
rose  up  to  vindicate  his  character,  and  to 
avenge  his  death,  but  he  was  defeated  by 
Vacca  de  Castro,  the  Viceroy  of  Peru,  and 
with  40  of  his  adherents  was  beheaded, 
1542.  Almagro's  cruelty  to  the  unfortu- 
nate Atahualpa,  is  deservedly  censured  as 
infamous. 

Almain,  James,  a  professor  of  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre  at  Paris,  famous  as  a  logi- 
cian and  a  divine.  He  defended  Lewis 
XII.  against  pope  Julius  II.  and  wrote  also 
against  Cajetan,  in  support  of  general  coun- 
cils.    He  died  1515. 

Almamon  or  Abdai.lah  III.  son  of 
Aaron  al  Raschid,  caliph  of  the  house  of 
the  Abbassides,  after  his  brother  Alamin, 
813,  was  famous  for  his  protection  of  learn- 
ing and  of  learned  men.  He  conquered 
part  of  Crete.  He  had  the  last  Greek 
writers  translated  into  Arabic,  and  made  a 
collection  of  the  best  authors.  He  also 
calculated  a  set.  of  astronomical  tables,  and 


ALM 

founded  an  academy  at  Bagdad.     He  died 
833. 

Almansor  or  Almanzor,  succeeded 
Alhaca  on  the  throne  of  Cordova  in  Spain, 
976.  He  took  Barcelona,  and  rendered 
himself  very  formidable  to  the  Christians, 
whom  he  conquered  in  several  battles.  He 
died  1002. 

Almanzor,  the  Victorious,  second  ca- 
liph of  the  race  of  the  Abbassides,  rose  to 
the  sovereignty  753.  He  was  opposed  by 
his  uncle  Abdallah-ebn-Ali,  whom  he  con- 
quered by  means  of  his  brave  general  Abu 
Moslem,  a  man  whose  services  he  repaid 
by  mean  assassination.  He  died  as  he  was 
going  to  Mecca  on  a  pilgrimage,  aged  63. 
Almanzor,  Joseph,  a  king  of  Morocco, 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  1158. 

Almanzor,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,gained 
by  his  valour  possession  of  Morocco,  Fez, 
Tunis,  and  Tremezen,  and  obtained  the 
celebrated  victory  of  Alacros  in  Castile. 
The  Christian  slaves  in  his  army  were  ran- 
somed 1199,  by  the  interference  of  pope 
Innocent  III.  who  addressed  a  bull  to  him. 
Almarus,  Elmerus,  or  Elmarus,  was  ab- 
bot of  St.  Augustin's  monastery  in  Canter- 
bury, when  archbishop  Alphage  was  mur- 
dered by  the  Danes  1011.  He  escaped, 
and  11  years  after  was  made  bishop  of 
Sherborne,before  the  see  was  transferred  to 
Sarum.  After  an  active  life  he  became 
blind,  and  resigned  his  episcopal  dignity  to 
resume  the  habit  of  a  monk.  His  memory 
was  held  in  the  highest  veneration. 

Almeida,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Gre- 
nada, and  was  sent  out  by  Emanuel  in 
1505,  as  first  viceroy  of  India.  After  a 
perilous  voyage  he  crossed  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  proceeded  along  the  coast 
of  Africa,  where  he  spread  conquest,  ter- 
ror, and  desolation.  He  took  Quiloa  and 
Mombassa,  and  made  their  inhabitants  as 
well  as  those  of  Onor,  Cananor,  and  Nar- 
singa,  submit  to  the  yoke  of  Portugal. 
With  only  700  men  he  stormed  the  fort  of 
Panama,  which  was  defended  by  a  strong 
rampart  and  a  garrison  of  4000  men  of 
tried  and  desperate  valour,  and  instead  of 
sharing  a  booty  which  might  have  rendered 
his  soldiers  inactive  and  checked  the  tor- 
rent of  his  ambition,  he  destroyed  it  by 
fire.  When  his  son  was  killed  in  an  en- 
gagement with  the  Arabians,  the  father  re- 
fused to  mourn  with  his  friends,  but  de- 
clared that  he  had  obtained  a  short  but 
glorious  life.  The  fame  of  Albuquerque, 
and  the  malice  of  enemies  at  home,  how* 
ever,  soon  stopped  his  career  ;  but  he  re- 
fused to  accept  the  orders  of  his  recall, 
and  on  pretence  of  avenging  his  son's 
death  be  sailed  to  Dabul  in  quest  of  fresh 
laurels,  and  in  an  engagement  with  the 
enemy's  fleet,  he  killed  4000  men.  The 
animosities  between  the  rival  governors 
69 


ALM 


ALO 


were  appeased  by  the  friendship  and  inter- 
ference of  Contigna ;  and  Almeida,  after 
resigning  his  power  to  Albuquerque,  set  sail 
for  Europe.  In  his  way  he  landed  near 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  an  unfor- 
tunate quarrel  with  the  natives  he  was 
wounded  in  the  throat  with  a  javelin,  and 
immediately  expired.  Some  of  the  Por- 
tuguese who  wei-e  his  companions,  and  had 
shared  his  toils  and  his  glory,  attempted  to 
recover  his  body,  but  they  shared  his 
fate. 

Almeida,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, accompanied  his  father  to  India,  and 
was  employed  by  him  in  many  bold  and 
hazardous  enterprises.  He  destroyed  the 
ships  of  Caulan,  and  in  visiting  Ceylon  he 
made  it  tributary  to  Portugal,  and  brought 
away  250,0001bs.  of  cinnamon  as  the  first 
annual  payment.  He  was  sent  with  eight 
ships  to  attack  the  Arabians,  who  were 
supported  by  the  sultan  of  Egypt ;  but  the 
superiority  of  the  enemy's  vessels,  and  the 
dangers  of  the  coast,  proved  fatal  to  his 
views.  His  ship  ran  aground,  and  whilst 
the  other  vessels  attempted  in  vain  to  re- 
lieve him  from  the  pressure  of  a  more 
powerful  adversary,  he  fought  with  un- 
daunted courage,  regardless  of  the  wounds 
he  had  received.  A  ball  at  last  struck  him 
on  the  breast,  and  put  a  period  to  his  bril- 
liant career.  His  sailors,  now  reduced  to 
20  in  number,  unwilling  to  submit,  were 
boarded  and  overpowered,  and  met  from 
their  conquerors  that  humanity  and  atten- 
tion which  their  valour  and  fidelity  deserved. 
Almeida,  Apollinarius  de,  a  Portuguese 
bishop  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  who  went 
as  missionary  to  /Ethiopia,  but  was  treated 
with  great  indignities  there.  Though  ban- 
ished by  the  inhabitants,  he  had  the  bold- 
ness to  return  with  two  other  ecclesiastics, 
who,  together  with  him,  were  cruelly  mur- 
dered by  the  barbarous  natives,   1568. 

Almeida,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, who,  after  a  residence  of  40  years  as 
missionary  in  the  Indies,  died  at  Goa,  10th 
May,  1646.  He  published  historical  ob- 
servations on  /Ethiopia. 

Almeida,  Theodore,  a  Portuguese  priest, 
was  born  in  1722.  He  published  a  cele- 
brated work,  entitled  "  Reereaceo  Filoso- 
phica,"  5  vols.  8vo.,  in  which  he  gave  a  new 
turn  to  the  philosophical  studies  of  his 
countrymen.  Having  given  some  offence 
to  his  government,  he  was  obliged  to  seek 
an  asylum  in  France,  where  he  resided  some 
years.  On  his  return  to  Portugal,  he  be- 
came  a  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences 
at  Lisbon,  where  he  published  a  trifling 
romance,  entitled  "  The  Happy  Indepen- 
dent." He  died  in  1805.  His.  works 
amount  to  forty  volumes,  besides  five  of 
i  runslations.  He  was  a  member  of  the  royal 
society  of  London. —  Biog.  Universelle. 
\lmeloveen,  Thomas  Janssen  d\  a 
70 


Dutch  physician,  author  of  the  Hortus  Ma- 
labaricus,  and  Flora  Malabarica,  descriptive 
of  the  Malabar  plants,  published  in  13  vols, 
fol.  1678,  &  seq. 

Almeloveen,  Theodore  Janssen  d',  a 
professor  of  Greek,  of  history,  and  physic 
at  Harderwick  in  Holland.  He  wrote  learn- 
ed notes  on  ancient  authors,  and  published 
the  Fasti  Consulares — Amajnitates — Ono- 
masticon — Vita  Stephanorum,  &c.  He  died 
at  Amsterdam,  1742. 

Almici,  Peter  Camillus,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  Brescia  in  Italy.  He  was  well  ver- 
sed in  classical  literature,  and  published 
some  critical  reflections  on  Febronius,  &c. 
He  died  30th  Dec.  1779,  aged  65. 

Almon,  John,  a  political  writer,  was 
born  at  Liverpool  in  1738,  and  educated  at 
Warrington.  After  serving  his  apprentice- 
ship to  a  bookseller,  he  went  to  sea,  and 
in  1759,  settled  in  London,  where  he  turned 
his  thoughts  to  politics.  On  the  death  of 
George  the  second,  he  published  a  review 
of  his  reign,  which  went  through  two  edi- 
tions. His  next  piece  was  a  review  of  the 
administration  of  Mr.  Pitt,  which  gained 
him  the  patronage  of  Lord  Temple.  In 
1765,  he  opened  a  shop  in  Piccadilly,  but 
still  continued  to  write  party  pamphlets 
during  the  American  war.  His  success, 
however,  in  trade,  was  not  adequate  to  his 
activity,  and  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  the 
bookselling  business.  He  died  in  1805. 
His  principal  publications,  besides  those 
already  mentioned,  were  1.  Anecdotes  of 
Lord  Chatham,  3  vols.  8vo.  2.  Biographi- 
cal Anecdotes  of  eminent  Persons,  3  vols. 
8vo.  3.  An  edition  of  Junius,  2  vols.,  in 
which  he  ridiculously  attempted  to  prove, 
that  Hugh  Boyd,  a  young  man  of  no  talent, 
was  the  author  of  the  letters  under  that 
name.—  Gen.  Biog.  Diet. 

Alomutadad,  Ismael,  an  Arabian  his- 
torian who  gave  a  chronological  account  of 
the  Saracen  affairs  in  Sicily,  from  842  to 
904.  This  is  preserved  in  the  Escurial  with 
Marc.  Dobelius  Citero's  Latin  translation 
of  it,  and  a  further  account  of  the  Saracens 
to  1040.  It  is  also  inserted  in  Muratori's 
Scriptores  Ital. 

Aloadin,  a  Mahometan,  prince  of  the 
Arsasides  or  Assassins,  was  called  the  old 
man  of  the  mountain.  He  \i\  ed  in  a  castle 
between  Damascus  and  Antioch,  and  was 
surrounded  by  a  number  of  intrepid  youths, 
whom  he  intoxicated  with  pleasures,  and 
rendered  subservient  to  his  views,  by  pro- 
mising still  greater  voluptuousness  in  the 
next  world.  As  these  were  too  success- 
fully employed  to  stab  his  enemies,  he  was 
dreaded  by  the  neighbouring  princes.  From 
the  name  and  character  of  his  followers  the 
word  assassin  is  derived. 

Alonzo,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Spain.     The  church  of  the  Hieronymite*  at 


ALP 


ALP 


Guadaloupe,  in  Estramadura,  is  a  beautiful 
monument  of  his  genius  and  abilities. 

Alpago,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physician, 
who  visited  the  East,  and  resided  some  time 
at  Damascus.  On  his  return,  he  was  made 
professor  of  medicine  at  Venice,  and  died 
there  1555.  He  translated  Avicenna,  Aver- 
roes,  and  Serapion,  and  enriched  the  work 
with  notes,  some  of  which  now  remain  in 
manuscript. 

Alpaide  was  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin 
Heristel,  after  his  divorce  from  Plectrude, 
his  first  consort.  This  union  was  censured 
by  Lambert,  bishop  of  Liege,  and  Alpaide 
had  the  meanness  to  excite  her  brother 
Dodon  to  murder  the  bold  ecclesiastic. 
Alpaide  became  mother  of  Charles  Martel, 
and  after  her  husband's  death  she  retired 
to  a  convent  near  Namur,  where  she  died. 
Alp  Arslan,  second  sultan  of  the  race 
of  Seljuk,  after  his  uncle  Togrul  Beg,  1063. 
He  was  successful  against  the  Greek  empe- 
ror Romanus  Diogenes,  and  at  last  perished 
by  the  dagger  of  a  Carizmian,  whom  he  had 
condemned  to  death,  1072. 

Alphanus,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Pa- 
lermo, better  known  as  a  physician  and  a 
poet.  He  died  1086,  author  of  the  lives  of 
some  saints  in  verse,  &c. 

Alphert,  Mekepper  or  Nicephorus,  a 
native  of  Russia,  descended  from  the  impe- 
rial family.  During  the  civil  dissensions  of 
his  country  he  came  to  England  with  his 
two  brothers,  and  by  the  care  of  Mr.  Bidell, 
a  Russian  merchant,  he  studied  at  Oxford, 
where  his  brothers  fell  victims  to  the  small- 
pox. In  1618  he  succeeded  to  the  living  of 
Wooley  in  Huntingdonshire,  and  though  he 
was  twice  invited  to  return  to  Russia,  with 
the  certainty  of  being  placed  on  the  throne, 
he  preferred  the  character  of  a  parish  priest 
in  England  to  the  splendour  of  the  purple. 
He  was  ejected  from  his  living  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  ill  treated  by  the  republican 
soldiers,  though  his  presbyterian  successor 
behaved  towards  him  with  humanity.  He 
saw  the  restoration,  and  was  replaced  in  his 
living,  but  retired  to  Hammersmith  where 
his  son  had  settled,  and  there  died,  aged 
above  80.  The  last  descendant  of  this  fallen 
family  married  a  Johnson,  a  cutler  at  Hun- 
tingdon, by  whom  she  had  eight  children. 
She  was  living  in  1764. 

Alphesius,  a  rabbi  who  abridged  the  Tal- 
mud, and  died  1103. 

Alphius,  Avitus,  a  Roman  poet  in  the 
third  century. 

Alphonso  or  Alphonsus,  surnamed  the 
Catholic,  king  of  Asturias,  was  of  a  warlike 
character,  which  he  displayed  against  the 
Moors,  from  whom  he  took  upwards  of  30 
towns.  He  died  in  the  18th  year  of  his 
reign,  757,  aged  64. 

Alphonso  II.  surnamed  the  Chaste,  king 
of  Asturias,  was  the  friend  of  Charlemagne, 
and  signalized  himself  against  the  Moors. 


He  took  Lisbon,  and  died  842,  after  reign- 
ing 50  years. 

Alphonso  HI.  or  the  Great,  king  of  As- 
turias, succeeded  his  father  Ordogno,  866. 
— He  waged  successful  wars  against  the 
Moors  ;  but  the  insurrections  of  his  subjects 
headed  by  Froila  count  of  Gallicia,  drove 
him  from  his  throne.  The  usurper's  tyranny 
became  soon  so  odious,  that  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  people  of  Oviedo,  and  Alphon- 
so was  recalled.  Alphonso  afterwards  ab- 
dicated the  crown  in  favour  of  his  eldest 
son  Garcias,  who  had  some  time  before  un- 
gratefully raised  an  insurrection  against 
him,  and  then  been  pardoned  ;  but  when 
the  Moors  threatened  the  kingdom,  he  quit- 
ted his  retirement,  and,  at  the  head  of  his 
brave  countrymen,  he  obtained  a  most  sig- 
nal victory  over  the  enemy.  He  died  soon 
after  at  Zamora,  20th  Dec.  912,  universally 
respected  for  valour  and  benevolence.  He 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  the  Spanish  monarchs. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
made  war  against  the  Moors,  and  took  To- 
ledo.    He  died  1109. 

Alphonso  VIII.  or  IX.  king  of  Leon  and 
Castile,  surnamed  the  good  or  noble,  came 
to  the  throne  when  only  four  years  old, 
1158.  When  of  age,  he  waged  war  against 
the  Moors,  and  retook  the  places  lost  dur- 
ing his  minority.  He  defeated  his  enemies 
at  the  great  battle  of  Muradat,  where  the 
Moors  lost  near  200,000  men.  He  died 
1212,  aged  60,  universally  mourned  by  his 
affectionate  subjects. 

Alphonso  X.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
surnamed  the  Wise,  succeeded  his  father 
Ferdinand  HI.  in  1252.  He  married  Iolante, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Arragon,  whom  he 
was  going  to  divorce  for  a  Danish  princess, 
because  she  was  barren  ;  but  the  queen  at 
last  brought  him  nine  children.  He  was 
elected  emperor  of  Germany  in  1258,  but  as 
he  delayed  visiting  the  empire,  Rodolphus 
was  chosen  in  his  room,  and  all  opposition 
proved  fruitless.  Though  respected  for  his 
eloquence  and  political  knowledge,  he  was 
not  free  from  domestic  dissensions.  His 
son  conspired  against  him  and  dethroned 
him  ;  and  though  he  fled  among  the  Sara- 
cens for  protection,  and  gained  a  victory 
over  this  unnatural  child,  yet  he  was  not 
reinstated.  He  died  of  a  broken  heart 
1284.  As  an  astronomer,  and  a  man  of 
letters,  Alphonsus  obtained  greater  fame 
than  as  a  monarch.  He  perceived  the  er- 
rors of  Ptolemy's  tables,  and  under  his  di- 
rection at  Toledo,  those  tables,  called  the 
Alphonsine  tables,  were  drawn  up  by  the 
skill  of  Hazan  a  Jew,  and  their  epoch  fixed 
on  the  30th  May,  1332,  the  day  on  which  he 
began  his  reign.  It  has  been  said  of  Al- 
phonsus that,  in  viewing  the  Ptolemaic  sys- 
tem, he  declared  that  if  God  had  consulted 
him  in  the  formation  of  the  universe,  he 
could  have  given  him  directions  for  a  more 
71 


ALP 


ALP 


perfect  whole  ;  a  bold  expression,  which,  if 
it  does  not  breathe  the  spirit  of  profane 
skepticism,  at  least  conveys  severe  censure 
upon  the  ignorance  of  preceding  astrono- 
mers.—Alphonsus  was  the  first  Castilian 
king  who  had  the  public  laws  drawn  up  in 
the  vulgar  tongue,  and  the  scriptures  trans- 
lated into  the  same  language. 

Alphonso  II.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
succeeded  Ferdinand  IV.  in  1312.  He  de- 
feated the  Moors  1340,  and  killed  not  less 
than  200,000  of  them.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar,  27th  March 
1350,  aged  38. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed 
the  magnanimous,  succeeded  his  father 
Ferdinand  the  Just,  1416.  He  extended 
the  Spanish  influence  over  Italy,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Naples  and  of  Sicily, 
where  he  was  acknowledged  king  1442.  He 
died  1458,  aged  74,  leaving  the  kingdom  of 
Naples  to  his  natural  son  Ferdinand,  and 
those  of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily,  to 
Juan  his  brother,  king  of  Navarre.  He  was 
not  only  a  brave  prince,  but  a  man  of  learn- 
ing, the  patron  of  literature,  and  the  father 
of  his  people.  He  gave  a  welcome  asylum 
to  the  muses  which  persecution  banished 
from  Constantinople,  and  every  where  en- 
couraged the  cultivation  of  science.  He 
walked  with  the  greatest  familiarity  among 
his  subjects,  observing  to  his  courtiers,  who 
fancied  dangers  and  conspiracies,  that  a 
father  has  nothing  to  fear  among  his  chil- 
dren. Seeing  once  one  of  his  vessels  ready- 
to  perish,  he  hastened  in  a  small  boat  to  (he 
assistance  of  the  crew,  exclaiming,  I  had 
rather  die  with  you,  than  see  you  perish. 
His  most  remarkable  sayings  have  been 
published  under  the  name  of  "  Genie,"  by 
Meri  de  la  Canorgue,  1765. 

Alphonso  I.  king  of  Portugal,  son  of 
Henry  of  Burgundy  of  France,  by  Theresa 
daughter  of  Alphonso  king  of  Leon,  was 
only  three  years  old  at  his  father's  death. 
He  defeated  five  Moorish  kings  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Ourique,  25th  July  1139,  though  with 
a  very  inferior  force  ;  and  thus  he  raised 
his  country  from  a  dependent  state  to  a 
powerful  monarchy,  of  which  he  was  pro- 
claimed the  first  sovereign  by  his  victorious 
soldiers  in  the  field  of  battle.  He  was  af- 
terwards defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by 
Ferdinand  II.  of  Castile,  who  nobly  set  him 
at  liberty.  He  died  6th  December,  1185, 
aged  76. 

Alphonso  II.  king  of  Portugal,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Sancho  1211.  He  was  enga- 
ged in  war  with  the  Moors,  and  his  reign 
was  unfortunately  disturbed  by  a  quarrel 
with  his  brothers.  He  died  25th  March, 
12-23,  aged  38. 

Alphonso  III.  king  of  Portugal,  brother 
of  Srtncho  II.  succeeded  1248.     His  reign 
was  disturbed  by  dissensions  with  his  clergy 
72 


and  with  the  pope.  He  died  16th  Februai  r, 
1279,  aged  69. 

Alphonso  IV.  king  of  Portugal  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Denys,  1325.  He  was 
engaged  in  war  with  the  king  of  Castile, 
but  afterwards  assisted  him  against  the 
Moors.  He  was  an  able  prince,  popular 
and  benevolent,  and  under  him  justice  was 
administered  with  great  impartiality.  He 
died  28th  May,  1357,  aged  66. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Portugal,  surna- 
med the  African,  succeeded  his  father  Ed- 
ward, though  only  six  years  old,  1438. 
He  made  war  in  Africa,  and  took  Arzilla 
and  Tangier  from  the  Moors,  and  he  was 
also  engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  of  Castile.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  Cintra,  24th  August,  1481,  aged 
49.  During  his  reign  the  Portuguese  dis- 
covered Guinea,  and  began  to  spread  Chris- 
tianity in  that  part  of  Africa.  Alphonso 
was  a  great  patron  of  learning  and  in  his 
character  was  very  amiable. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Portugal  suc- 
ceeded his  father  John  IV.  His  intellects 
proved  to  be  weak,  and  in  his  conduct  he 
exhibited  the  tyrant  and  the  madman.  He 
abdicated  the  crown  in  favour  of  his  bro- 
ther Don  Pedro,  who  presided  over  the 
state  with  the  title  of  regent.  He  also 
married  the  queen,  who  asserted  that  her 
union  with  a  madman  was  not  legal.  Al- 
phonso died  at  Cintra  12th  September, 
16S3,  aged  41. 

Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara  and  Mode- 
na,  died  1534. 

Alphonsus,  Peter,  a  Jewish  writer  of 
Spain.  He  was  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  had  Alphonso  king  of  Arragon  for  his 
sponsor,  1106.  He  wrote  a  vindication  of 
the  Christian  religion,  which  was  edited 
Cologne,  1536. 

Alpini,  Prospero,  a  native  of  Marostica 
in  the  Venetian  territory,  born  1553,  No- 
vember 23d.  He  left  the  profession  of 
arms,  and  by  the  persuasion  of  his  father 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  botany  and 
physic,  and  obtained  preferment  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Padua.  In  1580  he  embarked 
for  Egypt  with  his  friend  George  Emo  or 
Hemi,  the  consul  of  the  republic,  and  for 
three  years  he  was  employed  along  the 
banks  of  the  Nile  in  learned  researches, 
and  in  examining  the  nature  of  plants.  On 
his  return  he  was  appointed  physician  to 
Andrew  Doria,  prince  of  Melfi,  but  his  resi- 
dence at  Genoa  was  displeasing  to  his 
countrymen,  who  were  unwilling  to  be  de- 
prived of  his  great  services  and  abilities, 
and  he  was  recalled  in  1593,  and  honour- 
ably placed  in  the  professorial  chair  of 
Padua,  which  he  filled  with  dignity  and 
credit.  As  his  health  had  been  injured  by 
his  travels,  he  died  at  Padua,  5th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1617,  in  his  64th  year,  and  was  buried 


ALS 


ALS 


in  St.  Anthony's  church  without  pomp. 
His  works,  which  are  in  Latin,  are  chiefly 
on  botanical  and  medicinal  subjects,  valua- 
ble for  the  curious  information  which  they 
contain.  They  are,  de  medicina  iEgyp- 
tiorum,  Iibri-4, — de  plantis  /Egypti,— de  bal- 
samo,  — de  praesagienda  vita  and  morte 
aegrotorum, — de  medicina  methodica, — de 
raphantico  disputatio  in  gymna^io  Patavino 
habita, — de  plantis  exoticis,  4cc. 

Alredus,  Alfredus,  or  Aluredus,  a 
native  of  Beverly  in  Yorkshire,  who,  after 
studying  at  Cambridge  became  a  secular 
priest  and  treasurer  of  St.  John's  church  in 
his  own  town.  He  is  styled  the  English 
Florus,  from  the  Latin  history  which  he 
wrote  of  the  Britons  from  king  Brutus,  and 
which  he  afterwards  brought  down  to  his 
own  times.  This  work  is  highly  esteemed 
for  its  elegance  and  perspicuity,  and  for 
the  accuracy  of  dates  and  authorities.  It 
was  published  by  Hearne  at  Oxford,  1716, 
with  a  preface.  Alredus  wrote  besides  a 
history  of  Beverly,  not  printed,  but  pre- 
served in  the  Cotton  library.  He  died 
1126,  or  according  to  others  two  or  three 
years  later. 

Alsaharavics,  an  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  Aitasrif,  a  treatise  in  32  books  on 
medical  practice.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the 
same  person  as  Abulcasem.  He  lived 
about  10S5,  or  according  to  Dr.  Freind,  in 
1404. 

Alsop,  Anthony,  received  his  education 
at  Westminster  school  and  at  Christ 
Church,  where  dean  Aldrich  noticed  his 
superior  abilities.  After  holding  the  offices 
of  the  college  with  credit,  he  was  recom- 
mended to  Trelawney  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, who  with  a  prebend  promoted  him  to  a 
tranquil  retirement  in  the  rectory  of 
Brightwellin  Berks.  In  1717  he  was  sued 
by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Astrey  of  Oxford,  for  a 
breach  of  marriage,  and  damages  for  2000Z. 
were  given  against  him  ;  so  that  be  retired 
abroad  to  avoid  the  sneers  of  the  censorious, 
as  well  as  to  elude  contributing  with  his 
purse  to  the  triumph  of  his  fair  one.  The 
time  of  his  absence  is  not  known.  His 
death  was  occasioned  by  a  fall  into  a  ditch 
from  near  his  garden  door,  June  10th,  1726. 
He  possessed  a  poetical  genius,  which, 
however,  was  not  frequently  exerted.  He 
published  early  .SSsop's  Greek  fables,  in  the 
preface  to  which  he  attacked  Bentley. 
Some  of  his  poems  are  preserved  in  Dods- 
ley's  and  Peach's  collections,  and  in  the 
Gent,  magazine. 

Alsop,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, who,  after  taking  his  first  degree 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  entering  into 
orders,  became  assistant  in  Oakham  gram- 
mar school.  He  married  Mr.  King's  daugh- 
ter, by  whose  persuasion  he  left  the  church 
for  the  presbyterian  tenets.  In  his  writings 
he  attacked  Dr.  Sherlock  with  humour  and 

Vol.  T  in 


spirit,  and  after  residing  at  Wilby  and 
Wellingborough,  and  suffering  imprison- 
ment for  six  months  during  the  prevailing 
persecution  of  the  times,  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  his  neighbourhood  to  the  court 
exposed  him  to  misrepresentation  and 
unkindness.  After  the  death  of  Charles  II. 
he  was  reconciled  to  kingly  power,  when 
James  pardoned  his  only  son,  whose  life 
might  have  been  forfeited  for  treasonable 
practices.  His  life  was  spent  in  the  exer- 
cise of  piety,  and  in  the  discharge  of  his 
ministry  ;  but  in  his  writings,  which  were 
all  on  theological  subjects,  he  displayed, 
with  a  mixture  of  seriousness,  powerful 
flashes  of  the  wit  with  which  nature  had  so 
strongly  gifted  him.  He  died  in  an  advan- 
ced age,  May  8th,  1703. 

Alsop,  Richard,  a  poet  and  translator, 
was  a  native  and  resident  of  Middletown, 
Conn.  His  talents  were  fine,  and  his  literary 
attainments  extensive.  A  small  portion 
only  of  his  works  has  been  published. 
He  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  volume  of 
poems  entitled  the  "  Echo  ;"  and  also  of  the 
"  American  Poems."  In  1S06  he  published 
"  The  Fairy  of  the  Enchanted  Lake,"  a 
translation  of  a  canto  of  the  Orlando  Ina- 
morato of  Berni ;  and  in  1808,  "  The  Ven- 
dean  Lovers,"  a  novel  from  the  French. 
His  chief  work  is,  "  The  Natural  and  Civil 
History  of  Chili,"  from  the  Italian  of  the 
Abbe  Molina,  in  2  vols.  Svo.  This  has 
been  republished  in  London  without  any 
acknowledgment  of  its  having  been  trans- 
lated in  this  country.  In  181 5  he  published 
"  The  Narrative  of  the  Captivity  and  Ad- 
ventures of  J.  R.  Jewitt."  His  death  took 
place  at  Flatbush,  Long  Island,  August 
20th,  1815,  in  his  57th  year.  0=  L.. 

Alstedius,  John  Henry,  a  Protestant, 
public  professor  of  divinity  at  Nassau,  and 
afterwards  at  Alba  Julia  in  Transylvania, 
where  he  died  1638  in  his  50th  year.  He 
is  best  known  for  his  Encyclopedia,  which, 
though  in  many  places  not  sufficiently  accu- 
rate, yet  obtained  unusual  popularity,  and 
is  become  the  foundation  of  all  modern 
works  of  the  same  kind.  His  Thesaurus 
Theologicus  and  his  treatise  on  arithmetic 
are  equally  esteemed,  and  show  him  to 
have  possessed  a  mind  well  stored  with 
all  the  treasures  of  literature.  He  de- 
fended the  doctrine  of  the  millennium,  and 
fixed  the  beginning  of  Christ's  reign  on 
earth  in  1694. 

Alston,  Joseph,  governor  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, after  having  been  for  several  years 
a  distinguished  member  of  the  legislature  of 
that  state,  was  elected  Chief  Magistrate  in 
1812.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Aaron 
Burr,  and  in  consequence  of  that  connexion 
was  unjustly  suspected  of  being  concerned 
in  the  treasonable  enterprises  of  his  father- 
in-law.     Mrs.  Alston  was  lost  on  her  pas- 


ALT 


ALV 


sage   from  Charleston    to  New-Vork    in 
1812.     He  died  Sept.  10,  1816,  aged  38. 

tcr  L. 

Alston,  Charles,  a  Scotch  physician, 
who  studied  at  Glasgow,  and  after  taking 
his  degrees  at  Leyden,  settled  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  the  Materia  Medica 
and  Botany.  He  is  author  of  Tyrocinium 
Botanicum  Edinburgense,  in  which  he  cen- 
sured Linne's  sexual  system,  1753, — Lec- 
tures on  the  Materia  Medica,  2  vols.  4to. 
1770,  besides  some  essays  in  the  Edinburgh 
Medical  Essays.     He  died  1760,   aged  77. 

Alter,  Francis  Charles,  a  German 
critic,  was  born  at  Englesberg  in  1749. 
He  entered  the  society  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
became  Greek  teacher  in  the  school  of 
St.  Anne,  at  Vienna,  where  he  died  in 
1804.  Of  two  hundred  and  fifty  volumes, 
or  dissertations  which  he  published,  the 
following  are  the  principal. — 1.  Novum 
Testamentum,  ad  codicem  Vindobomensem 
Uraeca  expressum,  2  vols.  Svo.  2.  A  Ger- 
man translation  of  Harwood's  view  of  the 
classics,  8vo.  3.  Various  editions  of 
Greek  and  Latin  writers,  as  Lysias,  Cicero 
Tuscul.,  Quaest.,  Lucretius,  Homer,  Plato's 
Dialogues,  Thucydides,  &c.  4.  The 
Greek  Chronicle  of  George  Phranzes, 
folio.  5.  Notes  on  the  Literary  History 
of  Georgia,  8vo.  Besides  which  he  has 
numerous  dissertations  on  curious  subjects 
in  different  literary  journals. — Biog.  Uni- 
verselle. 

Althamner,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  mi- 
nister of  Nuremberg,  author  of  notes  on 
Tacitus'  treatise  de  German.  Moribus,  4to. 
1529,  and  8vo.  1609,  besides  controversial 
works.  He  died  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century. 

Althcsius,  John,  a  German  lawyer 
in  the  17th  century,  who  inveighed  against 
kingly  power,  and  proved  the  sovereignty 
of  the  people.  His  great  opponent  was 
Boeder. 

Altilius,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet, 
preceptor  to  Ferdinand  son  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  was  a  favourite  of  the  court, 
and  his  learning  recommended  him  to  the 
bishopric  of  Policastro,  in  1471.  Though 
some  imagine  that  he  forsook  the  muses 
when  raised  to  the  episcopal  throne,  it  is 
certain  that  he  wrote  after  that  the  first  of 
his  poems,  his  epitha'.amium  on  the  mar- 
riage of  Isabella  of  Arragon,  found  in  the 
Deliciae  Italor.  Poet.  Altilius  died  in  14S4, 
or  according  to  Bayle  not  before  1501. 

Alting,  Menson,  a  burgomaster  of  Gro- 
ningen,  author  of  the  best  description  of 
the  Low  Countries  now  extant,  in  folio 
1697.     He  died  Aug.  2d,  1713,  aged  76. 

Alting,  Henry,  was  born  at  Embden  in 
1583.  He  was  the  preceptor,  the  friend, 
and  the  minister  of  the  elector  palatine,  and 
sat  as  one  of  the  deputies  of  the  palatinate 
.it  (he  synod  of  Dort.  He  nearlv  escaped 
74 


being  killed  by  a  soldier  at  the  taking  of 
Heidelberg,  in  1622.  He  filled  the  theolo- 
gical chair  of  Groningen  from  1627  till  his 
death  in  1644.  His  works,  which  are  on  re- 
ligious subjects,  are  numerous,  but  little 
read. 

Alting,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Heidelberg,  27th  Sept.  1618. 
He  studied  at  Groningen  and  Embden,  and 
afterwards  passed  into  England,  where  he 
was  ordained  by  Prideaux  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester. His  determination  to  reside  in 
England  was  altered  by  the  offer  of  the 
Hebrew  professorship  at  Groningen,  which 
he  accepted.  In  this  new  office  it  was  his 
misfortune  to  quarrel  with  Samuel  des  Ma- 
rets,  divinity  professor,  who  with  obstinate 
zeal  maintained  the  doctrines  of  the  school- 
men, against  the  simpler  method  of  teach- 
ing which  his  antagonist  wished  to  intro- 
duce. Alting,  who  followed  the  scriptures, 
acquired  popularity  by  his  lectures  ;  but  he 
was  soon  impeached  by  des  Marets  as  an 
innovator,  and  the  21  articles  of  his  accu- 
sation were  carried  before  the  divines  of 
Leyden,  who  acquitted  the  accused  of  he- 
resy, though  not  of  imprudence,  and  pass- 
ed a  censure  upon  his  accuser  for  want  of 
moderation.  These  differences  which  had 
embittered  his  life,  were  at  last,  after  some 
little  difficulties  and  objections,  settled  by 
the  kind  interference  of  their  friends,  on  the 
death-bed  of  des  Marets,  and  though  Alting 
saw  some  illiberal  passages  still  preserved 
in  the  new  editions  of  the  works  of  his  an- 
tagonist, he  might  reflect  with  pleasure  that 
he  had  obtained  his  reconciliation  before  he 
died.  The  three  last  years  of  his  life  were 
subject  to  constant  pain  and  disease,  and  he 
died  at  last  of  a  fever  in  August  1679.  His 
works  were  printed  in  five  vols,  folio,  Am- 
sterdam, 1687,  containing  practical,  philo- 
sophical, and  problematical  tracts. 

Alton,  Richard  count  d',  an  Austrian 
general,  who  had  the  command  of  the  Low 
Countries  in  1787.  Though  a  strict  disci- 
plinarian, and  a  man  of  bravery,  he  betrayed 
weakness  during  the  insurrections  in  Bra- 
bant, 1789,  for  which  he  was  sent  for  to 
Vienna,  to  clear  his  character.  He  died  on 
the  journey,  12th  Dec.  1789.  His  brother 
distinguished  himself  against  the  Turks, 
and  also  against  the  French  at  the  siege  of 
Valenciennes.  He  was  killed  near  Dun- 
kirk, 24th  Aug.  1793,  much  regretted  as  a 
good  soldier  and  an  amiable  man. 

Altoviti,  Marseille  d',  a  Florentine 
lady,  who  settled  at  Marseilles,  and  de- 
voted herself  to  the  writing  of  Italian  poe- 
try. Her  pieces  have  been  published.  She 
died  1609. 

Alured,  of  Beverly,  vid.  Alredus. 

Alva,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard,  who  travel- 
led through  Peru,  and  in  different  countries 
of  Europe.  He  died  in  the  Low  Countries 
in  1667,   leaving  a  curious  life   of  Saint 


ALV 


ALV 


Francis,  the  saint  whose  order  he  had  as- 
sumed. 

Alva,  Ferdinand  Alvarez,  duke  of,  a  fa- 
mous general  descended  from  a  noble  and 
ancient  family  in  Spain.  He  early  follow- 
ed the  profession  of  arms,  and  was  noticed 
by  Charles  V.  for  his  intrepidity  at  the 
battle  ofPavia,  and  at  the  siege  of  Mentz. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  expedition 
against  the  holy  see,  and  after  he  had  obli- 
ged the  pope  to  sue  for  peace,  he  repaired 
to  Rome,  and  with  superstitious  mockery 
threw  himself  at  the  feet  of  the  humble 
pontiff,  and  implored  his  forgiveness. 
When  the  flame  of  liberty  had  kindled  in 
the  Low  Countries,  no  general  was  consi- 
dered as  better  calculated  to  repress  the 
insurrection  than  Alva,  and  he  was  accor- 
dingly sent  with  full  powers  by  Philip  II. 
1567.  His  measures  were  at  first  crowned 
with  success,  the  undisciplined  forces  of  his 
opponents  sunk  before  his  veterans,  but  the 
minds  of  the  people,  which  mildness  and 
humanity  might  have  soothed  and  recon- 
ciled to  a  foreign  yoke,  were  alienated  by 
the  carnage  and  devastation  that  spread 
over  their  fields,  under  the  direction  of  the 
governor  and  of  his  council,  deservedly 
denominated  the  bloody  tribunal.  Alva, 
hated  for  his  cruelties,  soon  felt  the  tide 
of  fortune  and  of  unpopularity  set  against 
him,  and  after  rendering  his  memory  exe- 
crable in  the  Low  Countries  for  his  inhu- 
manity, he  solicited  and  obtained  his  recall, 
1573.  His  abilities  were  afterwards  em- 
ployed against  Portugal,  and  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  drive  Don  Antonio  from 
the  throne,  1581,  and  thus  to  add- fresh 
laurels  to  his  military  fame.  He  died,  1582, 
aged  74,  respected  for  his  valour  and  pre- 
sence of  mind  as  a  general,  but  despised 
and  detested  for  his  atrocities  as  a  civil 
governor. 

Alvares,  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest 
at  the  court  of  Emanuel.  He  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  David  king  of  Abyssinia, 
and,  after  a  residence  of  six  years  in  that 
distant  country,  he  returned  to  Europe, 
and  published  an  account  of  his  adven- 
tures, and  of  the  country  which  he  had  vi- 
sited. This  history  was  translated  into 
French,  and  abridged  also  by  Ramusius. 
Alvares  died  in  1540. 

Alvares  de  Luna,  or  Alvaro,  natural 
son  of  Don  Alvaro  de  Luna  by  a  common 
prostitute,  was  born  in  1388.  He  was  in 
his  20th  year  introduced  at  the  court  of 
John  II.  king  of  Castile,  and  so  great  was 
the  power  which  he  gained  over  tbe  mind 
of  the  monarch,  that  the  whole  empire  was 
at  his  disposal.  The  nobles  rose  indignant 
against  the  favourite,  and  he  was  banished 
one  year  and  a  half,  but  such  was  the 
king's  partiality  that  he  was  recalled  and 
loaded  with  greater  honours.  For  30 
years  out  of  the  45   which   he   spent  at 


court,  he  possessed  such  an  ascendancy 
that  the  king  could  not  change  a  minister 
or  even  alter  his  diet  or  his  clothes,  with- 
out the  approbation  of  the  favourite.  Acts 
of  tyranny  and  extortion,  however,  hasten- 
ed his  ruin,  he  was  artfully  seized  by  his 
enemies,  and  though  he  tried  by  letter  to 
soften  the  king  to  mercy,  he  was  tried  and 
sentenced  to  lose  his  head.  His  punish- 
ment was  attended  with  every  possible  igno- 
miny. On  the  scaffold,  observing  a  hook 
on  a  pole,  he  asked  the  executioner  what  it 
meant,  and  being  informed  it  was  to  sus- 
pend his  head  upon  it,  you  may,  says  he,  do 
what  you  please  with  my  body  after  I  am 
dead ;  death  can  bring  no  disgrace  to  a  man 
of  courage,  nor  is  it  untimely  to  a  man  who 
has  enjoyed  so  many  honours.  He  bent  his 
neck  to  the  axe  with  the  coolest  intrepidity, 
4th  of  June  or  5th  of  July,  1453,  exhibiting 
in  his  life  and  death  the  danger  and  the 
uncertainty  of  royal  favour  improperly  be- 
stowed, and  unworthily  enjoyed. 

Alvarez,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
born  at  Madeira,  4th  of  June,  1526.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  grammarian  and 
philologist  at  the  head  of  the  colleges  of 
Coimbra,  Evora,  and  Lisbon.  He  died  at 
Evora,  30th  Dec.  1582.  His  grammar  is 
highly  esteemed. 

Alvarez  de  Paz,  James,  a  Jesuit,  bora 
at  Toledo,  author  of  some  divinity  tracts. 
He  died,  January  17th,  1620. 

Alvarez,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
who  engaged  in  the  controversy  of  the 
Thomists  against  the  Molinists.  He  was 
archbishop  of  Trani,  in  Italy,  and  died, 
1635.  His  writings  are  all  on  polemical 
divinity. 

Alvarotto,  James,  a  learned  law  pro- 
fessor at  Padua,  whose  authority  is  fre- 
quently quoted  by  Italian  lawyers.  He 
died  1452,  aged  68.  His  commentaria  in 
libros  feudorum,  appeared,  Frankfort,  15S7, 
folio. 

Alvensleben,  Philip  Charles,  Count 
de,  a  Prussian  statesman,  was  born  in 
1745  at  Hanover,  where  his  father  was 
counsellor  of  war.  The  son  %vas  brought 
up  at  Magdeburg  with  the  prince  royal,  af- 
terwards Frederick  William  II.  He  next 
studied  at  Halle,  and  in  1775  was  sent  on 
an  embassy  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  after 
which  he  was  employed  on  various  other 
missions,  and  in  1789  came  to  England, 
but  was  recalled  the  following  year,  and 
appointed  minister  for  foreign  affairs.  Du- 
ring his  administration  he  founded  several 
benevolent  establishments,  and  gave  gene- 
ral satisfaction.  He  died  in  1802.  The 
count  wrote  "  Essai  d'un  tableau  chronolo- 
gique  des  evenemens  de  la  guerre,  depuis 
lapaix  de  Munster,  jusqu'a  celle  de  Hu- 
bertsbourg,"  8vo.  1792. — Biog.  Universelle. 

Alviano,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious 
2'eneral  in  the  service  of  Venice,  who  oV 


AMA 


AMA 


tained  some  signal  advantages  ever  the 
arms  of  the  emperor  Maximilian.  He 
died  1515,  in  his  60th  year  at  Brescia,  and 
so  poor  that  his  son  was  maintained,  and  his 
daughters  married,  at  the  public  expense. 

Altattes,  a  king  of  Lydia,  who  died  in 
the  57th  year  of  his  reign,  B.  C.  562. 

Alypius,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
fifth  century,  small  in  stature  but  gigantic 
in  mind. 

Alypius,  a  geographer,  employed  in  Bri- 
tain and  at  Jerusalem,  by  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian. His  description  of  the  world  was 
published,  1623,  at  Geneva,  4to. 

Amadeddulat,  the  son  of  a  fisherman, 
rose  by  his  abilities  to  the  command  of  the 
armies  of  Makan,  Sultan  of  Decan,  and  at 
last  obtained  possession  of  Persia,  Irak, 
and  Caramania,  which  he  divided  with  his 
two  brothers.  He  fixed  his  residence  at 
Shiraz,  933  ;  and  was  the  first  of  the  dy- 
nasty of  the  Buides.  He  died  949,  much 
regretted  by  his  soldiers  and  his  subjects. 

Amadeus  V.  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
the  great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against 
the  Turks,  and  for  this  celebrated  exploit 
added  to  his  arms  the  cross  of  Malta  with 
these  letters  F.  E.  R.  T.  fortitudoejus  Rho- 
dum  tenuit.  It  is  said  that  he  besieged  32 
towns  and  took  them  all.  He  died  at  Avig- 
non, 1323. 

Amadeus  VI.  count  of  Savoy,  1343,  as- 
sisted the  French  king  John  against  the 
arms  of  Edward  III.  of  England,  and  af- 
terwards distinguished  himself  in  Greece, 
by  supporting  John  Palaeologus,  against  the 
king  of  Bulgaria.  He  presented  the  Pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople,  to  the  pope  Ur- 
ban V.  at  Viterbo,  and  for  his  services  was 
properly  regarded  as  the  arbiter  of  the  af- 
fairs of  Italy.    He  died  of  the  plague,  1333. , 

Amadeus  VIII.  count  of  Savoy,  surna- 
med the  pacificator,  succeeded  Amadeus 
VII.  in  1391.  After  he  had  erected  Savoy 
into  a  dutcby,  1416,  he  retired  from  his 
family  to  a  hermitage  called  Ripaille, 
where  he  instituted,  1434,  the  order  of  the 
secular  knights  of  the  annunciation.  In 
this  retreat,  in  the  midst  of  every  luxury, 
with  no  appearance  of  seclusion  from  the 
world,  except  in  name,  he  passed  his  time 
till  1439,  when  the  council  of  Basil  elected 
him  pope,  in  opposition  to  Eugenius  IV. 
He  quitted  his  hermitage  for  this  eleva- 
tion, and  cut  off"  the  venerable  beard 
which  he  had  affectedly  permitted  to 
grow  to  a  great  length,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Felix  V.  but  as  he  found  his  ene- 
mies determined  to  support  his  rival,  he 
abdicated  the  tiara  in  favour  of  Nicholas  V. 
the  successor  of  Eugenius,  and  remained 
satisfied  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  the  office 
of  dean  of  the  sacred  college.  He  died, 
1451,  aged  69,  at  Geneva. 

Amadeus  IX.  duke  of  Savoy,  succeeded 
Lewis  1465,  and  was  a  brave,  as  well  as  a 
76 


popular  and  charitable  prince.  His  sub- 
jects, who  knew  the  goodness  of  his  heort, 
gave  him  the  surname  of  the  blessed.  He 
had  married  Yolande,  of  France,  and  he 
died,  1472,  universally  lamented. 

Amadeus,  a  Franciscan  monk,  in  Portu- 
gal. He  drew  the  public  attention  upon 
him  by  his  publication  of  some  mystical 
revelations  at  Rome,  and  died,  1482. 

Amadeus,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died, 
1158.  He  is  author  of  a  panegyric  on  the 
blessed  virgin,  edited,  1537,  Basil. 

Amaja,  Francis,  a  Spanish  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Osuna  and  Salamanca.  He 
died  at  Valladolid,  about  1640.  His  com- 
mentary on  the  eight  last  books  of  the  Code, 
printed  Lyons,  1639,  folio,  and  his  other 
treatises,  were  highly  valued. 

Amak,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  fifth  centu- 
ry, at  the  court  of  the  sultan  Khedar  Khan, 
who  made  him  president  of  the  academy 
of  poets,  which  he  had  established.  His 
poem  on  the  loves  of  Joseph  and  Zoleis- 
kah  was  much  admired.  He  lived  to  a 
great  age. 

Amalaric  or  Amaury,  king  of  the  Visi- 
goths, son  of  Alaric  II.  succeeded  his 
grandfather  Theodoric  in  526.  He  mar- 
ried Clotilda  the  daughter  of  Clovis,  king 
of  France,  whom  he  attempted  to  convert 
to  Arianism,  at  first  by  caresses,  after- 
wards by  threats  and  violence,  but  in  vain. 
The  injured  queen  at  last  conveyed,  as  a 
token  of  her  misery,  a  handkerchief  cover- 
ed with  her  blood  to  her  brothers,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  Childebert  king  of  Paris 
marched  against  her  oppressor,  and  defeat- 
ed him  near  Narbonne.  Amalaric  was  put 
to  death  either  as  he  fled  from  the  battle, 
or  afterwards,  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his 
soldiers,  531. 

Amalarius,  Fortunatus,  archbishop  of 
Treves,  was  ambassador  of  Charlemagne 
to  Constantinople.  He  died  814,  and  left 
a  treatise  on  baptism. 

Amalarius,  Symphosius,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Mentz,  author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the 
offices  and  antiquities  of  the  church.  He 
died  about  837. 

Amalasontha,  daughter  of  Theodoric, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  was  mother  of 
Athalaric,  by  Eutharic.  She  inherited  her 
father's  possessions  as  the  guardian  of  her 
son,  but  while,  with  the  most  enlightened 
views,  she  wished  to  educate  him  in  the 
manners  and  learning  of  her  polished 
neighbours  of  Rome,  she  offended  her 
nobles,  who  conspired  against  her,  and  ob- 
tained the  government  of  the  young  prince. 
Athalaric  was  now  no  longer  instructed  in 
the  arts  and  habits  of  polished  life,  but  in- 
ured to  debauchery,  and  he  sunk  under  the 
fatal  power  of  licentiousness  in  his  17th 
year,  534.  The  afflicted  mother  knew  not 
how  to  support  herself  against  her  rebel- 
lions subjects,  but  by  taking  as  her  husband 


AMA 


AMA 


and  her  partner  on  the  throne,  her  relation 
Theodatus,  but  such  is  the  force  of  ingrati- 
tude, that  this  favoured  villain  despatched 
his  unsuspecting  queen,  by  causing  her  to 
be  strangled  in  a  bath,  534.  She  was  uni- 
versally regretted,  as  for  learning  and  hu- 
manity she  had  few  equals. 

Amalek,  son  of  Eliphaz,  the  son  of 
Esau,  was  the  founder  of  a  nation  which 
settled  in  Idumea,  and  made  war  against 
the  Israelites,  under  Saul  and  David. 

Amalric,  Augeri,  author  of  a  history  of 
the  popes,  dedicated  to  Urban  V.  flourished 
in  the  14th  century. 

Amalric,  Arnold,  archbishop  of  Nar- 
bonne,  animated  the  princes  of  Spain 
against  the  Moors,  and  obtained  a  victory 
over  them,  1212,  of  which,  as  an  ocular 
witness,  he  has  given  a  history.  He  died 
1225. 

Amalth.£a,  the  name  of  the  Sibyl  of 
Cumae,  who  sold  her  books  to  Tarquin. 

Amaltheus,  Jerome,  John  Baptiste, 
and  Cornelius,  three  brothers  born  at  Oder- 
zo,  in  Italy,  equally  celebrated  for  their 
poetry.  The  first  studied  philosophy  and 
medicine,  the  second  was  secretary  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  the  last  applied  him- 
self to  literature,  and  translated  the  cate- 
chism of  the  council  into  Latin.  Among 
their  poems  printed  at  Amsterdam  1685, 
and  in  1728,  in  8vo.  is  the  following  deli- 
cate epigram  on  two  beautiful  children  who 
had  lost  each  an  eye. 

Lumine  Aeon  dextro,  capta  est  Leonilla 
sinistro  ; 
Et  poteret  formd  vincere  uterque  Deos. 

Parve  puer,  lumen  quod  habet,   concede 
sorori, 

Sic  ht  ccecus  Amor,  sic  erit  ilia  Venus. 
They  are  said  by  L'advocat  to  have  died  all 
three  in  1574.  There  was  an  archbishop 
of  Athens  of  the  same  name,  Attilius,  who 
died  about  1600,  illustrious  for  his  learning 
and  disinterested  spirit.  He  went  as  nun- 
cio from  Paul  V.  to  Cologne. 

Amama,  Sixtinus,  a  Hebrew  professor  at 
Franeker,  who  refused  the  liberal  offers  of 
the  university  of  Leyden,  which  wished 
him  to  succeed  to  the  vacant  chair  of  Erpe- 
nius.  He  was  long  employed  in  the  great 
design  of  refuting  and  censuring  the  vul- 
gate  translation  which  had  received  the 
sanction  of  the  council  of  Trent.  This 
learned  work  called  "  Antibarbarus  Bibli- 
cus"  was  to  consist  of  two  parts,  but  only 
one  was  published  before  Amama  died,  and 
so  powerful  were  his  arguments,  that  some 
synods  refused  to  admit  candidates  to  holy 
orders  except  they  perfectly  understood 
Hebrew  and  Greek  originals.  His  precepts 
and  example  were  successfully  employed  in 
checking  the  dissolute  and  intemperate 
manners  which  prevailed  in  the  university 
of  Franeker,  and  after  his  death  in  1629, 
Ihe  gratitude  of  the  people  of   Frio sland 


for  his  memory  was  shown  in  their  gene- 
rous conduct  towards  his  children,  as  his 
son  Nicholas  acknowledges  in  a  dedication 
to  his  Dissertat.  marinarum  decas.  He 
was  in  1613  at  Oxford,  and  taught  for  some 
time  Hebrew  in  Exeter  College. 

Amand,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard,  Sieur 
de  St.,  born  at  Rouen  in  Normandy,  1594, 
distinguished  himself  as  a  poet  on  comic, 
burlesque  and  amorous  subjects.  His  fa- 
ther had  the  command  of  a  squadron  of  ships 
under  Elizabeth  of  England  for  22  years,  and 
he  himself  employed  the  greatest  part  of 
his  life  in  travelling.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  French  academy,  and 
instead  of  speaking  a  public  oration,  he 
undertook  to  make  a  collection  of  burlesque 
terms  and  expressions  for  the  dictionary 
which  that  learned  body  intended  to  pub- 
lish. His  "  Moise  Sauve"  and  his  "  Soli- 
tude" were  much  admired,  but  have  since 
been  neglected  or  forgotten.  In  a  poem 
on  the  moon,  it  is  said  that  he  praised  the 
skill  of  Lewis  XIV.  in  swimming,  a  com- 
pliment which  the  monarch  disdained,  and 
which  so  affected  the  poet  that  he  did  not 
long  survive  the  indifference  with  which 
his  muse  was  treated.  He  died  1661  in 
his  67th  year. 

Amand,  St.  a  bishop  of  Bourdeaux,  404. 
— Another,  bishop  of  Maestricht  who  con- 
verted the  Low  Countries  to  Christianity. 
He  died  679. 

Amaral,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of 
the  order  of  Malta  who  betrayed  Rhodes 
to  Solyman.     He  was  put  to  death  1522. 

Amaseus,  Romulus,  a  learned  professor 
of  Bologna,  author  of  some  orations,  and 
of  a  translation  of  Pausanias.  He  died 
1558.  His  son  Pompilius  published  a  trans- 
lation of  part  of  Polybius,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Bologna. 

Amasis,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  died  about 
525  B.  C. 

Amatus  de  Portugal,  a  physician  about 
1550,  whose  real  name  was  John  Rod  de 
Castelbranco.  He  travelled  through  Eu- 
rope, and  wrote  commentaries  on  Diosco- 
rides,  Avicenna,  &c. 

Amauri,  de  Chartres,  a  professor  of  phi- 
losophy born  at  Bonne  near  Chartres  in  the 
13th  century.  He  formed  a  new  system  of 
religion  on  the  metaphysics  of  Aristotle, 
and  acknowledged  three  persons  in  the 
Godhead,  which  he  considered  as  the  pri- 
mary cause  of  matter  from  which  all  beings 
are  created.  He  supposed  that  there  would 
be  three  epochs  in  the  government  of  the 
world  as  there  were  three  persons  in  the 
Trinity.  The  reign  of  God  he  limited  to 
the  extinction  of  the  law  of  Moses,  that  of 
the  Son  was  to  last  as  long  as  the  Christian 
religion,  after  which  would  succeed  the  em- 
pire of  the  Holy  Ghost,  when  men  would  of- 
fer only  a  spiritual  worship  to  the  Supreme 
Being.     These  opinions  were  violently  re- 


AMJJ 


AMB 


sisted,  and  Amauri  having  appealed  to  the 
Pope  was  condemned  by  him,  and  for  fear 
of  punishment  retracted  his  pernicious 
doctrines,  and  soon  after  died  at  St.  Mar- 
tin des  Champs  of  disappointment.  His 
most  zealous  disciple  was  Dizant. 

Amauri,  king  of  Jerusalem  after  Bald- 
win in  1162,  was  unsuccessful  in  an  expe- 
dition against  Egypt,  and  died  11th  July, 
1173,  in  his  38th  year.  In  his  character  he 
was  brave  and  warlike,  but  avaricious  and 
cruel. 

Amauri  II.  was  king  of  Cyprus  and  of 
Jerusalem,  after  his  brother  Guy  de  Lusig- 
nan  1164,  and  he  married  Isabella  the  se- 
cond daughter  of  the  preceding,  who  had 
laid  claims  to  his  crown.  He  was  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  wars  against  the  Saracens, 
and  died  1205,  before  succours  arrived  from 
the  Christian  princes  of  Europe  to  sup- 
port him  against  the  infidels. 

Amaziah,  succeeded  his  father  Joash,  as 
king  of  Judah,  in  his  25th  year.  He  made 
war  against  the  Edomites,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Israel,  conquered  them  in  the 
Valley  of  Salt,  but  growing  proud  of  his  vic- 
tory, he  threatened  his  allies,  and  attacked 
them.  The  invasion  proved  fatal  to  him- 
self. He  was  taken  prisoner,  and  at  last 
put  to  death  by  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

Amboise,  Francois  d',  son  of  a  surgeon 
nf  Charles  IX.  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  and 
industry.  He  published  the  works  of  Abe- 
lard,  and  wrote  several  pieces  for  the  the- 
atre, which  he  refused  to  print.  One  of 
these,  however,  the  Neapolitans,  was  pub- 
lished by  the  interference  of  his  friends, 
and  was  most  universally  applauded.  He 
died  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
— His  brother  Adrian,  author  of  the  tragedy 
of  Holofernes,  was  bishop  of  Tregulier, 
and  died  1616. — James,  another  brother, 
studied  medicine,  and  was  rector  of  the 
university  of  Paris.  Some  of  his  ora- 
tions are  preserved.  He  died  of  the  plague 
1606. 

Amboise,  George  d',  of  the  house  of 
Amboise  in  France,  was  born  in  1460  and 
educated  for  the  church,  and  at  the  age  of 
14  elected  bishop  of  Montauban.  After 
the  death  of  Lewis  XI.  he  favoured  the 
party  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  for  a 
while  shared  his  disgrace,  but  his  abilities 
were,  however,  rewarded  by  the  archbi- 
shopric of  Narbonne,  which  he  exchanged 
for  Rouen.  As  deputy  of  Orleans  he  re- 
stored tranquillity  and  confidence  in  the 
province  of  Rouen,  and  for  his  great  ser- 
vices was  promoted  to  the  dangerous  of- 
fice of  prime  minister,  when  his  patron, 
after  the  death  of  Charles  VIII.  as- 
cended the  throne,  under  the  name  of 
Lewis  XII.  In  this  high  situation,  he  de- 
servedly acquired  popularity.  Instead  of 
raising  the  taxes,  he  diminished  the  hur- 
7S 


dens  of  the  people,  and,  by  mixing  econo- 
my with  prudence,  he  maintained  the  ho- 
nour and  glory  of  the  French  name.  The 
Milanese  was  conquered,  and  added  to  the 
kingdom.  Abuses  were  corrected,  and 
the  administration  of  justice  was  rendered 
more  quick  and  impartial,  so  that  no  longer 
power  or  opulence,  but  equity,  guided  the 
decision  of  the  judge.  Amboise,  who  had 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat,  aspired  to  the 
papal  chair,  but  the  intrigues  of  the  Italian 
bishops  were  too  powerful  for  his  integri- 
ty, and  he  was  disappointed.  He  died  of 
the  gout  in  his  stomach  at  Lyons,  in  his 
50th  year,  1510.  He  left  behind  him  a 
popular  character,  and  though  his  genius 
was  not  gigantic,  nor  his  counsels  guided 
by  ambition,  yet  he  possessed  firmness  and 
energy,  and  he  exhibited  disinterestedness, 
which  awed  cabal  and  intrigue  into  admi- 
ration. His  nephew  George  succeeded  him 
in  his  archbishopric,  and  was  raised  also 
to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.     He  died  1550. 

Amboise,  Michael  d',  of  Chevillan,  au- 
thor of  several  epistles,  complaints,  ballads, 
epitaphs,  &.c.  flourished  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

Amboise,  Aimery  d',  brother  to  the  car- 
dinal, was  famous  for  the  naval  victory 
which  he  obtained  over  the  Sultan  of  Egypt, 
1510.  He  died  in  his  78th  year,  8th  No- 
vember, 1512. 

Amboise,  Frances  d',  a  lady  celebrated 
for  the  improvement  which  she  introduced 
in  the  manners  and  the  sentiments  of  the 
Bretons.  She  was  wife  of  Peter  II.  Duke 
of  Britanny,  whose  great  inhumanity  to- 
wards hes  she  bore  with  Christian  resigna- 
tion. After  his  death,  1437,  she  refused  to 
marry  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  retired  to 
the  tranquillity  of  a  convent,  where  she 
died,  1485. 

Ambrogi,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Rome,  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  his  taste,  and  his  eloquence.  He 
published  various  works,  and  died  at  Rome, 
1788,  aged  75. 

Ambrose,  Saint,  archbishop  of  Milan, 
died  4th  April,  397,  aged  57.  He  is  famous 
for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  Christianity, 
for  his  learning,  and  for  the  noble  severity 
with  which  he  censured  and  corrected  the 
emperor  Theodosius,  who  had  barbarously 
ordered  several  innocent  persons  to  be  put 
to  death  at  Thessalonica.  He  is  said  to  have 
composed  that  pious  hymn  "  Te  deum." 

Ambrose,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  of 
an  opulent  family.  He  was  the  patron  of 
Origen,  by  whose  eloquence  he  had  been 
converted  to  Christianity.  He  died  250  at 
Alexandria.  His  letters  mentioned  by  St. 
Jerome  are  lost. 

Ambrose,  of  the  order  of  Camaldoli,  was 
born  at  Portico  in  Romania,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  fluency  in  the  Greek 
tongue  at  the  counsels  of  Basil,  Ferrara 


AME 


AME 


and  Florence.  He  translated  several 
Greek  authors,  and  died  21st  October, 
1439. 

Ambrose,  de  Lombez,  Pere,  a  Capuchin, 
author  of  a  tract  on  inward  Peace,  and  of 
letters  spirituelles  esteemed  for  their  good 
sense,  moderation,  and  piety.  He  is  ex- 
tolled as  a  man  of  uncommon  meekness 
and  humanity.  He  died  25th  October, 
1778,  at  St.  Saviour  near  Bareges,  aged  70. 

Ambrose,  Isaac,  descended  of  the  Am- 
broses of  Ambrose-hall  in  Lancashire,  was 
of  Brazen  Nose  college,  Oxford,  1621,  and 
took  orders,  which,  however,  he  renounced, 
to  adopt  the  principles  of  the  presbyterians 
in  the  civil  wars.  As  he  was  in  indigent  cir- 
cumstances, he  was  often,  says  Ward,  re- 
lieved by  William  earl  of  Bedford,  and  he 
became  a  preacher  at  Garstang  and  Pres- 
ton, and  distinguished  himself  by  his  vehe- 
ment zeal  in  ejecting  the  ministers  of  the 
established  church.  He  published  a  few 
tracts  one  of  which  "  looking  unto  Jesus" 
was  in  high  repute  among  Calvinists,  and 
died  of  an  apoplexy. 

Ambrosini,  Bartholomew,  was  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  botany  in  his  native 
city  of  Bologna,  and  published  several 
learned  books  on  the  studies  which  he  so 
much  loved  and  adorned.  The  best  known 
of  his  works  are  Panacasa  ex  herbis  quae  a 
Sanctis  denominantur,  8vo.  1630 — Historia 
capsicorum  cum  iconibus,  12mo. — The 
odorica  medicina,  1632,  4to. — He  died 
1657. 

Ambrosini,  Hyacinth,  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding,  in  the  care  of 
the  botanical  garden  of  Bologna,  wrote 
some  treatises  on  the  names  and  synonymes 
of  plants  discovered  in  the  17th  century. 

Ambrosius,  Aurelianus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica  who  came,  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Saxons,  whom 
Vortigern  had  invited  into  the  kingdom. 
After  the  death  of  Vortigern,  he  was  placed 
on  the  throne  of  Britain,  as  the  reward  of 
his  meritorious  services,  and  he  reigned 
with  great  popularity.  He  died  at  Win- 
chester, 508.  Arthur  is  said  to  have  been 
his  eleve. 

Ambrosius,  Catharinus  Politus,  a  learn- 
ed Dominican,  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Compsa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  In 
his  works,  which  are  Scriptural,  some  of 
his  tenets  are  erroneous,  and  he  is,  there- 
fore, according  to  Bellarmine,  to  be  read 
with  caution.     He  died  at  Naples  1552. 

Amedeus,  vid.  Amadeus. 

Amelius,  Gentilianus,  a  Platonic  philo- 
sopher in  the  third  century,  disciple  to  Plo- 
tinus. 

Amelot  de  la  Houssaye,  Abraham  Ni- 
colas, a  native  of  Orleans,  1634,  sent  as 
secretary  to  the  French  ambassador  at 
Venice.  His  writings  were  numerous,  but 
some  of  them  save  such  offence   that  lie 


was  confined  in  the  Bastile.  His  most 
popular  works  were  his  translation  of  fa- 
ther Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  his  "  Courtier,"  translated  from  Balta- 
sar's  Gratian's  oraculo  manual.  He  also 
translated  Machiavel's  Prince,  and  the  six 
first  books  of  Tacitus's  annals,  and  wrote  a 
preliminary  discourse  for  the  treaties  of 
peace  between  the  French  kings  and  the 
princes  of  Europe,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris 
1706,  aged  nearly  73. 

Amelot,  Denis,  a  French  writer  born 
atSaintonge  1606.  In  his  life  of  Charles 
de  Gondren,  one  of  the  superiors  of  the 
Oratory  founded  by  Philip  of  Neri,  he 
spoke  with  severity  of  the  abbe  St.  Cyran, 
and  drew  upon  himself  the  hatred  of  the 
gentlemen  of  Port  Royal.  He,  however, 
disregarded  the  sarcasms  of  their  attack, 
and  had  influence  enough  in  the  Sorbonne, 
and  with  chancellor  Seguier  to  prevent 
their  obtaining  the  royal  license  to  print 
the  translation  of  the  New  Testament, 
which  they  had  just  completed.  Further, 
to  thwart  their  views,  he  published  a  trans- 
lation himself  in  4  vols.  8vo.  which  though 
not  free  from  error  had  yet  its  admirers. 
In  his  old  age,  Amelot  solicited  his  friends 
in  power  for  a  bishopric,  but  though  he  had 
supported  their  cause  against  the  society  of 
Port  Royal  he  was  refused  in  his  applica- 
tion. He  became  member  of  the  Oratory 
1650,  and  died  there  1678.  He  published 
besides,  a  harmony  of  the  gospels,  12mo. 
an  abridgment  of  theology,  4to. 

Amerbach,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  more 
as  being  one  of  the  first  printers,  who,  in- 
stead of  the  Gothic  and  Italian,  recom- 
mended the  round  and  perfect  Roman  let- 
ter. He  settled  with  success  at  Basil  with 
Froben,  and  died  in  1515.  His  son  John 
was  professor  of  law  at  Basil,  and  Syndic, 
and  the  friend  of  Erasmus.  He  died  1562, 
aged  67. 

Amerbach,  Vitus,  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt, 
where  he  died  1550,  aged  70.  He  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  the  orations  of  Demos- 
thenes, and  Isocrates,  and  wrote  besides 
Commentaries  on  Cicero,  the  Tristitia  of 
Ovid,  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry,  &c. 

Americcs,  Vesputius,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, whose  mind  was  early  bent  to  ma- 
thematics and  navigation.  The  fame  of 
Columbus  attracted  his  notice,  and  deter- 
mined to  rival  his  glory,  he  obtained  from 
Ferdinand  king  of  Spain  a  squadron  of  4 
ships,  with  which  he  sailed  from  Cadiz, 
1497.  During  this  voyage,  which  lasted 
18  months,  he  visited  the  coast  of  Paria 
and  Terra  Firma  along  the  Mexican  gulf, 
and  in  a  subsequent  enterprise  the  follow- 
ing year  with  six  ships,  he  extended 
his  discoveries  to  the  Antilles  and  the 
shores  of  Guiana  and  Venezuela.  On  bis 
7" 


AME 


AMU 


return  in  1500,  be  was  received  by  the 
Spanish  court  with  a  coolness  which  his 
services  ill  deserved ;  but  his  discontent 
was  forgotten  under  the  patronage  of  Ema- 
nuel of  Portugal,  who  furnished  him  with 
three  ships  in  May,  1501.  In  this  third 
voyage,  Americus  discovered  the  Brazils 
from  La  Plata  to  the  coast  of  Patagonia, 
and  he  returned  to  Lisbon,  September,  1509. 
A  fourth  voyage  was  undertaken  with  six 
ships,  with  the  intention  of  proceeding  to 
the  Molucca  islands  in  a  southern  direction 
along  the  American  coast,  but  he  was  de- 
tained by  contrary  winds  for  five  months 
near  the  river  Curabado,  and  the  want  of 
provisions  obliged  him  to  return  to  Europe. 
Americus  died  in  the  island  of  Tercera  in 
1514,  aged  63.  He  published  an  enter- 
taining account  of  his  voyages,  but  he  is 
become  illustrious  as  he  obtained  the  sin- 
gular honour  of  giving  his  name  to  the  new 
world,  and  thus  monopolized  the  glory 
which  was  due  to  the  genius,  and  the  en- 
terprises of  the  great  Columbus.  He  has 
been  accused  by  the  Spanish  writers  of 
giving  false  dates  to  his  writings,  that  he 
might  establish  a  priority  of  discovery  be- 
fore his  rival.  The  remains  of  his  ship, 
the  Victory,  were  preserved  by  the  king  of 
Portugal  in  the  cathedral  of  Lisbon. 

Ames,  William,  a  native  of  Norfolk, 
who,  after  being  educated  at  Christ's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  left  his  country,  where 
his  Calvinistical  tenets  were  becoming  un- 
popular, and  settled  as  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Franeker  in  Holland.  Here  he 
enjoyed  fame  and  independence,  but  as  the 
air  of  the  place  was  too  sharp  for  his  asth- 
matic constitution,  he  removed  to  Rotter- 
dam with  the  intention  of  passing  into  New 
England.  He,  however,  died  at  Rotter- 
dam, Nov.  1633,  aged  57.  He  was  a  learned 
divine,  and  his  writings  were  voluminous, 
and  all  on  controversial  subjects,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  Medulla  Theologica.  His 
son  William  was  ejected  for  nonconfor- 
mity, from  the  living  of  Wrentham  in  Suf- 
folk in  1662,  and  died  1689,  aged  66.  He 
published  a  sermon,  "  the  saint's  security 
against  the  seducing  spirits,"  &c. 

Ames,  Joseph,  a  ship-chandler  of  Wap- 
ping,  who,  in  an  advanced  period  of  life, 
studied  antiquities,  and  rose  by  his  genius 
and  application  to  consequence,  and  to  the 
secretaryship  of  the  society  of  Antiquaries. 
He  published  an  account  of  the  earliest 
printers,  with  a  register  of  the  books  which 
they  printed,  in  4to.  1749,  besides  the  list 
of  English  heads  engraved  and  mezzo- 
tinto,  &c.  in  8vo.  He  also  compiled  the 
"  parentalia,"  from  Wren's  papers.  He 
died  Oct.  7,  1759,  and  the  following  year 
his  curious  collection  of  fossils,  shells, 
medals,  &c.  was  sold  by  public  auction. 
His  daughter  married  Captain  Dampier  in 
Hip  East  India  sea  service. 
80 


Ames,  Fisher,  L.L.D.  a  civilian  eminent 
for  his  talents  and  oratory,  was  born  at 
Dedham,  Massachusetts,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1774.  He  not  long  af- 
terwards studied  law  in  Boston.  The  affairs 
of  the  Revolution  drew  his  attention  to 
politics,  and  he  became  conspicuous  by  his 
speeches,  in  the  convention  of  his  native 
state,  on  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution. He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
first  congress  after  the  organization  of  the 
general  government  in  1789,  and  for  eight 
successive  years,  was  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished members  of  that  body.  He  held 
the  first  rank  among  his  countrymen  and 
contemporaries,  in  strength  and  splendour 
of  endowments,  lofty  eloquence,  a  profound 
acquaintance  with  the  science  of  govern- 
ment, and  an  enlightened  and  ardent  pa- 
triotism. His  health  then  failed,  and  he 
withdrew  from  public  life.  The  lustre  of 
his  character,  however,  continued  undi- 
minished. His  retirement  was  adorned  by 
uncommon  amiability,  modesty,  and  sim- 
plicity of  manners,  and  the  virtues  of  an 
enlightened  and  exemplary  Christian.  He 
died  July  4th,  1808.  His  writings,  prefaced 
by  a  memoir  of  his  life,  were  published  in 
one  volume  8vo.  1809.  ID  L. 

Amherst,  Jeffrey,  lord,  an  English  gene- 
ral of  considerable  celebrity,  descended 
from  an  ancient  family  seated  at  Sevenoaks 
in  Kent.  He  was  born  1727,  and  at  the  age 
of  14  embraced  the  military  profession.  In 
1741  he  was  aid-de-camp  to  general  Li- 
gonier  at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  Fonte- 
noy,  and  Rocoux,  and  in  1756  he  obtained 
the  colonelcy,  of  the  15th  regiment  of  foot. 
His  abilities  and  experience  were  now 
called  into  action  ;  he  was  employed  1753 
at  the  siege  of  Louisbourg,  and  was  made 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  forces  in  America,  and,  in  this 
part  of  world,  the  fall  of  Niagara,  Ticon- 
deroga,  Quebec,  and  Montreal,  with  the 
submission  of  all  Canada,  marked  the  pro- 
gress of  his  judicious  and  successful  mea- 
sures. His  great  services  were  honourably 
rewarded  by  the  court ;  he  was  made 
a  knight  of  the  Bath,  in  1771  appointed 
governor  of  Guernsey,  the  next  year  lieu- 
tenant general  of  the  ordnance,  and  in 
1776  created  baron  Amherst  of  Holmsdale. 
In  1778,  he  was  made  commander-in-chief, 
and  in  1782  appointed  goldstick,  and  though 
upon  the  change  of  ministry,  these  offices 
were  withdrawn,  he  was  again  reinstated 
in  1793,  when  two  years  after,  he  resigned 
the  command  of  the  forces  to  the  duke  of 
York,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  field 
marshal.  He  died  1798,  and  was  buried 
at  Sevenoaks.  Though  twice  married,  he 
had  no  issue,  and  his  titles,  therefore,  have 
devolved  to  his  nephew. 

Amuurst,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Maiden 
in  Kent,  educated   at   Merchant  Taylor* 


AMI 


AAIM 


school,  and  St.  John's,  Oxford,  from  which 
last  he  was  expelled  on  a  charge  of  irregu- 
larity. This  disgrace,  which  he  attributed 
to  the  liberality  and  freedom  of  his  op^ 
nions,  and  to  his  attachment  to  the  Hanover 
succession,  he  severely  resented,  and  all 
his  powers  of  satire  and  abuse  were  exerted 
against  the  university  and  its  members,  in 
his  "  Oculus  Britannia?,"  and  "  Terrs 
filius,"  published  in  two  vols,  12mo.  1726. 
After  his  expulsion,  he  settled  in  London 
as  a  professional  writer,  but  his  most  suc- 
cessful undertaking  was  the  conducting  of 
the  "  Craftsman,"  a  paper  of  which  10  or 
12  thousand  copies  were  daily  dispersed, 
and  which  for  a  series  of  years  guided  the 
public  taste,  in  politics,  and  awed  the  admi- 
nistration into  measures  of  popularity.  In 
this  he  was  occasionally  assisted  by  lord 
Bolingbroke,and  Mr.  Pulteney,  and  others  ; 
but  his  own  productions  were  little  infe- 
rior to  the  papers  of  these  celebrated  lea- 
ders of  opposition.  When  the  act  for  li- 
censing plays  was  passed,  a  letter  in  the 
name  of  Colley  Cibber  appeared  in  the 
Craftsman,  July  2d,  1737,  to  ridicule  the 
check  which  the  law  had  placed  upon  the 
effusions  of  poetry,  and  this  so  offended 
the  ministry,  that  the  printer  was  seized, 
but  Amhurst  surrendered  himself,  and  after 
being  imprisoned,  and  refusing  to  give  bail 
for  his  good  behaviour,  he  obtained  his  re- 
lease by  bringing  his  habeas  corpus,  and 
the  prosecution  was  dropped.  On  the  re- 
conciliation of  the  opposition  to  the  court, 
his  services,  which  for  20  years  had  been 
exerted  in  the  cause  of  his  parliamentary 
friends,  were  forgotten,  and  the  neglect 
with  which  he  was  treated  depressed  his 
spirits,  and  probably  hastened  his  dissolu- 
tion. He  died  of  a  fever  at  Twickenham, 
April  27th,  1743,  and  was  buried  at  the  ex- 
pense of  Richard  Franklin,  his  printer. 
Though  his  morals  were  impeachable,  and 
his  integrity  of  a  doubtful  appearance,  yet 
the  ingratitude  which  marked  the  evening 
of  his  days,  reflects  dishonour  on  the  name 
of  Bolingbroke  and  Pulteney,  and  prove 
that  virtue  and  honesty  are  seldom  found 
with  the  great,  unmixed  with  interested 
and  ambitious  views. 

Amiconi,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  who 
came  toEngland  in  1729,  and  was  employed 
with  success  as  a  portrait  and  history 
painter.  He  adorned  the  staircase  of  Powis 
house,  Ormond-street,  with  the  story  of  Ju- 
dith and  Holofernes,  and  the  hall  of  More- 
park-house  in  Herts  with  the  fable  of  Ju- 
piter and  Io.  In  1736  Amiconi  went  to 
Paris,  and  marrying  an  Italian  singer,  he 
returned  three  years  after  to  his  own  coun- 
try. He  afterwards  visited  Spain,  and  was 
made  painter  to  the  king,  and  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Sept.  1752. 

Amicus,  Antony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Pa- 
lermo, historiographer   roval  to  Philip  IV. 

Vol,  T.  11 


of  Spain,  and  author  of  a  chronological 
history  of  the  bishops  of  Syracuse,  of  Si- 
cilian regum  annales  ab  anno  1060,  usque 
ad  praesens  seculum.  He  died  at  Palermo, 
1641. 

Amin-Ben-Haroun,  the  sixth  calif  of 
the  house  of  the  Abbassides,  was  son  of 
Aaron  Raschid,  to  whom  he  succeeded. 
He  was  wantonly  cruel,  and  imprudent  in 
his  general  conduct,  and  was  at  last  con- 
quered and  put  to  death  by  Thaher,  his  bro- 
ther Almamouns  general,  822,  after  a  short 
reign  of  five  years. 

Amiral,  Henry,  a  native  of  Auzolet  in 
Auvergne,  known  during  the  French  revo- 
lution for  his  attempt  to  assassinate  Collot 
d'  Herbois  and  Robespierre,  and  thus  to  rid 
France  of  her  tyrants.  He  was  seized  in 
the  fact  and  condemned  to  die.  He  suf- 
fered with  great  intrepidity,  1792. 

Amman,  Paul,  of  Breslau,  was  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leipsic.  He  wrote  some 
botanical  tracts,  and  died  1600. 

Amman,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician 
successfully  employed  in  teaching  the  deaf 
to  speak  in  France  and  Holland.  He  pub- 
lished a  curious  account  of  the  method  he 
pursued  in  two  tracts  called  Surdus  lo- 
quens,  and  died  at  Amsterdam  about  1730. 

Ammanati,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Florence,  eminent  as  a  sculptor  and  archi- 
tect. Many  of  the  Italian  cities,  espe- 
cially Rome,  contained  specimens  of  his 
labours  and  genius.  He  wrote  a  work  called 
Citta,  with  designs  for  all  the  public  and 
ornamental  buildings  necessary  in  a  capital. 
He  died  1586  in  his  75th  year,  or  according 
to  .some  in  1592. 

Ammanati,  Laura  Battiferri,  wife  to  the 
preceding,  was  daughter  of  John  Antony 
llattifervi,  and  born  at  Urbino.  She  be- 
came celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learn- 
ing. Her  poems  which  abound  with  ex- 
cellent morality,  are  esteemed  high  among 
the  productions  of  the  Italian  muse.  She 
was  one  of  the  members  of  the  Intronati 
academy  at  Sienna,  and  died  at  Florence, 
November  1589,  aged  76. 

Ammianus,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian. He  wrote  in  31  books  the  Roman 
history  from  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens, 
and  died  about  390. 

Ammirato,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Lucca  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  he  took  orders,  and,  after 
a  wandering  and  unsettled  life  through 
Italy,  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Florence 
under  the  patronage  of  the  grand  duke,  who 
gave  him  a  canonry  in  the  cathedral.  He 
wrote  the  history  of  Florence  in  2  vols, 
folio,  besides  numerous  other  tracts  of 
Italian  both  in  prose  and  verse,  and  died 
there,  the  30th  January,  1600,  in  his  69th 
year. 

Ammon,  the  progenitor  of  the  Ammo- 
81 


A  MO 


AMO 


nites,  tlie  turbulent  enemies  of  Israel,  was 
son  of  Lot,  and  lived  about  1900  B.  C. 

Ammonius,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher, 
preceptor  to  Plutarch. — Another  philoso- 
pher in  the  6th  century,  son  of  Hermias  of 
Alexandria,  disciple  of  Proclus,  and  author 
of  commentaries  on  Aristotle  and  Porphyry, 
and  also  of  a  Lexicon  of  Greek  synonymes, 
printed  Venice,  1497. 

Ammonius,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  in  the 
3d  century,  founder  of  the  Eclectic  sect. 
He  is  said  to  have  rejected  the  Christian 
religion,  in  which  he  was  educated,  and  to 
have  established  a  school  at  Alexandria,  in 
which  he  attempted  to  reconcile  the  tenets 
of  Aristotle  and  Plato.  Longinus  was  in 
the  number  of  his  pupils.  He  died  A.  D. 
243. 

Ammonius,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  monk, 
of  Flanders,  esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his 
learning,  piety,  and  other  excellent  qua- 
lities.    He  died  at  Ghent,  1556. 

Ammonius,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria,  sur- 
named  Lithotomist,  because  he  first  adopted 
the  present  mode  of  extracting  the  stone 
from  the  bladder. 

Ammonius,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
who  settled  in  England,  and  lived  for  a 
while  under  the  patronage  and  in  the  house 
of  Sir  Thomas  More.  He  was  intimate 
with  Erasmus,  and  corresponded  with  him. 
He  was  made  secretary  to  Henry  VIII.  and 
employed  in  a  public  character  by  pope 
Leo  X.  He  died  of  that  dreadful  disease, 
the  sweating  sickness,  in  1517,  in  his  40th 
year,  and  was  greatly  lamented  by  Eras- 
mus. He  wrote  some  poetical  trifles  in 
Latin,  of  considerable  merit. 

Amontons,  William,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, born  in  Normandy,  31st  August, 
1663.  When  at  school  at  Paris,  he  was 
seized  with  such  deafness  that  he  gave  up 
all  pursuits  of  a  public  nature,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  geometry,  and  of 
the  invariable  laws  which  regulate  the  mo- 
tion of  the  planets.  He  suggested  some 
improvements  in  the  structure  of  barome- 
ters and  thermometers,  on  which  he  pub- 
lished a  treatise,  and  he  invented  a  method 
for  the  rapid  communication  of  intelligence 
from  one  place  to  the  other,  which  has 
lately  been  adopted  under  the  appellation 
of  telegraph.  Much  of  his  time  was  em- 
ployed in  constructing  a  new  hour-glass  for 
the  use  of  the  navy,  which  might  not  be 
subject  to  the  irregularities  of  sudden  and 
violent  motion,  and  in  his  new  theory  of 
friction  which  he  read  to  the  royal  academy 
in  1699,  he  evinced  the  penetration  of  his 
genius,  the  delicacy  of  his  judgment,  and 
the  exactness  of  hjs  experiments.  He  died 
of  an  inflammation  in  his  bowels,  11th  Oc- 
tober, 1705,  aged  42. 

Amort,  Eusebius,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
/       of  Bavaria.     His  works  are  in  Latin,  and 
82 


chiefly  on  theological  subjects.     He  died 
25th  November,  1775,  aged  82. 

Amort,  Thomas,  D.D.  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  was  son  of  a  grocer  at  Taun- 
ton in  Somersetshire,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  preacher  among  the  dissenters. 
After  passing  the  greatest  part  of  his  life 
near  the  place  of  his  nativity,  as  public 
teacher,  and  as  instructer  of  youth,  he  re- 
moved to  London,  where  he  formed  an  in- 
timate acquaintance  with  the  most  respect- 
able members  of  his  persuasion.  He  was 
a  bold  asserter  of  toleration,  and  therefore 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  those  who 
solicited  the  repeal  of  the  test  act.  In  his 
general  conduct  Dr.  Amory  was  exemplary, 
his  discourses  from  the  pulpit  were  excel- 
lent, but  perhaps  too  serious  and  philoso- 
phical for  the  vulgar  apprehension.  His 
writings,  which  were  mostly  on  theological 
subjects,  have  been  enumerated  by  Dr. 
Kippis,  Biogr.  Brit.  i.  p.  178.  He  died  on 
the  24th  of  June,  1774,  in  his  74th  year, 
and  was  buried  in  Bunhill  fields  burial 
grounds. 

Amort,  Thomas,  Esq.  an  eccentric  cha- 
racter, son  of  counsellor  Amory,  who  went 
with  king  William  to  Ireland,  and  acquired 
considerable  property  in  the  county  of 
Clare.  .Young  Amory  was  not  born  in  Ire- 
land, though  he  resided  there,  and  fre- 
quently accompanied  dean  Swift  in  his 
walks  and  excursions  round  Dublin,  with- 
out being  known.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
Orchard-street,  Westminster,  about  1757, 
with  his  wife  and  a  son  who  acquired  repu- 
tation as  a  physician  during  a  residence  of 
27  years  at  Wakefield.  The  most  remark- 
able of  his  publications  are  his  "  memoirs 
on  the  lives  of  several  ladies,"  8vo.  1755, 
and  in  12mo.  2  vols,  and  his  life  of  John 
Buncle,  Esq.  4  vols.  12mo.  In  this  last,  he 
is  supposed  to  give  a  description  of  him- 
self. He  is  said,  by  a  person  who  knew  him, 
to  have  had  a  peculiar  look,  though  not 
without  the  deportment  of  the  gentleman. 
His  application  to  his  studies  was  intense, 
and  his  walks  through  the  most  crowded 
streets  exhibited  him  wrapped  in  the  deep- 
est meditation,  and  inattentive  to  what  sur- 
rounded him.  He  died  at  the  advanced 
age  of  97,  in  May,  1789. 

Amos,  the  third  of  the  12  minor  prophets, 
was  a  shepherd  at  Tekoa.  He  prophesied 
in  the  reigns  of  Jehoram,  king  of  Israel,  and 
Uzziah,  king  of  Judah,  and  his  prophecies, 
contained  in  9  chapters,  are  written  in  a 
very  plain  unadorned  style.  He  died  about 
785  B.  C.  The  father  of  the  prophet  Isaiah 
is  also  called  Amos. 

Amour,  William  de  St.  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  canon  of  Bouvais,  was  born 
at  St.  Amour,  in  Franche  Comt6.  His  book 
on  the  perils  of  latter  times,  was  condemned 
by  pope  Alexander  IV.  and  he  himself  was 
banished    to  his    native   town.      He.   was 


AMU 


AMY 


author  of  several  other  works,  and  died 
September  13,  1272. 

Amour,  Louis  Gorin  de  St.  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  author  of  a  journal  of  what 
passed  at  Rome  during  his  attendance  there 
before  the  pope,  in  favour  of  some  French 
bishops  of  the  persuasion  of  the  Jansenists. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Sorbonne  for  not 
signing  Arnaud's  condemnation,  and  died 
1687. 

Amoureux,  N.  1',  an  eminent  sculptor, 
whose  works  are  preserved  in  his  native  city 
of  Lyons.  He  was  unfortunately  drowned 
in  the  Soane,  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th 
century. 

Amphibilus,  a  native  of  Britain,  said  to 
have  been  born  at  Exeter,  and  to  have  been 
bishop  of  Anglesea.  He  studied  at  Rome, 
and  is  said  to  have  exerted  his  eloquence  in 
the  cause  of  Christianity,  and  in  making 
converts  in  England  and  in  Scotland.  Ac- 
cording to  some,  he  suffered  martyrdom 
about  291. 

Amphilochus,  bishop  of  Iconium,  was 
the  friend  of  Gregory  Nazianzen  and  Basil, 
and  the  opposer  of  the  Arians.  He  offended 
Theodosius,  by  pretending  not  to  pay  suf- 
ficient respect  to  his  son  Arcadius,  upon 
which  he  observed,  that  if  he  thus  vindi- 
cated his  son's  character,  surely  God  would 
vindicate  that  of  his  son,  and  punish  his 
blasphemers.  This  reproof  was  felt  by 
Theodosius,  who  favoured  the  Arians,  and 
laws  were  soon  enacted  to  prevent  their  as- 
semblies.    Amphilochus  died  394. 

Amphinomus  and  Anapius,  two  brothers 
of  Catana,  whose  names  are  immortalized 
for  saving  on  their  shoulders  their  aged 
parents,  during  an  eruption  of  iEtna. 

Ampsingius,  John  Assuer,  a  professor  of 
physic  at  Rostock,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century,  author  of  several  medical 
treatises,  printed  1619. 

Amru  Ebn-al-as,  a  celebrated  mussul- 
man,  at  first  the  enemy  and  afterwards  the 
friend  of  Mahomet.  He  extended  his  con- 
quests in  Egypt,  and  Syria,  and  Africa,  and 
died  governor  of  Egypt,  663. 

Amsdorf,  Nicholas,  a  spirited  follower 
of  Luther,  and  bishop  of  Nuremberg.  He 
died  at  Magdeburg,  1541,  and  the  sect  who 
adhered  to  his  tenets,  and  supported  in  op- 
position to  Malancthon,  that  good  works 
are  not  necessary  to  salvation,  were  called 
Amsdorfians. 

Amurath  I.  an  Ottoman  emperor,  who 
succeeded  his  father  Orchan,  and  was 
known  for  his  cruelties  towards  his  son,  and 
those  who  espoused  his  cause.  He  was  a 
great  warrior,  and  obtained  37  victories,  in 
the  last  of  which  he  perished,  1389,  aged 
71,  by  the  hand  of  a  soldier.  He  was  the 
first  who  established  the  formidable  force 
of  the  Janissaries. 

Amurath  II.  was  son  and  successor  of 
Mahomet,  as  Ottoman  emperor,  and  his  ar- 


mies were  directed  against  the  falling  em- 
pire of  the  east.  He  was  the  first  Turk  who 
used  cannon  in  the  field  of  battle.  He  re- 
signed the  crown  in  favour  of  his  son  Ma- 
homet, 1443,  and  retired  to  the  seclusion  of 
the  dervises  ;  but  the  invasion  of  the  Hun- 
garians roused  him  from  his  solitude,  to 
conquer  at  the  dreadful  battle  of  Varna. 
He  afterwards  reduced  the  rebellious  Jan- 
issaries to  obedience,  and  defeated  the  fa- 
mous Scanderbeg  ;  and  finding  his  son  in- 
capable to  hold  the  reigns  of  a  turbulent 
empire,  he  abandoned  his  retirement  again 
for  the  throne,  and  again  routed  the  Hun- 
garians.    He  died  1451,  aged  75. 

Amurath  III.  succeeded  his  father  Se- 
lim  II.  1575,  and  to  secure  himself  in  the 
possession  of  the  throne,  he  caused  his  five 
brothers  to  be  assassinated.  This  act  of 
cruelty  so  affected  his  mother,  that  she  de- 
stroyed herself.  Amurath,  like  the  race  of 
Mahomet,  was  valiant,  and  he  added  seve- 
ral of  the  Persian  provinces  to  his  domi- 
nions. He  died  18th  Jan.  1595,  aged  50. 
Amurath  I.  succeeded  his  uncle  Musta- 
pha  in  1622,  and  was,  like  his  predecessors, 
given  to  cruelty,  and  engaged  in  war.  He 
took  Bagdad,  30,000  of  whose  inhabitants 
he  put  to  the  sword,  though  he  had  pro- 
mised them  protection.  He  died  in  1640, 
aged  31,  of  excessive  intoxication. 

Amy,  N.  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Aix,  was  author  of  some  very  useful  works 
in  natural  science,  particularly,  observa- 
tions on  the  waters  of  the  Seine,  &c.  12mo. 
— new  filtrating  fountains,  12mo. — reflec- 
tions on  lead,  copper,  and  tin  utensils, 
12mo.  &c.     He  died  1760. 

Amyot,  James,  was  born  at  Milan,  1513, 
of  an  obscure  family  ;  but  though  of  a  dull 
understanding,  he  improved  himself  by  in- 
defatigable application,  and  after  studying 
at  Paris,  he  acquired  independence  and  re- 
putation, as  tutor  to  the  children  of  persons 
of  respectability.  His  merit  recommended 
him  to  Margaret  of  Berry,  sister  to  Francis 
I.  and  he  was  promoted  to  a  public  profes- 
sorship in  the  university  of  Bourges.  His 
time  was  here  usefully  devoted  to  literature, 
and  he  published  translations  of  the  loves 
of  Theagenes  and  Chariclea,  besides  Plu- 
tarch's lives  and  morals.  He  visited  Venice 
and  Rome,  and  in  his  return  to  France,  he 
was,  at  the  recommendation  of  cardinal  de 
Tournon,  intrusted  with  the  care  of  the 
king's  two  younger  sons,  and  for  his  meri- 
torious services  he  was  raised  by  Charles  to 
the  bishopric  of  Auxerre,  the  abbey  of  Cor- 
nelius de  Compiegne,  the  high  office  of 
great  almoner  and  curator  of  the  university 
of  Paris,  and  commander  of  the  order  of 
the  Holy  Ghost.  He  died  6th  February, 
1593,  in  his  79th  year.  He  also  translated 
the  seven  first  books  of  Diodorus  Siculus, 
some  tragedies  from  the  Greek,  the  pasto- 
rals of  Daphnis,  &c. 

83 


ANA 


ANA 


Amtrault,  Moses,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Bourgucil  in  Tourraine, 
1 596.  If e  studied  the  law,  but  afterwards 
entered  the  church,  and  was  divinity  pro- 
fessor at  Saumur,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  zeal  and  activity  so  much,  that 
he  was  deputed  by  the  national  council  of 
Charenton,  to  present  an  address  to  the 
French  king,  concerning  the  inspection  of 
edicts  in  favour  of  the  protestants,  without, 
however,  paying  homage  upon  his  knees. 
Richelieu,  who  was  present  at  this  inter- 
view, saw  and  admired  the  bold  character 
of  Amyrault,  and  he  wished  to  use  his  abi- 
lities to  procure  a  reconciliation  between 
the  Romish  church  and  the  protestants,  but 
in  vain.  His  life  was  passed  in  the  midst 
of  theological  disputes,  in  which  he  dis- 
played much  firmness  and  composure,  and 
as  he  enforced  by  his  writings,  as  well  as 
his  discourses,  the  obedience  due  to  a  law- 
ful sovereign,  and  the  impropriety  of  re- 
sisting the  constituted  authorities  in  mat- 
ters not  of  conscience,  he  was  esteemed  by 
persons  of  different  persuasions,  and  by  the 
ministers  of  the  king  themselves.  This 
humane,  virtuous,  and  charitable  man  died 
the  8th  Feb.  1664,  leaving  one  son,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  advocate  at 
Paris,  but  retired  to  the  Hague,  on  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  His  works, 
which  are  very  numerous,  are  chiefly  theo- 
logical. The  following  quaint  lines  were 
written  by  M.  du  Bose  under  his  portrait : 

.1  Mose  ad  Mosem  par  Mosi  nonfuit  ullus. 
More,  ore,  et  calamo,  mints  uterque  fait. 

Amyrutzes,  a  philosopher  of  Trebizond, 
who  was  carried  to  Constantinople  with 
David,  emperor  of  Trebizond,  when  that 
city  was  reduced,  1461.  He  renounced  the 
Christian  faith  for  Mahometanism,  and  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Mahomet  Beg.  He 
translated  several  books  into  Arabic  at  the 
desire  of  Mahomet  II.  whose  favour  he  en- 
joyed. 

Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  philosopher, 
who  visited  Athens  in  the  age  of  Solon. 
On  his  return  to  Scythia  he  wished  to  in- 
troduce the  laws  and  customs  of  the  more 
polished  Greeks  into  his  country,  but  was 
thwarted  in  his  views  by  the  king,  and  at 
last  perished  by  the  hand  of  this  cruel 
sovereign. 

Anacletus,  a  bishop  of  Rome  after 
Linus,  79.  He  suffered  martyrdom  13 
years  after. 

Anacletus,  an  antipope,  supported  in 
his  election  by  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  against 
Innocent  II.  the  favourite  of  the  emperor 
Lotharius  II.  The  influence  of  Innocent 
at  last  prevailed,  and  his  rival  died  in  ob- 
scurity, 1138. 

Anacoana,  queen  of  Xiragua,  in  the 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  was  cruelly  put  to 
84 


death  by  Ovando,  who  owed  her,  agreeable 
to  the  promises  of  Bartholomew  Colum- 
bus, both  friendship  and  protection. 

Anacreon,  a  lyric  poet  of  Teos,  who 
flourished  about  532  years  B.  C.  His  mo- 
rals were  licentious,  and  his  odes,  there- 
fore, exhibit  the  character  of  a  man  basely 
devoted  to  every  intemperate  indulgence, 
and  who  considers  life  as  best  spent  in  riot 
and  debauchery. 

An  agnosta,  John,  one  of  the  Byzantine 
historians,  whose  work,  de  rebus  Constan- 
tinopolitanorum  Macedonicis,  was  edited  in 
Greek  and  Latin  at  Cologne,  1653. 

Anastasius  I.  the  Silentiary,  emperor 
of  the  east,  was  born  of  obscure  parents  at 
Duras  in  Illyricum,  but  his  engagements 
about  the  imperial  family  rendered  him 
known,  and  by  marrying  Ariadne,  the 
widow  of  the  emperor  Zeno,  he  was  ena- 
bled to  ascend  the  throne,  491.  He  pos- 
sessed merit  and  valor,  and  his  reign  might 
have  been  prosperous  if  he  had  not  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  the  Eutychians,  and 
thus  offended  his  subjects.  He  at  last  per- 
ceived his  error,  and  withdrew  his  protec- 
tion from  these  heretics.  He  died,  518, 
aged  38. 

Anastasius  II.  was  raised  to  the  throne 
from  a  private  station  by  the  acclamation? 
of  the  people,  7]  3.  Three  years  after, 
however,  he  wished  to  abdicate  the  sove- 
reign power  for  a  religious  habit,  but  with 
equal  levity  he  sighed  again  for  the  impe- 
rial purple  ;  and,  assisted  by  the  Bulga- 
rians, he  besieged  Constantinople,  where 
his  rival  Leo  the  Isaurian  was  seated  on 
the  throne.  His  hopes  of  success  soon 
vanished,  he  was  betrayed  by  the  Bulga- 
rians into  the  hands  of  Leo,  and  cruelly 
put  to  death,  719. 

Anastasius  I.  pope,  succeeded  Siricius 
in  the  papal  chair,  398.  He  excommuni- 
cated the  Origenists,  and  brought  on  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  eastern  and 
western  churches.  He  died,  402,  much 
respected  for  his  sanctity  and  virtues. 

Anastasius  II.  pope,  after  Gelasius  496, 
died  after  a  short  reign  of  two  years. 

Anastasius  III.  pope,  after  Sergius 
III.  911,  was  eminent  for  wisdom  and 
moderation.  He  sat  in  the  papal  chair 
only  two  years. 

Anastasius  IV.  pope,  after  Eugenius 
III.  1153,  died  the  following  year,  Dec.  2. 
He  showed  himself  very  charitable  and  hu- 
mane during  a  famine. 

Anastasius,  an  antipope,  against  Bene- 
dict III.  855.  Though  for  a  while  support- 
ed by  the  Imperialists,  he  at  last  gave  way 
to  his  more  fortunate  rival,  and  died  in  ob- 
scurity. 

Anastasius,  Bibliothecarius,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  9th  century,  librarian  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  be- 
yond the   Tiber.     He  wrote  Liber  Pontifi- 


ANC 


ANC 


<:alis,  four  vols.  fol.  718,  containing  the 
lives  of  some  of  the  popes  ;  and  assisted 
at  the  eighth  general  council  of  Constanti- 
nople, whose  canons  he  translated  from 
Greek  into  Latin.  Bishop  Pearson  places 
him  in  the  sixth  century. 

Anastasius,  Sinaite,  a  monk  of  Mount 
Sinai,  in  the  seventh  century,  author  of 
some  theological  tracts,  published  at  In- 
goldstadt,  4to.  1606. 

Anastasius,  Theopolitanus,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  was  banished  from  his  see,  570, 
for  supporting,  against  the  sentiments  of 
Justinian,  the  opinion  of  the  incorrupti- 
bles,  which  asserted  that  the  body  of  our 
Saviour  was  incapable  of  corruption,  even 
before  his  resurrection.  He  was  restored, 
593,  and  died  six  years  after.  His  succes- 
sor was  of  the  same  name,  and  was  author 
of  some  religious  discourses. 

Anatolius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
yielded,  after  some  dispute,  with  respect  to 
the  equality  of  the  two  metropolitan 
churches,  superiority  in  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs, to  Leo  pope  of  Rome,  and  died  458. 

Anatolius,  a  bishop  of  Laodicea,  about 
269,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arith- 
metic, geometry,  and  literature.  His  tract 
on  the  time  of  celebrating  Easter,  is  in  the 
Doctrina  Temporum,  printed,  Antwerp, 
1634. 

Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Clazomenae,  who  had  Euripides  and  Pe- 
ricles among  his  pupils.  He  was  accused 
of  impiety  at  Athens  and  banished.  He 
died  at  Lampsacus,  428  B.  C.  aged  72. 

Anaxandrides,  a  king  of  Sparta,  about 
550,  B.  C.  father  of  Cleomenes  and  Leo- 
nidas. 

Anaxandrides,  a  comic  poet  of  Rhodes, 
about  350,  B.  C.  starved  to  death  for  cen- 
suring the  Athenian  government. 

Anaxarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera, 
said  to  have  been  pounded  to  death  by  Ni- 
cocreon,  king  of  Cyprus. 

Anaxilaus,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
banished  from  Italy  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Anaximander,  a  philosopher  of  Miletus, 
successor  to  Thales.  He  was  tolerably 
well  acquainted  with  geography  and  astro- 
nomy for  the  times.  He  died  547  B.  C. 
aged  64.  There  was  also  a  historian  of 
the  same  name. 

Anaximenes,  the  pupil  and  successor  of 
Anaximander,  flourished  550  B.  C. 

Anaximenes,  a  historian  of  Lampsacus, 
who  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  in 
his  expedition.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Greece,  besides  the  lives  of  Philip  and  of 
his  son  Alexander. 

Ancharano,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
chosen  in  1409  by  the  council  of  Pisa,  to 
defend  the  rights  of  that  assembly  during 
the  schisms  of  the  popes.  He  wrote  several 
books  on  civil  and  canon  law,  and  on  the 
decretals,  and  died  1417. 


Ancharano,  James,  or  Paladino,  author 
of  two  curious  books,  on  the  temptations 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  of  Christ,  by  the 
devil. 

Ancillon,  David,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  at  Metz,  who  in  his  youth  refused  to 
sacrifice  his  religion  to  the  solicitations  of 
the  Jesuits.  He  studied  divinity  and  phi- 
losophy at  Geneva  under  Du  Pin,  Span- 
heim,  the  Deodati,  &c.  and  deserved  to  be 
recommended  by  the  synod  of  Charenton 
to  the  church  of  Meaux.  After  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  In  antes,  he  retired  to 
Frankfort,  and  settled  at  Hanau,  where  his 
discourses  were  heard  and  admired  by  the 
most  crowded  audiences.  His  colleagues 
in  tin.  ministry,  however,  were  jealous  of 
his  popularity,  and  their  little  intrigues 
forced  him  to  abandon  the  place.  He  came 
to  settle  at  Berlin,  where  he  was  received 
with  kindness  by  the  court,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  to  see  his  family  promoted  to 
places  of  honour  and  trust.  He  died  in 
his  75th  year,  3d  Sept.  1692.  As  his 
learning  was  very  extensive,  he  published 
several  useful  works,  and  from  the  afflu- 
ence of  his  circumstances,  he  made  so  ju- 
dicious a  collection  of  books,  that  it  was 
frequently  visited  as  a  curiosity  by  foreign- 
ers who  travelled  through  Metz.  The  best 
known  of  his  works  are  a  relation  of  the 
controversy  concerning  traditions,  4to. 
1657, —  an  apology  for  Luther,  Zuinglius, 
and  Beza,  1666,  —the  life  of  William  Farel, 
— Conversations,  2  vols.  12mo.  published 
by  his  son. 

Ancillon,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  at  Metz,  July  29th, 
1659,  and  was  made  inspector  of  the  French 
courts  of  justice  in  Berlin,  and  historio- 
grapher to  the  king.  He  wrote  on  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  and  the  persecution  of  the  pro- 
testants,  &c.  and  died  at  Berlin,  July  5th, 
1751. 

Anckwitz,  a  Pole  of  considerable  abili- 
ties. After  being  employed  by  his  coun- 
try as  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Denmark, 
and  negotiating  a  treaty  with  the  Russians, 
he  was,  at  the  insurrection  of  Warsaw  in 
1794,  seized  and  imprisoned.  His  ene- 
mies accused  him  of  attempts  to  betray 
his  country  to  the  Russians,  and  they  en- 
deavoured to  prove  the  assertion  by  the 
papers  which  they  found  in  his  possession. 
He  was  in  consequence  condemned,  and 
hanged  at  Warsaw  with  the  greatest  ig- 
nominy. 

Ancourt,  Florent  carton  d',  a  French 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Fon- 
tainblcau,  October,  1661.  The'  Jesuits 
tried  in  vain  to  gain  him  into  their  society, 
but  he  preferred  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  law  to  divinity,  and  at  last  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  stage,  by  marrying  in  his 
19th  year  an  actress.  Not  satisfied  with 
the  unbounded  applause  given  to  his  popn- 
85 


AND 


AND 


Jar  exertions,  he  commenced  writer  for  the 
stage,  and  obtained  by  his  pieces  credit  to 
himself  and  wealth  to  the  actor.  His  con- 
versation was  so  agreeable  that  he  was  uni- 
versally courted,  and  Lewis  XIV.  bestowed 
many  marks  of  his  favour  upon  him,  as 
also  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  whose  arrival  at 
Paris  was  celebrated  by  the  poet,  by  a  par- 
ticular entertainment  written  on  the  occa- 
sion. Ancourt,  after  being  the  hero  of  the 
stage,  retired  in  1713  to  his  estate  at  Cour- 
celles  le  Roy,  in  Berry,  that  he  might  de- 
vote himself  to  religion.  He  there  trans- 
lated the  Psalms  into  verse,  and  wrote  a 
sacred  tragedy  never  printed.  He  died 
6th  December,  1726,  in  his  65th  year.  His 
plays  were  52  in  number.  His  works  ap- 
peared in  9  vols.  12mo.  1729. 

Ancus  Martius,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
gained  victories  over  the  neighbouring 
states,  and  extended  the  confines  of  his 
kingdom  to  the  sea  shore,  and  built  Ostia. 
He  died  after  a  reign  of  24  years,  B.  C.  646. 
Anderson,  Alexander,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Paris,  and  author  in  the  16th 
century  of  a  book  called  Supplementum 
Apollonii  Redivivi,  dedicated  to  cardinal 
Perron,  1592. 

Anderson,  Andrew,  a  Glasgow  printer, 
who  obtained  by  clandestine  means  a  pa- 
tent from  Charles  II.  to  print  every  thing 
in  Scotland  for  41  years.  After  his  death, 
his  patent  was  disputed,  and  though  re- 
stricted to  the  printing  of  Bibles  and  acts  of 
Parliament,  it  sunk  into  contempt. 

Anderson,  Adam,  a  Scotchman,  for  40 
years  employed  as  clerk  to  the  South-sea 
house,  and  also  trustee  for  the  colonization 
in  America,  &c.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  a  historical  and  chronological 
deduction  of  trade  and  commerce,  a  most 
valuable  book,  published  in  1762,  and  since 
re-published,  four  vols.  4to.  He  was  mar- 
ried three  times,  and  died  at  his  house, 
Red-Lion-street,  Clerkenwell,  Jan.  10th, 
1775. 

Anderson,  James,  D.D.  brother  to 
Adam,  was  minister  of  the  Scots  presbyte- 
rian  church  in  Swallow-street,  London, 
and  editor  of  the  Diplomata  Scotia;,  and 
Royal  genealogies.  He  was  a  thoughtless 
imprudent  man. 

Anderson,  James,  Esq.  an  advocate  at 
the  Scotch  bar,  and  clerk  of  the  Scotch  par- 
liament, 1700.  He  was  author  of  a  mas- 
terly vindication  of  the  independence  of 
the  Scotch  parliament,  for  which  he  was 
publicly  thanked  by  that  body,  and  reward- 
ed with  a  pension  of  400  pounds  per  an- 
num. He  made  a  collection  of  records 
from  king  Duncan  to  Robert  Bruce,  which 
were  beautifully  engraved  and  published  in 
one  vol.  fol.  by  Ruddiman.  He  died  at 
Edinburgh,  1712,  aged  42. 

Anderson,  John,  A.  M.  was  born  near 
Glasgow,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews. 
86 


He  was  a  popular  preacher,  and  a'nervous 
and  spirited  writer  in  favour  of  the  pres- 
byterians,  against  the  episcopalians.  He- 
was  much  abused  by  his  antagonists,  espe- 
cially Calder.  He  was  minister  of  Dum- 
barton, 1704,  and  in  1710  removed  to 
Glasgow.     He  died  aged  42,  1720. 

Anderson,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Lin- 
colnshire, descended  from  a  Scotch  family. 
He  studied  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  dignity  of  judge  under 
Elizabeth,  1578.  He  was  advanced  to  the 
office  of  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas 
in  1582,  and  knighted,  and  four  years  after 
he  sat  in  judgment  upon  the  unfortunate 
Mary  of  Scotland,  whose  life  was  sacrificed 
to  the  jealousy  and  ambition  of  her  rival. 
He  afterwards  presided  at  the  trial  of  Da- 
vison, who  had  issued  the  warrant  for  the 
execution  of  that  wretched  queen.  During 
the  time  that  he  served  his  country  in  the 
capacity  of  judge,  he  was  esteemed  for  his 
firmness  and  impartiality.  He  maintained 
the  dignity  of  the  throne,  and  the  rights  of 
the  people ;  but  he  never  sacrificed  his 
private  feelings  to  influence  and  cabal,  and 
he  resisted  Elizabeth  herself,  when  she  was 
advised  to  act  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the 
land.  He  was  continued  in  his  office 
under  James,  and  died  first  of  August,  1605. 
His  works,  which  are  all  on  law,  and  which 
fully  evince  the  integrity  of  his  heart,  and 
the  depth  of  his  judgment,  were  pub 
fished  by  I.  Goldesborough,  Esq.  1653, 
in  4to. 

Anderson,  John,  author  of  the  natural 
history  of  Iceland,  Greenland,  Davis' 
straits,  &c.  was  syndic  of  his  native  city, 
Hamburgh,  and  acted  as  its  commercial 
agent  and  negotiator  in  various  courts  of 
Europe.     He  died  1743. 

Anderson,  George,  a  native  of  Weston, 
Buckinghamshire,  who,  though  for  some 
time  engaged  in  the  humble  occupations  of 
a  day  labourer,  distinguished  himself  by  the 
powers  of  his  genius,  and  his  self-taught 
knowledge  of  mathematics.  A  neighbour- 
ing clergyman  saw  and  noticed  the  powers 
of  his  mind,  and  with  friendly  humanity 
enabled  him  to  receive  instructions  at  a 
grammar-school,  and  to  enter  at  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree, and  took  deacon's  orders.  From 
Oxford  he  came  to  London,  and  obtained 
the  appointment  of  clerk  in  the  board  of 
control,  under  the  present  Lord  Melville  ; 
but  so  indefatigable  was  his  application, 
that  he  brought  on  a  disorder  which  proved 
fatal,  30th  April,  1796,  in  his  36th  year. 
His  widow  received  a  pension,  as  the  re- 
ward due  to  the  merits  of  her  husband. 
He  was  author  of  a  general  view  of  the 
variations  in  the  affairs  of  the  East  India 
Company,  since  the  conclusion  of  the  %var 


AND 


AND 


of  1784,  and  he  also  translated  Archimedes'  Charles  \  I.  for  a  portrait  of  his  majesty 

treatise  on  measuring  sand.  He  died  1741,  very  advanced  in  years, 

treatise  on  measunn0  sanu.  Andocides,  an  Athenian  orator,  four  of 

Anderson,  Larz,  a  minister  of  Gustavus  orations  are  extant.     He  flourished 

Vasa,  whose  abilities  and  intrigues  raised  ^    Q   46Q 

him  from  obscurity  to  the  dignity  of  chan-  ■  ^m'       Dieg0  de  Payva  d',  a  Portu 

cellorof  Sweden.     He  was  the  means  ot  &  born  &t  Conimbria.     He  was  sent 

the    introduction    of    Lutheranism     into  &^  fe.^g  Sebastian  t0  the  council  of  Trent, 

Sweden.  1562,  and  there  in  defending  the  canons 

Anderson,  James,  L.L.D.  a  native  01  -^  Chemnitius,  he  distinguished  bim- 

Scotland,    and  formerly  of  Monk  s    Hill,  ^f       hig  el        nce  as  a  preacher,  and  his 

Aberdeenshire.     Distinguished  by  superior  viyaciJt    m  reasoning  as  an  author.  Though 

talents  for  experimental  husbandry,  he  was  &  ^^  catholic  he  is  universally  quoted  by 

employed  by  government  to  examine  into  ^  Protestant      and  deservedly    admired 

the  state  of  the  western  coasts  and  isla.     I  t  eruditi         deep  penetration, 


of  Scotland,  and  confirmed  by  his  relations 
the  accounts  which  had  been  given  of  the 
melancholy  poverty  and  depression  of  the 
inhabitants.  Dr.  A.  was  the  author  of 
numerous  works  on  agriculture  and  politi- 
cal economy  ;  and  was  conductor  of  the 
Bee,  a  periodical  publication,  consisting  of 
essays,  philosophical,  philological,  and 
miscellaneous,  published  some  years  ago  at 
Edinburgh,  and  discontinued  upon  the 
completion  of  eighteen  small  octavo  vo- 
lumes. He  was  also  the  author  of  several 
articles  for  the  Encyclop.  Brit.  1st  vol. 
Edin.  which  are,  under  the  heads  diction- 
ary, winds,  and  monsoons,  language,  sound. 
He  contributed  numerous  essays,  under  a 
variety  of  signatures,  in  the  early  part  of 
the  Edinburgh  Weekly  Magazine,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  were,  Agricola,  Timoleon, 
Germanicus,  Cimon,  Scoto  Britannus,  E. 
Aberdeen,  Henry  Plain,  Impartial,  a  Scot. 
He  reviewed  the  subject  of  agriculture  for 
the  Monthly  Review  for  several  years.  He 
was  born  about  the  year  1739,  at  Hermi- 
ton,  a  village  about  six  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh, and  died  at  West  Ham  near  London 
in  1808. 

Anderson,  Walter,  a  divine  of  the  esta- 
blished church  of  Scotland  and  doctor  in 
divinity,  who  was  50  years  minister  of 
Churnside,  where  he  died  in  1800.  He 
published,  1.  The  History  of  France,  du- 
ring the  reigns  of  Francis  II.  and  Charles 
IX.,  2  vols.  4to.  1769.  2.  The  History  of 
France,  from  the  commencement  of  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  to  the  establishment 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  that  of  Henry 
IV.  1  vol.  4to.  1775.  3.  A  Continuation 
of  the  History  to  the  general  peace  of 
Munster,  2  vols.  4to.  1783.  4.  The  Phi- 
losophy of  Ancient  Greece  investigated, 
4to.  5.  The  life  of  Crcesus,  12mo. —  Gen. 
Biog.  Diet. 

Andier  des  Rochers,  John,  a  French 
engraver,  born  at  Lyons,  known  for  his  en- 
gravings after  Corregio,  and  particularly 
for  his  portraits  in  busts  of  persons  distin- 
guished by  birth  or  talents,  amounting  to 
upwards  of  700,  with  descriptive  verses  at 
the  bottom  by  Ga^on.  He  was  rewarded 
with  a  fine   gold   medal  by  the   emperor 


and  uncorrupted  judgment. 

Andrada,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the 
above,  and  historiographer  to  Philip  III.  of 
Spain,  was  author  of  a  history  of  John 
III.  of  Portugal,  printed  1533  in  4to. 

Andrada,  Thomas  d',  reformer  of  the 
barefoot  Augustines,  was  called  Thomas  of 
Jesus.  He  was  with  Sebastian  in  Africa, 
and  being  taken  by  the  infidels,  was  con- 
fined in  a  cave,  where  he  %vrote  his  "  Suffer- 
ings of  Jesus,"  translated  into  English  by 
Welton.  He  refused  to  purchase  his  liberty 
according  to  the  offers  of  his  sister,  but 
preferred  consoling  the  captivity  of  his  fel- 
low slaves.     He  died  1682. 

Andrada,  Anthony  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Por- 
tugal, who,  when  missionary,  discovered 
Thibet  and  Cathay,  of  which  he  has  writ- 
ten an  account.      He  died  1634. 

Andre,  Nathaniel  St.  a  surgeon  intimate 
with  Pope.  He  was  poisoned  by  drinking 
a  glass  with  an  unknown  patient,  1725,  but 
unexpectedly  recovered.  He  died  advan- 
ced in  life,  1776,  at  Southampton.  He  was 
imposed  upon  in  the  affair  of  Mary  Tofts, 
but  he  afterwards  discovered  it,  and  pub- 
licly acknowledged  his  error. 

Andre,  John,  a  British  officer,  who  from 
the  compting-house,  entered  the  army,  and 
embarked  for  the  new  continent  under  ge- 
neral Clinton,  during  the  American  trou- 
bles. He  rose  by  his  merits  to  the  rank  of 
major,  and  when  general  Arnold  made  an 
offer  of  surrendering  a  strong  position  to 
the  British  forces,  Andre  was  intrusted 
with  the  delicate  negotiation.  When  chal- 
lenged by  the  American  out-posts,  he  had 
the  imprudence  to  betray  his  commission 
by  offering  the  sentinel  his  watch  and 
money  if  permitted  to  return.  The  offer 
was  indignantly  rejected,  and  Andre  ex- 
amined before  the  American  officers,  and 
discovered  by  the  papers  which  he  had  in 
his  pocket,  was  regarded  as  a  spy,  and 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  by  order  of  gene- 
ral Washington.  He  was  found  guilty, 
and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  Though  he 
requested  to  die  like  a  soldier,  the  ignomi- 
nious sentence  was  executed  upon  him,  2d 
October,  1780,  and  he  fell  with  great  intre- 
pidity at  the  age  of  29.  The  American 
87 


AND 


AND 


^cueral  was  censured  for  the  severity  of 
his  conduct,  and  not  only  Englishmen,  but 
the  Americans  themselves,  murmured  at 
the  cruel  conduct  of  the  new  government, 
and  pitied  the  fate  of  a  deserving  officer.  A 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  king,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with 
every  mark  of  respect  which  could  honour 
his  virtues,  and  commiserate  his  misfor- 
tunes. 

Andreas,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran, 
born  1523,  at  Warbling  in  the  dutchy  of 
Wirtemberg.  His  parents,  who  were  poor, 
had  bound  him  to  a  carpenter,  but  he  was 
relieved  from  this  humble  situation  by  some 
persons  of  distinction,  who  had  observed 
his  promising  genius,  and  in  two  years  of 
close  application  he  made  himself  master  of 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Logic.  He  took  his 
degrees  at  Tubingen,  and  was  in  1540  made 
minister  of  Stutgard,  which  soon  after  he 
resigned.  In  those  turbulent  times  of  theo- 
logical contention  he  took  a  bold  and  active 
part,  and  was  employed  either  as  a  writer, 
or  as  a  deputed  divine,  at  the  public  con- 
ferences held  at  Worms,  Ratisbon,  Augs- 
burg, &c.  In  1561  he  was  made  chancellor 
and  rector  of  the  university  of  Tubingen, 
and  from  his  learning  and  eloquence  he 
acquired  the  friendship  of  the  dukes  of 
"Wirtemberg  and  Brunswick,  and  of  the  em- 
peror Maximilian  II.  His  works  are  nu- 
merous, and  all  on  polemical  divinity,  the 
most  famous  of  which  is  that  on  Concord. 
He  died  7th  January,  1590,  61  years  and 
9  months  old.  On  his  death-bed  he  made 
a  solemn  profession  of  his  faith  in  protes- 
tantism, though  the  catholics  have  asserted 
falsely,  that  he  expressed  wishes  of  being 
reconciled  to  the  Roman  church. 

Andreas,  John,  a  native  of  Mugello 
near  Florence,  who  studied  the  canon  law 
at  Bologna,  and  by  his  application  obtained 
there  a  professor's  chair.  He  gained  great 
popularity  by  his  learning,  as  well  as  by  the 
austerity  of  his  life,  as  much  of  his  time 
was  devoted  to  prayer  and  fasting,  and  he 
lay  upon  the  ground  for  20  years,  covered 
only  with  a  bear-skin.  Poggius,  however, 
detracts  from  his  merits,  by  mentioning  a 
story  highly  subversive  of  his  great  conti- 
nence. His  daughter,  called  Novella,  was 
carefully  instructed  in  the  learning  of  the 
times,  and  when  her  father  was  employed, 
.-die  was  introduced  in  his  room  to  read 
lectures  to  his  scholars  ;  but  that  her  great 
beauty  might  not  draw  off  the  attention  of 
her  audience,  a  curtain  was  placed  before 
her.  Novella  married  John  Calderinus,  a 
learned  canonist.  The  works  of  Andreas 
were  numerous  and  all  on  law.  He  died 
of  the  plague  at  Bologna,  in  1348,  after 
enjoying  his  professorship  45  years.  In 
his  epitaph  he  was  styled  "Rabbi  doctorum, 
lux,  censor,  nonnaque  morum  ;"  and  pope 
Boniface  called  him  "lumen  raundi." 
89 


Andreas,  John  Valentine,  a  German 
Protestant  divine,  author  of  some  mysti- 
cal books  in  Latin.  Some  call  him  falsely 
the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Rosicrucians. 
He  died  1654. 

Andreas,  John,  a  Mahometan  of  Xativa 
in  Valencia,  converted  to  Christianity  on 
hearing  a  sermon  in  the  great  church  of 
Valencia,  He  was  instantly  baptized,  and 
called  John  Andreas,  from  the  calling  of 
St.  John  and  St.  Andrew.  He  was  after- 
wards admitted  into  holy  orders,  and  exert- 
ed his  abilities  and  his  zeal  in  the  conver- 
sion of  the  Moors,  with  wonderful  success. 
He  translated  from  the  Arabic  into  Spanish 
the  laws  of  the  Moors,  but  his  most  valua- 
ble work  was  the  "  Confusion  of  the  sect 
of  Mahommed,"  in  12  chapters,  in  which  he 
throws  into  view  all  the  stories,  fables,  ab- 
surdities, and  contradictions,  which  the  im- 
postor has  used  as  weapons  to  propagate 
his  religion  among  the  credulous  Arabians. 
This  work  has  been  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  is  frequently  quoted  by 
Christian  writers. 

Andrew,  John  Gerhard  Reinhard,  a 
native  of  Hanover,  son  of  an  apothecary. 
He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  profes- 
sion, and  followed  the  bent  of  his  inclina- 
tion in  travelling  over  different  countries 
to  ascertain  their  natural  history  and  their 
productions,  thus  to  enlarge  his  knowledge 
of  chemistry  and  botany.  He  died  1793, 
aged  69.  He  wrote  various  works  on  his 
favourite  studies,  the  best  known  of  which 
are  his  Tour  in  Switzerland,  4to.  1776.  A 
treatise  on  the  several  kinds  of  earth  found 
in  Hanover,  1769,  &c. 

Andreini,  Isabella,  a  famous  actress 
born  at  Padua,  1562.  She  distinguished 
herself  not  only  on  the  stage,  but  also 
as  a  poetess,  and  the  eulogiums  passed  up- 
on her  as  well  as  her  writings  show  that 
she  possessed,  with  great  personal  beauty, 
wit  and  genius  in  a  superior  degree.  She 
visited  France,  where  she  was  received  by 
the  court  with  particular  attention.  She 
died  of  a  miscarriage  at  Lyons,  10th  of 
June,  1604,  in  her  42d  year  and  her  hus- 
band Francis  Andreini  praised  her  virtues 
in  the  following  epitaph  :  "  Isab.  Andr. 
Patavina,  mulier  magna  virtute  praedita, 
honestatis  ornamentum,  maritalu-que  pudi- 
citiae  decus,  ore  facunda,  mente  fscun- 
da,  religiosa,  pia,  musis  arnica,  et  artis 
scenic*  caput,  hie  resurrectionem  ex- 
pectat."  Her  compositions  were,  son- 
nets, songs,  madrigals,  eclogues,  &c.  print- 
ed at  Milan  1605.  Her  husband,  who 
quitted  the  stage  on  her  death,  wrote  some 
dialogues  which  possessed  merit. 

Andrelinus,  Publ.  Faustus,  a  native  of 
Forli  in  Italy,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  poet  laureate  to  Lewis  XII.  and 
to  his  queen.  He  was  dissolute  in  his 
manners,  but  neither  his  life    nor   his   sa- 


AND 


AND 


tires  against  the  clergy,  as  Erasmus  ob- 
serves, brought  him  into  trouble.  His 
epistles  were  learned,  witty,  and  useful, 
and  his  verses  elegant,  especially  those  on 
Livia  his  mistress,  which  procured  him  the 
prize  of  Latin  poetry  from  the  Roman 
academy.  He  died  1518.  His  works  con- 
sist of  four  books  of  love-letters,  miscel- 
laneous elegies,  about  200  distichs,  and  the 
12  eclogues  published  by  Oporinus  in  his 
collection  of  38  Bucolic  poets. 

Andrew,  St.  a  fisherman  of  Bethsaida 
in  Galilee.  After  being  for  some  time  a  dis- 
ciple of  John  the  Baptist,  he  was  called 
with  his  brother  Peter  to  %vitncss  the  holy 
life  and  to  learn  the  doctrines  of  our  bless- 
ed Saviour.  It  is  supposed  that  he  preach- 
ed the  gospel  in  Scythia,  and  that  there  he 
was  put  to  death  on  a  cross  of  the  figure 
of  the  letter  X. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Damascus,  bishop 
of  Aleria  in  Crete,  and  thence  called  of 
Crete,  and  of  Jerusalem,  because  he  re- 
tired there'  and  died  720,  or  723.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  some  books  of 
Scriptures,  besides  sermons,  published  at 
Paris  1644,  folio. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Pisa,  known  as  a 
sculptor,  architect,  painter,  and  musician. 
He  was  highly  honoured  by  the  Florentines, 
many  of  whose  edifices  were  built  on  his 
plans,  as  also  the  arsenel  of  Venice.  He 
died  at  Florence,  1330,  aged  60. 

Andrew,  bishop  of  Samosata,  ably  de- 
fended Theodoret  against  Cyril,  in  the 
5th  century.  Some  of  his  letters  are  still 
extant. 

Andrew,  John,  secretary  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  bishop  of  Aleria  in  Corsica, 
published  editions  of  Livy,  Aulus  Gellius, 
Herodotus,  Strabo,  &c.  and  died  1493. 

Andrew,  of  Ratisbon,  was  author  of 
a  chronicle  of  the  Dukes  of  Bavaria,  and 
of  a  history  of  Bohemia,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. 

Andrew,  Tobias,  author  of  Methodi 
Cartesianae  assertio,  printed  1653,  was  a 
bold  defender  of  the  Cartesian  philosophy. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek  and  of  history 
at  Groningen,  and  died  1676. 

Andrew  del  Sarto,  a  painter  born  at 
Florence  1483,  son  of  a  tailor.  He  was 
a  great  favourite  of  Francis  I.  of  France, 
who  wished  to  retain  him,  but  in  vain,  as 
his  wife  insisted  upon  his  residence  in  Italy. 
He  is  particularly  commended  for  the  co- 
louring of  his  pictures,  and  the  correctness 
and  elegance  of  his  figures,  though  there  is 
a  coldness  and  uniformity  in  all.  He  pos- 
sessed' the  happy  talent  of  copying  pic- 
tures to  such  perfection,  that  Julio  Ro- 
mano, who  had  finished  the  draperies  of 
Raphael's  Leo  Xth,  took  a  copy  of  that 
celebrated  piece  by  Del  Sarto  for  the  ori- 
ginal.    He  died  1530. 

Andrew,  Valerius,  a  native  of  Brabant, 
VOL.1,  12 


born  1 588,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Lou- 
vain,  and  author  of  Bibliotheca  Belgica,  or 
account  of  Belgic  worthies,  valuable  for 
the  information  it  contains,  though  occa- 
sionally inaccurate,  published  1643.  He 
was  still  living  in  1652. 

Andrew,  Ives  Mary,  a  native  of  Cha- 
teaulin  in  Cornouailles,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Caen  for  33  years.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  and  genuine  viva- 
city. His  poetry  is  admired,  but  his  chief 
work  is  his  essay  sur  le  beau,  as  also  his 
traite  sur  l'homme.  He  retired  from  his 
laborious  office,  1759,  and  died,  1764,  Feb- 
ruary 26th,  in  his  89th  year.  His  works 
were  published  together  1766,  5  vols.  12mo. 

Andrew  I.  king  of  Hungary,  eldest  son 
of  Ladislaus  the  bald,  left  his  native  coun- 
try with  Bela  his  brother  in  1044,  when 
Peter  was  raised  to  the  throne.  He  was 
afterwards  invited  back  by  the  people,  who 
wished  to  restore  the  Pagan  religion,  but 
when  invested  with  the  royal  power  he 
violated  his  promise,  and  obliged  his  bar- 
barous subjects  to  embrace  Christianity. 
He  was  attacked  by  his  brother  and  slain 
in  battle,  1059. 

Andrew  II.  king  of  Hungary,  succeed- 
ed his  nephew  Ladislaus  1204.  He  was 
in  the  crusades,  and  behaved  with  such 
valour  that  he  obtained  the  surname  of 
Ierosolymitan.  He  was  successful  in  the 
wars  in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  he 
endeavoured  to  meliorate  the  situation  of 
the  middle  ranks  of  his  kingdom.  He  died 
1235. 

Andrew  III.  king  of  Hungary,  grand^ 
son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded  on  the 
death  of  Ladislaus  1299.  His  elevation 
was  opposed  by  Charles  of  Sicily,  son  of 
Ladislaus'  sister,  and  a  civil  war  and  all  its 
terrors  were  the  consequence.  The  trou- 
bles continued  till  the  death  of  both  the 
rivals,  who  died  the  same  year,  1305. 

Andrew,  son  of  king  Charobert  of 
Hungary,  king  of  Naples,  was  called  by 
the  Neapolitans  Andreasso.  He  married 
Joan  II.  queen  of  Naples,  his  cousin,  but 
such  was  the  dislike  which  was  kindled 
between  these  youthful  sovereigns,  that  the 
queen  was  at  last  persuaded  by  her  favour- 
ites to  consent  to  the  assassination  of  her 
husband  in  his  19th  year,  1345. 

Andrews  or  Andrewe,  Eusebius,  a  bar* 
rister  of  good  family  in  Middlesex,  secre- 
tary to  lord  Capel,  and  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  wars,  a  colonel  in  Charles' ser- 
vice. After  the  loss  of  Worcester,  he  at- 
tempted the  recovery  of  the  island  of  Ely, 
and  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  republican 
army  he  was  prosecuted  before  Bradshaw 
and  the  high  court  of  justice.  He  was  con- 
demned to  be  hanged  and  quartered,  but  on 
his  petition  the  sentence  was  changed  to 
beheading,  which  he  suffered  with  great 
fortitude  on  Tower  Hill,  22d  August,  1650 
89 


AND 


AND 


Andrews,  Henry,  a  self-taught  mathe- 
matician, was  born  in  1744,  at  Frieston 
near  Grantham,  of  poor  parents.  At  an 
tarty  age,  he  was  placed  as  a  servant  to  a 
shopkeeper,  and  next  with  a  lady  at  Lin- 
coln, where  he  amused  himself  at  leisure 
hours  in  making  weather-glasses.  The  gen- 
tleman, with  whom  he  afterwards  lived,  en- 
couraged him  in  his  pursuits,  by  which 
means  he  was  enabled  to  open  a  school,  first 
at  Basingthorpc,  and  lastly  at  Royston, 
where  he  also  carried  on  the  bookselling  bu- 
siness, and  died  January  26th,  1820.  For 
more  than  forty  years  he  was  a  computer  of 
the  Nautical  Ephemeris  ;  and  calculator  of 
Moore's  Almanac.  — W.  B. 

Andrews,  John,  D.D.  provost  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in 
Cecil  County,  Maryland,  April  4th,  1746, 
and  graduated  at  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
in  1765.  He  visited  England  in  1767  to 
obtain  Episcopal  ordination,  and  after  his 
return  employed  several  years  in  the  minis- 
try, in  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mary- 
land. In  1785  he  took  charge  of  the  epis- 
copal Academy  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1791 
was  appointed  vice-provost  of  the  College 
in  that  city,  and  held  that  station,  discharg- 
ing the  duties  of  professor  of  Moral  Philo- 
sophy, with  much  ability  till  1810,  when 
he  was  elected  provost  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  died  in  March,  1813. 
His  talents  and  learning  were  highly  res- 
pectable, his  manners  amiable,  and  his 
method  of  instruction  popular  and  success- 
fiil.    EF  L. 

Andrews,  Lancelot,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  London,  1565.  After  being  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors',  he  entered 
on  one  of  Dr.  Watts'  scholarships  at  Pem- 
broke-hall, Cambridge,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  public  lecturer  in  di- 
vinity. His  abilities  were  made  known 
to  Walsingham,  secretary  to  Elizabeth, 
who  procured  for  him,  on  the  death  of 
Fulke,  St.  Giles  Cripplegate  in  London, 
and  a  prebend  and  residentiaryship  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  master 
of  his  college,  and  on  the  decease  of  Eliza- 
beth he  gained  the  favour  of  James  so 
much  by  his  pulpit  eloquence,  that  the 
monarch  employed  him  to  defend  his 
knightly  right  against  the  attack  of  cardi- 
nal Bellarmine,  under  the  name  of  Mat- 
thew Tortus.  Andrews  supported  his 
cause  with  firmness  and  spirit  in  his  Tor- 
tura  torti,  and  the  king  rewarded  his  zeal 
with  the  rank  of  privy  counsellor,  and  the 
place  of  almoner,  the  deanery  of  the  royal 
chapel,  and  the  bishopric  of  Chichester, 
1605.  He  was  afterwards  advanced  to 
Ely,  and  then  to  Winchester  ;  but  though 
he  enjoyed  in  the  highest  degree  the  fa- 
vours of  the  monarch,  he  did  not  forget 
the  dignity  of  hi*  character,  or  his  inde- 


pendence  as  an  Englishman  ;  and  when 
James  wished  to  know  the  sentiments  of 
his  courtiers  with  respect  to  raising  money 
without  parliamentary  authority,  he  found 
Andrews  decidedly  severe  against  the  un- 
constitutional measure.  -  He  died  at  Win- 
chester-house in  Southwark,  September 
27,  1626,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Saviour's 
church,  where  a  neat  monument  is  erected. 
Milton  has  written  an  elegant  elegy  on  him. 
Besides  the  Tortura  torti,  he  wrote  a  man- 
ual of  devotions  in  Greek,  translated  by 
Stanhope  into  English,  a  volume  of  sermons 
printed  after  his  decease  by  Laud  and 
Buckeridge,  and  he  had  a  share  in  trans- 
lating the  Pentateuch  and  the  books  from 
Joshua  to  1st  Chronicles. 

Andrews,  Miles  Peter,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, was  the  second  son  of  a  merchant  in 
London,  who  designed  him  also  for  the 
same  business  ;  but  to  which  he  had  little 
inclination.  On  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother,  he  succeeded  to  his  share  in  the 
powder  works  at  Dartford,  which  enabled 
him  to  purchase  a  noble  mansion  in  Cleve- 
land-row, where  he  gave  splendid  enter- 
tainments. In  the  late  war,  he  became 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  volunteers  of  St. 
Martin's  parish  ;  and  died  very  suddenly 
in  1814.  His  plays  are — 1.  The  Election, 
a  musical  interlude.  2.  Belphegor,  Sum- 
mer Amusements,  and  Fire  and  Water,  co- 
mic operas.  3.  Dissipation.  4.  Better  Late 
than  Never.  5.  The  mysteries  of  the 
Castle.  6.  The  Best  Bidder.  7.  The  Ba- 
ron of  Kinkervan  kotsdarsprakengotch- 
dern,  comedies  :  none  of  which  were  ever 
successful  on  the  stage. —  W.  B. 

Andriscus,  an  impostor,  who  pretended 
to  be  the  son  of  Perseus  the  last  king  of 
Macedonia.  After  reigning  some  time 
over  the  country,  he  was  defeated  by  the 
Romans,  and  put  to  death  by  order  of  the 
senate,  B.  C.  147. 

Andromachus,  a  Cretan,  physician  to  the 
emperor  Nero. 

Andronicus  I.  son  of  Isaac  Comnenus, 
was  imprisoned  for  his  rebellious  conduct 
against  the  emperor  Manuel,  but  after  12 
years'  confinement,  he  escaped  into  Russia, 
and  on  the  elevation  of  young  Alexis  II.  he 
had  the  art  to  cause  himself  to  be  received 
as  a  protector,  and  as  partner  of  the 
throne.  Thus  armed  with  power  he 
strangled  the  unsuspecting  youth,  and 
seated  himself  sole  emperor  on  the  throne 
of  Constantinople  1183,  in  his  71st  year. 
His  cruelties,  however,  rendered  him  odious, 
and  he  was  two  years  after  seized  in  an 
insurrection,  and  put  to  death  in  the  most 
ignominious  manner,  and  Isaac  Angelus 
placed  in  his  room. 

Andronicus  Pal.eologus  II.  succeeded 
his  father  Michael  VIII.  1282.  His  feeble 
rule  was  unable  to  withstand  the  attacks  of 
barbarians  from  without,  and  the.  diss  en 


AND 


VTS't. 


sions  of  contending  chiefs  from  within  ;  and 
he  was  banished  from  the  throne  by  his 
grandson  of  the  same  name,  and  finished 
his  days  in  a  monastery,  1332,  aged  74. 

Andronicus  Pal^eologus  III.  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  warlike,  bold,  and 
enterprising.  He  died  of  a  fever  occasioned 
by  intemperance,  universally  regretted  by 
his  subjects,  June,  1341,  in  his  45th  year. 

Andronicus  IV.  was  associated  to  his 
father,  John  V.,  on  the  Constantinopolitan 
throne,  1355.  His  perfidy  irritated  his  fa- 
ther, who  put  out  one  of  his  eyes,  and 
raised  his  brother  Manuel  in  his  place.  He 
died  in  exile. 

Andronicus,  founder  of  a  sect  of  the 
same  name,  adopted  the  errors  of  the  Se- 
verians,  and  supported  that  the  upper  part 
of  a  woman  was  the  work  of  God,  but  the 
lower,  the  work  of  the  devil. 

Andronicus,  a  learned  man  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  who  took  refuge  in  Italy,  after  the 
fall  of  Constantinople,  and  taught  Greek  at 
Rome,  Florence,  and  Paris.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1478. 

Andronicus,  Livius,  the  oldest  of  the 
Roman  dramatists.  His  first  piece  was 
presented  before  the  Roman  people  about 
240  B.  C. 

Andronicus,  Cyrestes,  an  Athenian, 
said  to  be  the  inventor  of  weather-cocks, 
and  the  architect  of  the  famous  octagon 
temple,  built  at  Athens,  in  honour  of  the 
winds. 

Andronicus,  a  Rhodian  philosopher,  who 
published  the  collected  works  of  Aris- 
totle. He  flourished  in  the  age  of  Sylla, 
about  63  B.  C. 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  governor  of  New- 
England  under  James  II.  and  distinguished 
by  a  rapacious  and  tyrannical  administra- 
tion, had  antecedently,  from  1674  to  1682, 
held  the  same  office,  and  with  reputable 
mildness,  in  the  province  of  New-York. 
He  entered  on  the  government  of  New-En- 
gland in  1686,  and  by  a  course  of  capricious 
and  arbitrary  measures,  excited  so  much 
indignation  and  alarm,  that,  in  1689,  the 
inhabitants  of  Boston  and  the  vicinity  took 
up  arms  and  imprisoned  him,  and  those  of 
his  coadjutors  who  were  most  obnoxious. 
On  his  return  to  England  in  1690,  he  was 
impeached  for  his  maladministration  ;  but, 
from  motives  of  policy,  dismissed  by  the 
government  without  condemnation.  In 
1692  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  exercised  the  office  with  more 
integrity.     He  died  in  1714.         QTT  L. 

Androuet  du  Cerceau,  James,  an  ar- 
chitect at  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  who 
furnished  the  designs  for  the  grand  gallery 
of  the  Louvre,  the  Pontneuf,  &c.  He  pub- 
lished some  works  on  his  profession,  and 
died  abroad,  whither  he  had  retired  as  a 
zealous  disciple  of  Calvin. 

Andrt,  Nicholas,  a  professor  of  philoso- 


phy, and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  author  of 
several  treatises  now  little  known,  except 
those  on  medicine,  which  preserve  his  fame, 
especially  a  treatise  on  the  generation  of 
worms  in  the  human  body — on  phlebotomy 
— on  orthopsdia,  or  the  method  of  correct- 
ing deformities  in  children.  He  died  1742, 
aged  84. 

Aneau,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Bom  - 
ges,  principal  of  the  college  of  Lyons.  In 
1565,  during  a  procession,  a  stone  was 
thrown  from  the  college  upon  the  priest 
who  carried  the  consecrated  bread,  and  im- 
mediately the  place  was  stormed,  and 
Aneau,  whose  Calvinistical  opinions  were 
unpopular,  being  found  alone  and  suspect- 
ed, was  dragged,  and  inhumanly  murdered 
by  the  populace.  He  was  author  of  some 
satires  and  other  pieces  in  French  and  in 
Latin. 

Anello,  Thomas,  ealled  commonly 
Massaniello,  a  fisherman  of  Naples,  born 
1623.  He  felt  for  the  wrongs  of  his  coun- 
try, when  the  Austrian  government,  to 
which  Naples  was  subject,  laid  a  fresh  tax 
upon  fruits,  which  the  already  oppressed 
people  were  unable  to  bear.  A  number  of 
boys,  to  the  amount  of  2000,  between  the, 
age  of  16  and  17,  %vere  armed  with  canes 
by  the  demagogue,  the  viceroy  was  attack- 
ed, and  the  government  was  suspended. 
Anello  possessed  firmness  and  popularity, 
and  he  was  invested  with  the  supreme 
power,  and  saw  himself  suddenly  at  the 
head  of  150,000  people,  who  with  the  most 
implicit  obedience  bowed  to  his  very  nod. 
In  his  elevation  he  did  not  forget  the  right 
of  the  nation,  he  signed  a  solemn  conven- 
tion with  the  terrified  government,  and 
after  he  had  secured  the  freedom  of  the 
subject,  he  nobly  determined  to  lay  aside  his 
power,  and  to  retire  to  a  private  station. 
The  thought  was  heroic,  but  the  solicita- 
tions of  his  wife  and  kindred,  or  the  more 
powerful  calls  of  ambition,  forbade  it ;  and 
he  still  continued  his  authority,  lost  in  de- 
bauchery and  intemperance,  till  the  dagger 
of  four  assassins  rid  the  world  of  a  man 
whom  the  intoxication  of  splendour  began 
to  render  cruel  and  vindictive,  1647. 

Aneurin,  a  British  poet,  celebrated  as 
the  king  of  bards,  and  also  as  the  heroii- 
leader  of  the  Olidiniau  Britons,  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Cattraeth.  The  valour  displayed  on 
this  bloody  day  was  celebrated  by  the  war- 
like bard  in  a  poem  which  is  still  preserved 
among  the  records  of  Welsh  literature,  as 
also  his  odes  of  the  months.  He  died  about, 
570.  Some  suppose  that  this  famed  poet 
was  the  same  as  the  venerable  historian 
Gildas. 

Angb  db  St.  Josbph,  le  Pere,  a  Car- 
melite of  Toulouse,  whose  real  name  was 
la  Brosse.  He  travelled  into  Persia  aa  mis- 
91 


AM. 


AM. 


sionary,  and  translated  the  Persian  phar- 
macopoeia into  Latin,  printed  1631,  8vo. 
Paris,  hesides  a  treatise  on  the  language  of 
the  country,  a  useful  and  very  valuable 
performance,  edited  Amsterdam,  1684,  fo- 
lio.    He  died  at  Perpignan,  1697. 

Ange  de  Ste.  Rosalie,  a  learned  Au- 
gustine, born  at  Blois.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1726,  aged  71,  before  he  had  completed  the 
new  edition  of  the  history  of  the  royal  fa- 
mily of  France,  &c.  by  Anselm.  This 
valuable  work  was  afterwards  edited  by 
Simplicien,  his  associate,  in  9  vols,  folio. 
Ange  had  written  before  l'Etat  de  la  France, 
5  vols.  12mo. 

Angeli,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Fer- 
)  ara,  and  professor  of  the  law,  author  of 
the  history  of  Parma,  printed  1591.  He 
died,  1576,  at  Parma,  where  he  had  settled. 
Angeli,  Baldus,  an  Italian  physician  of 
reputation,  author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on 
vipers,  1589,  4to.  He  lived  at  the  latter 
end  of  the  16th  century. 

Angeli,  Peter,  a  Latin  poet  of  Barga 
in  Tuscany.  After  teaching  the  learned 
languages  at  Reggio  in  Lombardy,  he  came 
to  Pisa,  where  Cosmo  I.  patronised  him, 
and  seated  him  on  a  professorial  chair. 
When  the  town  was  suddenly  besieged  by 
Strozzi  in  1554,  Angeli  animated  the  stu- 
dents by  his  example,  and  withstood  the 
enemy  till  succours  came  from  Florence. 
He  wrote  two  poems,  Cynegeticon  or  of  the 
Chase,  in  six  books,  printed  in  8vo.  1568, 
which  cost  him  20  years'  labour,  and  Syrius, 
or  the  expedition  of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon, 
in  12  books,  1591,  4to.  He  died  1596, 
aged  79. 

Angelic,  John,  a  Dominican  of  Fiezola, 
known  as  the  painter  of  Pope  Nicholas  V's 
chapel,  for  which  he  refused  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Florence.  He  is  said  to  have 
left  designedly  some  inaccuracies  in  his 
great  works,  that  he  might  not  draw  too 
much  the  admiration  of  mankind.  He 
died  1455,  aged  63. 

Angelis,  Dominico  de,  a  native  of  Lecce 
in  Otranto,  whose  learning  procured  him 
admission  into  the  most  celebrated  acade- 
mies, when  he  travelled  through  France  and 
Spain.  When  Philip  V.  of  Spain  was  mas- 
ter of  Naples,  he  was  appointed  historio- 
grapher, and  afterwards  was  made  secretary 
to  the  duke  of  Gravina.  He  deserved 
every  distinction,  as  his  services  in  litera- 
ture show.  His  compositions  are  14  in 
number,  mostly  upon  historical,  biographi- 
cal, or  critical  subjects,  in  Italian.  He 
died  at  Lecce,  9th  August,  1719,  in  his  44th 
year. 

Angelo  Buonaroti,  Michael,  a  great 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect.  He  was 
born  1474,  at  the  castle  of  Chiusi  in  Tus- 
cany, and  was  nursed  by  a  woman  of  Set- 
tinianno,  whose  husband  was  eminent  as  a 
sculptor,  so  that  he  was  said  to  have  sucked 
92 


si  ulpturc  with  his  very  milk.  His  geniu- 
was  early  displayed,  and  it  raised  such 
jealousy  among  his  youthful  rivals,  that  one 
of  them,  Torrigianno,  struck  him  with  such, 
violence  on  the  nose,  that  he  carried  the 
mark  to  his  grave.  The  protection  of  Loren- 
zo de  Medicis  raised  him  to  consequence. 
An  academy  was  erected,  but  the  painter 
fled  with  his  patron  during  the  troubles  of 
Florence,  and  retired  to  Bologna.  It  is  said, 
that,  about  this  time,  he  made  and  buried 
an  image  of  Cupid  at  Rome,  which  was 
soon  after  dug  up,  and  considered  by  car- 
dinal Gregory  as  a  most  valuable  antique, 
till  Michael  Angelo  proved  it  to  be  his  own, 
by  fitting  to  it  the  broken  arm  which  it  had 
lost,  and  which  he  had  kept  on  purpose. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  pieces  is  his  last 
judgment,  painted  for  Paul  III.  though  it 
is  perhaps  to  be  lamented,  that  the  artist's 
revenge  had  been  cruelly  immortalized,  by 
his  representation  of  a  cardinal,  who  was 
his  enemy,  in  the  number  of  the  damned. 
His  architectural  abilities  are  best  displayed 
in  the  public  buildings  of  Florence,  and  par- 
ticularly of  Rome,  where  he  completed  the 
building  of  St.  Peter's  church,  in  the  exe- 
cution of  which  he  spent  17  laborious  years 
without  salary.  He  was  also  an  elegant 
poet,  as  his  sonnets,  canzonets,  &c.  pub- 
lished by  his  grand-nephew  at  Florence, 
1627,  fully  show.  He  died  1564,  aged  90. 
Angelo,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiastic 
author  of  an  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first 
five  centuries,  and  of  other  works.  He 
died  in  an  advanced  age  at  Messina,  1720. 
Angeloni,  Francis,  born  in  Terni  in 
Spolatto,  was  author  of  a  history  of  his 
native  town,  and  of  a  valuable  Augustan 
history  by  medals,  from  J.  Caesar  to  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  the  best  edition  of  which 
is  Rome,  1685,  fol.  he  wrote  also  the  his- 
tory of  Terni,  and  died  1652. 

Angelus,  Christopher,  a  learned  Greek, 
driven  from  Peloponnesus  by  the  Turks. 
He  came  to  England,  and  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge under  the  patronage  of  the  bishop  of 
Norwich.  He  afterwards  went  to  Baliol 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  proved  very 
useful  in  instructing  the  students  in  Greek. 
He  died  1638.  He  was  author  of  several 
works,  the  most  valuable  of  which  is  his 
account  of  his  sufferings,  printed  1617,  in 
Greek  and  English. 

Angier,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Dedham, 
in  Essex,  educated  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge.  He  %vas  ejected  for  noncon- 
formity from  his  living  at  Denton,  Lanca- 
shire, in  1662,  and  died  1677,  aged  72.  He 
was  author  of  a  theological  treatise  called 
a  help  to  better  hearts  for  better  times. 

Angilbert,  St.  descended  from  a  noble 
family  of  Neustria,  studied  under  Alcuinus 
with  Charlemagne,  and  not  only  became, 
his  minister  and  favourite,  but  married  his 
daughter  Bertha.  He  was  made  governor  of 


ANU 


AN.V 


the  coast  from  the  Scheldt  to  the  Seine,  but 
he  resigned  his  honours  and  the  company 
of  his  wife  for  the  monastery  of  Centula  or 
St.  Requier,  of  which  he  became  the  abbot. 
He  was  often  drawn  from  his  religious  re- 
tirement to  affairs  of  state  ;  he  went  three 
times  to  Rome,  and  saw  Charlemagne 
crowned  emperor  of  the  West.  Of  his 
works  few  remain.  He  was  so  elegant  a 
poet  that  Charlemagne  called  him  his  Ho- 
mer.    He  died  the  18th  of  February,  814. 

Angiollelo,  born  at  Vicenza,  wrote  in 
the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue  a  history 
of  Mahomet  I.  which  he  inscribed  to  him. 
He  had  been  slave  to  Mustapha  in  an  ex- 
pedition to  Persia,  1473,  and  therefore,  his 
history  is  that  of  an  eye-witness.  He  wrote 
also  the  history  of  Usson  Casson. 

Anglicus,  Gilbertus,  physician  to  Her- 
bert, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  author 
of  a  compendium  of  physic,  the  earliest  ex- 
rant,  of  which  Dr.  Freind  has  spoken  at 
length.  He  lived  according  to  some  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  13th  century. 

Anglicus,  Ricardus,  an  English  medi- 
cal writer,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  af- 
terwards at  Paris.  He  was  a  very  early 
author  on  medicine,  and  eminent  in  his 
profession.  A  list  of  his  works  is  preserved 
in  Aikin's  Biog.  Mem.  of  Medicine.  He 
lived  about  1230. 

Anglus,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  the 
friend  of  Sir  K#nelm  Digby,  known  by  the 
several  names  of  Albius  Candidus,  Bianchi, 
Richworth,  White,  and  Vitus,  which  he  as- 
sumed in  the  different  countries  of  Europe, 
where  he  spent  the  greatest  part  of  his  life. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning 
and  genius,  but  his  fondness  for  the  Peripa- 
tetic philosophy,  and  his  attempts  to  apply 
the  principles  of  Aristotle  to  explain  the 
mysteries  of  religion,  created  him  many 
enemies,  who  procured  the  condemnation  of 
his  writings,  both  at  Douay  and  at  Rome. 
He  died  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
but  the  year  is  unknown. 

Anguier,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Eu,  in  Normandy,  who 
adorned  Paris  by  their  beautiful  sculptures. 
The  former  died  1699,  aged  95,  and  the 
other  1686,  aged  74.  The  tomb  of  James 
Souvre  at  St.  John  de  Lateran,  the  orna- 
ments of  St.  Denis,  &c.  are  among  the  most 
udmired  pieces  of  Michael  ;  and  of  those 
of  Francis,  the  large  crucifix  over  the  high 
altar  of  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne,  the 
mausoleum  of  the  duke  of  Montmorency,  at 
Moulines,  of  De  Thou. 

Anguillari,  John  Andre  del',  an  esteem- 
ed Italian  poet,  who  wrote  a  tragedy  on 
CEdipus,  notes  on  the  Orlando  of  Ariosto, 
and  a  valuable  translation  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses, printed  Venice,  1554,  in  4to. 
He  lived  in  the  16th  century. 

Angusciola,  Sophonisba,  a  native  of 
Almona  in  Italv.  eminent  for  her  historical 


and  portrait  paintings.  She  bestowed  auch 
attention  to  her  profession  that  she  became 
blind.  She  died  1626,  aged  93.  Her  sis- 
ters Lucia  and  Europa  also  excelled  in  the 
execution  of  the  pencil. 

Anicetus,  pope  of  Rome,  after  Pius,  157, 
suffered  martyrdom  under  M.  Aurelius. 
168. 

Anich,  Peter,  son  of  a  turner,  was  born 
at  Oberpersuf,  near  Inspruck,  1723,  and 
after  being  employed  as  a  labourer  and  a 
shepherd,  his  genius  for  mechanics  burst 
forth,  and  was  improved  and  corrected  by 
the  friendly  assistance  of  father  Hill,  a  Je- 
suit. He  was  admired  for  his  knowledge 
of  astronomy,  for  the  elegance  and  accuracy 
of  the  maps  and  charts  which  he  drew  ;  and 
the  pair  of  globes  which  he  made  for  the 
university  of  Inspruck  were  justly  consider- 
ed as  of  superior  beauty  and  value.  He 
died  early  in  life  1766,  seriously  lamented, 
and  the  empress-queen  honoured  his  memo- 
ry by  bestowing  a  pension  of  50  florins  on 
his  sister. 

Anichini,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver, 
much  celebrated  for  the  delicacy  and  preci- 
sion with  which  he  engraved  even  the  min- 
utest objects.  It  was  at  the  sight  of  his 
pieces  that  Michael  Angelo  exclaimed,  that 
the  art  of  engraving  under  his  hand  had 
reached  the  summit  of  perfection.  His 
best  pieces  were  a  medal  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  prostrating  himself  before  the  high- 
priest  at  Jerusalem,  the  head  of  pope  Paul 
III.  and  Henry  III.  of  France  on  the  re- 
verse. 

Aniello,  Thomas,  vid.  Anello. 

Ankerstaoom,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
officer,  who,  in  the  war  carried  on  by  Swe- 
den against  Russia,  suffered  himself  to  be 
gained  over  against  the  interests  of  his 
country.  He  was  discovered  and  senten- 
ced to  death,  but  the  pardon  of  his  king, 
instead  of  producing  gratitude  and  loyalty, 
rendered  his  hatred  more  inveterate.  He 
conspired  against  Gustavus,  and  as  the  un- 
suspecting monarch  entered  a  room  where 
a  masked  ball  was  assembled,  the  assassin 
discharged  at  him  a  pistol  containing  two 
balls  and  some  nails.  The  wound  was 
mortal,  and  the  king  expired,  29th  March, 
1792.  The  27th  of  April  following,  the 
bloody  murderer  was  led  to  execution,  but 
instead  of  contrition  he  gloried  in  his  deed. 
His  right  hand  and  his  head  were  cut  off. 

Anna  Comnena,  daughter  of  Alexius 
Comnenus,  emperor  of  Constantinople, 
and  celebrated  for  the  Greek  history  which 
she  has  written,  in  which,  with  great  ele- 
gance and  spirit,  though  often  with  partial- 
ity, she  records  the  events  which  distin- 
guished her  father's  reign. 

Anna  Ivanovna,  daughter  of  Ivan  Alex- 

iovitch,  emperor  of  Russia,  married  in  1710 

Frederic  William,  duke  of  Courland,  and 

succeeded  Peter  II.  on  the  throne  1730. 

93 


\v\ 


ANN 


•U  the  death  of  her  husband,  1719,  she 
took  for  her  favourite  Biren,  a  person  of 
low  birth,  but  great  duplicity  ;  and  when 
raised  to  the  throne,  her  subjects  were  ruled 
by  this  capricious  and  cr,uel  minion,  who, 
it  is  said,  banished  no  less  than  20,000 
persons  to  Siberia  through  pique,  malice, 
and  revenge.  Anna  died  1740,  aged  47. 
She  was  succeeded  by  her  grand-nephew 
Ivan,  whose  minority  was  intrusted  to  the 
care  of  the  guilty  Biren,  now  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  duke  of  Courland. 

Ann  and,  William,  A.M.  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  who  was  chosen  one  of  the 
ministers,  and  became  a  popular  preacher 
there.  He  behaved  with  great  kindness 
towards  the  persecuted  presbyterians,  and 
opposed  James  when  he  wished  to  dispense 
with  the  penal  laws.  At  the  revolution  he 
was  made  dean  of  Raphoe  in  Ireland, 
where  he  died  1710,  aged  64.  He  wrote  a 
volume  of  valuable  sermons,  little  known. 

Annat,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rouergue, 
of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  teacher  of  phi- 
losophy at  Toulouse,  and  afterwards  em- 
ployed at  Rome,  and  in  France,  in  the 
service  of  the  pope.  He  was  made  con- 
fessor to  the  French  king  1654,  which 
office  he  held  16  years,  and  then  solicited 
his  dismission  from  increasing  infirmities. 
He  is  known  for  his  great  zeal  in  opposing 
the  Jansenists,  and  for  his  uncommon  mo- 
desty and  disinterestedness,  which  never 
employed  the  influence  he  possessed  at 
court  to  promote  his  family.  His  writings, 
which  are  controversial,  are  admired  for 
great  judgment,  learning,  and  moderation. 
He  died  at  Paris  1670,  aged  80. 

Anne,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  II. 
of  Spain  married  Lewis  XIII.  1615,  and 
was  mother  of  Lewis  XIV.  of  France.  The 
intrigues  of  Richelieu  rendered  her  mar- 
riage state  unhappy,  but  during  the  mino- 
rity of  her  son,  she  was  permitted  to  go- 
vern the  kingdom  by  means  of  Mazarine  ; 
but  though  she  offended  the  nation  by 
means  of  this  favourite,  her  power  was 
rendered  popular  by  the  victories  of  the 
great  Conde.  When  Lewis  XIV.  succeed- 
ed to  the  government  in  1660,  she  retired 
to  a  convent,  and  died  1666,  aged  64. 

Anne,  of  Beaujeu,  daughter  of  Lewis 
XII.  of  France,  married  the  duke  of  Bour- 
bon, and  was  regent  during  the  minority  of 
her  brother  Charles  VIII.  Her  govern- 
ment was  marked  by  prudence,  firmness, 
and  wisdom,  though  in  her  private  charac- 
ter she  was  vindictive  and  violent.  She 
died  at  Chantelle,  1522,  aged  60. 

Anne,  of  Brittany,  was  daughter  and  heir- 
ess of  the  last  duke  of  that  dutchy.  She 
was  wife  of  Maximilian  of  Austria,  and 
next  married  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  and 
after  his  death,  Lewis  XII.  She  was  cele- 
brated for  her  beautv,  her  modestv,  and 
91 


her  patronage  of  the  learned  and  the  indi- 
gent.    She  died  1514,  in  her  38th  year. 

Anne,  of  Clevcs,  a  daughter  of  John  III. 
duke  of  Cleves.  Her  picture  by  Holbein 
was  shown  by  lord  Cromwell  to  the  licen- 
tious Henry  VIII.  and  he  demanded  her 
for  his  queen.  The  painter  had  flattered 
the  princess,  and  Henry,  soon  disgusted 
with  the  Flanders  mare,  as  he  called  this 
ill-treated  woman,  obtained  a  divorce  from 
his  obsequious  parliament.  Anne,  without 
struggle,  and  indeed  with  unconcern,,  left 
England,  and  retired  to  Cleves,  where  she 
died,  1557. 

Anne,  daughter  of  James  II.  succeeded 
William  III.  as  queen  of  England.  Her 
reign  forms  a  brilliant  epoch  in  the  English 
history  from  the  victories  of  Marlborough  ; 
but  she  possessed  not  the  firmness  required 
to  distinguish  the  merits  and  virtues  of  her 
subjects  ;  and  while  she  suffered  herself  to 
be  ruled  by  a  cabal,  she  lost  the  power  of 
destroying  the  dissensions  which  agitated 
her  courtiers.  Under  her  administration, 
Scotland  was  united  to  England.  The 
queen  possessed  the  peculiar  felicity  of 
having  for  her  ministers  the  ablest  states- 
men that  ever  lived,  and  among  her  sub- 
jects the  most  learned,  sublime,  and  elo- 
quent writers  in  the  walks  of  poetry, 
science,  and  general  literature  ;  and  there- 
fore with  truth,  her  reign  has  been  deno- 
minated the  Augustan  age  of  England. 
In  1683,  she  married  prince  George  of  Den- 
mark, by  whom  she  had  several  children, 
who  all  died  young.  She  died  August 
1714,  aged  50. 

Anne,  dutchess  of  the  Viennois,  after 
the  death  of  her  brother  John  I.  defended 
her  rights  with  great  courage  and  equal 
success  against  the  claims  of  Robert  duke 
of  Burgundy.     She  died  1296. 

Anne,  of  Ferrara,  daughter  of  Hercules 
II.  duke  of  Ferrara,  married  1549  Francis, 
duke  of  Guise,  and  behaved  with  great 
spirit  and  courage  during  the  unfortunate 
quarrels  of  the  league.  She  was  after- 
wards for  some  time  imprisoned  at  Blois. 

Anne,  of  Russia,  daughter  of  Jaraslaus, 
married  Henry  I.  king  of  France  1044, 
after  his  death  she  married  Raoul,  who  was 
allied  to  her  first  husband  ;  in  consequence 
of  which  she  was  excommunicated,  and  at 
last  repudiated,  and  obliged  to  return  to 
Russia. 

Anne,  of  Cyprus,  married,  in  1431, 
Lewis,  duke  of  Savoy,  and  showed  herself 
able,  active,  and  discriminating  at  the 
head  of  public  affairs.  She  died  11th  Nov. 
1462. 

Anne,  of  Hungary,  daughter  of  Ladis- 
laus  VI.  married  Ferdinand  of  Austria, 
and  placed  him  upon  the  throne  of  Bohe- 
mia.    She  died  27th  Jan.  1547. 

Anne  de  Gonzague,  wife  of  Edward, 
count  Palatine,  died  at  Paris,  6th  July, 


ANN 

1584,  aged  68,  and  was  honoured  with  an 
eulogium  by  the  celebrated  Bossuet. 

Annebaut,  Claude  d',  of  an  ancient 
family  in  Normandy,  was  taken  prisoner 
with  Francis  I.  at  the  battle  of  Pavia.  He 
was  afterwards  marshal,  and  admiral  of 
France,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery  and  wisdom.  He  died, 2d  Nov.  1552. 
Anneix  de  Souvenel,  Alexis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Brittany,  known  by  an  elegant  epistle  in 
verse  to  the  shades  of  Boileau.  He  died 
at  Rennes  1758,  aged  69. 

Anneslet,  Samuel,  LL.  D.  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  chaplain  of  a  man- 
of-war,  and  then  minister  of  Blisse  in 
Kent,  where  his  services  as  a  pastor  were 
of  the  most  benevolent  nature.  He  after- 
wards, in  consequence  of  his  violent  ser- 
mons against  the  monarchy,  obtained  St. 
Giles  Cripplegate,  London,  from  which  he 
was  ejected  by  the  act  of  conformity,  1662. 
He  died  1696,  Dec.  31,  aged  77,  author  of 
several  sermons.  It  is  said  John  Wesley 
was  his  grandson  by  the  mother's  side. 

Annesley,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesea,  a 
native  of  Dublin,  1614,  educated  at  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  which  he  left  to  study 
the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  wars  he  favoured  the  royal  cause, 
and  sat  in  the  parliament  held  at  Oxford 
in  1648  ;  but  he  afterwards  espoused  the 
republican  side,  and  was  employed  with 
success  as  a  commissioner  in  quelling  the 
disturbances  of  Ulster,  and  in  withdrawing 
the  command  of  Dublin  from  the  hands  of 
the  duke  of  Ormond.  The  violence  of  his 
party,  however,  displeased  him,  and  after 
the  death  of  Cromwell,  he  began  to  favour 
the  re-establishment  of  regal  authority,  and 
on  Charles's  return  he  was  made  a  peer  for 
his  signal  services,  as  his  patent  mentions, 
in  effecting  the  restoration.  He  was  made 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  1667,  and  1672,  com- 
missioner to  examine  the  affairs  of  Ireland, 
and  the  next  year  privy  seal ;  but  his  poli- 
tical quarrel  with  Lord  Castlehaven,  and 
the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  respect  to  the 
insurrections  in  Ireland,  rendered  him  un- 
popular with  the  king,  to  whom,  in  1682, 
he  ventured  to  present  a  petition  against 
the  succession  of  the  duke  of  York,  and  he 
resigned,  and  retired  to  his  seat  at  Bleach- 
ingdon,  Oxfordshire.  He  was  marked  out 
hy  James  II.  for  the  office  of  chancellor, 
but  his  death  prevented  his  elevation  to 
this  dignity,  April  6th,  1686,  in  his  73d 
year.  He  was  a  man  of  abilities,  and  great 
sagacity  and  learning.  He  wrote,  besides 
political  pamphlets,  a  valuable  history  of 
the  troubles  of  Ireland,  from  1641  to  1660, 
^aid  to  have  been  destroyed.  He  was  the 
first  of  those  spirited  nobles,  who  consi- 
dered a  choice  library  as  an  ornament  to 
?boir  splendid  equipage,   and  he    made  a 


ANQ 

valuable  but  expensive  collection.  On  the 
sale  of  his  books,  a  memorandum  was 
found  on  a  leaf,  to  mention  that  the  Enw 
Bao-iMKn  was  not  the  work  of  the  unfortu- 
nate Charles,  but  of  Dr.  Gauden,  which  cir- 
cumstance produced  a  war  of  controversy. 
His  interesting  memoirs  were  published, 
1703,  8vo. 

Annius,  de  Viterbo,  a  Dominican,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the 
sacred  palace  of  Alexander  VI.  He  wrote 
commentaries,  &c.  besides  17  books  of 
antiquities,  a  foolish  and  injudicious  collec- 
tion of  the  spurious  works  attributed  to 
Xenophon,  Archilochus,  Philo,  Fabius  Pic- 
tor,  Berosus,  &c.  a  mean  artifice,  which, 
for  some  time,  succeeded  upon  the  unsus- 
pecting judgment  of  the  learned.  He  died, 
1502  at  Rome,  aged  70. 

Anquetil,  Lewis  Peter,  a  French  his- 
torian, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1723.  He 
entered  the  congregation  of  St.  Genevieve, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  an  able  teach- 
er of  theology  and  general  literature.  In 
1759,  he  was  appointed  prior  of  the  abbey 
de  la  Roe  in  Anjou,  and  soon  after  director 
of  the  college  of  Senlis,  where  he  compo- 
sed his  treatise  "L'Espht  de  la  Ligue." 
In  1766,  he  obtained  the  priory  of  Chateau 
Renard,  which  he  exchanged  for  the  curacy 
of  La  Villette,  near  Paris.  During  the 
height  of  the  revolution,  he  was  thrown 
into  prison,  where  he  began  his  Universal 
History.  On  the  formation  of  the  Insti- 
tute he  was  chosen  a  member,  and  soon 
after  procured  a  place  under  the  govern- 
ment. He  died  in  1808.  His  publications 
are— 1.  Histoire  civile  et  politique  de  la 
ville  de  Rheims,  3  vols.  12mo.  2.  Alma- 
nach  de  Rheims.  3.  L'Esprit  de  la  Ligue, 
3  vols.  12mo.  4.  Intrigue  du  Cabinet  sous 
Henri  IV.  et  Louis  XIII.,  4  vols.  12mo. 
5.  Louis  XIV.  sa  cour  et  le  regent,  4  vols. 
12mo.  6.  Vie  du  Marechal  Villars,  4  vols. 
12mo.  7.  Precis  de  l'Histoire  Universellc, 
12  vols.  12mo.  8.  Motife  des  guerres  et 
des  traites  de  paix  de  la  France,  pendant 
les  regnes  de  Louis  XIV.,  XV.,  et  XVI., 
Svo.  9.  Histoire  de  France,  14  vols  12mo' 
Also,  the  life  of  his  brother,  the  subject  of 
the  next  article. —  W.  B. 

Anquetil-Du  Perron,  Abraham  Hya- 
cinth, brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1731.  After  studying  at  the 
university  of  his  native  city,  he  was  invited 
to  Auxerreby  the  bishop,  M.  de  Caylus,  who 
persuaded  him  to  direct  his  thoughts  to  the 
church  ;  but  Anquetil,  having  no  inclination 
to  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  directed  his 
studies  solely  to  the  oriental  languages. 
Accidentally  meeting  with  some  manu- 
scripts in  the  Zend,  the  language  in  which 
the  works  ascribed  to  Zoroaster  are  writ- 
ten, he  entered  as  a  common  soldier  in  an 
expedition  fitting  out  for  India,  on  purpose 
that  lie  might  follow  his  inclination  in  the 
9.i 


\_NS 


AN3 


country  where  alone  Lis  tliirst  of  know- 
ledge could  be  gratified.  This  was  in  1754, 
and  the  year  following  he  arrived  at  Pon- 
tlicherry.  From  thence  he  travelled  to 
Chandernagore,  with  a  view  to  learn  the 
Sanscrit,  but  the  war  between  England  and 
France,  and  a  dangerous  illness,  defeated 
his  project.  He  returned  to  Pondicherry, 
and  then  sailed  to  Surat,  where  he  procured 
p.nd  translated  some  manuscripts,  particu- 
larly the  "  Vendidade  Sade,"  a  dictionary; 
and  he  intended  to  have  gone  to  Benares 
for  further  information  in  his  favourite 
studies,  when  the  capture  of  Pondicherry 
obliged  him  to  return  to  Europe.  He  came 
in  an  English  vessel  to  London,  and  after 
visiting  Oxford,  arrived  at  Paris  in  1762, 
without  fortune,  but  rich  in  manuscripts. 
He  now  obtained  a  pension,  and  the  place 
of  Oriental  interpreter  in  the  royal  library. 
In  1771,  he  published  the  "  Zend  Avesta," 
a  work  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  with  a  life  of 
that  philosopher,  in  3  vols.  4to.  In  1773, 
appeared  his  "  Legislation  Orientale,"  4to., 
and  in  1786,  his  "  Recherches  historiques 
tt  geographiques  sur  l'lnde,"  which  work 
was  followed,  in  1789,  by  a  treatise  on 
Commerce.  In  1798,  he  published  "  L'lnde 
au  rapport  avec  l'Europe,"  2  vols.  8vo.; 
and  in  1804,  a  Latin  translation  of  a  phi- 
losophical work,  written  in  Persian,  called 
"  Secrets  not  to  be  revealed,"  2  vols.  4to. 
He  died  at  Paris,  in  1805.  The  author  of 
his  life,  in  French,  praises  him  most  extra- 
vagantly ;  but  it  is  well  known  that  sir 
William  Jones  had  a  very  indifferent  opi- 
nion of  his  oriental  knowledge. — Gen.Biog. 
Diet. 

Anscharius,  a  Frenchman,  bishop  of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  the 
success  of  his  preaching,  in  the  conversion 
of  the  Danes  to  Christianity.  He  died 
865,  aged  64. 

Ansegisus,  abbot  of  Lobbes,  in  the  dio- 
cess  of  Cambray,  made  a  collection  of  the 
capitularies  of  the  emperor  Charlemagne, 
and  Lewis  his  son,  in  2  vols,  folio.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  applica- 
tion, and  died  833. 

Ansegisus,  a  learned  priest  of  Rheims, 
often  confounded  with  the  preceding.  He 
Has  made  archbishop  of  Sens,  and  died, 
833. 

Anselm,  a  native  of  Aost  in  Savoy,  who, 
after  travelling  through  France,  where  he 
v,  :i3  prior  of  Bee,  and  abbot  of  Caen  in 
Normandy,  came  over  to  England  in  1092, 
and  v.as  with  difficulty  prevailed  upon  by 
haag'Rufus  to  fill  the  vacant  see  of  Canter- 
bury. Though  gratitude  might  have  in- 
Buenced  the  conduct  of  a  subject,  Anselm 
looked  with  indifference  upon  the  monarch, 
and  refused  to  receive  the  metropolitan  pall 
from  his  hands.  A  quarrel  thus  begun, 
-.'•.is  more  .strongly  fomented,  while  the 
"lie  wished  to  abridge,  and  the  other  wish- 


ed  to  enlarge  the  powers  of  the  church  ; 
and  therefore,  Anselm  had  no  sooner  left 
the  kingdom  to  repair  to  Rome,  than  the 
king  seized  the  revenues  and  privileges  of 
the  archbishop.  The  prelate  complained 
to  Urban  II.  who,  while  he  wished  to  de 
fend  the  rights  of  his  office,  did  not  fail  to 
listen  to  the  more  powerful  arguments  of 
his  rival,  accompanied  by  presents  and 
promises,  and  the  dispute  remained  unde- 
cided, till  the  death  of  the  monarch,  and 
the  pope.  On  the  accession  of  Henry  I. 
Anselm,  who  had  resided  at  Lyons,  receiv- 
ed an  invitation  to  return,  and  his  arrival 
was  marked  with  the  most  extraordinary 
respect,  both  from  the  king,  and  the  peo- 
ple ;  but  when  reinvestiture  was  demand- 
ed, and  the  homage  generally  paid  to  a 
new  monarch,  the  haughty  prelate  refused, 
and  found  his  conduct  applauded  at  Rome. 
The  king  was  firm  in  his  determination, 
and  Anselm  was  bound  to  obey  the  com- 
mands of  the  pope,  who  regarded  the  claims 
of  the  king  as  intrusive.  The  bishops, 
who  had  before  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
king,  now  changed  their  sentiments,  and 
Anselm,  who  had  retired  into  Normandy, 
at  last  had  the  gratification  to  see  the  king 
come  to  solicit  a  reconciliation,  which  was 
effected  in  the  abbey  of  Bee.  Anselm  re- 
turned to  England  before  the  final  settle- 
ment of  this  dispute,  and  died  21st  of 
April,  1109,  in  his  76th  year.  He  was 
author  of  several  theological  treatises. 
He  was  the  first  prelate,  who  insisted  upon 
the  celibacy  of  his  clergy,  in  the  synod  of 
Westminster,  1102.  In  his  time,  it  is  re- 
markable, that  the  archbishop  of  York  at- 
tempted to  throw  oft*  the  dependency  on 
the  see  of  Canterbury,  in  which,  however, 
he  failed.  Anselm  was  canonized  under 
Henry  VII.  at  the  instance  of  his  successor, 
cardinal  Morton.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Cologne,  1612,  and  at  Lyons, 
1630. 

Anselm,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of 
a  chronological  history  of  France,  &c. 
1694,  continued  afterwards  and  swelled, 
by  Ange  and  Simplicien,  to  nine  vols,  folio, 
1726.     He  died   at  Paris  1694,  aged  69. 

Anselm,  Anthony,  son  of  a  surgeon  of 
Armagnac,  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher  and  poet.  His  panegyrics  and 
funeral  orations  were  much  admired.  He 
died  1737,  aged  86. 

Anser,  a  Latin  poet,  the  friend  of  An- 
tony, in  the  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

Anson,  George  Lord,  was  son  of  Wil- 
liam Anson,  Esquire,  of  Huckborough,  the 
descendant  of  an  ancient  family  in  Staf- 
fordshire. His  fondness  for  naval  historj 
and  bold  adventures  was  perceived  and  en- 
couraged by  his  father,  and  after  receiving 
a  becoming  education  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  navy  so  much  that  he  was  seni 
with  ;i  squadron  of  live  ships  to  annoy  the- 


ANS 


ANS 


Spaniards  in  the  southern  ocean,  and  he 
sailed  from  Portsmouth  18th  Sept.  1740. 
He  was  40  days  in  crossing  Cape  Horn, 
March  1741,  in  the  most  tempestuous  sea- 
son, but  undismayed  he  proceeded  and 
reached  Juan  Fernandez  with  only  two 
ships  and  two  smaller  attendant  vessels 
and  335  men.  From  thence  he  set  sail  to 
attack  Payta,  and  after  he  had  destroyed 
his  ships  as  unserviceable,  except  the  Cen- 
turion of  64  guns,  he  crossed  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  after  refreshing  for  some  time 
in  China,  he  returned  towards  the  east, 
and  took  the  famous  Acapulco  galleon,  off 
the  Philippine  islands.  He  touched  at 
Canton,  where  he  supported  the  dignity  of 
the  British  flag,  and  returning  by  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  he  passed  during  a  fog 
through  a  French  fleet,  and  arrived  at  Spit- 
head,  the  15th  June,  1744,  after  a  voyage 
of  three  years  and  nine  months.  His  riches 
were  conveyed  to  London  in  32  wagons, 
with  music  playing,  and  amidst  the  shouts 
of  the  rejoicing  populace,  and  the  booty 
was  divided  among  those  brave  men  who 
had  shared  his  glory  and  his  toils.  Some 
years  after,  his  good  fortune  next  led  him 
among  a  French  fleet  of  six  men  of  war 
and  four  East  India  ships,  which  he  took. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  that  the  French  ad- 
miral said  to  him,  in  presenting  his  sword 
and  pointing  to  two  of  his  ships  "  monsieur, 
vous  avez  vaincu  1'invincible,  et  la  gloire 
vous  suit."  His  great  services  were  re- 
warded by  George  II.  with  a  peerage,  and 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  admiralty, 
nominated  vice  admiral  of  England  on  the 
death  of  Sir  John  Norris,  and  became  the 
naval  oracle  of  his  country.  He  after- 
wards protected  with  a  squadron  the  descent 
made  in  1758  at  Cherbourg  and  St.  Ma- 
loes,  but  his  exertions  were  too  gi-eat  for 
the  languid  state  of  his  health,  and  the  last 
office  he  performed  was  the  conveying  of 
Charlotte,  the  consort  of  George  III.  to 
England.  He  died  June  6th,  1762,  at  his 
seat,  Moor  park  Herts,  lamented  by  the 
whole  nation.  He  had  no  issue  by  his  lady, 
who  was  daughter  of  Earl  Hardwicke, 
and  who  died  before  him.  Lord  Anson 
was  a  great  and  popular  character,  he  pos- 
sessed such  inoffensive,  artless,  manners, 
that  it  was  jocosely  said  of  him  by  a  person 
who  observed  how  he  was  imposed  upon  by 
characters  of  whose  company  he  was  too 
fond,  that  he  had  been  round  the  world  but 
never  in  it.  His  voyage  round  the  world 
was  a  well-executed  performance,  compiled 
by  Benjamin  Robins  ;  and  so  popular  that 
four  large  impressions  were  sold  in  12 
months,  and  it  was  translated  into  several 
languages. 

Anson,  Peter  Hubert,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Paris  in  1744.  He  became 
successively  receiver-general  for  Dauphiny, 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly,  and 

Vot.    I.  13 


farmer  of  the  post.  He  died  in  1810.  His 
works  are — 1.  Anecdotes  sur  lafamille  de 
Le  Fevre.  2.  Deux  memoirs  historiques 
sur  les  villes  de  Milly  et  de  Namours,  2 
vols.  12mo.  3.  Les  deux  Seigneurs,  ou 
l'Alchymiste,  a  comedy.  4.  A  Translation 
of  Anacreon,  3  vols.  12mo.  5.  Another 
of  lady  Montague's  Letters,  &c.  &c. — 
W.B. 

Anstet,  Christopher,  an  ingenious  poet, 
was  born  in  1724,  at  Trumpington  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  educated  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds, from  whence  he  removed  to  Eton, 
and  lastly,  to  King's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  ;  but  was  refused  that 
of  master  for  delivering  a  satirical  oration, 
reflecting  on  the  regulations  of  the  univer- 
sity. In  1754,  he  succeeded  to  his  patri- 
monial estates,  on  which  lie  resigned  his 
fellowship,  and  two  years  afterwards  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Felix  Calvert,  Esq.  of 
Albyry-hall,  Herts,  by  whom  he  had  thir- 
teen children,  eight  of  whom  survived  him. 
He  now  devoted  himself  to  the  life  of  a 
country  gentleman,  but  resided  for  the 
most  part  at  Bath,  where  he  died  in  1805, 
and  was  buried  in  Walcot  church.  His 
publications  are — 1.  The  New  Bath  Guide, 
published  first  in  1766,  and  since  often  re- 
printed. 2.  Elegy  on  the  Marquis  of  Ta- 
vistock, 1767.  3.  The  Patriot,  1768.  4. 
An  Election  Ball,  1776.  5.  A.  C.  W. 
Bampfylde,  arm,  Epistola,  1777.  6.  Envy, 
1778.  7.  Charity,  1778.  In  1786  he  printed 
a  collection  of  his  poems  ;  but  he  after- 
wards wrote  several  others,  which  his  son 
has  published  in  a  handsome  form,  with  the 
life  of  the  author  prefixed,  from  which 
this  article  is  extracted.      W.  B. 

Anstis,  John,  a  native  of  St.  Neots  in 
Cornwall,  born  28th  Sept.  1669,  and  edu- 
cated at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  at  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  was  in  1702  member 
for  St.  Germain's,  and  opposed  the  bill  for 
occasional  conformity,  for  which  he  was 
ridiculed  among  the  Tackers.  He  was 
commissioner  of  prizes  under  queen  Anne, 
and  was  garter  king  at  arms  from  1714  to 
his  death,  which  happened  March  4th,  1744. 
He  was  buried  at  Dulo  in  Cornwall.  He 
was  distinguished  by  his  great  knowledge, 
of  heraldry,  a  science  which  he  enriched 
by  many  learned  publications,  as  well  as 
other  genealogical  treatises,  &c.  some  of 
which  were  left  in  manuscript,  and  purcha- 
sed by  All  Souls  college.  The  best  known 
of  his  publications  were  a  letter  on  the  ho- 
nour of  the  earl  marshal,  8vo.  1706 — the. 
form  of  the  garter  installation,  8vo.  1720 
— the  register  of  the  noble  order  of  the 
Garter,  2  vols,  folio,  1724 — observation  in- 
troductory and  a  historical  essay  on  the 
knighthood  of  the  Bath,  4to.  1725.  His 
eldest  son  John  was  also  acquainted  with 
heraldrv.  He  was  of  Corpus  Christi,  Ox~ 
07 


ANT 


ANT 


ford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  LL.  D. 
He  was  associated  with  his  father  as  garter 
king,  1725,  and  made  genealogist  and  re- 
gister of  the  Bath.  He  died  a  bachelor 
Dec.  5th,  1754. 

Antagoras,  a  Rhodian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Antigonus  of  Macedon. 

Antelmi,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frejus  in 
Provence,  author  of  some  theological 
tracts,  among  which  is  a  dissertation  on  the 
church  of  Frejus,  and  an  inquiry  concern- 
ing the  author  of  St.  Athanasius's  creed. 
He  died  1697,  aged  49. 

Antes,  John,  a  native  of  America,  was 
horn  March  4th,  1740,  and  in  1764  was 
sent  by  his  father,  who  was  a  Moravian,  to 
Herrnhutt  in  Germany,  where  he  studied 
mechanics.  In  1769  he  set  out  on  a  mis- 
sion to  Abyssinia,  for  the  purpose  of  revi- 
ving the  knowledge  of  the  gospel  there, 
and  introducing  Christianity  among  the 
Copts,  but  on  arriving  at  Cairo,  obtained 
such  information  from  Mr.  Bruce  as  led 
him  to  abandon  the  undertaking.  He  re- 
turned to  Germany  in  17S1,  and  in  1808 
visited  England,  and  died  at  Bristol,  De- 
cember 17th,  1811.  He  published  a  reply 
to  lord  Valencia  in  vindication  of  Mr. 
Bruce's  veracity,  Observations  on  the  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  the  Egyptians,  and 
wrote  a  memoir  of  his  own  life.  [EPL. 

Antesignan,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rabas- 
tcins  in  the  16th  century,  author  of  a  Greek 
and  a  universal  grammar,  and  editor  of 
Terence. 

Anthemius,  Procopius,  of  the  family  of 
fke  tyrant  Procopius,  married  Flavia  Eu- 
phemia,  daughter  of  Marcian.  His  alli- 
ance as  well  as  his  valour  procured  him  the 
title  of  Augustus,  467.  He  gave  his 
daughter  in  marriage  to  Ricimer,  a  general, 
who  soon  after  attacked  Rome  and  im- 
brued his  hands  in  the  blood  of  his  father- 
in-law,  472. 

Anthemius,  an  architect  of  Lydia,  in 
(he  6th  century,  who  was  also  an  able  ma- 
thematician, and  good  experimental  phi- 
losopher, and  invented  several  machines  to 
imitate  thunder,  earthquakes,  &c.  He  was 
employed  by  Justinian  in  the  erection  of 
St.  Sophia's  church,  Constantinople,  and 
other  edifices. 

Anthony,  Saint,  the  founder  of  mo- 
nastic life,  was  born  at  Coma  in  Egypt, 
251.  He  sold  his  possessions,  which  he 
distributed  to  the  poor,  and  retired  into  the 
desert,  where,  for  20  years,  say  the  catho- 
lics, his  virtue  was  exposed  to  the  greatest 
temptations  from  the  wiles  of  Satan,  till  he 
prevailed,  and  saw  himself  at  last  sur- 
rounded by  a  crowd  of  followers',  zealous 
to  merit  his  blessings  and  to  imitate  his 
piety.  He  twice  visited  Alexandria  to 
give  assistance  to  the  suffering  Christians 
under  the  persecution  of  Arius.  He  died, 
356,  in  the  105th  year  of  his  a°;e.  St. 
9R 


Athanasius,  to  whom  he  gave  his  tunic,  has 
written  his  life.  Two  orders  of  chivalry 
have  been  instituted  under  his  name. 

Anthony,  Francis,  was  born  in  London, 
April  16th,  1550,  and  studied  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  laid  the  foundation  of  that  c  hy- 
mical  knowledge  which  enabled  him  to  im- 
pose upon  the  credulous  and  the  nv  ary, 
by  selling  his  panacea,  of  potali-  gold,  on 
which  a  treatise  was  printed  at  Hamburgh, 
1598.  His  success  as  an  empiric  was  great, 
but  he  was  violently  opposed  by  Drs. 
Gwinne  and  Cotta,  and  it  was  confidently 
asserted  that  his  nostrum  was  poisonous, 
and  many  on  their  death-bed  attributed 
their  death  to  it.  The  inoffensiveness  of 
his  manners,  his  learning,  and  his  private 
virtues,  however,  stemmed  the  torrent  of 
unpopularity,  and  though  he  was  fined  and 
imprisoned  for  practising  without  a  license, 
his  reputation  and  his  fortune  increased. 
He  died  in  Bartholomew  Close,  May  26th, 
1623,  aged  74,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
there,  leaving  two  sons  both  physicians, 
one  of  whom,  John,  succeeded  his  father 
as  the  proprietor  of  his  medicine,  and  the 
other  practised  at  Bedford  with  deserved 
applause. 

Anthony,  John,  son  of  the  above,  and 
vender  of  his  Aurum  Potabile,  was  author 
of  "  Lucas  redivivus,"  or  gospel  physician, 
&c.  printed  4to.  1656.  He  died  April  28th, 
1655,  aged  70.  A  monument  is  placed 
over  him  and  his  father  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew the  great  in  London. 

Anthony,  king  of  Navarre,  was  son  of 
Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome, 
and  married  Joan  d'  Albret  1548,  who 
brought  him  the  principality  of  Bearne  and 
the  kingdom  of  Navarre.  He  was  a  weak 
and  irresolute  prince.  He  abandoned  the 
protestant  tenets  for  the  catholic  faith,  and 
then  formed,  with  the  duke  of  Guise  and 
the  constable  Montmorency,  the  famous 
league  called  the  triumvirate.  During  the 
civil  wars,  in  1562,  he  took  the  command 
of  the  army,  and  Blois,  Tours  and  Rouen 
surrendered  to  his  arms.  He  was  wounded 
on  the  shoulder  at  the  siege  of  this  last 
place,  and  died  35  days  after  at  Andeli,  17th 
Nov.  1562.  His  son  was  afterwards  the 
celebrated  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

Anthony,  titular  king  of  Portugal,  was 
son  of  Lewis  the  second  son  of  king  Ema- 
nuel. His  pretensions  to  the  throne  were 
opposed  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  who  sent 
the  duke  of  Alva  against  him,  1580,  and 
obliged  him  to  fly  from  his  dominions.  An- 
thony was  a  wretched  fugitive  in  Holland, 
France  and  England,  and  died  at  Paris,  2d 
May,  1595,  aged  64. 

Anthony,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip 
duke  of  Burgundy,  deserved  by  his  valour 
the  name  of  the  Great.  He  was  engaged 
in  Africa  asrainst  the  Moors,  and  in   Swit- 


AN  J 


ANT 


zerland,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Nanci.  Lewis  XI.  of  France  and 
Charles  VIII.  honourably  rewarded  his  ser- 
vices.    He  died  1504,  aged  83. 

Anthony,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vid. 
Antonius  called    Nebrissensis. 

Anthony,  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Luneville.  He  was  professor  of 
philosophy  and  theology,  and  died  at  Pont- 
a-Mouson  1743.  He  wrote  theologia  uni- 
versa  dogmatica,  7  vols.  12mo.  and  theologia 
moralis,  four  vols.  12mo. 

Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  when  taken 
prisoner  by  Mahomet  II.  at  Negropont, 
1473,  set  fire  to  the  arsenal  of  Gallipoli,  for 
which  he  was  ordered  to  be  sawed  in  two 
by  the  vindictive  Turk. 

Anthony,  N.  an  architect  who  settled  at 
Paris,  from  Switzerland,  during  the  revo- 
lution, and  adorned  the  capital  with  several 
beautiful  edifices.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
1801. 

Anthony,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
born  at  Lisbon.  He  taught  in  the  Italian 
universities,  and  died  at  Padua  1231,  aged 
36.  His  works  appeared  at  the  Hague  1641. 

Anthony,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawyer  of 
Tuscany,  professor  at  Bologna.  He  pub- 
Jished  his  course  of  feudal  law,  1428,  be- 
sides other  admired  works  on  the  same 
subjects.     He  died  about  1464. 

Anthony,  St.  a  native  of  Lisbon  1195, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  Montpel- 
Jier,  and  Padua,  where  he  died  1231,  aged 
36.  His  memory  is  still  so  much  venerated 
in  Portugal,  that  he  is  looked  upon  as  the 
general  of  the  armies  of  the  kingdom. 
Some  of  his  works,  especially  his  sermons, 
are  extant. 

Anthony,  a  native  of  Palermo,  sent  by 
Alphonso  V.  king  of  Naples  to  purchase 
the  bone  of  the  arm  of  the  historian  Livy, 
which  the  people  of  Venice  pretended  they 
possessed.  He  was  known  as  a  poet  and 
writer.  He  died,  6th  Jan.  1471,  at  Naples, 
aged  78. 

Anthony,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  was  the  first  Italian  who  painted  in 
oil,  about  1430.  He  had  received  the  secret 
from  Van-'eyck,  and  he  was  basely  mur- 
dered by  Andrew  del  Castagno,  who  wished 
to  possess  alone  the  valuable  information. 

Antigenides,  a  Theban  musician,  who 
instructed  Alcibiades  and  others  in  playing 
on  the  flute. 

Antigonus  I.  a  Macedonian  general, 
who  after  Alexander's  death  obtained  for 
his  share  Pamphylia,  Lydia,  Phrygia  ma- 
jor, &c.  He  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
Ipsus,  301  B.  C. 

Antigonus,  Gonatas,  grandson  of  the 
above,  was  remarkable  for  his  affection  to 
his  father  Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  He  fought 
against  the  Gauls  and  Pyrrhus,  and  died, 
B.  C.  243. 

Antigonus,  Doson,  king  o  IMacedonia 


after  Demetrius  II.,  took  Sparta,  and  de- 
feated the  Illyrians.     He  died  B.  C.  221. 

Antigonus,  Carystius,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher about  300  B.  C.  author  of  a  collection 
of  wonderful  stories. 

Antigonus,  Sochaeus,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Sadducees,  about  300  B.  C.  in 
opposition  to  the  Pharisees. 

Antigonus,  son  of  Aristobulus  II.  king 
of  Judaea,  was  led  in  the  procession  when 
Pompey  triumphed  over  Jerusalem.  He 
attempted  in  vain  to  recover  the  kingdom 
by  soliciting  the  favours  of  Ca:sar,  and 
then  had  recourse  to  Pacorus  king  of  Par- 
thia,  who  placed  him  on  the  throne  of  Je- 
rusalem. He  was  afterwards  driven  from 
his  power  by  the  generals  of  M.  Antony, 
and  ignominiously  put  to  death  37  B.  C. 

Antimacho,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Mantua,  author  of  some  Latin  poems, 
and  of  some  Italian  translations  from  the 
Greek.  He  died  1552,  at  Ferrara,  where 
he  was  much  respected  as  a  Greek  pro- 
fessor. 

Antimachus,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of 
the  Thebaid,  or  the  War  of  Thebes, 
B.  C.  408. 

Antine,  Maur  Francois  d',  a  Benedic- 
tine, who  was  born  at  Gouvieux  in  Liege, 
and  died  1746,  aged  53.  He  was  highly 
admired  for  his  piety,  and  the  mildness 
of  his  manners.  He  published  the  first 
5  vols,  of  Du  Cange  besides  other  valuable 
historical  works,  especially  the  art  of  veri- 
fying dates,  1750  in  4to.  re-printed  folio, 
1770. 

Antiochus  I.  succeeded  his  father  Se- 
leucus  on  the  throne  of  Antioch,  and  died 
B.  C.  261. 

Antiochus  II.  surnamed  Theos,  lost  a 
great  part  of  his  dominions  by  the  revolt 
of  the  Parthians  and  other  nations,  and 
was  poisoned  by  his  wife  Laodice,  B.C.  246. 

Antiochus  III.  or  Great,  son  of  Seleu- 
cus,  succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus  Cerau- 
nus.  He  recovered  some  of  the  provinces 
which  had  been  taken  from  him  by  the 
king  of  Egypt,  but  his  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans proved  disastrous,  and  he  was  con- 
quered by  the  Scipios,  and  died  soon  after, 
about  B.  C.  187. 

Antiochus  IV.  son  of  the  Great,  suc- 
ceeded 3.  C.  176,  after  his  brother  Philo- 
pater.  He  was  successful  against  Egypt, 
and  afterwards  invaded  Judaea,  where  he 
behaved  with  unparalleled  cruelty  to  the  in- 
habitants.    He  died  B.  C.  165. 

Antiochus  V.  was  slain  by  Demetrius 
in  the  2d  year  of  his  reign,  aged  11. 

Antiochus,  Sidetes,  obtained  the  crown 
of  Syria  by  putting  to  death  Tryphon.  He 
was  slain  in  a  battle  against  the  Parthians, 
B.  C.  130. 

Antiochus,    Grypus,    son    of    Sidetes, 
caused  his  mother  Cleopatra  to  drink  a  cup 
of  poison  which  she  had  prepared  for  him 
90 


vvr 


ANT 


lie  fell  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  subjects 
B.  C.  97. 

Antiochus,  a  Stoie  philosopher  of  As- 
calon  B.  C.  100. 

Antiochus,  author  of  homilies  on  the 
scriptures  printed  in  the  Bibl.  Patrum,  was 
a  monk  of  Seba  in  Palestine  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

Antipater,  one  of  Alexander's  gene- 
rals, who  obtained  for  his  share,  at  the  divi- 
sion of  the  empire,  the  European  provinces. 
He  died  B.  C.  318,  aged  80. 

Antipater,  Laelius  Cael.  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  an  account  of  the  Punic 
wars,  now  lost. 

Antipater,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Si- 
don. 

Antipater,  a  Jew,  minister  to  Hyrca- 
nus,  the  brother  of  Aristobulus  the  high- 
priest.  By  the  friendship  of  the  Romans 
he  obtained  the  sovereign  power  over  his 
country,  but  his  conduct  rendered  him  un- 
popular, and  he  died  by  poison,  B.  C. 

Antipater,  a  bishop  of  Bostra  in  Ara- 
bia, who  wrote  against  Eusebius'  defence  of 
Origen  in  the  5th  century. 

Antiphilus,  a  painter  of  such  emi- 
nence, that  he  was  the  rival  of  the  great 
Apelles. 

Antiphon,  the  Rhamnusian,  an  orator 
of  Athens,  put  to  death,  B.  C.  411,  for  his 
assisting  in  the  establishment  of  the  400 
tyrants. 

Antisthenes,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  vid. 
Marie. 

Antoni  de  Sceaux,  a  famous  rope 
dancer  on  the  French  stage,  who  died  1732. 

Antonia,  daughter  of  Mark  Antony 
and  Octavia,  married  Drusus,  by  whom  she 
had  three  children,  and  proved  a  vir- 
tuous wife,  in  the  midst  of  a  dissipated 
city.  She  died  in  the  reign  of  her  grandson 
Caligula. 

Antoniano,  Silvio,  a  man  of  extensive 
learning,  born  of  obscure  parents  at  Rome, 
1540.  When  he  was  but  ten  years  old,  he 
could  compose  verses  with  uncommon  fa- 
cility, and  as  a  proof  of  this,  be  was  pro- 
duced at  the  table  of  the  cardinal  of  Pisa, 
where  Alexander  Farnese  gave  him  a  nose- 
gay, and  desired  him  to  give  it  with  an 
appropriate  address  to  the  man  whom  he 
considered  as  likely  to  be  pope,  which  he 
immediately  did  to  the  cardinal  of  Medicis, 
afterwards  Pius  IV.  with  a  delicate  poeti- 
cal eulogium.  These  uncommon  talents 
were  improved  by  the  patronage  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara  ;  and  when  Pius  IV.  was 
seated  in  St.  Peter's  chair,  be  remembered 
the  youthful  poet,  and  gave  him  an  honour- 
able situation  in  his  palace.  Antoniano 
was  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Rome, 
and  saw  not  less  than  25  cardinals  among 
his  auditors  ;  and  afterwards  as  rector,  and 
100 


under  Pius  V.  secretary  to  the  sacred  col- 
lege for  25  years,  he  preserved  the  same 
dignity  of  character  and  the  same  popula- 
rity. He  was  at  last  made  cardinal  by 
Clement  VIII.  but  he  refused  the  honours 
of  a  bishopric,  satisfied  with  literary  ease 
and  retirement.  He  died  through  exces- 
sive application,  1603,  in  his  63d  year, 
leaving  several  admired  pieces  both  in 
prose  and  verse. 

Antonides,  Vander  Goes,  John,  a 
poet  born  at  Goes  in  Zealand,  April  3d, 
1547.  The  early  part  of  his  life  was  past 
at  Amsterdam,  and  he  was  bred  up  as  an 
apothecary  ;  but  the  fondness  which  he  had 
for  the  classics  proved  more  powerful  than 
the  pestle  and  mortar,  and  though  he  pur- 
sued his  medical  studies,  and  took  a  degree 
at  Leydcn,  under  the  patronage  of  Buofe- 
ro,  he  applied  himself  to  cultivate  poetry. 
His  first  attempt  was  a  tragedy  called  Tra- 
zil  or  the  invasion  of  China.  His  modesty 
would  not  permit  him  to  make  it  public  ; 
but  Vondel,  who  was  engaged  on'  a  similar 
play,  read  it  with  raptures,  and  as  it  was  to 
be  devoted  to  the  flames,obtained  the  permis- 
sion to  adopt  as  his  own  some  of  the  most 
striking  and  beautiful  passages.  On  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  with  England,  in 
1697,  the  poet  wrote  his  Bellona  Chained, 
and  afterwards  his  beautiful  poem  called 
the  river  Y,  in  four  books.  In  this  he  has 
displayed  his  genius  as  a  poet.  The  river 
on  which  Amsterdam  is  built,  is  a  fertile 
subject  for  superior  talents,  and  as  such  it 
has  been  treated.  The  1st  books  give  a 
description  of  every  thing  worthy  of  admi- 
ration on  the  banks  of  the  Y,  on  which  the 
city  stands.  In  the  2d,  he  contemplates 
the  navies  which  repose  on  its  bosom,  and 
spread  commerce  and  knowledge  through 
the  world.  In  the  3d,  in  a  masterly  epi- 
sode, he  transports  himself  to  the  bottom 
of  the  river,  and  sees  the  divinities  of 
the  ocean  going  to  celebrate  the  anniversary 
of  Thetis's  marriage  with  Peleus ;  and  in 
the  last,  he  paints  the  wonders  of  the  other 
side  of  the  river  ;  and  concludes  with  a  de- 
licate compliment  to  the  magistrates  of  the 
city.  After  Vondel,  Antonides  holds 
the  palm  of  poetical  excellence,  and 
for  his  sweetness  of  expression  and  ele- 
gance of  style  he  is  deservedly  admired, 
though  correctness  and  majesty  are  often 
sought  for  in  vain.  He  married,  1678, 
Susanna  Bermans,  who  was  also  fond  of 
poetry,  and  died  of  a  consumption,  lSth 
Sept.  1684.  His  works  were  edited  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1714  in  4tO. 

Antoninus  Pius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
emperor,  who  succeeded  Adrian  138,  and 
died  universally  lamented,  161. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  surna- 
med  the  Philosopher,  succeeded  the  prece- 
ding, and  married  his  daughter  Faustina. 
His  conduct  on  the  throne  was  so  univer- 


ANN 


APE 


sally  popular  that  the  gratitude  of  Home 
placed  him  at  his  death  among  the  number 
of  the  gods,  ISO.  He  was  succeeded  by 
bis  worthless  son  Commodus. 

Antoninus,  a  geographer,  whose  age  is 
unknown.  His  Itinerarium  was  edited  by 
Gale,  London,  4to.  1709. 

Antonio,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Seville, 
who,  after  studying  at  Salamanca,  retired  to 
his  native  town,  where  he  composed  his 
useful  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,  in  four  vols, 
folio,  1672,  containing  an  account  of  all  the 
Spanish  writers.  As  he  was  an  ecclesias- 
tic, he  was  happily  patronised  both  in  Spain 
and  at  Rome,  and  the  whole  of  his  income 
was  spent  either  in  acts  of  charity,  or  in 
the  purchase  of  books,  which  at  last  swell- 
ed his  collection  to  30,000  volumes.  Be- 
sides his  Bibliotheque  he  projected  other 
works,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  exile,  &c. 
He  died  1684,  aged  67,  leaving  nothing 
behind  him  besides  his  valuable  collection 
of  books. 

Antonius,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator  of 
great  celebrity,  and  much  commended  by 
Cicero.  He  was  killed  in  the  civil  wars  of 
Marius  and  China,  B.  C.  67. 

Antonius,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, grandson  of  the  orator.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  war,  and,  as  the  friend 
of  Julius  Caesar,  he  obtained  consequence 
at  Rome  and  in  the  armies.  On  the  death 
of  Caesar  he  conducted  himself  with  great 
art,  and  by  his  dissimulation  obtained  a 
share  of  the  Roman  empire,  in  the  trium- 
Tirate  which  he  formed  with  Augustus  and 
Lepidus.  He  had  married  Octavia  the 
sister  of  Augustus,  but  his  partiality  for 
Cleopatra,  the  beautiful  queen  of  Egypt, 
occasioned  a  civil  war,  and  Antony, 
crushed  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  fled  to 
Egypt,  there  to  perish  by  his  own  hands, 
B.  C.  30. 

Antonius,  Marcus  Junius,  son  of  the 
triumvir,  debauched  Julia  the  daughter  of 
Augustus,  and  destroyed  himself  when  his 
disgrace  was  made  public. 

Antonius,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known.  He  wrote  in 
Greek,  metamorphoses,  inserted  in  the 
Mythologi  Graeci,  and  printed,  London, 
1676,  and  Amsterdam  1688. 

Antonius,  Honoratus,  bishop  of  Con- 
stantine  in  Africa,  author  of  a  letter  to  Ar- 
cadius,  435. 

Antonius,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxi- 
bra,  his  native  village  in  Andalusia.  He 
studied  at  Bologna,  and  was  afterwards  for 
five  years  professor  at  Salamanca,  which 
lie  left  to  teach  in  cardinal  Ximenes'  uni- 
versity of  Alcala.  He  was  concerned  in 
the  cardinal's  polyglot,  and  in  some  com- 
mentaries, &c.  and  historical  works.  He 
tlied  July  11th,  1522. 
Antont,  vid.  Anthony. 
Anvari,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  from 


the  superiority  of  his  poetical  talents,  wa- 
the  favourite  of  the  sultan  Sangiar,  and  the 
rival  of  the  poet  Raschidi,  who  had  espou- 
sed the  cause  of  Alsitz.  Whilst  the  two 
princes  were  engaged  in  war,  the  two 
poets  assailed  one  another  by  rhymes  sent 
on  the  point  of  arrows ;  but  this  amuse- 
ment was  of  short  duration.  Anvari  was 
accused  for  his  predictions  as  an  astrologer 
and  fled  to  Balke,  where  he  died  1200.  He 
possessed  genius,  and  to  his  correct  judg 
ment  the  Persians  owed  the  repression  of 
licentiousness  among  their  poets. 

Anville,  John  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d\, 
a  celebrated  geographer,  whose  early 
genius  tended  to  that  superiority  which  he 
has  so  justly  acquired.  While  at  school 
he  drew  charts  and  globes  for  his  amuse- 
ment ;  he  traced  with  indefatigable  zeal  the 
march  of  generals,  and  in  his  riper  age  he 
applied  himself  daily  for  15  hours  during 
50  years,  to  give  correctness,  accuracy,  and 
perfection  to  his  labours.  His  maps  are 
highly  and  deservedly  esteemed,  as  modern 
discoveries  are  carefully  marked  out.  He 
is  author  of  several  very  valuable  works 
on  geography  and  history,  besides  learned 
papers  in  the  academy  of  inscriptions. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are — a  dis- 
sertation on  the  extent  of  ancient  Jerusa- 
lem— some  particulars  of  ancient  Gaul, 
from  the  remains  of  the  Romans — an 
abridgment  of  ancient  geography,  3  vols. 
— on  ancient  and  modern  Egypt,  with  a 
description  of  the  Arabian  gulf — the  go- 
vernments established  in  Europe  after  the 
fall  of  the  Roman  empire  in  the  west — a 
treatise  on  itinerary  measures,  ancient  and 
modern — geographical  analysis  of  Italy, 
&c. — He  died  at  Paris,  28th  January,  1782, 
aged  80. 

Antta,  a  Greek  poetess. 

Anytus,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens,  who 
caused  the  condemnation  and  death  of  So- 
crates. He  was  afterwards  stoned  to  death 
at  Heraclea. 

Apelles,  the  prince  of  painters,  was 
born  at  Cos.  He  was  patronised  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  and  the  genius  of  the 
painter  was  equal  to  the  greatness  of  the 
hero. 

Apelles,  a  heretic  of  Syria  in  the  2d 
century,  who,  upon  being  disgraced  for  in- 
continence, became  the  tool  of  Philumena, 
a  woman  who  pretended  to  be  inspired. 
He  wrote  the  revelations,  which  she  dicta- 
ted as  oracles,  and  by  which  she  presumed 
to  deny  the  resurrection  of  the  body,  to  re- 
ject the  law  of  Moses,  and  to  disbelieve 
the  authority  of  the  prophets.  He  lived  to 
a  great  age,  and  exercised  much  authority 
over  his  followers,  who  were  called  Apel- 
lites,  or  Apelleians. 

Apellicon,   a  Peripatetic  philosopher, 
who,  by  purchasing  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
lot 


Al'O 


AFO 


n  us  the  means  of  their  preservation,  about 
90  B.  C. 

Aper,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator,  said  to 
be  author  of  the  dialogues  of  orators,  print- 
ed generally  with  Tacitus  and  Quintilian. 
He  died,  A.  D.  85. 

Aphthonius,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch 
in  the  third  century,  author  of  some  treati- 
ses, a  system  of  rhetoric,  Upsal,  1670, 
8vo. — fables  printed  with  those  of  jEsop, 
Frankfort,  1610,  Svo.     " 

Apicius,  the  name  of  three  Romans, 
infamous  for  their  gluttony,  the  first  of 
whom  lived  in  Sylla's  age,  the  second  un- 
der Augustus,  and  the,  last  under  Trajan, 
of  these  the  secoad  is  best  known. 

Apien,  Peter,  c  mathematician  oflngol- 
stadt,  born  at  Misnia.  He  was  author  of 
a  cosmography,  published  1539,  and  other 
works,  for  which  he  was  ennobled  by 
Charles  V.     He  died  1552. 

Apien,  Philip,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Ingolstadt,  and  died  at  Tubingen, 
1589,  aged  58.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
sun-dials,  and  other  works,  and  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  medicine,  which  he 
practised  with  success.  He  was  a  great 
favourite  of  Charles  V, 

Apion,  an  ancient  grammarian  of  Oasis, 
in  Egypt,  who  proved  a  great  enemy  to  Jo- 
sephus,  and  also  to  the  Jewish  nation. 

Apocauchus,  a  Greek  of  mean  origin, 
who  became  the  favourite  and  the  master  of 
the  emperor  Andronieus.  He  built  prisons 
to  confine  his  enemies,  and  he  was  at  last 
cut  oft"  by  some  of  those  whom  his  cruel- 
ty had  incensed,  1345.  His  *on,  who  was 
governor  of  Thessalonica,  perished  in  a  sedi- 
tion. There  was  a  man  of  the  same  name 
of  some  consequence  in  letters  in  the  13th 
century,  to  whom  Actuarius  dedicated  his 
works  on  medicine. 

Apollinaris,  C.  Sulpit,  a  native  of  Car- 
thage, professor  of  grammar  at  Rome  in  the 
second  century. 

Apollinarius,  a  presbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria in  the  4th  century.  His  son,  bishop 
of  Laodicea,  wrote  a  book  against  pagan- 
ism, which  he  sent  to  Julian.  Julian  sent 
it  back  with,  "  I  have  read,  understood, 
and  condemned  ;"  to  which  the  bishop  an- 
swered "  You  have  read  but  not  under- 
stood, or  you  would  not  have  condemned." 
His  assertion  that  Christ  did  not  assume 
human  flesh,  but  passed  through  the  body 
of  the  virgin  as  through  a  canal  or  pipe, 
was  condemned  by  two  councils.  He 
wrote  some  learned  works  in  poetry  as 
well  as  prose,  and  died  about  380. 

Apollodorus,  a  grammarian  of  Athens, 
B.  C.  104. 

Apollodorus,  an  architect  of  Damascus 
under  Trajan.  He  built  the  bridge  over 
the  Danube,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
Adrian. 

10? 


Apollodorus,  a  painter  of  Athens,  the 
rival  of  Zeuxis,  B.  C.  408. 

Apollonia,  St.  a  martyr  of  Alexandria, 
who  in  her  old  age  was  threatened  with 
death  if  she  did  not  renounce  the  Christian 
religion.  She  threw  herself  upon  the  fu- 
neral pile  which  was  prepared  to  destroy 
her,  248. 

Apollonius,  a  Greek  poet  of  Rhodes, 
author  of  the  poem  on  the  Argonautic  ex- 
pedition, under  the  Ptolemies. 

Apollonius,  a  geometrician  of  Perga  in 
Pamphylia,  B.  C.  240. 

Apollonius,  a  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  2d  century,  author  of  a  work 
on  Syntax. 

Apollonius,  a  Roman  Senator  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  for  the  Christian  religion 
in  the  2d  century. 

Apollonius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of 
Chalcis,  who  was  preceptor  to  the  emperor 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Apollonius,  a  grammarian,  author  of  a 
lexicon  on  Homer  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Apollonius,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Tyana,  in  the  first  century,  whose  life 
was  written  by  Philostratus. 

Apollonius  Collatics,  Peter,  a  priest 
of  Navaire  in  the  15th  century,  who  wrote 
an  indifferent  poem  in  four  books  on  Ves- 
pasian's siege  of  Jerusalem,  besides  David's 
battle  with  Goliath,  &c. 

Apollos,  a  Jew  of  Alexandria,  who  be- 
came a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  em- 
ployed his  eloquence  with  such  effect, 
especially  at  Corinth,  that  his  powers  of 
preaching  were  more  regarded  and  admired 
than  those  of  Paul.  Though  a  schism  was 
almost  formed  by  the  adherents  of  these 
two  holy  men,  they  were  themselves  united 
by  the  firmest  bonds  of  charity  and  friend- 
ship. 

Apono,  Peter  d',  was  born  near  Padua, 
and  studied  at  Paris,  where  he  took  his 
degrees  in  medicine  and  philosophy.  As 
his  abilities  were  great,  his  advice  was 
eagerly  solicited  ;  but  he  was  high  in  his 
demands  for  attendance,  and  he  refused  to 
go  to  pope  Honorious  IV.  without  receiving 
400  ducats  for  each  day's  visit.  His  learn- 
ing and  success  in  his  profession  procured 
him  enemies,  he  was  suspected  of  magic, 
and  was  said  to  possess  the  power  of  call- 
ing bank  to  his  pocket  the  money  which  he 
had  spent,  and  to  have  enclosed  in  a  crys- 
tal bottle  the  spirits  of  seven  familiar  de- 
mons, who  were  devoted  to  his  wishes. 
These  were  serious  crimes  in  a  barbarous 
age,  and  before  a  sanguinary  inquisition ; 
but  he  died  before  the  prosecution  was 
completed,  in  his  80th  year,  1316.  His 
body  was,  however,  ordered  to  be  burnl, 
in  Padua,  but  as  it  was  removed  by  his 
friends,  only  his  eftigy  was  thrown  into  the 
fire.     His  remains  were  at  last  suffered  to 


APR 


AQ0 


repose  in  the  church  of  St.  Austin  without 
a  memento.  He  published  some  works  on 
medicine  and  necromancy,  &c.  particularly 
Heptameron,  printed  with  the  first  volume 
of  Agrippa's  works — Elucidarium  necro- 
manticum, — liber  experimeutoru.a  mirabi- 
lium  de  annulis  secundum  28  ma;,  les 
lunaj — de  medicina  omnimoda,  &c.  ^ij 
statue  was  afterwards  honourably  placed  by 
the  duke  of  Urbino  between  those  of  Livy, 
Albert,  and  Julius  Paulus. 

Apostolius,  Mkfiael,  a  learned  Greek, 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophthegms  of 
wise  men,  and  of  proverbs,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. Only  extracts  from  these  have  been 
published ;  the  first  1619,  and  the  last  153S. 

Appian,  a  native  of  Alexandria,  author 
of  a  history  of  Rome,  in  Greek. 

Appian,  Peter,  a  mathematician,  vid. 
Apien. 

Appleton,  Nathaniel,  D.D.  minister, 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in 
Ipswich,  Dec.  9th,  16B3,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  College,  in  1712.  In  1717  he 
was  ordained  at  Cambridge,  and  conti- 
nued in  the  ministry  there  sixty-six  years. 
He  died  February  9th,  1784,  venerable 
alike  for  learning,  piety,  usefulness,  and 
age.  He  was  for  more  than  sixty  years  a 
fellow  of  Harvard  College,  and  in  1771  re- 
ceived from  that  institution  a  diploma  of 
D.D.  an  honour  which  it  had  never  before 
conferred,  except  on  Increase  Mather,  80 
years  before.  Dr.  Appleton  published  a 
great  number  of  occasional  sermons. 

[C?L. 

Appleton,  Jesse,  D.D.  president  of 
Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  was  born  at  New 
Ipswich,  N.  H.  Nov.  19,  1772,  and  gra- 
duated at  Dartmouth  in  1792.  After  em- 
ploying himself  some  time  as  the  instructor 
of  an  academy,  he  studied  theologv,  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  Lathrop,  olf  Spring- 
field, and  was  settled  over  the  church  at 
Hampton,  N.  H.  in  February,  1797.  In 
1807  he  was  appointed  president  of  Bow- 
doin College,  and  contributed  much  by  his 
talents,  learning,  and  judiciousness  to  the 
growth  of  that  institution.  He  died,  Nov. 
12,  1819,  aged  47.  Two  volumes  of  his 
lectures,  sermons,  and  addresses  have 
since  been  published,  which  show  him  to 
have  been  an  accomplished  scholar  and 
theologian,  an  acute  reasoner,  and  a  prac- 
tical Christian.  (rjj=  L. 

Apries,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after  Psammis, 
594  B.  C.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  scriptures. 

Aprosio,  Angelico,  an  Augustine,  born 
at  Ventimigila  in  the  Genoese,  1607,  a 
place  which  he  greatly  adorned  by  a  beau- 
tiful and  valuable  collection  of  books,  of 
which  he  published  an  account.  He  had 
disguised  himself  under  various  appellations 
in  that  book,  from  an  excessive  delicacy 
for  his  character  as  an  ecclesiastic.     After 


travelling  through  Italy,  he  settled  at  Ve- 
nice, and  was  honoured  with  a  place  in 
several  academies,  in  reward  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  services  to  literature.  He  has 
been  greatly  praised  by  authors,  and  his 
life  is  written  in  the  Bibliotheca  Apro- 
siana,  which  he  printed,  1673.  He  died 
about  1682. 

Apulltts.  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher of  the  !d  century,  who  settled  at 
Rome,  and  was  am' or,  among  other  things, 
of  the  "  Golden  Ass. 

Aquaviva,  Octavio,  cardinal,  legate,  and 
archbishop  of  Naples,  was  deseeded  from 
an  illustrious  family.  He  is  eminent  as 
the  friend  an'd  patron  of  science  and  learn- 
ed men,  and  he  was  particularly  attached 
to  the  famous  Peiresc.  He  obtained  from 
Clement  VIII.  the  legation  of  Avignon, 
where  his  government  was  guided  by  jus- 
tice, wisdom,  and  moderation.  He  died, 
5th  December,  1612,  aged  52. 

Aquayiva,  Andrew  Matth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Teramo,  a  Neapolitan 
nobleman,  who  patronised  literature.  He 
was  also  fond  of  military  glory,  and  ser- 
ved under  Ferdinand  of  Arragon  with  great 
credit.  He  wrote  an  imperfect  encyclope- 
dia, besides  commentaries  on  Plutarch's 
Morals,  and  died  1528,  in  his  72d  year. 

Aquaviva,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
governor  of  the  Jesuits,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  moderation  and  meekness.  He 
wrote  several  letters  and  lectures  on  his 
religion,  and  also  a  tract  on  the  cure  of 
mental  diseases.  He  died  1615,  aged  72 
years. 

Aquila,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus,  em- 
ployed by  Adrian  to  rebuild  Jerusalem. 
He  embraced  Christianity,  and  afterwards 
became  a  Jew,  and  was  circumcised.  He 
was  engaged  in  translating  the  bible  from 
Hebrew  into  Greek ;  and  though  he  was  in 
some  instances  very  incorrect  and  partial, 
the  work  was  generally  approved  by  the 
Jews.     Only  a  few  fragments  of  it  remain. 

Aquilano,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aqui- 
la, known  by  his  sonnets,  eclogues,  and 
other  poetical  trifles,  published  at  Rome, 
1503.  He  was  the  rival  of  Tebaldeo  de 
Ferrara.  He  died  at  Rome,  1500,  in  his 
35th  year. 

Aquilanus,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown.  He 
was  born  at  Aquila  of  Abruzzo,  and  was 
professor  at  Padua.  He  was  a  follower  of 
Galen,  and  obtained  reputation  and  success 
in  his  profession.  Among  his  treatises  is 
one  de  Gallico  morbo.  He  died,  1543,  at 
Padua. 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas,  called  the  angeli- 
cal doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family  of 
Aquine,  descended  from  the  kings  of  Ar- 
ragon and  Sicily.  He  was  educated  by  the 
monks  of  Mount  Cassino,  and  removed  to 
Naples  ;  but  the  inclination  which  he  bar! 
l<r>, 


ABA 


AIIB 


to  embrace  an  ecclesiastical  life  was  op- 
posed by  his  mother,  who,  after  great  diffi- 
culties, obtained  him  from  the  power  of  the 
monks,  and  confined  him  in  her  castle  for 
two  years.  He,  however,  escaped,  and  fled 
to  Naples,  and  afterwards  to  Rome ;  and 
when  improved  by  study,  and  the  famous 
lectures  of  Albertus  Magnus  at  Cologne,  he 
appeared  at  Paris,  and  read  public  lectures  to 
an  applauding  audience.  On  his  return  to 
Italy,  he  became  divinity  professor  to  se- 
veral universities,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Naples,  where  he  led  an  exemplary  life  of 
chastity  and  devotion,  and  refused  the 
archbishopric  of  the  city,  in  the  most  disin- 
terested manner,  when  offered1  by  Clement 
IV.  Gregory  X.  invited  him  to  the  council 
of  Lyons,  to  read  the  book  which  he  had 
written  against  the  Greeks  ,  and  he  died  on 
his  way  to  join  the  pontiff"  at  the  monas- 
tery of  Fossanova,  near  Terracina,  7th 
March,  1274,  in  his  50th  year.  He  was 
canonized  1323.  His  writings,  which  are 
numerous,  and  mostly  upon  theological 
subjects,  prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  extensive  knowledge. 
They  have  often  been  published,  in  17  vols, 
folio.  His  authority  in  religion  became 
decisive  in  the  catholic  schools,  and  he  ap- 
proached so  near  to  the  erudition  of  St. 
Augustine,  that  he  was  said,  in  the  true 
spirit  of  the  metempsychosis,  to  possess 
the  transmigrated  soul  of  that  celebrated 
saint.  It  was  in  defence  of  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas that  Henry  VIII.  composed  the  book, 
which  procured  him  from  the  pope  the  title 
of  Defender  of  the  Faith. 

Aquino,  Philip,  a  Jew  of  Carpentras, 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew  Tal- 
mudical,  &c.  dictionary,  and  corrected  Le 
Jay's  polyglot  Bible.  He  died  16.50.  His 
son,  Lewis  d' Aquino,  was  author  of  several 
valuable  books  in  Oriental  literature.  An- 
toine,  son  of  Lewis,  was  physician  to  Lewis 
XIV.  and  died  1696. 

Arabschah,  author  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, and  of  a  treatise  on  the  unity  of 
God,  was  a  Mahometan  historian  of  Da- 
mascus, who  died  there  1450. 

Aragon,  Jane  d',  wife  of  Ascanius  Co- 
lonna,  was  illustrious  for  her  virtues  and 
licr  fortitude  during  the  quarrels  which  her 
husband's  family  had  with  Paul  IV.  She 
died  1577,  in  an  advanced  age.  Her  memo- 
ry was  honoured  by  the  poets  of  the  times, 
and  the  verses  were  published  in  one  vo- 
lume. 

\r..\M,  Eugene,  a  native  of  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  son  of  a  gardener.  His  genius 
displayed  itself  whilst  he  followed  the  hum- 
hie  occupation  of  his  father  ;  mathematical 
calculations  and  geometrical  knowledge 
were  quickly  acquired,  and,  with  the  most 
indefatigable  zeal,  Lilly's  grammar,  though 
in  unintelligible  language,  to=  learnt  bv 
104 


heart,  and  afterwards  Camden's  Greek,  till 
this  self-taught  classic  unfolded  the  meaning 
of  a  few  Latin  lines,  and  then  with  rapid 
steps  advanced  to  the  comprehension  of 
more  difficult  authors,  till  the  whole  stores 
of  Latin  and  Greek  literature  were  fami- 
liarized to  his  understanding.  He  also 
studied  and  made  himself  perfect  in  He- 
brew, and  with  these  great  acquirements  he 
gained  his  livelihood,  by  engaging  in  seve- 
ral schools  in  the  south  of  England.  In 
1757  he  came  to  the  free  school  at  Lynn, 
a  perfect  master  of  the  most  abstruse  stu- 
dies, and  acquainted  with  heraldry  and 
botany.  He  had  begun  to  make  collections 
for  radical  comparisons  between  the  modern 
languages  and  ancient  tongues,  and  already 
more  than  3000  words  were  selected  to  es- 
tablish this  surprising  affinity  in  a  compara- 
tive lexicon,  when  his  labours  were  arrested 
by  the  hands  of  justice.  He  was  taken  up  at 
Lynn,  1758,  for  the  murder  of  Daniel 
Clarke,  a  shoemaker  of  Knaresborough, 
who  had  been  murdered  thirteen  years  be- 
fore ,  and  after  a  trial,  in  which  he  defend- 
ed himself  with  coolness  and  ability,  he  was 
found  guilty  of  the  crime,  and  after  attempt- 
ing to  commit  suicide,  he  suffered  death  at 
York,  August,  1759.  He  acknowledged 
the  justice  of  his  sentence,  and  attributed 
the  crime  to  a  suspicion  of  adultery  be- 
tween his  wife  and  Clarke. 

Arantius,  Julius,  an  Italian  physician 
and  anatomist  of  eminence,  the  pupil  of  Ve- 
salius  and  Bart.  Magus,  known  by  a  learned 
treatise  on  the  human  foetus,  printed  Ve- 
nice, 1595.  He  was  born  at,  Bologna  and 
died  there  1581,  aged  61. 

Aratus,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  phe- 
nomena, still  extant,  about  300  B.  C. 

Aratus,  a  native  of  Sicyon,  illustrious 
as  the  deliverer  of  his  country,  and  as  the 
heroic  promoter  of  the  Achaean  league. 
He  died  about  216  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that 
he  was  poisoned. 

Arbogastes,  a  Roman  general,  who 
murdered  Valentinian,  and  placed  Eugenius 
on  the  throne.  He  was  attacked  and  de- 
feated by  Theodosius,  and  destroyed  him- 
self, A.  D.  394. 

Arbrissel,  Robert  d',  a  native  of  Brit- 
tany, who  founded  the  monastery  of  Fon- 
tevrault,  and  separated  his  male  and  female 
disciples.  He  has  been  accused  of  inconti- 
nency,  but  ably  defended  by  his  followers. 
He  died  1117.' 

Arbuckle,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  master  of  a  school  in  the  north 
of  Ireland.  He  possessed  genius,  and  his 
merit  was  acknowledged  in  his  poems.  He 
proposed  a  translation  of  Virgil,  but  did 
not  finish  it.  He  died  1734,  aged  34.  His 
poems  were  published  in  1  vol.  12mo. 

Arburthnot,  Alexander,  son  of  lord 
Arburthnot,  was  eminent  for  his  learning 
as  a  scholar,  and  his  piety  as  a  divine.     He 


VRC 


ARC 


was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  reformation, 
and  published  Buchanan's  history  of  Scot- 
land, besides  some  poetical  trifles,  and  ora- 
tions on  the  origin  of  law,  printed  1572. 
He  died  at  Aberdeen,  1538. 

Arbuthnot,    John,   M.  D    son    of   an 
episcopal  clergyman,   was  descended  from 
the  noble   family    of  the  same  name,  and 
born  at  Arbuthnot,  near  Montrose.      After 
finishing   his   education    at  Aberdeen,    he 
came  to  London,   where  he  acquired  repu- 
tation by  attacking   "  Woodward's   essay 
towards  a   natural  history  of  the  earth  ;" 
and  he  soon  rose  in  the  medical  profession, 
when  he  had  successfully   attended  prince 
George  of  Denmark,  who  was  taken  sud- 
denly ill  at  Epsom.     He  was  made  physi- 
cian   to    queen   Anne,    1709  ;    and,    soon 
after,  his  acquaintance  was  formed  with  the 
most  celebrated  wits  of  the  age,   with  two 
of  whom,  Swift  and  Pope,  he  engaged,    in 
1714,  to  compose,    in   the    true  Cervantic 
style,  a  satire  on  degenerated  taste  and  the 
abuse  of  learning.     Of  this  plan   only  the 
first  book  was  published,  under  the  name 
of"  memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus."   The 
queen's  death  in    some   degree  overturned 
the  hopes  and  fortunes  of  Arbuthnot.     He 
felt  the  blow,  and  passed  some   time  with 
his  brother,  the  banker,  at  Paris.     In  1727, 
he  published,  in  4to.   his  tables  of  ancient 
coins,  &c.  and  afterwards  employed  his  pen 
in  medical  tracts,  one  of  which,    "  effects 
of  air  on  human  bodies,"   was  unhappily 
suggested  by  the  asthmatic  complaint  under 
which   he   laboured.     He   died  under  this 
dreadful  disorder,  at  his  house,  Cork-street, 
February,  1735.     His  son  George  enjoyed  a 
place   in   the   exchequer,   and  was  one  of 
Pope's  executors  ;    and  his  daughter  Anne 
was  a  legatee  in  the  poet's  will.     In  praise  of 
Arbuthnot,  too  much  cannot  be  said.      His 
benevolence   was  equal  to  his  wit,  and  it  is 
admitted  that  he  was  inferior    to  none  in 
learning,    vivacity,  and  genuine    humour. 
The  letter   which  he  wrote  to  Pope  on  his 
death-bed  is  a  strong  instance  of  the  good- 
ness of  his  heart,   the  purity   of  his  princi- 
ples, and  the   constancy   of  his   religious 
faith.    His  miscellaneous  works  have  been 
frequently  edited,  but  not  in  a  correct  form. 
Arc,  Joan  of.     Vid.  Joan. 
Arcadius,  succeeded  his  father,  the  great 
Theodosius,  as  emperor  of  the  east,  395, 
whilst  his  brother  Honorius  became  empe- 
ror of  the  West.     He  died  408. 

Arcadius,  an  African  bishop,  put  to 
death  by  order  of  Genseric,  the  Vandal 
king,  437,  because  he  opposed  with  great 
violence  the  Arians. 

Arcere,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, who  was  a  priest  of  the  oratory. 
As  he  was  skilled  in  the  Oriental  languages, 
he  travelled  into  the  east,  where  he  made 
a  valuable  collection  of  manuscripts.  He 
began  a  French  and  Turkish  dictionary,  the 
Vol.  I.  14 


compilation  of  which  was  unfortunately 
prevented  by  a  fever,  which  proved  fatal, 
1699,  in  his  35th  year. 

Arcere,  Lewis  Etienne,  a  priest  of  the 
oratory  of  Marseilles,  known  as  a  poet,  but 
more  as  the  historian  of  Rochelle  and  of 
Amiens,  in  a  work  published,  2  vols.  4to.  in 
1756.     He  died  1781,  in   extreme  old  age. 

Arcesilaus,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
succeeded  Crates  in  his  school.  He  was 
born  about  316  B.  C. 

Archdale,  John,  a  popular  governor  of 
Carolina,  who  received  his  appointment 
from  the  proprietors,  and  entered  on  his 
office  in  1695.  The  province  during  his 
administration  made  great  progress  in  the 
improvement  of  its  municipal  regulations 
and  public  works.  He  first  introduced  the 
cultivation  of  rice,  which  has  contributed  so 
much  to  the  wealth  of  that  state.  After 
exercising  the  government  for  a  number  of 
years,  he  returned  to  England,  and  publish- 
ed a  history  and  description  of  Carolina. 

Archelaus,  son  of  Herod  the  great, 
king  of  Judaea,  disputed  with  his  brother 
Antipas  for  the  sovereignty,  on  his  father's 
death.  Augustus,  as  umpire,  divided  the 
dominions  between  the  two  brothers ;  but 
Archelaus  showed  himself  so  oppressive, 
that  the  emperor  banished  him  to  Gaul, 
A.  D.  6,  where  he  died. 

Archelaus,  king  of  Macedonia  after 
Perdiccas  II.  was  an  able  prince,  and  a 
great  encourager  of  learning.  He  died 
about  398  B.  C. 

Archelaus,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Anaxagoras  at  Lampsacus.  He  afterwards 
settled  at  Athens. 

Archelaus,  a  bishop  of  Mesopotamia, 
278,  known  for  opposition  against  the  Ma- 
nichaeans.  A  Latin  translation  of  his 
work  is  extant. 

Archelaus,  a  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

Archias,  a  native  of  Antioch,  known  for 
the  oration  which  his  friend  Cicero  spoke 
in  his  defence. 

Archidamus,  king  of  Sparta  after  Age- 
silaus,  his  father,  B.  C.  561. 

Archigenes,  a  Greek  physician  in  the 
age  of  Trajan. 

Archilochus,  a  Greek  satirist  of  Paros, 
the  inventor  of  iambics,  B.  C.  640. 

Archimedes,  a  celebrated  mathemati- 
cian of  Syracuse.  He  defended  his  coun- 
try against  the  besieging  Romans,  and  at 
last  perished  by  the  hands  of  a  soldier,  who 
would  not  respect  his  literary  retirement 
and  peaceful  occupation,  B.  C.  208. 

Archinto,  Octavius,  descended  of  a  no- 
ble family  in  the  Milanese,  is  known  for  his 
"  antiquities,"  in  1  vol.  folio.  He  lived  in 
the  16th  century. 

Archon,  Lewis  a  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV. 
born  at  Riom  in  Auvergne.     He  was  pa-f 
105 


am> 


ARE 


lionised  by  the  cardinal  of  Bouillon,  and 
made  himself  known  by  his  entertaining 
history  of  the  French  king's  chapel,  in  2 
vols.  4to.  1711.  He  died  at  the  abbey  of 
St.  Gilbert-ncuf-fontaines,  of  which  he  was 
the  head,  1717,  in  his  72d  yean 

Archttas,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
and  mathematician  of  Tarentum,  known 
also  as  the  general  of  his  country,  about 
400  B.  C. 

Arcons,  Caesar  d',  a  Gascon,  advocate 
in  the  parliament  of  Bourdeaux.  He  died 
1631,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the  flux 
and  reflux  of  the  sea,  and  longitude,  disser- 
tations on  the  scriptures,  &c. 

Arcq,  Philip  Auguste  de  St.  Foi  d',  an 
ingenious  Parisian,  said  to  have  been  the 
natural  son  of  count  Thoulouse.  He  is 
known  for  his  history  of  commerce  and  na- 
vigation— his  temple  of  silence — letters  of 
Osman,  3  vols.  12mo. — his  general  history 
»f  war,  2  vols.  4to — his  Loisirs,  &c.  The 
last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Gentilly 
in  great  devotion.     He  died  1774. 

Arcudi,  Alexander  Thomas,  a  Domini- 
can of  Venice,  author  of  Galatino  literata  ; 
■ — the  history  of  Athanasius — and  other 
historical  and  biographical  works.  He 
died  about  1720. 

Arcudius,  Peter,  a  Greek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement 
VIII.  He  was  patronised  by  the  pope's  ne- 
phew, cardinal  Borghese ;  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  writer  on  controversial 
works,  against  the  Greek  and  Protestant 
churches.  He  died  of  an  accident  at  Rome, 
1635. 

Arculphus,  a  French  divine,  who  in  the 
7th  century,  travelled  to  the  holy  land,  of 
which  he  wrote  an  interesting  account, 
published  in  4to.  at  Ingoldstadt,  1619. 

Arcy,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman.  Vid. 
Darct. 

Arden,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
shire, of  a  respectable  family,  who  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  George  Throgmor- 
ton,  and  lived  a  retired  life  on  his  estate, 
both  from  inclination  and  from  his  attach- 
ment to  the  catholic  religion.  He  had 
frequent  quarrels  with  his  neighbour,  the 
great  earl  of  Leicester,  whose  pride  looked 
down  with  contempt  on  the  independence 
of  a  country  gentleman,  and  his  ruin  was 
determined.  Somerville,  a  rash,  thought- 
less young  man,  who  had  married  one  of 
his  daughters,  was  drawn  into  a  supposed 
conspiracy  against  the  queen's  life  ;  and 
though  no  evidence  appeared  against  him, 
except  the  report  of  a  letter  which  had  been 
thrown  into  the  fire  by  his  father-in-law,  not 
only  he,  but  Arden,  his  wife,  his  daughter, 
wife  of  Somerville,  and  Somerville's  sister, 
were  conveyed  to  the  Tower,  and  after  tor- 
ture had  been  barbarously  used  to  draw 
confessions  from  Arden  and  from  Hale  a 
priest,  who  was  supposed  to  have  been  con- 
10T, 


cerned,  this  unhappy  family  were  condemn- 
ed  to  suffer  death.  Somerville  was  found 
strangled  the  night  before  his  execution,  as 
was  supposed,  that  he  might  not  accuse  his 
persecutors,  and  Arden  expired  by  the  hand 
of  the  executioner  in  Smithfield,  December 
20,  1583,  in  his  52d  year,  amidst  the  tears 
of  pitying  thousands.  The  rest  were  par- 
doned, but  the  mangled  heads  of  the  father 
and  of  the  son-in-law  were  exposed  on 
London  bridge.  The  dignity  of  this  res- 
pectable family  was  restored  by  the  pru- 
dence and  good  fortune  of  the  two  next 
heirs,  and  became  nearly  allied  to  the  Field- 
ings,  earls  of  Denbigh. 

Ardern,  John,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark  from  1348  to  1370,  after 
which  he  came  to  London,  He  was  emi- 
nent in  his  profession,  and  thence  his  cures 
were  attributed  to  magic  and  superstition. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  fistula  in  ano, 
published  by  Read,  1588,  and  left  a  MS.  in 
the  Sloane  Library,  de  re  herbaria,  physica 
et  chirurgica. 

Areagathus,  a  Greek  physician,  at 
Rome,  B.  C.  269. 

Arena,  Anthony  de,  a  native  of  Soliers, 
near  Toulon,  author  of  some  inferior  trea- 
tises on  jurisprudence.  He  also  wrote  ma- 
caronic verses,  a  farago  of  barbarous  lan- 
guage, partly  French,  and  partly  Latin,  and 
partly  provincial,  first  brought  into  fashion 
by  Merlin  Coccaio.  His  chief  work  is  his 
war  of  Charles  V.  in  Provence,  reprinted 
in  1747.  He  was  judge  of  St.  Remi,  near 
Aries,  and  died  1544.  His  other  pieces 
appeared  1670,  12mo. 

Aresi,  Paul,  a  native  of  Cremona,  bishop 
of  Tortona,  and  author  of  some  theological 
works,  in  Latin  and  in  Italian.  He  en- 
couraged learning,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  order  of  Theatins.  He  died  at 
Tortona,  1645,  aged  71. 

Aret.eus,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the  age 
of  Vespasian,  whose  works  were  edited  by 
Wigan,  Oxford,  1723. 

Aretaphila,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  her  husband,  Phaedi- 
mus,  on  his  murderer,  Nicocrates. 

Arete,  daughter  of  Aristippus,  of  Cy- 
rene, acquired  reputation  as  a  teacher  of 
philosophy. 

Arethas,  a  bishop  of  Cappadocia,  in  the 
10th  century,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  Revelations,  still  extant. 

Aretin,  Guy,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
known  for  his  discovery  of  a  new  method 
to  learn  music,  which  he  published  under 
the  name  of  "  Micrologus."  He  is  the  in- 
ventor of  six  notes  in  music,  "  ut,  re,  mi, 
fa,  sol,  la,"  borrowed,  it  is  said,  from  the 
hymn  to  St.  John,  by  taking  the  first  and 
sixth  syllables  : 

ut  queant  laxis  REsonare  fibris 
Mira  gestorum  FAmuli  tuorum 
soLve  pollutis         lAbusreatum. 


ARE 


ARG 


Some  attribute  the  word  gamut  to  him, 
which  he  borrowed  from  the  third  letter  of 
the  Greek,  in  the  marking  of  his  notes,  and 
with  the  idea  that  music  originated  in 
Greece.  One  of  his  letters  was  printed  by 
Baronius  in  the  annals  under  1022. 

Aretin,  Leonard,  a  native  of  Arezzo, 
from  whence  his  name,  better  known  than 
his  family  appellation  of  Bruni.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  15th 
century,  and  he  may  be  considered  as  the 
restorer  of  the  Greek  language  to  Italy.  He 
was  employed  as  secretary  of  the  briefs 
under  five  popes,  after  which  he  became 
secretary  to  the  republic  of  Florence.  He 
translated  some  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  and 
wrote  some  historical  pieces,  admired  for 
their  elegance  and  accuracy.  His  history 
of  the  Goths  acquired  him  also  fame  and 
patronage  ;  but  his  reputation  suffered, 
when  Christopher  Perrona  discovered  it  to 
be  nothing  but  a  compilation  or  translation 
of  Procopius.  He  died  at  Florence,  1443, 
in  his  74th  year.  Poggius,  who  had  culti- 
vated his  friendship  for  40  years,  spoke  his 
funeral  oration. 

Aretin,  Francis,  a  man  eminent  for  his 
learning,  and  his  knowledge  in  Greek.  He 
studied  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  taught 
there  with  such  success,  that  he  was  called 
prince  of  subtleties,  and  his  wit  became  pro- 
verbial. In  law,  his  opinion  was  considered 
of  such  weight,  that  whatever  cause  he  pre- 
viously condemned,  was  generally  lost.  He 
read  lectures,  also,  at  Pisa  and  Ferrara ; 
but  he  was  disappointed  in  his  expectations 
at  Rome,  though  Sextus  IV.  declared  he 
would  have  honoured  him  with  a  cardinal's 
hat,  which  was  due  to  his  merits,  were  he 
not  afraid,  that  by  so  doing,  he  should  rob 
the  public  of  a  most  incomparable  profes- 
sor. Aretin,  whose  temper  was  choleric, 
never  kept  his  servants  more  than  one  or 
two  months,  as  he  expected  better  attend- 
ance from  new  ones.  He  was  parsimonious, 
and  as  he  lived  in  celibacy,  his  fortune  be- 
came immense,  and  was  divided  among  his 
relations.     He  died  about  1470. 

Aretin,  Peter,  natural  son  of  Lewis 
Bocci,  of  Arezzo,  became  so  celebrated  for 
his  satire,  that  he  was  called  the  scourge  of 
princes.  His  friendship  was  courted  by 
Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.,  who  no  doubt 
dreaded  the  venom  of  his  pen  more  than 
they  esteemed  his  merits  ;  and  he  grew  so 
arrogant,  that  he  represented  himself  on  a 
medal  as  a  god,  and  on  the  reverse  received 
the  presents  of  obsequious  monarchs.  His 
lampoons,  as  it  was  observed,  subdued  more 
princes  than  the  most  powerful  conqueror 
ever  had  done.  It  is  to  be  lamented,  that 
a  genius,  which  so  strongly  possessed  the 
powers  of  satire  and  genuine  humour,  was 
not  fully  employed  in  lashing  the  vices  of 
men.  The  name  of  Aretin  will  be  execrated 
by  the  modest  and  the  virtuous,  for  the  ob- 


scenities, the  profane  and  immoral  writings 
with  which  he  has  insulted  the  world.  His 
comedies  were  highly  applauded,  his  letters 
are  valuable,  and  his  works  of  devotion 
may  be  read  with  satisfaction  and  surprise. 
Some  have  said,  but  falsely,  that  he  aban- 
doned his  lascivious  principles.  He  ridi- 
culed Peter  Strozzi,  who  threatened  re- 
venge, not  that  of  the  pen,  but  that  of  su- 
perior manual  strength,  which  so  terrified 
the  poet,  that  he  confined  himself  whilst  his 
antagonist  remained  at  Venice.  Aretin  is 
said  to  have  died  by  falling  from  a  chair 
and  injuring  his  head,  upon  laughing  im- 
moderately at  some  indelicate  conversation 
at  which  he  was  present.  He  died,  1556, 
aged  65. 

Aretin,  John,  an  able  writer  of  Berne, 
in  the  15th  century.  He  is  author  of  ex- 
amen  theologicum — a  catalogue  of  comets 
— sermons,  &c. 

Aretin,  Angelo,  a  learned  professor  of 
law  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara.  He  wrote 
four  treatises  on  his  profession,  and  died 
1480. 

Argall,  John,  an  eminent  scholar,  edu- 
cated at  Christ  church,  and  rector  of  Hales- 
worth,  Suffolk.  He  died  suddenly  at  a 
feast  at  Cheston,  one  mile  from  his  par- 
sonage, October,  1606.  He  published  two 
tracts  in  Latin. 

Argall,  Samuel,  appointed,  in  1617, 
governor  of  Virginia,  had  before  carried  on 
for  some  time  an  illegal  trade  with  that 
province.  He  distinguished  himself  by 
commencing  the  hostilities  between  the 
French  and  English  colonists  in  America, 
and  capturing  a  small  French  settlement  oa 
the  island  Mount  Desart,  near  the  state  of 
Maine,  in  1613.  In  the  same  year,  he  sub- 
dued the  Dutch  settlement  at  Hudson's 
River.  His  administration  in  Virginia  was 
so  arbitrary  and  rapacious,  that  he  was 
soon  recalled.  In  1620,  he  had  command 
of  an  armed  ship,  in  an  expedition  against 
the  Algerines,  and  in  1623,  was  made  a 
knight  by  king  James.  ILT  L. 

Argellata,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1423.  His  treatises  on 
surgery  was  printed,  folio,  1480,  at  Venice. 

Argellati,  Philip,  an  indefatigable  wri- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  and  died  at  Milan, 
25th  January,  1755,  aged  70.  He  wrote  a 
catalogue  of  Milanese  writers,  2  vols.  fol. 
and  of  Italian  translators,  5  vols.  4to.  be- 
sides editions  of  various  Italian  authors,  &e. 

Argens,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  Mar- 
quis d',  a  native  of  Aix,  in  Provence.  He 
followed  for  some  time  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  afterwards  distinguished  himself 
as  a  writer,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  king 
of  Prussia,  with  whom  he  lived  25  years  as 
chamberlain.  He  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  died  there,  at  the  end  of  1770, 
aged  66.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  sense, 
and  great  learning,  as  his  lettres  Jukes, 
107 


arc; 


ARG 


Chinoiscs,  Cabalistiques,  and  his  philoso- 
phy of  good  sense,  &c.  sufficiently  prove, 
though  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that  he  occa- 
sionally disgraced  his  pages  by  expressions 
of  licentiousness  and  infidelity. 

Argensola,  Leonard  and  Bartholomew, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit.  The  conquest 
of  the  Moluccas  was  the  admired  work  of 
Bartholomew. 

Argenson,  Mark  Rene  le  Voyer,  Mar- 
quis d',  celebrated  as  the  first  who  intro- 
duced lettres  de  cachet,  during  his  adminis- 
tration of  the  police  at  Paris,  1697,  was 
born  at  Venice,  where  his  father  was  am- 
bassador from  the  French  court.  He  was 
highly  respected  for  his  abilities,  and  the 
firmness  of  his  character.  He  succeeded 
d'Aguesseau  in  the  office  of  chancellor, 
1719,  but  was  disgraced  the  following  year, 
and  died  of  a  broken  heart  in  1721,  aged  69. 

Argental,  Charles  Augustus,  Count  d', 
a  foreign  minister  at  the  French  court, 
known  as  the  friend  of  Lekain,  Voltaire, 
and  other  learned  men,  and  as  the  author 
of  some  elegant  verses.  He  died  6th  Jan- 
uary, 1788,  aged  88. 

Argentier,  John,  born  at  Castelnuovo, 
in  Piedmont,  died  at  Turin,  1572,  aged  58. 
He  studied  medicine,  and  acquired  high 
reputation  in  the  theory,  but  not  in  the 
practice,  of  his  profession.  He  was  called 
Censor  Medicorum,  because  he  censured 
Galen.  His  works  appeared  in  12  vols, 
folio,  Venice,  1592. 

Argentina,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Augustines  in  1345,  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  the  master  of  the  sentences, 
printed,  folio,  Strasburg,  1490. 

Argentre,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vi- 
tre,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  jurispru- 
dence and  history.  He  died  1590,  in  his 
71st  year,  of  a  broken  heart,  on  account  of 
the  disasters  brought  upon  his  country  by 
the  plague.  He  wrote  an  account  of  Brit- 
tany, &c. 

Argentre,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  a  native 
of  Brittany,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  almo- 
ner to  the  king,  and  bishop  of  Tulles,  and 
known  for  his  valuable  and  interesting  col- 
lectio  judicorum  de  novis  erroribus,  &c.  3 
vols,  folio,  a  work  much  resembling  Bos- 
suet's  histoire  des  variations.  He  died  in 
1740,  aged  67. 

Argenville,  Anthon.  Joseph  Dezellicr 
d',  a  French  writer,  son  of  a  bookseller  at 
Paris.  He  wrote  several  useful  works,  es- 
pecially his  lives  of  painters,  in  3  vols.  4to. 
1755,  of  which  Horace  Walpole  does  not 
speak  with  sufficient  encomium — a  valuable 
treatise  on  gardening,  4to.  1747 — a  cata- 
logue of  French  fossils — and  other  curious 
and  valuable  works.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  compilers  of  the  encyclopedia.  He 
died  November  30,  1765. 

Argoli,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Tagliacozzo, 
in  Italv,  patronised  by  the  senate  of  Venice, 
108 


and  made  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pa- 
dua, with  the  title  of  chevalier.  He  died 
1657,  author  of  a  book,  de  diebus  criticis, 
4to.  1652 — ephemcrides,  from  1640,  after 
his  death  continued  to  1700,  4  vols.  4to. — 
problemata  astronomica. 

Argoli,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
published  an  idyllium  on  the  silk  worm,  at 
the  age  of  15.  With  the  desire  of  attaining 
further  applause,  he  shut  himself  up,  and 
at  the  expiration  of  seven  months,  at  the 
age  of  17,  he  produced  his  Endymion,  in 
12  cantos,  a  poem  so  elegant,  that  it  was 
attributed  to  the  abilities. of  the  father,  and 
not  of  the  son.  He  wrote  other  pieces, 
equally  admired,  and  followed  the  profes- 
sion of  jurisprudence  at  Bologna  for  five 
years,  with  great  credit.  He  died  about 
1660. 

Argonne,  Don  Bonaventure  d',  a  native 
of  Paris,  author  of  some  useful  works,  es- 
pecially miscellanies  of  history  and  litera- 
ture, replete  with  entertaining  anecdotes, 
and  valuable  reflections,  published  under 
the  name  of  Vigneul  de  Marville,  re-printed, 
3  vols.  12mo.  1725.  He  died  a  Carthusian 
monk  at  Gaillon,  near  Rouen,  1704,  aged 
64.  He  wrote,  also,  a  method  of  reading 
the  church  fathers,  12mo.  1697. 

Argou,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  born  at  Vivarez.  He  died 
at  the  beginning  of  the  ISth  century,  author 
of  an  excellent  work,  l'institution  au  droit 
Francois,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Argues,  Gerard  des,  a  geometrician,  in- 
timate with  Des  Cartes.  He  was  born  at 
Lyons,  1597,  and  died  there,  1661.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  conic  sections,  on  per- 
spective, on  stone-cutting,  on  the  practice 
of  drawing,  &c. 

Argtre,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian of  the  14th  century,  author  of  some 
works  on  geography  and  chronology. 

Argyropylus,  Joannes,  a  learned  man, 
who  fled  from  Constantinople  when  taken 
by  Mahomet  II.,  and  contributed  to  the  re- 
vival of  Greek  literature  in  Europe.  He 
was  received  with  kindness  by  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  duke  of  Tuscany,  placed  in  the 
professor's  chair  at  Florence,  and  made 
tutor  in  the  prince's  family.  He  retired 
from  thence,  during  the  plague,  to  Rome, 
where  he  lectured  on  Aristotle.  He  died 
of  a  fever,  occasioned  by  eating  melons,  in 
his  70th  year,  about  1478.  He  translated 
several  of  Aristotle's  works,  in  a  manner 
which  proved  him  to  be  an  able  Grecian,  and 
a  scholar  of  the  most  comprehensive  erudi- 
tion. He  was  said  to  be  an  intemperate 
epicure,  so  that  the  whole  of  his  fortune 
was  squandered  in  supplying  the  delicacies 
of  his  table.  He  treated  the  character  of 
Cicero  with  contempt,  because  he  had  said 
of  his  favourite  Greek,  that  it  is  a  language 
verborum  inops.    He  left  some  sons,  equally 


ARI 


Alii 


learned.     His  commentary  on  Aristotle's 
ethics  was  printed  1541,  folio. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Leo  I.  married 
to  Zeno,  who  succeeded  as  emperor,  474. 
She  was  so  disgusted  with  the  intemperance 
of  her  husband,  and  so  eager  to  enjoy  the 
company  of  her  favourite  Anastasius,  that 
she  forgot  her  dignity  and  character  in  bar- 
barity. Zeno,  when  intoxicated,  was  shut 
up  in  a  sepulchre,  where  he  was  suffered 
to  die ;  and  Anastasius,  though  of  obscure 
origin,  was  placed  on  the  throne.  She 
died  515. 

Ariarathes  I.  a  king  of  Cappadocia, 
engaged  in  an  expedition  against  Egypt 
with  Darius  Ochus. 

Ariarathes  II.  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  defeated  by  the  Macedonians, 
and  put  to  death  321,  B.  C. 

Ariarathes  III.  son  of  the  Hd.  reco- 
vered his  kingdom  by  the  conquest  of  the 
Macedonians. 

Ariarathes  IV.  son  of  Ariamnes,  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Antiochus,  and  died, 
B.  C.  220. 

Ariarathes  V.  king  of  Cappadocia,  died 
B.C.  166,  after  a  reign  of  62  years.  He 
was  learned  and  humane. 

Ariarathes  VI.  son  of  the  preceding, 
perished  in  battle,  B.  C.  130. 

Ariarathes  VII.  son  of  the  Vlth  was 
murdered  by  his  brother-in-law,  Mithri- 
dates. 

Ariarathes  VIII.  son  of  the  VHth 
was  also  murdered  by  Mithridates,  who 
placed  on  the  vacant  throne,  his  own  son, 
whom  he  called  the  IXth  Ariarathes. 

Arias  Montanus,  Benedict,  a  native 
of  Seville,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
modern  and  ancient  literature.  He  was 
engaged  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  publish 
an  edition  of  the  polyglot  Bible,  which  he 
completed,  and  published  at  Antwerp, 
1569,-1572,  in  8  vols,  folio.  The  monarch 
liberally  offered  the  author  a  bishopric,  but 
it  was  modestly  refused,  and  only  a  pension 
of  2000  ducats  accepted,  and  the  honour  of 
being  chaplain  to  the  king.  Arias  wrote 
some  biblical  and  historical  treatises,  be- 
sides translating  the  Psalter  into  Latin 
verse.     He  died  1598,  in  his  7lst  year. 

Arias,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  author 
of  several  theological  treatises.  He  died 
1605,  aged  72. 

Aribert,  son  of  Clothaire  II.  king  of 
France,  obtained  part  of  Aquitaine  as  his 
patrimony  from  his  elder  brother,  Dagcbert 
I.  He  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king 
at  Toulouse,  and  died  two  years  after,  630. 
Arieh,  Jacob  Juda,  a  learned  rabbi  of 
Amsterdam,  in  the  17th  century,  author  of 
a  description  of  the  tabernacle,  which  has 
been  translated  from  the  Hebrew,  into 
Flemish,  Spanish,  and  Latin. 

Ariobarzanes  I.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
B.C.  91,  was  replaced  on  his   throne  by 


the  Romans,   after  his  expulsion  by  Ti- 
granes. 

Ariobarzanes  II.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
was  put  to  death  by  Cassius,  as  being  the 
friend  of  the  murdered  Caesar. 

Ariobarzanes  III.  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  and 
his  dominions  seized  by  the  Romans. 

Ariosti,  Attilio,  a  musician,  born  at 
Bologna.  He  was  at  first  of  tue  order  of 
the  Dominicans,  but  quitted  the  society 
with  the  permission  of  the  pope,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  composer  at  Bo- 
logna, and  Venice,  and  in  Germany.  He 
afterwards  came  to  England,  where  his 
abilities,  especially  his  masterly  execution 
on  the  viol  d'amore,  a  new  instrument, 
gained  him  applause  and  opulence.  He 
published,  by  subscription,  a  book  of  canta- 
tas, 1725  ;  but  how  soon  after  he  died,  is 
not  ascertained. 

Ariosto,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,  an  illus- 
trious poet,  born  at  Reggio,  1474,  of  a 
family  allied  to  the  dukes  of  Ferrara.  His 
early  genius  displayed  itself  in  the  compo- 
sition of  the  play  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe, 
which  he  acted  with  his  brothers  and  sis- 
ters ;  but  his  father,  like  the  father  of  Ovid, 
viewed  his  studies  with  a  jealous  eye,  and 
bade  him  forsake  the  muses,  for  the  bar. 
After  his  father's  decease,  he  returned  to 
his  favourite  pursuits,  and,  under  the 
friendly  patronage  of  Hippolito,  cardinal 
d'Este,  he  began  the  plan  of  a  poem,  which 
was  to  immortalize  the  Italian  muse.  He 
was  invited  to  write  in  Latin  by  cardinal 
Bembo  ;  but  with  the  ardour  of  a  poet  he 
replied,  that  he  aspired  to  the  first  rank  of 
Italian  composition,  and  knew  he  must  be 
placed  only  second,  as  the  votary  of  the 
Latin  muse.  He  read  with  attention  the 
works  of  Homer  and  Virgil,  and,  with  a 
mind  stored  with  all  the  learning  of  ancient 
times,  he  borrowed  a  subject  from  Bojar- 
do's  Orlando  Inamorato,  and  produced  his 
incomparable  poem  of  Orlando  Furioso. 
Though  peculiarly  devoted  to  poetry,  Ari- 
osto, however,  was  employed  in  negotia- 
tions ;  and  when,  on  the  death  of  Hippo- 
lito, Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara  succeeded 
as  patron  of  the  poet,  he  showed  his  regard 
for  him  by  appointing  him  governor  of 
Graffignana,  a  post  which  he  discharged 
with  honour  and  fidelity.  For  his  retire- 
ment, he  built  a  house  at  Ferrara ;  and 
when  questioned  why  he,  who  shone  in  the 
description  of  magnificent  halls,  and  splen- 
did palaces,  had  made  it  so  small,  he  re- 
plied, that  words  were  cheaper  placed  to- 
gether than  stones.  He  read  his  poems 
with  so  sweet  a  voice,  that  his  friends  were 
enraptured  to  hear  him  ;  and  he  possessed 
so  delicate  an  ear,  with  so  choleric  a  tem- 
per, that  he  once  entered  into  a  potter's 
shop,  who  had  been  repeating  some  of  his 
verses,  with  an  improper  accent,  and  broke 
103 


ARI 


ARI 


a  great  number  of  the  pots  exposed  to  sale. 
The  man  expostulated  in  vain  at  the  vio- 
lence of  the  stranger.  I  have  not  sufli- 
cientl ,  revenged  myself  on  thee,  exclaimed 
Ariosto  ;  I  have  broke  only  a  few  pots,  and 
you  have  spoiled  the  most  beautiful  of  com- 
positions to  my  face.  Ariosto  was  of  a 
sickly  constitution,  and  was  frequently 
attended  by  physicians.  He  died  at  Ferra- 
ra,  8th  July,  1533,  in  his  59th  year.  A 
bust  was  erected  to  his  memory,  with  an 
epitaph  written  by  himself.  He  had  two 
sons  by  a  favourite,  called  Alexandra, 
whom  he  would  have  married,  had  he  not 
been  apprehensive  of  losing  his  benefices. 
The  Orlando  Furioso  has  been  deservedly 
extolled,  and  it  ranks  high  after  Homer. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  poetry  ;  he 
passes  with  incredible  rapidity  and  ease 
from  the  terrible  to  the  tender,  from  the 
soft  to  the  sublime  ;  every  character  is  in- 
teresting ;  his  heroes  are  valiant  without 
rashness  ;  and  his  heroines  are  feminine 
without  vulgarity  ;  and  nature  appears  in 
all  her  native  majesty,  adorned  by  all  the 
graces  of  art,  and  recommended  by  the 
most  enchanting  language  of  poetry.  Be- 
sides the  Orlando,  Ariosto  wrote  seven 
satires,  five  comedies,  sonnets,  ballads,  &c. 
His  life  has  been  written  by  Sir  John  Har- 
rington, prefixed  to  a  translation  of  the 
Orlando  Furioso,  in  1634;  and  in  1783, 
Hoole  gave  a  spirited  and  elegant  version 
of  this  admired  poem. 

Ariosto,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet, 
was  himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet,  in 
the  style  of  Statius.  His  poems  were  pub- 
lished at  Ferrara,  1582.  He  died  1552. 
His  son  Horace  was  born  at  Ferrara,  and 
died  there  1593,  aged  38.  He  was  author 
of  a  spirited  defence  of  his  uncle's  poem 
against  Pelegrino  ;  and  he  himself  compo- 
sed, besides  comedies,  a  poem  called  Al- 
pheus. 

Ariovistus,  king  of  Germany,  assisted 
the  Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was 
defeated  by  J.  Caesar. 

Aripert,  king  of  Lombardy,  succeeded 
his  father  Ragimbert,  702.  He  was  cruel 
and  vindictive  in  his  conduct,  and  was 
drowned  as  he  attempted  to  swim  across  a 
river,  to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  his 
enemies,  736. 

Arisi,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremo- 
na, who  died  25th  January,  1743,  aged  86. 
Among  his  valuable  works  is  Cremona 
litcrata,  3  vols.  fol. 

Arist^en^etes,   author  of  elegant  love 
epistles  in  Greek,  died  at  Nicomedia,  358. 
Aristander,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Aristarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Samos, 
said  first  to  have  supported  the  diurnal  re- 
volution of  the  earth. 

Aristarchus,  a  grammarian  of  Samo- 
thracc,  patronised  bv  Ptolemv,  B.  C.  160. 
110 


Aristarchus,  a  Jew  of  Thcssalonica, 
the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 
Aristeas,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 
Aristeas,  one  of  the  70  translators  of 
the    Septuagint  at   the  court  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Aristeus,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B.C. 

Aristides,  a  celebrated   Athenian,  the 
friend  of  Themistocles.     His  virtues  and ' 
services  were  such,  that  he  received  the 
honourable  appellation  of  just.     He  died  in 
great  poverty,  about  467  B.  C. 

Aristides,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and 
wrote  an  apology  for  the  Christians,  A.  D. 
125. 

Aristides,  a  sophist  of  Mysia,  who  ob- 
tained from  the  emperor  the  rebuilding  of 
Smyrna,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake,  178. 

Aristides,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  B.  C. 
340,  one  of  whose  best  pieces  represented 
the  taking  of  a  town  by  storm. 

Aristides,  a  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

Aristippus,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene, 
disciple  to  Socrates,  died  about  400  B.  C. 
he  placed  pleasure  as  the  chief  good  of  man. 

Aristo,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Cos, 
B.  C.  260.  He  maintained  that  virtue  is 
the  supreme  good. 

Aristo,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher,  B.  C. 
230. 

Aristo,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

Aristobulus  I.  high-priest,  and  king  of 
the  Jews,  after  his  father  Hyrcanus.  He 
died  B.  C.  104. 

Aristobulus  II.  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
naeus,  was  deposed  by  Pompey,  and  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome,  where  he  was  poisoned, 
B.  C.  45. 

Aristobulus,  an  Alexandrian  Jew,  who 
united  the  Peripatetic  philosophy  with  the 
laws  of  Moses. 

Aristobulus,  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  made  high-priest,  but  was  after- 
wards put  to  death  by  Herod,  who  was 
jealous  of  his  popularity,  B.  C.  36. 

Aristogiton,  an  Athenian,  celebrated 
for  his  union  with  Harmodius,  by  which  the 
tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidae  was  abolished 
at  Athens,  B.  C.  516. 

Aristomenes,  a  Messenian,  whose 
courage  caused  his  countrymen  to  oppose 
and  avenge  the  oppression  of  the  Spartans, 
B.  C.  685.  He  was  successful  in  various 
battles. 

Aristophanes,  a  celebrated  comic  wri- 
ter of  Athens,  in  the  age  of  Socrates.  He 
united  the  greatest  wit,  with  the  most  biting 
satire,  and,  in  those  days,  when  living  cha- 
racters could  be  attacked  on  the  stage  with 
impunity,  his  influence  was  very  great. 
Socrates,  among  others,  felt  the  bitterness 


ARK 


ARL 


of  his    sarcasms.      Only  eleven   of  his 
pieces  are  preserved. 

Aristotle,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Stagira.  He  was  employed  as  the  tutor  of 
Alexander  the  Great ;  but  his  fame  is  built 
on  the  works  which  he  composed  on  ethics, 
poetry,  politics,  physic,  logic,  &c.  He  died 
about  323  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Euripus,  because  he  could 
not  explain  satisfactorily  the  causes  of  the 
flux  and  reflux. 

Aristoxenus,  a  Grecian  philosopher  of 
Tarentum,  the  disciple  of  Aristotle,  about 
324  B.  C. 

Arius,  founder  of  the  sect  of  the 
Arians,  was  an  African  by  birth.  Disap- 
pointment made  him  a  sectary.  He  pro- 
pagated the  opinion,  that  the  Word  was  not 
a  divine  person  ;  and  the  heresy,  though 
condemned  by  various  councils,  gained  fol- 
lowers, and  excited  schisms  in  the  Roman 
empire.  The  Nicene  creed  was  drawn 
up  to  combat  his  errors.  He  was  the  violent 
enemy  of  Athanasius.  He  died  at  Alex- 
andria, 386. 

Arkel,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  educated  under  Limborch  and 
Le  Clerc.  He  was  eminent  among  the 
Arminian  preachers,  and  died  1724,  aged 
54.  He  is  author  of  Hadriani  Junii,  Ro- 
mani  medici,  animadversis,  and  de  coma 
commentarius,  &c. 

Arkenholz,  John,  a  native  of  Helsing- 
fors  in  Sweden.  He  studied  at  Upsal,  and 
obtained  the  place  of  registrar,  which  he 
lost  for  writing  against  cardinal  Fleury,  in 
his  considerations  sur  la  France  par  raport 
a  la  Suede,  written  at  Paris.  In  1743,  he 
obtained  the  office  of  secretary  of  public 
accounts,  and  was  appointed,  in  1746, 
keeper  of  the  cabinet  curiosities  of  Cassel. 
He  died  1777,  author  of  some  treatises 
on  political  subjects,  memoirs  of  queen 
Christina,  &c.  He  also  published  Grotius' 
letters  to  that  queen,  and  began  a  history 
of  Frederic,  never  completed. 

Arkwright,  Sir  Richard,  a  man  who 
rose  to  opulence  and  reputation,  from  the 
humble  station  of  penny  barber,  in  Bolton, 
Lancashire.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the 
spinning  jenny,  a  system  of  machinery 
which,  by  his  genius  and  perseverance,  and 
by  the  assistance  of  Cay,  a  watch-maker 
of  Warrington,  and  Atherton  of  Liver- 
pool, was  made  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the 
labour  of  spinning  cotton,  and  which  has 
introduced  plenty  and  independence  among 
the  lower  orders  of  the  community,  by 
giving  employment  to  the  industry  of  many 
thousand  families.  This  enterprising  man, 
after  trying  his  fortune  at  Preston  with 
Smalley,  and  at  Nottingham,  raised  exten- 
sive works  at  Cromford-bridge,  Derbyshire, 
where  he  built  a  beautiful  mansion,  and  a 
church,  in  which  his  remains  were  deposit- 
ed.   When  sheriff  for  the  county,  he  was 


knighted,'and  at  his  death,  3d  August,  179U, 
he  left  property  to  the  amount  of  nearly 
half  a  million. 

Arlaud,  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Ge- 
neva, eminent  as  a  painter.  He  came  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  patronised  by  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  the  kingdom, 
and  afterwards  passed  to  London.  His 
most  celebrated  piece  was  a  copy  of  Leda, 
which  at  last,  in  a  moment  of  superstitious 
devotion,  he  himself  destroyed,  by  cutting 
it  in  an  anatomical  style,  and  dividing  the 
limbs  among  his  friends.  A  copy  of  this 
celebrated  picture  was  sold  in  London  for 
600/.  He  died  at  Geneva,  May  25,  1743, 
aged  75. 

Arlotta,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Falaise, 
daughter  of  a  tanner.  She  was  seen 
gazing  at  her  door  by  Robert,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, as  he  passed  through  the  street ; 
and  he  made  her  his  mistress.  She  had  by 
him  the  conqueror  William  ;  and  after 
Robert's  death,  she  married  Herluin,  a  Nor- 
man gentleman,  by  whom  she  had  three 
children,  for  whom  William  honourably 
provided. 

Arlotto,  a  native  of  Magello,  in  Tus- 
cany, 1385,  whose  right  name  was  Main- 
ardi,  though  he  is  better  known  as  Arlotto. 
He  was  early  brought  up  in  the  trade  of 
the  woollen  manufacture,  which  formed  the 
employment  and  the  consequence  of  the 
Florentines  ;  but  he  left  it  for  the  church  ; 
and  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  the 
rural  deanery  of  St.  Cresci  in  the  diocess 
of  Fiesole.  The  income  of  this  was  suffi- 
ciently large  to  maintain  him  in  ease  and 
independence  ;  and  as  residence  was  not 
required,  he  indulged  his  partiality  for 
foreign  countries  by  travelling.  He  visit- 
ed London  where  he  was  noticed  by  Ed- 
ward IV.  and  after  a  series  of  strange  ad- 
ventures, he  returned  to  his  native  country. 
As  he  possessed  an  inexhaustible  fund  of 
genuine  humour,  he  was  the  companion  of 
the  gay  and  the  dissipated,  and  he  fre- 
quently forgot  the  dignity  of  his  ecclesias- 
tical character,  by  descending  during  the 
most  solemn  services,  to  the  low  buffoone- 
ry of  a  mimic,  or  the  broad  jest  of  a  de- 
bauchee. On  his  return  to  his  deanery, 
he  swore  that  he  would  clear  his  church  of 
mice  ;  and  accordingly  the  animals  were 
caught  and  confined  in  great  numbers  in  a 
glass  cage  for  a  month.  Only  one  survi- 
ved this  dreadful  punishment,  it  was  re- 
stored to  liberty,  with  a  little  bell  about  its 
neck,  which  served  to  scare  away  the 
whole  race,  and  it  was  alive  three  years  af- 
terwards. Among  the  patrons  and  friends 
of  Arlotto  were  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  and  his 
brother  Guliano,  who  loved  him  for  his 
levity  and  the  witticisms  of  his  conversa- 
tion. He  died  at  Florence,  1483,  in  his 
98th  vear,  and  was  buried  in  a  tomb,  which 
11 L 


ARM 


ARM 


ten  years   before  he  had  prepared  in  St. 
James'  church  there. 

Ajlmagnac,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  France,  was  raised  to  the  highest  dig- 
nities in  the  national  church.  He  died 
about  1408. 


called,  1603,  he  distinguished  himself  by- 
three  valuable  orations  on  the  object  of 
theology — on  the  author  and  end  of  it — 
and  on  the  certainty  of  it  ;  and  he  after- 
wards explained  the  prophet  Jonah.  In 
his  public  and   private    life,   Arminius  has 


Armagnac,  Bernard  count  d',  brother  of    been    admired   for   his    moderation;    and 


the  preceding,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
party  of  Orleans  by  the  queen  of  Charles 
VI.  of  France.  He  quarrelled  with  his 
benefactress,  and  was  some  time  afterwards 
assassinated,  during  an  insurrection,  1418. 

Armellino,  Francis,  a  banker,  made 
cardinal  by  Leo  X.  who  found  him  an  able 
minister  in  the  art  of  raisina;  money.  He 
became  unpopular  on  account  of  the 
taxes  which  he  recommended.  He  died 
1527. 

Armenonville,    Joseph     John    Baptist 


though  many  gross  insinuations  have  been 
thrown  against  him,  yet  his  memory  has 
been  fully  vindicated  by  the  ablest  pens, 
and  he  seemed  entitled  to  the  motto  which 
he  assumed, — a  good  conscience  is  a  para- 
dise. A  life  of  perpetual  labour  and  vexa- 
tion of  mind  at  last  brought  on  a  sickness 
of  which  he  died,  October  19,  1619.  His 
writings  were  all  on  controversial  and  theo- 
logical subjects,  and  were  published  in  1 
vol.  4to.  Frankfort,  1631.  The  Armi- 
nians,  in  the  number  of  whom  appear  Gro- 


Fleurion  d',  a  French  statesman,  keeper  of    tius,  Episcopius,  Courcelle,  Le  Clerc,  &.c. 


the  seals  from  1722  to  1727,  when  he  was 
dismissed.     He  died  the  following  year. 

Arminius,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Catti, 
called  the  deliverer  of  Germany.  Though 
noticed  and  honoured  by  Augustus,  he  de- 
termined to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  his  en- 
slaved country.  The  Romans  were  de- 
feated under  Varus,  and  Arminius  at  last, 
after  various  encounters  with  the  enemy, 
was  assassinated,  A.  D.  21. 

Arminius,  James,  a  native  of  Oude-wa- 


are  still  numerous  and  powerful  in  Holland. 
They  maintain,  that  man  is  made  by  God  a 
free  agent,  and  that  providence  before-hand 
decrees  his  salvation  or  damnation,  which, 
however,  totally  depend  upon  his  own  un- 
influenced action  :  a  doctrine  directly  op- 
posed by  the  Calvinistical  tenets  of  predes- 
tination. Of  these  important  opinions, 
Burnet  has  given  an  account  in  his  exposi- 
tion of  the  17th  article. 

Armstrong,    Thomas    an     active    sup- 


ter,  in  Holland,  1560,  founder  of  the  sect  of  porter  of  the  royal  cause  during  the  civil 
the  Arminians.  As  he  lost  his  father  early,  wars,  for  which  he  was  honoured  with 
he    was  supported    at    the    university    of    knighthood.     Cromwell  knew  and  dreaded 


Utrecht,  and  of  Marpurg,  by  the  liberality 
of  his  friends  ;  but  when  he  returned  home, 
in  the  midst  of  the  ravages  caused  by  the 
Spanish  arms,  instead  of  being  received  by 
his  mother,  he  found  that  she,  as  well  as 
her  daughters,  and  all  her  family,  had  been 
sacrificed  to  the  wantonness  of  the  fero- 
cious enemy.  His  distress  was  for  a  while 
inconsolable,  but  the  thirst  after  distinction 
called  him  to  the  newly  founded  university 
of  Leyden,   where   his    industry   acquired 


his  abilities,  therefore,  he  seized  his  person, 
and  threatened  to  put  him  to  death.  After 
the  restoration,  Armstrong  showed  the 
most  violent  opposition  to  popery ;  and 
when  Monmouth  was  determined  on  re- 
bellion, he  espoused  his  cause,  and  visited 
with  him  the  guards,  with  the  intention 
either  of  attacking  them  by  force,  or  gain- 
ing them  by  artifice.  These  bold  measures 
rendered  him  suspected  to  the  government ; 
and  he   fled  from   the  country,  and  was  in 


him  the  protection    of   the   magistrates  of    consequence   outlawed.     His  persecutors, 


Amsterdam,  at  whose  expense  he  travelled 
to  Geneva  and  Italy,  to  hear  the  Lectures 
of  Theodore  Beza  and  James  Zabarella. 
On  his  return  to  Holland,  he  was  ordained 
minister  of  Amsterdam,  1588;  and  so 
great  was  his  popularity,  and  so  powerful 
his  eloquence,  that  he  was  every  where 
followed  by  admiring  auditors,  and  the 
enemies  of  his  doctrines  and  of  his  suc- 
cess were  s  lenced  by  the  solidity  of  his  ar- 
guments, by  the  perseverance  of  his  mind, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  heart.  In  theolo- 
gical disputes  upon  grace,  and  other  con- 
tested points  he  preserved  his  high  reputa- 
tion ;  and  though  not  only  his  friends  but 
the  magistrates  frequently  interfered  in  the 
dispute,  the  force  of  his  reasoning  was 
never  weakened,  or  his  learning  misapplied 


however,  seized  him  abroad,  and  he  was 
brought  to  London,  and  executed  without 
a  trial,  20th  June,  1684. 

Armstrong,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated 
poet,  born  at  Castleton,  Edinburghshire, 
where  his  father  and  brother  were  minis- 
ters. He  took  his  degrees  of  M.  D.  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  1732,  but  he  did 
not  meet  with  the  success  in  his  profession 
which  his  merits  deserved.  His  first  exer- 
tions for  the  amusement  of  the  public,  were 
some  small  medical  tracts,  which  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  economy  of  love,  a  poem  after 
the  manner  of  Ovid,  objectionable  for  its 
licentiousness,  though  admired  for  the 
spirit  of  its  lines,  corrected  and  purged  in 
the  edition  of  176S.  In  1744,  the  art  of 
preserving   health  was   published,   and  on 


in   indecent  invectives.      As  professor  of    this  great  and  highly  finished  performance, 
divinity  at  Leyden,  to  which  office  he  was    the  fame  of  Armstrong    totally  depends. 
112 


ARM 


ARN 


By  means  of  his  friends,  the  poet  was  re- 
commended to  the  notice  of  the  great.  He 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  lame  and 
sick  soldiers,  behind  Buckingham-house, 
and  in  1760,  he  was  made  physician  to  the 
army  in  Germany.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
he  wrote  his  poem  called  "  Day,"  inscribed 
to  John  Wilkes ;  and  the  freedom  of  re- 
mark which  he  used  in  one  passage  upon 
Churchill  not  only  drew  the  vengeance  of 
the  satirist  upon  him,  but  dissolved  the 
friendship  which  had  before  cordially  ex- 
isted with  Wilkes.  He  collected  his  scat- 
tered pieces  which  he  published  in  1770, 
and  the  following  year  he  wrote  a  short 
ramble  through  France  and  Italy  by  Lan- 
celot Temple.  He  died  in  September, 
1779,  leaving  behind  him  about  3000/.  a  sum 
which  surprised  his  friends,  as  they  knew 
that  his  income  was  small,  and  that  his 
heart  was  generous.  Mr.  Nicholl's  anec- 
dotes of  Bowyer  contain  some  further  par- 
ticulars of  this  great  and  ingenious  man. 
His  medical  essays  appeared  collected  in  1 
volume  4to.  1773.  Of  these  the  essay  for 
abridging  the  study  of  physic  was  first 
printed  1735,  and  the  synopsis  of  the  history 
and  cure  of  the  venereal  disease  in  1737, 
8vo.  His  sketches  or  essays  on  various 
subjects  by  Lancelot  Temple  were  printed 
1738. 

Armstrong,  John,  a  native  of  Leith, 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  M.A.,  and  where  he  published 
his  juvenile  poems,  and  an  essay  on  the 
means  of  punishing  and  preventing  crimes. 
He  came  to  London  about  1793,  and  earned 
a  scanty  subsistence  by  writing  for  the 
newspapers,  and  preaching  among  the  dis- 
senters. He  died,  after  a  short  illness,  in 
his  26th  year,  1797. 

Armstrong,  John,  general  in  the  army 
of  the  American  revolution,  signalized 
himself  on  several  occasions  in  the  wars 
with  the  Indians,  previous  to  the  contest 
with  the  parent  country.  He  enjoyed  in  a 
high  degree  the  confidence  of  the  proprie- 
tors of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  resorted  to 
for  advice,  in  whatever  related  to  Indian 
affairs.  In  1776  congress  raised  him  from 
the  rank  of  Colonel  to  that  of  Brigadier 
General,  and  he  assisted  in  the  defence  of 
fort  Moultrie  in  South  Carolina,  and  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  with  the  reputation 
of  an  able  officer.  In  1777  in  consequence 
ef  the  appointment  of  younger  officers  to 
the  rank  of  Major  General,  he  resigned  his 
commission,  and  left  the  army  with  the 
character  of  an  experienced  veteran.  He 
was  afterwards  a  delegate  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  congress,  and  sustained  a  number 
of  honourable  offices.  He  was  a  professor 
of  Christianity,  and  died  at  Carlisle,  March 
9th,  1795.  (CF  L. 

Armyne,  Lady  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
Talbot,  the  fourth   son  of  George,  earl  of 

Vol.  I.  1  5 


Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  William  Armyne, 
and  rendered  herself  distinguished  by  her 
piety  and  benevolence,  as  well  as  her  know- 
ledge of  history,  of  divinity,  and  of  the 
languages.  She  was  very  liberal  to  the 
poor,  and  contributed  largely  towards  the 
encouragement  and  support  of  the  mis- 
sionaries sent  to  North  America.  She 
also  endowed  three  hospitals,  and  died 
1675. 

Arnald,  Richard,  B.D.  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Benet's  and  Emanuel  Col- 
lege, and  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Thur- 
caston  in  Leicestershire.  He  published 
several  sermons,  and  besides  a  commentary 
on  Wisdom,  on  Ecclesiasticus,  &c.  but  his 
best  known  performance  is  his  commentary 
on  the  apocrypha.  He  died  1756  ;  and 
his  widow,  daughter  of  Mr.  Wood,  rector 
of  Wilford,  Nottingham,  11th  April,  1782. 
His  son,  Dr.  Arnald,  was  patronised  by 
Dr.  Hurd,  bishop  of  Worcester. 

Arnall,  William,  an  attorney's  clerk, 
who  became  a  political  writer  in  the  pay  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole.  It  appears  from  the 
report  of  a  secret  committee,  that,  in  four 
years,  he  received  10,997i.  6s.  3d.  for  his 
pamphlets ;  and  though  so  liberally  re- 
warded, he  died  of  a  broken  heart,  and  in 
debt,  1741,  aged  26. 

Arnaud  de  Meyrville,  or  Mereuil,  a 
poet  of  Provence,  in  the  service  of  vis- 
count Beziers,  of  whose  wife  he  became 
deeply  enamoured.  He  praised  the  lady 
in  anonymous  lines  ;  and  when  at  last  dis- 
covered, he  was  not  discarded,  but  received 
valuable  presents  from  the  hands  of  a  wo- 
man who  had  the  virtue  to  pity  and  not  t® 
inflame  his  passion.     He  died  1220. 

ArnaUd  de  Villa  Nova,  a  physician, 
who  improved  himself  by  travelling  through 
Europe,  and  created  himself  enemies  by 
having  recourse  to  astrology.  He  enjoyed 
some  reputation  at  Paris,  and  afterwards 
retired  to  Sicily,  to  Frederic  king  of  Arra- 
gon.  He  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa  as  he  was  returning  to  attend  pope 
Clement,  who  laboured  under  a  severe 
illness,  1310  or  1313.  His  works  ap- 
peared at  Lyons,  2  vols,  folio,  1520,  and 
Basil,  1585. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  an  advocate,  of  Paris, 
born  1550.  He  was  attorney-general  to 
Catharine  de  Medici,  and  acquired  opulence 
and  reputation,  by  the  exertion  of  his  abili- 
ties, and  particularly  distinguished  himself 
in  defending,  with  success,  the  university 
of  Paris,  where  he  had  been  educated, 
against  the  Jesuits,  1594.  He  married  Ca- 
tharine, daughter  of  the  advocate-general, 
Marion.  Bayle  denies  his  being  of  the. 
reformed  religion.  He  died  in  his  60th, 
or,  according  to  some,  in  his  70th  or  103d 
year. 

Arnaud  D'  Andilli,  Robert,  eldest  son 
of  the   preceding,  was  early  introduced  a* 
113 


\1L\ 


AKN 


court,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as 
the  friend  of  the  great,  and  the  patron  of 
genius  and  learning.  He  retired  in  his  55th 
year,  to  the  convent  of  Port  Royal  des 
Champs,  and  employed  himself  not  only  to 
study,  but  to  the  cultivation  of  trees,  the 
fruit  of  which  he  yearly  presented  to  queen 
Anne  of  Austria.  He  died  1674,  in  his  86th 
year.  He  was  author  of  memoirs  of  his 
own  life— memoirs  of  the  house  of  Portu- 
gal— besides  a  translation  of  Josephus,  and 
other  works. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Paris,  February  6,  1612. 
He  was  originally  intended  for  the  law ;  but 
the  representations  of  his  friends  and  of 
St.  Cyren  prevailed  upon  him  to  study  divi- 
nity, in  which  he  took  his  degrees  at  the 
Sorborne.  He  was  engaged  in  the  contro- 
versy of  the  times  upon  grace,  and  sided, 
like  his  family,  with  the  Jansenists  against 
the  Jesuits,  and  supported  the  cause  with 
great  ability  and  vehement  zeal.  In  one  of 
his  public  letters,  however,  he  proceeded 
farther  than  propriety  or  prudence  permit- 
ted ;  for  which  he  was  expelled  from  the 
faculty  of  divinity  ;  and  it  was  during  this 
suspension  of  popular  favour  that  he  re- 
tired, and  for  twenty-five  years  devoted 
himself  to  the  composition  of  those  works 
in  logic,  geometry,  grammar,  theology,  and 
metaphysics,  which  have  immortalized  his 
name.  On  his  return  to  public  life,  he 
was  presented  to  the  king,  and  recovered 
his  popularity  ;  but  the  violence  and  ani- 
mosity of  his  enemies  drove  him  a  second 
time,  1679,  into  obscurity  in  the  Nether- 
lands, where  he  continued  his  controver- 
sial labours  against  the  Calvinists  and  Je- 
suits. He  died  in  his  82d  year,  9th  August, 
1694,  desiring  that  his  heart  might  be  de- 
posited in  the  Port  Royal.  He  was  a  man 
of  a  mild  and  inoffensive  character,  of  no 
very  promising  appearance,  but  endowed 
with  uncommon  powers  of  mind.  The 
Jesuits  carried  their  hatred  against  him  so 
far  as  to  destroy  the  sheet  which  Perrault, 
in  his  panegyric  of  great  men,  had  written 
in  his  favour.  His  works  are  very  nume- 
rous. His  letters,  after  his  death,  were 
published  in  9  vols,  by  father  Quesnel. 

Arnaud,  Henry,  brother  of  Robert  and 
Anthony,  was  made  bishop  of  Toul  ;  but 
as  his  election  was  disputed,  he  was  not 
put  into  possession.  He  was  employed  as 
a  negotiator  at  the  court  of  Rome  ;  and,  on 
his  return,  in  1649,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Angers,  where,  like  a  father,  he  protected 
the  poor,  and  by  the  most  exemplary  vir- 
tues discharged  the  high  duties  of  his  office. 
When  the  queen  mother  marched  -  with  an 
army  to  punish  the  rebellion  of  Angers,  the 
good  bishop  disarmed  her  resentment,  in 
his  administration  of  the  sacrament.  Take, 
says  he,  to  the  incensed  princess,  the  body 
yf  him  who  forgave  his  enemies  a«  he  wbb 
114 


dying  onthc  cross.  An  interesting  aceount 
of  his  negotiations  was  published  at  Paris, 
in  5  vols.  12mo.  1748.  He  died  at  Angers, 
June  8,  1692,  in  his  95th  year. 

Arnaud,  Angelique,  sister  of  Henry, 
was  abbess  of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  and 
distinguished  herself  by  the  reformation 
and  the  sanctity  which  she  introduced  there, 
and  afterwards  also  at  the  convent  of  Mau- 
buisson,  where  she  presided  five  years. 
She  removed  afterwards  to  Paris,  with  the 
king's  permission,  and  died  1661,  aged  65. 
Six  sisters  of  her  family,  with  their  mother, 
passed  the  evening  of  their  life  in  her 
convent. 

Arnaud,  de  Brescie,  a  bold  and  inde- 
pendent ecclesiastic,  the  disciple  of  Peter 
Abelard,  in  the  12th  century,  who  main- 
tained, that  it  was  unlawful  for  the  clergy 
to  hold  a  temporal  estate.  On  the  death 
of  Innocent  II.  by  whom  he  had  been  con- 
demned, and  obliged  to  fly  to  Switzerland, 
he  attacked  the  papal  power,  drove  the 
pontiff"  from  Rome,  and  reformed  the  go- 
vernment of  the  city.  He  was  afterwards 
seized,  and  by  order  of  Adrian  IV.  he  was 
burnt  alive,  in  1115,  and  his  ashes  thrown 
into  the  Tiber.  Some  of  his  followers 
came  to  England,  1160;  but  were  all  put 
to  death,  as  persons  dangerous  and  hostile 
to  the  happiness  of  the  state. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  was 
abbot  of  Chaumes.  He  lived  with  his 
uncle  the  bishop  of  Angers,  and  died  1698, 
author  of  some  memoirs,  in  three  vols. 
12mo. 

Arnaud,  Francis,  a  native  of  Carpen- 
tras,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  literary  labours,  in 
connexion  with  Sicard,  especially  the  Ga- 
zette Literaire  de  l'Europe — in  the  journal 
etranger — and  in  pieces  on  philosophy, 
literature,  and  the  arts,  4  vols.  l2mo. 
1770  ;  and  he  died  at  Paris,  2d  Dec.  1784. 

Arnaud,  Simon,  marquis  of  Pompone, 
was  brother  to  the  preceding,  and  known 
at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  able  ne- 
gotiator, and  as  an  ambassador  to  the 
Hague  and  Stockholm.  He  was  afterwards 
made  secretary  of  state,  an  office  from 
which  he  was  soon  removed.  He  died 
1699,  aged  81. 

Arnaud,  Henry  Charles,  son  of  Simon, 
was  born  at  the  Hague.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  ecclesiastic,  and  more  as  a 
statesman  in  the  character  of  an  ambassa- 
dor to  the  court  of  Vienna,  and  as  chan- 
cellor.    He  died  1756,  in  his  87th  year. 

Arnaud,  Francis,  Thomas  Marie  de  Ba- 
culard  d',  a  French  writer,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1716.  He  was  educated  among 
the  Jesuits,  and  in  very  early  youth  gave 
proofs  of  a  poetical  genius,  which  procured 
him  the  friendship  of  Voltaire.  He  visited 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  called  him  his 
Ovid,  which  excited  the  envy  and  the  ridi- 


ARN 


ARN 


cule  of  the  wits,  to  such  a  degree,  that  he 
returned  to  France,  where  he  died  in  1805. 
His  writings  consist  of  novels,  poems,  and 
plays,  in  12  vols.  8vo. —  W.  B. 

Arndt,  John,  a  native  of  Bellenstadt  in 
Anhalt,  known  as  minister  of  Quedlinburg, 
and  afterwards  of  Brunswick,  where  his 
abilities  as  preacher  were  obstinately  op- 
posed by  the  envy  of  his  ecclesiastical 
brethren.  As  he  lived  in  times  when  con- 
troversial points  were  disputed  upon  with 
acrimony,  he  felt  the  rancour  of  opposite 
opinions.  He  was  for  eleven  years  minis- 
ter of  Kell,  on  the  presentation  of  the  duke 
of  Lunenberg,  where  he  died  1621.  His 
chief  work  is  his  treatise  of  true  Chris- 
tianity, in  4  books,  in  German,  which,  on 
account  of  its  excellence,  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages,  and  among 
others,  into  English,  by  Boehm,  and  dedica- 
ted to  queen  Anne,  1712,  in  8vo.  in  3  vols. 

Arndt,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic  at 
Rostock,  died  at  Gustrof,  the  place  of  his 
birth,  5th  April,  1687,  in  his  61st  year.  He 
wrote  miscellanea  sacra,  8vo.  1648 — trac- 
iatus  de  superstitione,  Leipsic,  1707,  4to. 
Clavis  antiquit.  Jud.  &c.  His  son  Charles 
was  professor  of  poetry  and  Hebrew  at 
Mechlin,  and  died  1721,  author  of  some 
teamed  dissertations  in  the  Leipsic  miscel- 
lany. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  son  of  an 
sipholsterer  in  Covent-Garden,  whom  Ad- 
dison characterized  in  the  Tatler,  No.  155 
and  160.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
bound  to  an  attorney  :  but  he  possessed  a 
strong  inclination  for  music,  and  soon  rose 
to  be  leader  of  the  band  at  Drury  Lane. 
He  composed,  in  1733,  the  music  for  Addi- 
son's opera  of  Rosamond,  in  1738,  that 
for  Milton's  Comus,  and  in  1740,  that  of 
Mallet's  masque  of  Alfred,  in  which  Rule 
Britannia  was  first  introduced  :  and,  in 
consequence  of  his  high  reputation,  he  was 
created  Mus.  D.  at  Oxford,  in  1759.  He 
died  of  a  spasm  in  the  lungs,  March  5, 
1778,  author  of  the  favourite  opera  of  Ar- 
taxerxes,  the  Guardian  outwitted,  and  the 
Rose.  Mrs.  Cibber,  the  famous  actress, 
was  his  sister.  Though  apparently  little 
attached  to  religion,  he  was  a  catholic,  and 
died  a  penitent  son  of  Rome. 

Arngrim,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Ireland,  who  wrote  a  piece  on  the  Ru- 
nic letters,  found  in  Olaus  Wormius'  col- 
lection, besides  other  tracts  illustrative  of 
the  history  of  his  country.  He  died  about 
1649. 

ArnisjEus,  Kenningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Helmstadt.  He  is  known 
for  his  able  political  treatises  in  defence  of 
the  authority  of  princes.  He  travelled 
through  France  and  England,  and  was 
honoured  with  the  place  of  counsellor  and 
physician  to  the  king  of  Denmark.  He 
'lied  November,  1635. 


Arnobius,  rhetorical  professor  at  Sicca. 
in  Njumidia,  at  the  end  of  the  3d  century, 
was  a  viofent  enemy  to  Christianity,  and 
afterwards  its  steadfast  friend. 

Arnobius,  a  native  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  Psalms,  and  of  a  de- 
fence of  the  Pelagians  in  the  5th  century. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  educated  under  Gates  and  Nares, 
at  St.  James'  chapel.  His  cure  of  Saul, 
and  his  prodigal  son,  obtained  him  great 
applause  and  celebrity,  so  that,  in  1778,  he. 
was  honoured  with  the  degree  of  Mus.  D. 
by  the  university  of  Oxford.  After  leaving 
Covent-Garden,  where  he  first  appeared, 
1760,  he  became  proprietor  of  the  fashion- 
able Marybone  gardens  ;  and,  in  1783,  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Nares  as  Organist  of  the  royal 
chapel.  He  was  also  organist  of  West- 
minster abbey,  in  which  his  remains  are 
deposited.  He  died  13th  Oct.  1802.  Be- 
sides musical  compositions,  he  began  a 
splendid  edition  of  Handel's  works,  in  1786. 

Arnold,  of  Brescia.      Vid.  Arnaud. 

Arnold,  Nicolas,  a  protestant  of  Lesna, 
who  improved  himself  by  travelling,  and 
afterwards  succeeded  to  the  professor's 
chair  of  theology,  at  Franeker,  in  Friesland, 
where  he  acquired  reputation  by  his  ser- 
mons and  polemical  works,  printed,  Leipsic, 
1598.     He  died  1630,  aged  62. 

Arnold,  Jeffery,  author  of  a  history  of 
mystical  theology,  and  of  a  history  of  the 
church  and  of  heretics,  printed,  Leipsic, 
1700,  besides  other  tracts,  was  a  zealous 
minister  of  Perleberg,  and  a  strong  advo- 
cate of  the  pietists.     He  died  1714. 

Arnold,  of  Hildesheim,  a  historian  of 
the  13th  century,  who  continued  Helmel- 
dus'  chronicle  of  the  Sclavonians,  published 
at  Lubec,  1659. 

Arnold,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Nu- 
remberg, who  studied  at  Altorf,  and  after- 
wards travelled  on  the  Continent  and  in 
England.  He  died  professor  at  Altorf, 
1685,  aged  58.  He  is  author  of  testi- 
monium Flavianum,  seu  epistolap,  30,  dc 
Josephi  testimonio  de  Christo  —  Ruperti 
historia  universalis  —  editions  of  Latin 
classics,  &c. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  succeeded  Roger  Williams  as  pre- 
sident of  that  colony,  in  1657,  and  was  ap- 
pointed its  governor  under  the  charter  in 
1663,  and  repeatedly  afterwards.  He  died 
in  167S.  tCFL. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  an  American,  born 
in  New-England,  and  brought  up  as  a  sur- 
geon. He  quitted  his  profession  for  the 
sea;  and  after  being  for  some  years  em- 
ployed as  master  and  supercargo  of  a 
trading  vessel,  he  embraced,  with  enthu- 
siasm, the  republican  cause  against  the 
mother-country,  and  took  the  command  of 
a  company  of  volunteers  at  New-Haven. 
His  good   conduct  raised  him   to  higher 


ARN 


ARR 


offices,  and  he  was,  for  the  boldness  of 
his  character,  pointed  out  to  make  ar>  at- 
tack, through  pathless  wilds,  upon  Canada. 
In  his  attempt  to  take  Quebec  by  surprise, 
he  received  a  wound  in  the  leg ;  and  upon 
the  failure  of  his  plans,  and  the  death  of 
his  gallant  associate,  Montgomery,  he  with- 
drew the  remains  of  his  forces  to  Crown 
Point.  He  was  afterwards  employed  in 
the  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain  ;  but  though 
he  seemed  attached  to  the  American  cause, 
cither  dissatisfaction,  or  the  fear  of  finding 
himself  on  the  vanquished  side,  induced 
him  to  open  a  negotiation  with  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  and,  as  a  proof  of  his  sincerity,  to 
deliver  up  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
West  Point,  of  which  he  had  the  command. 
In  the  attempt,  poor  Andre  was  sacrificed, 
and  Arnold,  with  difficulty,  escaped  on 
board  a  British  ship  of  war.  Here  he  was 
treated  with  respect,  and  honourably  em- 
ployed ;  and  on  the  unfortunate  conclusion 
of  the  war,  he  was  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion. He  was  afterwards  in  Nova  Scotia, 
and  in  the  West  Indies,  last  war,  where  he 
was  taken  by  the  French,  from  whom  he 
escaped.  He  returned  to  England,  and 
died  in  London,  1801. 

Arnold,  Thomas,  a  physician,  was  a 
native  of  Leicester.  After  studying  the 
medical  science  at  Edinburgh,  where  also 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  he  settled  in 
his  native  town,  and  obtained  general  prac- 
tice to  a  considerable  extent.  At  length 
he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  mental  dis- 
orders, for  which  purpose  he  established  a 
lunatic  asylum,  over  which  he  presided  to 
his  death,  in  1816,  aged  74.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  London  college,  of  the  royal 
medical  society  at  Edinburgh,  and  senior 
physician  to  the  Leicester  infirmary.  His 
works  are — 1.  Dissertatio  de  Pleuritide, 
8vo.  1766.  2.  Observations  on  Insanity, 
2  vols.  8vo.  1782.  3.  A  Case  of  Hydro- 
phobia successfully  treated,  1793.  4.  Ob- 
servations on  the  Management  of  the  In- 
sane, 1809,  8vo.—  W.  B. 

Arnocl,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  who  re- 
signed his  office  to  retire,  in  his  old  age,  to 
the  abbey  of  St.  Victor,  at  Paris,  where  he 
died,  31st  August,  1184.  His  letters  are 
curious,  in  containing  an  account  of  the 
discipline  and  manners  of  his  time,  printed, 
Paris,  1585,  8vo. 

Arntzenius,  John  Henry,  a  learned 
Dutchman,  law  professor  at  Utrecht,  where 
he  died,  1799.  He  wrote  academical  dis- 
courses and  dissertations — miscellanies — 
institutiones  juris  Belgici,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
Sedulius  and  Arator — panegyrici  veteres, 
&c. 

Arnu,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican,  born  at 
Merancourt,  near  Verdun.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  metaphysics  at  Padua,  where  he 
died,  1692,  aged  63.  His  works,  in  10  vols, 
were  chiefly  on  the  theology  and  philosophy 
116 


of  Aquinas,  and  curious  for  the  extrava- 
gance of  his  ideas,  and  the  denunciations 
which  he  pronounced  against  the  Turkish 
empire. 

Arnulph,  or  Ernulph,  a  monk  of  St. 
Lucian  de  Beauvais,  patronised  by  his 
friend  Lanfranc  of  Canterbury,  and  made 
bishop  of  Rochester,  under  Henry  I.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  church  of  his  diocess, 
which  is  still  preserved  at  Rochester,  and 
which  has  been  published  by  Dr.  Thorpe. 
He  was  also  author  of  some  theological 
treatises,  and  died  in  March,  1124,  aged 
84,  after  being  nine  years  bishop  of  the  see 
of  Rochester. 

Arnulph,  natural  son  of  Carloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  was  elected  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, 888,  and  crowned  at  Rome,  896,  by 
pope  Formosus.  He  died,  as  is  supposed, 
by  poison,  899,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
son,  Lewis  IV. 

Arnulphus,  an  Egyptian,  famous  at 
Rome,  in  the  reign  of  M.  Antoninus,  for 
his  skill  in  magic. 

Arnwat,  John,  a  native  of  Shropshire, 
who  studied  at  St.  Edmund-hall,  Oxford, 
and  became  rector  of  Hodret  and  Ightfield, 
in  his  native  country.  In  the  civil  wars 
he  lost  his  estates,  and  retired  to  Oxford, 
1640,  where  he  served  the  king,  and  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Coventry;  but  on  the 
success  of  Cromwell,  he  left  the  kingdom, 
and  went  to  the  Hague,  where  he  published 
two  pamphlets  on  the  moderation  of  Charles 
I. — and  an  alarm  to  the  English.  He  af- 
terwards went  to  Virginia,  where  he  died 
of  a  broken  heart,  1653. 

Aron,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  born  at 
Florence.  He  was  patronised  by  Leo  X. 
and  was  made  canon  of  Rimini.  The  best 
known  of  his  compositions  is,  de  institu- 
tione  harmonica,  translated  into  Latin, 
1516. 

Arpino,  Joseph  d',  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Arpino,  1560.  In  his  13th  year,  he 
was  in  the  humble  situation  of  waiter  on 
the  painters  who  were  adorning  the  Vati- 
can ;  and  it  was  from  this  time  that  his 
genius  burst  forth.  The  pope  was  made 
acquainted  with  his  merit,  and  favours  were 
heaped  upon  him,  and  he  was  created  knight 
of  St.  Michael.  He  possessed  spirit ;  but 
when  his  rival  Caravagio  attacked  him,  he 
refused  to  fight  him  before  he  was  a  knight 
like  himself.  Against  Annibal  Caracchi  he 
likewise  meditated  revenge  ;  but  the  painter 
showing  him  his  pencil,  added,  with  this 
weapon  I  defy  you.  The  best  pieces  of 
Arpino,  who  is  known  among  painters  by 
the  name  of  Josepin,  are  from  the  history 
of  Rome,  the  most  capital  of  which  is  the 
battle  of  Romulus  with  the  Sabines.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1640,  aged  80. 

Arragon,  Jeanne  d',  a  celebrated  Italian 
lady,  mother  of  Marc  Anthony  Colonna, 
who  distinguished  himself  against  the  Turks 


ARS 


ART 


at  Lepanto.  She  is  known  for  the  very 
singular  honour  paid  her  by  the  wits  of  the 
age,  who  embalmed  her  virtues  and  her 
praises  in  elegies  in  all  languages,  published 
at  Venice,  1558,  under  the  title  of  Tempio 
alia  divina  signora  Arragona.  She  died 
1577,  in  a  great  old  age. 

Arran,  James  Hamilton,  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  was  highly  favoured  by 
Henry  II.  of  France,  in  1555,  and  made 
captain  of  his  Scotch  life-guards.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  virtues  and  abilities, 
and  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  hand  of 
queen  Elizabeth  of  England,  which,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  disclose,  to  pay  his  ado- 
ration to  her  more  beautiful  rival,  the  now 
widowed  queen  of  Scots.  Mary  received 
his  proposals  with  indifference  and  con- 
tempt, and  Arran  sunk  into  despair  and  in- 
sanity.    He  died  1609. 

Arria,  the  wife  of  Paetus,  under  Clau- 
dius, is  celebrated  for  her  heroism,  and 
conjugal  fidelity. 

Arriaga,  Roderic  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
professor  of  theology  at  Salamanca  and 
Prague.  His  works  were  on  metaphysics, 
printed,  Antwerp,  1632,  and  on  divinity,  8 
vols.  fol.  1643.  He  died  1667,  aged  75,  at 
Prague. 

Arrian,  a  Greek  historian,  of  the  second 
eentury,  born  at  Nicomedia,  and  highly 
honoured  at  Rome.  He  wrote  the  history 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  dissertations  on 
Epictetus,  &c. 

Arrowsmith,  John,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  1660,  author  of  seve- 
ral valuable  works,  strongly  Calvinistic,  es- 
pecially, Tactica  sacra — God-man,  or  expo- 
sition of  St.  John's  first  chapter — a  chain 
of  principles,  or  a  course  of  theology,  all 
in  4to. 

Arsaces  I.  a  Parthian,  who  emancipated 
his  country  from  the  Macedonian  yoke, 
B.  C.  250,  into  an  independent  kingdom. 
He  was  killed  in  battle,  after  reigning  38 
years. 

Arsaces  II.  son  of  the  first,  made  war 
against  Antiochus  the  Great. 

Arsaces  Tiranus,  king  of  Armenia, 
taken  prisoner  by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia, 
who  bound  him  in  silver  chains.  He  died 
in  his  prison  of  Ecbatana,  B.  C.  362. 

Arsenius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  ex- 
communicated Michael  Palaeologus,  for  dis- 
possessing John  Lascaris  of  the  crown. 
The  emperor  demanded  absolution,  but  the 
prelate  refused  without  resignation,  and  in 
consequence  of  his  firmness,  he  was  ba- 
nished to  an  island,  where  he  died  in  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Arsenius,  a  Roman  deacon  appointed  by- 
pope  Damascus,  preceptor  to  Arcadius,  son 
of  Theodosius.  The  virtues  of  the  master 
were  unable  to  correct  the  haughtiness  of 
the  pupil.  One  day,  Theodosius  found  his 
v,on  sitting,  and  the  preceptor  a^ndin«-  be- 


fore him,  upon  which  he  ordered  him  to  sit 
down  and  his  pupil  to  rise,  but  this  did  not 
avail.  It  is  even  said,  that  the  licentious 
prince  ordered  his  master  to  be  despatched, 
and  that  Arsenius,  discovering  the  perfidy, 
fled  from  the  court  to  Egypt,  and  passed 
the  rest  of  his  life  among  the  anchorites  of 
Scetis,  where  he  died,  aged  95.  His  tract 
for  the  rule  of  the  monks  is  preserved. 

Arsenius,  archbishop  of  Malvasia,  in  the 
Morea,  was  excommunicated  by  the  patri- 
arch for  submitting  to  the  pope.  He  was 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophthegms,  and 
some  scholia  on  Euripides,  and  died  at  Ve- 
nice, 1435. 

Arsezan,  Pader  d',  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  two  tragedies,  Agamemnon  and 
Antigone.     He  died  1696. 

Artabanus,  a  king  of  Parthia,  who  con- 
ducted himself  with  great  severity,  but  at 
last  obtained  the  good  wishes  of  his  sub- 
jects, and  died  A.  D.  48. 

Artabanus,  a  king  of  Parthia,  insulted 
by  Caracalla.  He  was  defeated  in  battle, 
and  in  him  the  empire  of  Parthia  became 
extinct,  A.  D.  226. 

Artali,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mazara,  in 
Sicily,  who,  in  his  youth,  fought  a  duel  and 
killed  his  adversary,  and  fled  to  Candia 
when  it  was  besieged  by  the  Turks.  In  this 
place  he  highly  distinguished  himself,  and 
was  knighted,  and  on  his  return  to  Europe, 
he  was  patronised  by  several  princes,  es- 
pecially the  duke  of  Brunsxvick,  and  the 
emperor  Leopold.  He  was  so  skilful  as  a 
duellist,  that  he  was  called  the  chevalier  du 
Sang.  He  cultivated  poetry  with  success, 
and  wrote  several  pieces,  and  died  1679,  at 
Naples,  in  his  51st  year. 

Artaud,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Bo- 
nieux,  in  the  comtat  Venaissin,  bishop  of 
Cavaillon,  esteemed  for  his  learning,  his 
exemplary  piety,  and  goodness  of  heart. 
His  works  are  pastoral  discourses,  &c.  He 
died  1760,  aged  54. 

Artaud,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  was  be- 
sieged in  his  palace  by  Hubert  and  Hugues, 
counts  of  Paris,  assisted  by  William  of 
Normandy.  His  enemies  prevailed,  and 
Hugues  was  named  his  successor.  After- 
wards, he  was  restored  to  his  diocess, 
where  he  died,  948. 

Artavasdes  I.  king  of  Armenia,  after 
Tigranes  his  father,  behaved  with  perfidy 
to  Crassus  and  M.  Antony.  After  the 
battle  of  Actium,  his  head  was  cut  off  and 
sent  to  Media. 

Artavasdes  II.  grandson  of  the  above, 
was  king  of  Armenia,  under  the  protection 
of  Augustus. 

Artaxerxes  I.  king  of  Persia,  son  of 
Xerxes,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Ahasuerus  of 
Scripture.  He  died  424  B.  C.  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Xerxes. 

Artaxerxes  II.  surnamed  Mnemon,  de- 
feated his  brother  Cvrus  at  the  baUl<*  of 
117 


\RT 


ARU 


Cunaxa,  401  B.  C.     He  died  aged  94,  after 
a  reign  of  62  years. 

Artaxerxes  III.  succeeded  the  second, 
and  slew  all  his  brothers,  and  the  whole  of 
his  family.  He  made  war  against  Egypt, 
and  was  murdered  by  Bagoas,  the  eunuch, 
who  made  handles  for  knives  with  his 
bones,  B.  C.  33S. 

Artaxerxes  Bebecan,  son  of  a  shep- 
herd, first  king  of  Persia,  of  the  race  of  the 
Sassanides.  He  defeated  Ardavan  and  mar- 
ried his  daughter,  whom  he  ordered  to  be 
put  to  death,  because  she  attempted  to  poi- 
son him.  Her  life  was  preserved  as  she 
was  pregnant,  and  the  child  she  brought 
forth  was  received  with  gratitude  by  the 
father,  and  became  his  successor  by  the 
name  of  Sapor,  A.  D.  240. 

Artaxias  I.  governor  of  Upper  Arme- 
nia under  Antiochus,  made  himself  king  of 
the  country,  and  maintained  his  power 
against  Antiochus. 

Artaxias  II.  king  of  Armenia  after  Ar- 
tavasdes  I.  was  expelled  by  Antony,  and 
restored  by  the  assistance  of  the  Parthians. 
Tigranes  succeeded  him. 

Artaxias  III.  son  of  Polemo,  was  made 
king  by  Germanicus,  in  the  room  of  Orodes 
son  of  Vonones,  and  reigned  17  years. 

Arteaga,  Don  Stephano,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  who  died  at  Paris,  1800,  aged  55. 
He  is  author  of  a  treatise  on  ideal  beauty 
in  Spanish,  an  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
Italian — the  revolutions  of  the  Italian 
theatre  to  the  present  time,  in  Italian,  3 
vols.  8vo.  1785.  He  left  in  MS.  another 
learned  work  in  Italian,  called  Ritmo  So- 
noro,  e  del  ritmo  muto  degli  Antichi. 

Artedi,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Sweden, 
so  intimate  with  Linnaeus,  that  they  made 
each  other  heirs  of  their  manuscipts,  and 
literary  property.  He  is  known  for  his  dili- 
gence in  the  history  of  fossiis  and  quadru- 
peds. He  was  accidently  drowned  in  a 
canal,  at  Leyden,  1735,  in  his  30th  year, 
and  the  works  which  he  intended  to  publish 
were  completed  for  him  by  his  friends, 
under  the  title  of  Bibliotheca  ichthyologica, 
and  Philosophia  ichthyologica. 

Artemas  or  Artemon,  founder  of  a 
sect  in  the  third  century,  which  maintained 
that  Christ  was  but  a  man,  without  the 
powers  or  substance  of  a  God. 

Artemidorus,  a  philosopher  of  Ephe- 
ims,  author  of  a  book  on  dream';,  in  the  age 
of  the  Antonines. 

Artemidorus,  an  Ephesian,  author  of  a 
description  of  the  earth,  100  B.  C. 

Artemisia  I.  queen  of  Caria,  assisted 
Xerxes  against  the  Greeks,  and  behaved 
with  astonishing  valour. 

Artemisia  II.  queen  of  Caria,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  erection  of  a  mausoleum,  to 
honour  the  memory  of  her  husband  Mau- 
solus.     She  took  Rhodes,  B.  C.  251. 

Arthington,    Hpidv.  a  native  of  York- 
11" 


shire,  who  joined  wtth  Edmund  Coppingev 
and  Hacket,  and  under  the  pretence  of  be- 
ing inspired,  attempted  to  introduce  a  re- 
formation in  the  kingdom,  by  the  most 
violent  and  the  wildest  schemes.  Hacket 
was  hanged  for  his  conduct,  and  Arthington 
obtained  bis  pardon  by  recantation. 

Arthur,  a  British  prince,  whose  exist- 
ence some  historians  regard  as  fabulous. 
He  is  said  to  have  succeeded  his  father  as 
king  of  Britain,  516.  He  attacked  the  Sax- 
ons, whom  he  defeated,  and  afterwards 
carried  his  victorious  army  against  the 
Picts,  and  against  Ireland  and  the  Western 
Isles  of  Scotland.  Returning  from  the 
field  he  devoted  himself  to  cultivate  the  arts 
of  peace,  and  became  a  most  popular  go- 
vernor. He  established  the  order  of  the 
knights  of  the  round  table  at  Winchester, 
and  died  about  542. 

Arthur,  duke  of  Brittany,  was  the  post- 
humous son  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet  son 
of  Henry  II.  by  Constantine  daughter  of 
the  duke  of  Brittany.  Though  established 
in  his  dominions  by  Richard  I.  his  uncle, 
he  was  treated  harshly  by  the  next  king, 
John,  also  his  uncle,  who  took  him  pri- 
soner, and  confined  him  in  the  castle  of 
Rouen,  where  it  is  supposed  he  was  mur- 
dered. 

Artigni,  Anthony  Gachet  d',  an  eccle- 
siastic, born  at  Vienna,  known  by  his  me- 
moires  d'histoirc,  de  critique,  &c.  7  vols. 
12mo.  Paris,  1719;  a  work  partly  compiled 
from  the  writings  of  the  abbe  Brun.  He 
was  a  man  deservedly  esteemed  in  his  pri- 
vate character.  He  'lied  at  Vienna  in  his 
65th  year,  6th  May,  1768. 

Artusi,  Giamara,  a  musical  writer,  au- 
thor of  the  art  of  counterpoint  reduced  to 
tables,  published  1586,  at  Venice,  and  com- 
pleted 1589 — the  imperfections  of  modern 
music,  1600  and  1603,  &c. 

Arvieux,  Eaurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, who,  during  12  years'  residence  in 
Palestine,  acquired  the  oriental  languages, 
and  was  employed  as  a  useful  negotiator 
for  the  French  court.  His  name  deserves 
to  be  mentioned  with  every  mark  of  res- 
pect, for  his  deliverance  of  380  captives 
from  the  dungeon  of  Tunis,  who,  in  mark 
of  their  gratitude,  presented  him  with  a 
purse  of  600  pistoles,  which  he  generously 
refused.  He  also  redeemed  240  slaves 
at  Algiers,  and  after  serving  his  country 
at  Constantinople,  Aleppo,  and  other  pla- 
ces, died  1702,  aged  67.  His  travels  to 
Constantinople,  Aleppo,  Arabia,  &c.  were 
published  by  le  P.  Rabat  at  Paris,  1735, 
6  vols.  l2mo. 

Arviragus,  a  king  of  Britain,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian.  He  was  buried  at  Glou- 
cester, in  a  temple  built  by  him  in  honour 
of  Claudius. 

Arundel,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Arundel,  and  wife  first  to  Robert  Rat- 


ASA 

cliff,  and  secondly  to  Henry  Howard,  earl 
of  Arundel,  is  known  by  her  translation  of 
the  wise  sayings,  &c.  of  Alexander  Se- 
verus,  and  of  other  things  from  Seneca, 
Plato,  inc.  She  lived  in  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century. 

Arundel,  Thomas,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  was  made  bishop  of  Ely,  though 
only  21  years  old,  under  Edward  III.  and 
afterwards  translated  to  York,  and  from 
thence  to  Canterbury.  He  also  held  with 
the  primacy  the  office  of  lord  chancellor. 
His  quarrel  with  Richard  II.  obliged  him  to 
leave  the  kingdom,  and  to  &y  to  Rome,  and 
to  his  resentment  may  in  some  degree  be 
attributed  the  success  with  which  Henry 
IV.  invaded  England,  and  seized  the 
crown.  He  was  a  zealous  defender  of  the 
temporal  power  of  the  church,  and  he  per- 
secuted the  followers  of  Wickliff  with 
great  severity,  and  forbade  the  translation 
of  the  Bible  into  the  vulgar  tongue.  He 
died,  1414. 

Arundel,  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of,  is 
famous  for  the  discovery  of  the  Parian 
marbles,  which  bear  his  name,  and  which 
he  gave  to  the  university  of  Oxford.  Pri- 
deaux,  Chandler,  and  Maittaire,  are  in  the 
number  of  those  who  published  an  account 
of  these  valuable  relics  of  antiq'iity. 

Arundel,  Blanche,  daughter  of  lord 
Worcester,  and  wife  of  lord  Arundel,  is 
celebrated  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  Castle,  against  the  parliamentary 
forces.  Though  assisted  only  by  25  men, 
she  resisted  the  attack  of  1300  men,  and  at 
last  capitulated  on  honourable  terms, 
which  the  conquerors  basely  violated.  She 
died,  1649,  aged  66,  and  was  buried  in  War- 
dour  Castle  chapel. 

Arzachel,  a  Spanish  astronomer,  au- 
thor of  a  book  of  observations  on  the 
obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  in  the  11th  cen- 
tury. 

Asa,  son  of  Abijah,  made  king  of  Judah, 
B.  C.  955.  He  solicited  the  aid  of  Ben- 
hadad,  king  of  Syria,  against  the  Israelites, 
for  which  he  was  reproved  by  the  prophet 
Hanani.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  idola- 
try, and  reigned  41  years. 

Asaph,  St.  a  native  of  North  Wales, 
was  a  monk  of  Llanelvy  under  Kentigern, 
the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  succeeded  to 
the  bishopric,  and  so  great  was  his  sanctity, 
that  Llanelvy  exchanged  its  name  for  St. 
Asaph.  The  bishop  wrote  the  ordinances 
of  his  church,  the  life  of  his  predecessor, 
&c  and  died  about  600.  The  see  was 
vacant  nearly  500  years  after  his  death. 

Asaph,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi, 
in  the  age  of  king  David.  He  is  said  to 
have  composed  several  of  the  psalms. 

Asar-Haddon,  king  of  Assyria  after  his 
father  Sennacherib,  obtained  afterwards 
the  kingdom  of  Babylon,  and  died  B.  C. 
667,  af*er  a  reicrn  of  45  vears. 


Ar>C 

Asbury,  Francis,  bishop  of  the  Metho« 
dist  Church  in  the  United  States,  was  born 
at  Handersworth,  Staffordshire,  England, 
August  20th.  1745,  and  became  an  itine- 
rant minister  under  Mr.  Wesley,  in  his  23d 
year.  After  preaching  about  four  years  in 
England,  he  came  to  America  as  a  mission- 
ary in  1771,  and  employed  himself  in  itine- 
rating in  that  character  until  17S4,  when 
he  was  consecrated  by  Dr.  Coke  superin- 
tendent or  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  United  States,  by  which 
appointment  the  whole  work  of  ordaining 
and  locating  the  ministers  of  that  church 
was  consigned  to  his  hands.  He  devoted 
himself  with  great  assiduity  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life  to  the  labours  of  the 
office,  and  was  much  esteemed  and  res- 
pected by  the  church  for  the  piety,  judi- 
ciousness, and  zeal  with  which  he  per- 
formed them.  He  continued  to  preach 
almost  daily  ;  travelled  yearly  through  the 
United  States,  and  presided  in  the  annual 
conferences.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
ordained  not  less  than  3000  preachers,  and 
delivered  more  than  !  7000  sermons.  He 
died  at  Spotttylvania,  Virginia,  March  3d, 
1816,  in  thf    '1st  3  ear  01  his  age.     IL     L. 

Asceli;.j,  an  ecclesiastic,  who  in  the  11th 
century  defended  transubstantiation  against 
Berenger. 

Ascham,  Roger,  a  native  of  Kirkby- 
Wiske,  near  Northallerton,  Yorkshire ; 
known  for  his  learning,  and  more  for  the 
respectable  share  he  bore  in  the  education 
of  the  family  of  Henry  VIII.  Under  the 
libera!  and  early  patronage  of  Sir  Anthony 
WingfrVid,  he  was  brought  up  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  application,  and  a  superior 
knowledge  of  the  Greek  language.  He  was 
introduced  to  Henry  VIII.  to  whom  he  in- 
scribed his  treatise  on  archery,  and  he  not 
only  received  a  pension,  but,  as  he  wrote  a 
beautiful  hand,  he  was  appointed  to  instruct 
in  writing  prince  Edward,  the  lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  two  brothers,  Henry  and 
Charles,  dukes  of  Suffolk.  Elizabeth  was 
indebted  to  him  also  for  her  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  as  he  read  with  her  the 
best  part  of  Livy,  Cicero,  Isocrates,  Sopho- 
cles, &c.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge as  public  orator  of  the  university, 
and  was  invited  1550,  to  attend  Sir  Rich- 
ard Morysine  in  an  embassy  to  Charles  V. 
and  it  was  on  his  way  to  London  he  visited 
lady  Jane  Grey  at  Bradgate-hall,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, in  whose  hands  he  found  a 
Greek  edition  of  Plato's  Phaedo,  a  book, 
from  which  this  amiable  woman  said  she 
received  more  real  pleasure  than  from 
sharing  the  diversion  of  her  attendants  and 
family  who  were  hunting  in  the  park.  His 
time  was  not  unpleasantly  spent  in  Ger- 
many,  as  he  assisted  the  ambassador,  and 
applied  himself  to  politics  so  successfully 
119 


As5C 


ASH 


that  he  wrote  a  book  on  the  affairs  of  the 
empire.  He  was  appointed,  when  returned 
to  England,  Latin  secretary  to  king  Ed- 
ward, an  office  which  was  still  continued 
to  him  under  Mary  and  Elizabeth ;  but 
though  a  favourite  at  court  and  universally 
respected,  he  did  not  use  his  influence  to 
raise  himself  to  preferment,  as  a  prebend  in 
the  church  of  York  was  the  only  favour  he 
received,  and  unasked,  from  the  crown. 
He  died  in  London,  4th  January,  1568, 
aged  53,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Sepulchre. 
Buchanan  wrote  the  following  just  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  his  departed  friend  : 

Jlschamum  extinctum  Patrice  Grai&que 
CamcetMB. 
Et  Latia  verd  cum  pietate  dolent. 

Principibus  vixit  cants,  jucundus  amicis, 
Re  modicd, :  in  mores  dicere  fama  nequit. 
Ascham's  most  valuable  work  is  his  school- 
master, which  he  wrote  at  the  request  of 
Sir  Richard  Sackville,  in  consequence  of  a 
dispute  with  respect  to  the  various  modes 
of  education.  His  Latinity  and  the  ele- 
gance of  his  diction  in  his  letters  have  been 
greatly  and  deservedly  admired.  His 
works  were  printed  in  one  vol.  4to.  1769, 
and  the  School-master  was  edited  by  Upton 
in  1711. 

Ascham,  Anthony,  author  of  tracts  on 
astrology,  and  on  the  properties  of  herbs, 
gathered  1550,  was  a  physician,  and  also 
an  ecclesiastic.  He  was  preferred  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  to  the  living  of  Barnishton,  York- 
shire. 

Ascham,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  a  member  of  the  long  parliament.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  assassinated  with  his 
interpreter  by  six  exiled  royalists  in  Spain, 
where  he  had  been  sent  as  envoy  from 
England,  6th  June,  1650.  He  wrote  a 
discourse  on  the  revolutions  and  confusions 
of  governments,  8vo.  1648. 

Aschari,  a  mussulman  doctor,  founder 
of  a  sect  which  bears  his  name.  He  suppo- 
sed that  the  Supreme  Being  follows  only 
general  established  laws  ;  but  the  Han- 
balites,  at  the  head  of  which  was  his  father- 
in-law  Hanbalite,  supported  that  Providence 
acted  differently  in  particular  circumstan- 
ces.    Aschari  died  at  Bagdad,  940. 

Asclefiades,  a  Greek  philosopher,  B. 
C.  350.  He  worked  at  the  mill  in  the  night 
that  he  might  in  the  day  be  enabled  to 
attend  Plato's  lectures. 

Ascoli,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  Sta- 
bili,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna, 
wrote  an  Italian  poem  on  the  system  of 
Empedocles,  for  which  he  was  burnt  as  a 
heretic  at  Florence,  1328,  aged  '70.  He 
was  also  author  of  a  commentary  on  the 
sphere  of  John  Holy  Wood,  or  Sacrobosco. 

Asconios  Pedianos,  a  grammarian  of 
Padua  in  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

AscoTOH,  William,  made  bishop  of  Sa- 
120 


rum,  1438,  was  murdered  at  the  altar  by 
Jack  Cade  and  his  followers,  1450.  He 
was  descended  from  a  very  ancient  Lin- 
colnshire family. 

Asdrubal,  founder  of  New  Carthage  in 
Spain,  was  brother-in-law  of  the  great 
Annibal.     He  was  assassinated  by  a  Gaul. 

Asdrubal  Barca,  brother  of  Annibal, 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Metaurus  as 
he  was  advancing  into  Italy  with  rein- 
forcements. 

Aselli,  Gasper,  a  physician  of  Cremona, 
known  as  the  discoverer  of  the  lacteal 
veins  in  the  mesentery.  He  was  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  1626, 
and  he  published  a  valuable  account  of  his 
discoveries,  printed  Milan,  4to.  1627. 

Asfeld,  Claude  Francois  Bidal,  marquis 
d',  an  illustrious  warrior  at  the  battle  of 
Almanza,  in  1707,  rewarded  by  the  kings 
of  Spain  and  France  for  his  important 
services.  He  took  Philipsburg  in  1734, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1 743. 

Asfeld,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d',  an 
ecclesiastic,  brother  to  the  preceding,  impri- 
soned for  his  attachment  to  the  Jansen- 
ists.  He  wrote  several  uninteresting  trea- 
tises on  theology,  and  died  at  Paris,  1745, 
aged  81. 

Asgile,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
known  for  his  wit  and  his  misfortunes. 
He  was  brought  up  at  Lincoln's  inn  under 
the  patronage  of  judge  Eyre  in  king  Wil- 
liam's reign,  and  his  abilities  were  such 
that  he  rose  to  consequence  and  employ- 
ment. Two  treatises,  replete  with  humour 
and  sarcasm,  had  already  given  him  popu- 
larity, when  he  published  another  on  the 
possibility  of  avoiding  death,  which  drew 
down  upon  him  the  odium  of  the  friends  of 
the  church,  and  particularly  of  Dr.  Sa- 
cheverel ;  so  that,  when  he  afterwards 
went  to  Ireland,  and  by  success  in  the  law 
purchased  an  estate  and  procured  a  seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  he  was  ignomini- 
ously  expelled  for  the  contents  of  his  pam- 
phlet. On  his  return  to  England,  he  was 
returned  for  Bramber  in  Sussex  :  but  here 
the  morality  of  his  writings  was  also  called 
in  question,  and  though  he  made  an  elo- 
quent defence  in  favour  of  his  opinions, 
which  he  refused  to  retract,  he  was  expel- 
led as  a  disgraced  and  unworthy  member. 
This  blow  hastened  the  ruin  of  his  fortunes  ; 
ho  became  a  prisoner  of  the  King's  Bench, 
and  afterwards  of  the  Fleet,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  subsist  by  writing  political  pam- 
phlets, and  by  transacting  some  profes- 
sional business.  After  30  years  thus  spent 
in  confinement  and  poverty,  he  expired  in 
November,  1738,  aged  upwards  of  80. 

Ashe,  Simeon,  a  nonconformist,  chap- 
Iain  to  lord  Warwick  during  the  civil  wars. 
He  was  a  man  of  property,  and  of  great 
influence  among  his  persuasion.  He  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  and  settled 


ASH 


ash 


in  Staffordshire,  where  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Dod,  Ball,  Hildersham, 
Langley,  and  others.  His  principles  were 
obnoxious  to  Cromwell's  party,  and  it  is 
said  that  he  was  greatly  instrumental  in 
the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  He  died, 
1662.  He  published  sermons,  and  edited 
Ball's  works. 

Ashe,  Samuel,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  North  Carolina,  was  appointed  in 
1777.  In  1795  he  was  elected  governor  of 
the  state.     He  died,  Feb.  1813, "aged  88. 

Ashe,  John  Baptiste,  a  representative  in 
congress  from  North  Carolina,  was  elected 
governor  of  the  state  in  1801.  He  died 
Nov.  27, 1802.  0=  L. 

Ashley,  Robert,  a  native  of  Nashhill  in 
Wilts,  educated  at  Harthall,  Oxford,  and 
the  Middle  Temple,  London.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  an  eminent  writer,  as  a  collector  of 
books,  in  Holland,  France,  &c.  and  as  a 
benefactor  to  the  society  to  which  he  be- 
longed. He  published  a  relation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Cochin-China,  and  the  life  of 
Almanzor,  &c.  and  died,  October,  1641, 
in  an  advanced  old  age,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Temple  church. 

Ashmole,  or  Asmole,  Elias,  was  born 
at  Lichfield,  23d  May,  1617,  and  is  known 
as  an  antiquarian  and  as  the  founder  of 
the  Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar-school  in  his 
native  town,  became  a  chorister  of  the  ca- 
thedral, and  at  the  age  of  16  was  admitted 
into  the  family  and  under  the  patronage  of 
James  Paget,  baron  of  the  exchequer,  by 
whose  means  he  rose  to  be  solicitor  and 
attorney  in  the  common  pleas.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  disputes  which  preceded 
the  civil  war,  he  retired  to  Oxford,  where, 
having  entered  a  member  of  Brazen  nose 
college,  he  laboured  with  great  assiduity  in 
mathematics,  philosophy,  and  astronomy. 
He  afterwards  engaged  in  the  service  of 
the  king  as  commissioner  and  register  of 
excise,  and  was  captain  in  lord  Ashley's 
regiment ;  but  the  fatal  battle  of  Worces- 
ter obliged  him  to  retire  to  Cheshire  for  a 
while,  till  again  he  returned  to  London, 
and  1647,  to  Englefield  in  Berkshire,  where 
he  married  lady  Mainwaring.  Ever  em- 
ployed in  advancing  science,  his  labours 
were  indefatigable  in  procuring  a  collection 
of  the  manuscript  works  of  English  chy- 
mists,  and  in  tracing  the  Roman  roads 
mentioned  in  the  itinerary  of  Antoninus. 
His  greatest  work  was  the  history  of  the 
order  of  the  Garter,  which  procured  him 
not  only  fame  and  additional  respectabili- 
ty, but  the  patronage  of  Charles  II.  by 
whom  he  was  graciously  received  at  the 
restoration,  and  honoured  with  the  place 
of  Windsor  herald,  besides  a  pension  of 
K)0i.  out  of  the  customs  of  paper.  The 
Vol.  I.  1fi 


valuable  collection  of  coins  to  the  number 
of  9000,  besides  books  and  other  curiosi- 
ties which  he  had  made,  was  unfortunately 
destroyed  at  the  Middle  Temple  by  fire  in 
1679  ;  but  his  most  precious  gold  medals 
and  manuscripts  were  then  at  Lambeth, 
and  thus  escaped  the  dreadful  conflagra- 
tion. So  much  public  merit  did  not  pass 
unrewarded  by  the  learned  body  to  which 
he  belonged  ;  the  university  of  Oxford 
granted  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic 
by  diploma,  and  in  1683  they  completed  a 
handsome  building  for  the  reception  of  the 
valuable  collection  of  manuscripts,  books, 
medals,  and  curiosities,  which  he  intended  to 
deposite  within  its  precincts  as  a  token  of  his 
gratitude,  and  as  the  memorial  of  his  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  science.  Ashmole  died  at 
Lambeth,  May  13th,  1692,  aged  75.  His 
works,  some  of  which  are  still  in  manu- 
script, are  all  on  historical  and  antiquarian 
subjects,  but  highly  esteemed  for  the  depth 
of  research  and  various  information  which 
they  contain.  His  history  of  Berkshire — 
his  miscellanies  on  several  curious  subjects 
— and  memoirs  of  his  life  in  the  form  of  a 
diary — were  published  after  his  death. 

Ashmun,  Eli  Pease,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer, and  several  years  a  member  of  the 
house  of  representatives  and  senate  of 
Massachusetts,  was  elected  in  1816  to  suc- 
ceed Gen.  Varnum  as  senator  from  that 
state  in  congress.  This  office,  which  he- 
sustained  with  honour  to  himself  and  his 
constituents,  he  resigned  in  May,  1818. 
He  died  at  Northampton,  the  place  of  his 
residence,  May  10,  1819,  aged  48. 

[LTL. 
Ashton,  Charles,  a  learned  critic,  elect- 
ed master  of  Jesus  college,  Cambridgee 
1701.  He  lived  to  agreat  age,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  erudition  and  for  the  delicacy  and 
correctness  of  his  criticisms.  His  works 
were  all  critical.  It  was  said  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  that,  among  those 
whom  the  fellows  appointed  to  the  head- 
ship of  a  college,  there  were  not  three 
equal  to  those  only  three  whom  the  privi- 
lege of  visiters  selected  to  preside  over  so- 
cieties to  which  before  they  did  not  proba- 
bly belong  ,  that  is,  Bentley  of  Trinity,  by 
the  king  ;  Ashton  of  Jesus,  by  the  bishop 
of  Ely  ;  and  Waterland  of  Magdalen,  by 
the  earl  of  Suffolk  ;  a  circumstance  highly 
honourable  to  the  elector  as  well  as  to  the 
elected.  Among  his  publications  were — 
locus  Justini  martyris  emendatus,  &c. — 
Tully  and  Hirtius  reconciled  as  to  the 
time  of  Caesar's  going  to  the  African  war, 
&c. — Origin  de  oratione,  4to. — Hierocles 
in  aurea  carmina  Pythagorea  comment. 
1742,  8vo.  &c. 

Ashton,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  learned  divine, 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge,  and  afterwards   promoted   to   the 
rectory  of  Aldingham  Hi  Lancashire,  and 
MM 


\Sk 


Vss 


St.  Botolph  in  London.  He  was  also  fel- 
Jow  of  Eton,  and,  as  preacher  at  Lincoln's 
inn,  In-  acquired  great  popularity  by  the 
elegance  of  his  language  and  the  persuasive 
eloquence  of  hie  delivery.  He  published 
some  sermons  on  various  occasions,  be- 
sides controversial  pamphlets  against  Jones 
a  niethodist,  and  upon  filling  the  Eton  fel- 
lowships with  persons  who  are  or  have  been 
fellows  of  King's  college.  He  died,  March 
1st,  1775,  in  his  59th  year,  after  surviving 
some  years  a  dreadful  attack  of  the  palsy. 

Ashwei.l,  George,  was  born  in  Ludgate- 
street,  and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Wad- 
ham  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  During  the  civil  war  he  preached 
frequently  before  the  king,  but  he  submitted 
to  the  authority  of  the  parliamentary  visi- 
ters, and  was  afterwards  rector  of  Hanwell 
near  Banbury,  where  he  died,  1693,  aged 
66.  His  writings  were  on  divinity,  but  not 
in  high  esteem.  The  best  known  was  a 
treatise  on  the  Apostolic,  Athanasian,  and 
Nicene  creeds,  8vo.  1613. 

Ashwood,  Bartholomew,  a  minister  of 
Axminster  in  Devon,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  in  1662.  He  was  afterwards  mi- 
nister of  a  congregation  at  Peckham  in 
Surrey,  and  died  there  a  few  years  before 
the  revolution.  He  wrote  some  small 
tracts,  especially  the  heavenly  trade, — and 
♦he  best  treasure. 

Ashworth,  Caleb,  a  native  of  North- 
amptonshire, who,  from  the  humble  "em- 
ployment of  carpenter,  rose,  by  the  instruc- 
tion and  patronage  of  Dr.  Doddridge,  to  the 
respectability  of  minister  of  a  dissenting 
congregation,  and  at  last  successor  in  the 
school  of  his  able  master.  He  wrote  the 
paradigms  of  Hebrew  verbs,  and  other 
works,  and  died  at  Daventry,  1774,  aged 
65,  respected  as  a  man  and  as  a  scholar. 
He  was  created  D.D.  by  a  Scotch  uni- 
versity. 

Askew,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Kendal  in 
Westmoreland,  eminent  as  a  physician  and 
as  a  man  of  letters.  He  was  educated  at 
Sedburgh  school,  and  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  first  degree, 
1745.  He  afterwards  studied  one  year  at 
Leyden,  and  then  accompanied  the  English 
ambassador  to  Constantinople.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
at  Cambridge,  and  began  to  practise.  He 
was  also  made  fellow  of  the  royal  society, 
and  of  the  college  of  physicians  ;  but  his 
celebrity  arises  more  from  his  fondness  for 
literature  than  his  success  in  the  medical 
profession.  He  collected  a  most  valuable 
library,  which  was  disposed  of  by  public 
auction  for  above  5,000/.  He'  died  at 
Hampstead,  1784. 

Askew,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  William 
Askew   of  Kelsay,  Lincolnshire,  was  emi- 
nent for  her  virtues  and  misfortunes.     She 
married  when  young   Mr.  Kymc,  against 
192 


her  inclination,  and  the  treatment  which 
she  received  from  her  husband  was  so  in- 
human, that  she  came  to  the  court  of  Hen- 
ry VIII.  in  person  to  solicit  a  divorce.  Her 
story  interested  the  ladies  of  the  court ; 
but.  as  it  was  suspected  that  she  was  at- 
tached to  the  reformation,  her  person  was 
seized  and  confined  in  Newgate,  and  after- 
wards cruelly  tortured  in  the  Tower  ,  and 
in  1546  she  was  burnt  in  Smithfield  with 
her  tutor  and  two  other  persons,  like  her- 
self, more  attached  to  her  faith  than  to 
life.  Some  of  her  letters,  preserved  by 
Fox  and  Strype,  prove  her  to  have  been 
amiable,  accomplished,  and  virtuous.  She 
was  about  26  when  she  suffered. 

Aspasia,  a  native  of  Miletus,  who  settled 
at  Athens.  Though  her  character  and 
company  were  most  licentious,  yet  her  wit 
and  learning  were  so  dazzling  that  Socrates 
himself  visited  her.  Pericles  married  her, 
after  divorcing  his  wife. 

Aspasia,  the  mistress  of  young  Cyrus, 
and,  after  his  death,  of  his  brother  Artaxer- 
xes,  was  originally  called  Milto. 

Aspelt,  Peter  d',  a  native  of  Treves, 
who  studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  in 
consequence  of  his  curing  the  pope  in  a 
dangerous  disorder,  raised  to  an  archbi- 
shopric by  the  grateful  pontiff.  He  died, 
1320. 

Asselin,  Giles  Thomas,  a  native  of  Vire, 
and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  respectable 
for  his  piety,  as  well  as  his  poetical  abili- 
ties, which  frequently  were  rewarded  with 
the  prize.  He  died  at  Paris,  11th  Oct. 
1567,  aged  75.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Tho- 
mas Corneille,  and  the  friend  of  La  Motte 
Houdar.  His  poems  are  blamed  by  some 
for  wrant  of  ornament ;  the  best  are,  an 
ode  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul — and 
the  other  on  the  existence  of  God. 

Asselyn,  John,  a  pupil  of  Vandenvelde, 
who,  after  visiting  Italy,  settled  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  acquired  celebrity  as  a 
historical  and  landscape  painter.  He  died 
1650,  aged  40. 

Asser,  a  Jewish  rabbi  of  the  5th  century, 
author  of  the  Talmud  of  Babylon,  printed 
with  notes,  Amsterdam,  in  12  vols.  fol. 
1744. 

Asser,  of  St.  David's,  a  learned  author 
in  the  reign  of  Alfred,  raised  to  the  see  of 
Sherborne  by  that  prince,  of  whose  life  he 
wrote  an  account.  There  is  a  chronicle  or 
annals  ascribed  also  to  him,  printed  at  Ox- 
ford, 1691,  fol.  It  is  said,  that  he  persuad- 
ed Alfred  to  found  Oxford,  and  to  maintain 
professors  there.     He  died  909. 

Assheton,  Dr.  William,  born  in  1641, 
was  the  son  of  the  rector  of  Middleton  in 
Lancashire,  and  was  of  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  ob- 
tained preferment  by  means  of  the  Duke  of 
Ormond,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  the  projector  of  that 


AST 


AST 


Jsiost  charitable  scheme  of  providing  a  main- 
tenance for  the  widows  of  clergymen  and 
others,  by  a  jointure  payable  by  the  mer- 
gers' company.  This  scheme  was  the  labour 
of  many  years,  and  before  it  was  completed, 
he  had  addressed  himself  to  the  corporation 
of  the  clergy  and  to  the  bank  of  England, 
who  showed  an  unwillingness  to  adopt  his 
plan.  He  refused,  a  few  years  before  his 
death,  the  headship  of  Brazen-nose.  He 
died  in  his  69th  year,  in  September,  1711, 
at  Beckingham,  to  the  rectory  of  which  he 
had  been  presented  by  the  St.  Johns.  He 
wrote,  besides  devotional  tracts,  some 
pieces  against  the  dissenters  and  papists. 

Assouci,  Charles  Coypeau,  Sieur  d',  a 
poet,  called  the  ape  of  Scarron,  was  the  son 
of  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
where  he  was  born,  1604.  The  wildness  of 
his  character  displayed  itself  at  the  age  of 
eight,  when  he  ran  away  from  his  father, 
and  after  strange  adventures  at  Calais,  Lon- 
don, Turin,  and  Montpellier,  he  came  to 
Rome,  where,  for  his  ridicule  of  the  popish 
court,  he  was  imprisoned.  On  his  libera- 
tion he  came  to  Paris,  where  some  impro- 
per amours  exposed  him  to  persecution  and 
to  confinement  in  the  Bastile  and  in  the 
Chatelet.  He  died  1679.  His  poetry  con- 
sists of  scattered  pieces,  published  in  3  vols. 
12mo.  1678,  in  which  the  reader  finds  lit- 
tle wit,  but  much  immorality  and  buffoon- 
ery. He  also  translated  part  of  Ovid's 
Metamorphoses,  and  Claudian's  Rape  of 
Proserpine. 

Astell,  Mary,  a  learned  woman,  daugh- 
ter of  a  merchant  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
She  was  educated  by  her  uncle,  a  clergy- 
man, not  only  in  logic  and  philosophy,  but 
in  the  learned  languages,  so  that  the  most 
difficult  authors,  Plato,  Epictetus,  Cicero, 
and  Antoninus,  were  as  familiar  to  her  as 
the  writings  of  her  own  countrymen.  She 
lived  at  Chelsea,  where  she  employed  her- 
self in  acts  of  devotion  and  charity  ;  and 
she  became  acquainted  with  the  most  learn- 
ed men  of  the  age,  Atterbury,  Dodwell, 
Norris,  Hickes,  &c.  and  like  them  advanc- 
ed the  cause  of  science  and  piety,  by  useful 
publications  on  religion  and  morality.  She 
did  not  long  survive  the  amputation  of  one 
of  her  breasts  for  a  cancer  ;  but  after  she 
had  directed  her  shroud  and  coffin  for  some 
time  to  be  placed  by  her  bedside,  she  expi- 
red, 1731,  in  her  63d  year,  and  was  buried 
at  Chelsea.  Her  publications  were,  letters 
concerning  the  love  of  God,  8vo.  1695 — an 
essay  in  defence  of  the  female  sex,  in  a  let- 
ter to  a  lady,  8vo.  1696 — a  serious  proposal 
to  the  ladies,  for  the  advancement  of  their 
true  and  greatest  interests,  2  parts,  12mo. 
1697 — a  fair  way  with  the  dissenters  and 
their  patrons,  1704,  4to. — reflections  on 
marriage,  8vo.  1705 — the  Christian  religion, 
as  professed  by  a  daughter  of  the  church  of 
England,  1705,  Svo.&c. 


Asterius,  an  Arian,  of  Cappadocia,  in 
the  4th  century.  He  abandoned  his  faith, 
to  escape  the  persecution  under  Maximilian, 
and  thus  lost  his  reputation  for  piety  and 
consistency. 

Asterius,  a  native  of  Antioch,  made,  in 
the  4th  century,  bishop  of  Amasia  in 
Pontus. 

Asterius  Urbanus,  a  bishop  of  the  3d 
century,  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the 
Montanists  of  Ancyra  in  Galatia. 

Astle,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  in  Staffordshire,  where  his  father  was 
a  farmer.  He  was  engaged,  in  1763,  under 
the  patronage  of  Mr.  Grenville,  in  examin- 
ing the  records  of  Westminster  with  Sir 
Joseph  Ayloffe  and  Dr.  Ducarel ;  and  in 
1766,  he  superintended  the  printing  of  the 
ancient  Parliamentary  records.  He  was, 
in  1775,  made  chief  clerk  of  the  record  of- 
fice in  the  Tower,  and  succeeded  Sir  John 
Shelley,  as  keeper.  He  died  December, 
1803.  He  wrote  a  curious  work  on  the 
origin  and  progress  of  writing,  as  well  hie- 
roglyphic as  elementary,  first  printed  1784, 
in  4to.  and  again  edited  1803.  He  also 
contributed  some  valuable  papers  to  the 
Archaeologia,  and  other  publications. 

Astle,  John,  was  born  at  Whem,  in 
Shropshire,  and  apprenticed  to  Hudson  the 
portrait  painter,  known  as  the  master  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  After  improving  his 
talents  at  Rome,  under  the  patronage  of 
lord  Chesterfield,  and  copying  some  of  the 
finest  works  of  Titian  and  Bentivoglio,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  from  thence 
passed  to  Ireland,  where  he  rapidly  gained 
reputation,  and  increased  his  fortune  with 
3000/.  On  his  return  to  London,  he  passed 
through  Knutsford,  where,  at  an  assembly, 
he  gained  the  heart  of  lady  Daniel,  who, 
with  her  hand,  gave  him  soon  after  the 
whole  Diukenfield  estate  in  fee,  worth 
5000/.  a-year.  A  fondness  for  extrava- 
gance and  dissipation  seemed  to  be  his 
only  passion ;  but  while  he  squandered 
with  one  hand,  Fortune  seemed,  in  the  most 
profuse  manner,  to  replenish  the  other. 
The  death  of  his  brother  brought  him 
10,000/.  and  his  success  in  painting  and 
other  contingencies,  increased  his  property 
so  much,  that  at  one  time  he  was  worth 
upwards  of  100,000/.  Of  this  sum  25,000/. 
were  spent  in  fanciful  improvements  in  his 
houses  at  Duckenfield  and  in  London  ;  and 
30,000,  as  he  informed  Dr.  Warren,  va- 
nished, in  seven  years,  in  criminal  plea- 
sures, the  recollection  of  which  often 
wrung  his  heart  with  anguish,  as  his  body 
suffered  under  the  pressure  of  pain  and  de- 
bility. He  possessed  the  convivial  habits 
which  hospitality  should  maintain,  he  was 
free,  easy,  and  engaging  in  his  manners, 
and  though  too  often  a  debauchee  in  cha- 
racter, yet  his  heart  was  not  devoid  of 
sensibility  ;  as  it  must  be  admitted,  that  the 
123 


\ST 


ATI! 


man  who  at  last,  in  seeing  the  ^  unity  of 
pleasure  and  of  life,  wishes  he  eoulcl  retrace 
the  steps  of  childhood,  and  give  the  world 
a  better  example,  is  not  totally  dead  to 
virtue.  He  was  three  times  married,  and 
proved  an  affectionate  husband  ;  but  his 
management  of  his  three  children  was  such 
as  showed  that  he  did  not  possess  the  ju- 
dicious and  parental  attention  which  is 
required  from  a  father. 

Astolph,  king  of  Lombardy,  after  his 
brother  Rachis,  749.  He  attacked  the 
pope's  dominions,  and  wrould  have  overrun 
Italy,  had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  ne- 
gotiations and  the  armies  of  Pepin  of 
France.     He  died  756. 

Aston,  Sir  Arthur,  a  native  of  Fulham, 
of  an  ancient  family,  who,  after  serving 
abroad,  came  back,  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  wars,  to  offer  his  life  and  fortunes 
to  Charles  I.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the 
dragoons  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and 
three  times  defeated  lord  Essex  ;  and  for 
his  services  was  intrusted  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Reading,  and  afterwards  of  Oxford. 
After  the  king's  death,  he  went  to  Ireland, 
and  bravely  defended  Drogheda  against  the 
republicans  :  but  when  he  was  obliged  to 
surrender  the  place  to  Cromwell,  the  vic- 
torious enemy  ordered  his  brains  to  be 
dashed  to  pieces  by  repeated  blows  with 
the  wooden  stump  which  he  used,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  amputation  of  his  leg  by  an 
unfortunate  accident. 

Aston,  Sir  Thomas,  of  an  ancient 
Cheshire  family,  was  educated  at  Brazen- 
nose  college,  Oxford,  and,  in  1628,  was 
made  a  baronet.  In  1635,  he  served  the 
office  of  sheriff  for  his  native  county  ;  and, 
in  the  civil  wars,  raised  a  troop  of  horse 
for  the  king,  but  was  defeated  and  wounded 
at  Nantwich,  in  1642.  He  was  afterwards 
taken  prisoner,  but  in  his  attempt  to  make 
his  escape  from  his  confinement  at  Stafford, 
he  was  struck  with  great  violence  by  a 
soldier  on  the  head,  so  that  the  blow  pro- 
duced a  fever,  which  proved  fatal,  1643. 
He  is  author  of  a  remonstrance  against 
presbytery — of  a  short  survey  ofpresbyte- 
rian  discipline — of  a  brief  review  of  the  in- 
stitution, .succession,  and  jurisdiction  of 
bishops,  &c. 

Astorgas,  Marchioness  of,  a  lady,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain,  who  killed 
with  her  own  hands  a  beautiful  mistress,  to 
whom  her  husband  was  criminally  attached. 
She  afterwards  prepared  the  heart  of  the 
unfortunate  victim,  and  when  her  husband 
had  eat  it,  she  rolled  the  bleeding  head  of 
his  murdered  mistress  before  him  on  the 
table.  This  wretched  guilty  woman  es- 
caped into  a  convent,  where  she  became 
insane  through  rage  and  jealousy. 

Astronome,  1',    an  historian  of  the  Sth 
century,  author  of  the  life  of  Lewis  the 
124 


Dcbonnaire,  his  patron,   preserved  in  Du 
Chcsne's  collection. 

Astruc,  John,  a  French  physician  of 
Sauves,  in  Lower  Languedoc,  who,  after 
studying  at  Montpellicr,  acquired  great  re- 
putation at  Paris,  both  as  a  practitioner  and 
as  a  professor.  He  was  for  some  time  in 
Poland,  physician  to  the  king  at  Warsaw. 
His  works,  de  morbis  venereis,  &c.  are 
highly  esteemed.  He  was  born  1684,  19th 
March,  and  died  at  Paris,  5th  May,  1766. 
Besides  the  above,  he  wrote  treatises  on 
pathology — on  ulcers  and  tumours — on  the- 
rapeutics— on  the  inoculation  of  the  small- 
pox— on  female  diseases,  translated  into 
English — memoirs  relating  to  the  natural 
history  of  Languedoc,  &c. 

Asttages,  a  king  of  Media,  B.  C.    594, 

called  by  some  the  Ahasuerus  of  Scripture. 

Ata,  Abdal,  a  mussulman  dervise  in  the 

age  of  Tamerlane,  regarded  as  a  god  by  his 

followers. 

Atabalipa,  or  Atahualpa,  the  last 
king  of  Peru,  of  the  race  of  the  Incas.  He 
was  make  king  of  Quito  on  his  father's 
death,  1529;  but  he  aspired  to  the  whole 
kingdom,  and  defeated  his  brother  Hual- 
scar,  who  sat  on  the  throne  of  Peru.  When 
Pizarro  with  the  Spaniards  invaded  the 
kingdom  of  Peru,  the  unhappy  monarch  was 
invited  to  a  parley,  and  treacherously  seiz- 
ed, and  soon  after  barbarously  strangled,  or 
burnt  at  the  stake,  1533,  though  he  had  paid 
for  his  ransom  all  the  gold  which  a  room 
pointed  out  by  the  Spaniards  could  contain. 
Some  of  the  Spanish  authors  have  endea- 
voured to  represent  him  as  a  usurper,  and 
as  faithless  in  the  first  treaty  which  he  had 
made  with  Pizarro  ;  but  little  credit  is  to 
be  given  to  their  assertions.  They  wish 
to  wipe  off  the  odium  deservedly  fallen  on 
their  countrymen,  by  attacking  the  inno- 
cent character  of  Atabalipa. 

Athaliah,  wife  of  Jehoram,  and  mo- 
ther of  Ahaziah  king  of  Judah,  was  daugh- 
ter of  Ahab,  by  Jezebel.  Her  son,  excited 
by  her  advice  and  example,  committed  every 
excess  of  cruelty  and  wickedness  ;  and, 
after  his  death,  the  licentious  mother,  to 
obtain  the  sovereign  power,  murdered  the 
whole  of  the  royal  family,  except  Joash, 
who  was  with  difficulty  preserved  by  Je- 
hoshaba,  daughter  of  Jehoram.  She  was, 
after  a  reign  of  seven  years,  made  to  ex- 
piate her  crimes  by  death.  The  history  of 
this  vicious  princess  is  the  subject  of  one 
of  the  finest  of  the  tragedies  of  Racine. 

Athanasius,  St.  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
raised,  in  consequence  of  his  abilities  and 
great  eloquence,  to  the  see  of  his  native 
town,  A.  D.  326.  He  was  a  violent  opposer 
of  the  Arians,  and  suffered  great  persecu- 
tion for  his  firmness.     He  died  371. 

Athelinc;,  Edgar,  son  of  Edward,  and 
grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside,  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  regarded  as  the  future  monarch  ; 


ATk 


ATT 


but  the  intrigues  of  Harold  prevailed  against 
him.  The  battle  of  Hastings,  1066,  in  de- 
stroying his  rival,  cut  off  his  hopes  of  suc- 
cess ;  and,  after  making  some  resistance  at 
York  to  little  purpose,  he  fled  to  Scotland, 
and  afterwards  to  Normandy.  He  was 
reconciled  to  the  conqueror,  and  was  at 
the  first  crusade  with  Baldwin  II.  where 
he  behaved  with  great  intrepidity.  He  pass- 
ed the  last  years  of  his  life  at  Malmsbury. 

Athelstan,  though  but  natural  son  of 
Edward  the  elder,  was  made  king  of  Eng- 
land after  his  father's  death,  925.  He  was 
happily  successful  against  the  Danes,  whom 
he  defeated  in  Northumberland  ;  and  after- 
wards he  devoted  himself  to  the  arts  of 
peace.  He  encouraged  commerce,  by  be- 
stowing the  title  of  thane  on  such  of  his 
merchants  as  had  performed  three  voyages. 
He  died  941. 

Athenagoras,  a  Christian  philosopher 
of  Athens,  in  the  2d  century. 

Athen-eus,  a  Greek   grammarian    and 
writer  of  Alexandria,  in  the  3d  century. 
Athen.eus,  a  mathematician,  B.  C.  200. 
Athenjeus,  an  orator  at  Rome  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

Athenodorus,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Augustus.  He  died  in  his  native 
town  of  Tarsus,  aged  82. 

Athias,  Isaac,  author  of  an  explication 
of  the  law  of  Moses,  printed  at  Amsterdam 
and  Venice,  was  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

Athias,  Joseph,  a  learned  printer  of 
Amsterdam,  who  published  an  edition  of 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  2  vols.  1677,  highly 
esteemed,  besides  editions  in  Spanish,  Eng- 
lish, and  German.  His  services  were  re- 
warded with  a  gold  chain  and  medal  by  the 
States.     He  died  1700. 

Atkins,  James,  D.D.  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, of  Kirkwall  in  Orkney,  educated  at 
Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  and  patronised  by 
the  marquis  of  Hamilton.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Moray,  in  1677,  and  afterwards 
translated  to  Galloway.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, October  28,  1687.  He  wrote 
against  the  presbyterians  ;  but  his  treatises 
are  now  unknown. 

Atkins,  Sir  Robert,  was  descended  from 
the  ancient  family  of  the  same  name,  in 
Gloucestershire.  He  was  educated  at  Ba- 
liol  college,  and  after  being  made  a  knight 
of  the  Bath,  and  taking  his  degrees  in  law, 
he  was  made  a  judge  of  the  court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas,  1672,  which  he  resigned,  in 
1679,  through  disgust  at  the  conduct  of  the 
government.  He  showed  his  impartiality 
on  the  bench,  though  his  mind  was  occa- 
sionally tinctured  by  superstition  ;  and  at 
the  revolution,  which  he  favoured  with  all 
the  ardour  of  a  patriot,  he  was  made  Lord 
chief  baron,  by  William.  In  June,  1695, 
he  resigned  his  office,  and  spent  the  last 
fourteen  years  of  his  life  in  peaceful  and 
dignified  retirement  at   Saperton  Hall  in 


Gloucestershire.  He  died  in  the  beginning 
of  1709,  aged  88,  leaving  behind  him  a. 
character  of  great  probity,  and  repeated 
instances  of  unshaken  attachment  to  the 
freedom  and  constitution  of  England.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  his  only  son,  Sir 
Robert  Atkins,  inherited  his  virtues,  and 
was  for  a  long  time  representative  of  the 
county.  He  published,  in  folio,  the  history 
of  Gloucestershire,  from  the  materials  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Parsons ;  and  died,  1711, 
aged  64.  The  writings  of  Judge  Atkins 
are  all  on  constitutional  and  juridical  sub- 
jects, and  are  highly  valued. 

Atkinson,  Theodore,  chief  justice  of 
New-Hampshire,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  in  1718.  In  1745,  he  was 
appointed  to  command  the  troops  of  New- 
Hampshire,  raised  for  a  projected  expedi- 
tion against  Canada.  In  1754,  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  convention,  at 
Albany,  and  was  one  of  the  committee, 
which  drew  up  the  plan  of  union,  for  the 
defence  of  the  Colonies.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
and  secretary  of  the  province,  as  well  as 
judge  of  the  court.     He  died,  in  1779. 

Atkyns,  Richard,  a  native  of  Glouces- 
tershire, educated  at  Baliol,  and  Lincoln's 
Inn.  He  suffered  during  the  civil  wars, 
for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  and 
spent  above  1000/.  in  lawsuits,  in  twenty- 
four  years,  to  establish  the  right  of  the 
king's  grant  in  printing  law-books.  He 
published  on  the  subject,  his  original  and 
growth  of  printing,  in  4to.  and,  five  years 
after,  his  vindication,  &c.  He  was  unhap- 
pily married.  He  died  in  confinement,  in 
the  Marshalsea,  September  14,  1677. 

Atratus,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  the 
phoenix  of  his  age,  from  the  great  powers  of 
his  mind,  and  his  unwearied  application, 
was  born  at  Evesham,  in  Worcestershire, 
and  was  made  a  cardinal,  by  Martin  II. 
1281.  He  died  of  the  plague,  six  years 
after,  author  of  genealogia  humana — prob- 
lemata — canones  medicinales,  &c. 

Attalus  I.  king  of  Pergamus,  was  a 
great  patron  of  learning.  He  died  in  his 
72d  year,  B.C.  198. 

Attalus  II.  son  of  the  above,  succeed- 
ed his  brother  Eumenes,  159,  and  reigned 
21  years. 

Attalus  III.  nephew  of  the  second, 
died,  B.C.  133,  in  the  fifth  year  of  his 
reign.  As  he  had  no  issue,  he  left  all  his 
possessions  to  the  Romans. 

Attalus,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  who 
was  burnt  alive  for  the  Christian  religion, 
in  the  persecution  of  M.  Antoninus,  177. 

Attenduli,  Margaret,  a  sister  of  Sforza, 

grand   constable    of    Naples.      When  her 

brother  was  perfidiously  seized,  she  armed 

her  friends  and  domestics,  and  at  their 

125 


ATT 


ATT 


head,  made  reprisals,  and  thus  obtained 
the  liberation  of  the  captive. 

Atterburt,  Lewis,  son  of  Dr.  Atter- 
bury,  rector  of  Milton,  Northamptonshire, 
was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  republican  visiters.  He 
was,  in  1654,  made  rector  of  Great  Rissing- 
ton,  Gloucestershire,  and  three  years  after, 
obtained  the  living  of  Milton,  Bucks.  After 
the  restoration,  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
at  Oxford.  He  was,  on  his  return  from 
London,  drowned,  near  his  house,  De- 
cember 7th,  1693.  He  published  three 
sermons. 

Atterburt,  Lewis,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
was  chaplain,  in  1633,  to  the  lord  mayor, 
Sir  William  Pritchard,  and  the  next  year, 
became  rector  of  Symel,  in  Northampton- 
shire, which  he  afterwards  resigned,  upon 
greater  promotion.  He  succeeded  as 
preacher,  at  Highgate  chapel,  where  he  had 
officiated  for  the  late  incumbent,  Daniel 
Lathom,  and,  by  being  one  of  the  chaplains 
of  the  princess  Anne,  he  recommended 
himself  to  favour,  and  was  afterwards, 
1707,  presented  to  the  living  of  Sheperton, 
bv  the  queen,  and  by  the  bishop  of  London, 
to  that  of  Hornsey,  1719,  in  which  parish 
his  own  chapel  was  situate.  His  charita- 
ble disposition  was  strongly  displayed  in 
his  studying  physic  for  the  benefit  of  the 
poor  at  Highgate,  and  distributing  advice 
and  drugs,  gratis.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Sprat,  the  archdeacon  of  Rochester,  he 
made  application  for  the  office,  and  as  his 
brother  was  bishop  of  the  see,  and  patron, 
he  expected  no  refusal ;  but  he  was  disap- 
pointed, and  Dr.  Brydges  was  nominated. 
He  died  at  Bath,  of  a  paralytic  stroke, 
October  29,  1731,  in  his  75th  year,  and  he 
was  buried  at  Highgate.  He  was  author 
of  two  volumes  of  sermons,  and  other 
tracts,  and  he  left  his  collection  of  pamph- 
lets, &c.  to  Christ  Church.  He  gave  102. 
a-year  to  a  master  to  instruct  girls  at  New- 
port Pagnel,  and  left  the  bishop's  son,  Os- 
borne, heir  to  his  fortune.  He  had  married 
the  niece  of  Sir  Robert  Bedingfield,  knight, 
mayor  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  three 
sons,  and  a  daughter,  none  of  whom  sur- 
vived him. 

Atterburt,  Francis,  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, was  born  at  Middleton  Keynes, 
near  Newport  Pagnel,  March  6, 1662  ;  and 
after  finishing  his  education  at  Westmin- 
ster, he  entered  at  Christ  Church,  where 
he  became  known  by  his  wit  and  his  learn- 
ing. His  poetical  abilities  were  early  dis- 
played ;  and  as  a  defender  of  the  protes- 
taut  religion,  he  also  acquired  celebrity. 
He  was,  however,  unwilling  to  submit  long 
to  the  confinement  and  sameness  of  a  col- 
lege life.  Though  distinguished  in  the 
society  as  a  scholar,  and  a  tutor,  he  fre- 
120 


quently  complained  of  the  hardship  of  his 
situation  to  his  father,  and  at  last  followed 
his  advice,  by  marrying  Miss  Osborne,  a 
lady  in  the  neighbourhood,  from  whose 
distant  relationship  to  the  Leeds  family,  he 
expected  preferment.  On  leaving  Oxford, 
he  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's,  Lon- 
don, 1691,  and  soon  after,  made  chaplain 
to  William  and  Mary.  With  the  elo- 
quence of  a  popular  preacher,  he  possessed 
the  obstinacy  of  a  controversialist,  and 
therefore,  his  sermons  and  works,  when 
published,  drew  upon  him  the  animadver- 
sions of  Hoadly,  of  Bentley,  of  Wake,  and 
others.  His  zeal,  however,  in  the  service 
of  the  church,  and  in  support  of  the  rights 
of  convocations,  was  rewarded  by  the 
thanks  of  the  Lower  House  of  Convoca- 
tion, and  by  a  diploma,  of  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  the  university  of  Oxford.  Pre- 
ferment and  distinction  were  now  heaped 
upon  him  ;  Sir  John  Trelawney,  bishop  of 
Exeter,  gave  him  the  archdeaconry  of  Tot- 
ness,  he  became  chaplain  to  queen  Anne, 
and  was,  in  October,  1704,  raised  to  the 
deanery  of  Carlisle.  In  1712,  he  was 
made  dean  of  Christ  Church,  though  power 
and  influence  were  exerted  in  favour  of  his 
antagonist,  Dr.  Smalridge  ;  and  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  attained  the  height  of  his 
ecclesiastical  dignity,  by  being  made  bishop 
of  Rochester,  and  dean  of  Westminster,  at 
the  particular  recommendation  of  chancel- 
lor Harcourt.  When  George  succeeded  to 
the  throne,  the  bishop  was  treated  with 
coolness  and  indifference  ;  and  he  resent- 
ed the  affront,  and  displayed  his  attachment 
to  the  house  of  Stuai-t,  by  refusing  to  sign 
the  declaration  of  the  bishops,  and  by  op- 
posing in  the  parliament,  with  vigour  and 
eloquence,  the  measures  of  the  govern- 
ment. This  decided  and  hostile  behaviour 
proved  the  beginning  of  his  misfortunes. 
He  was  suspected  of  favouring  the  Pre- 
tender, and  August  24,  1722,  he  was  arrest- 
ed as  a  traitor,  and  confined  in  the  Tower. 
Though  the  messengers  treated  him  with 
rudeness,  and  harsh  incivility,  while  they 
secured  his  person,  and  seized  his  papers, 
yet  the  council  behaved  towards  him  with 
that  candour,  attention,  and  affability, 
which  justice  and  impartiality  recommend. 
March  23,  1723,  a  bill  was  brought  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  to  inflict  penalties  on 
Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  he  was 
ordered  to  prepare  his  defence.  He  de- 
clined using  his  influence  among  the  com- 
mons, but,  as  he  wrote  to  the  speaker,  he 
reserved  the  vindication  of  his  conduct  in 
that  house,  of  which  he  had  the  honour  to 
be  a  member.  The  trial  lasted  above  a 
week.  The  bishop  was  supported  by  ali 
the  learning  and  the  eloquence  of  the  bar, 
and  he  spoke  in  his  own  cause,  with  all  the 
energy  of  the  persuasive  powers  which  he 
was  known  to  possess ;  but  he  was  con- 


ATT 


ATW 


denined,  by  a  majority  of  83  to  43  votes  ; 
and  the  king,  on  the  27th  May,  confirmed 
the  decision  of  parliament.  The  bishop 
met  the  disgrace  of  banishment  with  un- 
usual firmness  and  dignity  ;  he  took  an 
affectionate  leave  of  his  friends ;  and, 
June  18,  1723,  he  embarked  in  the  Aldbo- 
rough  man-of-war,  and  was  landed  at 
Calais,  where  he  met  lord  Bolingbroke, 
whom  the  royal  pardon  recalled  to  England, 
upon  which  he  observed  with  his  usual 
facetiousness,  "  then  his  lordship  and  I 
are  exchanged."  It  is  to  be  lamented  that 
persecution  is  not  softened  by  the  fall  of 
an  enemy.  Atterbury,  in  his  exile,  was 
pursued  with  more  vindictive  rage,  than 
when  in  England.  Access  to  him  was  de- 
nied to  his  family,  without  the  king's  sign- 
manual,  and  the  favour  was  with  difficulty 
obtained  from  the  extortion  of  high  fees. 
He  wished  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his 
life  at  Brussels ;  but  he  was  hurried  to 
Paris,  where  he  had  the  prudence  to  resist 
the  solicitations  of  the  Pretender,  and  not 
concern  himself  with  his  secret  negotia- 
tions. He  was  from  thence  carried  to 
Montpellier,  for  two  years  ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Paris,  worn  out  by  the  unkindness 
of  mankind,  and  domestic  sorrow,  on  the 
loss  of  his  daughter,  in  1729,  he  died, 
February  15,  1732.  His  body  was  brought 
over  to  England,  and  deposited  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  in  a  monument,  which,  in 
1722,  he  had  prepared  ;  but  no  inscription 
marks  the  spot,  as  his  friends  were  unwill- 
ing that  his  name  should  be  recorded 
on  marble,  without  mentioning  that  he 
died  bishop  of  Rochester.  He  had  by  his 
lady,  who  died,  April  26,  1722,  four  chil- 
dren ;  Francis,  who  died  an  infant ;  Os- 
borne, whose  descendants  are  still  alive; 
Elizabeth,  who  died  in  1716,  aged  17  ;  and 
Mary,  who  married  Mr.  Morice,  and  died, 
1729.  However  blamable  his  conduct  may 
appear  as  a  politician,  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered, that  those  who  have  drawn  his  por- 
trait have  espoused  a  different  cause.  His 
good  sense  and  his  prudence  forbid  us  to 
think  that  he  formed  any  plot  for  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Stuarts,  to  whom  it  is  proba- 
ble that  he  was  attached  from  strong  pre- 
judices, from  early  habits,  and  from  the 
temper  of  the  times,  which  permit  neu- 
trality to  no  man  ;  but  it  is  certain,  that 
he  was  offered  the  see  of  Winchester,  and 
a  pension  of  5000/.  if  he  would  discontinue 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  Walpole, 
and  it  is  known,  that  the  rejection  of  this 
mean  offer  hastened  his  downfal.  His  pri- 
vate character  as  a  man,  was  most  amiable 
and  exemplary ;  as  a  preacher,  he  was 
great  and  eloquent ;  and  as  a  writer,  his 
sermons,  his  letters,  and  other  tracts, 
prove  most  decidedly,  that  be  possessed 
piety,  genius,  flow  of  language,  and  erudi- 
tion. 


Atticus,  Herodes,  a  celebrated  orator 
born  at  Marathon.  He  was  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Varus,  and 
died  at  Marathon,  76  A.  D. 

Atticus,  Titus  Pomponius,  a  Roman,  of 
the  most  amiable  manners,  who  in  the  midst 
of  civil  wars  and  party  animosities,  main- 
tained his  independence,  his  character,  and  • 
his  possessions.  He  was  respected  by  all 
parties,  and  his  virtues  and  moderation  de- 
served the  general  esteem.  He  died,  aged 
77,  B.  C.  54. 

Atticus,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
was  the  enemy  of  John  Chrysostom, 
whom  he  expelled  from  his  see.  He  died 
427. 

Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  ravaged  Gaul 
and  Italy,  and  levied  contributions  from 
Theodosius  and  Valentinian,  the  Roman 
emperors.     He  died  453. 

Atwood,  William,  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  New-York,  and  a  member  of 
the  council,  during  the  administration  of 
the  Earl  of  Bellamont.  He  also  became 
in  1701  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  for 
New-England,  New-York  and  New-Jersey, 
In  New- York  he  was  attached  to  the  Lei's- 
lerian  party,  at  a  period  when  civil  discord 
prevailed,  and  presided  at  the  trial  of  Bay- 
ard, who  was  a  leader  of  the  opposite 
party,  and  convicted  of  high  treason.  He 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  council 
under  lord  Cornbury,  but  finding  the  gover- 
nor espousing  the  cause  of  the  other  par- 
ty, retired  to  Virginia,  and  thence  to  Eng- 
land. D*  L. 

Atwood,  George,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born  in  September  1745,  in 
the  Parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  where 
his  father  was  minister,  but  who  removed 
afterwards  to  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
of  which  church  he  became  curate  and 
lecturer.  The  son  was  sent  to  Westmin- 
ster-school at  the  early  age  of  seven  year?, 
and  at  thirteen  he  became  king's  scholar. 
In  1765  he  was  elected  off  to  Trinity-col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  in  1769  he  stood 
high  for  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  and 
obtained  the  mathematical  prize.  In  1772 
he  took  his  degree  of  master  of  arts,  and 
was  for  some  time  a  tutor,  and  many  years 
a  fellow  of  his  college,  besides  which  he 
read  lectures  on  experimental  philosophy 
before  the  whole  university.  Of  these  lec- 
tures he  published  an  analysis  in  1784,  and 
the  same  year  appeared  his  "  Treatise  on 
the  rectilinear  motion  and  rotation  of  Bo- 
dies," 8vo.  His  lectures  were  much  at- 
tended, and  among  other  persons  of  dis- 
tinction, by  the  late  Mr.  Pitt,  who  sought 
his  acquaintance,  which  ripened  into  so 
close  an  intimacy,  that  when  that  great 
man  became  prime  minister,  he  bestowed 
upon  Mr.  Atwood  the  sinecure  place  of 
deputy  searcher  of  the  customs  in  the  port 
of  London,  that  he  might  be  enabled  to 
127 


AL'B 


AUB 


<le»oie  a  larger  portion  of  his  time  to  finan- 
cial calculations,  in  which  he  rendered  emi- 
nent service  to  the  revenue.  This  friend- 
ship continued  to  the  end  of  Mr.  Pitt's  life, 
surd  Mr.  Atwood  did  not  long  survive  that 
illustrious  statesman,  dying  at  his  house  in 
lVestminster,  in  July  1807.  To  his  mathe- 
matical knowledge  he  added  a. consum- 
mate skill  in  the  theory  and  practice  of 
music,  and  while  at  Cambridge,  he  was  in- 
duced to  superintend  a  concert  at  the  time 
of  the  commencement  for  the  benefit  of 
Addenbrooke's  hospital,  the  most  celebrated 
professional  performers  giving  their  assis- 
tance at  his  request,  and  his  younger  bro- 
ther playing  a  solo  on  the  violin.  Mr. 
Atwood  was  honoured  with  the  prize-medal 
at  Cambridge,  and  also  the  Copleyan  me- 
dal by  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  body  he 
was  a  member,  and  a  contributor  to  their 
transactions.  His  other  printed  works  are, 
a  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Arches, 
in  4to.  1801  ;  a  tract  on  the  Stability  of 
Ships,  4to.,  and  another,  entitled  "  Re- 
view of  the  Statutes  and  Ordinances  rela- 
tive to  the  Assize  of  Bread,"  8vo.  He 
died  unmarried,  and  his  remains  were  de- 
posited in  the  family  vault  of  St.  Marga- 
ret's church,  Westminster. —  W.  B. 

Avalos,  Ferdinand  Francis  d',  marquis 
of  Pescara,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valour  in  the  service 
of  Charles  V.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Ravenna,  1512,  and  employed 
the  hours  of  his  captivity  in  writing  a  dia- 
logue of  love  addressed  to  his  wife,  the 
virtuous  Victoria  Colonna.  His  abilities 
contributed  much  to  the  battle  of  Bicoque, 
the  recovery  of  the  Milanese,  and  the  vic- 
tory of  Pavia.  It  is  said  that  the  pope 
•wished  to  gain  him  to  his  cause  by  the 
promise  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He 
died  without  issue,  at  Milan,  4th  November, 
1525,  aged  36. 

Avalos,  Alphonso  d',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
was  the  heir  of  the  preceding,  who  was 
his  relation.  He  assisted  bravely  the  arms 
of  Charles  V.  in  Italy  ;  but  he  was  defeat- 
ed at  Cerisoles,  1544,  and  died  31st  March 
1546,  aged  42. 

Avantio,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civi- 
lian, who  left  Rovigo  when  his  brother  had 
been  assassinated  there,  and  settled  at 
Padua  where  he  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion. He  died  2d  March  1622,  aged  58. 
He  wrote  a  poem,  and  left  a  manuscript  of 
an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  concilia  de 
criminalibus  rebus,  &e.  His  son,  Charles, 
distinguished  himself  a?  a  physician,  and 
by  bis  annotations  en  Bap.  Ficra,  pub- 
lished after  his  death  at  Padua,  1649,  in 
'.to. 

Aubert,  Peter,  a  French  h  wyer,  who 
.lied  1733,  aged  91.  He  left  to  his  native 
city,  Lyons,  where  he  had  exercised  va- 
rious cnil  offices,  bis  valuable  library.  He 
1-2S 


was  author  of  retour  d'isle  d'amour,  a  ro- 
mance— 2  vols,  of  factums,  in  1710 — an 
edition  of  Richelet's  dictionary,  3  vols, 
folio,  1728,  &c. 

Aubert,  William,  a  native  of  Poitiers, 
advocate  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  1601. 
He  was  author  of  some  works  of  merit. 

Aubert  du  Batet,  N.  a  French  officer 
engaged  in  the  American  war.  At  the  re- 
volution he  distinguished  himself  in  favour 
of  the  popular  cause,  in  the  national  as- 
sembly, at  the  defence  of  Mentz,  in  1793, 
and  in  the  war  of  la  Vendee.  He  was 
afterwards  ambassador  at  Constantino- 
ple, and  died  of  a  fever,  brought  on  by 
excess  and  intemperance,  17th  December, 
1797. 

Aubertin,  Edme,  minister  of  the  reform- 
ed church  at  Charenton,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris,  in  1631,  died  at  Paris,  1652. 
He  was  author  of  a  work  on  the  eucharist 
of  the  ancient  church,  fol.  1633,  which  was 
attacked  by  Amauld  and  others. 

Aubert,  or  Aubrt,  John,  a  physician  of 
Bourbonnois,  author,  among  other  things,  of 
a  curious  and  learned  work  called  l'anti- 
dote  de  l'amour,  1599,  in  12 mo.  and  of  an 
apology  for  physic,  Latin,  printed,  Paris, 
1608,  8vo. 

Aubert,  Anthony,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
remarkable  for  his  uncommon  application 
to  study,  from  5  in  the  morning  till  6  in  the 
evening.  His  works,  the  principal  of 
which  are,  his  history  of  Richelieu,  2  vols, 
folio,  1660,  and  Mazarine,  4  vols.  12mo. 
1751,  and  of  the  cardinals,  5  vols.  4to, 
1642,  are  not  possessed  of  superior  merit, 
though  they  contain  historical  anecdotes 
and  judicious  remarks.  He  wrote  besides 
a  treatise  on  the  pre-eminence  of  the  kings 
of  France,  4to.  1649,  and  on  the  French 
king's  pretensions  to  the  empire,  4to. 
1667.  He  died  of  a  fall,  1695,  aged  up- 
wards of  78. 

Aubert,  Louis,  Sieur  du  Maurier,  travel- 
led with  his  father,  who  was  ambassador 
to  Holland,  and  visited  Poland,  Berlin,  and 
Rome.  After  a  few  years  passed  at  court, 
he  retired  to  lead  a  life  of  literary  and  phi- 
losophical ease  at  his  country  seat,  where 
he  died,  1687.  His  memoirs  on  the  histo- 
ry of  Holland,  2  vols.  12mo.  1682,  are 
often  quoted,  and  are  truly  valuable.  His 
grandson  published,  in  1737,  his  memoirs 
of  Hamburgh,  Lubeck,  Ilolstcin,  Denmark, 
and  Sweden. 

Aubespine,  Claude  de  1',  was  descended 
of  a  noble  family  in  Burgundy.  He  was 
usefully  employed  in  the  service  of  Francis 
I.  Henry  II.  and  his  successors,  so  that  his 
advice  often  guided  the  measures  adopted 
in  the  cabinet.  He  died  in  1567,  the  very 
day  after  being  consulted  by  Catherine  de 
Medicis. 

Aubespine,  Charles  de,  marquis  of  Cha- 
teau-neuf,   chancellor  of  France,   was  an 


AUB 


AUC 


able  statesman,  but  proud  and  haughty  in 
his  demeanour.  He  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Richelieu  and  Mazarin,  and  though  the 
favourite  of  the  court,  was  imprisoned  for 
ten  years ;  and  died  1653,  aged  73. 

Aubespine,  Gabriel  de  1',  an  ambassador 
in  England,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Or- 
leans. He  was  a  man  of  abilities,  and 
wrote  several  things  on  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, &c.     He  died,  1630,  aged  52. 

Aubespine,  Magdelene  de  1',  wife  of 
Nicolas  de  Neufville  de  Villeroi,  was  cele- 
brated for  her  wit  and  beauty  at  the  court 
of  Charles  IX.  and  his  two  successors.  She 
died  at  Villeroi,  1 596.  She  translated  the 
epistles  of  Ovid,  &c. 

Aubigne,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  grandfather  to  madame 
Maintenon.  He  is  said  to  have  translated 
the  Crito  of  Plato  into  French  when  he 
was  only  eight  years  old  ;  but  the  improve- 
ment of  his  mind  was  checked  by  the 
death  of  his  father,  when  he  had  attained 
his  13th  year,  so  that  he  forsook  letters  for 
the  court,  and  became  the  favourite  of  Hen- 
ry IV.  An  uncourteous  behaviour,  however, 
rendered  him  soon  unwelcome  ;  and  he  re- 
tired to  Geneva,  where  his  abilities  were 
courted  and  admired.  His  principal  work 
is  an  historie  universelle,  3  vols.  fol.  which 
merited  to  be  publicly  burnt  by  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  because  he  treats  the  name 
of  king  with  unbecoming  harshness  and 
studied  contempt.  He  died  at  Geneva, 
1630,  in  his  80th  year.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  own  life,  which  was  printed 
1731,  besides  two  satirical  pieces,  the 
confession  of  Sancy,  and  the  baron  de 
Faeneste. 

Aubrt,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine, was  born  at  Deyvillier  in  1736. 
He  became  prior  of  the  house  of  Commer- 
cy,  of  which  he  was  deprived  in  the  Revo- 
lution. He  died  in  1809.  His  works  are 
— 1.  Questions  philosophiques  sur  la  reli- 
gion naturelle.  2.  L'Histoire  des  auteurs 
sacres  et  ecclesiastiques.  3.  Ami  philoso- 
phique.  4.  Theorie  de  l'ame  des  betes. 
5.  Questions  metaphysiques  sur  l'existence 
et  la  nature  d'Dieu.  6.  Questions  aux 
philosophes  du  jour.  7.  L'Anti  Condillac 
ou  harangues  aux  ideologues  modernes.  8. 
La  nouvelle  theorie  des  etres.  9.  Aubade 
ou  lettres  apologetiques. —  W.  B. 

Aubrey,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  Easton-Piers,  in  Wiltshire,  Novem- 
ber 3,  1625,  or  1626,  and  educated  at 
Malmsbury,  where  he  had  for  his  school- 
fellow the  famous  Thomas  Hobbes,  with 
whom  he  cultivated  a  long  and  sincere 
friendship.  He  entered  as  gentleman  com- 
moner of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and, 
four  years  after,  1646,  was  admitted  of  the 
Middle  Temple  ;  but  his  father's  death 
checked  his  study  of  the  law ;  and  the 
various  litigations  which  he  had  in  succeed- 
Voi,.  I,  17 


ing  to  his  paternal  estates,  not  only  reduced 
his  property,  but  called  him  to  more  active 
pursuits.  As  a  man  of  letters,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  Monasticon  Angli- 
canum,  and  preserved  the  remembrance  of 
Osney  abbey  by  a  curious  draught  before  it 
was  destroyed  ;  he  corresponded  with  the 
most  learned  of  the  age  ;  and  assisted 
Anthony  Wood  with  confidential  materials. 
After  the  restoration,  he  visited  Ireland. 
After  being  twice  shipwrecked,  he  left  his 
country  for  a  short  tour  to  Orleans  ;  but 
misfortunes  crowded  upon  him  so  that  he 
parted  with  all  his  estates,  and  at  last  was 
reduced  to  indigence.  His  virtues  and  his 
learning,  however,  were  not  forgotten. 
Lady  Long,  of  Drayton,  received  him  with 
hospitality,  and,  under  her  protection,  he 
continued  his  indefatigable  labours  in  pur- 
suit of  antiquities  and  of  natural  curiosi- 
ties. He  died  suddenly  about  1700,  and 
was  bured  at  Drayton.  His  works  are 
chiefly  on  antiquities,  consisting  of  miscel- 
lanies on  apparations,  magic  charms,  &c. 
1696  and  1721,  8vo. — a  perambulation  of 
the  connty  of  Surrey,  5  vols.  8vo.  1719, 
besides  MSS.  in  the  Oxford  museum. 

Aubriot,  Hugo,  a  native  of  Burgundy, 
famous  as  the  builder  of  the  Bastile  by 
order  of  Charles  V.  of  France,  in  1369. 
He  was  accused  of  heresy,  and  became  the 
founder  of  the  sect  which  were  called  after 
him  Hugonots,  but  for  his  error  he  was 
condemned  to  be  confined  for  life  between 
two  bare  walls,  from  which,  however,  he  was 
set  at  liberty  by  the  Maillotins,  who  rebelled 
against  the  power  of  the  inquisition,  and 
wished  him  to  be  their  leader.  He  died  in 
Burgundy,  1382. 

Aubusson,  Peter  d',  grandmaster  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  1476,  was 
born  at  Lamarche,  and  died  at  Rhodes  in 
1503,  aged  81,  after  having  repeatedly  sig- 
nalized himself  as  a  warrior  against  the 
besieging  Turks,  and  as  a  statesman.  He 
is  however  blamed  for  betraying  to  the 
pope  prince  Zizim,  the  brother  of  Bajazet, 
who  had  returned  to  Rhodes,  trusting  to 
his  honour  and  protection.  For  this  act 
of  villany  he  was  made  a  cardinal. 

Aubusson,  Francis  d',  duke  de  la  Feuil- 
lade,  was  descended  from  the  preceding, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Flanders.     He  died  suddenly,  1681. 

Auckland,  William  Eden,  baron,  was 
the  third  son  of  Sir  Robert  Eden,  baronet, 
of  West  Auckland,  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. He  received  his  education  at  Eton 
school,  Christ-church  college,  Oxford,  and 
the  middle  Temple,  by  which  last  society 
he  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1769.  In  1778 
he  accompanied  lord  Car'isle  and  the  other 
commissioners  to  negotiate  terms  with  the 
revolted  colonies  of  America,  which  mis- 
sion ended  unsuccessfully.  He  was  after- 
wards chief  secretary,  during  the  same  no- 
129 


ALB 


AUD 


hlcman's  viccroyalty  in  Ireland.  In  1785 
he  was  employed  as  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary to  negotiate  a  commercial  treaty 
with  France,  and  tiirce  years  afterwards  he 
went  in  the  same  capacity  to  Spain.  In 
1789  he  was  sent  to  the  Hague,  where  he 
concluded  a  treaty  between  the  emperor, 
the  kings  of  Great  Britain  and  Prus- 
sia, and  the  States  General,  relative 
to  the  affairs  of  the  Netherlands.  The 
same  year  he  was  created  baron  Auckland 
of  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  and  in  1793, 
was  advanced  to  the  English  peerage  with 
the  same  title.  He  married  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot,  by  whom  he  had  ten 
children.  Lord  Auckland  was  an  able 
speaker  in  parliament,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  a  bill  for  regulating  divorces. 
He  died  in  1814.  He  published,  1.  The 
Principles  of  Penal  Law,  8vo.  1771.  2. 
Five  Letters  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  8vo. 
3.  On  the  Population  of  England,  in  answer 
to  Dr.  Price,  8vo.  4.  Letter  to  Lord 
Carlisle  on  the  late  Arrangements,8vo. 1786. 
5.  View  of  the  Treaty  of  Commerce  with 
France,  8vo.  6.  History  of  New  Holland, 
8vo.  1787.  7.  Remarks  on  the  War,  8vo. 
1795.  8.  Various  Speeches  in  the  House 
»f  Lords.—  W.  B. 

Audebert,  Germain,  a  counsellor  of 
Orleans,  who  in  a  tour  through  Italy,  cele- 
brated Venice  in  a  poem,  for  which  he  was 
honoured  by  the  Venetians  with  the  order 
of  St.  Mark.  He  was  ennobled  by  Henry 
III.  and  died  1598,  aged  above  80.  His 
Latin  poems  were  published  in  Hanover 
1603,  in  Svo. 

Aubebert,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na- 
turalist, born  at  Rochefort,  1759.  As  an 
engraver  his  merit  was  very  great,  and  his 
application  in  the  cause  of  science  was  in- 
defatigable. He  died  1800.  His  first 
performance  was  l'Histoirc  des  Singes, 
des  makis  and  des  galeopitheques,  1 
vol.  fol.  1802,  and  such  was  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work  that  he  was  introduced  to 
the  ablest  artists  and  the  most  eminent  per- 
sons of  Paris. 

Audifret,  Jean  Baptiste  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  employed  as  ambassador  to  the 
courts  of  Parma,  Modena,  Mantua,  &c. 
He  died  at  Nancy,  1733,  aged  76,  author 
of  a  useful  geography  ancient  and  mo- 
dern, in  3  vols.  4to.  1689. 

Audifret,  Hercules,  of  Carpentras,  was 
the  preceptor  of  Flechier.  He  wrote  ora- 
tions, &c.  and  died  1659. 

Audiguier,  Vital  d',  a  native  of  Ville- 
franche  de  Rouergue,  known  for  his  ad- 
ventures in  quest  of  independence.  He  was 
»uthor  of  some  romances,  light  poems,  &c. 
2  vols.  1614, — a  treatise  on  duels  1617, 
&c.  and  was  assassinated  1630. 

Audius,  the  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  4th 
century,  was  banished  into  Scythia,  where 
his  disciples  became  numerous.  He  cele- 
130 


brated  Easter  like  the  Jewish  passover,  and 
considered  the  Deity  as  having  a  human 
form. 

Audlet,  James  lord,  of  Heleigh,  Staf- 
fordshire, is  distinguished  for  his  valour  in 
the  wars  of  France  under  Edward  III.  at 
the  battle  of  Poictiers.  After  deeds  of 
heroism,  he  was  so  severely  wounded  that 
his  attendants  bore  him  with  difficulty  from 
the  field.  These  high  services  were  re- 
warded by  the' Black  Prince,  who  bestowed 
on  him  a  pension,  and  made  him  constable 
of  Gloucester  castle,  governor  of  Aqui- 
taine,  and  Seneschal  of  Poictou.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  knights  of  the  garter,  and 
died  about  1386. 

Audlet,  Edmund,  a  descendant  of  the 
above,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  success- 
ively made  bishop  of  Rochester,  Hereford, 
and  Salisbury.  He  died,  1524 ;  and  the 
honour  of  being  chancellor  of  the  garter, 
which  he  held,  has  passed,  by  the  interest 
of  bishop  Seth  Ward,  to  his  successors  at 
Salisbury. 

Audlet  or  Awdelet,  Thomas,  of  a 
noble  family  in  Essex,  was  called  to  the 
bar  after  an  education  at  the  university, 
and  in  1529,  his  merits  raised  him  to  the 
chair  of  the  house  of  commons.  He  was 
so  subservient  to  the  will  of  the  capricious 
Henry,  that  he  not  only  received  from  hirn 
the  scite  of  Christ  church  priory,  with  the 
plate  and  lands  belonging  to  it,  but  was 
appointed  chancellor  in  the  room  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas More.  He  also  sat  as  judge  at  the 
trial  of  his  dishonoured  predecessor,  and 
at  that  of  bishop  Fisher,  and  easily  con- 
sented to  all  the  rapacious  and  cruel  mea- 
sures of  his  tyrannical  master.  He  was  a 
great  benefactor  to  Magdalen,  Cambridge, 
and  died  1544. 

Audran,  Girard,  son  of  an  engraver  of 
Lyons,  perfected  at  Rome  what  he  had 
learned  at  home,  and  at  his  return  to  Paris, 
engaged  to  finish  the  battles  of  Alexander 
by  Le  Brun.  He  gained  great  reputation 
by  his  art,  as  he  was  esteemed  the  most 
correct  historical  engraver  that  ever  lived. 
Besides  Alexander's  battles,  he  finished  six 
sheets  of  the  Cupola  of  Val-de-grace,  from 
the  designs  of  Mignard.  He  died,  1703, 
aged  63.  His  uncle  Charles  was  also  an 
eminent  artist  born  at  Paris,  1594.  His 
works  are  marked  with  a  K. 

Audran,  Claude,  brother  to  Girard,  an 
historical  painter  employed  by  Le  Brun. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1684,  aged  42,  professor 
of  the  academy  of  painting.  His  nephew 
of  the  same  name,  excelled  as  a  painter  of 
ornaments.  His  best  work  is  the  12  months 
of  the  year,  with  the  presiding  deities.  He 
died,  1734,  aged  49. 

Audran,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an 
engraver  of  Lyons.  His  principal  works 
were  the  draught  of  fishes  and  the  resur- 
reetion   of  Lazarus,   from  Jouvenet ;  the 


AVE 


\YL 


rape  of  the  Sabines  from  Poussin  ;  the  co- 
ronation of  Mary  de  Medicis  ;  the  depar- 
ture of  Henry  IV.  for  Germany,  &c.  He 
died,  1756,  aged  89.  This  family  has  been 
particularly  distinguished  by  painters  and 
engravers.  There  were  one  or  two  still 
living  in  1789,  and  still  worthy  of  the  re- 
putation of  their  ancestors. 

Aved,  Jacques-Andre  Joseph,  a  painter 
of  eminence,  son  of  a  physician  of  Douai. 
A  portrait  of  the  ambassador  of  the  Porte 
presented  to  Louis  XV.  procured  him  a 
name  and  distinction.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1766,  aged  64. 

Aveiro,  Joseph  duke  of,  a  Portuguese 
noble,  who  conspired  with  the  Jesuits 
against  king  Joseph  I.  and,  after  shooting 
at  the  king,  was  seized  and  broke  on  the 
xvheel,  1759. 

Avenpaca,  a  Spanish  moor,  known  as 
a  Peripatetic  philosopher,  who  attempted 
to  reconcile  and  explain  the  Koran  by  the 
system  of  Aristotle,  for  which  he  was  im- 
prisoned at  Corduba.  He  is  author  of  a 
commentary  on  Euclid  in  the  12th  century. 

Avelar,  a  Portuguese  painter,  who  be- 
came so  rich  by  his  profession,  that  his 
name  became  proverbial. 

Aventin,  John,  was  born  of  obscure 
parents,  1460,  at  Abensperg,  in  Bavaria, 
and  after  studying  at  Ingolstadt  and  Paris, 
he  became  professor  of  the  learned  lan- 
guages at  Vienna  and  Cracow.  He  was 
made  tutor  to  the  duke  of  Bavaria's  chil- 
dren, and  increased  his  reputation  by 
writing  the  annals  of  Bavaria,  which  were 
first  published  in  1554,  by  Jerome  Zieglerus. 
In  1529,  Aventin  was  violently  seized  and 
imprisoned,  it  is  supposed,  on  a  complaint 
of  heresy,  but  as  no  charge  was  made 
against  him,  he  was  released  from  his  cap- 
tivity by  his  patron,  'and,  though  now  64, 
he  began  to  think  of  marriage.  In  the  ef- 
fervescence of  a  heated  brain,  he  consulted 
his  Bible,  and  determined  to  take  the  first 
woman  he  met,  which  proved  to  be  his  own 
maid,  deformed,  poor,  and  ill-tempered. 
By  this  union  he  had  a  son  who  died  young, 
and  a  daughter  who  survived  him.  He 
died,  1534,  aged  68.  He  has  been  suspect- 
ed by  the  Jesuits  of  being  a  Lutheran  in 
disguise,  but  the  imputation  is  against  his 
writings  and  not  against  his  religion,  as  his 
well-known  annals  speak  with  freedom  of 
the  libertinism  of  the  Catholic  clergy. 

Avenzoar,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
12th  century,  author  of  a  treatise  for  the 
proper  use  of  medicine.  He  was  a  follower 
of  Galen.  He  died  at  Morrocco,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  135.  Dr.  Freind  speaks 
of  his  practice  and  of  his  abilities  with 
great  commendation. 

Averanius,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, possessed  of  strong  powei-s  of  mind. 
He  acquired  very  rapidly  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  learned  languages,  of  ma- 


thematics and  philosophy,  and  of  law. 
Besides  translating  the  works  of  Archi- 
medes, in  his  leisure  hours,  he  ascertained 
the  momentum  of  bodies  on  inclined  planes, 
defended  Galileo's  philosophy,  and  in- 
quired into  the  swiftness  and  propagation 
of  sound.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  patronized 
by  Cosmo  III.  de  Medicis,  who  made  him 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Pisa.  He  died  22d 
Sept.  1738,  aged  76.  There  are  four  vols, 
of  his  dissertations  on  the  Florentine  aca- 
demy, published  by  Anton. Francisco  Gorio. 

Averanius,  Benedict,  eldest  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Florence, 
1645,  and  early  distinguished  himself  by  his 
advancement  in  literature,  and  his  familiar 
acquaintance  with  the  obscurest  parts  of 
Plato  and  Aristotle.  He  also  cultivated 
poetry,  but,  by  the  direction  of  his  father, 
he  studied  jurisprudence  at  Pisa,  and  in 
1676,  he  was  made  Greek  professor  there 
by  Cosmo  III.  and  six  years  after,  raised  to 
the  chair  of  humanity.  He  was  univer- 
sally respected  for  his  learning,  so  that  he 
was  solicited  by  the  university  of  Pavia  to 
accept  a  professor's  chair,  and  also  by  pope 
Innocent  XI.  who  admired  his  genius.  To 
improve  and  facilitate  his  style,  he  trans- 
lated Sallust,  Celsus,  and  other  Latin 
authors  into  Greek,  and  wrote  Greek  ele- 
gies. In  1688,  he  published  his  orations, 
and  died  1707.  His  dissertations  delivered 
at  Pisa,  his  orations,  his  poetry,  and  other 
works,  were  printed  after  his  death,  in  3 
vols.  fol.  at  Florence,  1717. — His  younger 
brother,  Nicholas,  was  also  distinguished 
for  his  knowledge  of  jurisprudence,  and 
of  mathematics. 

Averdy,  Clement  Charles  de  1',  a  native 
of  Paris,  minister  and  comptroller  of  the 
finances  under  Lewis  XV.  was  at  one  time 
the  favourite  of  the  people.  Though  he  in- 
troduced the  reform  of  abuses,  and  encou- 
raged commerce  and  industry  through  the 
nation,  his  endeavours  proved  abortive  in  the 
midst  of  a  luxurious  court  and  of  an  unprin- 
cipled ministry  ;  and  in  1764,  the  measures 
which  he  was  forced  to  recommend  proved 
so  unpopular,  that  he  solicited  and  obtained 
his  dismission.  He  retired  to  his  country 
seat,  where  the  revolution  found  him  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  regard- 
less of  the  politics  and  the  prejudices  of 
party.  The  recollection  of  his  services  and 
of  his  abilities  was  too  powerful  to  suffer  him 
to  end  his  days  in  privacy;  he  was  suspected, 
and  consequently  condemned  and  guillo- 
tined Oct.  1794,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of 
the  Code  penal,  1752, 12mo. — the  king's  so 
vereignty  over  Britany  1765,8vo. — memoirs 
about  Robert  D'  Artois,  &c. — experiments 
at  Gambars  his  country  scat,  on  barley,  &c. 
1788,  8vo. 

Averroes,  an  Arabian  philosopher,  bom 
at  Corduba,  where  his  father  was  judge, 
under    the    emperor    of   Morocco.      His 
131 


AVK 


AUG 


knowledge  of  law,  divinity,  mathematics, 
and  astrology  was  very  extensive,  and  to 
this  was  added  the  theory  rather  than  the 
practice  of  medicine.  After  being  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Morocco  he 
was  called  away  to  succeed  his  father  in 
the  important  office  of  judge  in  Corduba, 
and  soon  after  he  was  invested  with  the 
same  powers  in  Morocco  and  Mauritania. 
So  extensive  an  authority  did  not  fail  to 
raise  enemies,  jealous  of  merit  and  de- 
tractors of  eminent  talents  ,  but  the  genius 
of  Averroes  rose  superior  to  private  envy. 
He  possessed  a  firmness  and  patience  of 
mind,  which  could  distinguish  and  inves- 
tigate the  bias  of  human  passions,  and  he 
"was  every  where  humane  and  liberal,  so 
that  the  opulence  which  he  derived  from  his 
marriage  and  from  his  posts  was  not  heap- 
ed up,  but  generously  dispersed  for  the  relief 
of  indigence  and  starving  merit.  The  re- 
peated attacks  of  malice  however  have  too 
often  prevailed,  and  Averroes  is  in  the 
number  of  those  whom  superior  virtues 
have  not  always  shielded.  He  was  at  last 
represented  by  the  nobility  and  doctors  of 
Corduba,  to  Mansor  king  of  Morocco,  as  a 
profane  philosopher  and  a  heretic,  and  the 
judge  upon  this  accusation  was  insulted  and 
imprisoned.  Many  of  his  enemies  urged 
the  necessity  of  capital  punishment  on  so 
great  an  offender ;  but  it  was  at  last 
agreed  by  the  doctors  whom  the  monarch 
consulted  that  Averroes  should  retract. 
He  was  accordingly  conducted  to  the  gate 
of  the  mosque,  bareheaded,  where  every 
one  who  entered  indignantly  spit  in  his 
face  ;  after  which  he  was  asked  by  the  doc- 
tors if  he  repented  of  his  heresy,  to  which 
he  replied  Yes,  and  was  discharged.  He 
continued  under  disgrace,  though  permitted 
to  read  lectures  at  Fez,  till  the  king  disco- 
vered that  his  successor  did  not  possess  the 
same  uprightness  and  virtue,  and  that  the 
dignity  of  the  law  could  be  supported  by 
none  better  than  by  Averroes.  He  was 
therefore  restored  to  all  his  honours,  though 
unwilling  to  leave  the  tranquillity  of  retire- 
ment, yet  glad  to  find  his  innocence  ac- 
knowledged by  the  people  and  the  monarch. 
He  died  at  Morocco  1206.  As  a  judge  he 
was  humane  and  impartial,  as  a  man  he 
was  friendly  and  charitable,  so  that  it  may 
be  said  that  virtue  is  the  growth  of  every 
climate  and  of  every  religion.  In  his  private 
life  Averroes  was  regular,and  devoted  much 
of  his  time  to  philosophical  pursuits.  He 
grew  very  corpulent,  so  that  he  eat  but 
once  a  day.  He  was  particularly  fond  of 
Aristotle,  on  whose  works  he  wrote  com- 
mentaries, and  for  which  he  was  called  the 
commentator.  Ludovicus  Vives,  however, 
and  others  assert  that  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  writings  of  the  philosopher,  as 
be  was  ignorant  of  Greek  and  Latin,  and 
received  all  his  knowledge  from  a  wretched 
132 


translation  from  the  Latin  into  Arabic. 
He  also  wrote  a  treatise  on  astrology,  and 
made  an  epitome  of  Ptolemy's  Almagest. 
The  medical  works  of  Averroes  are  scarce 
and  above  mediocrity,  and  of  his  numerous 
verses  on  amorous  and  light  subjects  very  few 
remain.  He  looked  back  upon  his  youthful 
follies  with  regret ;  and  though  a  Mahome- 
tan in  religion,  he  exclaimed  in  the  spirit  of 
a  Christian,  "  Would  to  God  I  had  been 
born  old,  or  that  in  my  youth  I  had  been 
in  a  state  of  perfection."  The  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  that  of  Venice,  1608. 

Avesburv,  Robert,  an  English  historian, 
author  of  the  history  of  Edward  III.  to  the 
year  1356.  The  work  was  published  by 
Hearne  1720. 

Auger,  Edmund,  a  Jesuit,  whose  elo- 
quence is  found  to  have  converted  40,000 
protestants  to  the  catholic  faith.  His  dis- 
interestedness was  such  that  he  refused 
promotion  in  the  church,  and  even  a  bishop- 
ric.    He  died  1591,  aged  61. 

Augurelli,  John  Aurelius,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  Rimini,  who  died  at  Trevisa, 
1 524,  aged  83.  He  was  professor  of  litera- 
ture at  Venice,  and  it  was  said  of  him  by 
Paulus  Jovius  that  he  had  a  great  genhis  in 
a  little  body.  He  ruined  himself  by  pre- 
tending that  he  had  discovered  the  philoso- 
pher's stone,  so  that  Leo  X.  to  whom  he 
dedicated  his  best  poem  called  Chrysopoea, 
gave  him  a  large  empty  purse,  adding,  he 
who  can  make  gold,  wants  nothing  but  a 
place  to  keep  it  in.  His  poems  were  print- 
ed at  Verona  1491,  4to.  and  1518. 

Augustin,  Antony,  a  native  of  Sara- 
gossa,  distinguished  by  his  abilities,  and 
employed  by  the  pope  as  ambassador  to 
England,  1554,  and  afterwards  as  his  agent 
at  the  council  of  Trent.  In  1574,  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Tarragona ;  and  so 
charitable  was  his  deportment  in  this  high 
station,  that  he  did  not  leave  enough  where- 
with to  be  buried,  1586.  He  was  author 
of  some  treatises,  and  of  dialogues  on  me- 
dals, in  Spanish,  1587. 

Augustine,  Saint,  a  father  of  the  church, 
born  at  Tagaste,  in  Africa.  He  became, 
from  a  debauched  youth,  a  steady  and  zeal- 
ous Christian,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Hippo.  He  died  430,  aged  76.  His  works, 
which  are  much  esteemed,  were  edited  10 
vols.  fol.  1579  and  1690,  Paris. 

Augustine,  or  Austin,  Saint,  first  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  was  sent,  with  40 
others,  by  pope  Gregory  I.  from  Rome  to 
convert  the  Britons  to  Christianity,  and  he 
landed  in  the  isle  of  Thanet,  about  the  year 
596.  He  met  with  a  kind  reception  from 
king  Ethelbert,  and  after  making  a  number 
of  proselytes,  he  returned  to  Aries,  in 
France,  where  he  was  consecrated  metro- 
politan of  the  English  church.  He  fixed 
his  seat  at  Canterbury,  and,  by  the  direc- 
tions of  the  pope,  he  used  with  tenderness 


AUH 


AVI 


and  moderation  his  new  converts,  by  per- 
mitting them  still  to  assemble  in  the  temples 
which  were  now  converted  into  Christian 
churches,  and  by  only  destroying  the  idols, 
to  which  they  paid  the  most  solemn  wor- 
ship. The  conversion  of  the  whole  nation, 
however,  was  a  work  of  difficulty.  Austin 
found  adversaries  unwilling  to  yield  to  rea- 
son and  argument,  and  probably  the  dis- 
respect which  he  showed  to  the  Britons,  in 
receiving  their  deputies  sitting,  and  with- 
out the  common  forms  of  civility,  irritated 
against  his  doctrines  a  people  naturally  su- 
perstitious, and  strongly  attached  to  the 
religious  tenets  of  their  forefathers.  With 
too  much  haughtiness,  he  insisted  on  their 
celebrating  easter  like  the  Romish  church, 
and  though  he  was  lenient  in  some  par- 
ticulars, he  was  too  sanguine  in  establish- 
ing the  pope's  supremacy  among  independ- 
ent barbarians.  Austin  died  at  Canterbury, 
604,  and  superstition  has  ascribed  miracles 
to  his  ashes.  A  festival  was  ordered  in 
honour  of  him,  by  the  pope's  bull,  in  Ed- 
ward Hld's  reign. 

Augustine,  Leonard,  commonly  called 
Agostini,  a  learned  antiquarian  of  Sienna, 
in  the  17th  century.  His  valuable  work 
called  Le  gemme  antiche  figurate,  first  pub- 
lished 1657,  2  vols.  4to.  and  1707,  4  vols. 
4to.  has  been  universally  admired,  and  was 
translated  by  Gronovius  into  Latin,  printed 
at  Amsterdam,  1685,  and  Franeker,  1694. 

Augustulus,  Romulus,  the  last  emperor 
of  Rome,  was  son  of  Orestes,  who  had  de- 
posed Julius  Nepos.  Young  and  unex- 
perienced, he  was  unable  to  withstand  the 
attacks  of  Odoacer,  king  of  Italy,  and  after 
the  death  of  his  father  Orestes  and  the  ruin 
of  his  country,  he  retired  to  Campania, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  ob- 
scurity, maintained  by  a  small  pension. 

Augustus,  C.  Jul.  Ca:s.  Octavianus,  the 
first  Roman  emperor,  was  born  B.  C.  62. 
He  was  educated  under  the  care  of  his  uncle, 
Jul.  Caesar,  and,  after  his  death,  he  had 
the  artifice  to  conclude  a  treaty  with  An- 
tony and  Lepidus,  and  by  thus  establishing 
a  triumvirate,  he  made  himself  absolute  at 
Rome.  His  associates,  Antony  and  Lepi- 
dus, were  removed  in  consequence  of  quar- 
rels and  intrigues,  and  the  young  Crcsar, 
now  sole  master  of  Rome,  was,  in  the  36th 
year  of  his  age,  called  Augustus  by  the  ob- 
sequious senate,  and  invested  with  the  so- 
vereign power.  Thus  raised  to  the  highest 
elevation,  he  used  his  power  with  mode- 
ration and  prudence,  and  all  his  measures 
tended  to  increase  the  glory  and  the  tri- 
umphs, the.  comforts  and  the  prosperity  of 
Rome.  Augustus  died  at  Nola,  A.  P.  14, 
aged  76,  and  his  memory  was  embalmed  by 
the  panegyrics  of  the  poets  and  historians, 
whom,  with  a  lavish  hand,  he  protected  and 
patronised. 

*.uhadi-Maragah,   a  mussulman  poet, 


who  put  into  Persian  verse  the  Giam-giam, 
a  book  full  of  Mahometan  spirituality.  He 
was  poor,  but  he  was  enriched  by  the  pre- 
sents of  the  emperor  of  the  Tartars  in  1319. 
His  tomb  is  held  in  great  veneration  at 
Ispahan. 

Avicenna,  a  famous  Mahometan  phy- 
sician and  philosopher,  who  early  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  literature,  to  butany, 
arithmetic,  and  mathematics.  At  the  age 
of  16,  he  was  so  far  acquainted  with  physic, 
that  he  visited  patients  with  great  reputa- 
tion and  success,  and  that  he  might  still 
more  improve  his  understanding,  he  applied 
himself  to  Aristotle's  metaphysics,  which, 
after  reading  40  times,  he  gave  up  in  de- 
spair as  unintelligible,  till  by  accident  he 
met  a  beggar  that  offered  him  to  sale  a  trea- 
tise of  Al  Farabius  on  metaphysics,  which 
clearly  opened  to  him  the  sense  and  the 
meaning  of  the  Grecian  philosopher,  which 
he  had  so  long  studied  in  vain.  He  now 
acquired  credit  as  a  physician,  by  curing 
the  king  of  Khorassan  ;  but  his  enemies 
raised  a  persecution  against  him,  when  the 
monarch's  library  was  destroyed  by  fire,  as 
he  was  foolishly  accused  of  the  mischief, 
that  he  might  arrogate  to  himself  all  the 
learning  which  he  had  received  from  books. 
There  have  not  been  wanting  persons  to 
assert,  that  all  his  celebrity  arose  from  the 
superior  talents  of  his  master,  to  whom  his 
mother  had  bound  him  as  a  servant  on  pre- 
tence of  being  deaf.  The  old  man,  as  it  is 
said,  admired  his  fidelity  and  services,  and 
left  his  papers  open  to  his  view,  which  the 
crafty  pupil  copied,  and  sent  to  his  mother, 
and,  after  his  master's  death,  published  as 
the  result  of  his  own  knowledge  and  ex- 
perience. In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Freind, 
who  must  be  considered  as  a  judge,  Avi- 
cenna had  few  merits.  His  writings  are 
extracts  from  Galen,  from  Rhazes,  and  from 
Halyabbas  ;  and  he  often  confuses  the  na- 
ture or  description  of  a  disease,  by  an  af- 
fected display  of  learned  terms.  Avicenra 
died  1036,  in  his  56th  year,  with  the  cha- 
racter of  a  learned  man,  but  too  much  ad- 
dicted to  wine  and  to  eft'eminate  pleasures. 
His  books  on  medicine  and  philosophy,  in- 
cluding his  smaller  tracts,  were  in  number 
about  100,  now  nearly  all  lost. 

Avienus,  Rufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet, 
who  translated  Aratus's  pha? nomena,  &c.  in 
the  fourtli  century.  His  works  were  edited 
12mo.  Paris,  1590,  and  1731,  8vo. 

Avila,  Louis  d',  a  native  of  Placentia, 
general  of  cavalry  under  Charles  V.  at  the 
siege  of  Metz,  1552,  of  which  the  defence 
was  conducted  by  the  duke  of  Guise.  He 
wrote  memoirs  of  the  African  war,  and  of 
the  wars  of  Charles  V.  against  the  protes- 
tants  of  Germany,  printed  1546,  and  is  cen- 
sured by  De  Thou  for  his  partiality. 

Avila,  Giles  Gonzales  d',  historiographer 
to  the  Spanish  king,  died  1658,  aged  above 
133 


AUG 


WO 


30  ;  author  of  a  Spanish  history  of  the  an- 
tiquities of  Salamanca,  the  state  of  the 
churches  in  India,  &c. 

Avila,  John  d',  a  learned  and  pious  ec- 
clesiastic of  Toledo,  who  died  1569,  author 
of  some  spiritual  letters,  &c. 

Avila,  Sancho  d',  bishop  of  Murcia  and 
afterwards  of  Placentia,  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  piety.  He  wrote  some  theo- 
logical tracts,  and  died  1626,  aged  80. 

Aviler,  Augustin  Charles  d',  a  native  of 
Paris,  taken  by  the  Algerine  pirates  as  he 
was  sailing  from  Marseilles  to  Rome,  with 
the  view  of  enlarging  his  ideas  of  architec- 
ture. During  his  two  years  of  captivity  at 
Tunis,  he  merited  the  thanks  of  the  dey  by 
producing  the  much  admired  plan  of  the 
mosque  there  ;  and  on  regaining  his  liberty 
he  visited  Rome,  and  afterwards  beautified 
Montpellier,  by  the  erection  of  a  magnifi- 
cent gate,  in  honour  of  Louis  XIV.  He 
died  at  Montpellier,  1700,  aged  47.  He 
wrote  a  course  of  architecture  in  two  vols. 
4to.  highly  esteemed.  He  had  before  trans- 
lated from  the  Italian,  Scamozzi's  sixth 
book  of  architecture. 

Aviron,  James  le  Bathelier,  author  of 
commentaries  on  the  provincial  laws  of 
Normandy,  published  after  his  death,  lived 
in  the  16th  century. 

Avitus,  Mark  Maecilius,  a  native  of  Au- 
vergne,  emperor  of  the  West  on  the  death 
of  Maximus,  455.  His  elevation  was  not 
attended  by  popularity  and  by  virtuous  ac- 
tions ,  on  the  contrary,  he  devoted  himself 
to  pleasure,  and  soon  offended  the  senate, 
so  that  at  the  end  of  14  months  he  was 
marked  for  disgrace  and  death.  He  fled 
from  the  hands  of  his  persecutors  towards 
the  Alps,  and  died  on  the  road.  His  daugh- 
ter married  Apollinaris  Sidonius,  an  his- 
torian, who  embalmed  the  memory  of  his 
father-in-law. 

Auchmuty,  Samuel,  D.D.  was  the  son 
of  the  Hon.  Robert  Auchmuty,  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court  for  Massachusetts,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1742. — 
Having  received  episcopal  ordination,  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Barclay  as  rector  of  Tri- 
nity church  in  New- York,  in  1765,  and 
previous  to  the  revolution,  was  chaplain  to 
lord  Stirling.  His  loyalty,  and  his  con- 
nexion with  the  episcopal  church,  rendered 
him  unpopular,  and  exposed  him  to  the  re- 
proach of  the  whigs.  He  is  repeatedly  al- 
luded to  in  the  satirical  poem,  "  M'Fingal." 
He  died  March  3d,  1777.  tTT  L. 

Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel,  knight,  and  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  British  army,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Auchmuty, 
and  born  in  New- York,  June  22d;  1758. 
He  was  educated  at  King's  college,  and, 
maintaining  his  allegiance  to  the  royal  go- 
vernment, entered  the  army  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  and  was  engaged  in 
»he  hr>ftle  on  Long-Island.  He  afterwards 
134 


went  to  England,  and  accompanied  the  52d 
regiment  to  India,  where  he  rose  to  the 
rank  of  adjutant-general,  and  was  military 
secretary  to  the  commander-in-chief.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1797,  and  in  1802 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  isle  of  Tha- 
net.  In  1806,  after  the  capture  of  Buenos 
Ayres  by  general  Beresford,  he  was  sent  to 
South  America,  where  he  commanded  the 
British  forces  which  took  Monte  Video  from 
the  Spaniards  in  the  following  year.  For 
his  important  services  on  that  occasion,  he 
received  the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  par- 
liament. In  a  short  time  he  returned  to 
England,  was  appointed  major-general,  and 
not  long  after,  commander-in-chief  at  Ma- 
dras, and  lieutenant-general.  He  com- 
manded the  troops  employed  against  Java, 
where  his  successes  again  procured  him  the 
applause  of  parliament.  At  a  subsequent 
period,  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  forces  of  Ireland,  and  sustained 
that  office  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
took  place  suddenly,  at  Dublin,  August 
12th,  1822.  (LT  L. 

Aulus  Gellius,  a  Latin  grammarian  in 
the  age  of  Trajan.  His  noctes  attics  are 
a  valuable  and  interesting  work. 

Aumont,  John  d',  count  of  Chateroux, 
marshal  of  France  under  Henry  III.  and 
governor  of  Champagne  and  Britany  under 
Henry  IV.  He  distinguished  himself  by 
his  bravery,  and  fell  at  the  siege  of  Comper, 
near  Rennes,  1595,  aged  73. 

Aumont,  Anthony  d',  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  marshal  of  France,  and 
governor  of  Paris.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Rethel,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1669,  aged  68. 

Aungerville,  Richard,  a  native  of  St. 
Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  tutor  to  Edward  III.  and  for  his 
services  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Durham, 
1333,  and  in  1334  made  lord  chancellor, 
and  two  years  after  treasurer.  He  was 
not  only  learned,  but  the  munificent  patron 
of  learned  men,  and  founded  a  library  at 
Oxford.  He  wrote  Philobiblos,  or  the  right 
use  of  books,  printed  Oxford,  1599,  and 
died  at  Durham,  1345,  aged  74. 

Aunoy,  Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  de 
Bernville,  Countess  d',  widow  of  count 
d'Aunoy,  and  niece  of  madame  Deslogcs,  is 
known  as  a  voluminous  writer  of  romances 
in  a  careless  style,  and  with  much  affecta- 
tion of  the  supernatural  and  marvellous. 
Her  adventures  of  Hippolytus,  earl  of  Dou- 
glas, and  tales  of  the  Fairies,  are  her  best 
pieces.  Her  husband  was  accused  of 
treason,  and  with  difficulty  cleared  himself. 
One  of  his  three  accusers  afterwards, 
through  remorse  of  conscience,  confessed 
the  charge  to  be  false.     She  died  1705. 

Avogardi,  Lucia  Albani,  an  Italian  poet- 
ess of  Bergamo.  Her  pieces  possessed 
such  merit,  that  Tasso  became  her  commen- 


AUR 


AUT 


tator.    She  died  at  Brescia,  where  she  had 
married  a  Venetian  nobleman. 

Aurelian,  son  of  an  Illyrian  peasant, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Rome, 
after  Claudius  II.  His  conquest  of  Zenobia 
is  famous.     He  was  assassinated  275. 

Aurelius  Victor,  Sextus,  a  Roman 
historian  of  the  fourth  century,  prefect  of 
Pannonia  and  consul.  His  Roman  history 
is  much  admired. 

Aurelli  or  Arelli,  John  Mutio,  a 
Latin  poet  who  closely  imitated  Catullus, 
but  without  following  his  feeble  or  indecent 
parts.  He  was  made  by  Pope  Leo  X.  go- 
vernor of  a  place,  where  he  was  found  dead 
soon  after  with  his  mule  at  the  bottom  of  a 
well,  1520,  and  it  is  supposed  that  his  op- 
pression had  drawn  upon  him  this  violent 
punishment  from  the  inhabitants. 

Aureng-zeb,  great  mogul,  conspired 
with  Morad,  one  of  his  brothers,  against 
his  father  Shah-Gehen,  at  Agra,  and  kept 
him  in  confinement  till  he  caused  him  to 
be  poisoned  by  one  of  his  physicians.  His 
brothers  Morad  and  Dara  were  destroyed 
with  equal  cruelty,  and  he  became  master 
of  a  large  dominion,  which  he  extended  by 
the  conquest  of  Decan,  Visapour,  Gol- 
conda,  and  nearly  the  whole  Indian  penin- 
sula. A  power  acquired  by  perfidy  and 
bloodshed,  was  maintained  with  vigour  and 
equity,  and  though  Aureng-Zeb  did  not 
escape  the  tortures  of  a  reproaching  con- 
science, he  was  mild  in  his  manners,  and 
consulted  the  good  of  his  subjects.  As  he 
had  been  cruel  to  his  father,  he  dreaded 
retaliation  from  his  sons,  and  lived  himself 
constantly  in  his  camp,  in  the  midst  of  his 
soldiers.  He  died  at  Ahmednager,  1707, 
aged  89. 

Aureolds,  Manius  Acilius,  a  Dacian, 
who  from  a  shepherd  became  a  general,  and 
had  the  meanness  to  cause  his  patron, 
Gallienus  the  emperor,  to  be  assassinated. 
He  was  put  to  death  at  Milan,  267,  by  the 
second  Claudius. 

Auria,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo, 
distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters.  He 
wrote  several  works  in  Latin  and  in  Italian. 
The  most  esteemed  of  his  writings  are  his 
history  of  the  great  men  of  Sicily,  in  4to. 
1704,  and  his  history  of  the  viceroys  of  Si- 
cily, fol.  1697.  He  died  1710,  aged  85. 
He  was  born  poor,  but  indigence  is  the  mo- 
ther of  industry,  and  of  distinction. 

Aurificus,  or  Orificus  Bonefilius, 
Nicholas,  a  Carmelite  of  Sienna,  author  of 
several  religious  books.  His  best  works  are 
de  antiquitate,  and  ceremoniis  missae,  in 
8vo.  He  died  the  latter  end  of  the  16th 
century,  aged  about  70. 

Aurigny,  Gilles  d',  an  ingenious  French 
poet  of  the  16th  century,  of  whose  private 
character  little  is  known.  His  tuteur  d' 
amour  is  a  chef  d'eeuvre  for  fancy,  ease, 
and  elegance.      It  is,  with  some   others 


of  his  poems,  inserted  in  the  annales  poe« 
tiques. 

Aurigny,  Hyacintha  Robillard  d',  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Caen,  and  appointed  regent  of 
the  college  of  Alencon.  He  wrote  some 
chronological  memoirs  on  history,  valuable 
for  their  accuracy.  He  died  1719,  in  his 
44th  year. 

Aurillon,  Jean  Baptiste  Elie,  a  native 
of  Paris,  admired  for  his  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit,  his  piety  and  his  learning.  He  was 
author  of  some  divinity  tracts,  and  died 
1729,  aged  78. 

Auriol,  Blaise  d',  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Thoulouse,  known  by  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  treatises  on  jurisprudence.  He 
was  so  terrified  at  the  prediction  of  an  ap- 
proaching deluge,  by  a  pretended  prophet 
of  his  time,  that  he  built  himself  a  large  ark 
in  which,  like  another  Noah,  he  hoped  to 
survive  the  general  calamity.  He  died 
1540. 

Aurispa,  John,  a  native  of  Noto  in  Sici- 
ly, patronised  and  preferred  by  pope  Ni- 
cholas V.  He  translated  Archimedes,  Hie- 
rocles,  commentary  on  Pythagoras's  golden 
verses,  &c.  and  died  in  a  good  old  age  at 
Ferrara,  at  the  end  of  the  15th  century. 

Aurogallus,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Bo- 
hemia, professor  at  Wittemburg,  and  assis- 
tant to  Luther  in  translating  the  Bible  into 
German.  He  published  a  Chaldee  and  He- 
brew grammar,  &c.  Basil,  1539,  and  died 
1543. 

Auroux,  Matthew,  a  lawyer,  author  of 
a  curious  commentary  on  the  costume  du 
Bourbonnois.  He  died  about  the  middle  of 
the  18th  century. 

Ausonius,  Decimus  Magnus,  a  Latin 
poet  of  the  fourth  century,  born  at  Bour- 
deaux.  He  was  preceptor  to  Gratian,  Va- 
lentinian's  son,  and  wrote  some  admired 
poems. 

Aussun,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  French  service  at  the  battles  of  Ceri- 
soles  and  Dreux.     He  died  1563. 

Austin,  William,  a  barrister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  author  of  ha;c  homo,  or  the  excellency 
of  women,  partly  extracted  from  Agrippa's 
book  de  nobilitate  et  praecellent  faeminei 
sexus.  He  wrote  also,  meditations  on  the 
fasts  and  feasts  of  the  church,  published 
after  his  death,  folio,  1637. 

Autels,  Gillaume  des,  an  indifferent 
French  poet  of  Charolles  in  Burgundy,  who 
died  1576,  aged  47. 

Auteroche,  Jean  Chappe  d',  was  born 
at  Mauriac,  in  upper  Auvergne,  son  of  the 
lord  Auteroche,  and  he  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  rapid  progress  in  the  acqui- 
sition of  learning,  which  was  aided  by  the 
advantages  of  rank  and  of  opulence.  His 
superior  abilities,  especially  in  drawing  and 
mathematics,  soon  recommended  him  to 
public  notice.  The  principal  of  his  college, 
de  la  Tour,  mentioned  him  to  Cassini,  and 
135 


AUT 


AUZ 


the  philosopher  found  him  equal  to  his  great 
expectations.     Auteroche  was  employed  to 
survey  the  royal  buildings,  and  he  advanced 
his  reputation  by   translating  Dr.  Halley's 
works,  and  displayed  the  accuracy   of  his 
calculations  in  his  assiduous  observations 
on  the  two  comets  which  appeared  in  1760. 
The  transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  on 
the  6th  of  June,  1761,  added  still  to  his  po- 
pularity.    While  Pinge  was  sent  to  the  isle 
of  Roderigo,  the  abbe  Auteroche  braved  the 
rigours   of  the  north,  and  fixed  upon  To- 
bolsk, the  capital    of  Siberia,  as  the  place 
for  his   observations.     The    appearance  of 
the  philosopher  with  his  mathematical  ap- 
paratus was  viewed  by  the   barbarian   na- 
tives with  astonishment  and  terror,  so  that 
the  governor   was  obliged  to  protect  his 
person    with  a  guard  ;  but  the   cause  of 
science  triumphed,  and  though  the  clouded 
skies  seemed  not  to  promise    a  favourable 
day,  yet  the  transit  became  visible,  and  the 
exulting  astronomer,  who  made  his  obser- 
vations in  the  presence  of  the  archbishop  of 
Tobolsk,  and  other  men  of  science,  imme- 
diately despatched  a  courier  to    Paris  with 
the  result  of  his  observations.     So  much  in- 
trepidity manifested  for  the  advancement  of 
philosophy  did  not  pass  unnoticed  by    the 
empress  of  Russia  ;  the  abbe  was  invited  to 
Petersburg,  and   the  most  ample  patronage 
and  the  highest  academical  honours  were  to 
attend  his  settlement  at  Petersburg.      The 
liberal  offers   were,    however,  rejected  by 
the  independent  Frenchman,  who  prepared, 
in  1769,  to  view  another  transit  of  Venus, 
and  crossed,  in  a  small  vessel,  the  Atlantic, 
eager  to  reach  the  coast  of  California,  which 
was  the  place  most  favourable  for  the  obser- 
vation of  the  phenomenon.     A  pestilential 
disease  had    spread    devastation  over   the 
country,  but  the    abbe  fearless    of  danger 
landed  at   St.  Joseph,  determined  there  to 
make  his  astronomical  remarks,  against  the 
advice  of  his  friends.     The  3d  of  June,  the 
wished-for  day  arrived,   the    observations 
were  completed,  and  the  disorder  seemed 
to'  respect   the   person  of  the   abb6  ;   but, 
however,  three  days  after  he  was  attacked. 
Yet  he   might  have  struggled    against  the 
violence  of  the  disease,    and    survived  the 
dreadful  shock,   had    he   not  imprudently 
exposed    himself   to  the   air,   and    to   the 
fatigue  of  observing  an  eclipse,  of  the  moon, 
on  the  very  day  that  he  took  physic.     His 
fate  was  now  decided,  he  grew  worse,  and 
died  August  1st,  1769,  in  his  49th  year,  a 
remarkable  instance  of  indefatigable  appli- 
cation unfortunately  sacrificed  to  a  too  ea- 
ger pursuit  after  knowledge.     His    papers 
were  preserved  by  M.  Pauli,   who  accom- 
panied  him,    and  were   presented  to   the 
world  by  young  Cassini. 

Authon,  John  d',    abbot   of  Angle,  in 
Poitou,  and  of  the  same  family  from  which 
upnin2;  Barbarossa,  was  historiographer  to 
13R 


Lewis  XII.  His  history  of  France  from 
1490  to  1508,  is  very  circumstantial  and 
entertaining,  though  he  is  blamed  by  some 
for  a  coolness  of  narration,  and  a  disinter- 
esting  detail  of  trifles  occasionally  inter- 
spersed with  improbable  facts.  He  died 
1523.  Part  of  his  works  was  published  by 
Godefroi,  and  the  rest  still  remains  in  ma- 
nuscript. 

Automne,  Bernard,  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Bourdeaux,  was  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  provincial  law  of  Bour- 
deaux— of  Censura  Gallica  in  jus  civile 
Romanum — of  a  comparison  of  the  French 
and  Roman  law,  &.c.  He  died  1666,  aged 
99. 

Autreau,  Jaques  d',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who,  at  the  age  of  60,  began  to  write  for 
the  stage.  His  pieces  were  favourably 
received,  and  though  they  were  deficient  in 
intricacy  of  plot  and  action,  yet  they  were 
admired  for  vivacity,  ease,  and  comic  spirit. 
His  works  were  published,  1749,  in  4  vols. 
12mo.  with  a  preface  by  Pelessier.  The 
best  known  of  his  pictures  was  his  Dioge- 
nes with  a  lantern  in  his  hand  in  search 
of  an  honest  man,  which  he  finds  in  a  re- 
presentation of  cardinal  de  Fleury.  Au- 
treau lived  in  retirement,  an  enemy  to  the 
parade,  bustle,  and  follies  of  life,  and 
happy  in  his  poverty.  He  died  at  Paris 
1745,  in  the  hospital  of  incurables. 

Auvergne,  Anthony  d',  a  native  of 
Clermont,  director  of  the  opera  at  Paris, 
and  known  as  a  very  eminent  composer, 
whose  works  are  held  in  the  highest  ad- 
miration. He  died  at  Lyons,  12th  Februa- 
ry, 1797,  aged  84. 

Auvigny,  N.  Castres  d',  a  man  of  great 
genius,  born  in  the  Hainaut,  and  intimate 
with  l'abb6  des  Fontaines,  who  nurtured 
and  directed  his  taste.  He  was  an  officer 
in  the  light-horse  guards,  and  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Dettingen,  1743,  in  his  3lst 
year.  His  writings  were  numerous  for 
his  age,  and  all  on  historical  subjects,  the 
most  admired  of  which  are  his  lives  of  il- 
lustrious Frenchmen,  8  vols.  12mo. — his 
history  of  Paris,  4  vols  l2mo. — besides 
memoirs  of  madame  Barneveldt,  2  vols. 
12mo. — and  histories  of  Rome  and  France 
abridged.  He  is  authentic,  though  his 
style  is  occasionally  too  declamatory  and 
romantic. 

Auxentius,  a  native  of  Cappadocia, 
made  bishop  of  Milan  by  Constantius,  but 
excommunicated  by  a  council  at  Rome. 
He  was  an  Arian  by  principle.  He  died 
374. — Another  of  the  same  name  was  so 
violent  in  his  tenets  that  he  challenged  St. 
Ambrose  to  a  public  disputation  which  he 
as  prudently  rejected. 

Auzont,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
known  as  a  mathematician.  He  is  said  to 
be  the  inventor  of  the  micrometer  in  1667, 
the  merit  of  which,  however,   is  claimed 


AYL 


AYL 


so  by  the  English.  He  first  suggested  the 
idea  of  applying  the  telescope  to  the  astro- 
nomical quadrant,  though  some  attribute  it 
to  Picard.  He  died  1691.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  of  the  micrometer,  printed  1693, 
folio. 

Axereto  or  Assereto,  Blaise,  a  cele- 
brated Genoese  admiral  who  defeated  AI- 
phonso  V.  king  of  Arragon,  in  a  naval 
battle,  1435,  and  took  him  prisoner. 

Axiothea,  a  female  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Plato,  whose  lectures  she  attended 
in  man's  clothes. 

Axtel,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
mentary army,  of  whose  private  character 
few  circumstances  are  known.  He  was 
strongly  infected  with  the  puritanical  tenets 
of  the  times,  and  so  firmly  convinced  of  the 
justice  of  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  that 
from  a  grocer  he  became  a  soldier,  and  by 
his  good  conduct  rose  to  the  place  of  colonel. 
He  was  one  of  the  officers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  his  behaviour  showed 
that  he  had  not  preserved  much  reverence 
for  fallen  majesty.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Ireland,  but  being  dissatisfied  with  the  con- 
duct of  Henry  Cromwell,  the  lord  lieute- 
nant, he  gave  in  his  resignation,  till  the 
expulsion  of  the  second  protector  and  the 
restoration  of  the  old  parliament  called  him 
again  to  action.  He  was,  however,  oppos- 
ed by  Monk,  and  dispossessed  of  his  com- 
mand, and  after  supporting  general  Lam- 
bert against  Ingoldsby,  he  was  obliged  to 
fly,  but  was  soon  taken  and  committed  to 
the  Tower.  He  was  the  50th  of  the  52 
excepted  from  the  bill  of  indemnity,  and 
he  was  accordingly  tried  as  being  concern- 
ed in  the  king's  murder.  It  was  sufficiently 
evident  that  he  had  acted  with  unusual  se- 
verity against  the  king,  and  that  he  had  been 
concerned  in  his  execution,  and,  therefore, 
he  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  at  Tyburn, 
which  sentence  was  executed  on  the  19th 
October,  1660.  Axtel  in  his  last  moments 
showed  great  firmness  of  mind,  and  attempt- 
ed to  justify  his  conduct  to  the  spectators. 
His  head  was  set  up  at  the  end  of  West- 
minster-hall, and  the  limbs  exposed  in  other 
places.  He  left  a  widow  and  seven  chil- 
dren, for  whom  he  had  provided  in  the  days 
of  his  prosperity  a  sufficient  subsistence. 

Atesha,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  was  the 
most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Mahomet, 
though  she  bore  him  no  child.  After  his 
death  she  opposed  the  succession  of  Ali, 
but,  though  violent  and  revengeful,  her  cha- 
racter was  respected,  and  when  taken 
prisoner,  she  was  dismissed  without  injury. 
She  died  677,  aged  67. 

Aylesbury,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of 
London,  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
and  Christ  Church,  where  he  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree.  His  abilities  as  a  mathema- 
tician and  man  of  science,  recommended 
him  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  by  whose 
V"L.  I.  18 


influence  he  was  made  a  baronet,  and  mas- 
ter of  the  mint.  During  the  civil  wars,  he 
suffered  much  from  the  virulence  of  the 
persecution  of  the  parliament,  and  on  the 
king's  death  he  retired  to  Flanders,  where 
hedied,  1657.  In  his  public  character  he  was 
a  great  patron  of  literature  ;  and  among 
his  friends  particularly,  was  Thomas  Har- 
riot, and  also  Thomas  Allen,  who  intrusted 
his  MSS.  to  his  confidential  care.  His 
daughter  married  lord  Clarendon. 

Aylesbury,  William,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Westminster,  and  like 
his  father,  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  Christ  Church.  Charles  I.  who  knew 
his  merits,  appointed  him  tutor  to  the  young 
duke  of  Buckingham,  and  his  brother,  lord 
Francis  Villiers,  with  whom  he  travelled, 
and  on  his  return,  he  was  made  groom  of 
the  royal  chamber,  and  encouraged  to 
translate  d'Avila's  history  of  the  civil  wars 
of  France,  which  appeared  in  London,  folio, 
1647,  and  1678.  The  civil  wars  reduced 
him  from  comfortable  independence  to 
poverty,  and  he  passed  to  Jamaica,  where 
he  died,  about  1657.  AVhile  in  Italy,  it  is 
said  he  was  nearly  murdered  by  two  assas- 
sins, who  mistook  him  for  another  person 
against  whom  their  weapons  were  directed. 

Aylett,  Robert,  a  master  in  chancery, 
of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  L.L.D.  1614. 
He  wrote  Susanna,  or  the  arraignment  of 
the  two  elders,  in  8vo.  1622,  and  divine 
and  moral  speculations  in  verse — the  Bri- 
tannia antiqua  illustrata,  though  ascribed 
to  him,  was  supposed  to  be  written  by  hi* 
nephew,  Aylett  Sammes,  as  he  did  not  pos- 
sess sufficient  labour  and  learning  for  the 
execution. 

Aylin,  John,  author  of  the  history  of 
Friuli,  found  in  Muratori's  antiquitat.  Ital. 
medii  aevi,  Milan,  1740,  was  an  Italian 
writer  of  the  14th  century. 

Aylmer,  John,  was  born  at  Aylmer-hall, 
in  Norfolk,  1521,  and  patronised  by  the 
marquis  of  Dorset,  afterwards  duke  of  Suf- 
folk, who  maintained  him  at  Cambridge, 
and  made  him  tutor  to  his  children,  among 
whom  was  lady  Jane  Grey.  He  warmly 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  reformation,  so 
that  his  pulpit  eloquence  was  instrumental 
in  converting  many  of  the  people  in  Leices- 
tershire ;  but  when  Mary  came  to  the 
throne,  he  had  shown  himself  too  zealous 
against  popery,  to  be  safe  in  England,  and 
therefore  he  fled  to  Strasburg  and  Zurich, 
till  the  elevation  of  Elizabeth  recalled 
him  home.  He  was  one  of  the  eight  divines 
appointed  to  dispute  with  the  same  number 
of  Catholics  ;  but  though  his  learning  was 
great,  and  his  zeal  unceasing,  he  received 
little  preferment,  because  it  is  said,  he  had 
with  some  asperity  reflected  upon  the  in- 
dolence of  the  bishops  and  their  excessive 
incomes.  His  abilities,  however,  were  at~ 
tafrt  rewarded,  and  he  was  made  bishop  of 
1ST 


UJ. 


AYR 


London,  when  Sandys  was  translated  from 
/hat  see  to  Canterbury.  It  is,  however,  a 
strong  reflection  on  his  character,  that  lie 
sued  for  dilapidations,  and  with  great 
earnestness  his  predecessor,  who  had  been 
warm  in  his  recommendation  of  him  to  a 
diocess,  and  recovered  S00/.  or  1000/. 
His  attention  as  a  bishop  was  exemplary, 
lie  watched  with  a  jealous  eye  over  the  dig- 
nity of  the  clergy,  and  none  but  deserving 
characters  were  admitted  candidates  for 
orders.  During  the  plague,  the  bishop's 
humanity  was  eminently  conspicuous. 
By  his  orders,  the  sick  were  visited  by  his 
clergy,  every  possible  comfort  was  liberally 
administered,  and  books  with  directions  to 
prevent  the  spreading  of  the  contagion, 
were  freely  circulated  at  his  expense.  In 
his  last  years,  he  wished  to  exchange  his 
diocess  for  Ely,  or  Winchester,  but  when 
♦his  could  not  be  effected,  he  hoped  to  resign 
in  favour  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  which  the  latter 
rejected.  He  died  at  Fulham,  3d  of  June, 
1594,  aged  73.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  strong  sense,  of  a  warm,  inde- 
pendent temper,  eloquent  and  popular  as  a 
preacher,  and  as  a  bishop,  rigid  in  enfor- 
cing punctuality  and  subordination,  so  that 
ihe  puritans,  and  anabaptists,  whom  he  op- 
posed, have  described  him  as  intolerable  in 
his  conduct,  virulent  in  his  language,  and 
tyrannical  over  his  inferiors.  Though 
economical,  he  loved  magnificence,  so  that 
his  household  consisted  of  80  persons. 
He  married  Judith  Buers,  by  whom  he  had 
seven  sons,  and  two  or  three  daughters. 
He  died  rich,  but  his  successor  obtained 
dilapidations.  He  has  been  accused  of 
avarice  in  cutting  down  the  woods  which 
belonged  to  his  diocess,  to  the  amount  of 
1000/.  to  the  hurt  of  his  successor,  and  in 
consequence  of  a  representation  to  the 
council  of  the  circumstance,  the  queen  en- 
joined him  to  desist.  He  was  author  of 
:*n  answer  to  Knox's  blast  against  the 
empire  of  women. 

Atloffe,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.  was  de- 
fended of  an  ancient  Saxon  family,  seated 
at  Bacton  Alof,  near  Wye,  in  Kent,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  and  became  eminent  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  his  knowledge  of  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  his  country.  He  intended 
!o  write  the  history  of  Suffolk,  but  he 
dropped  the  intention  from  the  deficiency 
of  the  materials  promised  to  him,  and  in 
1 747,  he  circulated  proposals  for  a  transla- 
tion of  the  French  encyclopaedia  with  ad- 
ditions, and  a  large  collection  of  articles 
concerning  the  history  and  antiquities  of 
Great  Britain,  in  10  volumes  4to.  price  9/. 
9s.  but  after  the  first  volume  was  published, 
the  prosecution  of  the  work  was  laid  aside 
for  want  of  sufficient  patronage.  Sir  Jo- 
seph was  elected  vice-president  of  the  anti- 
139 


quarian  society,  and  his  various  publica- 
tions on  the  antiquities  of  England,  and  on 
local  history,  and  on  different  monuments, 
proved  how  well  he  deserved  the  public 
favour.  He  married,  in  1734,  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Railton,  widow,  by  whom  he  had  an 
only  son,  who  died  of  the  small-pox,  at 
Cambridge,  in  his  21st  year,  December 
19th,  1756,  and  the  father  died  at  Lambeth, 
April  1781,  aged  72,  and  was  buried  with 
his  father  and  son  in  the  vault  of  Hendon 
church.  His  manuscripts  were  sold  after 
his  death.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
paper  office,  he  was  the  first  in  the  com- 
mission ;  he  was  also  secretary  to  the  com- 
missioners for  the  building  of  Westmin- 
ster-bridge. Besides  various  papers  in  the 
Archaeologia,  he  published  calendars  of  the 
ancient  charters  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
1772,  4to. — additions  of  Lcland's  collec- 
tanea, 9  vols.  8vo. — liber  niger  Scaccarii, 
2  vols.  8vo. — Hearne's  curious  discourses, 
2  vols.  8vo.,  &c. 

Avlon,  Luke  Vasques  d',  a  Spaniard  en- 
gaged in  the  discovery  and  conquest  of 
America.  He  made  an  expedition  into 
Florida,  1520,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
perished  in  a  second  voyage  to  the  same 
place. 

Atmar,  James,  a  peasant  of  Dauphine, 
who  acquired  some  reputation,  by  pretend- 
ing to  discover  secrets,  hidden  treasures, 
robberies,  &c.  by  means  of  a  sacred  wand. 
His  fraud  was  discovered,  and  he  retired 
again  to  obscurity.  De  \  allemont,  how- 
ever, wrote  a  book  on  his  divining  rod. 
He  died,  1708,  in  his  46th  year. 

Atmon,  John,  a  Piedmontese,  who  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  Calvin,  in  Holland, 
and  afterwards  returned  to  the  Romish 
church,  under  the  patronage  of  the  cardi- 
nal de  Noialles,  who  procured  for  him  a 
pension.  He  was  permitted  access  to  the 
king's  library  at  Paris,  but  he  dishonour- 
ably abused  the  confidence  reposed  in  him, 
by  conveying  away  some  of  the  books,  and 
among  others,  the  manuscript  original  of 
the  synod  of  Jerusalem,  held  1672.  This 
he  printed  in  Holland,  with  other  pieces, 
under  the  name  of  monumens  de  la  reli- 
gion des  Grecs,  et  de  la  faussete  de  plu- 
sieurs  confessions  de  foi,  1718,  in  4to. 
This  was  answered,  and  criticised  with 
spirit  and  ability  by  Renaudot.  He  wrote 
besides  some  treatises  on  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, especially  les  Synodes  nationaux  des 
eglises  reformees  de  France,  1710,  2  vols. 
4to. — tableau  de  la  cour  de  Rome,  1707, 
12mo. — the  letters  of  Cyril,  Lucar,  &c. 

Atres,  John,  an  English  penman  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  of  whose  life  few  par- 
ticulars are  known.  He  was  in  the  house- 
hold of  Sir  William  Ashurst,  lord  mayor  of 
London,  1694,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
arithmetic  made  easy,  a  popular  work,  of 
which  a  12th  edition  appeared,  1714.     Hi- 


AYS 


\zo 


tutor  to  penmanship,  engraved  by  John 
Strut,  was  published  1695,  and  inscribed 
to  king  William  ;  and  in  1700,  appeared 
his  Paul's  school  round  hand.  He  lived  at 
the  hand  and  pen,  in  St.  Paul's  churchyard, 
where  he  published  several  other  works  on 
penmanship. 

Atrmin  or  Atermin,  William,  a  native 
of  Lincolnshire,  made  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land by  Edward  III.  and  afterwards  trea- 
surer. He  was  also  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Rome,  where,  by  his  intrigues,  he  obtained 
the  nomination  to  the  vacant  bishopric  of 
Norwich  from  the  pope,  which  so  offended 
the  king,  that  he  refused  for  a  long  time  to 
admit  him  to  his  see.  He  died  about  1 387. 
Aysa,  a  Moorish  female,  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Charles  V.,  at  the 
siege  of  Tunis.  She  rejected  with  noble 
indignation  the  offers  of  Muley-Haseen, 
who  wished  to  redeem  her  from  captivity, 
and  observed  that  as  he  had  been  stripped 
of  his  kingdom,  she  disdained  to  owe  her 
liberty  to  so  great  a  coward. 

Ayscough,  George  Edward,  son  of  Dr. 
Ayscough,  dean  of  Bristol,  and  of  Anne, 
fifth  sister  of  lord  Lyttleton,  was  an  officer 
in  the  foot  guards,  and  distinguished  by  his 
literary  accomplishments.  He  wrote  Se- 
miramis,  a  tragedy,  1777,  and  on  his 
return  from  the  continent,  which  he  visited 
for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  he  publish- 
ed letters  from  an  officer  of  the  guards  to 
his  friend  in  England,  with  some  account 
of  France  and  Italy,  1778,  8vo.  He  fell  a 
victim  to  a  rapid  consumption,  14th  Oct. 
1779. 

Ayscough,  Samuel,  an  indefatigable 
compiler.  He  was  born  at  Nottingham, 
where  his  education  was  begun  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Johnson,  till  the  misfortunes 
of  his  father  rendered  his  further  progress 
in  learning  impossible.  From  the  mean 
occupation  of  servant  in  a  mill,  young 
Ayscough  was  drawn  by  the  friendship  of  a 
schoolfellow  who  knew  his  merit  and  his 
industry,  and  he  was,  in  1770,  admitted 
into  the  British  museum,  and  some  time 
after,  obtained  the  office  of  under  librarian. 
His  time  was  usefully  employed  in  this 
noble  national  establishment,  and  he  made 
a  correct  catalogue  of  the  MSS.  of  the 
collection.  He  also  assisted  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  papers  in  the  Tower, 
and  made  an  index  to  the  first  56  vols,  of 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  to  the  Monthly 
Review,  to  the  British  Critic,  to  Shaks- 
peare,  and  to  other  popular  works.  He 
wrote  besides  remarks  on  the  letters  of  an 
American  farmer,  &c.  He  was  for  some 
time  curate  of  St.  Giles's  in  the  Fields, 
and  he  began  in  1790,  to  preach  the  Fair- 
ehild  lecture  on  Whit-Tuesday,  founded  in 
Shoreditch  church,  before  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, which  he  continued  for  14  years. 
Id  1804,  the  lord  chancellor  gave  him  the 


living  of  Cudham  in  Kent,  but  the  appoint- 
ment came  too  late  to  a  man  who  deserved, 
for  his  indefatigable  industry  and  correct 
conduct,  better  preferment,  for  he  died  the 
next  year. 

Ayscue,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  descended  from  an  ancient  family 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  knighted  by 
Charles  I.  but  in  the  civil  wars  he  declared 
for  the  Commonwealth ;  and  when  the 
fleet  revolted  to  prince  Rupert,  he  brought 
his  ship,  the  Lion,  into  the  Thames,  and 
was  rewarded  for  his  attachment  to  the 
parliament  with  a  command  on  the  Irish 
station,  where  his  valour  and  experience 
greatly  contributed  to  the  reduction  of 
Ireland.  In  1651,  he  reduced  Barbadoe?. 
and  the  next  year  he  defeated  a  Dutch 
fleet,  and  soon  after,  in  consequence  of  hi? 
dispute  with  Blake,  he  retired  from  thr 
service,  to  command  the  fleet  of  Charier 
Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden.  After  the 
restoration,  he  was  promoted  in  the  Eng- 
lish navy,  and  in  1666,  commanded  the 
Royal  Prince,  the  largest  ship  in  the  world ; 
when,  during  a  desperate  fight  of  four  days 
with  the  Dutch  fleet,  he  unfortunately, 
after  performing  repeated  acts  of  heroism, 
struck  on  the  Galloper  Sand,  and  was, 
against  his  will,  obliged  by  his  crew  to  sur- 
render. The  Dutch,  proud  of  their  cap- 
tive, carried  him  from  town  to  town,  as  a 
spectacle  to  the  people.  Sir  George  after 
this  never  went  again  to  sea,  but  lived  and 
died  in  retirement. 

Azariah  or  Uzziah,  king  of  Judah  after 
Amaziah,  B.  C.  810,  was  at  first  a  good 
and  popular  prince,  but  afterwards  became 
an  idolater,  and  died  a  leper. 

Azarias,  a  rabbi,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
work  called  the  light  of  the  eyes,  contain- 
ing various  historical  miscellaneous  sub- 
jects, besides  Aristeas's  letter  on  the  Sep- 
tuagint  translated  into  Hebrew.  The  work 
was  printed  at  Mantua  1574. 

Azevedo,  Ignatius,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
born  1527.  He  relinquished  the  indepen- 
dence of  a  large  fortune  to  embark  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  India.  The  vessel  in  which  he 
was  was  attacked  by  pirates,  and  he  and  hi? 
19  companions  were  massacred  by  the  bar- 
barous enemy,  15th  July,  1570,  near  Palma. 
This  cruel  event  was  felt  and  lamented 
through  Europe,  and  Azevedo  was  pro- 
claimed a  martyr  by  a  papal  bull. 

Azaicueta,  Martin,  surnamed  Navarre, 
a  lawyer,  born  1494  at  Verasoa,  near  Pam- 
peluna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  vari- 
ous universities.  He  died  at  Rome  1586. 
His  works  appeared  at  Lyons,  6  vols,  folio, 
1597. 

Azorius,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca  near 

Carthagena,  who  became  eminent  among 

the  Jesuits,  as  a  public  professor,  at  Alcala, 

and  at   Rome.     He  wrote  Institutionum 

139 


KAY. 


AZZ 


.urn iiliuiM,  3  vols,  folio  in  canticum,  &c.  and 
died  at  Rome  1603. 

Azzi  De  Forti,  Faustina,  a  native  of 
Arczzo,  distinguished  for  her  poetical  ta- 
lents, and  admitted  into  the  academy  of 
Arcadia  under  the  name  of  Eurinomia. 
She  published  a  volume  of  Italian  poems, 
and  died  May  4,  1724. 

Azzo,  Portius,  a  native  of  Bologna,  made 
professor  of  law  there  1190.  He  is  author 
of  a  summary  of  the  code,  and  the  insti- 
tute, much  esteemed.     He  died  1220. 

Azzogcidi,  Valerius  Flaccus,  a  learned 
antiquarian  of  Bologna.     He  wrote  on  the 


origin  of  the  town  of  Bologna,  and  the 
chronology  of  the  first  king  of  Etruria,  and 
on  the  age  of  the  patriarchs  mentioned  in 
Genesis.  He  died  at  Bologna,  1728,  aged 
77.  There  were  two  other  authors  of  that 
name,  of  no  great  celebrity. 

Azzolini,  Lawrence,  secretary  to  pope 
Urban  VIII.  and  bishop  of  Narni,  died  1532. 
He  wrote  an  admired  satire  against  de- 
bauchery, 8vo.  His  relation,  Decio,  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal  by  Innocent 
X.  He  wrote  political  aphorisms,  and  was 
the  favourite  of  Christiana  queen  of  Swe- 
den, who  left  to  him  all  her  property.  He 
died  1689,  aged  67. 


BAB 

J-JAAHDIN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali,  a 
■*-*  learned  Persian,  author  of  a  summary 
of  civil  and  canon  law,  which  was  comple- 
ted and  enforced  through  Persia  by  the  com- 
mand of  Abbas  the  great. 

Baad,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
Haerlem,  163S.  He  studied  under  Bekker, 
and  acquired  so  much  celebrity,  that 
Charles  II.  and  all  the  royal  family  were 
painted  by  him.  After  some  residence  in 
England,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was 
patronised  by  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 
His  talents  were  so  great,  that  he  excited 
the  jealousy  of  inferior  artists,  and  one  of 
them  nearly  succeeded  in  stabbing  him  to 
the  heart.  This  ingenious  man,  whom  his 
pencil  had  rendered  rich  and  independent, 
died  at  Amsterdam,  1702.  His  son  James 
was  also  an  artist  of  eminence,  who  follow- 
ed king  William  into  England  at  the  revo- 
lution, and  died  1700,  aged  27. 

Baarsjjorp,  Cornelius,  author  of  Metho- 
dus  universal  artis  medics,  5  vols,  folio, 
Bruges  1538,  was  patronised  by  Charles  V. 
lo  whom  he  was  physician  and  chamber- 
lain. 

Baart,  Peter,  a  Latin  and  Flemish  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  the  Flemish  Geor- 
gics,  a  poem  in  imitation  of  Virgil,  and 
highly  commended  by  his  countrymen,  but 
with  undiscerning  partiality.  He  wrote 
also  another  poem,  called  le  Triton  de 
Frise.     The  year  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Baba,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  announ- 
ced himself  in  1260,  in  the  town  of  Amasia, 
as  the  messenger  of  God;  and  when  oppo- 
sed by  the  Turks,  he  collected  a  number  of 
adherents,  at  whose  head  he  laid  waste  the 
fairest  portion  of  Natolia.  He  was  at  last 
overpowered,  ajid  his  sect  totally  dispersed. 

Babek,  a  Persian,  who  in  323  assembled 
a  multitude  of  fanatical  followers,  with 
whom  he  defeated  the  troops  of  the  caliph 
Almamon.  He  was  conquered  by  the  next 
caliph,  and  after  being  led  about  on  anele- 
140 


BAB 

phant  through  the  streets  of  Samara,  his 
hands  and  legs  were  cut  off,  and  he  expir- 
ed in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  agonies. 
One  of  the  ten  executioners  who  followed 
him  declared  that  he  had  himself  put  to 
death  not  less  than  20,000  men. 

Babacouschi,  the  surname  of  a  mufti  of 
Caffa  in  the  Taurida,  author  of  a  political 
treatise  called  the  friend  and  favourite  of 
princes.  He  died  783  of  the  hegira.  An- 
other of  the  same  name  and  place  died  974, 
author  of  a  book  of  moral  essays  called  the 
Garden  of  Anemones.  Both  productions 
are  probably  by  the  same  pen,  from  a  mis- 
take in  the  figures  of  the  hegira,  from  the 
negligence  of  copyists. 

Babeuf,  Francis  Noel,  a  native  of  St. 
Quintin.  He  was  at  first  a  menial  servant 
in  the  family  of  a  benevolent  master  near 
Roye,  whose  kindness  in  instructing  him 
in  reading  and  writing,  he  repaid  by  dis- 
tressing him  in  an  iniquitous  lawsuit.  He 
next  became  an  attorney,  and  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  French  revolution,  he  escaped 
from  the  prison  of  Arras,  where  his  disho- 
nesty had  immured  him,  to  come  to  Paris, 
where,  assuming  the  name  of  Gracchus,  he 
published  a  paper  called  the  Tribune  of  the 
people.  By  disseminating  the  most  per- 
nicious principles,  and  recommending  the 
division  of  all  property,  he  continued  popu- 
lar, and  on  the  fall  of  Robespierre,  he  was 
regarded  as  a  proper  person  to  succeed  the 
tyrant,  and  to  guide  the  destinies  of  France, 
by  shedding  the  blood  of  her  virtuous  citi^ 
zens.  This  profligate  character  was  at  last 
denounced  by  some  of  his  accomplices,  and 
condemned  to  the  guillotine.  He  suffered 
with  great  composure,  1797,  aged  37.  An 
account  of  his  trial,  in  which  he  displayed 
great  eloquence  and  astonishing  firmness 
of  mind,  has  been  published  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Babin,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angers, 
known  as  a  learned  and  virtuous  ecclesias- 
tic    He  wa.=  divinity  professor,  and   pub- 


BAG 


BAC 


lished  the  conferences  of  the  diocess  of 
Angers,  18  vols.  l2mo.  continued  in  10 
other  volumes,  by  la  Blaniere.  He  died 
19th  Dec.  1734,  aged  83. 

Babington,  Gervase,  a  native  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
By  the  interest  of  Henry  earl  of  Pembroke, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  he  obtained  pre- 
ferment, and  was  at  last  raised  to  the  see 
of  Llandaff,  and  from  thence  translated  to 
Hereford;  and  in  1597  to  Worcestei-.  He 
was  a  great  benefactor  to  the  cathedral 
library  at  Worcester.  He  died  of  the  jaun- 
dice May  17th,  1610.  He  wrote  notes  on 
the  five  books  of  Moses,  and  expositions  of 
the  creed,  &c.  besides  sermons  published 
in  folio,  1615  and  1637. 

Babington,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, known  in  English  history  for  his 
conspiracy  to  assassinate,  with  other  Ro- 
man catholic  associates,  queen  Elizabeth, 
and  thus  to  procure  the  release  of  the  un- 
fortunate Mary  of  Scots.  This  diabolical 
scheme  was  zealously  undertaken  in  the 
hope  that  Mary  would  reward  her  deliverer 
by  taking  him  to  share  her  throne.  The 
plot  was  discovered  by  Walsingham,  and 
the  conspirators  suffered  death,  1586. 

Babur,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  disputed 
with  his  elder  brother  Aly  Doulat  for  the 
sovereignty,  and  in  consequence  of  a  treaty 
obtained  the  province  of  Georgia.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  in  bloody  wars  with  his 
relations,  and  after  a  terrible  battle  he  or- 
dered the  head  of  his  brother  Mohammed, 
who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  to  be  cut  off 
in  his  presence.  He  died  1471,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  violent  fit  of  passion. 

Babylas,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  put  to 
death  during  the  persecution  of  the  empe- 
ror Decius,  251. 

Bacai,  the  surname  of  Ibrahim  Benomar, 
a  learned  mussulman,  who  died  885  of  the 
hegira.  He  is  author  of  several  treatises 
on  the  manners  of  ancient  philosophers,  on 
the  art  of  divination  by  numbers,  the  prais- 
es of  poverty,  a  commentary  on  the  Koran, 
&c. 

Bacalani,  the  surname  of  Abubecre,  the 
author  of  a  book  to  explain  the  difficult  pas- 
sages which  occur  in  the  Koran. 

Baccalar-t-sanna,  Vincent,  marquis  of 
St.  Philip,  a  native  of  Sardinia,  who  raised 
himself  to  consequence  by  his  services  to 
Charles  II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  in  his 
native  country.  He  wrote  The  Monarchy 
of  the  Hebrews,  which  has  been  translated 
into  French,  4  vols.  12mo. — and  memoirs 
of  Philip  V.  4  vols.  12mo.  and  died  at  Ma- 
drid 1726. 

Baccali,  a  learned  Mahometan,  sur- 
named,  from  his  learning,  the  ornament  of 
the  doctors.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  pray- 
ers of  the  Mussulmans,  and  on  the  glory 
and  excellence,  of  the  Arabs.     He  died  in 


the  year  of  the  hegira  562,  or,  according  to 
others,  573. 

Baccelli,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  translated  the  Odyssey  into  Italian 
seiolti  verses,  1558.  He  died  before  the 
completion  of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad. 

Bacchetti,  Lawrence,  professor  of  me- 
dicine and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished dissertations  on  acids,  alkalis,  &c. 
and  died  1708. 

Bacchini,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  of 
Parma,  author  of  literary  journal  which 
gave  offence  to  his  superiors.  He  retired 
to  Modena,  where  he  became  librarian  and 
historiographer  to  the  duke,  and  afterwards 
he  filled  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history 
with  ability.  He  published  several  very 
learned  works,  and  made  a  collection  for 
the  history  of  the  house  of  Este,  which  he 
left  in  the  hands  of  Muratori.  He  died 
1721,  aged  70. 

Bacchylides,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
flourished  about  452  B.  C. 

Bacchylus,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the  se- 
cond century,  wrote  a  letter  in  the  name  of 
the  bishop  of  Achaia,  on  the  proper  time 
for  the  celebration  of  the  feast  of  Easter. 

Baccio,  Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  physi- 
cian to  pope  Sixtus  V.  He  wrote  some 
learned  and  valuable  treatises,  de  venenis 
et  antidotis  ;  de  gemmis,  de  thermis,  de 
naturali  vinorum  historia,  &c.  He  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

Baccio,  Francis  Bartholomew,  an  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  who 
died  1517,  aged  48.  His  colouring  and  the 
elegance  of  his  figures  were  much  admired. 

Bach,  John  Sebastian,  a  German  musi- 
cian, born  at  Eisenach.  He  was  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  and  was 
eminent  for  his  skill  in  playing  on  the  or- 
gan. His  compositions  are  much  admired. 
He  died  at  Leipsic,  1754,  aged  69.  His 
sons,  Charles  and  John,  were  equally  emi- 
nent as  musicians  and  composers. 

Bachaumon,  Lewis  Petit  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  secret  me- 
moirs, to  elucidate  the  history  of  literature 
in  France,  in  36  vols.  12mo.  and  other 
works.     He  died,  May  1st,  1771. 

Bachelier,  Nicholas,  an  architect  and 
sculptor,  who,  after  studying  at  Rome  un- 
der Michael  Angelo,  introduced  at  Tou- 
louse and  Lucca,  the  graceful  and  easy 
manner  of  his  master,  instead  of  the  heavy 
gothic  which  then  prevailed.  He  adorned 
several  churches  by  his  sculpture,  and  was 
universally  admired  for  the  power  of  his 
chisel.     He  died  after  1553. 

Bachini,  Bernardine,  a  Benedictine, 
born  at  Borgo  san  Domino.  The  weak- 
ness of  his  constitution  obliged  him  to  re- 
linquish the  pulpit,  and  in  his  learned  re- 
tirement he  composed  some  valuable  books 
in  Latin  and  Italian,  a  literary  journal  from 
111 


BAC 


BAG 


1GS6  to  1697, 9  vols.  4to.  de  sistrorum  figu- 
ris,  &c.  and  died  at  Bologne,  September 
1st,  1721,  aged  70. 

Bachovius,  Reinier,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
■who  became  eminent  as  a  civilian.  He 
left  Leipsic,  because  bis  tenets  as  a  Cal- 
vinist  were  disagreeable  to  the  people,  and 
afterwards  he  embraced  the  opinions  of  the 
Catholics,  and  was  made  professor  at  Hei- 
delberg by  the  duke  of  Bavaria.  He  died, 
1614,  aged  70.  His  son  was  professor  also 
at  Heidelberg,  and  died  a  good  Catholic. 
He  published  exercitations  ad  partem  pos- 
teriorem  Chiliados  Fabri,  1624 — de  actio- 
nibus,  1626 — de  pignoribus  et  hypothecis, 
1 627 — disputat.  de  variis  juris  civilis  mate- 
riis,  1604— In  institutionum  Juris  Justinian, 
libros  4  commentar.  1628. 

Bacici,  John  Baptiste  Gauli,  a  native  of 
Genoa,  who,  at  the  age  of  14,  entered  into 
the  service  of  a  dealer  in  pictures  at  Rome, 
where  he  saw  and  was  patronised  and  in- 
structed by  Bernini.  He  soon  became 
eminent  as  a  painter,  and  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  drawing  the  portrait 
of  a  man  dead  for  20  years,  whose  features 
he  gradually  collected  from  the  information 
of  surviving  friends,  so  that  at  last  he  pro- 
duced a  most  perfect  and  complete  resem- 
blance. Though  bold  in  his  ideas  and  great 
in  his  colourings  and  his  foreshortening, 
Bacici  is  occasionally  blamed  for  incorrect- 
ness, and  for  want  of  taste  in  his  draperies. 
The  violence  of  his  temper  proved  fatal  to 
his  family  ;  in  reproving  his  son  before  his 
companions,  he  gave  him  a  blow  on  the 
face,  which  so  irritated  the  feelings  of  the 
youth  that  he  threw  himself  into  the  Tyber, 
and  left  his  father  inconsolable.  He  died, 
1709,  in  his  70th  year. 

Backer,  James,  a  Dutch  portrait  painter 
of  eminence,  who  died,  1560,  aged  30. 

Backer,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
at  Henlingen.  His  pieces  are  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died,  1651,  aged  42. 

Backhouse,  William,  a  Berkshire  gen- 
tleman, educated  at  Christ  Church.  He 
left  Oxford  without  a  degree,  and  retired  to 
his  seat,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  al- 
chymy  and  astrology,  and  had  among  his 
pupils  and  friends  Elias  Ashmole,  who  call- 
ed him  father.  He  died,  1662.  He  was 
author  of  The  pleasant  fountain  of  know- 
ledge, from  the  French,  8vo.  1644 — The 
complaint  of  nature — The  golden  fleece, 
&c. — and  he  also  invented  the  instrument 
called  the  Way-wiser. 

Backhuysen,  Ludolph,  a  painter  of 
Embden,  whose  sea  pieces  were  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died,  1709,  aged  78. 

Backus,  Isaac,  for  some  time  a- congre- 
gational, and  afterwards  a  baptist  minister 
in  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
Connecticut,  in  1724,  and  died  in  1806. 
He  is  worthy  of  memorial  chiefly  as  the 
agent,  sent  by  the  baptist  churches  of  tbe 
142 


Warren  Association  to  congress  in  1774, 
to  advocate  the  grant  of  equal  privileges 
to  all  denominations,  and  as  the  author  of 
a  history  of  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  New 
England,  particularly  tbe  baptist  churches, 
a  work  in  two  volumes,  and  of  inferior 
merit.  O   L. 

Backus,  Charles,  D.D.  a  congregational 
minister,  was  born  in  1749,  at  Norwich, 
Connecticut,  and  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1769.  He  was  invested  with  the 
pastoral  charge  of  the  church  in  Somers,  in 
that  state,  in  1774,  and  continued  there, 
enjoying  in  a  high  degree  the  affection  of 
his  people,  and  the  respect  of  his  asso- 
ciates in  the  ministry,  until  his  death,  in 
1803.  He  was  distinguished  for  amiable- 
ness,  courtesy  of  manners,  meekness,  and 
conscientiousness.  In  his  official  labours 
he  was  eminently  plain,  serious,  affection- 
ate, impressive,  and  successful.  He  was 
conspicuously  useful  as  a  theological  in- 
structer,  near  fifty  young  men  having  pre- 
pared themselves  for  the  ministry  under  his 
tuition.  He  published  a  volume  of  ser- 
mons on  regeneration.  {JZT  L. 

Backus,  Azel,  D.D.  first  president  of 
Hamilton  College,  New- York,  was  born  at 
Norwich,  Connecticut,  and  educated  at 
Yale  College,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1787.  He  studied  theology  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Backus,  of  Somers,  and  was  soon 
after  ordained  to  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
congregational  church  in  Bethlehem,  Con- 
necticut, as  the  successor  of  Dr.  Bellamy, 
and  continued  there,  highly  respected  and 
useful,  till  his  appointment  to  the  presiden- 
cy of  Hamilton  College,  then  recently  es- 
tablished. He  continued  in  that  station, 
much  respected  for  his  talents,  learning, 
and  piety,  till  his  death  ;  which  took  place 
December  28,  1816,  in  the  62d  year  of  his 
age.  KT  L. 

Bacon,  Robert,  an  English  friar,  known 
at  Oxford  as  divinity  professor  as  well  as 
by  his  opposition  to  Peter  de  Rupibus, 
bishop  of  Winton,  the  favourite  of  Henry 
III.  He  visited  Paris,  and  in  1233  was 
made  treasurer  of  Salisbury  cathedral.  He 
wrote  among  other  things  the  life  of  St. 
Edmund  the  primate,  and  died  1248,  and 
was  buried  at  Oxford. 

Bacon,  Roger,  was  born  near  Ilchcster, 
of  a  respectable  family,  1214.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  visited  Paris,  the 
common  resort  of  the  learned  of  the  times, 
and  after  taking  the  degree  of  doctor, 
and  becoming  monk  of  the  Franciscan  or- 
der, 1240,  he  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try. A  strong  inquisitive  mind  soon  raised 
him  to  consequence,  and  as  he  was  liberally 
supported  in  his  pursuits  by  the  munifi- 
cence of  his  friends,  among  whom  were 
bishop  Grostete,  Rich  the  primate,  Shir- 
wood  chancellor  of  Lincoln,  and  professor 
Fishacre,  he  made  the  most  rapid  strides  in 


BAC 


BAG 


the  advancement  of  science  and  philosophy. 
His  experiments  and  his  calculations  were 
so  far  above  the  comprehensions  of  his  age, 
that  he  was  accused  of  magic ;  and  the 
eagerness  with  which  he  studied  astrology 
strongly  supported  the  suspicion.  The 
monks  of  his  order  grew  jealous  of  his  re- 
putation, his  works  were  rejected  from 
their  library,  and  the  principal  of  the  or- 
der was  prevailed  upon  to  imprison  him. 
In  his  confinement  Bacon  composed  his 
"  Opus  majus,"  addressed  to  the  Pope,  in 
which  he  hoped  to  prevail  upon  the  pontiff 
to  reform  the  errors  of  the  church,  or  pro- 
pose some  efficient  method  to  stop  the 
power  of  skepticism  and  of  antichrist.  At 
last,  after  ten  years  of  painful  solitude,  he 
was  set  at  liberty  by  the  interference  of  his 
friends,  and  the  success  of  his  application 
to  the  general  of  his  order,  Jerome  d'  As- 
coli,  who  was  lately  raised  to  the  papal 
chair,  to  whom  he  inscribed  his  treatise 
"  on  the  means  of  avoiding  the  infirmities 
of  old  age."  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
epent  in  academical  repose  at  Oxford, 
where  he  died,  11th  June,  1294.  Bacon 
is  universally  allowed  to  have  been  a  man 
of  superior  merit,  and  his  example  and  the 
vast  acquirements  of  his  mind  in  a  barba- 
rous age  strongly  evince  with  what  success 
industry  and  perseverance  may  labour  in 
the  road  of  learning.  The  discoveries  and 
the  more  accurate  experiments  of  the 
moderns  pay  daily  tributes  of  gratitude  and 
reverence  to  this  father  of  philosophy,  and 
it  is  now  manifest  that  to  his  comprehensive 
mind  were  known  many  of  the  secrets 
which  the  toil  and  repeated  efforts  of  suc- 
ceeding ages  have  scarce  brought  to  light. 
He  was  acquainted  with  the  structure  of 
an  air  pump  and  with  the  laws  of  optics, 
and  the  power  of  glasses  ;  he  knew  the 
preparation  of  phosphorus,  and  he  clothed 
in  unintelligible  language,  the  name  of  gun- 
powder, which  he  said  was  formed  with 
sulphur,  nitre,  and  charcoal,  as  if  he  anti- 
cipated the  devastation  which  its  discovery 
by  Schwart,  some  ages  after,  was  to  bring 
upon  mankind.  In  his  writings,  which 
amounted  to  above  80  treatises,  some  of 
which  are  published  and  some  preserved  in 
manuscript  in  the  libraries  of  Europe,  he 
used  an  elegant  and  nervous  style,  and  was 
always  accurate  in  his  observations  on  na- 
ture. His  great  knowledge  of  chymistry 
has  been  most  satisfactorily  proved  by  the 
experiments  of  Mr.  Hombcrg.  To  his 
merits  much  praise  is  paid  by  Drs.  Jebb, 
Browne,  Boerhaave,  Freind,  Peter  Shaw, 
&c. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nicholas,  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Elizabeth,  and  the  descendant  of 
an  ancient  Suffolk  family,  was  born  1510. 
He  was  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  Cam- 
bridge, to  which  he  became  a  munificent 
benefactor,  and  after  travelling  in  France 


he  studied  the  law  at  Gray's  Inn.  He  was 
employed  under  Henry  VIII.  to  whom  he 
proposed  a  plan,  which  however  was  never 
adopted,  for  the  erecting  of  a  college  to 
instruct  young  statesmen  in  all  the  branch- 
es of  political  knowledge.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  Elizabeth,  and  made  keeper  of  the 
seals  in  the  room  of  Heath,  archbishop  of 
York ;  but  as  he  favoured  the  Suffolk  suc- 
cession he  was  treated  with  coldness,  and 
suspected  of  assisting  Hales  in  writing  a 
tract  to  favour  the  claims  of  the  dutchess  of 
Suffolk  against  the  rights  of  the  queen  of 
Scotland.  He  was,  however,  soon  after 
reinstated  in  the  queen's  good  opinion  by 
the  interference  of  Sir  William  Cecil,  and 
he  died,  20th  February,  1579.  He  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's,  and  his  monument  was 
destroyed  by  the  great  fire  in  1666.  By 
Jane  Ferneley,  his  first  wife,  he  had  three 
daughters  and  three  sons,  Nicholas,  Na- 
thaniel, and  Edward  ;  and  by  his  second, 
Anne  Cook,  he  left  two  sons,  Anthony  and 
Francis. 

Bacon,  Anne,  second  daughter  of  Sir 
Anthony  Cook,  preceptor  to  king  Edward 
VI.  and  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  eminent 
for  her  learning,  piety,  and  virtue.  She 
translated  from  the  Italian  into  English 
Ochine's  sermons,  and  Jewel's  apology  for 
the  church  of  England,  from  the  Latin  ; 
and  died  about  the  beginning  of  the  reign 
of  James  I.  at  Gorhambury,  near  St.  Al- 
bans. 

Bacon,  Francis,  viscount  St.  Albans, 
was  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  mentioned 
above,  and  was  born  at  York-house,  in  the 
Strand,  22d  January,  1561.  He  was  early 
introduced  at  court ;  and  after  he  had  stu- 
died at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  under 
Whitgift,  afterwards  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, he  accompanied,  though  little  more 
than  16,  Sir  Amias  Pawlet,  ambassador  to 
the  court  of  France,  where,  by  lm  diligence 
and  punctuality,  he  gave  great  satisfaction 
to  the  queen.  During  his  travels  his  father 
died  ;  and  as  he  found  himself  not  master 
of  the  independence  which  he  expected,  he 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law  at 
Gray's  Inn  ;  and,  by  the  means  of  lord 
Burleigh,  he  obtained  at  court  the  reversion 
of  the  registership  to  the  star  chamber, 
worth  1600/.  a  year,  which,  however,  he 
did  not  enjoy  till  twenty  years  after. 
Whilst  at  Gray's  Inn,  where  he  was  chosen 
Lent-reader,  he  formed  the  plan  and  drew 
the  outline  of  his  great  philosophical  work, 
the  instauration  of  the  sciences  ;  but  nei- 
ther his  learning  nor  his  abilities  recom- 
mended him  at  court,  as  the  favours  of  the 
queen  were  divided  between  the  Cecils  and 
the  earl  of  Leicester,  who  was  afterwards 
succeeded  by  Essex :  and  Bacon,  unfortu- 
nately for  his  advancement,  warmly  em- 
braced the  cause  of  the  latter.  Elizabeth 
was  sensible  of  his  great  talents,  but  n*><- 
143 


BAC 


BAG 


ther  her  partiality  nor  the  friendship  of  Es- 
sex could  overpower  the  cold  phlegmatic 
aversion  of  the  Cecils,  who  represented 
Bacon  as  a  speculative  man,  whose  head 
was  filled  with  philosophy,  and  not  with 
political  knowledge.  The  disappointment 
was  great,  and  Bacon  would  have  buried 
himself  in  a  foreign  kingdom,  if  his  friends 
had  not  interfered.  On  the  succession  of 
James  I.  he  rose  into  power,  though  still 
opposed  by  Cecil,  earl  of  Salisbury,  and  by 
Sir  Edward  Coke.  He  was  knighted  and 
successively  made  attorney-general,  keeper 
of  the  seals,  lord  chancellor,  and  raised  to 
the  peerage.  His  elevation  was  not  unat- 
tended by  the  envy  of  enemies ;  and 
he  was  soon  accused  at  the  bar  of  the  house 
of  lords  by  the  commons  of  gross  bribery 
and  corruption.  The  king,  who  saw  that 
not  only  Bacon,  but  his  favourite  Villiers, 
was  aimed  at,  advised  his  chancellor  to 
make  no  defence,  and  promised  him  both 
protection  and  favour  if  he  were  con- 
demned. Bacon,  unhappily  for  his  reputa- 
tion, made  no  defence,  and  he  was  found 
guilty,  3d  May,  1621,  fined  40,000Z.  impri- 
soned in  the  Tower,  and  declared  incapa- 
ble to  serve  his  majesty,  and  unworthy  to 
retain  his  seat  in  parliament.  Though 
there  is  some  reason  to  suppose  that  Bacon 
listened  to  bribery,  either  by  himself  or  his 
servants,  in  cases  which  were  pending  be- 
fore him,  yet  it  is  remarkable  that  none  of 
his  decrees  in  chancery  were  afterwards  set 
aside,  as  dictated  by  oppression,  partiality, 
or  falsehood  ;  a  fact  that  establishes  his 
probity  far  beyond  the  power  of  interested 
declaimers,  or  venal  panegyrists.  The  fine 
was  remitted  by  the  king  ;  and  though  the 
disgraced  chancellor  determined  to  spend 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  privacy,  yet  he  was 
restored  to  the  public  opinion,  and  sat  in 
the  first  parliament  called  by  Charles.  At 
no  time,  either  of  elevation  or  disgrace, 
Bacon  forgot  the  great  object  of  his  heart : 
he  laboured  assiduously  and  earnestly  for 
the  establishment  of  his  new  philosophy. 
He  died  April  9,  1626,  at  Lord  Arundel's 
house,  Highgate,  of  a  fever,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Michael's  church,  St.  Albans,  where 
Sir  Thomas  Meautys,  his  secretary,  erected 
a  monument  to  his  honour.  At  the  age  of 
40,  Bacon  married  the  daughter  of  alder- 
man Barnham,  of  London,  by  whom  he  had 
no  issue.  The  lady  survived  him  20  years. 
In  his  conduct,  Bacon  was  generous  and 
humane,  for  though  he  had  a  good  income, 
1800/.  a  year  from  his  pension,  and  700/. 
from  his  estates,  his  debts  at  his  decease 
were  found  to  amount  to  22,000/.  .  Bacon 
has  been  censured,  and  deservedly,  for 
standing  forth  as  the  accuser  of  Essex,  a 
man  who  had  patronised  and  protected 
him.  As  a  writer,  his  "  novum  organum 
seientiarum,"  has,  among  his  other  per- 
formances, immortalized  his  name.  He 
144 


has  introduced  a  new  species  of  philosophy 
to  enlighten  and  dignify  man,  to  teach  him 
how  to  think,  and  to  lead  him  from  error, 
from  darkness,  and  false  comprehension, 
to  truth,  and  to  the  most  accurate  conclu- 
sions. Bacon,  however,  as  a  philosopher, 
has  met  opponents,  and  Hume  has  not  he- 
sitated, in  his  comparison  of  his  merits 
with  those  of  Galileo,  to  raise  the  Italian 
far  above  the  fame  of  his  countryman. 
Bacon's  works  were  collected  in  5  vols.  4to. 
and  beautifully  printed  by  Boyer  and  Stra- 
han,  1766,  and  in  1778,  in  5  vols.  4to.  and 
since,  10  vols.  8vo. 

Bacon,  Anthony,  elder  brother  to  the 
chancellor,  distinguished  himself  for  his 
great  knowledge  of  politics,  which,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  display  in  the  pubiic  ser- 
vice, as  he  was  satisfied  with  the  tranquil- 
lity of  a  more  private  station.  He  was 
very  intimate  with  Essex,  and  he  assisted 
him  with  his  advice,  in  the  midst  of  his 
distresses,  and  even  resided  for  some  time 
in  his  house,  as  he  was  unable  from  lameness 
to  visit  him  frequently.  He  left  his  estate 
to  his  brother,  the  chancellor. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  the  bath, 
half  brother  to  the  chancellor,  was  distin- 
guished as  a  painter  in  the  style  of  the 
Flemish  school.  Some  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved  at  his  seat  at  Culford,  and  at 
Gorhambury,  among  which  a  picture  of 
himself  by  himself  is  much  admired,  and 
a  cook-maid  with  dead  fowl. 

Bacon,  Phanuel,  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  degree 
of  D.D.  1735,  and  became  rector  of  Bal- 
don,  Oxfordshire,  where  he  died,  January 
2,  1783.  He  wrote,  besides  five  plays, 
published  in  1757,  an  elegant  poem  called 
"the  artificial  kite,"  first  printed  in  1719, 
and  inserted  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine 
1758  ;  and  he  was  admired  for  the  ready 
flashes  of  his  wit  and  for  his  punning. 

Bacon,  John,  an  antiquary,  was  in  very 
early  life  appointed  a  junior  clerk  to  the 
deputy  remembrancer  of  the  first-fruits  of- 
fice, where  he  became  deputy  receiver  and 
comptroller.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  in 
1778,  senior  clerk  in  the  office  of  first- 
fruits,  and  in  1782  receiver  of  the  same. 
He  was  also  treasurer  of  the  Society  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Clergy  He  died  at  Friern 
Barnet,  Feb.  26,  1816,  aged  78.  Mr. 
Bacon  republished,  with  additions  and  im- 
provements, Ecton's  Thesaurus,  under  the 
new  title  of  "Liber  Regis ;  vel  Thesaurus 
Kerum  Ecclesiasticarum,"  4to.,  1786. — 
W .  B. 

Bacon,  John,  an  English  sculptor,  born 
at  Southwark,  24th  November,  1 740.  At 
the  age  of  15,  he  was  bound  to  a  china 
manufacturer  at  Lambeth  ;  and  in  this  em- 
ployment he  so  distinguished  himself  by 
his  assiduity,  that  in  a  little  time  the  im- 


BAC 


BAD 


provements  of  the  manufactory  were  all 
the  efforts  of  his  genius.  From  the  various 
models  which  were  presented  to  his  view, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  his  future  fame  ; . 
and  in  his  execution  displayed  such  taste 
and  correctness,  that  he  obtained  not  less 
than  nine  premiums  from  the  society  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts.  He  formed 
and  carried  into  perfection  the  designs  of 
making  statues  of  artificial  stone,  and  in 
1763,  he  began  first  to  use  the  instrument, 
since  improved,  by  which  he  transferred 
the  form  of  the  model  to  the  marble.  He 
obtained,  in  1769,  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  was  admitted  an  asso- 
ciate ;  and  his  manly  figure  of  Mars  in- 
creased, if  possible,  the  high  reputation 
which  he  had  already  acquired.  His  ad- 
mired bust  of  the  king,  for  Dr.  Markham, 
to  be  placed  in  Christ  Church-hall,  Oxford, 
procured  him  the  royal  patronage.  Ano- 
ther bust  was  also  made  for  Gottingen 
university  ;  and  he  was  now  considered  as 
the  only  artist  whose  genius  could  delineate 
the  group  of  Lord  Chatham's  monument  in 
Guildhall,  and  that  of  the  celebrated  Guy, 
for  his  noble  hospital.  The  other  more 
remarkable  productions  of  his  chisel  are 
Mrs.  Draper's  monument  in  Bristol  cathe- 
dral, two  groups  at  the  top  of  Somerset- 
house,  a  statue  of  Henry  VI.  for  Eton  col- 
lege, judge  Blackstone's  statue  for  All-souls 
college,  Chatham's  monument  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  and  the  statues  of  Johnson  and 
of  Howard  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  An 
inflammation  in  the  bowels  proved  fatal  to 
this  most  ingenious  artist,  4th  August, 
1799.  He  left  a  wife  and  eight  children. 
The  inscription  over  his  grave  declares,  in 
his  own  words,  that  whatever  he  might 
have  been  as  an  artist,  his  belief  in  Christ 
is  the  only  important  thing  now.  The  ar- 
ticle on  sculpture  in  Rees's  encyclopaedia 
was  his  elegant  production. 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  the  leader  in  the  re- 
bellion in  Virginia  in  1776,  was  an  English- 
man of  fine  talents,  elegant  person,  and 
extraordinary  eloquence.  He  was  bred  a 
lawyer,  and  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia, 
became  a  member  of  the  council,  and  a 
colonel  of  militia.  The  inhabitants  being 
reduced  to  discontent  and  suffering,  by  the 
operation  of  the  navigation  act,  and  by 
the  grants  made  by  the  King  to  his  cour- 
tiers of  the  lands  which  they  were  cultiva- 
ting, were  inspired  by  his  eloquent  ha- 
rangues, and  promises,  with  the  hope  that 
he  could  procure  them  relief.  According- 
ly assembling  in  arms,  they  elected  him 
their  general.  He  proposed  to  lead  them 
against  the  hostile  Indians,  on  their  borders, 
and  sent  to  Governor  Berkley,  requesting 
a  commission.  Being  refused,  he  marched 
to  Jamestown  and  obtained  one  by  force  ; 
on  his  retiring  the  governor  declared  him 
a  rebel,   and    ordered  his  followers     to 

Vol..  I.  19 


disperse,  but  instead  of  obeying,  they  re- 
turned and  drove  the  governor  from  James- 
town, and  kept  the  Colony  in  anarchy  and 
alarm  for  several  months,  when  Bacon 
suddenly  died,  and  the  governor  recovered 
his  authority.  Whether  he  was  actuated 
more  by  a  desire  to  vindicate  the  rights  of 
the  people,  or  to  aggrandize  himself,  is 
unknown.  35*  L. 

Baconthorpe,  John,  a  monk  of  Nor- 
folk, called  the  resolute  doctor.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  four  books  of 
sentences,  a  compendium  of  the  law  of 
Christ,  &c.  and  died  in  London,  1346. 

Bacoue,  Leo.  a  protestant  of  Gascony, 
who  became  a  convert  to  popery,  and  wa-; 
the  only  one  who  as  such  obtained  a 
bishopric  under  Lewis  XIV.  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  the  duke  of  Montausier,  as  the  re- 
ward of  his  Latin  poem  on  the  education  of 
a  prince.  He  died  bishop  of  Pamiers,  1694, 
aged  94. 

Bacquerre,  Benedict  de,  a  physician,, 
little  known,  but  as  the  author  of  an  ex- 
cellent work,  "  senum  medicus,"  printed  at 
Cologne,  1673. 

Bacquet,  advocate  to  the  king  of 
Fiance,  wrote  some  ingenious  law  works, 
printed,  Lyons,  2  vols.  fol.  1744.  He  died 
1597. 

Bactishua,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian 
physician,  noticed  at  the  court  of  Alman- 
sor.  As  he  had  an  old  woman  for  his 
wife,  the  caliph  sent  him  3000  dinars,  and 
three  beautiful  girls  as  a  present,  which  the 
physician  sent  back,  observing,  that  hi* 
religion  forbade  him  the  use  of  more  than 
one  woman  at  a  time.  Almansor,  pleased 
with  him,  sent  him  back  toKorassan.  His 
son  Gabriel  was  also  a  physician  in  the 
household  of  Haroun  Al  Raschid. 

Badakschi,  a  Persian  poet  under  the 
caliph  Moctafi.  His  divan,  or  ^collection 
of  poems,  is  written  upon  the  fortunes  which 
attended  the  great  men  of  the  court ;  and  he 
says,  that  the  varied  scene  in  human  affairs 
ought  not  to  create  surprise,  as  we  see  that 
life  is  measured  by  an  hour-glass,  and  thai, 
an  hour  is  always  above  and  the  other  be- 
low in  alternate  succession. 

Badasch,  a  commentator  on  the  book 
of  Ben  Sarragi,  on  Arabic  grammar.  Ho 
died  in  the  year  of  the  hegira  528. 

Badcock,  Samuel,  son  of  a  butcher  of 
South  Moulton,  was  born  February  23, 
1747,  and  was  educated,  after  his  family, 
in  the  tenets  of  the  dissenters,  amon* 
whom  he  was  intended  for  minister.  Du- 
ring the  period  of  his  education,  he  imbibed 
some  of  the  strong  principles  of  the  Metho- 
dists on  free  grace,  election,  &c.  which 
in  his  maturer  years  he  totally  abandoned. 
His  first  employment  as  pastor  was  at 
Winborne,  in  Dorsetshire ;  from  whence  he 
shortly  removed  to  Barnstaple,  in  Devon- 
shire- In  this  new  situation,  he  met  some 
I4i 


BAU 


BAG 


of  Dr.  Priestley's  theological  works,  which 
he  admired  so  much,  that  he  paid  a  visit 
to  the  author  at  Calne,  and  afterwards  cor- 
responded with  him.  His  vivacity,  how- 
ever, the  modest  elegance  of  his  discourses, 
and  the  easiness  of  his  manners  and  con- 
versation, soon  raised  him  enemies  among 
a  set  of  men  who  had  embraced  the  rigid 
tenets  of  the  nonconformists  in  the  age  of 
Cromwell,  and  he  was  ejected  from  his  of- 
fice, in  1777,  on  a  scandalous  imputation, 
which  afterwards  proved  false,  and  highly 
reflected  on  his  accusers.  He  retired  to 
South  Moulton,  where  he  found  his  friends 
sincere,  but  his  income  small.  In  1730,  he 
began  to  write  for  the  Monthly  Review,  and 
likewise  published  a  small,  but  accurately 
penned,  pamphlet  on  the  topic  of  the  day,the 
materiality  or  immateriality  of  the  soul.  As 
a  reviewer,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
critique  on  Madan's  Thelyphthora,  and  the 
Chattertonian  controversy;  butwhen  Priest- 
ley's corruptions  of  Christianity  appeared, 
his  observations  upon  it  were  so  pointed,  so 
forcible,  and  so  well  supported,  that  they 
drew  an  answer  from  the  author  in  less 
than  a  month,  in  which  the  abilities  of  the 
unknown  critic  were  candidly  allowed  to 
be  great  and  respectable.  Priestley  found 
himself  likewise  attacked  by  archdeacon 
Horsley ;  and  when  Badcock,  in  the  Re- 
view, praised  the  performance,  the  offended 
Unitarian,  who  had  discovered  his  anony- 
mous antagonist,  accused  him  of  misre- 
presentation and  gross  illiberality.  Bad- 
cock  had  the  good  sense  not  to  reply. 
During  his  residence  at  South  Moulton,  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Wesley, 
master  of  Tiverton  school,  and  brother  to 
the  famous  John  Wesley ;  and  from  the 
papers  which  he  received  by  that  connex- 
ion, he  published  an  account  of  the 
family.  His  literary  character  was  now 
so  well  established,  that  his  assistance  was 
courted  by  Mr.  Professor  White,  who  had 
been  appointed  Bampton  lecturer  at  Ox- 
ford, in  1783;  and  from  their  united  labours 
were  produced  those  sermons  which  have 
been  so  much  and  so  deservedly  admired. 
What  the  extent  of  this  connexion  was, 
has  been  a  matter  of  controversy ;  but  it 
must  be  allowed,  even  by  Dr.  Gabriel,  who 
took  up  the  pen  with  more  warmth  than 
prudence,  that  the  professor  claims  une- 
quivocally, the  whole  merit  of  the  plan  and 
of  the  execution  of  the  better  part,  and 
that  what  he  wrote  possesses  equal  strength, 
elegance,  and  energy,  as  what  was  furnish- 
ed by  his  coadjutor.  If  Dr.  White  had 
been  more  punctual  in  his  payment  of  a 
reward  so  justly  deserved,  his  character 
might  have  been  unassailed,  and  he  might 
have  securely  reposed  under  the  patronage 
of  the  great.  In  1786,  Badcock  quitted 
the  dissenters,  and  the  following  spring- 
was  ordained  at  Exeter,  by  bishop  Ross. 
146 


He  engaged  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Gabriel  at 
the  octagon  chapel,  in  Bath,  where  he 
preached  a  much  admired  charity  sermon, 
printed,  but  not  published.  He  preached 
also  before  the  judges  at  Exeter,  in  Lent, 
1783;  and  the  following  May  19th,  he 
died,  of  a  bilious  complaint,  at  the  house  of 
his  friend,  Sir  John  Chichester,  bart.  Queen- 
street,  May  Fair.  His  constitution  was 
naturally  weak,  and  he  was  frequently  at- 
tacked by  unpleasant  and  delirious  head- 
achs,  which  so  much  affected  his  spirits 
that  he  dreaded  the  loss  of  reason  far  more 
than  death.  The  powers  of  his  mind 
were  strong  and  vivid,  and  his  genius  was 
exerted,  with  the  liberality  of  his  friends, 
to  support  him  above  the  embarrassments 
of  indigence. 

Baden,  James,  professor  of  eloquence 
and  the  Latin  language  in  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  to  which  situation  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  1779.  He  published  a  German 
and  Danish  Dictionary,  a  translation  of 
Tacitus,  and  other  esteemed  works.  He 
died  in  1S05.—  W.  B. 

Badens,  Francis,  an  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  of  Antwerp.  He  died  1603, 
aged  32. 

Badew,  Richard  de,  a  native  of  Badow, 
Essex.  He  was  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
1326,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  college 
called  University  hall,  which  was  destroy- 
ed accidentally  by  fire  ;  and  when  rebuilt 
by  the  daughter  of  Robert  de  Clare,  earl  of 
Gloucester,  was  called  Clare-hall. 

Badile,  Anthony,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Verona,  whose  pieces  were  admired  for  cor- 
rectness and  taste.    He  died  1560,  aged  80. 

Baduel,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine  at 
Nismes,  professor  in  Switzerland,  where 
he  died  1561.  He  wrote  on  theological 
subjects. 

Baersius,  or  Vekenstil,  Henry,  au- 
thor, among  other  things,  of  tables  of  the 
longitudes  and  latitudes  of  the  planets, 
published  1528,  was  a  painter  and  ma- 
thematician of  Louvain, in  the  16th  century. 

Baerstrat,  a  Dutch  painter.  His  sea 
and  fish  pieces  were  much  admired.  He 
died  1687. 

Bafkarkah,  the  surname  of  Abn  Zohal, 
a  commentator  on  Euclid. 

Bagdedin,  Mahommed,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  division  of  superficies,  pub- 
lished in  a  Latin  translation  by  John  Dee, 
was  an  Arabian  mathematician  of  the  10th 
century. 

Bage,  Robert,  an  English  writer,  was 
born  in  1723,  at  Darley,  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Alkmonds,  Derby,  where  his  father 
was  employed  in  a  paper-mill.  The  son 
received  a  common  education,  which  he 
improved  by  his  own  application,  and 
thereby  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  French 
and  Italian  languages,  together  with  mathe- 
matics.     In   1781  he  published   "Mount 


BAG 


BAH 


Henneth,"  a  novel  of  superior  merit,  which 
was  followed  by  other  productions  of  the 
same  kind,  "  Barham  Downs,"  the  "  Fair 
Syrian;"  and  "James  Wallace."  He 
died  at  Tamworth,  where  he  had  carried  on 
the  business  of  a  paper-maker  many  years, 
in  1801.—  W.  B. 

Bagford,  John,  a  native  of  London, 
originally  a  shoemaker,  and  afterwards  a 
bookseller  and  an  antiquarian,  and  a  collec- 
tor of  old  English  books,  curious  prints, 
&c.  He  enriched  the  famous  library  of 
Moore,  bishop  of  Ely,  for  which  he  was 
admitted  into  the  Charter-house  by  the 
prelate.  He  died  at  Islington,  May  15th, 
1716,  aged  65,  and  was  buried  at  the 
Charter-house.  His  very  valuable  collec- 
tion of  books  and  antiquities,  procured  not 
only  at  home  but  abroad,  was  purchased  by 
the  Earl  of  Oxford,  and  added  to  his  library. 
He  published  proposals,  1707,  in  the  Phi- 
losophical Transactions,  for  a  general  his- 
tory of  printing ;  and  his  manuscripts, 
though  badly  written,  and  worse  spelled, 
may  be  consulted  with  advantage.  Some 
of  his  letters  and  collections  are  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum  and  in  the  public 
library  of  Cambridge.  There  was  a 
print  engraved  of  him,  1728,  by  George 
Vertue. 

Bagger,  John,  made  bishop  of  Copen- 
hagen at  the  age  of  29,  in  consequence  of 
his  extensive  knowledge  of  oriental  learn- 
ing and  of  theology,  was  a  native  of  Lun- 
den,  and  died  1693,  aged  47.  He  pub- 
lished some  learned  discourses  in  Danish 
and  Latin. 

Bagi,  Zadeh,  a  Mahometan  commenta- 
tor, on  the  book  escharat,  &c.  who  died 
the  year  of  the  hegira,  1013. 

Baglioni,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Peru- 
gia, who  usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his 
country,  of  which  he  was  dispossessed  by 
Cssar  Borgia.  He  afterwards  served  in 
the  Italian  armies,  especially  in  the  pay  of 
Venice,  and  was  at  last  treacherously  in- 
vited to  Rome  by  the  pope,  Leo  X.  who 
dreaded  his  intrigues,  and  cruelly  behead- 
ed, 1520. 

Baglivi,  George,  a  native  of  Apulia, 
who,  after  studying  at  Padua,  settled  as 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Rome,  where  he 
died,  1706,  in  his  38th  year.  He  possessed 
superior  abilities  in  his  profession,  as  is 
fully  evinced  by  his  compositions,  all  writ- 
ten in  Latin,  and  first  published  in  1710, 
in  4to.  He  wrote  a  curious  dissertation  on 
the  anatomy,  &c.  of  the  tarantula. 

Bagnioli,  Julius  Casar,  an  Italian  poet 
of  Bagna  Cabano,  patronised  by  Michael 
Perreti,  prince  of  Venefro.  His  best  pieces 
are  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  the  tragedy 
ofAragonois.     He  died  about  1600. 

Bagoas,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Artaxerxes.  He  was  put  to  death 
by  Codomannus,  356. 


Bagot,  Lewis,  an  eminent  prelate,  was 
the  son  of  Sir  Walter  Bagot,  baronet,  and 
born  in  1740.  He  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  school,  from  whence  he  was 
elected  to  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  L.L.D.  in  1772.  The 
year  preceding,  he  obtained  a  canonry  in 
that  cathedral,  and  at  the  same  time  married 
Miss  Hay,  niece  of  the  earl  of  Kinnoul. 
In  1777,  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of 
Christ-church,  and  in  1782  to  the  bishopric 
of  Bristol,  from  which  see  the  year  follow- 
ing he  was  removed  to  Norwich,  and  in 
1790  to  St.  Asaph,  where  he  rebuilt  the 
epispocal  palace.  He  died  of  a  consumption 
in  1802,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral 
of  St.  Asaph.  Bishop  Bagot  was  the  author 
of  a  Letter  to  Dr.  Bell  on  the  Sacrament 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,  8vo.  ;  a  volume  of 
Sermons  on  the  Prophecies,  preached  at 
bishop  Warburton's  lecture  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  chapel ;  some  single  discourses,  tracts, 
and  poems. —  W.  B. 

Bagshaw,  William,  a  native  of  Tidswell, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  minister  of  Glessop,  which  he 
resigned  in  1662,  for  not  submitting  to  the 
act  for  uniformity.  He  continued  to  preach 
privately,  as  he  was  eloquent  and  popular, 
and  a  large  meeting-house  was  erected  for 
him  at  the  revolution.  He  wrote  several 
valuable  treatises  ;  and  died  1703,  aged  75. 

Bagshaw,  Edward,  M.A.  a  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  for  some  time  assis- 
tant at  Westminster,  under  Busby.  He 
was  ordained  by  Brownrigg,  bishop  of  Ex- 
eter, but  proved  so  violent  in  his  principles 
that  he  was  imprisoned  for  nonconformity, 
and  died  in  Newgate,  1671.  He  was  a 
man  of  abilities,  and  wrote  Dissertationes 
duae  Antisocinianae,  4to. — de  monarchic 
absolute  dissertatio  politica,  &c. 

Baguri,  a  Mahometan,  author ^jf  a  book 
on  intemperance  and  convivial  companies. 
He  died  679  of  the  hegira. 

Baha,  a  learned  Mussulman,  surnamed 
the  ornament  of  justice  and  religion,  and 
regarded  as  a  saint  and  a  worker  of  mira- 
cles.   He  died  857  of  the  hegira,  at  Hafara. 

Bahali,  a  Mussulman,  author  of  a  book 
on  the  derivation  of  Arabic  names.  He 
died  in  the  220th  year  of  the  hegira. — Ano- 
ther, who  abridged  a  treatise  on  the  diver- 
sity of  opinions  of  Mahometan  doctors. 
He  died  the  321st  year  of  the  hegira. 

Bahar  al  hepdh,  or  the  sea  of  memo- 
ry, wrote  a  treatise  on  the  manners  and 
qualities  of  princes,  and  died  in  the  year 
255th  of  the  hegira. 

Bahier,  John,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
born  at  Chatillon.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
poems  on  various  subjects,  inserted  in  the 
collection  of  De  Brienne  ;  and  died  1707. 

Bahram,  a  brave  general,  under  Chos- 
roes,  I.  or  Nushervan,  and  under  his  son 
Hormouz,  whom  he  deposed,  to  seat  him- 
147 


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self  on  his  throne.  His  usurpation  was 
checked  by  Chosroes,  the  son  of  Hormouz  ; 
and,  when  defeated,  he  fled  to  the  great 
than,  by  whom  he  was  afterwards  put  to 
death. 

Bahrdt,  Charles  Frederic,  M.  A.  a  na- 
tive of  Bisschosswerda,  who  studied  at 
Leipsic,  and  assisted  his  father,  who  was 
there  divinity  professor.  An  intrigue  drove 
him  from  Leipsic  to  Erfurt,  where  he  gave 
lectures  on  biblical  antiquities  ;  and  he 
then  removed  to  Giessen,  and  afterwards 
to  Durkheim.  Here,  as  preacher  to  count 
Von  Leiningen  Dachsburg,  he  opened  a 
house  for  the  instruction  of  youth,  which 
he  called  Philanthropinum  ;  but  his  plans 
tailing,  he  went  to  Holland,  and  then  to 
England,  where  he  obtained  four  pupils. 
On  his  return  to  the  continent,  he  found 
that  his  conduct  had  given  offence  at  Vien- 
na, and  therefore  he  retired  to  Prussia,  and 
next  settled  at  Halle,  as  an  innkeeper  and 
farmer.  The  sentiments  of  which  he  boast- 
ed in  public  as  a  deist,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  lodge  of  new  free-masons,  ren- 
dered him  suspected  to  the  magistrates, 
and  he  was  imprisoned  for  twelve  months. 
He  died  1792,  aged  51.  His  character 
was  unprincipled  and  licentious.  He  turn- 
ed out  his  wife  from  his  protection  and 
house,  to  live  in  adultery  with  his  servant ; 
and  in  every  part  of  his  conduct  gloried  in 
what  could  oflend  religion  and  morality. 
Besides  his  essay  towards  a  system  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  Bible,  1769,  he  published 
other  works,  equally  singular  for  extrava- 
gances, profaneness,  and  licentious  opi- 
nions. 

Baian,  or  Baion,  a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  came  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  ordained  priest,  about  1630. 
He  was  author  of  some  ingenious  works, 
besides  a  translation  of  the  iEneid  into 
Greek  verse,  and  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens 
into  Latin. 

Bajaho,  Andrew,  an  Italian  poet  of 
Parma,  patronised  by  the  Duke  of  Milan, 
in  the  15th  century.  His  poems  were  first 
published  by  Fogliazzi,  1756. 

Bajazet,  1.  emperor  of  Turkey,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amurat  1. 1389.  He  con- 
quered, with  unusual  rapidity,  the  provinces 
of  Bulgaria,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly  ;  and 
sifter  he  had  made  the  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinople tributary  to  his  power,  and  defeated 
the  army  of  Sigismund,  king  of  Hungary, 
1396,  he  marched  to  attack  Tamerlane,  in 
the  east,  whom  he  treated  with  such  con- 
tempt, that  he  caused  his  ambassadors  to 
be  shaved  in  derision.  He  was,  however, 
totally  defeated  near  Angoury,  1402,  and 
taken  prisoner  ;  and  when  the  proud  con- 
queror asked  him  what  he  would  have  done 
with  him  if  he  had  obtained  the  victory, 
Bajazet  answered,  I  would  have  confined 
von  in  an  iron  cas,e.  Such,  then,  shall  be 
148 


thy  fate,  rejoined  Tamerlane.  In  his  eage, 
Bajazet  behaved  with  his  native  fierceness, 
expecting  that  his  sons  would  rescue  him  ; 
but  when  he  was  disappointed,  he  dashed 
his  head  against  the  bars  of  his  cage,  and 
died,  1403,  at  Antioch  in  Pisidia.  Some, 
however,  say,  that  he  was  honourably  treat- 
ed by  Tamerlane. 

Bajazet,  II.  succeeded  his  father  Maho- 
met II.  1481,  and  caused  his  brother  Zi- 
zim,  who  opposed  him,  to  be  assassinated. 
He  extended  the  boundaries  of  his  king- 
dom ;  and  though  checked  in  his  attacks  on 
Syria,  he  made  himself  master  of  the 
strongest  places  of  the  Peloponnesus,  and 
obliged  the  Venetians  to  sue  for  peace.  His 
reign  was  distracted  by  intestine  discord, 
and  he  fell  by  the  perfidy  of  his  son  Selim, 
who  not  only  dethroned  him,  but  caused 
him  to  be  poisoned,  1512,  in  his  60th  year. 

Baier,  John  William,  a  divine  of  Nu- 
remberg, rector  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Halle,  where  he  died,  1694,  aged  49.  He 
was  author  of  a  compendium  of  theology 
and  other  learned  works. 

Baier,  Jean  Jaques,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  at  Jena,  practised  with  success 
in  several  cities  of  Germany,  particularly 
at  Ratisbon,  Nuremberg,  and  Altorf,  where 
he  was  professor  of  physiology  and  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  physicians,  &c.  and 
where  he  died,  14th  July,  1735.  He  was 
author  of  some  Latin  dissertations,  &c.  on 
medical  and  botanical  subjects,  particularly 
Gemmarum  affabre  sculptarum  thesaurus — 
de  hortis  celebrioribus  Germanise  et  horti 
medici  Altdorfini  histor. — orationes  varii 
argumenti— biographia  professorum  in  acad.. 
Altdorf,  &c. 

Bajf,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Pins,  near  la 
Fleche,  abbot  of  Charroux  and  Grenetiere, 
and  employed  as  ambassador  to  Venice,  &c. 
by  Francis  I.  He  wrote  some  learned,  but 
incoherent,  treatises — de  re  navali — de  re 
vestiaria,  printed  at  Basil,  1541  ;  and  died 
1545.  His  son,  John  Anthony,  wrote  some 
poems,  and  died  1592. 

Bail,  Lewis,  author  of  a  summary  of 
councils,  printed,  2  vols.  fol.  Paris  1672, 
and  an  account  of  celebrated  preachers, 
was  a  native  of  Abbeville,  who  flourished 
in  the  17th  century. 

Bailies,  William,  a  Prussian  physician, 
member  of  the  London  and  Edinburgh  so- 
cieties, and  author  of  an  essay  on  the  Bath 
waters,  &c.  1757.  When  introduced  to 
the  king  of  Prussia,  the  monarch  told  him, 
that  to  have  acquired  the  great  reputation 
which  he  possessed  he  must  have  killed 
many  people.  He  boldly  replied,  not  so 
many  as  your  majesty. 

Baillet,  Adrian,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Neuville,  near  Beau- 
vais,  in  Picardy,  and  educated  by  the  hu- 
manity of  the  fathers  of  a  neighbouring 
convent.    He  early  distinguished  himself  by 


BA1 


BAI 


his  great  application ;  and  when  in  orders, 
and  possessed  of  the  small  living  of  Lardie- 
res,  which  produced  not  more  than  301.  a 
year,  he  maintained  himself  and  his  brother 
respectably.  In  1680,  he  became  library 
keeper  to  M-  de  Lamoignon,  and  began  to 
form  an  index  of  every  subject  which  was 
treated  in  the  books  which  he  possessed  ; 
and  so  voluminous  were  his  iabours,  that 
they  were  contained  in  35  folio  volumes, 
and  all  written  with  his  own  hand.  His 
next  work  was  "jugemens  des  savans," 
which  had  a  very  rapid  sale,  and  which  he 
totally  gave  to  the  bookseller,  requesting 
only  a  few  copies  for  his  friends.  As  in 
this  work  he  mentioned  not  only  the  praises , 
but  the  censures  passed  on  different  authors, 
he  met  with  violent  opposition,  and  those 
who  suffered  by  the  lash  of  his  criticism 
rose  up  in  their  defence,  so  that  under  the 
names  of  Asinus  in  Parnasso,  anti  Baillet, 
&c.  he  was  virulently  attacked  and  ridicu- 
led. The  Jesuits  were  particularly  severe 
against  him,  because  he  had  spoken  disres- 
pectfully of  their  society  ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  expressed  himself  in  handsome 
terms  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  Port  Royal. 
Besides  these,  his  indefatigable  labours 
produced  a  prolix  life  of  Des  Cartes,  2  vols. 
4to. — a  history  of  Holland — the  lives  of 
saints,  4  vols.  fol. — and  several  theological 
works  ;  and  he  formed  the  plan  of  "  a 
universal  ecclesiastical  dictionary,"  which 
was  to  contain  a  perfect  system  of  divinity, 
supported  by  authorities  from  Scripture  and 
from  the  fathers  of  the  church,  in  3  vols, 
folio,  when  he  died  of  a  lingering  illness, 
21st  January,  1706,  in  his  57th  year. 

Bah. 1. 1,  Roche  le,  called  also  Riviere,  a 
native  of  Falaise,  physician  to  Henry  IV. 
He  was  learned  and  successful,  but  too 
strong  a  supporter  of  the  doctrines  of  Pa- 
racelsus. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  plague 
and  other  works  in  Latin,  and  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1605. 

Baillie,  Robert,  a  native  of  Glasgow, 
known  as  a  presbyterian  divine  and  as  a 
firm  opposer  of  episcopacy.  He  was  tutor 
to  Lord  Montgomery,  and  was  patronised  by 
Lord  Eglintoun.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
drew  up  an  accusation  against  Laud  ;  and 
during  the  troubles  of*  Scotland,  he  was  ever 
active  in  support  of  the  presbytery,  as  well 
as  in  opposition  to  toleration.  After  the 
death  of  Charles  I.  he  waited  as  a  deputed 
divine  from  the  general  assembly  upon 
Charles  II.  at  the  Hague,  and  he  expressed 
in  a  speech  his  respect  for  his  sovereign, 
and  his  abhorrence  for  the  murderers  of 
his  father.  On  the  restoration,  he  was 
made  principal  of  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow, by  the  interest  of  Lord  Lauderdale  ; 
but  so  great  was  his  aversion  to  episcopacy, 
that  he  refused  a  bishopric.  When  he  was 
visited,  during  his  illness,  by  the  new-made 
archbishop   of  Glasgow,  he  addressed  him 


in  these  words  ;  "  Mr.  Andrews,  (I  will 
not  call  you  my  lord,)  king  Charles  would 
have  made  me  one  of  these  lords,  but  I  do 
not  find  in  the  New  Testament  that  Christ 
had  any  lords  in  his  house  ;"  but  he  accom- 
panied his  censure  with  kindness  and 
courteous  liberality.  He  died  July,  1662, 
aged  63.  He  had  by  his  first  wife  several 
children,  of  whom  one  son  and  five  daugh- 
ters survived  him.  His  writings,  which 
are  now  little  perused,  displayed  great 
learning  and  ingenuity.  His  letters  and 
journals  have  lately  been  published,  Edin- 
burgh, 2  vols.  Svo.  1775. 

Baillon,  William  de,  a  learned  French 
physician,  who  obtained  great  reputation 
by  his  profession,  as  well  as  by  his  charity. 
His  works,  which  are  valuable,  were  edited 
by  his  friend  and  relation,  the  ingenious 
Dr.  Thevart,  Venice,  1734,  in  4to.  and 
Geneva,  1762,  4  vols.  4to.  Baillon  died, 
1616,  in  his  78th  year. 

Bailly,  James,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Versailles.  He  died  1 8th  November,  1768, 
aged  67.  His  "theatre"  appeared  1768,  2 
vols.  8vo. 

Bailly,  John  Sylvain,  a  famous  astrono- 
mer, son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris, 
15th  September,  1736.  He  was  caiefully 
and  tenderly  educated  by  his  Mends,  and 
his  mind  was  stored  with  the  treasures  of 
science,  though  without  the  labours  of  clas- 
sical instruction.  At  the  age  of  16,  he 
wrote  two  tragedies  ;  in  one  of  which, 
Clotaire,  he  painted  in  vivid  colours  the 
sufferings  and  the  death  of  a  mayor  of 
Paris  by  an  infuriate  populace  ;  dreadful 
prognostic  of  the  miseries  which  awaited 
him.  Dramatic  compositions,  however, 
were  not  calculated  to  display  the  powers 
of  his  genius.  The  accidental  friendship  of 
the  abbe  de  la  Caille  directed  him  in  the 
pursuit  of  science  ;  and,  in  1763,  he  intro- 
duced to  the  academy  his  observations  on 
the  moon,  and  the  next  year  his  treatise  on 
the  zodiacal  stars.  In  1766,  he  published 
his  essay  on  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  and  in 
other  treatises  enlarged  further  on  the  im- 
portant subject.  In  1775,  the  first  volume 
of  his  history  of  ancient  and  modern  astro- 
nomy appeared,  and  the  third  and  last  in 
1779  ;  and,  in  1787,  that  of  Indian  and 
oriental  astronomy,  in  3  vols.  4to.  He 
was  drawn  from  his  literary  retirement  to 
public  view  as  a  deputy  to  the  first  national 
assembly ;  and  such  was  his  popularity, 
that  he  was,  on  July  14th,  1789,  nominated 
mayor  of  Paris.  In  this  dangerous  office, 
he  conducted  himself  in  a  very  becoming 
manner,  eager  to  check  violence,  and  to 
enforce  respect  for  the  laws  ;  but  his  impar- 
tiality was  considered  soon  as  a  crime  ;  and 
when  he  spoke  with  reverence  of  the  royal 
family,  on  the  trial  of  the  queen,  he  was 
regarded  as  unfit  to  preside  over  the  desti- 
nies of  a  rebellious  city.  He  descended, 
149 


BAI 


BAK 


in  1791,  from  his  elevation,  and  retired  to 
Melun,  determined  to  devote  the  rest  of 
his  life  to  literature  and  science  ;  but  the 
sanguinary  tribunal  of  Robespierre,  who 
knew  his  merit,  and  would  not  protect  it, 
dragged  him  to  execution.  He  lost  his 
head  by  the  guillotine,  12th  November, 
1793,  exhibiting,  in  death,  heroism,  resig- 
nation, and  dignity.  Besides  his  great 
works,  he  wrote  the  eloges  of  Leibnitz, 
Charles  V.,  la  Caille,  Corneille,  two  "  rap- 
ports," and  left  among  his  papers  me- 
moirs of  the  revolution,  and  a  work  on  the 
origin  of  fables,  and  of  ancient  religions. 

Bailly,  David,  a  painter,  born  at  Ley- 
den.  His  father,  who  was  a  painter,  placed 
him  under  the  care  of  de  Geyn,  the  engra- 
ver ;  and  after  visiting  Italy  and  Holland, 
he  settled  at  Leyden,  where  he  acquired 
great  reputation  for  his  historical  pieces. 
He  died,  1630. 

Bailly,  James,  a  French  painter  of 
Gracay  in  Berri,  who  died  2d  September, 
1679,  aged  50.  His  flowers,  fruits,  &c. 
were  much  admired. 

Bainbridge,  John,  a  physician  and  as- 
tronomer of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  in  Leices- 
tershire. After  taking  his  degrees  at  Ema- 
nuel college,  Cambridge,  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Norwich,  he  settled  in  his  native  county, 
where  he  practised  physic,  and  undertook 
the  care  of  a  grammar  school ;  and  from 
thence  he  was  invited  by  his  friends  to  Lon- 
don, where  his  application  to  astronomy 
and  mathematics,  and  his  scientific  des- 
cription of  the  comet  of  1618,  published  in 
4to.  raised  him  to  fame  and  consequence. 
In  1619,  he  was  made,  by  his  friend,  Sir 
Henry  Saville,  first  astronomical  professor 
at  Oxford  ;  and  he  entered  at  Merton  col- 
lege, where  he  was  appointed  reader  of 
Linacre's  lecture.  He  died  in  1653,  aged 
61,  and  his  body,  after  it  had  been  carried 
o  the  schools,  where  the  singular  honour 
of  an  oration  was  pronounced  over  it  by 
the  university  orator,  was  buried  near  the 
altar  of  Merton  church.  Bainbridge  was 
indefatigable  after  literature  ;  and  he  began 
at  the  age  of  40  to  study  the  Arabic,  that 
he  might  give  a  more  correct  edition  of  all 
the  ancient  astronomers,  agreeable  to  the 
statutes  of  his  founder.  Several  of  his 
works  have  been  published.  His  Procli 
sphaera,  Ptolemaei  de  bypothesibus  plane- 
tarum  liber  singularis,  with  Ptolemy's 
canon  regnorum,  appeared  in  1620,  in  4to. 

Baithosus,  founded,  with  his  friend  Sa- 
doc,  the  sect  which  denied  a  future  state 
and  resurrection.  These  heretics,  at  first 
called  Baithosaei,  were  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Sadducees. 

Baius,  or  De  Bay,  Michael,  a  native  of 
Melin,  made  divinity  professor  of  Louvain 
by  Charles  V.     His  abilities  were  so  res- 
pectable, that  he  was  sent  as  deputy  at  the 
150 


council  of  Trent ;  but  his  wish  to  bring 
back  the  followers  of  Luther  and  Calvin  to 
the  bosom  of  the  church,  induced  him  to 
adopt  some  of  the  tenets  with  respect  to 
justification,  which  drew  upon  him  the  cla- 
mours of  the  Franciscans  and  other  catho- 
lics, so  that  his  writings  were  not  only 
denounced  by  the  inquisition  of  Louvain 
and  the  Sorbonne,  but  the  pope,  Pius  V. 
condemned  76  of  the  points  which  he  ad- 
vanced. He  was  obliged,  therefore,  to 
acknowledge  his  errors  and  his  submission 
to  the  holy  see ;  and  a  second  time  the 
papal  power  interfered  between  his  fol- 
lowers and  those  of  the  Jesuit  Lessius, 
who  filled  Louvain  and  the  Low  Countries 
with  their  clamour  and  altercation.  Baius 
died  16th  September,  15S9,  aged  76.  His 
works,  which  are  written  in  a  correct  and 
close  style,  far  superior  to  the  learning  of 
the  times,  were  published  1696,  in  4to.  at 
Cologne.  He  was  very  attentive  in  his 
studies,  and  it  is  said  that  he  read  St. 
Augustin  not  less  than  nine  times,  to 
acquire  the  graces  and  beauty  of  his  lan- 
guage. His  nephew,  James  Baius,  also 
doctor  of  Louvain,  wrote  on  the  eucharist, 
&c.  and  died,  1614.  The  opinions  of 
Baius  were  adopted  by  Cornelius  Jansenius. 
Baker,  David,  an  English  Benedictine, 
who  studied  at  Broadgate-hall,  now  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  and  was  converted 
from  Atheism  to  Christianity.  He  travelled 
in  Italy,  and  resided  in  England  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  as  missionary  ;  after 
which,  he  settled  as  director  and  confessor 
of  the  English  nuns  at  Cambray.  He  died 
in  London,  1641.  He  was  remarkable  for 
his  religious  zeal.  His  writings  were 
mostly  on  theological  subjects,  and  said 
by  Wood  to  be  preserved  in  the  monastery 
at  Cambray.  His  collections  for  an  eccle- 
siastical history  of  England,  in  six  folio 
volumes,  are  lost.  Though  none  of  his 
works  were  ever  printed,  they  were  judi- 
ciously drawn  up,  and  have  proved,  accord- 
ing to  Hugh  Cressy,  very  serviceable  to 
succeeding  writers. 

Baker,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  chro- 
nicles of  the  kings  of  England,  was  born  at 
Sissinghurst,  in  Kent,  and  after  studying 
three  years  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  he  went 
abroad  to  complete  his  education.  He  was 
knighted  at  Theobalds  by  James  I.  1603  ; 
and  as  he  possessed  Middle  Aston,  and 
other  property  in  Oxfordshire,  he  was  made 
sheriff  1620.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
Sir  George  Main  waring,  of  Shropshire,  and 
by  becoming  surety  for  some  of  her  family 
he  was  ruined,  and  died  in  the  Fleet  prison, 
February  18,  1645,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Bride's  church.  He  was  a  man  of  exten- 
sive learning,  as  his  miscellaneous  works 
sufficiently  prove.  The  last  edition  of  his 
chronicle  was  1730,  fol. 

Baker,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Uton,  So- 


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mersetshire,  who  after  studying  at  Mag- 
dalen-hall and  Wadham  college,  Oxford, 
obtained  tbe  vicarage  of  Bishop's  Nymmet, 
in  Devonshire,  where  he  lived  a  retired 
and  literary  life,  and  died  1690,  aged  65. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  bis  general 
knowledge,  and  particularly  by  his  acquaint- 
ance with  the  mathematics,  as  he  showed 
by  his  useful  book,  called  geometrical  key, 
&c.  1684,  in  4to.  and  by  the  answers  he 
sent  to  the  queries  proposed  to  him  by  the 
Royal  Society,  for  which  he  received  their 
medal. 

Baker,    Thomas,    a  learned  antiquary, 
born  of  a  very  respectable  family.      His 
grandfather,  sir  George,  who  was  recorder 
of    Newcastle,    distinguished    himself  by 
his  great  exertions  in  the  royal  cause,  and 
was  almost  ruined  by  his  liberality  in  favour 
of  the  monarch.   His  son,  George  of  Crook, 
in  the  county  of  Durham,  married  into  the 
Northumberland  family  of  Forster;    and 
Thomas,  one  of  the  issue  of  this  marriage, 
was  born  September  14th,  1656,  and  edu- 
cated at  Durham  grammar-school,  and  af- 
terwards at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  1680.     He  en- 
tered into  orders,   and  was   presented   to 
Long  Newton  rectory  by  bishop  Crew,  to 
whom  he  was  chaplain ;  but  he  was  soon 
after  disgraced,  for  refusing  to  read  James 
II.'s  declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience  ; 
and  he  resigned  his  living,  1690,   and  re- 
turned to  college,   where  he  enjoyed  his 
fellowship  till,  with  twenty-one  others,  he 
was  dispossessed,  in  1717.     He  might  have 
continued  in  this,  but  he  refused  to  sub- 
scribe to  what  his  conscience  disapproved  ; 
and    he     expressed    greater    indignation 
against     the     unprincipled     time-serving- 
conduct  of   his   immediate    friends    than 
against    the    severity  of  his    persecutors. 
Though  deprived  of  all  offices,  he  still  con- 
tinued to  reside  in  the  college  a  commoner 
master  till  the  day  of  his  death,  supported, 
it  is  said,  by  Matthew  Prior,  who  retained 
his  fellowship  to  supply  the  income  to  his 
friend.      He  was  attacked  by  a  paralytic 
stroke,  which  in  three  days  terminated  his 
existence,  July  2d,  1740.     He  was  buried 
in  the  outer  chapel  of  the    college,  near 
Ashton's  monument,  and  by  his  direction, 
nothing  has  been  erected  over  his  remains. 
In  private  life,  Baker  was  distinguished  by 
his  affability,  his  easy  and  mild  manners, 
and  as  a  scholar  he  was  equally  known. 
Besides    his    "  reflections    on    learning," 
which  passed  through  eight  editions,  and 
his    preface    to    bishop    Fisher's    funeral 
sermon  for  the  countess  of  Richmond  and 
Derby,  nothing  has  been  published  of  his 
works ;  but  his  labours  were  indefatigable 
in  making  collections  for  the  history  of  St. 
John's  college  and  the  antiquity  of  Cam- 
bridge university,  so  that  not    less   than 
thirty-nine  volumes  in  folio  and  three  in 


4to.  of  these  valuable  manuscripts  are  pre- 
served both  in  the  British  museum  and  the 
public  library  of  Cambridge.  As  his  in- 
dustry was  so  great,  and  his  abilities  as  an 
antiquarian  so  remarkably  extensive,  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  he  did  not  complete  a 
plan  which  might  have  rivalled  the  sister 
university  in  the  labours  of  her  Wood. 
Baker,  as  executor  of  his  elder  brother's 
will,  was  the  means  of  founding  six  exhi- 
bitions at  St.  John's,  with  money  which 
had  been  left  for  charitable  uses.  He  was 
intimate  with  the  most  celebrated  literati 
of  his  age,  who  respected  his  talents,  and 
frequently  consulted  him.  There  is  a  good 
likeness  of  him  by  C.  Bridges,  and  an 
excellent  portrait  of  him  is  also  preserved 
by  the  Antiquarian  Society. 

Baker,  Henry,  an  ingenious  naturalist, 
born  in  Fleet-street,  London.  His  mother 
was  a  midwife  of  great  practice  ;  and  he 
was  apprenticed  to  the  eminent  bookseller, 
who  succeeded  the  Dodsleys  ;  an  employ- 
ment which,  however,  he  early  resigned  for 
philosophical  pursuits.  His  chief  employ- 
ment was  to  correct  the  stammering  of 
grown-up  persons,  and  to  teach  the  deaf 
and  dumb  to  speak  ;  and  so  successful  were 
his  exertions,  that  he  acquired  an  ample 
fortune  by  this  most  honourable  profession. 
He  was  an  active  and  useful  member  of 
the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  to 
whose  high  reputation  he  contributed  by 
frequent  and  sensible  communications.  He 
wrote  poetry  in  the  younger  part  of  his 
life,  and  maintained  throughout  a  character 
respectable  for  urbanity  of  manners,  and  a 
conciliating  deportment.  He  died  in  the 
Strand,  25th  November,  1774,  in  his  7lst 
year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary-le-Strand 
churchyard.  His  microscopical  experiments 
were  very  valuable,  and  have  been  pub- 
lished. His  valuable  collection  of  shells, 
native  and  foreign  fossils,  petrifactions, 
corals,  ores,  &c.  was  sold  by  auction, 
March  13th,  1775,  and  the  following  day. 
His  name  must  be  mentioned  as  the  first 
who  introduced  into  England  the  large 
Alpine  strawberry,  the  seed  of  which  was 
transmitted  to  him  in  a  letter  by  professor 
Bruns,  of  Turin.  He  likewise  introduced 
the  seeds  of  the  true  rhubai'b,  rheum  pal- 
matum,  sent  over  to  him  by  Dr.  Mounsey, 
the  physician  of  the  empress  of  Russia. 
He  married  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
well-known  Daniel  Defoe,  by  whom  he  had 
two  sons,  who  died  before  him.  The 
eldest,  David  Erskine  Baker,  was  brought 
up  to  the  business  of  a  silk  throwster,  in 
Spitalfields  ;  but  he  grew  extravagant  and 
inattentive,  and  at  last  lost  himself,  by  en- 
listing in  the  mean  retinue  of  a  company  of 
strolling  players.  He  wrote  poetry,  and  that 
entertaining  book  called  the  companion  to 
the  play-house,  2  vols.  12mo.  1764,  since 
enlarged,  under  the  title  of  biographia  dra- 
151 


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matica,  2  vols.  8vo.  The  second  son, 
Henry,  was  a  lawyer,  but  far  from  respect- 
able in  his  profession.  He  left  an  only 
son,  born  February  17th,  1763,  to  whom 
his  grandfather  left  all  his  property.  It  is 
said  that  the  art  of  instructing  deaf  persons 
perished  with  Baker,  as  he  enjoined  those 
who  benefited  by  his  services  tbe  most 
profound  secrecy,  and  moreover  took  a 
bond  of  100/.  for  their  faithful  observance 
of  the  promise. 

Baker,  George,  an  English  physician, 
and  baronet,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
George  Baker,  archdeacon  of  Totness,  who 
died  in  1743.  The  son  was  born  in  Devon- 
shire in  1722,  and  educated  at  Eton,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  King's-college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree 
in  1756.  He  practised  some  time  at  Stam- 
ford, and  next  in  London,  where  he  rose 
to  great  honour  in  his  profession,  being  ap- 
pointed physician  both  to  the  king  and 
queen.  He  was  also  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  president  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, and  created  a  baronet.  He  died  in 
1809.  His  works  are — 1.  De  affectibus 
animi  et  morbis  inde  oriundis,  dissertatio 
habita  in  Cantabrigian  in  Scholis  publicis, 
1755,  4to.  2.  Oratio  ex  Harveii  instituto, 
habita  in  theatro  Coll.  Reg.  Medicorum, 
Lond.  1761;  Calci  Orationis  accedit  Com- 
mentarius  quidam  de  Joan.  Caio  Anatomia? 
conditore  apud  nostrates,  4to.  3.  De  Ca- 
tarrho  et  de  Dysenteria  Londinensis,  4to. 
1763.  4.  An  Inquiry  into  a  new  Method 
of  inoculating  the  Smallpox,  8vo.  1766. 
5.  An  Essay  concerning  the  cause  of  the 
Endemial  Colic  of  Devonshire,  8vo.  In 
this  tract  the  author  maintained  that  the 
Devonshire  colic  is  occasioned  by  the  im- 
pregnation of  lead  in  the  making  of  cider. 
A  controversy  upon  this  arose,  in  which 
Mr.  Geach,  a  surgeon  of  Plymouth,  distin- 
guished himself  by  contending  that  lead  is 
not  used  in  the  cider  presses  of  Devon. 
The  Reverend  Mr.  Alcock,  of  St.  Budeux, 
proved  an  ingenious  auxiliary  of  Mr. 
Geach  ;  but  both  were  attacked  by  the  late 
Dr.  Saunders.  Afterwards  Dr.  James  Har- 
dy, of  Barnstaple,  took  a  part  in  a  pamph- 
let on  the.  colic  of  Poitou  and  Devonshire, 
which  he  attempted  to  account  for  by  the 
solution  of  the  lead  used  in  coating  the 
drinking  vessels.  This  tract  was  actually 
written  by  the  Reverend  Samuel  Badcock. 
Besides  the  tracts  which  Sir  George  Baker 
collected  under  the  title  of  Opuscula,he  com- 
municated some  cases  to  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  and  the  Medical  Transac- 
tions :  he  was  also  the  author  of  an  admira- 
ble Latin  poem  on  the  embalmed  wife  of 
Martin  Van  Butchell.—  W.  B. 

Bakewell,  Robert,  eminent  as   the  im- 
prover of  British  cattle,   was   born,  1726, 
nt  Dishley,  Leicestershire,  where  his  father 
152 


had  a  farm.  His  attention  was  directed  to 
the  improvement  of  the  breed  of  cattle,  and 
so  successful  were  his  labours,  that  the 
Dishley  sheep  became  celebrated  over  the 
country,  and  one  of  his  rams  was  let  for 
the  extraordinary  price  of  400  guineas,  and 
his  bulls  at  50  guineas  each  a  season.  He 
died  much  respected,  1798. 

Bakhuisen,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Embden,  who  died  1709,  aged  78. 
He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius  soon  re- 
commended him  to  public  notice  and  to  re- 
putation. His  pieces,  the  subject  of  which 
are  generally  tempests  and  sea  views,  &c. 
are  highly  admired  for  their  spirit,  their 
correctness,  and  the  softness  and  delicacy 
of  his  colouring.  Among  his  patrons  and 
frequent  visiters  were  the  king  of  Prussia, 
the  Czar  Peter  I.  and  the  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany,  who  chose  among  his  collection 
what  best  might  adorn  their  palaces. 

Balaam,  son  of  Beor  or  Bosor,  a  cele- 
brated prophet  of  Pethor,  in  Mesopotamia, 
who  was  sent  for  by  Balak,  king  of  Moab, 
that  he  might  curse  the  children  of  Israel. 
The  curse  which  he  intended  to  pronounce 
against  this  favourite  people  was,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Almighty,  changed  into  a 
blessing  ;  but  though  he  thus  disappointed 
the  expectations  of  Balak,  the  wicked  pro- 
phet encouraged  him  privately  to  allure  the 
Israelites  to  the  commission  of  debauchery 
and  lewdness;  and  the  advice  fatally  suc- 
ceeded. Balaam  was  killed  with  Balak  in 
a  battle,  about  1450,  B.  C. 

Balamio,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
physician  to  pope  Leo  X.  about  1555.  He 
was  eminent  in  literature  as  well  as  medi- 
cine, and  translated  some  of  Galen's  works 
into  Latin,  published  1586,  in  Latin,  at  Ve- 
nice. 

Balassi,  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence. 
His  copy  of  Raphael's  transfiguration  was 
much  admired,  as  also  his  historical  pieces. 
He  died  1667,  aged  63. 

Balathi,  a  surname  of  Abulfeda  Othman 
Ben  Issa,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  cha- 
racters of  different  alphabets,  &c. 

Balbi,  John  or  Janua,  a  Genoese  Do- 
minican, author  of  several  commentaries, 
&c.  His  chief  work  is  his  "  catholicon," 
a  useful  and  popular  book,  containing  9. 
classical  encyclopaedia,  &c.  printed  1460, 
folio,  Mentz.  It  was  one  of  the  first  books 
ever  printed. 

Balbinus,  Decimus  Caelius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  237,  with  Maximus,  was  the  next 
year  murdered  by  his  soldiers. 

Balbo,  Jerome,  a  bishop  of  Goritz,  who 
died  at  Venice,  1535.  He  wrote  de  rebus 
Turcicis,  1526,  4to. — de  futuris  Caroli  V. 
successoribus,  &c. 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nugues  de,  a  Castilian, 
known  by  his  enterprising  genius  and  his 
misfortunes.  He  acquired  reputation  as  one 
of  the  American  adventurers,  and   in   1513 


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he  left  Spain,  to  discover  the  South  Sea,  and 
in  one  month  after  his  departure  he  gained 
the  wished-for  ocean.  Fame,  and  not  the  ac- 
cumulation of  wealth,  was  the  object  of  his 
heart.  Though  he  could  possess  pearls  and 
gold,  he  preferred  the  love  of  his  fellow-ad- 
venturers. He  was  found  at  Santa  Maria, 
on  the  coast  of  Darien,  where  he  had  built 
a  town,  and  crossed  the  isthmus,  in  the 
meanest  habit,  building  a  hut  for  his  dwell- 
ing, by  the  governor  of  the  Spanish  king, 
who  became  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and 
falsely  accused  him  of  felony.  The  charge 
was  easily  proved  before  a  corrupted  tribu- 
nal ,  and  the  unfortunate  Balboa  lost  his 
head  by  a  tyrannical  sentence,  1517,  at  the 
age  of  42. 

Balbuena,  Bernard  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
of  eminence,  born  at  Toledo,  and  educated 
at  Salamanca,  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
degrees.  He  settled  in  America,  and  died 
there  1627,  after  being  seven  years  bishop 
of  Porto  Rico. 

Balcanqual,  Walter,  a  Scotsman,  who 
attended  James  I.  when  he  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  his  chaplain.  He  took 
the  degree  of  D.D.  at  Oxford,  and  appear- 
ed at  the  synod  of  Dort  as  representative 
for  the  church  of  Scotland.  He  was  suc- 
cessively master  of  the  Savoy,  in  1624  dean 
of  Rochester,  and  in  1639  dean  of  Durham. 
He  wrote  king  Charles's  declaration  con- 
cerning the  late  tumults  in  Scotland,  fol. 
1630 — sermons, — epistles  concerning  the 
Dort  synod,  &c.  He  was  a  great  sufferer 
during  the  rebellion,  and  with  difficulty  es- 
caped his  persecutors.  He  died  at  Chirk 
castle,  Denbighshire,  Christmas  day,  1645. 

Balde,  James,  a  native  of  Upper  Alsa- 
tia,  very  highly  applauded  in  Germany  for 
his  poetry,  and  surnamed  the  Horace  of 
his  country.  He  died  at  Neuburg,  1668, 
in  his  65th  year  ;  and  so  honoured  was  his 
memory,  that  the  senators  of  the  place 
eagerly  solicited  to  obtain  his  pen,  which 
was,  as  a  most  precious  relict,  carefully 
kept  in  a  silver  case.  The  labours  of  Balde 
are  miscellaneous,  partly  dramatic,  partly 
odes,  &c.  exhibiting  strong  flashes  of  ge- 
nius, but  without  the  correctness  and  judg- 
ment of  mature  taste.  His  Uranie  victo- 
rieuse  was  rewarded  by  Alexander  VII. 
with  a  gold  medal.  The  best  editions  of  his 
works  are,  Cologne,  4to.  and  12mo.  1645. 

Balderic,  a  bishop  of  Noyon,  in  the 
12th  century,  author  of  the  chronique  des 
eveques  d' Arras  et  de  Cambrai. — Another, 
of  the  same  age,  bishop  ofDol,  was  author 
of  the  crusades,  &c. 

Baldi,  Lazarro,  a  disciple  of  Peter  da 
Cortona,  born  in  Tuscany,  and  distinguish- 
ed as  a  painter.  He  was  employed  by  Alex- 
ander VII.  in  the  painting  of  the  gallery 
at  Monte  Cavallo.     He  died  1703. 

Baldinger,   Ernest    Gottfried,   a   Ger- 
Vet.  I.  90 


man  physician,  was  born  at  Erfurt  in  173S, 
and  died  professor  of  medicine  at  Marpurg 
in  1804.  He  was  first  physician  to  the 
landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  and  had  seen 
great  practice  in  the  Prussian  army.  His 
works  are — 1.  A  Treatise  on  the  diseases 
of  the  Army,  8vo.  2.  A  kind  of  periodical 
Journal  or  Magazine  for  Physicians,  3  vols. 
1775.  3.  Sylloge  Opusculorum  Selectorum 
argumenti  Medico  Practica,    4to. —  W.  B. 

Baldini,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of 
Placentia,  engaged  as  ambassador  at  vari- 
ous courts  of  Europe,  and  at  the  congress 
of  Utrecht.  He  died  1735,  aged  71.  He 
made  a  valuable  collection  of  curiosities 
and  of  books,  a  catalogue  of  which  appear- 
ed in  the  Italian  literary  journal. 

Baldinucci,  Philip,  a  Florentine  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  well  acquainted  with 
painting  and  sculpture,  of  which  he  began 
the  history,  at  the  request  of  cardinal  Leo- 
pold of  Tuscany.  His  death,  in  1696,  in 
his  72d  year,  prevented  the  execution  of  a 
plan  accurately  and  ably  conducted.  He 
wrote  the  general  history  of  painters,  6 
vols. — an  account  of  the  progress  of  en- 
graving on  copper — a  vocabulary  of  designs. 

Baldock,  Robert  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  shared  the  favours  and  the  misfortunes 
of  Edward  II.     He  died  in  Newgate. 

Baldock,  Ralphe  de,  was  educated  at 
Merton,  Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of  Lon- 
don on  the  death  of  Gravesend,  1304.  His 
election  was  disputed  ;  but  he  was  confirm- 
ed by  the  pope,  and  consecrated  at  Lyons 
by  the  cardinal  of  Alba,  1306  ;  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  was  made  chancellor 
of  the  realm  by  Edward  I.  which  he  re- 
signed on  the  king's  death.  He  was  a  vir- 
tuous and  charitable  prelate  ;  and  his  his- 
tory of  the  British  affairs,  now  unfortunately 
lost,  though  seen  by  Leland,  proves  that  he 
possessed  learning  and  great  judgment. 
He  died  at  Stepney,  July  24th,  1313,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  chapel,  at  the 
east  of  St.  Paul's,  to  the  building  of  which 
he  had  liberally  contributed. 

Baldus,  or  Baldi,  Bernard,  a  native  of 
Urbino,  abbot  of  Guastalla,  distinguished 
by  his  great  learning,  indefatigable  applica- 
tion, and  his  knowledge  of  sixteen  langua- 
ges. He  published  tracts  on  mechanics, 
&c.  and  had  begun  a  historical  and  geo- 
graphical description  of  the  world,  which 
he  did  not  finish,  dying  1617,  aged  64.  His 
lives  of  mathematicians  appeared  1707. 

Baldus,  de  Ubaldis,  a  civilian  of  Peru- 
gia, and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  who  died 
1433,  at  Pavia.  His  works  appeared  in  3 
vols,  folio. 

Baldwin  I.  count  of  Flanders,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  crusades,  and  behaved  with 
such  bravery,  that  when  Constantinople 
was  taken,  1204,  by  the  united  forces 
of  the  French  and  Venetians,  he  was  ap- 
153 


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pointed  emperor  of  the  East.  His  virtues 
deserved  the  high  elevation  ;  but,  in  those 
turbulent  times,  he  was  unfortunate  in  a 
battle  which  he  fought  against  the  Greeks 
and  Bulgarians,  15th  April,  1205.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  by  his  ferocious  enemies, 
and,  after  a  conlinement  of  sixteen  months, 
barbarously  put  to  death,  in  his  35th  year. 

Baldwin  II.  the  last  Latin  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  was  raised  to  the  throne 
1228,  in  his  11th  year,  after  his  brother  Ro- 
bert. His  reign  was  agitated  with  the  dis- 
sensions of  powerful  rivals  ;  and  though  he 
was  once  victorious  over  his  enemies,  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  capital  taken, 
by  Michael  Palaeologus,  in  1261,  and,  to 
avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  conquer- 
er,  he  fled  to  Negropont,  and  then  to  Italy, 
where  he  died,  1273,  aged  55.  His  only 
son  Philip  died  two  years  after  him. 

Baldwin  I.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  bro- 
ther of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Palestine  during  the  cru- 
sades. After  the  death  of  Godfrey,  he 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Jerusalem,  1100, 
and  the  next  year  conquered  the  towns  of 
Antipatris,  Caesarea,  and  Azotus,  to  which 
Acre  was  added  in  1104,  after  an  obstinate 
siege.  He  died  1118,  and  bis  remains 
were  deposited  in  a  church  on  Mount  Cal- 
vary. 

Baldwin  II.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  son 
of  Hugh  count  Rethel,  and  succeeded  to 
the  throne  after  Eustace,  brother  to  Bald- 
win I.  had  declared  his  unwillingness  to 
reign,  1118.  He  was  a  brave  warrior,  and 
defeated  the  Saracens  in  1120,  but  four 
years  after  he  was  unfortunately  taken 
prisoner,  and  obtained  his  release  only  by 
delivering  up  the  town  and  fortress  of 
Tyre.     He  died  1131. 

Baldwin  111.  king  of  Jerusalem,  son  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father,  1143, 
under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother.  He 
was  successful  in  some  battles,  and  took 
Ascalon,  and  died  1163. 

Baldwin  IV.  king  of  Jerusalem,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amaury,  1174.  Ashe 
was  a  leper,  Raymond  of  Tripoli  held  the 
reins  of  government,  which  were  resigned 
by  the  subtle  sovereign  to  his  nephew, 
Baldwin  V.  He  died  1185,  and  his  succes- 
sor the  following  year,  as  is  said,  of  poison, 
administered  by  his  mother,  that  her  hus- 
band, Guy  de  Lusignan,  might  ascend  the 
vacant  throne. 

Baldwin,  Francis,  a  native  of  Arras, 
professor  of  law  at  Bourges,  Angers,  Paris, 
Strasburg,  and  Heidelberg.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  Anthony,  king  of  Navarre,  Charles 
V.  and  by  Henry  III.  duke  of  Anjou,  and 
afterwards  king  of  France,  whom  he  in- 
tended to  accompany  when  elected  king  of 
Poland  ;  but  a  violent  fever  checked  his 
journey,  and  proved  fatal,  1573,  in  his  54th 
year.  He  died  a  catholic,  though  it  is  said 
154 


that  he  four  times  exchanged  his  religion 
from  catholic  to  protestant.  He  was  au- 
thor of  leges  de  re  rustica — novella  consti- 
tute prima — de  ha:redibus — &  de  lege  Pla- 
cidia,  &c. 

Baldwin,  Martin,  a  native  of  Camper, 
in  Brabant,  first  bishop  of  Ipres,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  councils  of  Trent 
and  Malines,  1570,  and  wrote  commen- 
taries, &c. 

Baldwin,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Dresden, 
who  wrote  commentaries  on  St.  Paul's 
epistles,  &c.  and  died  1627. 

Baldwin,  a  native  of  Exeter,  primate  of 
England,  who  attended  Richard  I.  in  his 
crusade  to  the  holy  land,  and  died  there, 
1191.  His  works  appeared  by  Tissier,  1662. 

Baldwin,  Abraham,  president  of  the 
university  of  Georgia,  and  eminent  as  a 
statesman,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1772,  and  resided  several  years  at  that 
seminary  as  a  tutor.  He  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Georgia,  and  the  legislature,  in 
1785,  on  adopting  a  general  plan  of  educa- 
tion for  that  state,  appointed  him  to  super- 
intend its  execution.  He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  in 
1787,  and  afterwards  held  a  seat  in  con- 
gress, both  as  a  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives,  and  of  the  senate.  He 
died  at  Washington  in  1807.         ftj*  L, 

Bale,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
cated among  the  Carmelites  of  Norwich, 
where  he  became  prior,  and  died  1503.  He 
is  author  of  annales  per  breves  ordinis  Car- 
melit. — historian  iElite  prophets — officium 
Simonis  Angli,  &c. 

Bale,  John,  a  native  of  Cove,  in  Suffolk, 
educated,  from  poverty,  among  the  Carme- 
lites at  Norwich,  and  thence  removed  to 
Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  Ro- 
man catholic,  but,  by  the  influence  of  lord 
Wentworth  he  became  protestant.  The 
resentment  of  the  Romish  priests,  however, 
was  so  great,  that  he  fled  over  to  Holland, 
where  he  continued  six  years,  till  he  was 
recalled  and  promoted  by  Edward  VI.  to  a 
living  in  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  raised 
to  the  see  of  Ossory,  in  Ireland,  which, 
however,  he  abandoned  on  the  accession  of 
Mary,  to  avoid  the  persecution  of  the  ca- 
tholics. He  retired  to  Holland  and  Switz- 
erland ;  but  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth 
he  refused  to  return  to  his  diocess,  satisfied 
in  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  a  prebend  at 
Canterbury,  where  he  died,  1563,  aged  67. 
During  his  absence  in  Holland,  he  wrote 
some  excellent  books  in  English  ;  but  his 
most  \aluuble  work  is  his  Latin  account  of 
the  best  English  writers,  which  he  gradually 
enlarged,  and  dedicated  to  Edward  VI.  It 
contained  a  catalogue  of  3618  years,  from 
Japhet  to  1557,  extracted  from  Berosus, 
Bede,  &c.  printed  Basil,  1557. 

Balechon,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  engra- 


BAL 


BAL 


rer,  born  at  Aries,  son  of  a  button-seller. 
He  died  suddenly,  at  Avignon,  August, 
1765,  aged  46.  There  was  much  delicacy 
and  softness  in  his  execution.  His  princi- 
pal pieces  are,  les  belles  marines,  Ste.  Ge- 
nevieve, and  a  portrait  of  Frederic  Augus- 
tus, king  of  Poland.  Of  this  last  he  took 
proof  impressions,  contrary  to  his  promise 
to  the  dauphiness,  for  which  violation  of 
his  word  he  was  expelled  from  the  academy, 
and  sent  to  a  disagreeable  retirement.  He 
was  well  acquainted  with  chymistry. 

Balen,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Dordt,  born 
1611.  He  published,  in  1677,  an  interest- 
ing account  of  his  native  city. 

Balen,  Hendrick  Van,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, eminent  as  a  painter.  His  best  pieces 
are  the  drowning  of  Pharaoh,  and  the  judg- 
ment of  Paris.  He  died  1632,  aged  72. 
His  son  John  was  also  eminent  as  a  land- 
scape painter. 

Bales,  Peter,  a  man  eminent  for  his  skill 
in  penmanship,  and  considered  as  the  in- 
ventor of  short-hand  writing.  He  studied 
at  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford  ;  and  in  1575  he 
wrote  the  Lord's  prayer,  the  creed,  the  ten 
commandments,  with  two  short  prayers  in 
Latin,  besides  his  own  name,  motto,  day  of 
the  month,  year  of  the  Lord  and  of  the 
queen's  reign,  all  within  the  circle  of  a 
single  penny,  inchased  in  a  ring  and  golden 
border,  which  he  presented  to  the  queen  at 
Hampton  court,  to  the  admiration  of  her 
majesty  and  the  whole  court.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  Walsingham  in  imitating  hand- 
writing for  political  purposes ;  and  four 
years  after,  1590,  he  opened  a  school  near 
the  Old  Bailey.  He  published  at  this  time 
his  "  writing  schoolmaster,"  a  useful  per- 
formance, which  appeared  recommended 
by  no  less  than  eighteen  copies  of  compli- 
mentary verses,  from  men  of  genius  and 
learning.  He  is  improperly  suspected  by- 
Anthony  Wood,  of  being  concerned  in 
Essex's  treasonable  practices.  He  died 
1610. 

Balestra,  Anthony,  a  historical  painter 
of  Verona,  who,  in  1694,  was  rewarded 
with  the  prize  of  merit  by  the  academy  of 
St.  Luke.     He  died  1720,  aged  54. 

Baley,  Walter,  a  native  of  Portsham, 
Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Winchester-school 
and  New  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  fellow.  He  was  proctor  of  the  uni- 
versity, 155S,  and  took  his  degrees  in 
physic,  whilst  he  studied  divinity  with  equal 
attention.  He  was  made  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Oxford,  and  soon  after  became  phy- 
sician to  queen  Elizabeth,  which  recom- 
mended him  to  practice  and  to  opulence. 
He  died  March  3,  1592,  aged  63,  and  is 
buried  in  New  college  chapel.  His  wiitings 
were  chiefly  on  the  eyesight  and  its  pre- 
servation, and  were  neither  valuable  nor 
Jeamed.     He  also  wrote  a  discourse  on  the 


qualities  of  pepper,  1598,  8ro. — directions 
for  health,  4to. 

Balguy,  John,  an  English  divine,  bom 
at  Sheffield,  where  his  father  was  master 
of  the  grammar  school.  He  was  admitted 
of  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
laments,  that  two  years  were  lost  to  him- 
self by  an  improper  fondness  for  reading 
romances,  till  he  was  awakened  from  his 
inactivity  by  perusing  Livy,  and  by  reflec- 
tion urged  to  more  serious  and  honourable 
pursuits.  Some  part  of  his  time  was  spent 
in  the  care  of  Sheffield  school,  either  as 
head  or  assistant ;  and  afterwards  he  en- 
tered the  family  of  Mr.  Banks,  of  Lincoln- 
shire, as  tutor.  When  admitted  to  orders, 
he  soon  distinguished  himself  as  a  preacher. 
During  the  four  first  years  of  his  residence 
on  the  donative  of  Lamesley  and  Tanfie'd, 
in  Durham,  he  never  omitted  writing  a  new 
sermon  every  week,  so  that  afterwards  he 
committed  at  once  to  the  flames  200  of 
these  valuable  compositions,  in  the  presence 
of  his  son,  afterwards  archdeacon  and  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  whom  he  wished 
to  excite  to  the  same  laudable  application. 
As  a  writer,  he  became  respected  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy,  and  at  all  times  he 
maintained  the  character  of  a  good  divine, 
and  a  warm  advocate  in  the  cause  of  ra- 
tional religion  and  Christian  liberty.  His 
works  consist  of  sermons  and  of  tracts,  all 
on  divinity  ;  and  though  some  of  his  philo 
sophical  opinions  are  considered  erroneous, 
his  principles  must  ever  be  applauded,  and 
his  discourses  highly  admired.  He  was  a 
great  friend  to  toleration,  and  whilst  he  ab- 
horred the  tenets  of  the  Romish  church,  he 
cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  the  most 
respectable  of  the  dissenters  and  of  the 
quakers.  His  defence  of  Hoadley  recom- 
mended him  to  the  friendship  and  patro- 
nage of  that  prelate  ;  but  he  nobly  dis- 
dained to  use  the  esteem  of  the  great  for 
his  character,  as  a  step  to  rise  to  prefer- 
ment. Besides  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  he 
obtained  the  living  of  North  Allerton,  which 
he  retained  till  his  death,  which  happened 
at  Harrowgate,  21st  September,  1748,  in 
his  63d  year. 

Bali,  Meula  Bali,  a  Mussulman,  who 
wrote  on  the  jurisprudence  of  his  country, 
and  died  the  year  of  the  hegira  977. 

Baliol,  Sir  John,  the  founder  of  Baliol 
college, Oxford,  was  born  at  Barnard  castle, 
Durham.  He  was  governor  of  Carlisle, 
1248;  and  the  guardianship  of  Alexander 
III.  of  Scotland,  and  of  Margaret,  daughter 
of  king  Henry  III.  of  England,  his  wife, 
was  intrusted  to  his  care  ;  but  an  accusa- 
tion of  misconduct  drew  upon  him  the  ven- 
geance of  the  English  king,  which  he  avert- 
ed by  paying  a  large  sum  of  money.  The 
foundation  of  his  college  was  laid  1263,  and 
the  building  was  completed  by  his  lady. 
Dunns;  the  ws>rs  of  Henry  III.  and  hi* 
155 


UAfc 


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barons,  he  supported  the  king's  power.  He 
left  three  sons. 

Baliol,  John  ilc,  king  of  Scotland.  He 
was  descended  from  David,  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, brother  of  king  William  called  the 
Lion  ;  and  on  the  death  of  queen  Margaret, 
in  her  passage  from  Norway,  he  laid  claims 
to  the  crown,  in  which  he  was  opposed  by 
Bruce.  His  rights  were  established  by  the 
decision  of  Edward  I.  of  England,  who 
acted  as  arbitrator  ;  and  he  did  homage 
1 2th  November,  1292.  When,  however, 
he  found  himself  not  an  independent  mo- 
narch, but  a  vassal  of  England,  he  boldly 
shook  oft'  the  yoke,  and  made  an  alliance 
with  the  French  king,  and  war  was  kindled 
between  the  two  countries  ;  but  the  battle 
of  Dunbar  proved  fatal  to  Baliol,  who,  with 
his  son,  was  carried  a  captive  to  the  Tower, 
and  afterwards  was  released  by  the  pope's 
legate,  1299.  Baliol  retired  to  France, 
where  he  died,  1314.  His  son  Edward 
afterwards  claimed  the  kingdom,  and  ob- 
tained it  for  a  little  time  ;  but  dying  with- 
out issue,  the  family  in  them  beeame  ex- 
tinct. 

Balkini,  a  surname  of  Yelaleddin,  who 
wrote  a  book  on  the  jurisprudence  of  the 
Mussulmans,  besides  treatises  on  the  dif- 
ficulties of  various  sciences,  on  hermaphro- 
dites, &c. 

Ball,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
Oxfordshire,  1585,  and  afterwards  minister 
of  Whitmore,  in  Staffordshire,  where  his 
abilities  as  a  teacher  were  displayed  in  the 
respectability  of  his  pupils.  Though  in  his 
principles  a  puritan,  he  was  severe  against 
those  who  separated  from  the  church.  He 
wrote  a  book  on  the  power  of  godliness  ; 
and  died  1640. 

Ballard,  George,  a  native  of  Campden, 
in  Gloucestershire,  who,  while  the  obscure 
apprentice  of  a  habit-maker,  employed  the 
hours  which  his  companions  devoted  to 
sleep,  to  the  acquisition  of  the  Saxon  lan- 
guage, and  recommended  himself,  by  his 
industry,  to  the  patronage  of  lord  Ched- 
worth,  who  liberally  offered  him  an  annuity 
of  100Z.  a  year,  of  which,  however,  he  only 
accepted  60/.  as  sufficient  for  his  expenses. 
He  went  to  Oxford,  Avhere,  by  the  kindness 
of  Dr.  Jenner,  he  was  made  one  of  the 
eight  clerks  of  Magdalen  college,  and  af- 
terwards one  of  the  beadles  of  the  univer- 
sity. His  weakly  constitution  was  impaired 
by  the  severity  of  his  studies,  and  he  died 
June,  1755,  in  the  prime  of  life.  His  ac- 
cess to  the  Bodleian  was  the  means  of  his 
increasing  his  valuable  collections  ;  but  he 
published  only  "  memoirs  of  British  ladies 
celebrated  for  their  writings,"  in  4to.  1752. 
His  account  of  Campden  church  was  read 
before  the  antiquarian  society,  1771,  No- 
vember 21. 

Ballenden,  or  Bullanden,  Sir  John, 
V  Scotch  historian,  in  favour  with  James 
156 


VI.  He  took  orders,  and  was  made  canon 
of  Ross  and  archdeacon  of  Murray,  and  he 
afterwards  succeeded  to  the  office  of  clerk- 
register  to  the  court  of  chancery,  which  the 
troubles  of  the  times  obliged  him  to  resign, 
but  to  which  he  was  restored  in  the  suc- 
ceeding reign.  He  was  also  a  lord  of  ses- 
sion ;  but  the  opposition  which  he,  with 
Dr.  Laing,  made  to  the  reformation,  ren- 
dered him  obnoxious  to  the  ruling  powers, 
so  that  he  retired  to  Rome,  where  he  died, 
1550.  He  wrote  several  pieces  in  prose 
and  verse,  besides  a  translation  of  Hector 
Boctius's  history. 

Ballerini,  Peter  and  Jerome,  two  learn- 
ed brothers,  ecclesiastics,  at  Verona,  the 
former  of  whom  was  born  169S,  the  latter, 
1702.  They  devoted  themselves  with  equal 
alacrity  to  the  pursuit  of  literature,  par- 
ticularly ecclesiastical  history  ;  and  besides 
several  valuable  works  of  their  own,  they 
edited  the  works  of  Leo  the  Great,  those  of 
cardinal  Noris,  those  of  Gilbert,  bishop  of 
Verona,  &c.  They  were  still  living  in  1758. 

Ballexferd,  a  native  of  Geneva,  au- 
thor of  the  education  physique  des  enfans, 
a  valuable  composition,  honourably  noticed 
by  the  society  of  sciences  of  Haerlem- 
He  wrote  also  on  the  causes  of  the  death 
of  so  many  children,  an  equally  merito- 
rious publication.     He  died,  1774,  aged  48. 

Balli,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Palermo, 
canon  of  Bari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
and  author  of  de  fsecunditate  de  dei — de 
morte  corporum  naturalium,  &c.  He  died, 
1640. 

Balliani,  John  Baptist,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  natural  motion  of  heavy 
bodies,  1645,  was  a  native  of  Genoa,  and 
also  a  senator.     He  died,  1666,  aged  80. 

Ballin,  Claude,  a  goldsmith  of  Paris, 
early  distinguished  by  his  superior  genius. 
He  executed,  in  the  most  perfect  style  of  ele- 
gant workmanship,  four  vases,  representing 
the  four  ages  of  the  world,  for  Richelieu, 
with  four  antique  vases  to  match  them,  and 
also  silver  tables,  dishes,  girandoles,  &c.  for 
Lewis  XIV.,  and  was  advanced  on  the 
death  of  Varin,  to  the  lucrative  direction 
of  the  dies  for  striking  medals,  &c.  Seve- 
ral works  of  this  illustrious  artist  are  still 
admired  at  Paris,  St.  Denys,  and  Pontoise  ; 
but  the  silver  vessels  made  for  the  monarch 
were  converted  into  coin,  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  his  protracted  wars.  Ballin  died 
22d  January,  1678,  aged  63. 

Balsamon,  Theodore,  a  learned  patri- 
arch of  Antioeh,  some  of  whose  works  are 
written  against  the  Romish  church,  and  on 
the  canon  law,  printed,  Paris,  1620,  in 
folio.     He  died,  1214. 

Balsham,  Hugh  de,  bishop  of  Ely, 
founded  Peter-house,  at  Cambridge,  and 
died  1286. 

Balthasar,  Christopher,  a  king's  advo- 
cate at  Auxerre,  who  abandoned  the  emo- 


BAL 


BAM 


luments  of  his  office,  and  the  catholic  reli- 
gion, to  embrace  the  tenets  of  the  protes- 
tants,  in  whose  favour  he  wrote  several 
controversial  treatises,  especially  against 
Baronius,  which  were  received  with  great 
avidity.  The  synod  of  Loudun  granted 
him,  in  1659,  a  pension  of  750  livres,  for 
his  literary  services. 

Balthazarini,  surnamed  Beaujoyeux, 
an  Italian  musician,  recommended  by  Bris- 
sac,  governor  of  Piedmont,  to  Henry  III.  of 
France,  by  whom  he  was  liberally  patron- 
ised, and  for  the  entertainment  of  whose 
court  he  wrote  several  ballads  and  pieces 
of  music.  He  composed  a  ballet  called 
Ceres  and  her  nymphs,  for  the  nuptials  of 
the  due  de  Joyeuse  with  the  queen's  sister, 
mademoiselle  de  Vaudemont ;  and  this  is 
regarded  as  the  origin  of  the  ballet  hero- 
ique  of  France. 

Baltus,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Metz, 
author  of  several  works,  especially  of  an 
answer  to  Fontenelle's  history  of  oracles, 
printed  at  Strasburg,  8vo.  He  died  libra- 
rian of  Rheims,  the  9th  of  March,  1743,  at 
the  age  of  76. 

Balue,  John,  a  cardinal,  born  of  mean 
parents  in  Poitou.  He  raised  himself  to 
consequence  by  flattery  and  merit,  and 
gradually  became  bishop  of  Evreux,  and  of 
Arras.  He  was  raised  to  the  purple  by 
Paul  II.,  and  when  honoured  with  the  con- 
fidence of  Lewis  XI.  he  became  his  minis- 
ter, and  acted  as  general  over  his  troops. 
Ungrateful  to  his  duty  and  to  his  master, 
he  formed  intrigues  with  the  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy and  Berri ;  and  when  at  last  disco- 
vered by  the  king,  he  was  imprisoned  for 
eleven  years  ;  after  which  he  repaired  to 
Rome,  and  rose  to  new  preferments.  He 
afterwards  came  to  France  as  pope's 
legate,  though  he  had  so  ill  deserved  of  the 
confidence  and  honour  of  his  country.  He 
died  at  Ancona,  1491. 

Balzue,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Tulles  in 
Guienne,  patronised  by  Peter  de  Marca, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse,  by  Tellier  after- 
wards chancellor  of  France,  and  by  Col- 
bert. He  employed  the  hours  of  his  easy 
independent  life,  in  enriching  the  libraries 
of  his  patrons  with  valuable  manuscripts, 
till  in  his  39th  year,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  canon  law  in  the  royal  college 
with  every  mark  of  distinction.  His  lives 
of  the  popes  of  Avignon  proved  so  interest- 
ing to  the  king,  that  he  granted  the  author  a 
pension,  but  his  attachment  to  the  duke  of 
Bouillon,  the  history  of  whose  family  he 
had  undertaken  to  write,  but  in  which  he 
inserted  some  offensive  remarks,  was  soon 
after  productive  of  trouble.  When  the 
duke  was  banished  he  shared  his  disgrace, 
and  was  confined  by  a  lettre  de  cachet  at 
Orleans ;  he,  however,  was  restored  to 
favour,  though  he  was  not  replaced  to  his 
directorial  chair  of  (he  Royal  college,  which 


he  before  held.  He  died  28th  July,  1718, 
in  his  87th  year,  and  left  behind  him,  the 
character  of  an  indefatigable  collector  of 
curious  manuscripts  and  annotations.  He 
wrote  little,  though  he  possessed  an  exten- 
sive acquaintance  with  polite  literature, 
and  was  connected  by  correspondence  and 
friendship  with  the  most  learned  men  of  his 
age.  By  his  will,  he  capriciously  left  all 
his  property  from  his  family,  to  a  woman 
not  related  to  him.  He  wrote  also  the  his- 
tory of  Tulles. 

Balzac,  John  Louis  Guez  de,  a  native 
of  Angouleme,  who  visited  Holland  in  his 
17th  year,  where  he  wrote  a  discourse  on 
the  state  of  the  United  Provinces.  He 
travelled  with  the  duke  d'Epernon,  and  was 
at  Rome  with  the  cardinal  de  la  Valette, 
but  he  found  at  last  the  tranquillity  of  re- 
tirement on  his  estate  at  Balzac  more  con- 
genial to  his  studious  inclinations,  than 
paying  court  to  Richelieu,  who  flattered  his 
ambition  with  promises  of  high  patronage. 
He  was  universally  admired  for  the  elegance 
of  his  writings,  especially  his  letters  to 
Voltaire,  who,  however,  censures  his  style, 
but  allows  him  the  merit  of  having  given 
harmony  and  numbers  to  French  prose. 
His  writings  created  him  some  political  op- 
ponents, but  though  he  dreaded  the  weapons 
of  an  adversary,  he  was  pleased  with  the 
familiarity  of  the  great,  and  a  pension  from 
the  court,  of  2000  livres,  and  the  pompous 
title  of  historiographer  of  France,  and 
counsellor  of  state.  He  was  of  a  weakly 
constitution,  so  that  he  used  to  say,  when 
he  was  but  30,  that  he  was  older  than  his 
father.  He  died  Feb.  18th,  1654,  in  his 
60th  year,  and  left  12000  livres  to  the  hos- 
pital of  Notre  dame  des  Anges,  in  which  he 
was  buried,  besides  a  small  estate  for  a 
golden  medal,  as  the  reward  of  the  best 
composition  on  a  moral  subject,  to  be  ad- 
judged every  two  years  by  the  French 
academy.  His  works,  consisting  of  le 
Prince — le  Socrate  Chretien — l'Aristippe — 
Entretiens — Christ  victorieux,  &c.  were 
collected  and  printed  at  Paris,  in  1665, 
with  a  preface  by  abbe  de  Cassagnes. 

Bamboche,  a  nickname  given  to  Peter 
de  Laer,  for  his  deformity.  He  was  a 
native  of  Laerden,  near  Marden,  in  Hol- 
land, where  he  died,  1673,  aged  60.  The 
chief  merit  of  his  pieces,  is  the  ease  and 
correctness  with  which  he  delineates  cha- 
racters, so  that  shops,  inns,  conversations, 
cattle,  &c.  are  touched  with  the  highest 
success  by  his  pencil.  He  improved  much 
in  his  profession,  by  a  residence  of  16 
months  at  Rome. 

Bambridge,  Christopher,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  employed  as  ambassador  from 
Henry  VIII.  to  pope  Julius  II.,  who  raised 
him  to  the  purple.  He  was  made  bishop 
of  Durham]  find  in  1508,  translated  tn 
1W 


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York,  and  six  years  after  he  was  poisoned 
by  his  servant,  who  thus  revenged  himself 
for  some  blows  which  he  had  received  from 
him. 

Bampfield,  Francis,  M.A.  a  native  of 
Devonshire,  educated  at  Wadham  college, 
became  prebendary  of  Exeter,  and  minis- 
ter of  Sherborne,  Dorsetshire,  but  was 
ejected  for  nonconformity.  He  was  author 
of  a  book  on  the  observation  of  the  sab- 
bath, and  died  in  Newgate,  1684. 

Banchi,  Seraphin,  a  Dominican  of  Flo- 
rence, who  came  to  France  for  the  im- 
provement of  his  studies.  When  Peter 
Barrere,  a  youth  of  27,  formed  the  diabo- 
lical project  of  assassinating  Henry  IV. 
Banchi  became  acquainted  with  the  secret, 
which  he  prudently  revealed  to  one  of  the 
lords  of  the  court.  The  assassin  was  thus 
discovered  as  he  was  ready  to  perpetrate 
the  deed,  and  Banchi  was  rewarded  with 
the  bishopric  of  Angouleme,  which,  how- 
ever, he  resigned,  in  1608,  for  the  life  of  a 
recluse  in  the  monastery  of  St.  James  de 
Paris,  where  he  died  some  years  after. 
His  writings  were  chiefly  controversial. 

Banck,  Lawrence,  a  Swede,  professor  of 
law  at  Norkoping,  his  native  place.  He 
died  in  1662,  author  of  several  works  of 
jurisprudence,  and  treatises  against  the 
pope's  usurpation. 

Bancroft,  Richard,  was  born  near  Man- 
chester, and  educated  at  Jesus  college.  He 
was  chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and 
bishop  of  London,  1597,  and  advanced  to 
Canterbury,  on  the  death  of  Whitgift, 
1604.  He  was  a  strong  advocate  for  the 
royal  prerogative,  and  the  rights  of  the 
church  ;  and  in  a  conference  at  Hampton 
court  in  an  oration  of  mean  flattery,  he 
compared  James  I.  to  Solomon  for  wisdom, 
to  Hezekiah  for  piety,  and  to  Paul  for 
learning.  He  was  indefatigable,  in  his  en- 
deavours to  establish  episcopacy  in  Scot- 
land.    He  died  at  Lambeth,  1610,  aged  66. 

Bancroft,  John,  nephew  to  the  primate, 
was  born  in  Oxfordshire,  and  educated  at 
Christ  Church.  He  was  afterwards  elect- 
ed master  of  University  college,  and  du- 
ring the  20  years  in  which  he  presided 
over  the  society,  he  laboriously  employed 
himself  in  establishing  their  rights,  and 
improving  their  property.  In  1622,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Oxford,  and  built  the 
palace  of  Cuddesden  for  the  residence  of 
the  bishops.  He  died  1640,  and  was 
buried  at  Cuddesden. 

Bandarra,  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese  cob- 
bler, who  distinguished  himself  some  time  as 
a  prophet  and  versifier.  He  was  silenced 
by  the  inquisition,  and  narrowly  escaped 
being  burnt  1541,  and  died  1556. 

Bandello,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Castel- 

nuovo  in  the  Milanese,  author  of  several 

curious  novels,  in  the  style,  and  manner  of 

Boecace.     He  was  mined  bv  the  Spanish 

15S 


conquests  at  Paviaand  Milan,  and  retired  as 
an  outcast  into  France,  upon  the  estate  of 
his  friend  Caesar  Fregosa  near  Agen.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Agen  in  1550,  by 
Henry  II.,  and  devoted  his  time  to  literary 
pursuits,  rather  than  to  the  discharge  of 
his  episcopal  functions.  He  resigned  his 
bishopric  in  1555,  according  to  his  promise, 
and  the  vacant  see  was  conferred  on  James, 
the  son  of  Fregosa.  He  died  in  1561. 
His  novels  were  edited  at  Lucca,  1554,  in 
three  vols.  4to.  with  a  fourth  volume  print- 
ed at  Lyons,  and  again  at  London,  1740, 
in  four  vols.  4to. 

Bandinelli,  Baccio,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, known  by  his  pieces  in  painting  and 
designing,  and  particularly  in  sculpture. 
His  copy  of  the  famous  Laocoon,  in  the 
garden  of  the  Medicis  at  Florence,  is  much 
admired.     He  died  in  1559,  aged  72. 

Bandini,  Angelo  Maria,  an  Italian  anti- 
quary, was  born  at  Florence  in  1726.  He 
received  his  education  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  in  1747,  became  secretary  to  the  bish- 
op of  Volterra,  who  introduced  him  to  the 
emperor  at  Vienna,  in  consequence  of 
which,  Bandini  dedicated  to  that  monarch 
his  "  Specimen  Literaturae  Florentine." 
After  this  he  entered  into  orders,  but  de- 
voted himself  chiefly  to  antiquarian  pur- 
suits. In  1756,  the  emperor  gave  him  a 
prebend  at  Florence,  where  also  he  had  the 
care  of  the  Laurentian  Library.  He  died 
in  1800,  and  on  his  death-bed  founded  a 
public  school,  leaving  the  rest  of  his  for- 
tune to  other  charitable  uses.  His  works 
are — 1.  Dissertatio  de  Veterum  Saltationi- 
bus.  2.  Specimen  Literaturae  Florentinae, 
2  vols.  8vo.  3.  De  Obelisco  Augusti  Caesa- 
ris,  e  Campi  Martii  nuderibus  nuper  eruto, 
fol.  4.  Collectio  Veterum  Monumentorum 
ad  Historiam,  8vo.  5.  Elogio  dell'  ab 
Francisco  Marucelli,  4to.  6.  Vita  e  lettere 
Amerigo  Vespucci,  4to.  7.  De  Vita  et 
Scriptis  J.  B.  Donii  Patricii  Florentini,  fob 
8.  Vita  di  Filippo  Strozzi,  4to.  9.  Vita  del 
Card.  Nicolo  du  Prato,  4to.  10.  Catalogus 
Codicum  MSS.  Graecorum  Latinorum  et 
Italorum,  Bibliothcci'  Laurcntianae,  8  vols, 
fol.  11.  Bibliotheca  Lcopoldina  Lauren- 
tiana,  3  vols.  fol.  12.  Dc  Florentini  Jun- 
tarum  Typographia,  2  torn.  Svo. —  W.  B. 

Banduri,  Anselm,  a  monk  born  at  Ra- 
gusa,  who  studied  in  France,  where  he  was 
patronised  by  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  academy  of  inscriptions. 
The  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  was  not 
ignorant  of  his  merit,  intended  to  place 
him  at  the  head  of  the  academy  of  Pisa. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1743,  aged  72.  His  anti- 
quitates  Constantinopolitans,  in  two  vols, 
fol.  and  his  numismata  Roman.  Impcrat.  a 
Trajano  ad  Palaeologos  1718,  are  chiefly 
valuable. 

Banguis,  Peter,  a  native  of  Helsingberg 
in   Sweden,   professor  of  theology  at    Ab» 


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for  32  years,  and  in  1682,  raised  to  the  see 
of  Wyburg.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical 
history  of  Sweden,  a  sacred  chronology, 
and  other  works,  and  died,  1696,  aged  63. 

Banguisi,  Thomas,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
lexicon,  and  of  a  treatise  on  the  origin  of 
the  diversity  of  languages,  was  professor 
of  Hebrew,  theology,  and  philosophy,  at 
Copenhagen,  where  he  died,  1661,  aged 
61. 

Banier,  Anthony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the 
diocess  of  Clermont  in  Auvergne,  who  ac- 
quired by  his  industry  and  the  patronage  of 
his  friends,  those  means  of  education  which 
the  poverty  of  his  parents  could  not  supply. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Monsieur  de  Metz,  president  of 
the  chamber  of  accounts  at  Paris  ;  and  it 
was  for  their  education  and  improvement 
that  he  applied  himself  to  mythological 
studies,  and  soon  produced  his  "  Historical 
explanation  of  fables."  This  work  on  its 
appearance  was  universally  admired,  and 
procured  the  author  admission  to  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions  besides  the  applauses 
of  the  learned  world.  A  new  edition  soon 
after  appeared  with  important  improve- 
ments, and  the  addition  of  five  dialogues, 
further  to  illustrate  and  to  enrich  the  work. 
The  fruits  of  his  literary  labours  were 
numerous  and  valuable,  various  essays  and 
not  less  than  thirty  dissertations  were  pro- 
duced by  him  to  the  academy  of  Belles 
Lettres,  the  treatises  on  history  and  litera- 
ture by  Vigneul  Marville,  or  rather  Bona- 
venture  D'Argonne,  were  republished,  and 
new  light  and  beauty  given  to  the  voyages 
of  Paul  Lucas  into  Egypt,  and  of  Corne- 
lius le  Brun  to  the  Levant.  In  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life,  Banier  particularly  de- 
voted his  time  to  his  favourite  study  of 
mythology,  and  then  translated  the  meta- 
morphoses of  Ovid,  with  historical  remarks 
and  explanations,  published  at  Amsterdam, 
in  folio,  1732.  It  was  also  at  that  time 
that  he  completed  his  mythology  or  fables 
explained  by  history,  Paris  1740,  in  3  vols. 
4to.  or  7  in  12mo.  a  book  abounding  in 
erudition,  and  deservedly  admired.  He 
was  prevailed  upon  by  the  booksellers  when 
he  laboured  under  the  attacks  of  a  fatal 
distemper,  to  superintend  a  new  edition  of 
a  general  history  of  the  ceremonies,  &c. 
of  all  the  nations  in  the  world,  which  20 
years  before  had  appeared  in  Holland,  and 
he  had  the  gratification  to  see  it  finished  in 
1741,  in  7  vols.  fol.  with  the  assistance  of 
le  Maserier,  a  Jesuit  of  learning.  Banier 
died  Nov.  19th,  1741,  in  his  ~69th  year. 
An  English  translation  of  his  mythology 
and  fables  of  the  ancients  was  printed  in 
London  the  vear  of  his  death  in  4  vols. 
8vo. 

Banister,  John,  a  learned  physician  of 
the  16th  century,  who,  after  studying  at 
Oxford  and  proceeding  there  to  his  first  de- 


gree in  physic  in  1573,  removed  to  Not- 
tingham, where  he  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion. He  was  author  of  several  works  on 
physic  and  surgery. 

Banister,  Richard,  the  younger,  was 
educated  under  his  relation,  of  whom  men- 
tion has  just  been  made,  and  applied  him- 
self to  the  acquisition  of  superior  skill  in 
complaints  of  the  eyes,  ears,  hare-lips,  and 
wry  necks.  He  was  settled  at  Stamford, 
in  Lincolnshire,  but  he  occasionally  visited 
London,  and  other  places.  He  obtained  a 
certificate  of  the  magistrates  of  Norwich  of 
his  having  cured  24  blind  persons  in  that 
city.  His  language  is  harsh,  and  of  his 
life  the  only  account  is  to  be  derived  from 
his  works.  The  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. 

Banks,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  barrister 
of  Gray's  Inn,  born  at  Keswick,  in  Cum- 
berland, and  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford.  He  was  in  1630  attorney-general 
to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  was  afterwards 
made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
from  which  he  removed  to  the  common 
pleas.  He  died  at  Oxford,  Dec.  28th, 
1664.  Several  of  his  MSS.  on  law  are 
still  extant.  His  wife  is  famous  for  de- 
fending Corfl-castle  against  the  parliament, 
till  relieved  by  the  earl  of  Caernarvon. 

Banks,  John,  a  native  of  Sunning,  in 
Berkshire,  apprenticed  to  a  weaver  at  Rea- 
ding. He  left  his  trade  in  consequence  of 
breaking  his  arm,  and  retired  to  London 
with  ten  pounds  left  him  by  a  relation,  and 
after  feeling  all  the  hardships  of  disappoint- 
ment and  poverty,  he  became,  from  a  book- 
seller's stall  in  Spitalfields,  and  a  bookbind- 
er's shop,  a  writer  of  miscellaneous  essays, 
and  solicited  subscriptions  to  some  trifling- 
poems.  Pope,  to  whom  he  addressed  a 
letter  and  a  poem,  honoured  him  with  an 
answer  and  a  double  subscription,  and  the 
obscure  poet  rose  to  literary  consequence, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  the  author  of 
the  critical  review  of  Oliver  Cromwell's  life, 
12mo.  a  work  frequently  reprinted.  He 
wrote  besides,  in  the  beginning  of  his  lite- 
rary career,  the  Weaver's  miscellany,  in 
imitation  of  Duck's  thresher,  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  engaged  on 
the  Old  England  and  Westminster  Jour- 
nals. He  died  of  a  nervous  disorder  at 
Islington,  April  19th,  1751. 

Banks,  Thomas,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
was  born  in  1735,  in  Gloucestershire,  where 
his  father  was  steward  to  the  duke  of  Beau- 
fort. The  son  was  brought  up  under  Kent 
the  architect,  but  afterwards  he  evinced  a 
turn  for  sculpture,  and  obtained  some  pri- 
zes from  the  royal  academy.  He  was  also 
sent  by  the  same  body  to  study  in  Italy, 
where  he  executed  some  excellent  pieces, 
particularly  a  basso  relievo,  representing 
Caractacus  brought  prisoner  to  Rome  ; 
and  an  exquisite  figure  of  Cupid  catching  n 
159 


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butterfly.  From  Italy  he  went  to  Peters- 
burg, where  the  empress  Catherine  pur- 
chased the  last-mentioned  production  and 
placed  it  in  a  temple  constructed  for  the  pur- 
pose in  the  gardens  of  Czarscozelo.  After 
residing  two  years  in  Russia,  Mr.  Banks 
returned  to  his  native  country,  where  he 
soon  acquired  extensive  fame  and  employ- 
ment. Among  other  works  executed  by 
him  was  a  colossal  statue  of  Achilles  be- 
wailing the  loss  of  Briseis,  now  in  the  hall 
of  the  British  Institution.  Various  monu- 
ments in  the  Abbey  and  St.  Paul's  are  tes- 
timonies of  his  genius,  particularly  that 
of  Sir  Eyre  Coote.     He  died  in  1805. 

W.  B. 

Banks,  John,  was  a  member  of  the  so- 
ciety of  New  Inn,  which  he  abandoned  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  muses.  As  a  writer 
for  the  theatres  he  did  not  meet  with  that 
encouragement  which  might  give  reputation 
to  his  labours,  and  independence  to  his 
fortune.  Though  his  language  is  not  often 
the  language  of  poetry,  nor  his  style  the 
effusion  of  genius  or  vivacity,  yet  there  is 
something  interesting  in  his  compositions. 
The  subjects  are  happily  drawn  from  histo- 
ry, and  those  incidents  are  introduced 
which  can  move  the  heart  and  call  forth 
all  the  sympathizing  feelings  of  an  audi- 
ence. His  tragedies  are  seven  in  number, 
of  which  the  best  is  indubitably  the  earl  of 
Essex,  a  drama  abounding  in  bold  strokes 
of  nature,  and  some  fine  instances  of  the 
pathetic.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
known.  His  remains  were  deposited  in 
St.  James's,  Westminster. 

Banks,  Sir  Joseph,  K.  B.  president  of 
the  Royal  Society,  was  born  at  Reresby 
Abbey,  Lincolnshire,  December  13th,  1743. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  distin- 
guished himself  while  at  the  university,  by 
his  proficiency  in  natural  history.  He 
commenced  his  researches  abroad  in  that 
department  of  knowledge,  in  1763,  when 
he  visited  Newfoundland,  and  Labrador. 
In  1768  he  accompanied  Captain  Cook  on 
a  voyage  to  the  Pacific  Islands,  and  after- 
wards explored  the  islands  on  the  coast  of 
Scotland  and  Iceland.  He  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  in  1777.  He 
died,  May  9th,  1S20,  in  his  8lst  year. 
Besides  his  papers  inserted  in  the  Philoso- 
phical Transactions,  he  published  "  An 
account  of  Stafla,"  and  of  "  The  Blight  of 
Wheat."—  W.  B. 

Bannes,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesi- 
astic, who  died  at  Medina  del  Campo,  in 
1604,  aged  77.  His  writings  on  Aristotle 
and  on  the  fathers,  abounded  in  warmth  of 
language,  rather  than  in  taste  or  judgment. 

Bannier,  John,  a  Swedish  general  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  various  battles,  and  after  the  death 
of  his  master,  added  to  the  glory  of  Sweden 
by  fresh  victories  and  by  the  taking  of  se- 


veral  important  places  from  the  Germans 
and  Saxons.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
he  was  unfortunate,  and  he  forgot  his  mi- 
litary character  to  espouse  the  daughter  of 
the  prince  of  Baden,  after  the  death  of  his 
wife.     He  died,  10th  May,  1641,  aged  40. 

Banquo,  or  Bancho,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth,  often  victorious  over  the  Danes 
and  the  Highlanders  in  the  reign  of  Donald 
VII.  He  joined  Macbeth  in  the  overthrow 
of  his  sovereign,  and  for  his  services  was 
murdered  by  the  usurper. 

Baptist,  John,  surnamed  Monnoyer,  a 
native  of  Lisle,  resident  for  some  time  in 
England,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter  of 
flowers.  He  studied  at  Antwerp,  and  he 
displayed  the  superiority  of  his  talents  in 
assisting  Le  Brun  in  painting  the  palace  of 
Versailles,  in  which  the  flowers  were  his 
execution.  The  duke  of  Montague,  who 
was  ambassador  in  France,  saw  and  admi- 
red his  merit,  and  he  employed  him  with 
La  Fosse  and  Rousseau  in  the  decoration  of 
Montague  house,  now  the  British  museum. 
A  looking-glass  which  he  adorned  with  a 
garland  of  flowers  for  queen  Mary,  is  still 
preserved  at  Kensington  palace.  There  is 
a  print  of  him  from  a  painting  by  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller,  in  Walpole's  anecdotes.  He 
died,  1699,  and  was  buried  in  London. 
His  son  Anthony  distinguished  himself  also 
in  flower  painting.  Another  of  the  same 
name,  called  also  Gaspars  and  Lely's  Bap- 
tist, was  born  at  Antwerp.  He  visited 
England  during  the  civil  wars,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  general  Lambert's  service,  and 
after  the  restoration  he  painted  the  atti- 
tudes and  draperies  of  Sir  Peter  Lely's  por- 
traits. He  died  in  1691,  and  was  buried 
at  St.  James's.  Charles  II. 's  portrait  in 
painter's  hall,  and  that  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's hospital,  were  painted  by  him. 

Baptistin,  John  Baptiste  Struk,  a  mu- 
sician of  Florence,  who  died  1740.  He 
composed  the  three  operas  of  Meleager, 
Manto,  and  Polydorus,  and  excelled  in  the 
music  of  his  cantatas.  He  first  introduced 
the  use  of  the  violoncello  in  France. 

Barach  was  fourth  judge  of  the  He- 
brews for  33  years,  about  1240  B.  C.  He 
delivered  his  country  from  the  oppression 
of  Jabin,  king  of  Canaan,  and  of  Sisera, 
with  the  assistance  of  Deborah. 

Baradjeus,  called  also  Zanzalus  Jaco- 
bus, bishop  of  Edessa,  revived  in  the  sixth 
century  the  tenets  of  the  Monophysites, 
who  supported  that  there  was  but  one  na- 
ture in  Christ.  His  followers  were  called 
from  him  Jacobites.     He  died,  58S. 

Baranzano,  Redemptus,  a  monk  born 
at  Serravalle,  near  Verceil,  in  Piedmont, 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Anneci,  and 
the  correspondent  of  the  great  Bacon.  He 
possessed  vast  energy  of  mind,  and  acqui- 
red great  reputation  at  Paris,  both  as  a 
preacher  and  a  philosopher,  but  more  as  a 


BAR 


BAR 


warm  and  judicious  opposer  of  Aristotle's 
doctrines.  He  died  at  Montargis,  23d  De- 
cember, 1622,  in  his  33d  year,  and  thus 
early  was  finished  a  career,  which  promised 
to  add  much  splendour  to  literature,  and 
to  criticism.  His  works  on  philosophical 
subjects,  were  "  doctrina  de  ccelo,"  1617, 
fol. — de  novis  opinionibus  physicis,  8vo. 
1617 — Campus  philosophorum,  8vo.  1620. 

Baratier,  John  Philip,  a  most  extraor- 
dinary person,  born  January  19th,  1721,  at 
Schwobach,  in  the  Margravate  of  Anspach, 
and  of  such  uncommon  powers  of  memory, 
that  at  the  age  of  four,  he  conversed  with 
his  mother  in  French,  with  his  father  in 
Latin,  and  with  his  servants  in  German. 
The  rapidity  of  his  improvements  aug- 
mented with  his  years,  so  that  he  became 
perfectly  acquainted  with  Greek  at  six, 
with  Hebrew  at  eight,  and  in  his  eleventh 
year  translated  from  the  Hebrew  into 
French  the  travels  of  the  rabbi  Benjamin 
of  Tudela,  which  he  enriched  with  valua- 
ble annotations.  His  proficiency  in  mathe- 
matics was  so  great,  that  he  submitted  to 
the  London  Royal  Society  a  scheme  for 
finding  the  longitude,  which,  though  found 
insufficient,  exhibited  the  strongest  marks 
of  superior  abilities,  with  all  the  labour  of 
mathematical  calculation.  He  visited 
Halle  with  his  father  in  1735,  where  he 
was  offered  by  the  university  the  degree  of 
M.A.  The  young  philosopher  drew  up  14 
theses,  which  he  printed,  and  the  next 
morning  disputed  upon  them  with  such 
ability  and  logical  precision  that  he  asto- 
nished and  delighted  the  most  crowded  audi- 
ence. At  Berlin  he  was  received  with 
kindness  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  ho- 
noured with  those  marks  of  distinction 
which  his  superior  genius  deserved.  His 
abilities,  however,  so  great  and  so  splendid, 
shone  but  like  a  meteor  ;  a  constitution  na- 
turally delicate,  was  rendered  still  more 
weak  by  excessive  application ;  and  a 
cough,  spitting  of  blood,  and  fever  on  the 
spirits,  put  an  end  to  his  life,  at  Halle,  5th 
of  October,  1740,  in  his  20th  year.  Bara- 
tier has  deservedly  been  mentioned  as  a 
prodigy  of  learning  and  of  genius,  his  me- 
mory was  universally  retentive,  and  his  ap- 
plication scarcely  credible,  when  it  is  recol- 
lected that  he  spent  twelve  hours  in  bed  till 
his  tenth  year,  and  ten  afterwards.  In 
one  winter  he  read  20  great  folios,  with  all 
the  attention  of  a  vast  comprehensive  mind, 
and  the  large  work  which  he  prepared  on 
Egyptian  antiquities,  showed  the  variety  of 
materials  collected,  as  well  as  their  judi- 
cious and  laborious  arrangement.  In  his 
domestic  economy  he  was  very  temperate  ; 
he  ate  little  flesh,  lived  totally  on  milk,  tea, 
bread,  and  fruit ;  he  disliked  wine,  he  had 
an  aversion  to  dancing,  music,  and  the 
sports  of  the  field,  so  that  he  wished  for  no 
recreation  from  study  but  in  walking,  or  in 

Vm,.  T.  21 


the  conversation  of  a  few  friends,  whom  he 
loved  and  courted,  with  all  the  openness  and 
unreserved  gayety  of  a  generous  heart. 

Baratier,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a 
new  digest  of  the  feudal  law,  printed  1611 
at  Paris,  was  a  native  of  Placentia,  and 
professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Pavia  and 
Ferrara  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

Barba,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  curate  of  St. 
Bernard  de  Potosi,  is  the  author  of  a  scarce 
book  called  arte  de  los  metallos,  Madrid, 
1620,  4to.  reprinted  1729,  in  4to.  with  the 
addition  of  Carillo  Lasso's  treatise  on  the 
mines  of  Spain.  His  works  have  been 
abridged  in  French,  in  one  vol.  12mo.  1730, 
with  a  valuable  collection  of  treatises  on 
the  same  subject. 

Barbadillo,  Alphonsus  Jerome  de  Sa- 
las,  author  of  several  admired  comedies, 
died  at  Madrid  about  1630.  The  elegance 
and  correctness  of  his  style  improved  and 
embellished  the  Spanish  language.  He 
also  wrote  the  adventures  of  Don  Diego  de. 
Noche,  1624,  inSvo. 

Barbadino,  a  Portuguese,  whose  work 
on  the  state  of  literature  in  Portugal,  print- 
ed at  Paris,  1746,  was  severely  censured  by 
a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  and  ably  defended  by 
Don  Joseph  de  Maymo. 

Barbaro,  Francis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
distinguished  by  his  learning  as  well  as  his 
political  talents.  He  defended  Brescia,  of 
which  he  was  governor,  against  the  duke  of 
Milan,  and  obliged  the  besiegers  to  retreat. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  in  Latin,  de  re  uxor, 
on  the  choice  of  a  wife,  and  the  duties  of 
women,  1515,  Paris,  besides  a  translation 
of  some  of  Plutarch's  works,  &c.  He 
died,  1454,  aged  about  56.  His  letters 
appeared  1743. 

Barbaro,  Ermolao,  the  elder,  nephew  to 
Francis,  was  bishop  of  Trevisa,  and  after- 
wards of  Verona,  where  he  died  1470.  He 
translated  some  of  iEsop's  fables  into  Latin, 
when  only  12  years  old. 

Barbaro  or  Barbarus,  Hermolaus, 
grandson  of  Francis,  a  learned  Venetian, 
employed  by  his  countrymen  as  ambassador 
to  the  emperor  Frederic,  to  his  son  Maxi- 
milian, and  to  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  He 
was  honoured  by  the  pope  with  the  vacant 
patriarchate  of  Aquileia  against  the 
wishes  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  passed 
a  law  that  their  ambassadors  should  accept 
no  favour  from  the  Roman  pontiff;  and  so 
inexorable  were  the  Venetians,  that  Barba- 
ra's father,  who  was  far  advanced  in  years, 
and  intrusted  with  the  first  offices  of  the 
state,  was  unable  to  avert  their  resent- 
ment, and  died,  inconsequence,  of  a  broken 
heart.  Barbaro  wrote  some  excellent  trea- 
tises as  well  as  poetry  ;  and  in  translations 
from  Plutarch  and  Dioscorides  he  showed 
his  abilities  as  a  Greek  scholar.  He  died 
at  Rome  1493,  aged  39,  of' the  plague, 
according  to  Bavle. 

161 


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UAll 


Bir-bAKo,  Daniel,  coadjutor  of  the  pa- 
triarchate of  Aquileia,  with  his  uncle 
Hennolao,  was  sent  as  ambassador  from 
Venice  to  England,  where  he  continued 
till  1551.  He  died  1570,  and  left  several 
learned  works  behind  him,  among  which 
were  a  treatise  of  eloquence,  in  4to.  1557, 
Venice — an  Italian  translation  o(  Vitruvius 
15*4, — the  practice  of  perspective,  folio. 

Barbarossa.  Aruch,  a  well-known  pi- 
rate, who  made  himself  master  of  Algiers, 
and  murdered  the  kinj;  Selim  Entemi, 
whom  he  had  come  to  assist  and  defend 
against  his  Spanish  invaders.  He  after- 
wards made  himself  master  of  Tunis,  and 
of  Tremecen,  whose  sovereign  was  assassi- 
nated by  his  own  subjects.  His  success 
was  stopped  by  the  marquis  of  Gomares 
governor  of  Oran,  whom  the  heir  of  the 
Tremecen  dominions  had  invited  to  his 
support ;  but  when  besieged  in  the  cita- 
del, he  made  his  escape  by  a  subterra- 
neous passage  ;  but  though  he  strewed 
the  ways  with  silver  and  gold,  he  was  over- 
taken and  cut  to  pieces,  bravely  defending 
himself  with  a  few  Turkish  attendants, 
151S,  in  his  44th  year. 

Barbarossa,  Cheredin.  successor  to  his 
brother  Aruch  on  the  throne  of  Algiers, 
was  the  able  admiral  of  the  naval  forces  of 
.Selim  II.  He  obtained  possession  of  Tunis, 
but  was  checked  by  the  arms  of  Charles  V. 
after  which  he  plundered  several  towns  of 
Italy,  and  then  advanced  to  Yemen  in 
Arabia,  which  he  conquered  for  the  empe- 
ror of  the  Turks.  He  died,  1547,  aged  SO, 
leaving  his  son  Asan  in  possession  of  the 
kingdom. 

Barbarocx,  Charles,  deputy  from  Mar- 
seilles to  the  national  convention,  proved 
himself  one  of  the  bitterest  enemies  of  the 
unfortunate  Lewis  XVI.  whose  accusation, 
he  read  with  triumph  in  the  assembly.  He 
was  intimate  with  Roland,  and  with  bold- 
ness attacked  the  Orleans  party,  the 
usurpation  of  Robespierre,  and  the  machi- 
nations of  the  Jacobins.  His  conduct 
rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the  demagogues 
in  power  ;  and  when  the  Girondists  were 
overthrown,  he  was  accused  but  escaped 
into  Calvados.  He  afterwards  passed  from 
Quimper  to  Bourdeaux,  where  he  was  re- 
cognised and  immediatelv  guillotined,  25th 
June,  17S4. 

Barbatelli,  Bernardino,  a  painter, 
disciple  of  Ghirlandaio  of  Florence.  He 
studied  at  Rome,  and  his  fruit  pieces,  ani- 
mals, flowers.  Js;c.  were  much  admired.  He 
died  1612,  aged  70. 

Barbazas,  Stephen,  a  native  of  St.  Far- 
-*eau-en-Puisaye  in  Auxerre,  who  made 
himself  acquainted  with  authors  of  the 
middle  centuries,  from  whom  he  drew  the 
most  curious  anecdotes  and  remarkable 
stories.  He  assisted  in  the  completion  of  the 
Rtcuf  i!  alphabet ique,  in  24voKl2mo.  1745, 
f6S 


and  the  following  years  ;  a  la&oriou>  ■>..( 
desultory  work.  He  wrote  also  instruc- 
tions from  a  father  to  a  son,  17t'» 
He  died  1770,  in  the  74th  year  of  his  age. 
Barbazas,  Arnaud  Guillaume  de,  one 
of  the  courtiers  of  Charles  \  II.  of  France, 
distinguished  as  a  warrior.  He  died  of  the 
wounds  which  he  had  received  at  the  battle 
of  Belleisle,  1432. 

Barbe,  a  Bohemian  lady  who  married 
the  emperor  Sigismond.  She  was  devoid 
of  those  virtues  which  ought  to  adorn  ele- 
vated rank,  and  even  ridiculed  those  of  her 
attendants  whose  conduct  was  more  chaste 
than  her  own.-  She  died  1451. — Another, 
queen  of  Poland,  surnamed  Esther  for  her 
piety.  She  died  1525. — Another,  also 
queen  of  Poland,  married  secretly  to  Sigis- 
mond Augustus,  and  publicly  acknowledged 
after  the  death  of  his  father.  She  died  1551. 
Barbeac  des  Brcteres,  Jean  Louis, 
son  of  a  woodmonger  at  Paris,  rose  by  the 
strength  of  his  genius  fro:.,  the  nnan  occu- 
pation of  his*  father.  He  resided  10  or 
15  years  in  Holland,  and  on  his  return  he 
assisted  for  83  y*  ars  II.  Bauche  in  the 
completion  of  his  works.  His  first  publica- 
tion in  1759,  was  his  mappe  monde  histo- 
rique,  an  ingenious  chart,  in  which  was 
united  all  the  information  which  geography, 
chronology,  and  history  could  produce. 
He  published  besides  the  tablettes  chrono- 
logiques  of  Lenglet,  a  translation  of  Strah- 
lemberg's  description  of  Russia,  La  Croix's 
modern  geography,  besides  large  contribu- 
tions to  the  works  of  his  friends,  and  the 
two  last  volumes  of  the  Bibliotheque  de 
France,  by  le  Long.  Barbeau  had  to 
struggle  through  life  against  poverty,  but  it 
did  not  ruffle  his  temper,  or  render  him 
unwilling  freely  to  communicate  to  others 
from  the  vast  store  of  his  knowledge  in 
geography  and  history.  Two  years  before 
his  death  he  married,  that  his  infirmities 
might  be  alleviated  by  the  affectionate  at- 
tention and  concern  of  a  female  friend. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexv  at  Paris,  Nov. 
20th,  17S1. 

Barberim,  Francis,  a  poet  of  Barberi- 
no  in  Tuscany,  born  1264.  Of  all  his  works 
there  is  extant  only  his  poem  called  the 
precepts  of  love,  a  composition  extremely 
elegant,  chaste,  moral,  and  instructive. 
It  was  edited  at  Rome  164U,  by  Fred. 
Ubaldini,  with  a  glossary  explanatory  of 
obsolete  words,  &.c.  and  the  life  of  the 
author.  The  family  of  the  Barberini  was 
distinguished  in  Europe  in  the  17th  century. 
Francis,  nephew  of  pope  Lrban  VIII.  was 
a  cardinal  and  legate  of  the  holy  see  in 
France  and  Spain.  He  died  in  1679,  aged 
S3. — His  brother  Anthony  was  likewise  a 
cardinal,  and  he  became  known  by  hi* 
abilities  as  a  negotiator  and  ambassador. 
He  was  archbishop  of  Rheims,  and  died 
1671.   aged  64. — Another  brother  of  pop* 


TAR 


BAR 


Urban  Till,  who  died  1646,  aged  77,  and 
ordered  this  inscription  to  be  placed  on 
his  tomb :  "  Hie  jacet  pulvis  et  cinis, 
postea  nihil." 

Barbec  de  Bocrg,  James,  a  native  of 
Mayenne,  physician  of  the  academy  of 
Stockholm,  and  author  of  the  gazette  de 
medicine, — le  Botaniste  Francois,  two  vols. 
— elemens  de  medicine,  inc.  He  was  born 
12th  Feb.  1709,  and  died  14th  Dec.  1773. 
Barbet,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physicia a 
of  Bayeux,  who  checked  the  ravages  of  the 
plague,  among  his  countrymen,  but  refused 
to  exercise  his  profession  to  save  the 
friends  of  the  league.  He  was  the  fa- 
vourite of  Henry  VI.  who  ennobled  his 
family.  He  died  about  the  last  years  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

Barbeirac,  John,  a  native  of  Bariers, 
in  Languedoc,  teacher  of  philosophy  at 
Berlin,  and  afterwards  for  seven  years 
professor  of  law  and  history  at  Lausanne, 
from  whence  he  passed  to  Groningen.  He 
was  eminent  in  the  knowledge  of  the  law 
of  nature,  and  of  nations  ;  and  besides  a 
treatise  on  the  morality  of  the  fathers,  and 
another  on  gamin?,  two  vols,  he  translated 
into  French  Putfendorfs  wor^,  besides 
Noodt's  discourses,  Grotius  s  de  jure  pacis, 
&c.  some  of  Tillotson's  sermons,  &c. 
Some  of  bis  critical  and  literary  remarks 
were  also  inserted  in  the  various  journals 
of  the  times.  He  died,  1729,  aged  55. 
His  broker  Charles  was  eminent  as  a 
physi:,d.n  at  Cereste  in  Provence,  and  he 
was  the  friend  of  Locke  and  Sydenham. 
He  died  at  Montpellier,  1699,  aged  70, 
author  of  two  works,  traites  de  medicine, 
12mo. — and  quaestiones  medica  duodecim. 
4to.  1658. 

Barbier  D'Accocr,  John,  a  native  of 
Langres,  wnose  great  application  raised 
him  from  the  obscurity  and  indigence  of 
his  family.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
studies  of  the  bar,  but  he  was  unsuccessful 
.  in  his  first  pleading,  either  from  fear,  or 
failure  of  memory,  a  circumstance  to  which 
Boileau,  in  the  Lutrin,  has  alluded ;  and  so 
small  were  his  pecuniary  resources,  that 
he  consented  to  marry  his  landlord's 
daughter,  that  he  might  thus  satisfy  the 
large  demands  which  he  had  upon  him. 
The  patronage  of  Colbert,  one  of  whose 
sons  he  educated,  promised  him  better 
times,  but  the  minister's  death  disappointed 
him,  and  a  more  fortunate  attempt  at  the 
bar  at  last  restored  him  to  his  lost  cha- 
racter. In  his  last  cause  in  defence  of  Le 
Brun,  a  valet  accused  of  murdering  his 
lady,  he  displayed,  besides  generositv  of 
heart,  a  most  commanding  eloquence.  He 
died  of  an  inflammation  in  the  breast,  Sept. 
13,  1694,  aged  53.  He  told  the  abbe 
Choisi  who  visited  him  in  his  last  illness, 
that  he  rejoiced  in  leaving  none  to  inherit 
his  misery.     His  works  were  trivial,  except 


his  •"  Sentimens  de  Cleanthe  sur  les  entie- 
tiens  d'Ariste  et  d'Eugene  par  Bouhour*, 
2  vols.  12mo.  1671,  a  book  of  infinite  value 
for  its  ingenious  reasoning  and  the  justness 
of  its  criticism.  He  wrote  besides  some 
treatises  against  the  Jesuits. 

Barbier,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  published  at  Paris  several  tragedies 
and  operas,  which  have  been  attributed, 
but  falsely,  to  her  friend  and  adviser  the 
abbe  Pelgrin.  She  died  in  1745.  Her 
works  are  scarce  above  mediocrity,  as  she 
has  exhausted  all  her  powers  to  magnify 
the  character  of  her  heroine,  while  her 
heroes  are  drawn  as  uninteresting  and  in- 
significant personages. 

Barbier,  Lewis,  a  favourite  of  Gaston, 
duke  of  Orleans,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Langres  by  Mazarin  for  betraying  the  se- 
crets of  his  master.  He  was  mean  in  his 
character  and  little  respected.  He  left  100 
crowns  for  the  best  epitaph  for  his  tomb, 
which  was  written  in  a  style  of  irony  by 
Monnoye.     He  died  1670. 

Barbieri,  John  Francis,  a  pupil  of  the 
Caraccis,  and  a  strong  imitator  of  Caravag- 
gio.  He  is  called  among  artists  Guercino. 
His  historical  pieces  possessed  merit.  He 
died  1666,  aged  76.  His  brother  Paulo 
Antonio  was  eminent  in  drawing  quiet 
scenes  and  animals.  He  died  1460.  Vid. 
Gcercixo. 

Barbosa,  Arms,  one  of  the  chief  resto- 
rers of  learning  in  Spain.  He  was  in- 
structed in  Greek  by  Angelus  Politian  in 
Rome,  and  was  a  professor  at  Salamanca 
for  20  years.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
king  of  Portugal's  sons  Alphonsus  and 
Henry,  and  died,  1540,  in  a  good  old  age. 
He  wrote  some  Latin  poems,  a  treatise  on 
prosody,  &c. 

Barbosa,  Peter,  a  native  of  Viana  in 
Portugal,  professor  at  Coimbra,  and  after- 
wards chancellor  of  the  kingdom.  He 
died,  1596,  author  of  some  commentaries 
on  the  Digests,  three  vols.  fol.  1613,  &c. 

Barbosa,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese,  author 
of  some  treatises.  He  died,  1633,  aged  90, 
author  of  a  treatise  de  potestate  episcopi, 
4cc.  His  son,  Augustin,  distinguished 
himself  by  his  knowledge  of  law.  He  was 
made  bishop  of  Ugento,  and  died,  1649. 
He  wrote  several  ecclesiastical  trea- 
tises, kc. 

Barboc,  Hugh,  son  of  John,  a  printer  of 
eminence  at  Lyons,  who  settled  at  Limoges 
in  1580,  where,  among  other  books,  he 
printed  Cicero's  letters  to  Atticus,  &c. 
with  du  Bos's  notes.  His  descendants  have 
carried  on  the  same  profession  at  Paris 
with  emolument  to  themselves,  and  advan- 
tage to  the  public. 

Barbour,  John,   a   Scotch   ecclesiastic. 

employed  by    David   Bruce  as  ambassador 

at  the  English  court.     He   wrote  in   verse 

an  account  of  the  life  and  actions  of  Robert 

163 


BAR 


BAR 


Bruce,  a  work  highly  esteemed  for  its  au- 
thenticity, printed  at  Glasgow  1671.  He 
died  1378,  aged  58. 

Barbud,  a  celebrated  musician  at  the 
court  of  Kosru  Parviz,  king  of  Persia,  of 
the  fourth  dynasty.  He  was  so  eminent  in 
his  profession,  that  his  name  is  become 
proverbial. 

Barcali,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  Arbian.  He  died  in  the  960th  year  of 
the  hegira.  Another,  of  the  same  name, 
author  of  some  books  of  devotion.  He 
died  the  981st  or  982d  of  the  hegira. 

Barchusen  or  Barkhausen,  John  Con- 
rad, a  native  of  Heme  in  Germany,  who 
settled  at  Utrecht,  where  he  acquired  emi- 
nence as  a  physician  and  as  a  lecturer  on 
chymistry.  His  elementa  chymicae — his- 
toria  medicinae,  &c.  are  highly  esteemed. 
He  died  1717,  aged  51. 

Barclay  or  Barklay,  Alexander,  a 
writer  of  the  16th  century,  born  in  Scot- 
land according  to  Mackenzie,  or  according 
to  Wood,  at  Barclay  in  Somersetshire.  He 
was  of  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  from 
thence  travelled  over  Holland,  Germany, 
France,  and  Italy.  On  his  return  he  was 
preferred  by  Cornish,  the  provost  of  his 
college,  who  had  been  raised  to  the  bi- 
shopric of  Tyne.  Authors  disagree  about 
his  preferment.  He  was  rector  of  Baddow 
Magna  in  Essex,  according  to  Wood,  but 
he  is  mentioned  by  others  as  rector  of  All- 
hallows,  Lombard-Street.  He  was  an  ele- 
gant writer,  and  translated  some  of  the 
best  authors  on  the  continent,  and  among 
them  Navis  Stultifera,  &c.  He  died  at 
Croydon  in  an  advanced  age. 

Barclay,  William,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen, who,  not  meeting  the  patronage 
which  he  expected  from  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  went  over  to  France,  where  he  stu- 
died civil  law  at  Bourges,  and  was  made 
professor  of  the  newly  founded  university 
of  Pontamousson,  by  the  duke  of  Lorrain. 
His  son  was  nearly  engaged  to  follow  the 
tenets  of  the  Jesuits,  which  the  father  pre- 
vented, and  the  dissension  between  him  and 
the  society  was  so  great,  that  he  abandoned 
Lorrain,  and  came  to  England,  where  king 
James  offered  him  some  handsome  prefer- 
ment, provided  he  subscribed  to  the  articles 
of  the  Anglican  church,  a  condition  which 
he  declined.  He  returned  to  France,  and 
died  professor  at  Angers  in  1605.  He 
wrote  sev  eral  books  on  the  kingly  and  papal 
power,  &c. 

Barclay,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  but  removed 
from  their  society,  by  his  father,  who  was 
afraid  he  should  follow  their  tenets.  He 
visited  England  with  his  father,  and  com- 
plimented with  a  Latin  poem  king  James, 
who  wished  to  patronise  him,  but  he  re- 
turned to  France.  After  the  death  of  his 
father  he  resided  in  London  for  ten  vears, 
164 


and  afterwards  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  pope  Paul  V.  and  car- 
dinal Bellarmine.  He  died  at  Rome  1621, 
and  his  son  erected  a  monument  to  his 
honour  in  St.  Laurence's  church,  on  the  way 
to  Trivoli.  His  works  were  numerous  and 
elegantly  written.  The  most  celebrated 
are  his  Euphormio,  a  satire  in  Latin ;  and 
his  Argenis,  &c.  which  has  been  translated 
into  various  languages,  a  kind  of  romance 
in  the  style  of  Petronius  and  Apuleius,  in 
which  he  describes  the  manner  of  a  court, 
&c.  Pierese  had  the  care  of  the  first  edi- 
tion, and  under  the  effigies  of  the  author 
Grotius  wrote  these  lines  ; 

"  Gente  Caledonius,  Gallus  natcdibus,  hie 
est 
Romam  Romano  qui  docet  ore  loqui." 

Barclay,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edinburgh. 
His  father,  colonel  Barclay,  sent  him  to 
Paris  to  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who  presided 
over  the  Scot's  college  ;  but  in  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  the  literature  of  the  times, 
he  imbibed  the  tenets  of  the  Roman  catho- 
lics. On  his  return  to  Scotland,  he  em- 
braced the  principles  of  the  quakers  with 
his  father,  and  he  showed  himself,  by  his 
actions  as  well  as  by  his  writings,  a  most 
zealous  defender  of  the  sect.  His  writings 
are  numerous,  and  chiefly  on  theological  or 
controversial  subjects.  The  most  celebra- 
ted is  his  apology  for  the  quakers,  published 
in  Latin  at  Amsterdam  1676,  and  two 
years  after  translated  by  himself,  and  ad- 
dressed to  Charles  II.  with  excessive  free- 
dom of  language.  He  was  universally  res- 
pected, not  only  for  the  celebrity  of  his  wri- 
tings, but  the  purity  of  his  life.  He  travel- 
led over  England,  Holland,  and  Germany, 
with  the  famous  legislator  Penn,  with  the 
intention  of  making  converts  ;  and  on  his 
return  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  dignified 
retirement.  He  died  at  Ury,  third  of  Octo- 
ber, 1690,  in  his  42d  year. 

Barcochebas,  or  Barcochab,  the  son 
of  a  star,  a  celebrated  impostor,  who  intro- 
duced himself  to  the  Jewish  nation,  as  the 
star  predicted  by  Balaam.  His  followers 
became  so  numerous  over  Judea,  that  the 
Romans  found  it  difficult  to  oppose  them. 
Julius  Severus  at  last  took  signal  vengeance 
on  the  nation  for  the  Roman  soldiers  that 
had  been  slain,  and  he  almost  destroyed 
the  whole  race,  134  A.D. 

Barcos,  Martin  dc,  a  native  of  Bayonne, 
nephew  of  the  famous  abbe  St.  Cyran.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  controversies  which 
took  place  about  the  Jansenists,  but  his 
works  on  the  subject  are  now  justly  forgot- 
ten.    He  died  1678,  aged  78. 

Bard,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who  wrote 
on  the  pronunciation  of  the  vowels  of  the 
text  of  the  Koran. 

Bard,  John,  M.D.  a  physician  of  supe- 
rior learning  and  skill,  was  born  at  Bur- 


BAR 


BAH 


lington,  New-Jersey,  in  1716.  He  enter- 
ed on  his  profession  in  Philadelphia,  but  in 
1743  removed  to  New- York,  and  continu- 
ed there  till  a  short  time  before  his  death. 
He  possessed  an  elegant  taste,  and  was 
well  versed  in  the  sciences  and  general 
literature,  as  well  as  his  profession.  He 
was  eminently  affable,  polished  in  his  man- 
ners, upright,  sagacious,  and  cautious  in 
his  practice,  and  rose  to  the  highest  rank 
in  the  profession.  His  fellow-physicians 
exhibited  the  high  respect  in  which  they 
held  him  by  electing  him  for  a  considera- 
ble period,  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  New- York.  He  died  at  Hyde  Park,  on 
Hudson  river,  March  30,  1799.     O"  L. 

Bardas,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  uncle 
and  guardian  to  Michael  III.  After  various 
attempts  to  seize  the  sovereign  power,  by 
violence  and  artifice,  he  was  put  to  death 
by  Basilius  the  Macedonian,  866. 
Bardas  called  Scelerus,  a  general  raised 
to  the  purple  by  his  soldiers  after  the 
death  of  John  Zimisces.  He  was  opposed 
by  Bardas  Phocas,  and  in  consequence  of  a 
defeat  fled  to  Bagdad,  where  he  was  impri- 
soned 979.  He  was  afterwards  reconciled 
to  Phocas,  and  after  his  death  was  honoura- 
bly treated  by  his  successor  Basil. 

Bardesanes,  a  native  of  Edessain  Sy- 
ria, eminent  as  an  author.  He  was  the 
founder  of  a  sect  which  bore  his  name,  and 
supported  the  existence  of  iEons,  but  de- 
nied the    doctrine  of  the  resurrection.     He 

flourished  about  172. The  author  of  a 

curious  book  on  the  gymnosophists,  in  the 
third  century,  bore  that  name. 

Bardet,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  reputa- 
tion, author  of  a"  recueil  d'arrets,"  two 
vols.  fol.  He  died  at  Moulins  1685,  aged 
94. 

Bardhadi,  a  Mahompdan,  author  of  a 
.  moral  treatise  called  Adab. 

Bardin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  au- 
thor of  several  treatises  of  an  inferior  cha- 
racter. He  was  drowned  in  1637,  in  at- 
tempting to  save  his  pupil  M.  D'Humieres. 
His  epitaph  by  Chapelain,  in  a  style  of  ful- 
aome  panegyric,  mentioned  that  the  virtues 
were  drowned  with  him.  He  wrote  le 
grand  Chambellan  de  France,  fol.  1623 — 
Pensees  morales  sur  PEcclesiaste,  8vo. 
1629— Le  Lycee,  ou  de  l'honnete  homme, 
two  vols.  8vo. 

Bardin,  John,  a  French  historical  paint- 
er, was  born  in  1732,  at  Monthar,  and 
died  at  Orleans,  in  1809.  In  1764  he  gain- 
ed the  prize  for  a  picture  of  Tullia  driving 
over  the  body  of  her  father.  He  also  made 
a  beautiful  design  of  the  "  Rape  of  the  Sa- 
bines,"  and  many  others,  particularly  one 
of  "  St.  Catherine  disputing  with  the  Doc- 
tors," which  procured  his  admission  into 
the  Royal  Academy. — W.  B. 

Bardney,  Richard,  a  Benedictine  of 
Bardney  in  Lincolnshire,  author  of  a  life  of 


Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  in  Latin  verse. 
He  died  1504. 

Barebone,  Praise  God,  a  violent  leader 
of  Cromwell's  parliament  of  1654.  He  was 
a  leather-seller  by  trade,  but  he  acquired 
such  celebrity  as  an  orator  and  a  dema- 
gogue, that  the  parliament  was  ludicrously 
called  after  his  assumed  name.  Two  of  his 
brothers,  it  is  said,  had  adopted  likewise 
scripture  names,  one  of  them,  "  Christ  came 
into  the  world  to  save  Barebone  ;"  and  the 
other,  "  If  Christ  had  not  died  thou  hadst 
been  damned,  Barbone,"  which  the  wits  of 
the  time  abbreviated  to  the  two  last  words. 
When  Monk  led  his  army  to  London,  Bare- 
bone acted  with  such  violence  at  the  head 
of  the  rabble,  that  the  general  sent  a  peti- 
tion to  parliament  to  dismiss  and  punish 
this  furious  zealot  and  his  partisans. 

Barent,  Dieterick,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Titian,  and  excelled  in  historical  pieces 
and  in  portraits.     He  died  1592,  aged  58. 

Baretti,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Turin,  son 
of  an  eminent  architect.  He  received  a. 
respectable  education,  but  the  little  fortune 
which  he  inherited  was  lost  at  faro,  and  the 
indigent  son  became  an  author  by  profes- 
sion. After  enduring  many  difficulties, 
and  after  visiting  several  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, he  came  in  1750  to  London  without 
any  recommendations,  and  with  an  imper- 
fect knowledge  of  the  English  language. 
He  accidentally  met  at  the  Orange  coffee- 
house Mr.  Lennox,  whose  wife  wished  for 
instruction  in  the  Italian  language,  to  ena- 
ble her  to  translate  some  of  the  romances 
from  which  Shakspeare  had  drawn  his 
plays,  and  from  this  connexion,  arose  the 
consequence  and  respectability  which  he'af- 
terwards  enjoyed.  Mrs.  Lennox  introdu- 
ced him  to  Dr.  Johnson,  whose  friendship 
he  long  and  sincerely  enjoyed,  and  he  was 
soon  after  introduced  to  the  Thrale  family, 
and  to  other  persons  of  respectability  and 
distinction.  After  a  residence  of  ten  years 
in  London,  he  resolved  to  revisit  his  native 
country,  and  he  set  out  on  13th  August, 
1760,  through  Spain  and  Portugal,  not 
however  without  expressing  with  all  the 
power  of  gratitude,  his  deep  sense  of  the 
kindness,  generosity,  and  philanthropy  of 
England.  In  his  journey  he  followed  the 
directions  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  in  taking- 
notice  of  whatever  scenes  passed  before  his 
eyes,  with  the  good-humour  and  playful- 
ness of  youth,  accompanied  with  the  ac- 
curate judgment  of  the  philosopher,  he 
produced  a  most  amusing  and  valuable 
performance,  published  in  four  vols.  8vo. 
At  Venice  he  published  a  periodical  pa- 
per called  Frusta  literaria,  under  the 
character  of  a  peevish  soldier  returned 
home  after  an  absence  of  50  years. 
This  satirical  performance  raised  against 
him  a  host  of  enemies,  and  after  an  ab- 
165 


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sence  of  six  years  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  in  a  little  time  engaged  in  an  in- 
judicious controversy  with  Mr.  Sharp,  who 
had  just  published  "  Letters  from  Italy, 
&c."  He  made  some  short  excursions  to 
France  and  Spain  in  1768  and  69 ;  and  it 
was  after  his  return  that  an  accident  hap- 
pened which  threw  a  vail  of  horror  over 
the  remaining  part  of  his  life.  On  his 
return  from  the  Orange  coffee-house 
through  the  Hay-market  about  seven 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  he  was  attacked  by 
a  woman,  whose  indecorous  behaviour 
provoked  him  to  strike  her  on  the  hand. 
She  continued  her  insults,  and  three 
men,  who  apparently  were  in  connexion 
with  the  woman,  approached  to  push  him 
with  rudeness  from  the  pavement,  and  to 
trample  upon  him,  when  he,  alarmed  for 
his  safety,  struck  one  of  them,  EvanMorgan, 
with  a  knife,  and  repeated  the  blows  again 
and  again  when  pursued  and  collared.  The 
wounds  were  so  deep  that  Morgan  died  the 
next  day  in  Middlesex  hospital,  and  Baretti 
was  at  the  following  sessions  at  the  Old 
Bailey  tried  for  murder.  The  infamous 
life  of  the  assailant,  and  the  respectability 
of  his  own  character,  were  strong  in  favour 
of  his  innocence  ;  and  he  refused  the  ac- 
customed privilege  of  having  the  half  of 
his  jury  of  foreigners.  He  read  his  de- 
fence from  a  printed  paper,  and  he  account- 
ed for  the  knife  which  inflicted  the  wounds, 
by  saying  that  he  wore  it  as  all  foreigners 
do,  to  cut  sweetmeats  and  fruit  in  desserts. 
His  innocence  was  acknowledged,  and  he 
was  acquitted,  as  having  committed  the 
murder  in  his  self-defence.  He  returned 
to  his  literary  life,  and  improved  his  for- 
tune as  we'll  as  his  reputation  by  various 
tiseful  publications.  He  received,  it  is 
said,  500L  for  his  travels,  and  he  not  only 
procured  pecuniary  assistance  from  Mrs. 
Middleton,  one  of  his  pupils,  but  was  for- 
tunate enough  to  receive  a  pension  of  801. 
per  annum  from  lord  North's  administra- 
tion. But  as  the  wants  of  literary  men, 
however,  are  numerous,  and  their  profu- 
sion proverbial,  Baretti  soon  found  himself 
in  indigent  circumstances,  and  the  refusal 
which  he  met  in  his  application  to  the 
booksellers  for  relief,  whilst  in  the  prose- 
cution of  his  improvements  for  his  dic- 
tionary, ruffled  his  spirits,  and  hastened 
in  some  degree  his  decline.  An  attack  of 
the  gout  was  neglected,  and  the  advice  of 
medical  men,  whom  he  opprob;iously  de- 
nominated vultures,  was  disregarded  till  a 
recovery  was  impossible.  On  the  morning 
of  his  death,  he  declared  that  he  had 
dreaded  the  arrival  of  that  day  ;  he  put  off 
the  attendance.of  his  barber  to  the  morrow, 
and  with  great  cheerfulness  took  his  last 
leave  of  his  friends.  About  eight,  he  took 
a  glass  of  wine,  and  immediately  after  ex- 
pired, May  5th,  1789,  in  his  73d  vear,  and 
ifir, 


was  buried  on  the  ninth  in  Mary-bone  neu 
burying  ground.  In  his  private  character 
he  was  highly  respectable,  his  integrity 
was  unimpeacheii,  and  his  conversation  al- 
ways easy  and  free,  and  was  directed  to  the 
improvement  and  instruction  of  his  hear- 
ers. He  was  of  a  benevolent  and  chari- 
table disposition,  and  never  hesitated  to 
divide  his  last  shilling  with  an  indigent 
friend.  It  is  to  be  lamented,  that  among 
his  papers,  which  were  carelessly  burnt  by 
his  executors,  there  were  some  letters  and 
valuable  communications  from  Dr.  John- 
son. His  works  were  numerous,  but 
though  in  general  interesting  and  useful,  he 
disregarded  them  in  one  of  his  letters,  as 
hastily  and  injudiciously  produced  under  the 
pressure  of  distress  and  poverty,  and  not 
abounding  with  that  elegance  and  correct- 
ness, which  a  more  settled  life  and  more 
opulent  circumstances  might  have  supplied. 
His  works  are,  besides  the  travels,  the 
dictionary  Italian  and  English,  2  vols. 
4to. — a  dissertation  on  Italian  poetry — the 
Italian  library,  as  introductive  to  the  Italian 
language — an  Italian  grammar — an  account 
of  the  customs  of  Italy,  two  vols.  8vo. — an 
introduction  to  most  of  the  European  lan- 
guages, 8vo. — a  Spanish  and  English  diction- 
ary,— Tolondron  speeches  to  John  Bowie, 
about  his  edition  of  Don  Quixote,  8vo.  &c. 
Barezi,  a  Mahomedan,  born  at  Hama, 
author  of  several  treatises  on  the  Koran, 
&c.     He  died  the  year  738  of  the  hegira. 

Bargrave,  Isaac,  an  ecclesiastic  of  great 
abilities,  member  of  Clarehall,  Cambridge, 
and  chaplain  to  James  I.  and  Charles.  He 
was  made  dean  of  Canterbury,  14th  Octo- 
ber, 1625  ;  but  he  suffered  greatly  during 
the  civil  wars,  and  Sandys,  a  man  whose 
life  he  had  saved,  treated  him  and  his  . 
family  with  unusual  severity,  and  im- 
prisoned him  in  the  Fleet.  Bargrave  sur- 
vived that  mark  of  ingratitude  only  three 
weeks,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart,  1642, 
aged  56.  He  was  a  zealous  defender  of 
the  liberties  of  the  kingdom,  civil  and  re- 
ligious, and  it  is  said  that  he  offended  king 
James,  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  by 
a  discourse  against  popery,  &c. 

Baridah,  a  Mahomedan  writer  on  Aris- 
totle's works. 

Barini,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who  wrote 
on  the  introduction  of  Porphyry's  Isagoge. 
Barker,  Robert,  a  painter,  who  raised 
himself  from  obscurity,  to  notice  and  afflu- 
ence, by  the  invention  of  an  exhibition 
called  the  Panorama,  in  which,  bird's  eye 
views  of  large  and  extensive  scenery  are 
painted  in  distemper,  with  such  effect,  from 
a  concealed  light  above,  as  to  produce  a 
fine  effect  upon  the  spectators.  The  first 
picture  of  this  kind  was  a  view  of  Edin- 
burgh, in  1788,  which  was  followed  by  one 
of  London,  since  which  many  more  have 
been  exhibited  in  I^icester  fields.     Mi 


BAR 


BAR 


Barker  died  in  1806,  leaving  two  sons, 
one  of  whom  carries  on  the  profession. — 
W.  B. 

Barker,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above,  was 
the  author  of  several  ingenious  pieces,  and 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  was 
of  a  delicate  constitution  from  his  infancy, 
but  by  abstaining  from  animal  food,  pro- 
longed his  life  to  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 
He  died  at  Lyndon,  in  1809.  His  works 
are — 1.  The  duty,  circumstance,  and  be- 
nefits of  Baptism,  8vo.  2.  The  Messiah  ; 
being  the  prophecies  concerning  him  me- 
thodized with  their  accomplishment,  8vo. 
3.  The  nature  and  circumstances  of  the 
demoniacs  in  the  gospel,  8vo.  4.  The  his- 
tory of  the  parish  of  Lyndon,  for  a  new 
edition  of  Wright's  history  of  Rutland. 
5.  Account  of  the  discoveries  respecting 
eomets,  4to.  Besides  these,  he  communi- 
cated several  meteorological  journals  to  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  and  some  va- 
luable papers  on  astronomical  and  other 
subjects.  The  Reverend  William  Higgs 
Barker,  M.A.,  of  Trinity-college,  Cam- 
bridge, many  years  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Caermarthen,  vicar  of  that  parish, 
and  the  author  of  a  Hebrew  and  English 
lexicon  and  grammar,  was  of  the  same 
family.— W.  B. 

Barkham,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  who, 
after  studying  at  Oxford,  and  holding  seve- 
ral places  of  preferment,  died  at  Bocking, 
in  Essex,  of  which  he  was  rector  and  dean. 
He  is  mentioned  by  Speed,  and  others,  as 
possessing  "  learning,  virtue,  and  courtesy." 
His  valuable  collection  of  coins  and  medals, 
which  he  gave  to  Laud,  was  presented  to 
the  university.  Though  he  never  published 
any  thing,  yet  his  friends  had  reason  to  ac- 
knowledge his  great  erudition,  so  that  Guil- 
lim's  display  of  heraldry,  and  Speed's  John 
and  Henry  II.  are  attributed  to  him. 

Barki,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  geomancy. 

Barksdale,  Clement,  a  native  of  Winch- 
comb,  Gloucestershire,  educated  at  Abing- 
don school,  and  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
master  of  Hereford  school,  but  during  the 
civil  wars  he  left  his  situation,  and  took 
pupils  at  Hawling,  in  Gloucestershire.  On 
the  restoration,  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Naunton,  where  he  died,  1687, 
aged  78.  His  works  are,  besides  several 
sermons  and  some  tracts,  monumenta  lite- 
raria,  sive  obitus  et  elogia,  doctorum  vi- 
rorum  ex  historiis  Thuani,  4to. — Nympha 
Libethris,  or  the  Corswold  muse,  8vo.  1651 
—the  life  of  Grotius,  1652,  12mo.— me- 
morials of  worthy  persons,  1661,  12mo. 

Barlaam,  a  monk  of  Seminara,  in  Ca- 
labria, who,  in  visiting  Constantinople  to 
learn  the  Greek  language,  gained  the  fa- 
vours of  the  emperor  Andronicus,  who 
made  him  abbot  of  St.  Salvador,  1339.  He 
was  also  sent  by  that  prince  into  the  West. 


to  promote  the  reunion  of  the  two  churches, 
and  to  solicit  the  assistance  of  Christian 
princes  against  the  Mahometans.  He  af- 
terwards had  a  controversy  with  Palamis, 
a  monk  of  Athos  ;  but  though  he  wrote 
against  the  Latins,  he  no  sooner  returned- 
to  Italy,  and  took  possession  of  the  see  of 
Gieraci,  which  was  afterwards  removed  to 
Locri,  than  he  severely  attacked  the  Greeks. 
This  circumstance,  so  inconsistent,  has 
given  occasion  to  some  authors  to  say  that 
there  were  two  persons  of  that  name.  He 
died  about  1 348.  His  letters  were  published 
at  Ingolstadt,  1604. 

Barl^us,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Antwerp,  appointed  subprincipal  of  the  col- 
lege of  Leyden,  but  afterwards  rejected 
from  his  office,  for  the  zealous  share  which 
he  took  in  the  disputes  of  the  Arminians. 
He  now  took  his  degrees  in  physic  at  Caen, 
and  in  1631  was  invited  by  the  magistrates 
of  Amsterdam,  to  fill  the  chair  of  professor 
of  philosophy,  which  he  held  till  his  death 
in  1648,  in  his  64th  year,  though  his  wri- 
tings, in  favour  of  Arminius,  raised  him  a 
number  of  enemies,  who  loudly  called  for 
his  dismission.  His  orations  are  admired 
for  their  wit  and  purity,  and  his  poems  for 
their  elegance  and  correctness.  Two  vo- 
lumes of  his  letters  were  published  after  his 
death.  He  wrote  also  an  account  of  count 
Maurice's  government  in  Brazil. 

Barljeus,  Lambert,  a  Greek  professor 
at  Leyden,  who  wrote  annotations  on  Lu- 
cian's  Timon,  and  Hesiod's  theogony,  and 
assisted  Rivius  in  the  translation  of  the 
confessions  of  the  reformed  churches  into 
Greek.  He  spoke  Greek  with  the  same 
fluent  facility  as  his  mother  tongue.  He 
died  1655. 

Barland,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Barland, 
in  Zealand,  professor  at  Louvain,  and  au- 
thor of  notes  on  Virgil,  Terence,  Pliny  the 
younger,  and  Menander,  besides  an  abridg- 
ment of  universal  history — the  chronicle  of 
the  dukes  of  Brabant — de  literatis  urbis 
Romae  principibius,  &c.     He  died  1542. 

Barletta,  Gabriel,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Barletta,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He 
acquired  some  celebrity  as  a  writer  and  as 
a  preacher,  and  it  became  proverbial  to  say, 
nescit  praedicare  qui  nescit  Barlettare.  It 
is  reported,  that  his  sermons  rapidly  passed 
through  20  editions,  but  so  incongruous 
was  the  composition,  so  full  of  serious  re- 
flections and  ridiculous  levities,  of  obsolete 
words  and  of  modern  and  ancient  idioms, 
that  a  more  singular  and  extraordinary  per- 
formance scarce  ever  appeared.  The  best 
edition  is  that  of  Venice,  1577,  2  vols.  8vo. 
He  was  born  about  1400,  but  the  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Barlotta,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  tha 
18th  century,  whose  odes,  sonnets,  can- 
tatas, &c.  possess  some  merit. 

Barlow,  William,  prior  of  a  monaster* . 
167 


BAR 


BAR 


before  the  dissolution,  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  St.  Asaph,  and  afterwards  of  St. 
David's,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  \  ill.  He 
was  translated  to  Bath  and  Wells,  1547, 
but  was  ejected  by  Mary  because  he  was 
married,  upon  which  he  retired  to  Ger- 
many. On  Elizabeth's  accession,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Chichester,  where 
he  died,  1568.  He  was  author  of  several 
controversial  books,  &c. 

Barlow,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, the  pupil  of  Shepherd.  He  excelled 
in  his  representation  of  birds,  beasts,  fishes, 
&c.     He  died  1702. 

Barlow,  Joel,  LL.D.  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  France,  was  born  at  Read- 
ing, Connecticut,  in  1758.  He  commenced 
his  collegial  course  at  Dartmouth,  but  soon 
removed  to  Yale  college,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  that  institution  in  1778.  He  served 
a  short  time  in  the  army  of  the  revolution 
as  a  volunteer,  and  afterwards  as  chaplain 
of  a  regiment.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  law,  but  in  1788 
relinquished  that  profession,  and  embarked 
for  England  as  agent  for  a  company  of  spe- 
culators, who  professed  to  own  extensive 
tracts  of  land  in  the  United  States.  Their 
claim  to  those  lands  being  a  mere  pretence, 
the  transactions  into  which  he  was  drawn 
were  fraudulent,  and  involved  many  in  ruin. 
Mr.  Barlow,  however,  acted  in  good  faith, 
being  as  much  deceived  by  his  employers, 
as  were  those  to  whom  he  made  sales.  He 
went,  not  long  after,  to  France,  and  soon 
rendered  himself  conspicuous  and  popular, 
by  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the  revolution. 
In  1791  he  returned  to  England,  and  pub- 
lished his  "advice  to  the  privileged  orders," 
and,  in  1792,  "  the  conspiracy  of  kings  ;" 
and  soon  after  was  appointed,  by  the  conr 
stitutional  society  in  England,  one  of  a 
committee  to  present  an  address  to  the  na- 
tional convention  of  France.  His  popu- 
larity with  that  body  procured  him  admis- 
sion to  the  rights  of  a  French  citizen,  and 
his  political  principles  rendering  it  unsafe 
for  him  to  return  to  Great  Britain,  he  fixed 
his  residence  at  Paris,  where  he  continued 
for  some  time  to  Interest  himself  in  politics, 
but  at  length  devoted  his  attention  to  the 
improvement  of  his  fortune,  and  soon  ele- 
vated himself  from  poverty  to  affluence. 
It  was  during  this  period  that  he  wrote  the 
most  ingenious  and  popular  of  his  poems, 
"  th<  hasty  pudding."  In  1795,  he  was  ap- 
pointed American  consul  at  Algiers,  and 
negotiated  a  treaty  favourable  to  the  United 
States,  both  with  tiiat  government  and  with 
Tripoli.  In  1797  he  resigned  his  station, 
and  resided  in  Paris  until  1805,-  when  he 
returned  to  the  United  States,  and  settled 
at  Georgetown.  In  1808,  he  pubwshed  his 
"  Columbiad  ;"  his  principal  work,  and  the 
largest  American  poem.  The  frontispiece, 
in  which  he  exhibited  the  mitre  ond  cross 


as  symbols  of  superstition,  subjected  him 
to  the  charge  of  infidelity,  the  suspicion  of 
which  he  had  before  incurred  by  ids  friend- 
liness to  the  French  Jacobins.  He  at- 
tempted, however,  to  vindicate  himself 
from  this  imputation.  He  after  this  formed 
the  design  of  writing  the  history  of  the 
United  States,  and  made  some  progress 
in  collecting  the  materials,  but  in  February 
1811,  was  appointed  minister  to  France. 
In  the  autumn  of  the  next  year,  he  was  in- 
vited, by  the  emperor,  to  a  conference  at 
Wilna,  in  Poland,  and  on  his  way  thither, 
died  at  Zarnowica,  a  village  near  Cracow, 
December  22d,  1812,  aged  54.     O"  L. 

Barlowe,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Langhill, 
Westmoreland,  educated  at  Appleby  school, 
and  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  fellow.  He  kept  his  preferment 
during  the  civil  wars,  and  became  succes- 
sively keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  provost  of 
his  own  college,  Margaret  professor  of  di- 
vinity, archdeacon  of  Oxford,  and  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  1675.  He  was  violent  against 
the  Roman  catholics  ;  but  it  has  been  men- 
tioned, that  he  paid  bis  court  to  James  II. 
when  on  the  throne,  and  with  the  same 
time-serving  spirit,  he  vented  his  resent- 
ment at  the  revolution  against  those  of 
the  clergy  who  refused  to  take  the  required 
oaths.  In  his  opinions,  he  was  a  strong 
Calvinist,  and  warmly  supported  the  Aris- 
totelian tenets  against  the  new  philosophy 
introduced  by  the  Royal  Society.  He  died 
at  Bugden,  Huntingdonshire,  October  8th, 
1691,  in  the  85th  year  of  his  age.  Such  of 
his  books  were  given  to  the  Bodleian,  of 
which  there  were  no  copies  already  deposit- 
ed there,  and  the  rest  to  Queen's  college. 
His  works  were  against  popery,  and  on 
cases  of  conscience,  and  chiefly  controver- 
sial. His  manuscripts  passed  into  the  hands 
of  his  chaplains,  Offley  and  Brougham. 

Barlowe,  William,  son  of  William  Bar- 
lowe, bishop  of  St.  David's,  studied  at 
Baliol  college,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
the  first  discoverer  of  the  nature  and  pro- 
perties of  the  loadstone,  the  piercing  and 
cementing  of  which  he  effected  by  a  new 
method.  He  explained  the  difference  be- 
tween iron  and  steel,  and  why  a  magnet 
by  being  doubly  capped  takes  up  a  greater 
weight.  His  opinions  were  made  public 
in  three  different  treatises.     He  died  1625. 

Barnabas,  St.  a  Levite,  born  at  Cyprus. 
As  soon  as  he  embraced  Christianity,  he 
sold  his  estate,  and  delivered  his  money  to 
the  apostles,  and  was  afterwards  sent  to 
Antioch,  to  confirm  the  disciples.  He 
preached  the  gospel  in  company  with  St. 
Paul,  and  afterwards  passed  with  St.  Mark 
into  Cyprus,  where  he  was  stoned  to  death 
by  the  Jews.  There  is  extant  a  Greek  let- 
ter written  by  him,  which  was  published, 
with  learned  notes,  by  Le  Ore,  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1724. 


BAR 


BAR 


Barnard,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, who  studied  under  Titian,  and  adorn- 
ed the  cathedral  of  Chichester  by  his  paint- 
ings of  the  kings  and  bishops.  There  is  a 
family  near  Chichester  descended  from  him. 

Barnard,  John,  a  native  of  Castor,  in 
Lincolnshire,  who  studied  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  was  made,  by  the  par- 
liamentary visiters,  fellow  of  Lincoln,  Ox- 
ford. He  married  Dr.  Heylyn's  daughter, 
and  settled  at  Waddington,  the  advowson 
of  which  he  purchased.  He  obtained,  after 
the  restoration,  a  prebend  of  Lincoln.  He 
died  at  Newark,  on  a  journey  to  Spa,  Aug. 
17,  1683,  and  was  buried  at  Waddington. 
He  wrote  against  scandalous  ministers,  &c. 
besides  the  life  of  his  father-in-law. 

Barnard,  Sir  John,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, and  an  incorrupt  statesman.  He  was 
born  at  Reading,  where  his  father,  a  quaker, 
was  a  wine  merchant.  He  succeeded  to 
the  business,  but  at  the  age  of  19  he  re- 
linquished the  quakers  for  the  established 
church,  and  became  first  known  in  the  ex- 
amination which  he  underwent  in  the  house 
of  lords,  on  a  wine  bill,  to  the  passing  of 
which  the  merchants  objected.  The  spi- 
rited and  becoming  manner  in  which  he 
expressed  himself  on  the  occasion,  gained 
him  popularity.  He  became  candidate  for 
the  city  of  London,  and  was  elected  in 
1722,  and  he  served  the  city  in  the  six 
succeeding  parliaments.  In  1727,  he  was 
appointed  alderman  of  Dowgate  ward,  and 
in  1738  he  filled  the  chair  of  the  city  with 
all  the  dignity  which  became  a  great  and 
opulent  corporation.  His  conduct  in  par- 
liament was  ever  guided  by  a  strong  at- 
tachment to  his  country ;  he  supported 
every  measure  which  contributed  to  extend 
commerce  and  prosperity,  and  in  his  oppo- 
sition to  Walpole,  especially  during  the  de- 
bates on  the  excise  act,  his  language  was 
firm,  manly,  and  patriotic.  In  July,  1758, 
this  virtuous  magistrate  resigned  his  gown, 
to  the  great  regret  of  the  city,  and  retired 
to  his  seat  at  Clapham.  After  attaining 
nearly  the  age  of  SO,  he  expired,  29th  Au- 
gust, 1766,  leaving  one  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters. The  general  character  of  Sir  John 
may  be  collected  in  the  respect  and  esteem 
of  his  fellow-citizens  on  his  resignation. 
He  was  complimented  with  all  those  ex- 
pressions of  gratitude  and  admiration, 
which  are  due  to  integrity  and  to  virtue  ; 
and  his  public  and  private  life  was  equally 
made  the  subject  of  panegyric,  liberally  be- 
stowed, and  meritoriously  earned.  He  had 
been  knighted  in  1732,  by  George  II.  and  in 
memorial  of  his  merits,  his  fellow-citizens 
erected  his  statue  in  the  Exchange. 

Barnard,  John,  a  minister  of  the  first 
church  in  Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  at  Boston,  in  1681,  and  received  the 
degree  of  A.B.  at  Harvard  College,  in  1700. 
After  having  served  as  a  chaplain  in  the 

Vol.  I.  «o 


army,  employed  against  Port  Royal,  m 
1707,  and  spent  some  time  in  England,  he 
was  in  1716  invested  with  the  pastoral  office. 
in  Marblehead,  and  continued  in  the  minis- 
try there  till  his  death  in  1770,  holding  a 
high  place  in  the  affectionate  regard  of  his 
people,  and  a  respectable  rank  in  piety 
and  learning  among  his  contemporaries  in 
the  ministry.  He  was  a  generous  benefac- 
tor of  Harvard  College.  His  publications 
were  numerous.  Among  them  was  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms,  which,  however,  never 
came  into  general  use.  (O  L. 

Barnave,  Anthony  Peter  Joseph  Marie, 
a  native  of  Grenoble,  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  The  revolution  called  him  to  Paris, 
where,  as  a  deputy  to  the  national  assembly, 
he  displayed  great  eloquence  and  strong  pow- 
ers of  mind.  His  popularity  however  quick- 
ly vanished,  when  he  expressed  some  in- 
terest for  the  captive  family  of  the  monarch, 
whom  he  had  conducted  back  from  Varen- 
nes  to  Paris,  and  ventured  to  predict  that 
liberty,  by  its  excesses,  might  be  productive 
of  a  thousand  miseries  to  his  country.  He 
was  sent  to  prison,  and  after  15  months 
of  confinement,  he  was  dragged  to  Paris, 
where  his  innocence  and  the  energy  of  hi» 
appeal  to  the  sense  f>f  Hie  nation,  would 
have  procured  his  acquittal  if  his  judges  had 
been  upright.  He  was  guillotined  29th 
Nov.  1793,  aged  32. 

Barnes,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  born  at  Warrington  in  Lancashire,  in 
1747.  He  was  educated  in  the  academy 
at  Warrington,  and  in  1769  was  ordained 
over  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Cockey 
Moor,  near  Bolton,  from  whence,  in  1780, 
he  removed  to  Manchester.  In  1784  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity,  and  about 
the  same  time  he  commenced  an  academi- 
cal institution  at  Manchester,  which  he 
conducted  with  reputation  till  179S,  when 
he  resigned  the  situation.  Dr.  Barnes  was 
an  active  promoter  of  the  Manchester  Li- 
brary Society,  in  the  memoirs  of  which 
are  some  of  his  papers.  He  published 
separately,  "A  Discourse  on  the  Com- 
mencement of  the  Academy  ;"  and  a  Fu- 
neral Sermon  on  the  Death  of  the  Reverend 
Thomas  Threlkeld  of  Rochdale.  He  died 
in  1810.—  W.  B. 

Barnes,  Juliana,  a  native  of  Roding,  in 
Essex,  prioress  of  Sopewell  nunnery,  near 
St.  Albans,  eminent  for  her  learning,  piety, 
and  personal  accomplishments.  She  has 
been  mentioned  with  great  commendation 
by  Bale,  Hollingshead,  and  others.  She 
wrote  some  treatises  on  hunting,  hawking, 
&c.  besides  a  book  on  heraldry.  She  was 
living  in  1486,  according  to  the  titles  of 
her  book,  26  years  later  than  the  period 
mentioned  by  Bale. 

Barnes,  Joshua,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  Christ  hospital,   and  admitted 
1G9 


BAR 


B\R 


«trvitorof  Emanuel,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow,  and  where  he  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  great  learning, 
and  his  superior  knowledge  of  Greek.  In 
1700,  Mrs.  Mason,  of  Hemmingford.  Hun- 
I     _        -  .  iow  not  beautiful  in  per- 

of  COO/,  a  year.  *  isited 
•  Cambridge,  and  her  offer  to  settle  on 
him  the  half  of  her  income  at  her  death, 
induced  bim  to  solicit  her  hand,  which  the 
obliging  fair-one  did  not  refuse  to  Joshua, 
for  whom,  she  observed,  the  sun  sto 
lie  diet!  August  3d,  1718,  in  his  57th  rear, 
and  his  widow,  who  was  nearly  of  the  same 
ujpisch'.  erected  a  monument  over 
him  at  Hemmingford.  His  works  were 
valuable  for  their  erudition  and  criticism. 
The  chief  were,  a  poetical  paraphrase  of 
Father,  lcJ7o — the  lite  of  Edward  III. 
dedicated  ro  James  II.  in  165? — a  learned 
edition  of  Euripides,  in  1694 — Anacreon, 
in  170a — and  Homer.  Xc.  in  1706.  Bent- 
ley  used  to  ridicule  his  learning,  and  with 
pedantic  pride  observed,  that  he  knew 
Greek  as  much  as  a  cobbler. 

Bakne?.  Robert,  D.D.  was  employed  by 
Henry  VIII.  to  collect  the  opinions  of  the 
German  divines,  about  his  divorce  from 
queen  Catherine.  His  attachment  to  Lu- 
ther's doctrines  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
the  monarch,  who  sent  him  to  the  tower. 
Hi  was  burnt  alive  at  a  stake,  in  1540.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  justification,  and  the 
history  of  the  popes. 

Barms.  Pavid  Leonard,  district  judge 
for  Rhode-Island,  was  born  at  Scituate. 
Massachusetts.  January  "2Sth.  1760,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  College,  in  1780. 
He  soon  after  commenced  the  practice  of 
law  at  Providence.  He.  for  some  time, 
held  the  office  of  attorney  of  the  United 
States  for  the  district,  and  was  in  1*01 
appointed  judge,  in  the  room  of  Mr.  Bourne. 
He  died  November  3.  1  -    I  L. 

Barxeveldt,  John  d'  Olden,  a  states- 
man of  great  abilities,  ambassador  to  Eliza- 
beth in  England,  and  to  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
His  attempts  to  limit  the  authority  of 
Maurice  the  second  stadtholder  of  Holland, 
raised  him  enemies,  by  whose  virulence  he 
was  accused  of  designs  to  deliver  the  coun- 
try to  the  Spaniards,  and  in  consequence  of 
this  false  charge,  he  was  tried  and  behead- 
ed in  1619.  His  sons,  William  and  Rene, 
resentf  d  the  cruelty  exercised  against  their 
father,  and  though  the  elder  escaped,  Rene 
felt  the  punishment  due  to  a  conspirator. 
The  mother  stepped  in  defence  of  her  son, 
and  when  Maurice  expressed  surprise  to 
see  her  eager  to  save  him  when  she  had 
seen  his  father  fall  unlamented,  she  indig- 
nantly replied,  "  I  would  not  solicit  a  par- 
don for  my  husband,  for  he  was  innocent. 
I   ask  it  for  my  son  because  he  is  guilty." 

Baro    or    Baroni,    Peter,   a    native    of 
r*"arrpe<.  in  France,  who  left  his  eonntrr 
170 


on  account  of  his  attachment  to  protestant- 
ism, and  found  a  hospitable  asylum  in  Eng- 
land, in  the  house  of  Lord  Burleigh,  and 
at  Cambridge  with  Dr.  Pierce,  bv  whose 
influence  he  was  chosen  Margaret  professor 
of  divinity  1574.  The  tranquillity  of  his 
residence  was  however  of  short  duration. 
He  opposed  Whitaere,  Tindal,  and  Chad- 
denoii.  who  violently  supported  the  tenets 
of  absolute  predestination,  and  whilst  he 
gave  a  more  moderate  explanation  to  the 
doctrine  in  his  sermons  and  in  his  lectures, 
he  found  himself  cited  before  the  viee-euan- 
eellor,  and  accused  before  archbishop 
Whitgift  ;  and  though  lord  Burleigh  the 
chancellor  disapproved  of  the  virulence  of 
his  prosecutors,  tie  found  himsell  obliged  to 
»  abridge  for  Crutehed-friars,  Lon- 
don, where  he  died.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  Olave,  Hart-street.  His  writings  were 
on  divinity  subjects,  and  in  Latin. 

Baroche.  Frederic,  a  painter  of  Urbino, 
who  learnt  sculpture  of  his  father,  and  ar- 
chitecture and  geometry  and  perspective 
of  his  uucle,  and  drew  the  heads  of  his  Vir- 
gins after  the  features  of  his  sister,  and 
those  of  his  Jesuses  after  his  nephew.  Car- 
dinal de  la  Rovere  became  early  his  patron, 
but  the  jealousy  of  his  rivals  proved  nearly 
fatal.  He  was  maliciously  poisoned,  and 
though  he  recovered  by  the  immediate  ap- 
plication of  medicine,  his  constitution 
grew  weak  and  languid,  and  he  lingered  in 
an  unhealthy  state,  till  his  S4th  year, 
1612.  His  paintings  are  a  great  esteem, 
his  historical  pieces  are  deservedly  admired, 
but  he  shines  with  superior  lustre  in  the 
execution  of  his  devotional  portraits. 
His  merit  was  universally  admitted, 
and  his  infirmities  alone  prevented  him 
from  accepting  the  honours  which  were 
liberally  offered  to  him  by  the  duke  of 
Tuscanv,  the  emperor  Rodolph  II.  and 
Philip  II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is 
great ;  he  understood  well  the  effects  of 
Fight  and  shade,  and  though  the  attitudes  of 
some  of  his  figures  are  out  of  proportion, 
he  certainly  may  be  said  to  approach  near 
the  softness  and  graces  of  Corregio. 

Baron.  Bonaventure.  a  native  of  Clon- 
mel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  uncle  Luke 
Wadding,  and  afterwards  employed  as 
divinity  professor  at  Rome,  where  he  spent 
60  years,  and  died  blind  in  a  good  old  age, 
March  l?th.  1696.  He  was  a  learned  and 
voluminous  writer.  His  Theologia  in  6 
vols,  is  his  best  performance.  See  a  list 
of  his  works  in  Sir  James  Ware's  writers 
of  Ireland,  p.  253. 

Baron,  Michael,  son  of  a  merchant  of 
Issondun,  became  celebrated  as  a  player. 
His  powers  in  expressing  the  passions  were 
unusually  great,  and  he  was  deservedly 
called  the  Roscius  of  his  time.  He  was 
not  insensible  to  the  popularity  which  he 
enjoyed,  and  with  arrogance  and  vanity  he 


BAR 


BAR 


observed,  that  once  in  a  century  perhaps 
a  Caesar  might  arise,  but  that  2000  years 
were  requisite  to  produce  a  Baron.  His 
superior  excellence  was  in  a  great  degree 
owing  to  his  own  exertions,  so  that  Racine 
in  representing  his  Andromache  to  the  ac- 
tors, with  the  judgment  and  correctness  of 
a  poet  and  of  a  man  of  feeling,  paid  him 
the  highest  compliment,  assuring  him  that 
he  could  give  him  no  instructions,  "  for," 
added  he,  "your  own  heart  will  tell  you 
more  than  any  lessons  of  mine  can  sug- 
gest." He  died  at  Paris,  22d  Dec.  1729, 
aged  77.  Three  volumes  in  12mo.  of  the- 
atrical pieces,  appeared  in  1760,  under  his 
name,  of  which,  however,  some  supposed 
that  he  was  not  the  author.  His  dialogue 
is  lively,  and  his  scenes  diversified  ;  but 
there  is  not  frequently  that  brilliancy  of 
colouring  which  an  acquaintance  with  the 
manners  of  the  great  could  have  supplied. 
His  "  Coquette, — 1'ecole  des  peres, — 1'hom- 
rne  a  bonne  fortune,  &c."  are  his  best  pie- 
ces. His  father  was  also  on  the  stage  for 
some  time.  When  playing  Don  Diego  in 
the  Cid  his  sword  fell,  and  kicking  it  as  the 
character  required,  he  wounded  his  little 
toe  against  the  point,  but  he  disregarded 
the  blow  till  a  gangrene  informed  him  of  his 
danger.  He  might  have  saved  his  life  by 
amputation,  but  he  observed,  that  a  theatri- 
cal monarch  with  a  wooden  leg  would  be 
hissed,  and  therefore  he  waited  patiently 
the  slow  approaches  of  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  1655. 

Baron-,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned 
physician  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  disser- 
tation on  chocolate.  He  had  also  some 
share  in  the  pharmacopoeia  of  Paris  for 
1732.     He  died  29th  July,    1753,  aged  72. 

Baroni,  Adrianne  Basile,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  sister  to  the  poet  Basile.  She  was 
so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  and  her 
accomplishments,  that  volumes  were  writ- 
ten in  her  praise.  Her  daughter  Leonora 
possessed  equal  charms,  and  met  equal  ad- 
miration, and  in  1639,  a  collection  of  pieces 
in  Latin,  Greek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
French,  was  published,  in  which  her  beauty 
and  her  perfections  were  portrayed  with  all 
the  graces  of  poetry.  She  resided  long  at 
Rome,  where  she  appeared  occasionally  as 
a  singer.  She  also  wrote  some  poetical 
trifles. 

Barosics,  Caesar,  a  native  of  Sora  in 
Italy,  educated  at  Veroli,  Naples,  and 
Rome.  In  this  last  place  he  became  a 
priest,  and  was  appointed  soon  after  con- 
fessor to  Clement  VIII.  keeper  of  his  libra- 
ry, and  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal.  On 
the  death  of  the  pope,  1605,  he  was  nearly 
elevated  to  the  pontificate,  as  he  had  31 
voices  in  his  favour,  but  his  election  was 
opposed  by  the  Spanish  faction,  as  he  had 
asserted  that  the  claims  of  the  king  of  Spain 
on  Naples  were  founded  on  false  grounds. 


His  constitution  was  injured  by  his  intense 
application,  so  that  in  bis  old  age  he  digest- 
ed his  food  with  difficulty.  He  died  30th 
June,  1607,  aged  68.  His  works  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable,  especially  his  Annales 
ecclesiastici,  in  12  vols.  fol.  abridged  by  se- 
veral authors,  by  H.  Spondaeu-,  Lud.  Au- 
relio,  and  Bazovius. 

Barou  Du  Sobeil,  N.  a  native  of  Lyons, 
distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a  man  of 
letters.  He  translated  some  things  from 
the  Knglish,  and  wrote  the  eulogy  of  his 
friend  Prost  de  Royer.  He  was  put  to 
death  after  the  siege  of  Lyons,  at  the  end  of 
1792,  by  the  bloody  revolutionists. 

Barozzi,  James,  an  architect,  born  in 
the  dutchy  of  Modena,  and  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Vignola.  His  skill  in  architec- 
ture was  displayed  in  the  splendid  edifices 
of  Bologna,  and  in  the  canal  between  Fer- 
rara  and  Bologna.  He  succeeded  M.  An- 
gelo  as  the  architect  in  the  erection  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome,  and  died  there  1577.  He 
was  member  of  the  academy  of  designs  at 
Rome,  and  was  much  noticed  during  an  ex- 
cursion in  France.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
perspective,  and  also  rules  for  the  five  or- 
ders of  architecture,  a  popular  work  whicb 
has  passed  through  16  editions. 

Barrel,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Gre- 
noble, who  kept  a  school  at  Paris,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  the  author  of  & 
dictionaire  historique,  &c.  des  hommes  ce- 
lebres,  6  vols.  8vo.  a  work  generally  esteem- 
ed, though  in  some  articles  partial  and 
unnecessarily  severe.  He  also  abridged 
Pitiscus's  dictionaire  des  antiq.  Rom.  and 
published  an  abstract  of  Sevigne's  letters. 
His  style  was  manly  and  vigorous,  though 
occasionally  negligent  and  incorrect.  He 
died  at  Paris,  July  21st,  1772. 

Barre,  Francois  Pouillain  de  la,  a  French 
ecelesia-tic  at  Paris,  who  obtained  a  pro- 
fessorial chair  at  Geneva.  He  died  there 
1723.  He  published  some  treatises  on  the 
equality  of  the  two  sexes,  the  education  of 
women,  &c.  in  a  style  little  above  medio- 
crity. 

Barre,  Louis  Francoise  Jos.  de  la,  a  na- 
tive of  Tournay,  member  of  the  academy 
des  inscriptions,  editor  of  Morreri's  diction- 
ary, and  author  of  some  books  on  antiqua- 
rian history,  6u;.  among  which  are  memoirs 
of  the  history  of  France  and  Burgundy. 
He  also  assisted  Banduri  in  his  imperium 
orientale,  and  in  his  collection  of  Roman 
medals  from  Decius.  He  was  rewarded 
with  a  pension  by  the  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, and  died  at  Paris  1738,  aged  50. 

Barre,  Michel  de  la,  a  musician  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  a  player  on  the  German  flute, 
and  as  the  author  of  some  musical  compo- 
sitions.    He  died  1774. 

Barre,  Joseph,  an  ecclesiastic,  canon  of 
St.  Genevieve,  and  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris,  where  he  died,  2M  of 
171 


BAB 


BAK 


June,  1764,  aged  72.  He  was  well  versed 
in  ecclesiastical  and  profane  history.  His 
history  of  Germany,  11  vols,  4to.  is  the  best 
of  his  works,  though  it  does  not  abound 
either  in  elegance  of  language,  choice  of 
matter,  or  happy  and  interesting  combina- 
tion of  events.  He  published,  besides  a 
life  of  marshal  de  Fabert,  2  vols.  1  2ino. — 
History  of  the  laws  and  the  tribunals  of  Jus- 
tice, 4to. — Vindiciae  librorum  deutero-ca- 
uonicorum  veteris  Test.  &c. 

Barre,  Madame  du,  celebrated  as  the 
mistress  of  the  effeminate  Lewis  XV.  was 
the  daughter  of  an  obscure  silversmith  of 
Paris,  of  the  name  of  Chivaux.  Her  eldest 
eister  was  the  mistress  of  a  colonel  Barre, 
and  in  visiting  her  she  was  accidentally 
seen  and  admired  by  the  fickle  monarch. 
That  she  might  the  better  improve  this  in- 
famous attachment,  she  secretly  married 
the  brother  of  her  sister's  seducer,  and  was 
now  received  at  court,  and  loaded  with  all 
the  honours  and  riches  which  a  captivated 
master  could  bestow.  At  the  revolution 
she  was  accused  before  the  bloody  tribunal, 
who  wished  to  share  her  ill  acquired  opu- 
lence, and  she  was  dragged  to  the  scaffold, 
where  her  fears  and  pusillanimity  exposed 
her  to  the  derision  of  her  enemies,  and  the 
contempt  of  the  spectators,  and  she  closed 
like  a  coward  a  life  of  guilt,  licentiousness, 
and  infamy,  1793. 

Barreaux,  Jacques  Vallee,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  by  the  libertinism  of  his  life 
and  conversation.  As  his  connexions  were 
uoble,  and  his  income  ample,  he  spared  no- 
thing to  give  variety  to  his  voluptuous  pur- 
suits ;  his  winters  were  passed  in  the  mild 
climate  of  Florence,  and  in  summer  he  was 
lost  amidst  the  dissipation  of  the  capital. 
In  his  old  age  he  became  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. He  died  at  Chalons-sur-Saone, 
1673,  in  his  72d  year.  An  elegant  sonnet, 
"  Grand  Dieu,  &c."is  the  only  thing  which 
he  wrote,  and  some  even  have  asserted  that 
it  was  not  his  composition. 

Barrelier,  James,  a  Dominican,  who, 
as  a  preaching  friar,  made  the  tour  of  Spain, 
France,  and  Italy.  As  he  was  particularly 
fand  of  botany,  he  made  a  large  collec- 
tion of  plants,  &c.  during  his  journey, 
and  he  intended  to  give  a  general  history  of 
p'.ants  called  Hortus  mundi,  or  Orbis  bota- 
nicus,  when  a  fatal  asthma  stopped  his  use- 
ful labours,  1673,  in  his  67th  year.  A 
collection  of  his  intended  work  was  after- 
wards published  by  de  Jussieu,  called 
"  Plantar  per  Calliam,  &c.  observatae  cum 
iconibus  iEueis,"  1714,  in  folio. 

Barrere,  Peter,  a  physician  of  reputa- 
tion at  Peqiignan,  author  of  treatises  on 
the  colour  of  negroes,  4to.  1741,  on  the  his- 
tory of  equinoctial  France,  &c.  1748,  12mo. 
Me  died  1755. 

Barret,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  school- 
master, was  born  at  Kildwick  in  Yorkshire, 
175 


in  1718.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
school  ofSkipton,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  University  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  entered  into 
orders.  He  was  for  many  years  master  of 
the  grammar-school  at  Ashford  in  Kent, 
which  he  resigned  in  1773,  on  being  prefer- 
red to  the  rectory  of  Hothfield,  in  the  same 
county,  where  he  died  in  1301.  Mr.  Barret 
wrote  many  valuable  articles  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  particularly  one  on  a  new 
method  of  modelling  the  tenses  of  verbs. 
He  also  translated  Pope's  Pastorals  into 
Latin,  and  published  Ovid's  Epistles  in  Eng- 
lish verse,  with  a  Satire  on  War. —  W.  B. 

Barrett,  George,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
eminent  as  a  self-taught  painter.  In  his 
youth  he  obtained  the  prize  of  50£.  from  the 
Dublin  society  for  the  best  landscape  in  oil. 
and  in  1762,  he  also,  with  another  land-  , 
scape,  gained  a  similar  prize  from  the  Lon- 
don society  for  the  encouragement  of 
arts.  He  was  zealous  in  the  establishment 
of  the  royal  academy,  of  which  he  was  a 
member.  His  most  admired  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  the  collections  of  the  dukes  of 
Portland  and  Buccleugh,  Mr.  Locke,  and 
others.     He  died  1784,  aged  52. 

Barrett,  William,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, who  settled  at  Bristol  as  a  surgeon, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  for  twenty 
years  in  making  collections  for  the  history 
of  that  city.  The  work  was  published  in 
4to.  1788,  and  the  author  died  the  next 
year.  He  was  interested  much  in  the  Chat- 
tertonian  controversy,  as  he  was  one  of  the 
earliest  friends  and  patrons  of  the  unfortu- 
nate youth. 

Barriere,  Pierre,  a  man  who,  from  a 
sailor,  became  a  soldier,  and  formed  the  pro- 
ject of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
He  imparted  this  diabolical  purpose  to  Se- 
raphin  Bonchi,  an  Italian  monk,  who  in- 
formed the  courtiers  of  the  king's  danger, 
and  Barriere  was  seized  and  broken  on  the 
wheel  at  Melun,  26th  Aug.  1693. 

Barrington,  John  Shute,  son  of  Benja- 
min Shute,  merchant,  was  born  at  Theo- 
bald's, Herts,  and  partly  educated  at 
Utrecht.  He  early  imbibed  the  tenets  of  the 
dissenters,  in  whose  favour  he  wrote  some 
treatises.  He  applied  himself  to  the  law, 
and  so  conspicuous  were  his  abilities,  and 
so  great  his  authority  among  the  dissenters 
considered,  that  the  ministry,  at  the  in- 
stance of  Lord  Somers,  applied  to  him  when 
he  was  but  24  years  old  to  exert  his  influ- 
ence with  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  to  pro- 
mote the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms.  He  was 
successful,  and  his  labours  were  rewarded 
by  the  appointment  of  commissioner  of  the 
customs  in  1708,  from  which,  however,  he 
was  remov  ed  three  years  after  on  the  change 
of  administration.  His  character  was  so 
highly  respected  that  John  Wildman,  Esq. 
of  Becket,  Berks,  though  a  stranger,  left 


BAR 


BAR 


him  his  estate,  and  some  years  after  the 
same  liberal  and  honourable  compliment  was 
paid  him  by  Francis  Barrington  of  Tofts, 
who  had  married  his  relation,  and  whose 
name  and  arms  he  assumed.  Mr.  Shute 
sat  in  parliament  for  Berwick-upon-Tweed, 
but  he  did  not  distinguish  himself  as  an 
eloquent  or  a  frequent  speaker.  In  1720, 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  of  Ireland  by 
the  title  of  Viscount  Barrington,  but  in 
1723,  his  character  was  undeservedly  tar- 
nished for  his  conduct  in  the  Harburgh 
lottery,  for  which  he  was  expelled  from  the 
house.  He  died  at  Becket,  Dec.  4th,  1734, 
in  his  66th  year.  He  was  the  disciple  and 
the  friend  of  the  famous  Mr.  Locke.  He 
was  author  of  miscellanea  sacra,  in  two 
vols.  8vo.  explaining  the  spiritual  gifts,  &c. 
by  which  the  apostles  propagated  Christian- 
ity, a  work  which  strongly  supported  the 
truth  of  religion,  and  which  shook  the  in- 
fidelity of  Anthony  Collins.  He  wrote  also 
other  treatises  on  divinity  and  political  sub- 
jects, such  as  an  essay  on  the  several  dis- 
pensations of  God  to  mankind — a  tract  on 
the  toleration  of  protestant  dissenters, 
1701 — the  rights  of  protestant  dissenters,  in 
two  parts — and  in  these  he  displayed  not 
only  erudition  but  a  warm  attachment  to  the 
rights  of  mankind,  and  strongly  maintained 
the  importance  and  necessity  of  free  inquiry 
in  matters  of  religion.  He  married  Anne, 
daughter  of  William  Daines,  by  whom  he 
had  six  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Barrington,  Daines,  fourth  son  of  Lord 
Barrington,  was,  in  1757,  appointed  a  Welsh 
judge,  and  afterwards  second  justice  of 
Chester.  These  offices,  which  he  dischar- 
ged with  great  dignity,  he  resigned  some 
years  before  his  death,  and  devoted  himself 
to  those  literary  pursuits  which  he  loved. 
He  was  author  of  observations  on  the 
statutes,  4to. — tracts  on  the  probability  of 
reaching  the  North  Pole,  4to.  &c. — and 
made  besides  valuable  communications  to 
the  royal  and  antiquarian  societies,  of 
which  he  was  a  distinguished  member,  and 
of  the  last  of  which  he  was  vice-president. 
He  died  March  14th,  1800,  aged  73,  at 
his  chambers  in  the  Temple,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  Temple  church. 

Barrington,  Samuel,  fifth  son  of  Lord 
Barrington,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
naval  services,  especially  in  the  West- 
Indies,  at  the  taking  of  St.  Lucia,  and  at 
the  siege  of  Gibraltar  with  Lord  Howe  in 
1782.  He  was  made  post  captain  1747, 
rear  admiral  in  1778,  and  died  16th  August, 
1800,  aged  71. 

Barros,  or  De  Barros,  John,  a  native 
of  Visco,  engaged  as  preceptor  to  the  chil- 
dren of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal.  After 
being  three  years  governor  of  St.  George, 
on  the  coast  of  Africa,  he  was  recalled  by 
his  pupil,  king  Juan,  to  be  treasurer  of  the 
Indies  ;  and  in  this  employment  he  formed 


the  design  of  writing  the  history  of  that 
lately  discovered  part  of  the  globe.  He 
died  at  Pompal,  the  place  of  his  literary  re- 
tirement, 1 570,  in  his  74th  year.  His  his- 
tory is  divided  into  4  decades,  and  though 
censured  by  la  Boulaye  le  Goux,  and  ex- 
tolled by  Possevin  and  De  Thou,  it  contains 
a  collection  of  many  hitherto  unknown 
facts,  though  unadorned  with  the  graces  of 
elegance,  or  the  strictest  attachment  to 
truth.  Alfonso  Ulloa  translated  the  book 
from  Portuguese  into  Spanish.  The  work 
was  edited,  3  vols.  fol.  Lisbon,.  1736. 

Barrow,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Spiney  Ab- 
bey, Cambridgeshire,  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He  was 
ejected  in  1643,  and  then  retired  to  Ox- 
ford, and  was  made  chaplain  of  New  col- 
lege, and  after  the  restoration  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  and 
soon  after  translated  to  St.  Asaph.  He 
died  1680,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Asaph  ca- 
thedral. The  two  sees  over  which  he  pre- 
sided were  much  benefited  by  his  liberality, 
especially  the  former. 

Barrow,  Isaac,  a  learned  mathematician 
and  divine,  of  an  ancient  family  in  Suffolk, 
was  born  in  London.  From  the  Charter- 
house, where  he  gave  few  proofs  of  applica- 
tion, and  many  of  his  fondness  for  fighting, 
he  went  to  Felsted  in  Essex,  where  a  change 
of  disposition  from  indolence  to  industry 
soon  distinguished  him.  He  was  admitted 
pensioner  of  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  1643  ; 
but  when  he  went  two  years  after  to  reside, 
he  became  member  of  Trinity  college, 
where  his  uncle  had  entered,  after  being 
ejected  from  Peter-house  for  writing  against 
the  covenant.  He  was  afterwards  chosen 
fellow  of  the  college  ;  but  though  his  income 
was  small,  from  the  losses  which  the  civil 
war  had  brought  upon  his  father,  he  did  not 
ingloriously  submit  to  the  ruling  powers  ; 
and  though  he  inadvertently  subscribed  to 
the  covenant,  he  soon  repented  of  this 
weakness,  and  insisted  upon  the  erasure  of 
his  name.  His  studies  were  directed  to 
divinity  ,  but  when  he  observed  the  con- 
nexion which  exists  between  chronology 
and  astronomy,  he  applied  himself  with  in- 
defatigable zeal  to  those  higher  sciences, 
and  made  a  rapid  progress  besides  in  ana- 
tomy, botany,  and  chymistry.  Upon  his 
disappointment  in  not  being  elected  Greek 
professor,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Duport,  he 
resolved  to  travel,  and  to  supply  his  ex- 
penses he  parted  with  his  books,  and  left 
the  kingdom,  1655.  He  visited  Paris,  Leg- 
horn, and  Florence,  and  every  where  en- 
riched the  stores  of  his  mind  by  observation 
and  inquisitive  researches.  His  progress 
might,  however,  have  been  checked,  had 
not  his  pecuniary  difficulties  been  removed 
by  the  liberality  of  Mr.  James  Stock,  a 
young  merchant  of  London,  whom  he  met 
at  Florence.  From  Leghorn  he  passed  to 
173 


BAR 


BAR 


Smyrna,  and  in  his  voyage  displayed  his 
uncommon  courage,  by  assisting  the  crew 
of  the  vessel  in  beating  off  an  Algerine  cor- 
sair that  threatened   them   with  death  or 
slavery.     He  passed  from  Smyrna  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  resided  one  year,  and 
returned  to  England  through   Venice,  Ger- 
many, and  Holland,  in  1659.    He  now  took 
orders,  agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  his  col- 
lege, and  in  1660,   he  was  elected   to    the 
Greek  professorship  of  the  university,  and 
two  years  after,  to    that   of  geometry  in 
Gresham  college.     The   next  year  he  was 
made  Lucasian    mathematical    lecturer  at 
Cambridge,  an  office  which,  in  1669,  he  re- 
signed to  his  great  friend,  Isaac  Newton, 
that  he  might  with  closer  application  devote 
himself  to  divinity.     He  now  received  the 
preferment  which  was  due  to  his  merit  from 
his  uncle,  bishop    of  St.  Asaph,    and    from 
Ward,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and,  in   1672, 
the  king,  whom  he  served  by  his   conduct, 
and  flattered  by  his  poetry,  raised    him    to 
the  mastership  of  Trinity  college,  observing 
with  real  truth,  that  he  gave  it  to  the  best 
scholar  in   England.     He   was    vice-chan- 
cellor in  1675  ;  but  his  public  services  were 
of  short  duration.     He  died  of  a  fever,  4th 
May,    1677,  aged  47,   and   was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where   his  friends,  by 
contribution,     erected    a    monument   over 
him,  of  which  the  epitaph  was  written   by 
Dr.  Mapletoft.      The    writings   of  Barrow 
are  numerous  and  valuable,  and  chiefly  on 
mathematical  subjects.     As  a  divine  he  was 
great  as  well  as  exemplary,  so  that  Charles 
II.  whose  chaplain  he  was,  called  him,  with 
propriety,  "  an  unfair  preacher,"  meaning 
that  he  exhausted   every    subject,  and  left 
nothing  for  others  to  say.     Barrow  is  a  re- 
markable instance  of  the  amendment  which 
may    happily   be   produced    from  youthful 
irregularities.       His  conduct  when  a  boy 
was  so  displeasing  to  his   father,   that  the 
old  man  was  heard  to  say,  that  if  it  pleased 
God  to  take  any  of  his  children,  he  hoped 
it  might  be  his  son  Isaac.     The  mathemati- 
cal part  of  his   valuable  works  consists  of 
Euclidis  elementa,  et  data — lectiones  geo- 
metries— Archimedis  opera — Apollonii  co- 
nicorum,  libri  4. — Theodosii  sphericorum, 
libri  3. — Novo  methodo  illustrata  et  suc- 
cincte  demonstrata — et  lectio   in  qua  theo- 
remata  Archimedis  de  sphsra  et  cylindro — 
et  mathematics  lectiones  habitae  in  scholis 
publicis  acad.  Cantab,   published  after  his 
death.     His  sermons  are   highly  esteemed, 
and   have    been   frequently    edited.       His 
works  in  English  were  published   together 
by  Dr.  Tillotson,  in  3  vols,  folio,  1682. 

Barry,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pembroke- 
shire, called  Giraldus  Cambrensis.  He 
was  of  a  respectable  family,  and  obtained 
preferment  in  the  church,  and  was  at  last 
nominated  bishop  of  St.  David's  by  the 
chapter,  which,  however,  could  not  be 
171 


sanctioned  by  the  pope.  When  afterwards 
offered  the  same  bishopric,  in  1215,  he  in- 
dignantly refused  it.  He  is  author  of  the 
history  of  the  conquest  of  Ireland,  and  of 
the  topographia  Hibernica,  edited  by  Cam- 
den, 1602 — itinerarium  Cambria,  edited  by 
Dr.  Powel,  besides  ecclesiae  speculum 
against  the  monks. 

Barry,  James,  son  of  the  representative 
of  Dublin,  was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1629,  made  king's  sergeant,  and  in  1634, 
knighted,  and  appointed  one  of  the  barons 
of  the  exchequer.  At  the  restoration  he 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage,  by  the  title  of 
lord  Santry.  He  was  intimate  with  the 
unfortunate  Stafford  ;  and  died  1673,  and 
was  buried  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin.  He 
wrote  the  case  of  tenures  upon  the  com- 
mission of  defective  titles,  published,  Dub- 
lin, fol.  1637,  and  12mo.  1725. 

Barry,  Spranger,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
son  of  a  silversmith,  20th  November,  1719. 
After  following  unwillingly  for  two  or 
three  years,  his  father's  business,  his  in- 
clination for  theatrical  pursuits  burst  forth, 
and,  in  1744,  he  appeared  on  the  stage,  in 
the  character  of  Othello.  As  his  acting 
was  of  superior  order,  he  was  received 
with  unprecedented  applause  ;  and  he  so 
highly  established  his  character  at  Cork,  as 
well  as  in  the  capital,  that  he  ranked  with 
the  great  names  of  Garrick,  Cibber,  Sheri- 
dan, Quin,  and  Woffington,  who  at  that 
season  were  engaged  on  the  Dublin  stage, 
and  from  whose  exertions  in  producing  full 
and  applauding  houses,  a  Barry,  Quin,  or 
Garrick  fever,  became  proverbial  for  dis- 
eases contracted  in.  an  overloaded  theatre. 
In  1746,  Barry  came  to  England  ;  but  his 
connexion  with  Drury-lane  was  of  short 
duration.  In  Covent-garden,  however,  he 
became  a  formidable  opponent  to  the  great 
Roscius,  as  he  played  the  same  characters, 
and  divided  with  him  the  applauses  of  the 
town.  After  eleven  years  of  arduous  con- 
tention, in  which  the  highest  powers  of 
theatrical  eloquence  were  successfully  dis- 
played by  both  rivals,  Barry  joined  with 
Woodward  of  Covent-garden,  in  an  expe- 
dition to  Ireland,  where  they  built,  at  great 
expense,  two  elegant  play-houses,  at  Dub- 
lin and  Cork.  The  plan  did  not,  however, 
succeed.  Woodward  left  his  friend  to  settle 
the  debts  of  this  ruinous  scheme,  and  re- 
turned to  London,  where  he  was  followed, 
in  1766,  by  Barry.  Barry  engaged  with 
Foote  at  the  Opera-house,  Hay-Market, 
and  there  introduced  his  wife  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Desdemona,  which  she  supported 
with  so  much  force  and  propriety  that  Gar- 
rick, then  in  the  pit,  admired  her  powers, 
and  not  only  foretold  the  high  rank  to 
which  her  abilities  were  soon  to  raise  her, 
but  actually  engaged  her  and  her  husband 
»t  Drurv-lanc.     In  1773,  he  returned  to 


BAR 


BAIi 


Covent-garden,  where,  though  broken  by 
infirmities,  and  the  agonies  of  hereditary 
gout,  he  occasionally  called  forth  those 
bursts  of  universal  applause  which  soothed 
his  old  age,  and  brought  back  to  his  recol- 
lection the  exertions  of  his  more  vigorous 
years.  He  died  1774,  universally  regret- 
ted. His  greatest  characters  were  Othello, 
Macbeth,  Lear,  Essex,  and  Jaffier ;  and 
so  powerfully  expressive  of  grief  and  agony 
were  bis  features,  that  the  spectators,  says 
a  writer  of  the  times,  were  disposed  to  pity 
before  he  spoke,  and  his  broken  throbs  so 
wrung  the  soul  that  their  distress  could  be 
relieved  only  by  torrents  of  tears.  In  his 
person,  Barry  was  pleasing,  elegant,  and 
graceful,  his  address  was  insinuating,  and 
his  judgment  so  correct,  that  the  man  was 
lost  in  the  actor. 

Barry,  James,  a  native  of  Cork,  in  Ire- 
land, whose  genius  early  marked  him  for 
«minence  as  a  painter.  His  piece  on  the 
legendary  baptism  of  the  king  of  Cashel  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  Dub- 
lin society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  ; 
and  by  a  consequent  introduction  to  Mr. 
Burke,  he  was  noticed  by  Johnson,  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  and  other  men  of  great 
public  fame.  By  the  friendship  of  his  pa- 
tron Burke,  he  was  enabled  to  travel 
through  France  and  on  the  continent,  and 
to  improve  himself  in  the  celebrated  schools 
of  Italy.  On  his  return  to  England,  in 
1772,  he  published,  in  reply  to  Winkelman, 
an  inquiry  into  the  real  and  imaginary  ob- 
structions to  the  acquisition  of  the  arts  in 
England.  About  this  time  he  wished,  with 
other  artists,  to  adorn  St.  Paul's  cathedral 
with  religious  paintings  ;  but  the  plan  was 
rejected,  as  unworthy  of  the  simple  spirit 
of  the  protestant  faith  ;  and  therefore,  he 
proposed  to  the  society  of  arts  to  adorn 
their  great  room  with  allegorical  paintings  ; 
which  noble  and  patriotic  design  was  com- 
pleted in  the  labour  of  seven  years,  in  a 
series  of  six  very  beautiful  and  correct  pic- 
tures. In  1 777,  be  was  elected  royal  acade- 
mician, and  in  1786,  appointed  professor  of 
painting  to  the  royal  academy.  He  was, 
in  1799,  removed  from  his  office,  and  soon 
after  expelled  from  the  learned  body  whose 
fame  and  honour  he  had  long  supported  by 
the  elegant  labours  of  his  pencil  and  the 
animated  language  of  his  lectures.  The 
cause  of  this  disgrace  is  attributed  by  some 
to  the  republican  principles  entertained, 
and  publicly  set  forth,  by  the  professor,  too 
often  in  a  manner  offensive  to  the  feelings 
of  moderate  and  impartial  men.  This 
eminent  artist  was  attacked  by  a  paralytic 
stroke,  which  ten  days  after  proved  fatal. 
He  died  22d  March,  1806,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  with  every  mark  of 
respect  from  some  of  the  learned  society 
of  which  he  had  been  a  member.  At  his 
death  he.  was  engaged  in  a  picture  of  Pan- 


dora, of  unusual  size,  18  feet  long  and  10 
broad,  which  therefore  remains  unfinished. 
Several  of  his  pieces  have  been  engraved, 
especially  his  Jupiter,  by  Smith,  his  Venus 
rising  from  the  sea,  by  Green,  &c. 

Barry,  George,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  in 
Berwickshire,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and 
successively  minister  of  Kirkwall  and  of 
Shapinhay  in  the  Orkneys,  where  he  died, 
September,  1805,  aged  57.  His  statistical 
account  of  his  two  parishes  for  the  publi- 
cation of  Sir  John  Sinclair  was  much  ad- 
mired, and  his  reputation  as  a  writer  and 
as  a  public  teacher  procured  him  from  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  the  degree  of  D.D. 
Much  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  seven  islands  of  the  Orkneys, 
and  this  very  valuable  composition  made 
its  appearance  a  little  before  the  author's 
death,  in  1  vol.  4to.  adorned  with  maps, 
&c.  From  his  character  as  a  preacher,  Dr. 
Barry  was  appointed,  by  the  Society  for 
propagating  Christian  Knowledge,  their 
superintendent  of  the  schools  in  that  dis- 
tant part  of  Scotland.  He  left  a  widow 
and  nine  children. 

Barry,  John,  a  captain  in  the  American 
navy,  was  distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  liberty,  and  the  boldness  and 
vigour  of  his  efforts  to  promote  its  interests 
during  the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  re- 
ceived his  commission  in  1776,  and  had 
command  of  the  vessels  of  war  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1777,  when  that  city  and  the  forts 
on  the  Delaware  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British.  His  chief  naval  actions  were  with 
the  British  vessels  Atalanta  and  Treposa, 
in  1781,  both  of  which  he  captured,  and  in 
the  following  year  with  a  frigate,  which 
escaped  his  hands  by  the  interposition  of 
another  British  vessel.  He  was  highly 
respected  in  private  life,  and  his  public  ser- 
vices were  honourable  to  himself  and  the 
country.  QjJ  L. 

Barsuma  or  Barsoma,  a  metropolitan 
of  Nisibis,  revived  the  doctrines  of  Nes- 
torius.  He  wrote  several  books  in  Syriac. 
— Also  another,  who  propagated  the  tenets 
of  Eutychius,  and  wrote  in  Syriac  several 
treatises. 

Bartas,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du,  a 
French  poet  born  at  Monfort,  in  Armag- 
nac.  He  was  commander  of  a  corps  of 
cavalry  under  Henry  IV.  ;  and  he  travelled 
through  England,  Denmark,  and  Scotland. 
The  poem  which  rendered  his  fame  known, 
was  his  commentary  of  the  week  of  crea- 
tion, in  seven  books  ;  a  work  in  which  he 
displayed  his  conceit,  as  well  as  the  bar- 
barity of  his  age,  by  calling  the  head  the 
lodging  of  the  understanding,  the  eyes  the 
twin  stars,  the  nose  the  gutter  or  chimney, 
the  teeth  a  double  palisade,  used  as  a  mill  to 
the  open  gullet,  &c.  This  poem,  so  incor- 
rect and  so  injudicious,  had,  however,  its 
admirers,  and  in  five  or  six  years  it  passed 
175 


BAR 


BAR 


lhrot«;h  thirty  editions.  Bartas  wrote 
some  other  poetical  pieces,  but  all  in  the 
same  contemptible  style.  What,  however, 
renders  his  character  amiable,  is  the  inte- 
grity of  his  life,  and  the  innocence  and  mo- 
desty of  his  conduct.  He  retired  from  the 
bustle  of  the  world  to  his  chateau  de  Bar- 
tas, where  his  time  was  devoted  to  literary 
pursuits.  De  Thou  speaks  of  him  in  the 
most  flattering  terms.  He  died  1590,  at 
the  age  of  46.  His  works  were  collected 
by  Rigaud,  in  1611,  folio,  Paris.  The 
poem  was  translated  into  English  by  Syl- 
vester. 

Barth,  John,  was  born  at  Dunkirk,  and 
by  his  bravery  and  enterprise  he  rose  from 
the  obscurity  of  a  fisherman's  occupation 
to  consequence  in  the  French  navy.  When 
he  had  the  command  of  a  squadron  of 
seven  frigates,  he  eluded  the  vigilance  of 
the  English  and  Dutch,  who  were  block- 
ing up  Dunkirk,  destroyed  a  fleet  of  86 
English  merchantmen,  afterwards  made  a 
descent  near  Newcastle,  in  Northumber- 
land, where  he  destroyed  200  houses,  and 
brought  back  prizes  to  the  value  of  500,000 
crowns.  In  various  actions  with  the 
Dutch,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
courage,  presence  of  mind,  and  great  dex- 
terity. He  often  engaged  superior  forces, 
and  always  obtained  the  advantage;  and 
so  high  were  his  services  considered  that  he 
was  ennobled.  In  1694,  he  was  particular- 
ly successful,  as,  with  a  smaller  number  of 
ships,  he  attacked  the  Dutch  fleet,  which 
had  captured  the  merchant-ships,  laden 
with  corn,  which  he  was  ordered  to  join, 
and  had  the  good  fortune  to  take  the  whole 
of  the  enemy,  besides  those  of  his  own 
nation  that  had  surrendered.  His  uncouth 
figure  and  rough  manners  were  the  ridicule 
of  the  courtiers  of  Lewis  XIV.  When 
the  monarch  told  him  that  he  had  made 
him  chef  d'escadre,  you  have  done  very 
well,  replied  the  unpolished  seaman.  His 
language  was  incorrect,  his  words  few,  and 
he  could  neither  read  nor  write,  but  merely 
was  able  to  scrawl  his  name.  This  great 
man,  who  rose  without  friends  and  without 
patrons,  by  merit  alone,  died  at  Dunkirk, 
27th  April,  1702,  of  a  pleurisy,  at  the  age 
of  51.  His  life  was  published,  in  12mo. 
in  1780." 

Barthe,  Nicolas  Thomas,  author  of 
some  dramatic  pieces,  of  a  translation  of 
Ovid's  art  of  love  into  French  verse,  &c. 
was  a  native  of  Marseilles,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1785,  aged  52. 

Barthelemi,  Nicolas,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  15th  century,  born  at  Loches, 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  now  very 
scarce,  and  a  treatise  on  active  and  con- 
templative life.  They  are  mostly  devo- 
tional. 

Barthelemi,  Jean  Jacques,  celebrated 
fl«  the  author  of  the.  voyage  of  Anacharsis, 
176 


was  born  at  Cassis,  near  Aubagne,  in  Pro- 
vence, 20th  January,  1716.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marseilles  in  the  oratory,  and  after 
devoting  himself  to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  and 
Greek,  he  was  admitted  into  the  church. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  Gros  de 
Boze,  with  whom  he  became,  1744,  asso- 
ciate in  the  care  of  the  medals  of  the  king's 
cabinet  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards 
placed  in  the  office  of  secretary  to  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  and  on  the  death 
of  Boze,  he  succeeded  as  keeper  of  the 
cabinet  of  medals.  He  visited  Italy  in 
1755,  and  not  only  enlarged  the  powers  of 
his  own  mind,  but  benefited  the  republic 
of  letters  by  the  judicious  observations 
which  he  made  on  the  valuable  relics  of 
the  lately  discovered  city  of  Herculaneum. 
On  his  return  to  France,  he  was  honoured 
with  a  seat  in  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
and  his  services  to  literature  were  rewarded 
by  the  minister,  the  duke  de  Choiseul,  with 
a  pension  of  about  2501.  a  year,  to  which 
was  added,  in  1765,  the  place  of  treasurer 
of  St.  Martin  de  Tours,  and,  five  years  after, 
the  post  of  secretary-general  to  the  Swiss 
guards.  The  public  had  already  applauded 
the  literary  abilities  of  Barthelemi,  who 
had  been  admitted  into  the  French  academy, 
when  his  great  work,  entitled  the  voyage 
of  the  young  Anacharsis  in  Greece,  which 
appeared  in  7  vols.  8vo.  1788,  commanded 
the  universal  admiration  of  the  world. 
This  composition  was  the  labour  of  thirty 
years,  and  in  elegant  and  chaste  style  ex- 
hibited the  most  pleasing  characters  of  an- 
tiquity, interspersed  with  philosophical  re- 
flections, interesting  anecdotes,  and  amu- 
sing descriptions,  and  every  where  abound- 
ed with  proofs  of  judgment,  taste,  and 
erudition.  In  1793,  the  venerable  philoso- 
pher was  dragged  from  his  peaceful  retreat, 
under  the  reign  of  terror,  to  a  prison  ;  but 
he  was  soon  after  liberated,  by  order  of 
the  government,  at  a  moment  when,  with 
calmness  and  resignation,  he  expected  the 
fatal  decree  which  had  already  hurried  so 
many  of  his  countrymen  to  the  grave.  He 
died  30th  April,  1795,  universally  respect- 
ed, not  only  for  his  learning,  but  the  mild- 
ness of  his  temper,  for  his  modesty,  and 
his  affability  and  unaffected  manners. 
He  wrote,  besides  other  works,  contribu- 
tions, chiefly  on  medallic  subjects,  to  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  the  journal  des  savans. 

Barthelemi  des  Martyrs,  a  Domi- 
nican of  Lisbon,  made  archbishop  of  Bra- 
ganza,  and  highly  extolled  by  Roman  ca- 
tholic writers  for  his  great  charity  and 
other  meritorious  actions,  in  times  of  pub- 
lic danger  and  calamity.  He  died,  1590, 
aged  76. 

Barthes  De  Marmorions,  Paul  Joseph, 
a  French  medical  writer,  was  born  at 
Montpellier  in  1734.     At  the  age  of  nine- 


BAH 


BAR 


teen,  lie  obtained  his  doctor's  degree,  and 
in  1754,  was  appointed  physician  to  the 
military  hospital  in  Normandy.  After 
much  service  during  the  seven  years'  war, 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  in  which  university  he  after- 
wards became  chancellor  of  the  same 
faculty.  He  died  in  1806.  Besides  many 
miscellaneous  papers,  he  wrote — 1.  La 
Nouvelle  Mecanique  de  1'Homme  et  des 
Animaux.  2.  L'Histoire  des  maladies 
goutteuses.  3.  Discours  sur  le  genie 
d'Hippocrate.  4.  Traitc  sur  le  Beau. — W.B. 

Barthius,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Custrin, 
in  Brandenburg.  As  his  father  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder,  he  received  the  best  instruction,  so 
that  he  is  mentioned  by  Baillet  as  having, 
at  12  years  of  age,  translated  the  psalms 
into  Latin  verse,  of  every  measure.  He 
unfortunately  lost  his  father,  but  his  edu- 
cation was  not  on  that  account  neglected. 
He  went  through  all  the  universities  of 
Germany,  and  afterwards  visited  Italy, 
France,  Spain,  England,  and  Holland,  and 
made  himself  a  perfect  master  of  most  of 
the  foreign  languages,  as  his  elegant  trans- 
lations from  the  Spanish  and  French  evi- 
dently show.  He  settled  at  Leipsic,  and 
devoted  himself  totally  to  literature.  In 
his  old  age  he  relinquished  all  worldly  af- 
fairs for  devotion.  He  died  September, 
1658,  aged  71.  His  commentaries  on  Sta- 
tius  and  Claudian,  in  4to.  and  his  adver- 
saria, in  fol.  are  his  best  works. 

Bartholin,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Mal- 
moe  in  Schonen,  who  is  said,  at  the.  age  of 
three,  to  have  learned  to  read  perfectly  in 
fourteen  days,  and  to  have  composed  with 
correctness  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  some 
Greek  and  Latin  orations.  After  finishing 
his  studies,  he  travelled  through  the  great- 
est part  of  Europe,  and  directed  his  atten- 
tion to  medicine,  in  which  science  he  took 
his  degree.  He  at  last  settled  at  Copenha- 
gen a?  Latin  professor,  an  employment 
which)  six  months  after,  he  exchanged  for 
the.  chair  of  medicine,  which  he  filled  with 
credit  and  respectability.  A  severe  illness, 
however,  alarmed  his  conscience,  naturally 
weak,  and  he  vowed  to  apply  himself  to 
divinity  if  he  recovered.  He  kept  his  vow, 
and  afterwards  succeeded  to  the  theologi- 
cal professorship  on  the  death  of  Aslach. 
He  died  of  a  violent  colic,  the  13th  July, 
1029,  at  Sora,  aged  44.  His  works  were 
nn  anatomy,  metaphysics,  logic,  and 
rhetoric. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Copenhagen,  20th  Oc- 
tober, 1616.  He  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
Paris,  Montpellier,  Padua,  Malta,  and  Ba- 
sil ;  and  in  1646  he  returned  to  his  native 
city,  where  he  was  appointed  mathemati- 
cal professor,  and  the  next  year  promoted 
to  the  anatomical  chair,  which  he  held  for 

Vol.  I.  23 


thirteen  years.  Ill  health  obliged  him  to 
resign,  and  he  retired  to  his  small  estate  of 
Hagested,  near  the  capital,  where  his  hopes 
of  repose  and  literary  ease  were  disturbed 
by  the  destruction  of  his  library  and  valua- 
ble papers  by  fire  in  1670.  His  misfortunes 
did  not  pass  unnoticed.  The  university  of 
Copenhagen  made  him  librarian,  and  the 
monarch  made  him  his  physician  with  a 
handsome  salary,  exemption  from  taxes, 
and  the  honour  of  a  seat  in  the  council  of 
Denmark.  He  died  4th  December,  1630. 
His  works  are  chiefly  on  medical  subjects. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  professor  of  history  and  law  at 
Copenhagen,  and  counsellor  to  the  king. 
He  died,  1690.  He  published  antiquitates 
Danicae,  &c.  His  brother  Erasmus  was 
professor  of  geometry  and  medicine  at 
Copenhagen,  and  died  1698,  aged  73. 
Another  brother,  called  Gasper,  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  anatomical  chair — John 
was  professor  of  theology — and  a  daughter 
called  Margaret  was  eminent  as  a  poetess 
in  the  Danish  language. 

Bartholomew,  St.  one  of  the  apos- 
tles, who  preached  the  gospel  in  the  Indies, 
in  Ethiopia,  and  Lycaonia.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  flayed  alive  in  Armenia ;  but  the 
assertion  is  not  well  authenticated. 

Bartholomew,  the  Martyr,  an  eccle- 
siastic, a  native  of  Lisbon,  who  attended 
the  council  of  Trent,  and  was  strtnuously 
urgent  for  the  introduction  of  a  reform 
among  the  clergy.  He  was  made  archbi- 
shop of  Braga,  where  during  a  pestilence, 
he  behaved  with  all  the  kindness  of  a 
friend,  and  the  mild  benevolence  of  a 
good  Christian.  He  retired  in  his  old  age 
from  his  see  to  a  monastery,  and  died 
1590,  aged  76.  His  works  have  appeared 
in  two  vols,  folio. 

Bartlet,  John,  intimate  with  bishop 
Hall,  was  minister  of  St.  Thomas,  near 
Exeter,  from  which  he  was  ejected  for 
refusing  to  comply  with  the  act  of  confor- 
mity. He  died  in  a  good  old  age.  He 
was  author  of  some  divinity  tracts.  His 
brother  William  was  also  ejected  from 
Biddeford  rectory,  and  was  a  violent  inde- 
pendent. He  died,  1682,  author  of  a  model 
of  church  government. 

Bartlett,  Josiah,  governor  of  New- 
Hampshire,  was  a  native  of  Amesbury, 
Massachusetts,  and  born  in  November, 
1729.  He  had  not  the  advantages  of  a 
collegial  education,  but  rose  to  distinction 
and  usefulness  by  the  superiority  of  his 
endowments,  and  uncommon  application. 
He  studied  medicine,  and  established  him- 
self in  its  practice  in  early  life  at  Kingston, 
New-Hampshire.  He  for  a  long  time  held 
a  seat  in  the  legislature,  and  was  elected  a 
delegate  in  1774,  and  again  in  1776,  to 
the  continental  congress,  and  signed  the 
declaration  of  Independence.  He  subse- 
177 


BAK 


?;  u; 


qucntly  enjoyed  Hie  office  of  judge  for  a 
number  of  years.  In  1790,  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  state,  and  on  the  abroga- 
tion of  that  office,  by  a  change  of  the  con- 
stitution, was  elected  governor,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  station  till  171)4,  when  he 
resigned.     He  died  in  1795.  I     L. 

Bartoli,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara, 
who  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  published 
several  historical  works,  in  Italian.  His 
best  composition  was  a  history  of  his  so- 
ciety, in  6  vols,  folio,  and  translated  into 
Latin  by  Giannini ;  and  he  deserves  the 
praise  of  laborious  attention,  of  purity  and 
precision  in  style,  and  happiness  in  diction. 
He  died  at  Rome,  1685,  aged  77,  much 
respected. 

Bartoli,  Cosimo,  a  native  of  Florence, 
sent  to  Venice  as  the  resident  of  the  great 
duke  Cosmo.  He  continued  there  five 
years,  and  wrote  an  account  of  Frederic 
Barbarossa  in  Italian,  besides  other  works, 
in  the  16th  century., 

Bartolo,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  born  in 
the  march  of  Ancona.  He  took  his  degrees 
at  Bologna,  and  became  law  professor  at 
Pisa,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Perugia. 
He  was  honoured  with  the  title  of  counsel- 
lor by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  and  died, 
1359,  aged  46,  leaving  behind  him  ten  vols. 
in  fol.  on  law  subjects. 

Bartolocci,  Julius,  a-  Cistercian  monk 
of  Celano,  Naples,  Hebrew  professor  of 
the  Neophytes  at  Rome.  He  published  a 
bibliotheca  rabbinica,  4  vols.  fol.  to  which 
his  pupil,  Imbonati,  added  a  5th.  He  died 
1st  November,  1687,  aged  74. 

Bartolozzi,  Francesco,  an  engraver, 
was  born  in  1728  at  Florence,  where  his 
father  was  a  goldsmith,  and  intended  his 
son  for  the  same  profession,  till  obser- 
ving his  taste  for  the  arts,  he  placed 
him  under  Ignazio  Hugford,  a  historical 
[rainter.  Here  he  had  for  a  fellow-pupil 
Giovanni  Battista  Cipriani,  with  whom  he 
formed  a  friendship  whichlasted  through  life. 
After  successfully  applying  to  painting  three 
years,  Bartolozzi  was  articled  to  Joseph 
Wagner,  an  engraver,  at  Venice,  by  whom 
he  was  employed  in  executing  a  number  of 
prints  after  masters  of  an  inferior  order ; 
Lut  while  thus  engaged,  he  contrived  to 
engrave  many  after  his  own  drawings. 
When  his  term  expired,  he  married  a  young 
Venetian  lady  of  good  family,  on  which 
alteration  of  his  condition  he  removed  to 
Rome,  where  he  engraved  his  fine  prints 
from  the  life  of  St.  Nilus,  and  the  heads  of 
painters,  for  a  new  edition  of  Vasari.  After 
his  return  to  Venice  he  worked  for  the 
printsellers,  but  in  1764,  he  came  to 
England  with  Mr.  Dalton,  who'  allowed 
him  a  salary  of  three  hundred  pounds 
a  year.  On  the  close  of  that  engagement 
he  worked  for  himself,  and  the  printsellers, 
particularly  Mr.  Boydell.  In  1769  he  was 
17* 


chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  ■ 
The  new  mode  of  stippling  or  engraving 
in  the  red  chalk  manner,  now  becoming 
fashionable,  gave  Bartolozzi  ample  em- 
ployment, and  he  executed  in  that  way 
many  hundreds  of  prints.  The  finest  of 
all  his  works,  perhaps,  are  the  Marlborough 
Gems,  the  Musical  Benefit  Tickets,  and 
the  prints  for  Boydell's  Shakspeare. 
With  all  this  he  might  have  made  a  for- 
tune, but  the  contrary  was  the  case,  and  in 
1802  he  went  to  Lisbon  on  an  invitation 
from  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal,  who 
allowed  him  a  pension,  and  the  produce  of 
his  works.  He  died  there  in  March,  1815, 
leaving  a  son,  who  is  a  musician  in  Lon- 
don.—IF.  B. 

Barton,  Elizabeth,  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  age  of  Henry  VIII.  called  the  holy 
maid  of  Kent.  The  convulsive  fits  and 
distortions  to  which  she  was  subject,  were 
converted  to  purposes  of  deception,  by 
Masters,  the  minister  of  Aldington,  her 
native  place,  and  she  was  so  perfectly  in- 
structed in  her  art,  that  she  imposed  not 
only  upon  the  vulgar,  but  upon  the  more 
enlightened  mind  of  Sir  Thomas  More, 
bishop  Fisher,  and  archbishop  Warham. 
Her  external  conduct,  her  piety  and  devo- 
tion, countenanced  her  profession,  and  she 
was  believed  when  she  asserted  that  she 
saw  visions  of  angels,  and  that  in  her 
trances  the  virgin  Mary  appeared  to  her  to 
comfort  her.  Commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  examine  into  the  truth  of  these 
reports,  and  when  the  artifice  had  so  far 
succeeded,  the  impostor  began  to  prophesy, 
and  she  acknowledged  that  God  had 
revealed  to  her,  that  if  Henry  divorced 
queen  Catherine,  his  reign  would  not  ex- 
tend to  a  month's  duration.  The  popish 
priests,  encouraged  by  her  success,  fanned 
the  flame,  the  king's  character  was  black- 
ened, and  he  was  even  insulted  to  his  face 
by  some  of  his  preachers,  till  the  boldness 
of  the  imposture  roused  his  resentment. 
The  maid  and  her  accomplices  were  pro- 
duced before  the  star-chamber,  the  whole 
plot  was  revealed,  and  the  confession  of 
the  actors  was  publicly  read  to  the  asto- 
nished populace  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  and 
the  holy  maid  and  her  confederates,  Mas- 
ters, Bocking,  Deering,  &c.  were  condemn- 
ed and  executed  at  Tvburn,  April  20th, 
1534. 

Barton,  Benjamin  S.,  M.D.  professor  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  at 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  February  10th, 
1766.  His  mother  was  the  sister  of  Rit- 
tenhousc  the  philosopher.  The  death  of 
his  parents  occasioned  his  removal  in  1782 
to  the  family  of  a  brother  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  spent  several  years  in  the  study 
of  literature,  the  sciences,  and  medicine. 
In  1786,  he  went  to  Great  Britain,  and 
prosecuted   his  medical  studies  at  Edin- 


BAR 


BAS 


burgh  and  London.  He  afterwards  visited 
Gottingen,  and  there  obtained  the  degree 
of  Doctor  in  Medicine.  On  returning  to 
Philadelphia,  in  1789,  he  established  himself 
as  a  physician  in  that  city,  and  his  superior 
talents  and  education  soon  procured  him 
extensive  employment.  He  was  that  year 
appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and 
botany  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia,  and 
continued  in  the  office  on  the  incorpora- 
tion of  the  College  with  the  University  in 
1791.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
Materia  Medica  on  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Griffiths,  and  on  the  death  of  Doctor 
Rush,  succeeded  him  in  the  department  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  Medicine.  He 
died  Dec.  19th,  1815.  Dr.  Barton  was 
highly  distinguished  by  his  talents  and 
professional  attainments,  and  contributed 
much  by  his  lectures  and  writings  to  the 
progress  of  natural  science  in  the  United 
States.  His  chief  publications  were 
"  Elements  of  Zoology  and  Botany." 
In  1805,  he  commenced  the  publication  of 
the  "  Medical  and  Physical  Journal,"  to 
which  he  contributed  many  valuable  ar- 
ticles. IEF  L. 

Baruch,  the  prophet,  author  of  a  book 
not  received  as  canonical  among  either 
Christians  or  Jews,  was  the  friend  and 
associate  of  Jeremiah,  whom  he  accom- 
panied into  Egypt.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Babylon  with  the  Israelites  in  their  cap- 
tivity. 

Barwick,  John,  a  nativeof  Witherslack, 
in  Westmoreland,  educated  at  Sedberg 
school,  where  he  acted  with  credit  the 
part  of  Hercules  in  one  of  Seneca's  trage- 
dies. At  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  he  gained 
so  much  reputation  that,  when  only  twenty 
years  of  age,  he  pleaded  before  the 
privy  council,  in  the  controverted  elec- 
tion of  a  master.  His  zeal  in  the  royal 
cause  was  particularly  great.  He  wrote 
against  the  covenant,  procured  the  plate  of 
the  university  for  the  king's  service,  and 
managed  with  address  and  secrecy  his 
correspondence  when  at  Carisbrook-castle 
and  in  other  places.  His  attachment  was 
transferred  to  Charles  II.  but  he  was  at  last 
betrayed  by  one  Bostock  of  the  post  office, 
and  he  underwent  all  the  severity  of  impri- 
sonment, rendered  still  more  terrible  by 
the  ravages  of  disease,  and  the  cruelty  of 
his  persecutors.  When  restored  to  liberty, 
his  loyalty  continued  unabated,  and  to  his 
great  sagacity  and  retentive  memory,  Cla- 
rendon, it  is  said,  owes  many  of  the  mate- 
rials of  his  history.  On  the  restoration  of 
Charles,  Barwick  refused  the  bishopric  of 
Sodor  and  Man,  and  that  of  Carlisle,  sa- 
tisfied with  the  deanery  of  Durham,  which 
he  afterwards  exchanged  for  that  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  died  of  a  pleurisy,  22d  of  Oc- 
tober, 1664,  aged  52. 

Barwick,  Peter,  brother  of  the  dean. 


was  eminent  as  a  physician  for  his  skill  in 
the  smallpox,  and  in  several  kinds  of 
fevers.  He  published  in  Latin  a  life  of  his 
brother,  and  supported  Harvey's  doctrine 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  defend- 
ed the  Eikon  Basilike  against  Dr.  Walker. 
He  died  Aug.  1705. 

Barzerini,  a  Mahometan  writer. — 
Another  called  Hagi,  who  wrote  in  Turkish 
verse  "  the  five  columns  or  grounds  of 
Mussulmanism." 

Bas,  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence. 
His  landscapes  and  sea  pieces,  particu- 
larly, were  well  executed.  He  died  since 
1765. 

Baschi,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Urbino, 
who  became  founder  of  a  new  order  of 
Franciscan  Capuchins  which  was  approved 
by  a  bull  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  He  died  at 
Venice,  1552. 

Basedow,  John  Bernard,  a  native  of 
Hamburgh,  son  of  a  barber.  He  was  thf 
pupil  of  Reimarus,  and  afterwards  studied 
at  Leipsic,  and  in  consequence  of  his  cha- 
racter and  abilities,  he  obtained,  in  1753, 
the  chair  of  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
and  belles  lettres  at  Soroe  in  Denmark, 
which,  however,  he  afterwards  lost  for 
speaking  irreverently  of  religion.  He  next 
tried  a  plan  of  education  in  a  new  method, 
but  though  he  obtained  large  sums  of  money 
to  carry  his  schemes  into  execution,  the 
measures  failed  upon  trial.  He  was  author 
of  various  works  of  no  great  merit,  though 
possessed  of  plausible  assertions.  He 
died,  1790,  aged  67,  a  victim,  it  is  said,  to 
intemperance. 

Bashuysen,  Henry  James  Van,  a  na- 
tive of  Hanau,  and  there  professor  of  eccle- 
siastical history,  and  of  the  oriental  langua- 
ges. He  was  afterwards  called  to  the 
divinity  chair  of  Berlin,  and  made  member 
of  the  royal  society  there.  He  printed  in 
his  own  house  various  learned  works, 
chiefly  on  rabbinical  subjects,  and  died 
1758,  aged  79. 

Basil,  St.  bishop  of  Caesarea  after  Euse- 
bius,  370,  was  exposed  to  the  persecution  of 
Valens,  because  he  refused  to  embrace  Ari- 
anism.     He  died  379,  aged  53. 

Basil,  an  Arian,  made  bishop  of  Ancyra 
by  Eusebius,  on  the  deposition  of  Marcellus. 
His  appointment  was  vacated  by  the  coun^ 
eil  of  Constantinople. 

Basil  I.  a  native  of  Adrianople,  of  an  ob- 
scure family.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  when  a  soldier,  and  he  esca- 
ped to  Constantinople,  with  only  his  wallet 
on  his  back  and  his  stick  in  his  hand. 
Here  he  was  noticed  by  the  emperor  Mi- 
chael, and  raised  gradually  to  consequence, 
and  at  last  taken  as  partner  of  the  empire. 
Basil  discovered  that  Michael,  jealous  of 
his  popularity,  intended  his  destruction,  and 
he  anticipated  the  blow,  and  became  sole 
emperor  in  867.  He  reiened  till  S86,  when 
17A 


BAS 


BAS 


lie  was  killed  by  a  stag  in  hunting.  He  de- 
feated the  Saracens  at  Caesarea,  and  he  was 
distinguished  for  his  prudence  and  his  love 
of  justice,  though  some  marks  of  weakness 
and  ambition  appear  in  his  character. 

Basil  II.  son  of  Romanus,  and  emperor 
of  Constantinople  after  John  Zimisces,  died 
1025,  aged  70,  after  a  reign  of  50  years. 
He  was  valiant  and  fond  of  justice.  His 
inhumanity,  however,  is  remarkable,  after 
he  had  in  1014  defeated  the  Bulgarians,  kill- 
ed 5000,  and  taken  15,000,  he  permitted 
only  one  in  every  100  to  retain  his  eye- 
sight, that  he  might  conduct  his  99  eyeless 
companions  to  their  terrified  monarch,  who 
it  is  said  survived  only  two  days  the  horrid 
spectacle. 

Basil,  an  impostor,  who  disturbed  the 
peace  of  Constantinople  in  934,  by  pretend- 
ing to  be  Constantine  Ducas,  who  had  been 
dead  for  some  years.  Romanus,  however, 
the  reigning  emperor,  resisted  with  success 
the  artifices  and  the  designs  of  his  rival, 
who,  after  being  punished  in  vain  with  the 
loss  of  his  hand,  was  at  last  seized  and 
burned  alive  at  Constantinople. 

Basil,  a  physician,  who  became  the  head 
of  a  sect  called  the  Bogomiles  in  Bulgaria, 
and  recommended  a  community  of  goods, 
and  even  of  wives.  He  was  at  last  con- 
demned for  his  heresy,  by  a  synod  at  Con- 
stantinople. He  pretended  that  God  had 
another  son  called  Sathanael,  who  revolted 
against  his  father,  and  was  hurled  from  hea- 
ven with  the  angels  which  espoused  his 
cause,  and  that  he  was  afterwards  shut  up 
in  hell  by  Christ,  who  had  been  sent  to  de- 
stroy him. 

Basilides,  a  secretary  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  second  century,  who  enjoined  to  his 
followers   a  strict  silence  of  five  years. 

Basilic  es,  brother  of  Verina  wife  of  Leo 
I.  emperor  of  the  east,  was  unsuccessful  in 
an  expedition  against  Genseric,  and  lost  the 
greatest  part  of  his  fleet  He  afterwards 
seized  the  empire  under  Zeno  Isauricus, 
and  governed  with  cruelty.  Two  years  af- 
ter, 477,  he  was  attacked  by  the  deposed 
emperor,  his  army  was  defeated,  and  he 
was  doomed  to  the  horrors  of  a  prison, 
where  he  expired  the  following  year.  Du- 
ring his  short  reign  a  part  of  Constantinople 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  the  valuable  li- 
brary of  upwards  of  120,000  volumes  was 
totally  destroyed. 

Basilowitz,  Iwan,  a  bold  hero,  who 
rose  against  the  tyranny  of  the  Tartars,  and 
in  giving  freedom  to  his  countrymen  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  Russian  power,  and 
first  assumed  the  name  of  Czar,  and  added 
Astrachan  to  his  dominions.  He"  reigned 
50  years,  and  died  1584.  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  Foedor. 

Basine,  wife  of  Basin  king  of  Thuringia, 
fled  from  her  husband  to  France  to  espouse 
Childeric  I.  "  Had  I  known  a  more  valiant 
180 


hero  than  yourself,"  said  she  to  this  new 
lover,  "  I  would  have  flown  over  the  seas 
to  his  arms."  She  became  mother  of  the 
great  Clovis. 

Basingstoke  or  Basinge,  John,  was 
born  at  Basingstoke,  and  studied  at  Oxford 
and  Paris.  He  visited  Athens,  and  brought 
back  several  Greek  MSS.  He  was  intimate 
with  Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  made 
him  archdeacon  of  Leicester.  His  works 
are  sermons,  Latin  translations  from  Greek 
books,  &c.  He  is  supposed  to  have  first 
introduced  the  use  of  Greek  numeral 
figures  into  England.  He  died,  according 
to  Leland,  1252. 

Basire,  Isaac,  D.D.  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  was  arch- 
deacon of  Northumberland,  and  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  During  the  rebellion  he  retired 
to  Oxford,  and  in  1646  travelled  towards 
the  Levant  with  the  intention  of  recom- 
mending the  doctrines  of  the  church  of 
England  to  the  Greeks.  After  preaching 
in  Greek  to  the  bishops  and  clergy  of  the 
Morea,  he  extended  his  travels  to  Aleppo 
and  Jerusalem,  where  he  visited  the  temple 
of  the  sepulchre,  and  returned  through  Me- 
sopotamia and  Constantinople  to  Transyl- 
vania, where  George  Ragotzi  II.  the  prince 
of  the  country,  raised  him  to  a  divinity  pro- 
fessor's chair.  On  the  return  of  Charles 
II.  he  came  back  to  England,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  a  prebend  of  Durham,  and  died 
October,  1676.  His  works  were  diatriba 
de  antip.  Eccles.  Brit,  libertate — a  letter 
to  Sir  Richard  Brown,  relating  to  his  tra- 
vels, &c. — the  history  of  the  English  and 
Scotch  presbytery,  &c. 

Baskerville,  John,  a  native  of  Wolver- 
ly,  Worcestershire,  distinguished  as  a  print- 
er. As  he  was  brought  up  to  no  occupa- 
tion, and  in  possession  of  an  estate  of  only 
60/.  per  annum,  he  became  a  writing  mas- 
ter at  Birmingham,  and  afterwards  turned 
his  attention  to  the  lucrative  trade  of  a 
japanner,  and  five  years  after,  in  1750,  he 
commenced  printer.  He  spent  much  mo- 
ney in  the  improvement  of  this  favourite 
pursuit,  and  it  was  not  before  1756  that  he 
published  his  first  work,  a  beautiful  4to. 
edition  of  Virgil.  Other  books  equal  in 
beauty  and  execution  issued  from  his  press, 
till  in  1765  he  solicited  his  friend  Dr.  Frank- 
lin to  procure  him  at  Paris  purchasers  for 
his  types.  The  expenses  of  the  war,  of 
1756,  prevented  his  meeting  there  the  en- 
couragement which  he  hoped,  but  after  his 
death,  the  types,  much  to  the  disgrace  of 
the  booksellers  of  London,  as  well  as  the 
British  nation,  were  doomed  to  add  celebri- 
ty to  the  labours  of  the  literati  of  France,  a 
society  of  which  purchased  them  in  1779 
for  3700/.  and  soon  after  expended  not  less 
than  100,000/.  in  printing  the  works  of 
Voltaire.  Baskerville,  in  his  private  cha^ 
racter,  rvas  indolent,   peevish,  and  resent 


BAS 

ful,  and  he  was  so  far  an  infidel  that  he 
raised  himself  a  mausoleum  in  his  ground 
that  his  body  might  not  rest  among  Chris- 
tians, whose  religion  he  disregarded.  He 
died  1775,  aged  69,  leaving  no  issue. 

Baskerville,  Sir  Simon,  knight,  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  family  of  Basker- 
ville  in  Herefordshire,  was  born  at  Exeter, 
and  studied  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  fellow.  In  1606 
he  was  senior  proctor  of  the  university, 
and  he  adorned  his  public  character  by  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  learning 
of  ancient  and  modern  times.  He  par- 
ticularly devoted  himself  to  medicine,  and 
as  a  physician  in  London,  he  not  only  ob- 
tained distinction,  and  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  but  he  amassed  so  large  a  for- 
tune, that  he  was  called  Baskerville  the 
rich.  It  is  said  that  he  had  no  less  than 
100  patients  a  week,  and  the  hospitality  of 
his  life,  and  his  liberal  and  affable  manner, 
deserved  the  success  which  he  obtained. 
He  died  fifth  July,  1641,  aged  63,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

Basnage,  James,  a  native  of  Rouen,  in 
Normandy,  son  of  Henry.  He  studied  at 
Saumur  under  Tanaquil  Faber,  and  when 
he  had  made  a  rapid  progress  in  the  ancient 
as  well  as  the  modern  languages,  he  went 
at  the  age  of  17  to  Geneva,  where  he  pre- 
pared himself  under  the  ablest  masters  for 
the  ministry.  He  settled  in  his  native 
town,  but  the  disgrace  of  the  protestants  in 
1685  drove  him  to  Rotterdam,  where  he 
continued  as  pastor  till  the  interest  of  the 
pensionary,  Heinsius,  obtained  for  him,  in 
1709,  a  share  in  the  ministry  of  the  Walloon 
church  at  the  Hague.  Basnage  distinguished 
himself,  not  only  as  a  divine,  but  as  a  states- 
man, so  that  Voltaire  said  with  truth,  that  he 
was  more  fit  to  be  a  minister  of  state  than  of 
a  parish.  His  abilities  were  courted  by  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  France,  who  di- 
rected his  ambassador  du  Bois  to  follow  his 
advice  in  the  negotiation  for  an  alliance  be- 
tween Holland,  France,  and  England  ;  and 
the  exiled  protestant,  as  a  reward  for  his 
political  services,  obtained  the  restitution 
of  all  his  forfeited  property.  As  a  scholar 
Basnage  was  of  a  superior  order,  in  private 
life  he  was  affable,  candid,  and  sincere, 
and  he  had  the  happiness  of  cultivating 
friendship  with  the  greatest  men  in  Europe, 
his  epistolary  correspondence  with  whom 
does  honour  to  his  head  and  heart.  He 
fell  a  victim  to  a  complication  of  disorders, 
22d  December,  1723,  in  his  70th  year.  His 
works  are  numerous,  and  his  history  of  the 
Jews  since  the  time  of  Christ,  15  vols. 
12mo.  1716,  is  particularly  valuable. 

Basnage,  Henry,  brother  to  James,  was 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Rouen,  but 
he  fled  to  Holland  upon  the  proscription  of 
the  protestants,  and  died  there,  March  29, 
1 710,  in  his  54th  year.  Among  other  works. 


BAS 

he  revised  the   dictionaire  of  Fureticre,  3 
vols.  fol. 

Basnage,  Benjamin,  a  protestant,  who 
succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of  Caren- 
tan,  was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on 
the  church.  He  assisted  at  the  national 
synod  of  Charenton,  and  also  came  to 
Scotland  under  James  VI.  as  deputy  from 
the  French  churches.  He  died  1652,  in 
his  72d  year. 

Basnage,  Anthony,  eldest  son  of  Ben- 
jamin, was  minister  of  Bayeux,  and  after 
being  imprisoned  at  Havre  de  Grace  for  his 
religion,  he  fled  to  Holland  on  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  where  he  died 
1691,  aged  81. 

Basnage  du  Fraquenay,  Henry,  young- 
er son  of  Benjamin,  distinguished  himself 
as  an  advocate  at  Rouen.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  learning,  as  well  as  eloquence,  as 
his  treatises  show.  He  published  the  Cou- 
tume  de  Normandie, — a  treatise  on  mort- 
gages, &c.  and  died  20th  October,  1695, 
aged  80. 

Basnet,  Edward,  a  native  of  Denbigh- 
shire, made  in  1 537  dean  of  St.  Patrick  in 
Ireland.  During  O'Neal's  rebellion  in  1539 
he  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  govern- 
ment, and  marched  at  the  head  of  the. 
troops  in  a  military  character  under  the 
lord  lieutenant,  and  for  his  services  was 
made  a  privy  counsellor,  and  received  a 
grant  of  the  lands  of  Kilternan,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Dublin.  He  died  in  the 
sixth  Edward's  reign. 

Bass,  Edward,  D.D.  first  episcopal 
bishop  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Dor- 
chester in  1726,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1744.  Having  received  ordina- 
tion from  the  hand  of  Dr.  Sherlock,  bishop 
of  London  in  1752,  he  settled  at  Newbury  - 
port.  He  was  elected  bishop  by  the  epis- 
copal convention  in  Massachusetts,  in 
1796,  and  consecrated  the  following  year. 
Not  long  after  the  churches  of  that  denomi- 
nation in  New-Hampshire  and  Rhode- 
Island  conferred  on  him  the  same  office. 
He  was  a  critical  scholar,  and  an  able  di- 
vine, an  accomplished  gentleman,  and  an 
exemplary  Christian.  He  died  in  Septem- 
ber, 1803.  (LT   L. 

Bassan,  James  du  Pont,  a  painter,  born 
at  Bassan  in  Italy.  As  he  chiefly  lived  in 
the  country,  and  possessed  a  mind  well 
stored  with  literature,  his  pieces  are  gene- 
rally on  subjects  of  landscapes,  animals, 
and  night  scenes,  and  with  so  much  success 
that  Annibal  Carrachi  was  himself  deceiv- 
ed by  a  book  which  he  had  drawn  on  a 
wall,  and  which  he  attempted  to  seize,  as 
if  real.  In  his  flowers  he  interwove  ser- 
pents with  great  dexterity,  though  little 
taste.  His  valuable  pieces  were  dispersed 
through  Europe,  and  among  others  Titian 
purchased  several  of  them.  Bassan  died 
181 


BAS 


BAS 


at  Venice  1592,  aged  80,  leaving  four  sons, 
all  painters.  Of  these  Francis  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Venetian  republic,  with  Paul 
Veronese  and  Tintoret,  to  adorn  the  pa- 
lace of  St.  Mark.  He  was  of  a  melancholy 
turn,  and  once  thought  himself  pursued  by 
archers,  so  that  in  a  lit  of  self-created  ter- 
ror he  threw  himself  out  of  a  window  and 
died  soon  after,  169 4,  aged  44. — Leander, 
another  brother,  obtained  as  a  reward  for 
his  pieces,  the  collar  of  St.  Mark,  from  the 
doge  of  Venice,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the 
emperor  Rodolphus  II. — John  Baptiste  and 
Jerome  were  eminent  as  imitators  of  the 
style  and  manner  of  their  father. 

Bassandtne,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
educated  at  Antwerp.  He  learned  the  art 
of  printing  at  Paris  and  Leyden,  an  I  re- 
turned home  in  1558.  He  joined  himself 
to  the  reformers,  and  printed  several  valu- 
able books.     He  died,  1591. 

Bassani,  James  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of 
Vicenza,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher, 
and  consequently  distinguished  by  pope 
Benedict  XIV.  He  died  21st  May,  1747, 
aged  61.  His  sermons  were  published  at 
Bologna  and  Venice,  1752,  and  1753. 

Bassani,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Ita- 
lian composer,  master  to  Corelli,  in  the 
17th  century.  His  compositions  are  de- 
scribed by  Burney  and  Hawkins  as  chaste, 
and  pathetic. 

Bassantin,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who 
after  studying  astronomy  and  the  mathe- 
matics at  Glasgow,  travelled  in  quest  of 
learning,  through  the  Netherlands,  Swit- 
zerland, Italy,  and  Germany,  and  at  last 
settled  at  Paris,  where  he  acquired  both  re- 
putation and  money,  as  a  mathematical 
teacher.  He  returned  in  1562  to  his  na- 
tive country,  and  became  early  acquainted 
with  Sir  Robert  Melvil,  a  strong  partisan 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  he  afterwards 
supported  the  pretensions  and  ambitious 
views  of  the  earl  of  Murray.  Bassantin 
died,  1568.  In  his  religion  he  was  a  zeal- 
ous protcstant,  as  a  man  of  learning  he  was 
strongly  tinctured  with  the  failings  and  the 
superstition  of  the  time.  He  placed  great 
confidence  in  astrology,  and  with  more 
zeal  than  good  sense  asserted  the  influence 
of  the  planets  on  the  affairs  of  the  world. 
His  works  are  all  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects, and  though  not  free  from  pedantry, 
and  improbable  conclusions,  they  yet 
bear  strong  testimony  to  his  merit  as  a 
philosopher. 

Basselin,  Oliver,  a  fuller  of  Vire  in 
Normandy,  in  the  1 5th  century,  known  for 
his  songs  and  ballads,  called  Vaudevilles  by 
corruption,  for  Vaux  de  Vire,  the  place 
where  he  lived. 

Basset,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry 
V.  accompanied  that  prince  in  all  his  expe- 
ditions, of  which  he  has  ariven  an  interest- 
|82 


ing  account  in  one  volume.  The  work  has 
never  been  printed,  but  is  preserved  in  the 
herald's  office.  The  historian  says  that 
Henry  died  of  a  pleurisy,  others,  however, 
attribute  his  death  to  a  different  disorder. 

Bassi,  Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati, 
honoured  in  1732  with  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  philosophy,  for  her  high  mental  ac- 
complishments, which  she  displayed  in  her 
lectures  on  experimental  philosophy.  Her 
private  life  was  also  deserving  of  the  high- 
est encomiums,  and  exhibited  her  as  the 
possessor  of  every  amiable  virtue.  She 
died,  20th  February,  1778. 

Bassith  Khaiath,  a  Mahometan,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  prayer. 

Bassompierre,  Francois  de,  a  marechal 
of  France,  of  a  family  of  distinction  in  Lor- 
raine, was  confined  in  the  Bastile  by  Ri- 
chelieu, who  dreaded  the  power  of  his 
satire.  He  remained  in  this  confinement 
ten  years  till  the  death  of  his  persecutor, 
and  employed  his  time  in  writing  his  me- 
moirs, published,  3  vols,  in  1665,  Cologne, 
which  are  interesting,  though  occasionally 
trivial.  On  his  release  he  received  the 
offer  of  500,000  livres  from  the  dutchess 
of  Aiguillon,  niece  of  Richelieu,  which  he 
politely  refused,  adding,  "  Madam,  your 
uncle  has  done  me  too  great  an  injury,  to 
allow  me  to  receive  so  much  good  from 
you." — He  was  employed  in  embassies  by 
Lewis  XIII.  and  he  possessed  all  the  re- 
quisites of  a  courtier,  with  great  presence 
of  mind,  affability,  wit,  and  uncommon 
generosity.  He  spoke  the  languages  of 
Europe  with  great  fluency.  He  was  much 
addicted  to  play  and  women,  so  that  it  is 
said  that  on  the  morning  in  which  he  was 
arrested,  he  burned  not  less  than  6000  let- 
ters which  he  had  received  from  ladies  of 
gallantry.  He  was  found  dead  in  his  bed, 
12th  October,  1646,  in  his  67th  year.  The 
account  of  his  embassies  appeared  in  two 
vols.  12mo.  1668. 

Bassville,  Nicholas  John  Hugon  de,  a 
Frenchman,  sent  as  envoy  to  Rome  to  re- 
claim some  of  his  countrymen,  who  had 
been  imprisoned  there.  During  a  tumult, 
caused  either  by  the  dissatisfaction  of  the 
Italians,  or  the  intrigues  of  the  republicans, 
he  was  stabbed  with  a  razor,  13th  January, 
1793,  and  died  34  hours  after.  This  vio- 
lence offered  to  his  person  was  made  a  pre- 
tence for  severe  measures  against  the 
pope.  Bassville  wTote  elements  of  my- 
thology, 8vo. — memoirs  of  the  French  re- 
volution, &c. 

Bassuel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Paris,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  surgeon  and  a  lecturer. 
His  dissertations  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
academies  of  surgery  and  of  the  sciences 
are  valuable  compositions.  He  died  1757, 
aged  51. 

Basta,  George,  a  native  of  Rocca,  near 
Tarentum,  distinguished  as  a  warrior,  and 


BAT 


BAT 


engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Par- 
ma, and  afterwards  of  the  emperor,  in 
Hungary  and  Transylvania.  He  died, 
1607,  author  of  two  treatises  in  Italian,  on 
military  discipline. 

Bastard,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Blanford 
in  Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  New  college,  Oxford,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  for  a  libel.  He  ob- 
tained preferment  by  means  of  the  earl  of 
Suffolk,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  poet,  not  less 
than  as  a  preacher.  He  was  three  times 
married.  His  faculties  were  disordered  in 
the  close  of  his  life,  and  he  died  in  an  ob- 
scure situation  near  Dorchester,  April  19th, 
1618.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
chiefly  eminent  for  his  witty  and  facetious 
conversation.  He  published  epigrams,  ser- 
mons, &c. 

Baston,  Robert,  a  Carmelite  monk, 
born  near  Nottingham,  poet  laureate,  and 
public  orator  at  Oxford.  He  attended  Ed- 
ward II.  in  his  expedition  against  Scotland, 
but  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  instead  of 
celebrating  the  victories  of  his  master,  he 
was  compelled  by  torture  to  sing  the  suc- 
cesses of  the  Scottish  monarch.  He 
wrote  several  works  in  a  style  barbarous, 
but  not  totally  contemptible,  for  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  He  died  1310,  and  was 
buried  at  Nottingham. 

Bastwick,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Writtle 
in  Essex,  born  1593,  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  which  he  left  without  degree. 
He  travelled  nine  years  through  Europe, 
and  became  doctor  of  physic  at  Padua. 
His  publication  called  flagellum  pontificis, 
&c.  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the 
bishops,  though  he  declared  he  did  not 
wish  to  reflect  upon  them  or  their  office, 
and  he  was  fined  1000Z.  excommunicated, 
"&c.  and  imprisoned,  till  he  made  a  recanta- 
tion of  his  assertions.  In  his  confinement, 
which  lasted  two  years,  he  wrote  several 
things,  and  in  his  new  litany  inveighed 
against  the  severity  of  his  treatment,  which 
called  down  the  vengeance  of  his  enemies. 
He  was  therefore  fined  5000/.  sentenced  to 
be  pilloried,  to  lose  his  ears,  and  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  life.  He  was  consequently 
immured  in  St.  Mary's  cast'e,  in  the  Scilly 
islands,  till  the  civil  wars  put  an  end  to  his 
sufferings.  In  1640,  the  house  of  com- 
mons voted  the  proceedings  against  him, 
and  against  Prynne  and  Burton,  illegal  ; 
he  was  recalled  to  London,  amid  the  accla- 
mations of  thousands,  and  he  was  repaid 
the  fine  from  the  forfeited  estates  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  other 
eommissioners  who  had  so  severely  treated 
him.  He  was  living  in  1648,  but  the  year 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Bate,  John,  D.D.  prior  of  the  Carmel- 
ites at  York,  was  born  in  Northumberland, 
nnd  studied  at  Oxford  at  the  expense  of 


some  powerful  patrons.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  knowledge  of  philosophy, 
divinity,  and  Greek.  He  published  seve- 
ral things,  chiefly  critical  and  theological, 
and  died  26th  January,  1429. 

Bate,  George,  a  physician,  born  at 
Maids-morton,  near  Buckingham.  He 
studied  at  New  college,  Queen's,  and  St. 
Edmund's  hall,  Oxford,  and  practised  as  a 
physician  in  the  university.  He  possessed 
such  insinuation,  united  with  great  talents, 
that  he  was  physician  to  Charles  I.  while 
at  Oxford,  afterwards  to  Oliver  Cromwell, 
and  to  the  royal  family  after  the  restora- 
tion. His  recommendation  to  the  favour 
of  Charles  II.  originated,  it  is  said,  in  the 
report  that  he  had  given  the  usurper  a 
strong  dose,  which  hastened  his  death.  He 
wrote,  among  other  pieces,  a  Latin  account 
of  the  civil  wars,  and  died  1669,  and  was 
buried  at  Kingston-on-Thames. 

Bate,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutchinson, 
by  whom  he  was  recommended  to  Charles, 
duke  of  Somerset,  and  to  the  living  of  Sutton 
in  Sussex.  He  attended  Hutchinson  in 
his  last  illness,  and  thus  he  was  enabled  to 
contradict  the  report  which  had  been 
spread,  that  his  friend  on  his  death-bed  had 
recanted  to  Dr.  Mead  the  publication  of 
his  writings.  Dr.  Mead,  it  is  to  be  obser- 
ved, had,  much  to  his  surprise,  been  dis- 
missed from  his  attendance  on  Hutchinson. 
Bate  was  author  of  some  valuable  pieces 
on  criticism  and  divinity,  and  in  defence  of 
his  friend's  system.  He  died  7th  April, 
1771. 

Batecttmbe,  William,  a  mathematician, 
who  flourished  1420.  He  studied  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  taught  mathematics,  and  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  writings  on 
philosophy,  &c.  the  chief  of  which  are,  de 
spherae  concavse  fabrica  et  usu — de  sphsrA 
solida — conclusione  sophis — de  operatione 
astrolab.  &c. 

Bateman,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
was  founder  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge. 
He  was  well  versed  in  civil  and  canon 
laws,  and  died,  1354,  at  Avignon,  where 
he  was  ambassador  at  the  pope's  court. 

Bates,  William,  a  nonconformist  divine, 
educated  at  Emanuel  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  and 
at  the  restoration  was  created  D.D.  by 
royal  mandate.  He  was  -haplain  to  Charles 
II.  and  minister  of  St.  Dustan's  in  the  west, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  by  the  act  of 
uniformity.  He  was  at  the  conference  of 
the  Savoy  for  reviewing  the  public  liturgy, 
and  he  also  was,  with  Jacomb  and  Baxter, 
engaged  in  the  dispute  against  Pearson, 
bishop  of  Chester  Gunning  of  Ely,  and 
Sparrow  of  Norwich.  His  character  was 
so  respectable  that,  though  a  noncon- 
formist, he  might  have  obtained  the  deane- 
ry of  Coventry,  or  even  been  raised,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Calamv,  to  any  bishopric  in 
183 


BAT 


BAT 


the  kingdom.  His  great  intimacy  with 
Tillotson,  lord  chancellor  Finch,  lord  Not- 
tingham, and  lord  keeper  Bridgman,  is  a 
further  proof  of  his  merit  and  respectabi- 
lity. He  published  the  lives  of  some  emi- 
nent men  in  Latin,  in  4to.  16S1.  His 
works  were  published  in  a  folio  volume 
after  his  death.  He  resided  at  Hackney 
the  last  part  of  his  life,  where  he  died, 
1699,  aged  73. 

Bathalmjusi,  a  Mahomedan  writer  of 
eminence,  of  the  family  of  AH,  who  died  in 
the  year  of  the  hegira  421.  He  wrote  a 
book  of  genealogies,  a  treatise  on  the  quali- 
ties of  a  good  writer,  &c. 

Bathe,  Henry  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, appointed  1233,  under  Henry  III.  to 
the  office  of  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  afterwards  of  justice  itinerant.  Though 
for  a  while  under  disgrace,  1251,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  slanderous  accusation,  he 
was  restored  to  royal  favour,  and  advanced 
to  the  place  of  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.     He  died  1261. 

Bathe,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector 
of  an  Irish  school  at  Salamanca,  where  he 
'lied  1614.  He  is  author  of  introduction 
to  the  art  of  music,  1584,  4to.  London. — 
Janua  linguarum,  1611, — besides  some 
pieces  on  divinity. 

Bathurst,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  physi- 
cian, and  divine  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
of  wh.cli  he  was  elected  president  1664.  In 
the  younger  part  of  life  he  left  divinity  for 
physic,  but  after  the  restoration  he  took  or- 
ders, and  became  dean  of  Wells,  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  university.  He  refused, 
in  1691,  the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  from  his 
great  regard  for  the  society  over  which  he 
presided,  and  whose  chapel  he  rebuilt  in  a 
very  neat  and  elegant  style.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  as  appears  from  his  po- 
ems and  other  pieces.  He  died  1704,  in 
his  84th  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel 
of  his  college.  His  life  has  been  written 
by  Thomas  Warton. 

Bathurst,  Allen,  descended  from  the 
Bathursts  of  Northamptonshire,  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  under  his 
uncle,  the  president,  and  afterwards  was 
elected  in  two  parliaments  for  Cirencester. 
He  opposed  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  12  lords  introduced  in 
one  day,  1711,  to  the  upper  house,  to  form 
a  majority.  He  continued  firm  to  his  po- 
litical friends,  even  in  their  disgrace.  He 
boldly  opposed  the  attainder  of  lord  Bo- 
lingbroke,  and  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  in 
171S,  he  began  to  show  himself  as  a  speak- 
er among  the  peers,  the  most  formidable 
opponent  of  the  measures  of  the  court,  and 
of  Walpole  in  particular.  In  1704,  he  mar- 
ried Catherine,  daughter  of  Sir  Peter  Aps- 
ley,  of  Sussex,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons 
and  five  daughters.  His  only  surviving  son 
was  for  some  years  chancellor  of  England, 
1«* 


and  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  Lord  \\,-- 
ley.  Lord  Bathurst  was  employed  about 
the  person  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales, 
and  of  his  son,  George  III.  at  whose  acces- 
sion he  resigned  his  offices  for  a  pension  of 
1200Z.  In  his  private  character,  lord  Ba- 
thurst was  a  man  of  great  generosity,  affa- 
ble in  manners,  and  humane  in  sentiment  ; 
and  his  long  and  familiar  acquaintance 
with  Pope,  Swift,  and  Addison,  prove  him 
to  have  possessed  wit,  taste,  and  erudition. 
He  was  attached  to  rural  amusements,  and 
fond  of  conviviality.  He  drank  regularly 
his  bottle  after  dinner,  and  laughed  at  the 
temperate  regimen  of  Dr.  Cadogan,  which 
50  years  before  Dr.  Cheyne  had  recom- 
mended to  him,  assuring  him  that  he  should 
not  live  seven  years  more  if  he  did  not  ab- 
stain from  wine.  He  was  made  an  earl  in 
1772,  and  died  at  his  seat  near  Cirences- 
ter, 16th  Sept.  1775,  aged  91. 

Batoni,  Pompeo,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  merit  was  so 
universally  acknowledged,  that  the  great- 
est personages  were  proud  of  his  society, 
and  the  emperor  Joseph  added  to  the  ho- 
nours already  bestowed  upon  him,  the  title 
of  nobility.  His  best  piece  is  Simon  the 
magician  contending  with  St.  Peter,  which 
is  preserved  at  Rome  in  the  great  church, 
dedicated  to  the  apostle.  Batoni  died 
1787,  aged  79. 

Batsch,  Augustus  John  George  Charles, 
a  botanist,  was  born  at  Jena,  in  1761.  He 
became  professor  of  philosophy  in  the  uni- 
versity of  his  native  place,  where  he  found- 
ed a  society  for  the  study  of  natural  histo- 
ry, of  which  he  was  president.  He  died 
in  1802.  His  works  are — 1.  ElenchusFun- 
gorum,  8vo.  2.  An  Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  and  History  of T"  jgetables,  Bi  o. 
3.  Essays  on  Botany  and  vegetable  Phy- 
siology, 8vo.  4.  Botany,  or  Ladies  and 
Amateurs,  8vo.  5.  Introductory  Essay  to 
the  knowledge  of  Animals  and  Minerals, 
Svo.— W.  B. 

Battaglini,  Mark,  bishop  of  Nocera 
and  Cesena,  died  1717,  aged  71.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  councils,  fol.  1 686,  and  annates 
du  sacerdoce  de  1'empire  du  17  siecle,  4 
vols.  fol.  1701  to  1711. 

Battelt,  Dr.  John,  horn  at  Bury,  Suf- 
folk, was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  chaplain  to  the  primate  San- 
croft,  who  gave  him  the  living  of  Adisham, 
and  the  archdeaconry  of  the  diocess.  He 
wrote  Antiquitates  Rutupinae  et  St.  Ed- 
mundburgi,  and  died  10th  October,  1708, 
aged  61. 

Batteux,  Charles,  a  French  philoso- 
pher, philosophical  professor  in  the  Royal 
college,  member  of  the  French  academy, 
&c.  eminent  for  his  erudition,  as  well  as 
for  his  private  virtues,  and  the  humanity 
which  was  directed  to  the  maintenance  of 
a  numerous  and  impoverished  family.    Hi« 


BAT 


BAU 


ttofks  are  Various,  and  al!  chiefly  ou  clas- 
sical literature,  in  which  he  displays  fre- 
quently more  method  and  more  labour,  than 
eloquence  or  purity,  not  without  a  mixture 
°C  metaphysical  ideas.  It  is  said  that  his 
death  was  accelerated  by  grief,  in  obser- 
ving that  the  elementary  book  which  he 
wrote  for  the  military  school  of  Paris,  did 
not  succeed  so  well  as  he  wished.  He  died 
at  Paris,  1 4th  July,  1780,  aged  67.  Among 
other  works  he  published  the  four  poetics 
of  Aristotle,  Horace,  Vida,  and  Boileau, 
with  notes,  two  vols.  8vo.  1771. 

Battie,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  born 
in  Devonshire,  and  educated  at  Eton,  and 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  where  his  mo- 
ther attended  him,  to  supply  him  with  the 
necessaries  which  his  youth  or  inexperi- 
ence might  want.  He  obtained  a  Craven 
scholarship,  but  his  views  to  study  the  law 
were  checked  by  his  poverty,  and  he  turned 
his  thoughts  to  physic,  when  he  found  that 
his  pecuniary  distresses  could  not  be  re- 
lieved by  repeated  applications  to  two  opu- 
lent cousins,  of  the  name  of  Coleman.  He 
practised  at  Uxbridge  and  London,  and 
became  physician  to  St.  Luke's,  and  in 
1738,  after  a  long  courtship,  he  married 
the  daughter  of  Barnham  Goode,  under- 
master  of  Eton  school,  a.  man  whom,  for  a 
satirical  poem,  Pope  has  immortalized  in 
his  Dunciad.  Though  the  Colemans  had 
a  political  dislike  to  Goode,  they  behaved 
with  kindness  to  his  daughter,  and  the  sur- 
viver  of  them  left  30,0O0J.  to  her  husband. 
Dr.  Battie  was  lampooned  for  the  active 
part  which  he  took  with  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians against  Dr.  Schomberg,  in  1750,  in 
the  Battiad,  a  poem  said  to  be  written  by 
Schomberg,  Moses  Mendez,  and  Paul 
Whitehead.  Dr.  Battie's  publications  were 
all  on  medical  subjects,  and  all  respecta- 
ble. His  observations  on  madness  recom- 
mended him  to  public  notice,  and  he  was, 
with  Dr.  Monro,  examined  at  the  bar  of 
the  house  of  commons,  with  respect  to  the 
private  mad-houses  in  the  kingdom,  and 
the  highest  testimonies  of  his  abilities  are 
recorded  in  the  journals  of  the  day.  Dr. 
Battie  died  of  a  paralytic  stroke,  13th 
June,  1776,  aged  75,  leaving  three  daugh- 
ters. He  published  an  edition  of  Iso- 
crates,  two  vols.  8vo. 

Battishill,  Jonathan,  an  English  mu- 
sician, was  born  in  London,  in  1738.  At 
the  age  of  nine  years,  he  was  placed  in  the 
choir  of  St.  Paul's,  and  was  soon  qualified 
to  sing  at  sight.  He  was  afterwards  arti- 
cled to  Mr.  Savage,  the  master  of  the  mu- 
sical school ;  and,  on  the  expiration  of  his 
term,  became  a  composer  for  Sadler's 
Wells,  and  a  musical  performer  in  the  or- 
chestra of  Covent  Garden.  He  was  also 
chosen  organist  of  St.  Clement,  Eastcheap, 
and  Christ  Church,  Newgate-street.  In 
1770,  he  obtained  the  medal  given  by  the 

Vol.  I.  24 


noblemen's  catch-club,  for  his  glee  of  "Un- 
derneath this  myrtle  shade."  About  this 
time  also  he  published  some  excellent  an- 
thems ;  and  set  to  music  a  selection  of 
hymns,  written  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Wes- 
ley. Mr.  Battishill  died  in  1801,  and  was 
buried  in  the  vaults  of  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral.—^. B. 

Bauab,  a  Mahomedan,  who  rendered 
the  Arabic  alphabet  more  perfect,  after 
Ben  Molak.  He  died  in  the  year  413  of 
the  hegira. 

Baudelot  de  Dairval,  Charles  Caesar, 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  and  elegant  treatise,  call- 
ed "  de  l'utilite  des  voyages,"  1727,  in  two 
vols.  12mo.  He  died  of  the  dropsy,  1722, 
aged  74. 

Baudet,  Stephen,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  of  Blois,  who  was  successfully 
employed  on  Poussin's  pieces.  His  chief 
work  is  Adam  and  Eve,  from  Dominino. 
He  died  1671,  aged  73. 

Baudier,  Michael,  a  native  of  Languc- 
doc,  historiographer  of  France  under  Lew- 
is XIII.  He  wrote  the  history  of  the  Ma- 
hometan religion,  8vo.  1636 — the  life  of 
cardinal  Amboise,  1651,  8vo. — of  marechal 
de  Toiras,  1644 — of  Ximenes,  Suger,  &c. — 
and  though  his  style  is  heavy  and  inele- 
gant, yet  his  works  are  curious  and  inte- 
resting, and  valuable  for  their  authenticity 
and  the  variety  of  his  matter. 

Baudin,  Peter  Charles  Lewis,  a  native 
of  Sedan,  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
and  to  the  convention.  Here  he  conducted 
himself  with  moderation,  though  not  al- 
ways with  firmness.  It  was  he  who  nobly 
exclaimed,  on  the  laws  made  with  respect 
to  emigrants,  "if  among  the  millions  of 
the  guilty,  ten  innocent  persons  can  be 
found,  the  law  which  strikes  them  is  un- 
just." He  died  December,  1799.  He  wrote 
anecdotes  on  the  constitution,  1794,  8vo. 
on  the  liberty  of  the  press,  1795,  8vo. 

Baudius,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
who  studied  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Leyden, 
and  Geneva.  He  visited  England  in  the 
suite  of  the  ambassador  of  the  states  of 
Holland,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  afterwards  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  staid  10  years,  and  by 
means  of  Achilles  de  Harlai  he  was  admit- 
ted advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 
He  next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  was 
raised  to  the  professorial  chair  of  elo- 
quence, and  with  Meursius  named  histori- 
ographer to  the  states  of  Holland  in  1611. 
He  was  a  man  of  genius,  as  well  as  eru- 
dition, and  in  his  Latin  poems,  some  of 
which  he  dedicated  to  the  king  of  England 
and  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  he  displayed 
taste  and  elegance  of  composition.  He 
was  a  zealous  advocate  for  a  truce  between 
Spain  and  Holland,  and  the  two  discourses 
which  he  published  on  the  subject  were  ?r» 
IS5 


BAU 


CAL" 


much  misrepresented  to  prince  Maurice, 
1  hat  he  was  accused  of  being  bribed  by  the 
French  ambassador,  and  with  difficulty  he 
escaped  the  vengeance  of  his  enemies.  He 
died  at  Leyden,  22d  August,  1613,  aged 
52.  He  was  so  addicted  to  wine  and  to 
sensual  pleasures,  that  his  character  was 
exposed  to  the  severest  ridicule,  especially 
from  the  pen  of  Scioppius.  His  letters, 
poems,  &c.  were  published  1607. 

Baudoin,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  learned  dissertation  on  the 
shoes  of  the  ancients,  published  1615. 
From  this  circumstance  some  have  imagi- 
ned that  he  was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker. 

Baudoiu.  Joseph  du,  a  native  of  Vannes, 
educated  among  the  Jesuits.  He  is  author 
of  various  discourses,  &e.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1749,  aged  39. 

Baudot  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  a  native 
of  Vendome,  son  of  a  collector  of  excise. 
He  is  author  of  several  historical  pieces, 
written  with  method  and  ingenuity,  though 
too  much  in  the  spirit  of  romance.  His 
history  of  the  conquest  of  England,  by 
William  of  Normandy,  l2mo.  of  Philip  Au- 
gustus, two  vols.  l2mo.  and  Charles  VII. 
two  vols.  l2mo.  arc  his  best  pieces.  He 
wrote  besides  the  history  of  Catherine  of 
France,  queen  of  England — Germaine  de 
Foix — the  secret  history  of  the  constable 
of  Bourbon — Spain  invaded  by  the  Moors, 
four  vols.  &c.     He  died  1759,  aged  81. 

Baudouin,  emperor  of  Constantinople. 
Vid.  Baldwin. 

Baudouin,  John,  a  native  of  Pradelle, 
in  the  Vivarais.  He  was  in  the  service  of 
queen  Margaret  of  France,  and  of  marechal 
De  Marillac,  but  he  was  neglected.  He 
published  translations  of  Sallust,  Tacitus, 
Lucian,  Suetonius,  &c.  but  as  he  wrote 
more  for  bread  than  fame,  his  language  was 
occasionally  inelegant,  and  oftener  inaccu- 
rate.    He  died  at  Paris,  1650,  aged  66. 

Baudrand,  Mich.  Anton,  an  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Paris.  He  visited  Rome,  Ger- 
many, and  England,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  "  Dictionaire  Geographique." 
two  vols.  fol.  printed  first  in  Latin,  and 
afterwards  in  French.  The  work  i3  not 
without  its  errors,  which  have  not  been  cor- 
rected in  subsequent  editions.  He  died, 
1700,  in  his  67th  year. 

Baudricourt,  Jean  de,  a  marechal  of 
France,  who  signalized  himself  with  Charles 
VIII.  in  the  conquest  of  Naples,  1495.  His 
father  Robert  was  the  person  who  intro- 
duced the  famous  maid  of  Orleans  on  the 
public  stage. 

Bauhinus,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens, 
who  retired,  on  account  of  his  religion,  to 
Basil,  where  he  practised  with  great  repu- 
tation, and  died,  1582,  aged  71. 

Bauhinus,  John,  eldest  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, distinguished  himself  as  a  physician 
and  medical  writer  at  Basil  and  Lyons. 
I?fi 


He  was  physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtem- 
burg,  and  died  at  Montbeillard,  1613,  aged 
73.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is  His- 
toria  plantarum  universalis,  three  vols.  fol. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  medicinal  waters 
of  Europe. 

Bauhinus,  Caspar,  was  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  professed  botany 
at  Basil,  where  he  died,  1624,  aged  65. 
He  is  styled  in  his  epitaph  the  phoenix  of 
his  age  for  anatomy  and  botany,  but  Riolan 
accuses  him  of  ignorance  and  presumption. 
He  wrote  Institutiones  anatomicae — thea- 
trum  botanicum — pinax  theatri  botanici — a 
treatise  on  hermaphrodites,  &c. — His  son, 
John  Gaspar,  was  equally  eminent,  and  he 
published  his  father's  theatrum  botanicum, 
and  died,  1685,  aged  79. 

Bauldri,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rouen,  pro- 
fessor of  sacred  history,  at  Utrecht,  and 
son-in-law  of  Henry  Basnage.  Besides 
some  chronological  tables  and  historical 
treatises,  he  published  Lactantius's  de  morte 
persecut.  with  learned  notes.  He  died, 
1706,  aged  67. 

Baulot  or  Beaulieu,  James,  a  lithoto- 
mist,  born  of  obscure  parents  in  a  hamlet 
in  Franche-comte.  He  served  in  a  regi- 
ment of  cavalry,  till  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  an  empirical  surgeon  called  Pau- 
louni,  who  pretended  to  cut  for  the  stone. 
After  five  or  six  years  of  instruction,  he 
began  to  practise  for  himself,  and  he  tra- 
velled in  a  monastic  habit  over  different 
parts  of  France,  and  to  Geneva  and  Am- 
sterdam, with  the  boldness  of  an  enthusi- 
ast. He  used  to  neglect  his  patients  after 
the  operation,  adding,  "  I  have  extracted 
the  stone,  God  will  cure  the  wound."  His 
success  was  great,  so  that  at  Amsterdam 
the  magistrates,  in  gratitude  for  his  servi- 
ces, had  his  portrait  engraved,  and  a  me- 
dal struck.  His  method  was  adopted  from 
Holland  by  Cheselden  with  such  unusual 
success  that  it  was  called  the  English  ope- 
ration, though  certainly  the  invention  be- 
longed to  the  French.  After  visiting 
Rome  and  Vienna,  Baulot  retired  to  a  scat 
near  Besancon,  where  he  died,  1720,  aged 
69.  The  history  of  this  great  man,  who 
so  honourably  devoted  his  life  to  the  ser- 
vice of  humanity,  was  written  by  Vacher, 
1757,  12mo. 

Baume,  James  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of 
Carpentras,  and  canon  of  St  Agricola's 
church,  Avignon,  author  of  a  poem  called 
the  Christiade,  in  6  vols.  12mo.  a  work 
uninteresting,  and  written  in  a  pompous 
and  affecled  style.  He  wrote  besides  a 
pamphlet  called  eloge  de  la  paix,  and  other 
small  pieces.  He  also  wrote  for  more  than 
ten  years  for  the  Courier  de  l'Europe.  He 
died  at  Paris  1757,  aged  52. 

Baume,  Nicholas  Auguste  de  la,  amarc- 
chal  of  France,  who  served  in  Germany 
and   against    the   Camisards    with    great 


BAU 


BA\ 


credit.  He  died  at  Paris,  1716,  aged  70, 
leaving  no  children,  though  twice  married. 
There  were  of  this  family  many  members 
who  distinguished  themselves  by  their 
abilities  as  statesmen  and  ecclesiastics. 

Baume,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris, 
who  died  1725,  aged  76.  He  is  author  of 
some  Latin  poetry,  orations,  &c. 

Baumer,  John  William,  a  native  of  Rhe- 
weiler,  who  studied  at  Jena  and  Halle,  and 
left  the  pursuit  of  divinity  for  medicine,  of 
which  he  was  made  professor  at  Erfurt. 
He  wrote  the  natural  history  of  the  mine- 
ral kingdom,  2  vols. — the  natural  history 
of  precious  stones,  and  other  works,  and 
died  1788,  aged  69. 

Baumgarten,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  a  na- 
tive of  Berlin,  who  studied  at  Halle, 
where  he  was  made  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  afterwards  at  Frankfort  on  Oder. 
He  wrote  metaphysica,  8vo. — Ethiea  philo- 
sophica,  8vo. — asthetica,  initia  philosoph. 
practice,  prima;,  &c. — and  died  1776,  aged 
48. — His  brother,  Sigismund,  was  a  Lu- 
theran minister,  divinity  professor  at  Halle, 
and  died  1757. 

Baur,  John  William,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Strasburg,  commonly  called  Wir- 
lembaur.  He  excelled  in  pictures  of  pro- 
cessions, public  places,  and  markets,  but 
though  his  works  possessed  animation,  his 
figures  are  little  and  mean.  He  died  at 
Vienna,  1640,  aged  30. 

Baur,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  native  of 
Hessian  Hanau,  who  served  in  the  Hessian 
troops  in  the  pay  of  Britain,  1755.  In  1757, 
he  was  made  a  general,  and  was  ennobled 
by  Frederic  II.  of  Prussia,  and  in  1769,  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Russians, 
and  was  appointed  by  Catherine,  inspector 
of  the  salt-works  of  Novogorod.  His 
abilities  as  an  engineer  and  mechanic  were 
also  employed  in  supplying  Moscow  with 
water,  and  in  making  deeper  the  canal  of 
Petersburg,  and  in  constructing  a  capacious 
harbour  at  its  extremity.  He  died  1783, 
author  of  memoires  historiques  and  geo- 
graphiques  sur  la  Valachia,  8vo. — of  a 
chart  of  Moldavia,  to  illustrate  the  war 
between  the  Turks  and  Russians,  in  seven 
sheets. 

Bausch,  the  surname  of  Abu  Giafar, 
who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  seven  different 
modes  of  reading  the  Koran.  He  died  the 
year  546  of  the  hegira.  Bausch  signifies  a 
watermelon  or  grapes. 

Baussiri,  a  Mahomcdan,  author  of  a 
poem  in  praise  of  Mahomet,  who  had  cured 
him,  as  he  said,  of  the  palsy  in  a  dream. 
Every  line  of  this  poem  ends  with  an  M, 
the  initial  of  the  prophet's  name,  and  so 
highly  is  the  performance  valued  that  many 
of  the  Mahomedans  learn  it  by  heart,  on 
account  of  its  excellent  maxims. 

Bautru,  William,  a  Frenchman  famous 
for  his  wit,  which  he  displayed  with  great 


freedom  and  efficacy  at  the  court,  ami 
among  the  ministers.  After  seeing  the 
escurial,  in  Spain,  attended  by  an  ignorant 
librarian,  he  told  the  king  that  it  would  be 
advantageous  for  him  to  make  his  librarian 
his  treasurer,  because,  said  he  to  the  mo- 
narch who  inquired  why,  he  never  touches 
what  he  is  intrusted  with.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1665,  aged  77. 

Bauves,  James  de,  a  learned  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, intimate  with  Despeisses,  with  whom 
he  wrote  a  treatise  on  successions. 

Bauvin,  John  Gregory,  a  native  of  Ar- 
ras, who  studied  the  law,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  belles  lettres.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  called  Arminius,  which  he 
afterwards  amended  under  the  name  of 
the  Cherusci.  He  wrote  other  pieces,  and 
died  1776,  aged  62.  He  laboured  all  his 
life  under  pecuniary  difficulties. 

Baux,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  re- 
ceived in  1214,  from  the  emperor  Frederic 
I.  the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienna. 
He  was  murdered  by  the  people  of  Avignon 
1218,  and  his  body  cut  to  pieces,  and  it 
was  their  cruelty  which  caused  the  siege  of 
Avignon  by  Lewis  VIII.,  in  1226. 

Bawdween,  William,  a  divine  of  the 
church  of  England,  who  died  in  1816.  He 
was  for  several  years  curate  of  Frickley, 
and  vicar  of  Hooton  Pagnell,  in  Yorkshire. 
Mr.  Bawdween  was  a  sound  scholar,  and 
devoted  to  antiquarian  studies,  of  which  he 
gave  a  proof,  in  undertaking  an  entire 
translation  of  the  Domesday  Book,  which 
he  proposed  to  print  in  ten  quarto  volumes  ; 
but  published  only  two,  containing  York- 
shire, and  parts  of  Lancashire,  West- 
moreland, and  Cumberland ;  also  Derby, 
Nottingham,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln ;  the 
counties  of  Hertford,  Middlesex,  Buck- 
ingham, Oxford,  and  Gloucester.  Mr. 
Bawdween  contributed  a  translation  of  that 
part  of  Domesday,  which  relates  to  Dor- 
setshire, for  the  new  edition  of  Hutchins's 
history  of  that  county. —  W.  B. 

Baxter,  Richard,  a  nonconformist,  born 
at  Rowton,  Shropshire,  12th  November, 
1615.  He  compensated  for  the  deficiencie  j 
of  a  neglected  education  by  unusual  appli- 
cation, and  was  appointed  master  of  Dud- 
ley free-school  by  the  interest  of  Mr. 
Richard  Foley  of  Stourbridge,  and  soon 
after  admitted  into  orders  by  the  bishop  of 
Winchester.  His  scruples  were  raised  by 
the  oath  which  was  proposed  by  the  con- 
vention at  that  time  sitting,  and  he  was 
among  the  number  of  those  who  showed 
their  dislike  to  an  unqualified  submission 
"  to  archbishops,  bishops,  et  camera,"  as 
they  knew  not  what  the  ct  cetera  compre- 
hended. In  1610,  he  was  invited  to  be 
minister  at  Kidderminster,  but  the  civil  war 
which  broke  out  soon  after,  exposed  him 
to  persecution,  as  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
1*7 


BAX 


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the  parliament.  He  retired  to  Coventry, 
and  continued  his  ministerial  labours  till 
the  success  of  the  republicans  recalled  him 
to  his  favourite  flock  at  Kidderminster. 
The  usurpation  of  Cromwell  gave  him  great 
offence,  and  he  even  presumed  to  argue  in 
private  with  the  tyrant  on  the  nature  and 
illegality  of  his  power,  but  in  the  only  ser- 
mon which  he  preached  before  him  he 
wisely  confined  his  subject  to  the  dissen- 
sions which  existed  in  the  kingdom  on  re- 
ligious matters.  He  was  in  London  after 
Cromwell's  death,  and  preached  before  the 
parliament  the  day  before  the  king's  return 
■was  voted,  and  likewise  before  the  lord 
mayor  for  Monk's  successes.  Charles  II. 
made  him  one  of  his  chaplains,  and  chan- 
cellor Clarendon  offered  him  the  bishopric 
of  Hereford  which  he  refused,  alleging  in  a 
letter  his  reasons  of  conscience,  and  he 
only  requested  permission  to  continue  his 
ministry  at  Kidderminster,  which  was  not 
complied  with.  His  opposition  to  the 
church  government  was  now  so  open  that 
he  felt  the  persecution  of  the  court,  and 
he  was  continually  watched,  and  did  not 
even  escape  confinement.  In  1672,  hoping 
to  find  less  acrimony  among  his  enemies  he 
same  to  London,  where  he  built  a  meeting- 
house in  Oxendon-street,  but  his  preaching 
was  forbidden  here  as  well  as  in  Swallow- 
street,  where  he  wished  again  to  collect  a 
eongregation.  In  1682,  he  was  seized  and 
fined  195/.  for  preaching  five  sermons 
within  five  miles  of  a  corporation,  and  he 
would  have  been  imprisoned  had  not  his 
physician  Dr.  Thomas  Cox  pleaded  the  in- 
firmity of  his  health.  His  paraphrase  on 
the  New  Testament,  drew  upon  him,  in 
1685,  the  vengeance  of  Jeffries,  and  he 
was  condemned  to  be  imprisoned  for  two 
years,  from  which  punishment,  six  months 
after,  he  was  discharged  by  the  interference 
of  lord  Powis  with  king  James.  He  died, 
December  8th,  1691.  He  was  interred  in 
Christ  Church.  His  compositions  were 
very  numerous,  not  less  than  80  according 
to  Mr.  Long  of  Exeter,  or  according  to 
Dr.  Calamy  120,  or  145  says  the  Biogra- 
phia  Britannica.  Burnet  speaks  of  him  as 
a  man  of  great  piety,  whose  learning  would 
have  commanded  universal  esteem  if  not 
directed  to  politics.  He  was  moving  and 
pathetic,  but  he  possessed  too  much  of  the 
subtle  and  metaphysical. 

Baxter,  William,  nephew  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Lanlugany,  Shropshire. 
His  early  education  was  much  neglected, 
so  that  when  he  entered  at  Harrow  school, 
at  the  age  of  IS,  he  knew  not  one  letter, 
and  understood  nothing  but  Welch.  -  Appli- 
cation, however,  surmounted  all  difficulties. 
As  a  grammarian,  a  critic,  and  an  antiqua- 
rian, he  equalled  his  contemporaries,  as  his 
editions  of  Horace,  published  1710,  Ana- 
^reon  1695,  his  translations  of  some  of 
l^S 


Plutarch's  live,  his  glossary  ef  Roman 
antiquities,  1/26,  and  his  dictionary  of 
British  antiquities,  i7l9,  sufficiently  evince. 
The  best  part  of  his  life  was  employed  in 
imparting  instruction.  From  a  private 
school  at  Tottenham  high  cross,  he  was 
elected  master  of  the  Mercers'  school, 
London,  which  laborious  and  honourable 
office  he  abiy  filled  and  conducted  for  more 
than  20  years.  He  resigned  a  little  before 
his  death,  which  happened  31st  May,  1723, 
in  his  73d  year.  Some  of  his  letters,  &c. 
are  preserved  in  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions, Mo.  306,  and  311. 

Baxter,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Old  Aber- 
deen, who  was  engaged  as  tutor  by  the  iirst 
families  of  Scotland.  As  he  travelled  with 
his  pupils,  he  resided  some  time  at  Ltrecht, 
and  visited  different  places  in  France,  tier- 
many,  and  Flanders.  He  married  a  cler- 
gyman's daughter  at  Berwick,  by  whom  he 
had  three  daughters  and  one  son,  Alexan- 
der, whose  communications  to  the  Biogra- 
phia  Britannica  represent  his  father  as  a 
man  of  great  learning,  tried  integrity,  ean- 
dour,  and  humanity.  He  was  intimate 
with  Wilkes,  to  whom  he  dedicated  one  of 
his  works.  Of  his  compositions  the  most 
valuable  is  his  inquiry  into  the  nature  of 
the  human  soul,  &.c.  of  which  the  third 
edition  was  published  in  1741.  He  died 
of  a  complication  of  diseases,  but  particu- 
larly the  gout,  23d  April,  1750,  aged  63. 
He  wrote  besides  Matho  five  Cosmotheoria 
puerilis,  dialogues,  &c.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, 2  vols.  8vo. 

Bayard,  Pierre  du  Terrail,  chevalier  de, 
a  soldier  of  fortune,  born  at  Dauphinc. 
He  followed  Charles  VIII.  to  the  conquest 
of  Naples,  and  he  every  where  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  heroic  valour,  and  ob- 
tained the  love  of  the  army.  His  gene- 
rosity and  his  humanity  have  been  deserv- 
edly celebrated.  He  gave  back  to  the 
daughter  of  his  hostess  at  Brescia,  the  2000 
pistoles  which  he  had  received  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  house,  and  he  triumphed 
over  his  passion,  in  refusing  to  offer  violence 
to  a  most  beautiful  woman,  whom  fear  and 
poverty  had  submitted  to  his  power.  He 
was  with  Francis  I.  at  the  battle  of  Marig- 
nan,  and  when  mortally  wounded,  against 
the  imperialists  in  1524,  he  seated  himself 
under  a  tree,  exclaiming,  that  in  his  life  he 
had  always  faced  the  enemy,  and  that  in 
his  death  he  would  not  turn  his  back  upon 
them.  He  was  in  his  48th  year,  32  of 
which  had  been  devoted  to  the  service  of 
his  king  and  country.  His  remains  were 
honoured  with  the  most  magnificent  obse- 
quies by  the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  he  was 
lamented  not  only  by  his  own  men,  but  by 
the  enemy.  Not  less  than  four  persons 
have  written  an  account  of  his  life. 

Batard,  James  A.,  a  member   of  the 
United  States  senate,  from  Delaware,  was 


BAY 


BAY 


a  -native   of  that  state,  and  educated  at 
Princeton  college,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1784.     He  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  con- 
gress towards  the  close  of  the  administra- 
tion of  Mr.  Adams,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  ably  supporting  the  leading  measures 
of  the  party  then  in  power,  and  opposing 
the  changes  which  took  place  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Mr.  Jeti'erson.     On  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Welles  in   1804,   Mr.  Bayard  was 
chosen  to  succeed  him  in  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  and  re-elected  again  in  1805. 
In  1801,  he  was  offered  the  place  of  minis- 
ter  to  the  court  of  France,  but  declined 
accepting  it.     In   1813,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  ministers  to  conclude   a  treaty 
of  p^ace  with  Great  Britain,  and  assisted 
in  the  negotiation  at  Ghent  the  following 
year.     He  then  received  the  appointment 
of  minister  to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg, 
but  the  loss  of  his  health  obliged   him  to 
return   to  the    United  States,    where  he 
arrived  in  June,  1815,  and  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, on  the  6th  of  July  following.     UJ     L. 
Bayer,  Theophilus  Sigfred,  a  German, 
who  devoted  himself,  with  great  industry 
to  ancient  and  modern  languages.     After 
visiting  Dantzic,  Berlin,  Halle,  Leipsic,  and 
other  towns  of  Germany,  he  settled  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  as  librarian,  and  nine  years  after, 
1726,  he  went  to  Petersburgh,  where  he 
became  professor  of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquities.    He  died  there  in  1789,  aged  44. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  valuable  disserta- 
tions.    His  Musajum  Sinicum,  in  2  vols. 
8vo.  is  highly  esteemed.     His  grandfather, 
John  Bayer,  of  Augsberg,  was  a  mathema- 
tician of  great  eminence,  and  chiefly  known 
for  his  description  of  the  stars,  in  a  book 
published    1603,    called   Uranometria,    in 
which  he  assigns  the  names  of  the  Greek 
letters  to  the  stars  of  each  constellation. 
His  Uranometria  was  republished  by  him- 
self in  1627,  with  great  improvements,  and 
the  new  title  of  Ccelum  Stellatum  Christi- 
anum. 

Bayeux,  N.  an  advocate  of  Caen,  re- 
warded with  the  poetical  prize  of  the  aca- 
demy cf  Rouen,  for  his  ode  on  filial  piety. 
He  also  translated  the  Fasti  of  Ovid,  1783, 
and  1789,  4  vols.  8vo.  with  valuable  notes, 
and  wrote  reflections  on  the  reign  of  Tra- 
jan, 1787,  in  4to.  He  was  accused  of  a 
criminal  correspondence  with  Montmorin 
and  de  Lessart,  and  consequently  im- 
prisoned. The  massacres  of  September  in 
1792,  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

Bayle,  Peter,  born  lSth  Nov.  1647,  at 
Caria,  a  small  town  of  Foix,  was  educated 
by  his  father,  who  was  a  protestant  minis- 
ter, and  gave  early  strong  proofs  of  supe- 
rior genius.  His  scruples  were  raised  by 
the  controversial  books  which  he  perused, 
and  by  the  conversation  of  a  popish  priest 
who  lodged  with  him,  when  he  attended 
the  Jesuit's  college  at  Toulouse,  and  with 


all  the  precipitation  of  immature  judgment, 
he  embraced  the  catholic  religion,   which 
18  months  after  he  renounced  as  supersti- 
tious and  unsupported  by  revelation.     He 
now  was  employed  as  tutor  in  three  pri- 
vate families  ;  but  this  sphere  of  action  was 
too  circumscribed  for  his  rising  fame,  and 
he  retired  therefore  to  Paris,  and  soon  af- 
ter was  raised  to  the  chair  of  a  philosophi- 
cal professor  at  Sedan,  by  the  united  suf- 
frages of  the  senate  of  the  university,  who 
thus  rewarded  his  merit,  in  preference  to 
three  competitors  of  great  influence,  and  of 
acknowledged  talents.     In  this  new  situ- 
ation,  he   maintained  the  high   character 
which  he  had  acquired,  but  the  cause  of 
the  protestants  was  not  favoured   at   the 
court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and,  among  other  es- 
tablishments, the  college  of  Sedan  was  sup- 
pressed by  a  royal  edict,   1681.      Bayle, 
thus  abandoned  to  himself  for  some  time, 
doubted  whether  he  should  take  refuge  in 
England  or  Holland  ;  but  an   honourable 
invitation   from   Rotterdam    drew  him  to 
that  city,  where  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  and  history,  with  an  an- 
nual salary  of  500  guilders.     In  this  peace- 
ful retreat,  he  began  to  publish  some  of  his 
works,  which,  with  the  admiration  of  the 
learned,  brought  upon  him  the  resentment 
and  envy  of  rivals  and  enemies,   and  the 
censure   of   Christina,  queen  of  Sweden. 
This  famous  princess,  who  prided  herself 
on  her  discernment  and  mental  acquire- 
ments, and  who  professed  herself  a  catho- 
lic, more  from  conviction  than  prejudice  or 
education,  had  been  alluded  to  by  Bayle  in 
one  of  his  journals,  as  the  author  of  a  let- 
ter on  the  persecution  of  the  protestants, 
and  therefore  a  correspondence  was  opened 
with   him,   and  he  was  persuaded  by  the 
queen,  in  a  letter  full  of  conceited  terms  of 
high  superiority,  but  not  without  great  ci- 
vility, to  apologize  for  his  expressions,  and 
to  acknowledge   her  as  the  patroness    of 
learning,   and  the  friend   of  merit.      His 
most  inveterate  enemies  were  Jurieu  and 
Renaudot ;  and  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that 
men  of  science  cannot  engage  in  contro- 
versy without  bitterness  of  reflection  and 
acrimony  of  language.     He  was  afflicted  in 
his  latter  years  with  a  decay  of  the  lungs ; 
but  as  he  considered  it  as  an  hereditary- 
complaint,   he   disregarded   the   advice    of 
medical  men.     He  died   28th   December, 
1706,  after  writing  the  best  part  of  the  day. 
The  works  of  Bayle  are  "  thoughts  on  the 
comet  of  1680,"  4  vols.  12mo.  in  which  he 
introduces,  with  much  good  sense,  profane 
and  religious  conclusions — "  nouvelles  de 
la  republique  des  lettres,"  a  very  popular 
periodical  work,  published  from   1684  to 
1687 — "a  philosophical  commentary  on  the 
words  of  our  Saviour,    'compel  them   to 
come  in,'"  2  vols.    12mo. — "answers   to 
the  questions  of  a  provincial,"  5  vols.  12mo. 
189 


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BAY 


— "letters,"  in  5  vols.,  and  a  "dictionary, 
historical  and  critical,"  4  vols,  folio. — Of 
these  works,  which  all  possess  great  merit, 
and  display  strength  of  mind,  deep  research, 
and  vast  erudition,  the  dictionary  is  the 
most  celebrated.  In  this,  however,  as  well 
as  in  others  of  his  publications,  Bayle  gave 
the  reins  to  the  licentiousness  of  his  ideas. 
He  is  to  be  censured,  not  only  for  indeli- 
cate expressions  frequently  introduced,  with 
the  eagerness  of  a  depraved  and  prurient 
imagination,  but  for  impious  and  profane 
sentiments  ;  and  so  far  did  his  active  ad- 
versary, Jurieu,  prevail  against  him,  in  his 
accusation  before  the  consistory  of  Rotter- 
dam, that  his  judges  yielded  to  the  truth  of 
the  representation,  and  called  upon  the  au- 
thor to  correct  his  expressions,  and  show 
more  caution  in  his  principles  in  his  second 
edition,  from  which,  consequently,  some 
offensive  passages  were  properly  expunged. 
Among  the  homage  paid  to  the  abilities  of 
Bayle,  should  be  mentioned,  not  only  the 
opinion  of  Voltaire,  who  considers  the  dic- 
tionary as  a  book  where  a  man  may  learn 
to  think,  but  the  decree  of  the  parliament 
of  Toulouse.  'When  his  relations  wished 
to  cancel  the  will  that  he  had  made  in  Hol- 
land, as  not  valid  in  France,  Senaux,  one 
of  his  judges,  with  the  indignation  of  a  man 
of  sense  and  humanity,  exclaimed,  that  the 
learned  were  citizens  of  all  countries,  and 
that  he  ought  not  to  be  branded  with  the 
name  of  a  foreigner,  in  whose  birth  and 
writings  France  had  so  much  reason  to 
glory.  In  his  private  character,  Bayle  was 
liberal,  open,  and  disinterested,  he  was 
fond  of  independence,  and  maintained  his 
principles  under  persecution  and  in  distress. 
His  life  was  a  series  of  literary  occupation, 
and  it  is  not  to  be  wondeied  that  his  wri- 
tings are  so  numerous,  since,  to  a  happy 
judgment,  and  a  copious  fluency  of  words, 
he  added  the  powers  of  a  very  retentive 
memory.  His  various  compositions,  be- 
sides the  dictionary,  have  been  published 
in  4  vols,  folio.  Des  Maiseaux  has  written 
hi.  life. 

Batle,  Francis,  a  professor  of  medicine 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died,  1709,  aged  87. 
He  was  a  man  of  merit,  and  wrote  some 
medical  treatises. 

Batley,  Anselm,  an  English  divine,  who 
became  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and 
Westminster  abbey,  and  subdean  of  the 
chapel  royal.  He  was  educated  at  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1764.  He  died  1794.  He 
was  author  of  some  useful  publications,  the 
antiquity,  confidence,  and  certainty  of 
Christianity,  canvassed,  on  Dr.  Middleton's 
examination  of  the  bishop  of  London's  dis- 
courses on  prophecy — practical  treatises  on 
singing  and  playing  with  just  expression, 
&c. — a  plain  and  complete  grammar  of  the 
English  language — a  grammar  of  the  He- 
190 


brew,  with  and  without  points — the  Old 
Testament,  Hebrew  and  English,  with  re- 
marks critical  and  grammatical,  4  vols.  8vo. 
— the  commandments  of  God,  in  nature, 
institution,  and  religious  statutes  in  the 
Jewish  and  Christian  churches — two  ser- 
mons, 8vo. — alliance  between  music  and 
poetry,  8vo.  Sac. 

Bayly,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Caermarthen, 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of 
Bangor  in  1616.  He  is  author  of  a  book 
called  "  the  practice  of  piety,"  which  be- 
came so  popular,  that  in  1734  it  had  reached 
the  59th  edition.  The  bishop  died  1634, 
leaving  four  sons. 

Bayly,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  made'jub- 
dean  of  Wells  by  Charles  I.  He  was  with 
Charles  at  Oxford,  and  defended  with  lord 
Worcester  Ragland  castle  ;  after  which,  he 
retired  to  the  continent,  where  he  became 
a  zealous  papist,  and  published  some  re- 
ligious and  controversial  tracts.  After  being 
settled  at  Douay  for  some  time,  he  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  died  in  great  poverty  in  an 
obscure  hospital,  according  to  Dr.  Trevor, 
fellow  of  Merton,  who  saw  the  place  where 
he  was  buried. 

Bayly,  Nathan,  was  author  of  an  English 
dictionary,  and  of  some  other  grammatical 
works. 

Baynard,  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward  B. 
a  physician  of  eminence,  was  born  at  Pres- 
ton, Lancashire,  1672.  As  she  was  well 
instructed  in  classical  literature,  and  in  the 
sciences,  she  wrote  Latin  with  great  ease 
and  fluency.  She  died  1697,  and  was  buried 
at  Barnes,  in  Surrey. 

Baynes,  Sir  Thomas,  knt.  a  physician, 
professor  of  music  in  Gresham  college,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
and  accompanied  Sir  John  Finch  to  Italy 
and  Turkey.  He  died  at  Constantinople, 
1681,  aged  about  59,  and  was  soon  followed 
to  the  grave  by  his  friend  sir  John.  They 
both  together  left  munificent  donations  of 
4000/.  to  Christ's  college. 

Baynes,  John,  son  of  an  attorney,  was 
born  at  Middleham,  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Richmond  school,  from  whence  he 
passed  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  in  1780.  Great 
application  marked  his  progress  in  litera- 
ture, and  at  the  age  of  20  he  obtained  the 
medals  for  the  best  exercises  on  mathema- 
tical and  classical  subjects.  He  entered  at 
Gray's  inn,  under  Allen  Chambre,  Esq.  and 
espoused,  with  all  the  eagerness  and  vi- 
vacity of  a  young  man,  the  politics  of  the 
times,  and  he  stood  forth  as  a  vehement 
champion  of  reform,  at  a  meeting  at  York, 
in  1779.  His  abilities  were  displayed  not 
only  by  his  speeches  as  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  society,  but  he  employed  the 
great  poetical  talents,  which  he  undoubtedly 
possessed,  to  fan  the  flames  of  party.     M 


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his  pieces  were  all  anonymous,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  ascertain  what  he  wrote,  but  the 
London  Courant,  among  other  papers,  owed 
its  fame  for  some  time  to  his  exertions,  and 
he  has  been  considered  by  some,  perhaps 
with  impropriety,  as  the  author  of  the  cele- 
brated archaeological  epistle  to  dean  Miles. 
In  his  friendship,  Baynes  was  warm,  zeal- 
ous, and  sincere  ,  he  was  at  all  times  a 
strong  advocate  for  his  favourite  liberty, 
and  he  exclaimed  with  more  animosity  than 
prudence,  against  the  election  of  some  of 
the  fellows  of  his  college,  so  that  his  re- 
monstrance drew  upon  him  censure  from 
the  heads  of  the  society,  and  an  admonition 
to  behave  with  more  respect  to  his  superiors. 
He  was  attacked  by  a  fever,  hastened,  it  is 
supposed,  by  excessive  application,  and 
after  three  days  illness,  he  expired  August 
3d,  1787,  aged  29.  His  remains  were  de- 
posited in  Bunhillfields  churchyard,  near 
those  of  Dr.  Jebb,  a  man  whom  he  esteemed 
and  loved. 

Bazire,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dijon,  son 
of  a  porter,  whom  the  revolution  raised 
from  obscurity  to  consequence  and  infa- 
mous celebrity.  In  the  national  assembly, 
and  in  the  convention,  he  shone  above  all 
others  for  violent  measures,  and  as  the  tool 
of  the  Jacobins,  he  inveighed  indecently 
against  the  king,  and  proposed  a  law  to  set 
a  price  on  the  head  of  la  Fayette.  At  last 
Robespierre,  tired  with  his  bloody  services, 
caused  him  to  be  condemned,  and  he  suf- 
fered with  Danton,  5th  April,  1794,  aged 
30. 

Bazzaz,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  two 
treatises  on  theological  subjects,  for  the 
use  of  the  Mussulmans. 

Be,  Guillaume  le,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder  at  Troyes.  In  1545,  at  the  age  of 
20,  after  seeing  the  manner  of  composing 
types,  in  the  famous  house  of  Robert  Ste- 
phens, he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  cut 
punches  for  the  Hebrew  printing-house  of 
Mark  Anth.  Justiniani,  and  acquired  both 
reputation  and  opulence.  He  returned  to 
Paris,  where  he  died,  1598,  aged  73.  He 
is  mentioned  with  credit  by  Casaubon,  in 
Scaliger's  opuscula.  His  son  Henry  was 
a  printer  of  respectability  at  Paris,  and  his 
sons  and  grandsons  were  equally  eminent 
in  the  same  profession  ;  the  last  of  them 
died  1685. 

Beacon,  Thomas,  a  divine,  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  the  first  Englishman  who 
wrote  against  bowing  at  the  name  of  Jesus. 
He  retired  to  Germany,  under  Mary,  and 
wrote  a  consolatory  epistle  to  the  persecu- 
ted protestants.  Under  Elizabeth  he  ob- 
tained a  prebend  at  Canterbury.  Of  his 
works  his  "  de  ccena  domini"  alone  was  in 
Latin,  in  3  vols.  fol. 

Be  ale,  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Cradock, 
minister  of  Walton  on  Thames,  was  born  in 
Suffolk,  and  distinguished  herself  as  a  por- 


trait painter  in  oil,  water  colours,  ana" 
crayons.  She  copied  sir  Peter  Lely's  and 
Vandyke's  portraits,  and  was  little  inferior 
to  her  contemporaries.  Her  portraits  of 
Tillotson,  Stillingfleet,  Patrick,  Wilkins, 
and  other  divines,  are  preserved  at  the 
earl  of  llchester's.  She  died  Dec.  28th, 
1697,  aged  66,  leaving  two  sons,  who  for 
some  time  studied  painting.  One  of  them 
afterwards  studied  physic  under  Sydenham, 
and  practised  at  Coventry.  Walpole's 
anecdotes  contain  an  engraving  of  her,  from 
a  painting  by  herself. 

Beard,  John,  known  for  his  eminence 
as  an  actor,  was  brought  up  in  the  King's 
chapel,  and  at  Cannons  in  the  duke  of 
Chando's  chapel.  His  first  appearance  at 
Drury-lane  was  in  sir  J.  Loverule  in  the 
"  devil  to  pay,"  Aug.  30th,  1737,  but  his 
success  and  popularity  were  interrupted  for 
a  few  years,  by  his  marriage  with  lady  Hen- 
rietta, daughter  of  the  earl  of  Waldegrave, 
widow  of  Lord  Edward  Herbert.  He  af- 
terwards exchanged  Drury-Lane  for  Co- 
vent-Garden.  His  wife  died  31st  of  May, 
1753.  Six  years  after,  he  married  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Rich,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  the  management  of  Covent-Garden.  In 
1759,  he  appeared  in  the  character  of  Mac- 
heath,  and  divided  the  applauses  of  the  town 
for  52  successive  nights,  with  Miss  Brent  in 
Polly.  In  1768,  he  retired  from  the  stage, 
and  died  that  year,  in  his  74th  year,  res- 
pected for  his  private  character  as  much  as 
he  had  been  for  the  superiority  of  his  thea- 
trical talents.  His  remains  were  deposited 
in  Hampton  church  vault. 

Beaton,  or  Beton,  David,  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrew's  and  cardinal,  was  born 
1494,  and  educated  in  the  university  of  St. 
Andrew's  and  Paris.  His  abilities,  which 
were  great,  but  more  probably  the  interest 
of  his  uncle,  James  Beaton,  archbishop  of 
Glasgow,  raised  him  to  consequence.  In 
1528,  he  was  made  lord  privy  seal,  and 
some  years  after  he  was  employed  in  the 
honourable  office  of  negotiating  the  king  of 
Scotland's  marriage  with  Magdalen,  the 
French  king's  daughter,  and  afterwards  that 
with  Mary,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Guise. 
His  popularity  raised  him  enemies,  and  not 
only  the  Scots  but  Henry  VIII.  himself 
grew  jealous  of  his  influence,  and  when  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  and  the 
primacy  of  Scotland,  the  English  monarch 
sent  an  ambassador  to  king  James,  to  under- 
mine the  power  of  the  prelate,  and  to  in- 
sinuate the  deep  and  perfidious  schemes 
which  he  meditated  in  favour  of  the  catholic 
cause.  James,  however,  was  deaf  to  the 
representations  of  Henry  ;  the  cardinal,  at 
the  head  of  his  clergy,  proudly  summoned 
heretics  before  him,  and  with  all  the  bigotry 
and  furious  zeal  of  persecution,  he  direct- 
ed his  resentment  particularly  against 
sir  John  Borthwick,  (he  favourite  of  the 
101 


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king  of  England,  and  George  Buchanan, 
illustrious  as  a  poet  and  historian.  The 
death  of  James  for  a  while  checked  the 
career  of  Beaton  ;  he  aspired  to  the  regency, 
but  he  had  the  mortification  to  see  the  en- 
vied power  vested  in  the  hands  of  the  Earl 
of  Arran,  and  himself  confined  a  prisoner  in 
Blackness  castle.  His  intrigues  soon  libe- 
rated him  ;  he  was  reconciled  to  the  regent, 
and  in  the  fulness  of  his  power  he  again 
vented  his  persecution  against  the  protes- 
tants.  Among  those  who  suffered,  none 
deserved  the  tears  of  humanity  more  than 
George  Wishart,  who  was  precipitately 
tried,  condemned,  and  burnt  as  a  heretic,  at 
St.  Andrew's,  in  the  presence  of  his  haughty 
persecutor.  This  inhuman  deed,  though 
applauded  by  the  catholics,  roused  the  in- 
dignation of  the  kingdom  ;  but  the  cardi- 
nal's pride  soon  raised  against  him  a  formi- 
dable conspiracy.  He  rejected  with  disdain 
a  petition  of  Norman  Lesley,  son  of  Lord 
Rothes,  and  the  indignant  youth  bound 
his  family  to  resent  the  insult.  The  pre- 
late was  attacked  in  his  castle ,  his  servants 
were  secured,  and  the  first  sound  that 
awoke  him  from  his  sleep  were  threats 
against  his  life.  He  opened  his  door  upon 
promises,  it  is  said,  that  no  violence  should 
be  offered  to  his  person,  but  he  was  struck 
by  one  of  the  Lesleys  and  by  Carmichael, 
and  the  fatal  stab  was  at  last  given  by  James 
Melvil,  one  of  the  associates  in  the  bloody 
deed,  with  a  cool  ferocity,  which,  while  it 
insulted  the  bleeding  victim,  profanely  call- 
ed upon  the  God  of  peace,  to  witness  the 
revenge  of  Wishart's  innocence.  This  was 
the  29th  of  May,  1546. 

Beaton,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbish- 
op, was  born  at  Balfour,  and  raised  to  the 
see  of  Glasgow  before  his  25th  year.  At 
the  reformation  in  1560,  he  fled  to  France 
with  the  records  and  sacred  vessels  of  his 
cathedral,  which  he  presented  to  the  Scotch 
college  of  Paris.  He  left  a  MS.  history  of 
Scotland,  and  died  at  Paris,  1603,  aged  73. 

Beatrix,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Bur- 
gundy, married  the  emperor  Frederic  I.  in 
1156.  It  is  pretended  by  some  historians 
that  she  was  insulted  by  the  people  of  Mi- 
lan, and  that  the  emperor  revenged  her 
wrongs  by  the  destruction  of  the  place, 
and  the  ignominious  punishment  of  the 
inhabitants. 

Beatrix,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Ray- 
mond Berenger  count  of  Provence,  married 
in  1245,  Charles,  son  of  Lewis  VIII.  of 
France,  who  was  afterwards  crowned  king 
of  Naples  and  Sicily.     She  died  at  Nocera. 

Beatson,  Robert,  a  laborious  compiler, 
was  born  in  1742,  at  Dysart,  in  the  county 
of  Fife.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered 
into  the  army,  but  rising  no  higher  than  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  literature  as  a  profession,  and  in 
1 7*K  published  a  useful  work  entitled  "  A 
192 


political  Index  to  the  Histories  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,"  of  which  there  have 
been  three  editions.  In  1790,  appeared  his 
"  Naval  and  Military  Memoirs  of  Great 
Britain,"  in  3  vols.  Svo.  ;  and  in  1807,  he 
published  "  A  Chronological  Register  of 
both  Houses  of  Parliament,  from  the 
Union."  He  obtained  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  laws  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Scotland.  He  died  in  1818.  Besides  the 
above  works,  he  was  the  author  of  an 
"  Essay  on  vertical  and  horizontal  Wind- 
mills."— W.  B. 

Beattie,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  son  of 
a  respectable  farmer,  and  born  in  Kincar- 
dineshire, October,  1735.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen,  where  he  obtained  a 
scholarship,  and  afterwards  he  undertook 
the  care  of  Alloa  school  in  Fifeshire,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Aberdeen  grammar- 
school  as  assistant,  and  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  head  master.  He  now  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  elegant  writer,  and 
the  publication  of  his  Minstrel,  which  was 
begun  in  1771,  and  finished  in  three  years, 
procured  him  the  patronage  of  Lord  Errol, 
and  the  professorship  of  moral  philosophy 
and  logic  in  the  Marischal  college  of  Aber- 
deen, with  a  pension  of  200/.  from  the  king. 
Soon  after  this  he  visited  London,  where 
he  was  received  by  Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Por- 
teus,  and  other  high  and  literary  characters, 
with  all  the  respect  due  to  merit  and  virtue. 
He  died  August  1803,  universally  regretted 
as  a  man  who  had  devoted  his  time  to  the 
advancement  of  literature,  of  taste,  and  of 
morality.  Besides  his  elegant  poem  of  the 
Minstrel,  he  published  a  small  volume  of 
poems  and  translations  1760 — the  judgment 
of  Paris,  1765 — an  essay  on  the  nature  and 
immutability  of  truth,  in  opposition  to  so- 
phistry and  skepticism,  1770,  a  work  of 
great  merit  and  full  of  sound  argument, 
urged  with  such  force  against  David  Hume's 
doctrines  that  he  never  heard  the  name  of 
Beattie  mentioned  without  emotion — dis- 
sertations moral  and  critical,  in  4to.  1783 — 
the  evidences  of  the  Christian  religion,  in 
two  small  volumes,  written  at  the  request 
of  his  friend  the  bishop  of  London — ele- 
ments of  moral  science,  delivered  in  lec- 
tures to  his  pupils,  &.c. 

Beattie,  James  Hay,  son  of  the  above, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  6th  November,  1768, 
He  early  displayed  great  powers  of  mind, 
and  at  the  age  of  1 3  be  entered  at  the  Ma- 
rischal college,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree  in  1786.  His  abilities  were  so  pro- 
mising that,  before  he  was  19,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  king,  at  his  father's  solicita- 
tion, and  with  the  approbation  of  the 
college,  assistant  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy and  logic.  To  the  mildest  manners 
he  united  the  profoundest  devotion  ;  he 
always  carried  about  him  a  pocket  bible 


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and  a  Greek  new  testament.  He  was  in 
his  disposition  very  cheerful,  he  studied 
music  as  a  science,  and  was  so  fond  of  it 
that  he  built  himself  an  organ,  upon  which 
he  performed  skilfully.  He  was  carried 
off  by  a  nervous  atrophy,  19th  Novem- 
ber, 1790,  to  the  great  grief  of  his  father 
and  of  the  university  of  which  lie  was  a 
member.  His  father  published  |  a  small 
volume  of  his  poetry  in  1799,  and  gave  a 
pleasing  and  pathetic  account  of  his  la- 
mented son,  of  whom  he  observes,  that  he 
never  found  fault  with  him  more  than  three 
or  four  times  in  his  life.  He  had  impress- 
ed early  upon  his  mind  the  strict  rules  of 
morality,  and  particularly  to  speak  the 
truth  and  keep  a  secret,  and  I  never  found, 
says  the  afflicted  father,  that  in  a  single 
instance  he  transgressed  either. 

Beatus  Rhenanus,  son  of  Anthony 
Bilde,  whose  name  was  altered  to  Rhena- 
nus, as  being  a  native  of  Rheinach.  He 
was  a  learned  man,  and  published,  among 
other  classical  works,  the  history  of  Veil. 
Paterculus,  the  works  of  Tertullian  with 
valuable  notes,  and  other  pieces,  &c.  He 
died  at  Strasburg,  1547. 

Beau,  John  Lewis  le,  a  learned  profes- 
sor and  academician  of  Paris.  He  wrote  a 
discourse  on  the  dangers  which  attended 
literary  men  from  poverty  and  from  opu- 
lence, and  he  strongly  recommended  me- 
diocrity as  the  truest  standard  of  happiness. 
He  published  Homer  in  Greek  and  Latin,  2 
vols.  1746,  and  Cicero's  orations  with  an- 
notations, 3  vols.  1750,  and  died  12th 
March,  1766,  aged  45. 

Beau,  Charles  le,  elder  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  distinguished  as  a 
scholar  and  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and,  like  Rollin,  he  enjoyed  and  de- 
served the  love  and  veneration  of  a  great 
number  of  respectable  pupils.  Besides 
valuable  contributions  to  the  memoirs  of 
the  academy,  he  wrote  a  history  of  the 
lower  empire,  in  22  vols.  12mo.  admired  for 
its  correctness,  elegance,  and  accuracy. 
The  honour  of  a  seat  in  the  academy  of 
belles  lettres  was  intended  for  him,  but  he 
no  sooner  understood  that  Bougainville,  the 
translator  of  Anti-Lucretius,  opposed  his 
pretensions,  than  he  nobly  transferred  his 
interest  to  the  support  of  his  rival,  exclaim- 
ing "  every  sacrifice  should  be  made  to 
oblige  a  man  of  merit."  He  was  gladly  re- 
ceived on  the  next  vacancy.  He  died 
March  13th,  177S,  aged  77.  His  opera 
Latina  were  edited  in  1783,  at  Paris,  in  3 
vols.  12mo. 

Beaucaire  de  Pequillon,  Francois, 
was  born  in  the  Bourbonnois,  and  raised  to 
the  see  of  Metz,  by  the  interest  of  his  pupil 
cardinal  Charles  de  Lorraine.  He  wrote, 
besides  his  treatise  des  enfans,  morts  dans  le 
sein  de  leur  mere — rerum  Gallic,  commen- 
!aria,  from  1461  to  1562,  and  died  1591. 
Vol.  I.  25 


In  his  history  of  France,  which,  as  he  de- 
sired,  appeared  only  after  his  death,  he  is 
too  partial  to  the  Guises,  but  otherwise  he 
is  correct  and  elegant,  a  polite  scholar,  and 
the  friend  of  virtue  and  merit. 

Beaucham,  Richard,  earl  of  Warwick, 
a  brave  general,  who  in  various  encounters 
defeated  the  French.  He  was  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Constance,  and  died  at  Rouen  in  Nor- 
mandy 1439,  aged  58,  and  his  remains 
were  brought  to  England  and  deposited  at 
Warwick. 

Beauchamps,  Pierre  Francois  Godard 
de,  was  born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1761, 
aged  72.  Besides  translations  of  Rhodantis 
and  Doricles,  by  Theodoras  Prodromus,  and 
of  the  loves  of  Ismene  and  Ismenias,  by 
Eustathius,  &c. — he  wrote  "  lettres  d'He- 
loise  et  d'Abelard,"  and  recherches  sur  les 
theatres  de  France,  in  3  vols,  a  work  which 
better  reflection  and  judicious  selection 
might  have  enriched  with  valuable  anec- 
dotes, and  a  comprehensive  view  of  the 
progress  of  the  stage. 

Beauchamps,  Joseph,  a  French  astrono- 
mer, was  born  at  Vesoul  in  1752.  He  en- 
tered into  the  order  of  Bernardines,  and  his 
uncle  Miroudat,  bishop  of  Babylon,  having 
appointed  him  his  vicar-general,  he  left 
France  for  the  Levant,  where  he  made  nu- 
merous observations.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution  he  returned  to  his  native 
country,  but  in  1795  was  appointed  French 
consul  at  Muscate,  in  Arabia,  from  whence 
he  removed -to  Constantinople  two  years  af- 
terwards, and  made  a  survey  of  the  Black 
Sea.  In  1799,  he  was  employed  on  a  secret 
mission  by  Bonaparte,  but  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  they  delivered  him  up 
to  the  Turks,  who  kept  him  in  close  con- 
finement as  a  spy  till  1801,  when  he  obtain- 
ed his  liberty,  but  died  the  same  year  at 
Nice.  Many  of  his  papers  are  in  the  jour- 
nal des  Savans. — W.  B. 

Beauchateau,  Franc.  Matthieu  Chate- 
let  de,  son  of  a  player,  born  1645,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  at  the  age  of  eight,  and 
early  noticed  by  the  mother  of  Lewis  XIV. 
by  Mazarin,  Seguier,  and  others.  At  12 
he  published  some  of  his  poems,  called  la 
lyre  du  jeune  Apollon,  and  coming  over  to 
England  he  was  admired  by  Cromwell.  .  He 
travelled  into  Persia,  where  it  is  supposed 
that  he  died,  as  no  intelligence  was  ever 
after  heard  of  him. 

Beaver,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk  of 
Westminster  abbey,  in  the  14th  century, 
author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle  of  British 
affairs  from  Brutus  to  his  own  time.  This 
work  Hearne  was  prevented  by  death  from, 
publishing.  He  is  quoted  with  respect  by 
Stow,  Leland,  and  others.  He  wrote  also 
de  rebus  coenobi  Vestmonast. 

Beaufils,  Guillaume,  a  Jesuit  of  Au- 
vergne,  who  died  at  Toulouse  in  1758, 
aged  84.     He  was  eminent  as  a  preacher 
193 


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and  as  a  literary  character.  He  wrote 
funeral  discourses,  the  life  of  madame 
dc  Chantal,  ice. 

Beaufort,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
Beaufort,  duke  of  Somersel,  the  grandson 
of  John  of  Gaunt,  was  born  at  Bletsoe, 
Bedfordshire,  in  1441.  She  became  mo- 
ther of  Henry  VII.  by  Edmund  Tudor  earl 
of  Richmond  ;  after  whose  death  she  mar- 
ried Sir  Henry  Stafford  ;  and  for  her  third 
husband  took  Thomas  earl  of  Derby.  She 
founded  the  Colleges  of  Christ  and  St. 
John,  Cambridge.  She  died  29th  June, 
1509,  highly  respected,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  where  a  black  marble 
monument  is  erected  to  her  memory. 

Beaufort,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry 
IV.  England,  was  successively  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  afterwards  of  Winchester, 
chancellor  of  England,  ambassador  to 
France,  a  cardinal  in  1426,  and  legate  in 
Germany.  He  crowned,  in  1431,  Henry 
VI.  in  the  metropolitan  church  of  Paris. 
In  his  character,  he  was  proud,  haughty, 
and  ambitious  ;  and  he  is  well  delineated 
by  our  immortal  poet.  He  died  at  Win- 
chester, 1447. 

Beaufort,  Francois  Vendome  due  de, 
son  of  Caesar  duke  of  Vendome,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1616.  He  was  imprisoned  for  con- 
spiring against  Mazarin,  and  attempted  in 
vain  to  excite  a  rebellion.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  French  civil  wars,  and 
became  a  great  favourite  among  the  popu- 
lace, whose  manners  and  language  he 
strangely  affected.  He  acquired  additional 
honours  against  the  Turks  in  Africa,  and 
afterwards  at  the  siege  of  Candia,  where 
he  was  slain  in  1669.  It  has  been  said, 
with  little  probability,  that  he  was  the  man 
in  the  iron  mask  so  long  and  so  mysteri- 
ously confined  in  the  bastile  at  Paris. 

Beaufort,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man, 
author  of  the  history  of  Germanicus, — of 
a  dissertation  on  the  uncertainty  of  the  five 
first  ages  of  the  Roman  republic, — of  a  his- 
tory of  the  Roman  republic,  or  ancient  go- 
vernment of  Rome,  &c.  He  was  member 
of  the  London  Royal  Society  ;  and  died  at 
Maestricht,  1795. 

Beaulieu,  John  Baptiste  Allais  de,  au- 
thor of  "  Part  d'ecrire,"  1681  and  1688,  in 
folio,  was  a  celebrated  writing-master  at 
Paris. 

Beaulieu,  Sebastian  Pontault  de,  an 
engineer,  who  drew,  and  had  engraved, 
all  the  sieges  and  military  campaigns  of 
Lewis  XIV.  in  2  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1674. 

Beaulieu,  Louis  le  Blanc  de,  a  theolo- 
gical professor  of  Sedan,  born  at  Plessis- 
Marli.  He  died  1675,  aged  64,  with  the 
reputation  of  being  learned,  courteous, 
and  moderate  in  his  opinions.  His  theses 
were  published  1683,  in  folio. 

Bbaulieu,  N.  Baron  de,  an  Austrian 
194 


general,  who  distinguished  himself  in  quell' 
ing  the  insurrection  of  the  Brabanters  in 
1789,  and  afterwards  against  Biron,  the 
French  general.  In  1796  he  was  sent  to 
command  the  Austrian  armies  in  Italy,  but 
sunk  before  the  superior  good  lortune  of 
Bonaparte,  and  after  losing  the  battles  of 
Montenotte,  Milessimo,  Mondovi,  &c.  he 
resigned  his  power  into  the  hands  of 
Wurmser,  and  died  soon  after.  He  was 
brave  and  active,  hut  more  fit  to  command 
a  detachment  than  a  large  army. 

Beaumanoir,  Jean  de,  called  marechal 
de  Lavardin,  rose  by  his  abilities  and  vir- 
tues to  the  government  of  Maine,  and  to 
military  dignities.  He  died  at  Paris,  1614, 
aged  63,  highly  respected. 

Beaumarchais,  Peter  Augustin  Caron 
de,  son  of  a  clock-maker,  was  born  at 
Paris  24th  January,  1732.  He  was  brought 
up  to  his  father's  profession,  and  invented 
a  new  escapement  in  the  machinery  of  a 
watch,  which  was  disputed  with  him  by 
another  artist,  but  honourably  adjudged  to 
him  by  the  academy  of  sciences.  He  was 
also  eminent  as  a  musician,  and  excelled 
on  the  harp  and  guitar,  so  that  he  was  no- 
ticed by  the  sisters  of  Lewis  XV.  and  liber- 
ally patronised  for  the  part  which  he  sup- 
ported in  their  private  concerts.  The 
abilities  which  he  displayed  in  three  law- 
suits in  which  he  was  engaged,  recommend- 
ed him  to  government,  and  procured  him 
some  honourable  employment.  Upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  fled  to 
Holland,  and  then  to  England  ;  but  after- 
wards returned  to  France,  and  was  impri- 
soned. Liberated  with  difficulty  from  the 
abbaye,  he  died  suddenly,  in  1799,  aged 
69.  He  wrote  memoires  contre  les  sieurs 
de  Goesman,  la  Blache,  Marin,  d'Arnaud, 
1774 — memoir  in  answer  to  W.  Kornman, 
1787 — Eugenie,  a  drama,  in  five  acts,  1767 
— the  two  friends,  a  play,  1770 — the  barber 
of  Seville,  a  comedy,  1775 — the  marriage 
of  Figaro,  1784 — Tarare,  an  opera,  1787 
— la  mere  coupable,  1792,  &c.  These 
plays,  and  his  great  and  indefatigable  acti- 
vity, contributed  much  to  render  him  inde- 
pendent and  rich. 

Beaume,  Antony,  a  French  chymist, 
was  born  at  Senlis  in  1728.  He  was  bred 
to  the  profession  of  pharmacy,  and  settled 
at  Paris  as  an  apothecary,  in  1752.  In 
1775,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences :  and  afterwards  of 
the  National  Institute.  He  died  in  1805. 
His  works  are — 1.  Plan  d'un  cours  de 
chimie  experimentale  et  raisonee,  8vo.  2. 
Dissertation  sur  l'Ether,  12mo.  3.  Ele- 
mens  de  Pharmacie  theorique  et  pratique. 
4.  Manual  de  chimie,  12mo.  5.  Memoire 
sur  les  Argilles,  ou  recherches  sur  la  na- 
ture des  terrcs  les  plus  propes  a  l'agricul- 
turc,  et  sur  les  moyens  de  fertiliser  celles 
qui   sont  steriles,   Svo.     6.  Chimie  expc* 


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rimentale    et   raisonnee,    3  vols.    8vo. — 
W.  B. 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  a 
native  of  Valleraugues,   in  the  diocess  of 
Allais,   whose   literary  fame  procured  him 
an  honourable  reception  in  Denmark,   and 
afterwards  at  Berlin,  where  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Voltaire,  whose  abilities  he 
admired,  but  whose   irritable  temper,  op- 
posed  to  his    own,    produced   dissension, 
distrust,  and  enmity.       On   his  return  to 
Paris,  1753,  le  Beaumelle  was  confined  in 
the    bastile  for   some    severe  remarks    in 
his   book   called    "  mes  pensees  ;"    but  he 
was  restored  to  liberty,  and  retired  to  Tou- 
louse, where  he   married  the   daughter  of 
M.  Lavaisse,  by  whom  he  left  a  son  and  a 
daughter.     His  merits  were  not,  however, 
permitted  long  to  languish  in  the  country. 
He  was  called  to  Paris  to  be  librarian  to  the 
king  -r  but  a  dropsy   in  the  chest  rapidly 
terminated   his   useful   career,    November 
1773,  in  his  46th  year.     His  most  valuable 
works  are,  the  memoirs   of   mad.  Mainte- 
non,  6  vols.   12mo. — letters  to   Voltaire — 
thoughts  of  Seneca — a  commentary  on  the 
Henriade — a  defence  of  the  spirit  of  laws, 
&c.     He  possessed  the  powers  of  wit  and 
satire  in  a  respectable  degree  ;  but  it  is  to 
be  lamented  that  his  personalities  were  so 
illiberal  against  Voltaire,  whom,  in   spite 
of  his   quarrel,  he  still  respected  and  es- 
teemed. 

Beaumont,  Sir  John,  son  of  Francis 
Beaumont,  one  of  the  judges  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  retired,  after  three  years'  resi- 
dence at  Broadgate-hall,  Oxford,  to  his  na- 
tive county,  Leicestershire.  He  was 
knighted  by  king  Charles,  and  died  1628, 
aged  46.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
poet,  and  wrote  the  "  crown  of  thorns,"  a 
poem  in  eight  books — Bosworth-field,  &c. 
— besides  some  translations  from  Horace, 
Persius,  Virgil,  &.c.  copied  and  published  by 
his  son  sir  John. 

Beaumont,  Francis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, studied  at  Cambridge  and  at  the 
Inner  Temple.  His  dramatic  pieces, 
which  he  composed  in  conjunction  with 
Fletcher,  acquired  him  great  celebrity,  and 
though  he  did  not  reach  his  30th  year  be- 
fore he  paid  the  debt  of  nature,  March 
1615,  the  correctness  of  his  judgment,  his 
taste,  and  his  genius,  have  immortalized 
his  name  as  a  poet.  He  was  intimate 
with  Ben  Jonson,  who  submitted  his  pieces 
to  his  criticising  eye.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  but  there  i3  no 
inscription  on  his  tomb.  He  left  a  daugh- 
ter, who  was  alive  in  1700.  His  works  are 
published  with  those  of  Fletcher. 

Beaumont,  Joseph,  successively  master 
of  Jesus  college  and  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, and  regius  professor  of  divinity, 
was  author  of  Psyche,  or  love's  mystery, 
in  24  cantos,  an  allegorical  poem,  much  ad- 


mired. He  wrote  observations  on  Dr. 
More's  apology,  &c.  He  died  1699,  aged 
84.  A  collection  of  his  poems  appeared  in 
1749,  in4to.    ' 

Beaumont  de  Perefix,  Hardouin,  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  wrote  a  valuable  history  of 
Henry  IV.  for  the  use  of  Lewis  XIV.  to 
whom  he  was  preceptor.  He  displayed 
with  fidelity,  elegance,  and  fire,  the  great 
virtues  and  amiable  character  of  his  hero. 
He  died  1670. 

Beaumont,  mad.  le  Prince  de,  an  able 
and  lively  writer,  whose  works  in  the  form 
of  romances,  letters,  memoirs,  &c.  were 
intended  to  improve  youth  in  morality  and 
religion.  She  was  born  at  Rouen,  2Gth 
April,  1711,  and  died  at  Anneci,  1780. 

Beaumont,  Elias  de,  a  native  of  Caren- 
tan,  in  Normandy.  He  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar  ;  but  though  he  possessed  powers 
of  mind  equal  to  the  profession,  he  unfor- 
tunately was  not  blessed  with  the  gift  of 
pleasing  elocution,  and  therefore  he  retired 
from  the  public  eye  to  his  closet.  The  me- 
moire  which  he  wrote  on  the  Calas  had  a 
most  powerful  effect  over  the  French  na- 
tion. He  wrote  besides  various  other 
memoires  which  possessed  merit.  nc 
died  at  Paris,  10th  January,  1785,  much 
esteemed.  His  wife,  whose  name  was 
Dumesnil-Molin,  wrote  an  interesting 
novel,  called  lettres  du  marquis  de  Roselle, 
12mo.  and  died  1783. 

Beaumont,  John  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writer,  who  died  2d  May,  1785, 
at  Mesnil,  near  Nantes,  age  70.  His 
works,  on  the  impositions  des  etats  de 
l'Europe  et  de  la  France,  in  4  vols.  4to.  re- 
printed 1787,  were  much  and  deservedly 
admired  on  the  continent. 

Beaumont,  Guill.  Rob.  Phil.  Jos.  Jean 
de,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Rouen,  known  for 
his  piety  and  domestic  virtues.  He  was 
author  of  some  theological  pieces,  and  died 
1761. 

Beaune,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Samblan- 
cai,  a  minister  of  the  priories  under  Francis 
I.  He  was  obliged  by  threats  to  give  to 
the  queen-mother  the  300,000  crowns  which 
had  been  promised  to  Lautrec  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  Milanese,  and  when  the  ex- 
pedition failed  he  was  violently  accused 
of  peculation.  In  his  justification,  he 
informed  the  king  of  the  application  of  the 
money  ;  but  the  queen-mother  perfidious- 
ly obtained  the  receipts  from  his  secretary, 
Gentil,  and  the  unfortunate  minister  hav- 
ing now  nothing  to  produce  in  his  defence, 
was  condemned,  and  executed,  1527. 
Gentil  afterwards  suffered  for  some  other 
crime. 

Beaune,  Renaud  de,  a  native  of  Tours, 
who  became  archbishop  of  Bourges,  and 
afterwards  of  Sens,  1 596.  He  was  strong- 
ly attached  to  the  cause  of  Henry  IV.  He 
died  1606,  in  his  79th  year. 

195 


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BEC 


Beaune,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of 
Blois,  was  intimate  with  Des  Cartes,  who 
publicly  praised  his  mathematical  know- 
ledge. He  discovered  how  to  determine 
the  nature  of  curves  by  the  properties  of 
their  tangents  ;  and  died  1652. 

Beau  rain,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Aix  en 
Issart  in  Artois,  known  as  a  negotiator, 
but  more  particularly  as  a  geographer. 
After  studying  under  the  famous  Sanson, 
he  was  made,  at  the  age  of  25,  geographer 
to  Lewis  XV.  for  whom  he  composed  a  cu- 
rious perpetual  almanac.  His  topographical 
description  of  the  campaigns  of  Luxem- 
burg from  1690  to  1694,  in  three  vols, 
folio,  were  highly  valued.  He  died  at  Paris, 
February  11,  1771,  aged  75,  of  a  reten- 
tion of  urine. 

Beaurieu,  Gaspard  Guillard  de,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  St.  Paul  in  Artois, 
9th  July,  1728,  died  at  Paris  in  a  public 
hospital,  5th  October,  1795.  He  was 
very  eccentric  in  his  dress  and  character, 
though  in  his  conversation  he  was  lively, 
witty,  and  entertaining.  He  wrote  various 
things,  the  best  known  of  which  are  l'eleve 
de  la  nature,  the  pupil  of  nature,  1790,  2 
vols.  8vo.  often  reprinted— l'heureux  ci- 
toyen — cours  d'histoire  naturelle,  7  vols. 
12mo.,  &c. 

Beausobre,  Isaac  de,  an  able  protestant 
of  Niort,  who  fled  to  Berlin  from  France 
for  tearing  the  king's  signet  from  the  door 
of  a  reformed  church  which  he  was  forbid- 
den to  enter.  The  king  of  Prussia  es- 
teemed him  as  his  chaplain  and  counsellor  ; 
and  he  deserved  his  confidence  by  his  eru- 
dition, the  openness  of  his  character,  and 
the  spirit  and  morality  of  his  discourses. 
His  writings  were  theological ;  the  most 
esteemed  was  his  history  of  the  Manichae- 
ans,  2  vols,  a  work  praised  by  Gibbon. 
He  died  1738,  aged  79.  He  wrote  besides 
a  defence  of  the  reformation — a  transla- 
tion of  the  New  Testament,  with  notes, 
together  with  l'Enfant — dissertation  on  the 
Adamites  of  Bohemia. 

Beausobre,  Louis  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Berlin,  where  he  was 
distinguished  as  a  literary  character,  and 
as  the  friend  of  the  Prussian  monarch.  He 
wrote  philosophical  dissertations  on  fire, 
"  les  songes  d'epicure — Ic  pyrrhonisme  du 
Sage,"  &c.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  De- 
cember 3,   1783,  aged  53. 

Beauvais,  Guillaume,  a  native  of  Dun- 
kirk, member  of  the  academy  ofCortona, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors by  medals,  3  vols.  12mo.  He  died 
at  Orleans,  1773,  aged  75. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Nicolas,  a  native  of 
Orleans,  distinguished  as  a  physician,  but 
more  as  a  violent  and  seditious  member  of 
the  national  assembly  and  of  the  conven- 
tion. He  died  at  Montpellier,  1704.  He 
wrote  essays  historiques  sur  Orleans, 
196 


8vo. — description  topographique  du  moiri 
Olivet,  8vo. — cour  elementaire  d'education 
pour  les  sours  et  muets,  &c. 

Beauvais,  John  Baptiste  Charles  Marie 
de,  bishop  of  Senez,  died  1789,  aged  56. 
He  was  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher, 
and  in  private  life  was  very  amiable.  His 
funeral  orations  which  he  published  %vere 
much  admired. 

Beauvau,  Lewis  Charles  marquis  de,  a 
French  general  who  distinguished  himself 
at  the  siege  of  Philipsburg,  1734,  at  Clausen, 
Prague,  and  in  Flanders  at  the  siege  of 
Ypres,  where  he  received  a  mortal  wound, 
24th  June,  1744,  aged  34. 

Beauvilliers,  Francis  de,  duke  of  St. 
Aignan,  was  author  of  some  prose  and  po- 
etical pieces.  He  died  1687,  aged  80.  His 
eldest  son,  Paul,  was  preceptor  to  the 
duke  of  Berri,  father  of  Lewis  XIV.  He 
died  1714,  in  his  66th  year.  His  brother, 
who  was  bishop  of  Beauvais,  wrote  some 
pieces  of  devotion,  and  died  19th  August, 
1751.  Another  brother,  Paul  Hippolitus, 
was  eminent  in  the  military  service  of  his 
country,  as  well  as  in  negotiations.  He 
wrote  "  amusemens  literaries  ;"  and  died 
1776,  aged  92. 

Beauzee,  Nicolas,  author  of  a  univer- 
sal grammar,  or  exposition  of  the  elements 
of  languages,  2  vols.  8vo. — of  an  exposition 
of  the  historical  proofs  of  religion,  and 
other  works,  besides  the  articles  on  gram- 
mar in  the  encyclopaedia,  was  member  of 
the  academy,  and  professor  of  grammar  in 
the  military  school.  He  was  born  at  Ver- 
dun, and  died  at  Paris,  25th  January,  1789, 
aged  72. 

Bebele,  Henry,  a  native  of  Justingen, 
in  Suabia,  professor  of  eloquence  at  Tubin- 
gen. He  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  and 
he  received  the  poetical  crown,  in  1501, 
from  Maximilian  I.  Besides  his  poems, 
called  "  opuscula  Bebeliana,"  he  wrote 
some  tracts,  &c. 

Becan,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  born  in  Bra- 
bant, unusually  zealous  in  the  cause  of  the 
pope  and  of  the  church,  was  confessor  to 
Ferdinand  II.  and  died  at  Vienna,  1624. 
He  wrote  the  sum  of  theology,  in  French  ; 
but  some  of  his  writings  were  publicly  burnt 
at  Paris  and  at  Rome. 

Beccadelli,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
who  followed  the  fortunes  of  cardinal  Pole, 
of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account,  in  La- 
tin. He  was  employed  as  ambassador  at 
Venice  and  Augsburg,  and  had  the  care  of 
Ferdinand  son  of  Cosmo  I.  duke  of  Tusca- 
ny. He  resigned  the  archbishopric  of  Ra- 
gusa ;  but  was  disappointed  in  his  expecta- 
tions to  succeed  to  Pisa.  He  died  1572, 
aged  80.  He  wrote  a  life  of  Petrarch,  in 
Italian,  and  corresponded  with  Sadolel, 
Bembo,  and  other  learned  men. 

Beccadelli,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Paler- 
mo, professor  of  belles   lettres   at  Pavia. 


BEG 


BEL' 


He  was  crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by 
the  emperor  Sigismund,  1432,  and  was  in 
the  train  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  who 
ennobled  him,  and  gave  him  some  honoura- 
ble appointments.  He  died  at  Naples,  1471, 
aged  97.  His  epistles,  &c.  were  printed  at 
Venice,  1453.  He  wrote  also  a  book  on 
the  sayings  and  actions  of  Alphonso  king 
of  Arragon  ;  and  showed  himself  so  partial 
to  Livy,  that  he  sold  an  estate  to  purchase 
a  copy  of  the  historian.  He  wrote  also 
Hermaphroditus,  an  obscene  and  licentious 
work. 

Beccafumi,  Dominique,  a  shepherd  of 
Sienna,  whose  abilities  as  a  painter  were 
observed  and  encouraged  by  Beccafumi,  one 
of  his  countrymen.  In  gratitude  he  ex- 
changed the  name  of  his  family,  Mecarino, 
for  that  of  his  benefactor.  He  died  at 
Genoa,  1549,  aged  65.  His  St.  Sebastian 
is  much  admired. 

Beccari,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
who,  and  not  Tasso,  was  the  first  Italian 
who  wrote  pastorals.  His  "  il  sacraficio" 
appeared    1555.     He  died  1560. 

Beccaria,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  monk 
of  Mondovi,  known  as  a  teacher  of  philoso- 
phy and  mathematics  at  Palermo,  Rome, 
and  Turin.  The  honours  which  he  receiv- 
ed in  this  last  place,  as  preceptor  to  the 
royal  family,  were  unable  to  divert  his  at- 
tention from  philosophical  pursuits.  He 
wrote  dissertations  on  electricity,  and  an 
essay  on  the  cause  of  storms,  &c.  He  died 
at  Turin,  May  22,  1781. 

Beccaria,  James  Bartholomew,  a  native 
of  Bononia,  who  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  became  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  in  the  university  of 
Bononia.  A  liberal  communication  with  the 
learned  men  who  frequented  his  company 
produced  a  new  mode  of  instruction  ;  the 
old  forms  were  abandoned,  and  lectures  in 
natural  philosophy,  anatomy,  ehymistry, 
physic,  &c.  were  delivered  to  crowded  au- 
diences by  twelve  respectable  professors  ; 
and  as  a  medical  reader  Beccaria  acquired 
opulence  and  fame.  A  dangerous  fever, 
however,  nearly  proved  fatal  to  him,  and 
left  such  unpleasant  traces  behind  as  shook 
his  constitution.  His  publications  on  phi- 
losophical and  medical  subjects  were  nu- 
merous and  valuable,  so  that  his  opinion  was 
courted  by  the  learned  of  Europe,  and  his 
name  enrolled  among  their  most  respecta- 
ble societies.  Beccaria  studied  the  dis- 
eases of  the  temper  as  well  as  those  of  the 
body  ,  and  by  perseverance  and  attention 
he  converted  a  sour  and  ungovernable  dis- 
position to  mildness  and  placid  composure. 
He  died  the  30th  January,  1766,  aged  84. 

Beccaria,  Caesar  Bonesana  marquis,  an 
Italian  philosopher,  the  pupil  of  Genovesi 
of  Naples.  He  published  a  treatise  on 
crimes  and  punishments,  which  proved  a 
popular  work,  and  was  translated  into  va- 


rious languages — disquisitions  on  the  na- 
ture of  style,  &c.  He  died  at  Milan  1795, 
aged  75. 

Beccuti,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet,  sur- 
named  II  Cappeta.  He  was  professor  of 
law  in  his  native  town  of  Perugia  ;  and 
died  1509,  aged  44.  He  is  particularly 
known  by  his  burlesque  poetry,  in  imitation 
of  Berni.  His  works  were  edited  by  Cava- 
lucci,  4to.  1751,  Venice. 

Becerra,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  sculptor 
and  painter  in  fresco.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Raphael  ;  and  his  best  piece  is  a  virgin, 
made  by  order  of  Isabella  of  Valois.  He 
died  at  Madrid  1570. 

Becker,  John  Joachim,  successively 
physician  to  the  electors  of  Mentz  and  Ba- 
varia, was  born  at  Spires,  and  died  at  Lon- 
don 1685,  aged  40.  He  possessed  great 
genius,  and  his  discoveries  in  ehymistry 
and  mechanics  were  many  and  important ; 
but  these  high  merits  were  obscured  by 
impetuous  passions,  and  an  unyielding 
temper,  which  raised  him  enemies,  and  at 
last  obliged  him,  after  residing  at  Vienna 
and  at  Haerlem,  to  fly  from  Germany  for 
an  asylum  in  Britain.  His  publications 
were  seven  in  number,  on  philosophical 
subjects,  the  chief  of  which  are  physiea. 
subterranea — institutiones  chymicae,  &c. 

Becker,  Daniel,  a  physician  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Brandenburg,  who  died  in  his  native 
city  of  Konigsburg  1760,  aged  43.  He 
was  author  of  commentarius  de  theriaca, 
&c.  London,  1660,  8vo. — de  cultivoro 
Prussinio,  Leyden,  Svo. 

Becket,  Thomas,  was  born  at  London1, 
1119,  and  educated  at  Merton  abbey  in 
Surrey,  and  afterwards  at  Oxford  and  Pa- 
ris. By  the  favour  of  his  patron,  Theo- 
bald, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he  passed 
to  Bononia  in  Italy,  where  he  studied  civil 
law,  and  soon  after  embraced  the  ecclesias- 
tical profession,  and  so  highly  was  he  re- 
commended to  king  Henry  II.  that  he  was 
made  chancellor,  1158.  As  a  courtier, 
Becket  assumed  all  the  gayety  of  the 
times,  and  when  he  attended  the  king  to 
Toulouse,  he  maintained  in  his  train  1200 
horse,  besides  700  knights  or  gentlemen-. 
On  the  death  of  Theobald,  the  monarch  re- 
warded his  favourite  with  the  vacant  see, 
but,  by  resigning  the  seals  of  chancellor, 
Becket  offended  his  benefactor  ;  and  his 
subsequent  haughtiness  and  obstinacy,  and 
the  high  tone  in  which  he  asserted  the  pri- 
vileges of  the  church,  further  widened  the 
breach,  and  disturbed  the  peace  of  the 
kingdom.  As  the  guardian  of  his  people, 
Henry  wished  for  a  community  of  laws, 
but  Becket  refused  to  repress  the  disor- 
ders of  his  clergy  by  suffering  them  to  be 
tried  in  the  same  manner  as  the  laity,  and 
though  for  a  time  he  assented  to  the  fa- 
mous constitutions  of  Clarendon,  he  re- 
tracted bis  acquiescence,  and  resigned  his 
197 


BEC 


BED 


archiepiscopal  office  at  the  feet  of  the  pope, 
who  not  only  forgave  the  error  of  his  judg- 
ment, by  reinstating  him,  but  espoused  his 
cause  and  annulled  the  decrees.     Support- 
ed by  the  papal  power  the  primate  excom- 
municated   those  who  favoured  the  royal 
cause,    and   Henry,  swollen  with  indigna- 
tion, banished  his  relations  and  adherents, 
and  sent  them  in    disgrace    and    indigence 
to  their   exiled  master.     Becket  continued 
to  indulge  his  resentment.     Not  only    the 
representations  and  entreaties  of  the  cler- 
gy, but  the  interference  of  the  pope  by  two 
cardinals,    proved    for   a     while   abortive 
with  the  haughty  prelate,   who,   when   at 
last  he  condescended  to  see  his  sovereign, 
1167,  broke    off  the    conference,    because 
Henry    refused    to    give    him    the  kiss   of 
peace.     In  1169,  however,  another   meet- 
ing with  difficulty  took  place   on  the  con- 
fines of  Normandy,  and   a  reconciliation 
was  effected,  and  the  king,  in  proof  of  hi3 
sincerity,  held  the  bridle  of  Becket's  horse 
while  he  mounted  and   dismounted  twice. 
The  return  of  the  primate    to  his    country 
was  not  attended  with   the  conduct  which 
the  friends  of  public  peace  expected  ;  he  re- 
fused  to   restore  the  excommunicated  bi- 
shops ;   and  so    irritated    was    Henry  on 
hearing  this,  that  he  exclaimed,  "  he  was 
an  unhappy  prince,  since  none  of  his  fol- 
lowers had   either   spirit    or  gratitude    to 
revenge    his    wrongs    on    so    insolent    a 
priest."     The  words   animated  four  of  his 
courtiers,  who  sailed  for  England  and  dash- 
ed out  the  prelate's   brains  before  the  altar 
of  his   cathedral  on   the  29th  Dec.  1171. 
The  murderers  fled,   and  to   expiate  their 
crimes',  they  undertook  a  pilgrimage  to  Je- 
rusalem, where  they    died.     The   news  of 
Becket's   death  alarmed   Henry,  who  not 
only  exculpated  himself  before  the   pope, 
but  performed  penance  at  the  shrine  of  the 
murdered  priest,  and  not   only  passed  the 
night  on  the  cold  pavement  in  penitence 
and  prayer,  but    suffered    himself   to  be 
scourged  by  the  monks.     To    the  violence 
of  his  death,  and  not  to  his  virtues,  Becket 
was  indebted  for    the  honours    paid   to   his 
memory.     He  not   only  became  a  saint  by 
the  indulgence  of  the  church,    but  so   nu- 
merous  were  the  miracles  wrought  at   his 
tomb  that  two  large   volumes  could  scarce 
contain  the  mention  of  them.     The  spot 
was   visited   by  thousands  with   religious 
awe,  and  the  shrine  of  the  saint,  like  that 
of  a  god  of  Delphi    in    ancient    times,  was 
adorned  with  whatever  was   most  costly, 
rich,  and  valuable  in  the  kingdom. 

Bf.ckinghaii,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer,  two  of  whose  pieces,  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  Scipio  Africanus,  were 
acted  and  applauded  before  he  completed 
his  20th  year.     He  died  1730,  aged  32. 

Beckjngton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, in  the  fifteenth  centurv,  author 
10« 


of  a  book  about  the  rights  of  the  English 
monarchs  in  France.  He  was  of  New 
college,  and  became  bishop  of  Bath  ami 
Wells. 

Bec<*uet,  Anthony,  a  Celestine  monk, 
who  wrote  a  history  of  his  order,  published 
4to.  1721.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
acquainted  with  many  valuable  literary 
anecdotes.     He  died  1730,  aged  76. 

Bectash,  Culi,  a  learned  Mussulman, 
author  of  a  book  called  the  Garden  of 
'1  noughts. 

Bectoz,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  Ho- 
nore  de  Taras^on,  was  eminent  for  her 
knowledge  of  Latin.  Her  letters  were  so 
polished  and  elegant,  that  Francis  I.  not 
only  showed  them  to  his  courtiers  as  per- 
fect models,  but  paid  the  abbess  a  friendly 
visit.  She  published  several  pieces  in 
Latin  and  Frencb,both  prose  and  verse,  and 
died  1547. 

Beda,  Noel,  a  violent  ecclesiastic,  bom 
in  Picardy,  and  raised  to  the  headship  of 
the  college  of  Montaign.  His  attack  on 
Erasmus  was  so  severe  that  the  offended 
scholar  convicted  him  of  asserting  181  lies, 
210  calumnies,  and  47  blasphemies.  It 
was  by  his  influence  that  the  Sorbonne  did 
not  pronounce  in  favour  of  the  divorce  of 
Henry  Mil.  and  so  irritative  were  bis 
writings  and  his  conduct,  that  he  was  three 
times  sent  into  banishment,  and  at  last 
died  in  his  exile,  in  the  abbey  of  Mount 
St.  Michael,  Feb.  8th,  1537.  His  works 
were  neither  elegant  nor  correct. 

Beda  or  Bede,  surnamed  the  Venerable, 
was  born  at  Wearmouth  or  Jarrow,  in  the 
county  of  Durham,  and  from  his  earliest 
years  educated  in  the  monastery  of  St. 
Peter.  The  monastic  life  gave  him  the 
opportunities  which  he  so  ardently  desired, 
his  time  was  devoted  to  the  severest  stu- 
dies, and  his  name  and  learning  became  so 
respectable  that  pope  Sergius  in  vain  soli- 
cited his  presence  at  Rome.  He  was 
courted  by  the  most  learned  of  his  country- 
men, and  particularly  by  Egbert,  bishop  of 
York,  to  whom  he  wrote,  in  the  last  years 
of  his  life,  an  epistle,  valuable  for  the 
curious  statement  which  it  gives  of  the 
ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the  times.  Con- 
finement and  application  at  last  overpow- 
ered his  constitution  ;  but  though  labouring 
under  the  complicated  weight  of  a  con- 
sumption and  an  asthma,  he  continued 
occasionally  to  impart  instruction  to  the 
monks  of  the  monastery,  till  he  expired, 
26th  May,  735,  aged  63.  His  remains 
were  deposited  at  Jarrow,  but  afterwards 
removed  to  Durham,  and  placed  with  those 
of  St.  Cuthbert.  Of  his  writings,  which 
were  all  composed  in  Latin,  the  most 
celebrated  were  his  ecclesiastical  history 
from  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar  to  his  own 
age,  collected  from  the  annals  of  convents 
and  ancient  chronicles — his  commentaries 


BED 


BED 


on  Scripture,  &c.  His  works  were  so  uni- 
versally admired  that  not  only  his  country- 
men, but  foreigners,  were  loud  in  his 
praises.  Some,  however,  have  severely 
attacked  his  literary  character.  He  cer- 
tainly possessed  all  the  puerile  credulity  of 
the  times ;  he  indulged  in  the  relation  of 
legendary  miracles.  He  wrote,  says  du 
Pin  (torn.  6,  p.  88.)  with  surprising  facility, 
but  without  elegance,  art,  purity,  or  reflec- 
tion ;  and  though  his  style  is  clear,  he  ap- 
pears to  be  a  greater  master  of  learning 
than  of  judgment,  or  true  critical  taste.  He 
was,  however,  according  to  Camden,  Bale, 
Pits,  and  others,  a  man  of  superior  powers 
of  mind,  and  he  shone  like  a  meteor  in  the 
darkness  of  a  barbarous  age.  So  valuable 
were  his  writings  considered  that  a  council 
ordered  them  to  be  publicly  read  in  church- 
es. The  best  edition  of  his  history  is  that 
of  1722  in  folio. 

Beddoes,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
was  the  son  of  a  farmer  at  Shiffnall  in 
Shropshire,  and  born  there  in  1760.  He 
received  his  education  at  the  school  of 
Brewood  in  Staffordshire,  next  at  that  of 
Bridgenorth,  afterwards  under  a  private 
tutor,  and,  lastly,  at  Pembroke-college, 
Oxford  ;  where,  in  1783,  he  took  the  degree 
of  A.M.,  and  the  following  year  went  to 
study  physic  at  Edinburgh.  In  1786  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  the  year  fol- 
lowing was  appointed  professor  of  chymis- 
try  at  Oxford  ,  but,  in  1792,  he  quitted  the 
university  on  account  of  the  violence  of  his 
politics.  He  then  settled  at  Clifton  near 
Bristol,  where  he  obtained  considerable 
practice,  but  died  in  the  prime  of  life,  of  a 
dropsy  in  the  chest,  which  he  mistook  for  a 
hepatic  disease,  Dec.  24,  1808.  Dr.  Bed- 
does  was  a  man  of  genius,  but  of  too  ardent 
and  versatile  a  temper,  which  led  him  to 
adopt  many  paradoxes  as  unquestionable 
truths.  He  translated  several  chymical 
works,  and  wrote  some  ingenious  pieces 
on  medicine,  mineralogy,  physiology,  phi- 
losophy, and  politics.  The  last,  however, 
are  coarse  and  intemperate  in  the  extreme. 
A  copious  memoir  of  him  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Stock,  with  an  elaborate  ac- 
count of  his  writings,  the  list  of  which  is 
too  long  for  insertion  in  this  place. —  W.B. 

Bedell,  William,  an  illustrious  prelate, 
born  1570,  at  Black  Notley  in  Essex.  He 
studied  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
which  he  left  to  reside  upon  the  living  of 
St.  Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  and  five  years 
after,  1604,  he  went  to  Venice  as  chaplain 
to  the  ambassador  Sir  Henry  Wotton. 
During  a  residence  of  eight  years  in  this 
ancient  republic,  he  diligently  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  Hebrew,  and  formed  a 
friendly  and  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Paul  Sarpi,  the  rabbi  Leo,  and  Antonio  de 
Dominis,  men  equally  celebrated  for  their 
learning  and  piety.     On  his  return  home. 


he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Horings- 
heath,  and  twelve  years  after,  he  was  una- 
nimously elected  to  the  provostship  of  Tri- 
nity college,  Dublin,  which  by  the  king's 
command,  though  reluctantly,  he  accepted, 
and  two  years  after  the  favour  of  his  pa- 
trons, Sir  Thomas  Jermyn  and  bishop 
Laud,  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Kilmore  and 
Ardagh.  In  this  high  station,  Bedell 
behaved  with  that  strong  sense  of  propriety 
which  his  private  manners  so  much  pro- 
mised. He  exhorted  his  clergy  to  exem- 
plary conduct  and  residence  ;  and,  to  show 
them  his  own  moderation,  he  resigned  the 
bishopric  of  Ardagh.  His  ordinations  were 
public  and  solemn,  example  was  made  to  go 
hand  in  hand  with  profession  in  the  great 
business  of  religion,  and  in  a  synod  of  his 
clergy  which  he  convened  for  reformation, 
some  canons  were  enacted,  excellent  and 
conciliatory.  A  strong  advocate  for  the 
church,  he  always  abhorred  the  persecution 
of  the  papists,  and  supported  the  justice 
and  the  rights  of  his  cause  by  the  arms  of 
meek  persuasion,  not  of  virulent  compul- 
sion. The  liturgy  as  well  as  the  bible  was 
translated  into  Irish,  and  every  method 
pursued  which  might  inform  and  enlighten 
the  minds  of  a  rough  and  uncivilized  pea- 
santry. So  much  exemplary  meekness  did 
not  go  unapplauded  ;  when  the  country  was 
torn  by  rebellion  in  1641,  the  bishop's  pa- 
lace was  the  only  habitation  in  the  county 
of  Cavan  that  remained  unviolated.  Malice, 
however,  prevailed,  the  rebels,  who  had 
declared  that  the  prelate  should  be  the  last 
Englishman  driven  from  the  country,  de- 
manded the  expulsion  of  the  unfortunate 
men  who  had  fled  to  his  roof  for  refuge,  and 
when  he  continued  firm  to  his  refusal,  he  and 
his  family  were  seized  and  sent  prisoners 
to  the  castle  of  Clough-boughter.  The 
horrors  of  confinement,  and  more  particu- 
larly the  misfortunes  of  his  country,  how- 
ever, broke  his  heart ;  he  expired  on  the 
7th  of  February,  1641,  in  the  house  of 
Dennis  Sheridan,  a  protestant,  to  whose 
care  he  had  been  intrusted.  His  memory 
received  unusual  honours  from  the  rebels, 
who  in  a  large  body  accompanied  his 
remains,  and  fired  over  his  grave  in  the 
churchyard  of  Kilmore,  with  all  the  homage 
due  to  a  worthy  man,  a  pious  Christian, 
and  an  exemplary  prelate. 

Bederic,  Henry,  a  monk  who  flourished 
about  the  year  1380.  He  was  born  at  St, 
Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  and  distinguished 
as  an  eloquent  preacher.  He  was  for  his 
learning  honoured  with  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  the  Sorbonne,  and  chosen  for  his 
virtues  provincial  of  the  Augustine  order  in 
England.  He  wrote  several  theological 
treatises. 

Bedford,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Sibsev, 
Lincolnshire,  who  settled  as  stationer  in 
London.     His  son  of  the  same  name  wa= 


BEE 


BE1I 


educated  at  3t.  John's,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow ;  but  though  patronised 
by  the  earl  of  Winchelsea,  the  politics  of 
the  revolution  deprived  him  of  his  benefice 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  fined  1000 
marks  in  1714,  for  publishing  "The  here- 
ditary right  of  the  crown  of  England 
asserted,"  though  the  real  author  was  Har- 
bin, a  nonjuring  priest,  whom  his  friend- 
ship thus  protected.  He  wrote  an  answer 
to  Fontenelle's  oracles  and  Dr.  Barwick's 
life,  translated  from  the  Latin,  &c.  and 
died  Nov.  26th,  1724,  aged  61. 

Bedford,  Thomas,  second  son  of  Hil- 
kiah,  was  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  he  acquired 
a.s  a  nonjuring  clergyman  some  reputation 
among  his  party  at  Compton,  near  Ash- 
bourne, Derbyshire,  where  he  died  Febru- 
ary 1773,  in  good  circumstances  and  much 
respected.  In  his  earlier  years  he  was 
chaplain  at  Angiers  in  France,  in  the 
family  of  Sir  John  Cotton,  Bart,  and  his 
marriage  with  the  sister  of  George  Smith, 
Esq.  of  Durham,  enabled  him  to  prepare 
for  the  press  an  edition  of  Simeon  of  Dur- 
ham's history.  He  wrote  also  an  historical 
catechism. 

Bedford,  John  duke  of,  third  son  of 
Henry  IV.  distinguished  himself  as  the 
general  of  the  English  armies  in  France, 
during  the  minority  of  Henry  VI.  whom  he 
proclaimed  king  at  Paris.  He  defeated  the 
French  fleet  in  several  encounters,  espe- 
cially near  Southampton,  and  in  the  battle 
where  he  routed  the  duke  of  Alencon.  He 
died  at  Rouen  1435.  When  some  courtiers 
advised  Charles  VIII.  of  France  to  demo- 
lish the  monument  of  this  noble  foreigner, 
the  monarch  answered  "  Suffer  to  sleep  in 
peace  the  ashes  of  a  man,  who  when  alive 
made  all  France  tremble." 

Bedloe,  AVilliam,  a  low  adventurer, 
whom  the  success  of  Oates  animated  to  the 
discovery  of  a  pretended  popish  plot,  for 
"which  the  house  of  commons  voted  him 
500/.  The  play  called  "  The  excommuni- 
cated prince,"  ascribed  to  him  is  attributed 
by  Wood  to  Thorn.  Walter  of  Jesus  college, 
Oxford.     He  died  August  20th,  1680. 

Bedos  de  Celles,  Francis,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maur,  member  of  the  academy 
of  Bourdcaux,  was  born  at  Caux,  and  died 
25th  November,  1779,  aged  53.  He  pub- 
lished a  treatise  on  dialling,  8vo.  1780,  and 
one  on  the  art  of  making  organs,  4to. 

Bedreddin,  Baalbcki,  a  physician  of 
Balbec,  in  the  seventh  century  of  the 
hegira,  author  of  a  treatise  on  those  me- 
dicines which  excite  pleasure,  &c.  He 
inveighs  against  Avicenna  for  ranking  co- 
riander among  the  simples  which  enliven 
the  heart. 

Beek,  David,  a  Flemish  painter.  Vid. 
Bek. 

Beekman,   John  Anthonv,  professor  of 
•200 


philosophy  at  Gottingen,  was  born  at  Hoye 
in  the  electorate  of  Hanover  in  1739,  and 
died  in  1811,  having  tilled  the  chair  near 
forty-five  years.  His  works  are — 1.  A 
History  of  Discoveries  and  Inventions,  5 
vols.  Svo.  2.  History  of  the  earliest  \  oy- 
ages  made  in  modern  times.  3.  An  edition 
of  the  treatise  ascribed  to  Aristotle,  enti- 
tled "  De  Mirabilibus  Auscultationibus  ;" 
another  of  the  wonderful  histories  of  Anti- 
gonus  Carystius  ;  and  also  of  Marbodius's 
treatise  on  Stones.  Many  of  his  papers 
are  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Socie- 
ty of  Gottingen. —  W.  B. 

Bega,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter  born 
at  Haerlem.  His  landscapes,  cattle,  and 
conversations,  were  much  admired.  Du- 
ring a  plague  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  exces- 
sive attention  to  his  mistress,  who  was 
attacked  by  the  disease  1664,  in  his  45th 
year. 

Beger,  Laurence,  son  of  a  tanner  of 
Heidelberg,  was  librarian  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  published  several  valu- 
able books  on  antiquities  and  medals,  par- 
ticularly thesaurus  ex  thesauro,  palatinus 
selectus,  seu  gemmae,  folio, — spicilegium 
antiquitatis,  fol. — thesaurus  she  gemmae 
numismate,  &c.  3  vols,  folio.  He  died  at 
Berlin  1705,  aged  52.  He  wrote,  besides, 
a  book  in  favour  of  polygamy  at  the  in- 
stance of  Charles  the  elector  palatine,  who 
wished  to  espouse  his  mistress,  but  he  re- 
canted its  tenets  after  the  prince's  death. 

Begeyn,  Abraham,  a  Dutchman,  born 
1650,  painter  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  His 
landscapes  and  other  pieces  adorn  the  roy- 
al palaces  of  Berlin,  and  also  some  of  the 
public  buildings  of  the  Hague. 

Begon,  Michael,  a  native  of  Blois,  who 
after  practising  law,  distinguished  himself 
in  the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the 
French  West-India  islands,  &c.  He  was 
universally  respected  for  the  benevolence 
of  his  character.  He  died  14th  March, 
1710,  in  his  72d  year.  He  had  collected 
a  most  valuable  cabinet  of  antiques,  medals, 
prints,  and  curiosities,  and  from  the  various 
memoirs  which  he  selected,  Perrault  deri- 
ved his  materials  for  his  "  History  of  the 
illustrious  men  of  France." 

Beguillet,  Edmund,  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Dijon,  and  correspondent 
of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  devoted 
himself  much  to  agriculture  and  domestic 
economy.  He  died  May  1786.  He  is 
author  of  a  work  on  the  principles  of  ve- 
getation and  agriculture,  Svo.  1769 — trea- 
tise on  the  vine  and  wines,  1770 — on  mills 
and  millwrights — &c. 

'  Behaim,  Martin,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg, whose  penetrative  genius,  enriched 
by  the  studies  of  navigation  and  cosmogra- 
phy, formed  the  first  idea  of  a  new  world. 
Tliis  bold  adventurer  sailed  in  1460  in 
quest  of  discoveries,  and  actually  visited 


BEI 


BEL 


the  Brazils,  the  isle  of  Fayal,  and  the 
straits  of  Magellan,  and  on  his  return  he 
constructed  a  globe  of  20  inches  diameter, 
with  a  representation  of  his  voyage,  still  to 
be  seen  at  Nuremberg.  This  curious  cir- 
cumstance, if  supported  by  truth,  detracts 
from  the  long-established  merit  of  Colum- 
bus, as  the  first  discoverer  of  America.  He 
died  at  Lisbon,  1506. 

Behn,  Aphra,  an  English  poetess,  born 
nt  Canterbury.  She  embarked  with  her 
father,  Mr.  Johnson,  who  was  appointed 
governor  of  Surinam,  but  his  death  on  the 
passage  destroyed  her  prospects,  and  she 
returned  to  England,  where  she  married 
Mr.  Behn,  a  merchant,  of  Dutch  extrac- 
tion. It  is  however  to  be  observed,  that 
her  residence  at  Surinam  introduced  her  to 
the  company  of  Oroonoko,  a  native  prince, 
whose  story  she  has  pathetically  described 
in  a  novel  bearing  the  same  name,  and 
though  assertions  injurious  to  her  charac- 
ter have  been  uttered  by  malice  or  envy 
with  respect  to  this  illustrious  American, 
it  must  be  confessed  that  his  fondness  for 
his  wife  Imoinda,  and  the  vigilance  of  her 
relations,  are  the  best  proofs  of  her  virtu- 
ous deportment.  Charles  II.  was  pleased 
with  her  vivacity,  and  she  was  employed 
by  the  court  to  discover  the  machinations 
of  the  Dutch  against  England.  She  was 
successful  in  this  attempt,  and  the  love 
which  Vander  Albert  had  formerly  enter- 
tained for  her  person,  was  converted  into 
an  engine  to  serve  her  country.  The  un- 
wary Dutchman  in  his  moments  of  fond- 
ness betrayed  the  intentions  of  De  Witt  and 
De  Ruyter  to  sail  up  the  Thames,  but  the 
English  court  unfortunately  considered  the 
secret  as  improbable,  and  Mrs.  Behn  re- 
nounced her  politics,  and  on  her  return 
home  devoted  herself,  sometimes  under  the 
fictitious  name  of  Astraea,  to  pleasure  and 
the  muses.  Her  works  were  miscellane- 
ous, and  chiefly  consisted  of  poems,  son- 
nets, and  songs,  17  plays,  besides  novels, 
letters,  and  histories,  and  translations,  and 
after  a  long  indisposition,  she  died,  April 
16th,  1689,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters 
of  Westminster  abbey.  Her  memoirs 
have  been  published,  and  prefixed  to  her 
works,  three  vols.  Svo. — Her  writings,  like 
her  life,  are  too  often  marked  by  licen- 
tiousness. 

Beich,  Joachim  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Ravemburg,  in  Swabia.  His  landscapes 
and  battles  were  much  admired.  He  died 
174S,  aged  83. 

Beidhavi,  a  judge  of  Schiraz,  in  Per- 
sia. He  wrote  two  volumes  on  the  Koran, 
and  died  in  the  year  685,  or  692,  of  the 
hegira. 

Beierlinck,  Laurence,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Antwerp,  who  edited  Zwinger's  theatrum 
vitae  humans,  and  Biblia  sacra,  &c.  He 
died  1627,  aged  49. 

Vol.  I.  «i", 


Beinaschi,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  Loin 
at  Piedmont.  He  studied  at  Rome  under 
Lanfranc,  and  was  knighted  in  honour  to 
his  great  merit.     He  died,  1688,  aged  54. 

Betthar,  Ben,  an  African,  author  of  a 
history  of  simples  in  alphabetical  order, 
&c.  He  died,  the  646th  year  of  the  hegira. 

Bek,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Ne- 
therlands, pupil  to  Vandyk.  His  abilities 
as  a  painter  highly  recommended  him  to 
Charles  I.  of  England,  and  to  the  kings  of 
France  and  Denmark,  and  to  the  queen 
Christina  of  Sweden.  It  is  said  that  in 
travelling  through  Germany,  he  fell  sick  at 
an  inn,  and  was  considered  as  dead.  His 
servants,  however,  drinking  by  his  bed- 
side, poured,  in  a  frolic,  a  glass  of  wine 
into  his  mouth,  observing  that  he  was  a 
friend  to  the  bottle  when  alive,  and  the 
sudden  application  operating  upon  him,  he 
opened  his  eyes,  and  gradually  revived. 
He  died  at  the  Hague,  1656,  aged  35.  He 
had  been  in  most  of  the  capitals  of  Europe, 
to  paint  the  most  illustrious  persons  of  each 
court  for  Christina  of  Sweden. 

Bekker,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Warthuisen,  in  Groningen.  After  study- 
ing at  the  universities  of  Groningen  and 
Franeker,  he  settled  as  minister  of  Ooster- 
lingen,  where  he  published  a  catechism  for 
children,  which  drew  upon  him  the  cen- 
sures of  several  ecclesiastical  assemblies. 
The  synod  of  Franeker,  however,  approved 
of  his  doctrines,  and  recommended  the. 
book  as  full  of  wholesome  and  useful  in- 
structions. He  passed  afterwards  to  Loc- 
nen,  near  Utrecht,  to  Wesop,  and  to  Am- 
sterdam, where  he  acquired  celebrity,  by 
writing  a  treatise  on  comets,  and  an  expo- 
sition of  the  book  of  Daniel.  The  most 
known,  however,  of  his  publications,  was, 
"  the  world  bewitched,"  an  inquiry  into  the 
vulgar  notions  of  spirits  and  devils.  So 
high  was  the  clamour  raised  against  him 
by  this  composition,  that  he  was  suspended 
from  his  ministerial  office,  though  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Amsterdam,  with  unparalleled 
generosity,  continued  to  pay  him  his 
salary.  A  medal  was  struck  to  ridicule 
the  process  of  the  synods  against  him. 
Bekker  died  of  a  pleurisy,  June  11th,  1698. 

Bel,  John  James,  a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 
author  of  the  "dictionaire  neologique," 
since  improved  byDcs  Fontaines — of  criti- 
cal letters  on  Voltaire's  Mariamnc — and  of 
an  apology  for  Houdar  de  la  Motte.  He 
was  severe  against  the  use  of  novel  expres- 
sions and  affected  terms,  and  united,  with 
great  penetration,  the  powers  of  irony  and 
satire.  He  died  at  Paris,  of  excessive  la- 
bour, 1738,  aged  45. 

Bel,  Mathias,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Orsowa,  in  Hungary.  He  studied  physic 
at  Halle,  which  he  relinquished  for  divi- 
nity. He  was  rector  of  the  school  of  Pres- 
burg,  and  minister,  and  was  ennobled  bv 
'.'01 


BEL 


BEL 


Charles  VI.  for  bis  literary  works.  He 
wrote  apparatus  ad  historiam  Hungariae, 
and  notitia  Hungariae  nova  ;  two  works  of 
merit,  which  procured  him  honourable 
marks  of  esteem  and  admiration  from  the 
pope,  the  empress  of  Russia,  and  the  king 
of  Prussia.     He  died,  1749,  aged  66. 

Bel,  Charles  Andrew,  son  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Prcsburg,  and  was  honourably 
appointed  to  the  professorship  extraordi- 
nary of  Leipsic,  1741,  and  in  1756  to  that 
of  poetry,  with  the  office  of  librarian,  and 
the  title  of  counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote 
de  vera  origine  et  epocha  Hunnorum,  &.c. 
4to.  and  was  engaged  in  the  acta  erudito- 
rum,  from  1754  to  1781.  He  died,  1782, 
aged  64. 

Belcamp,  John  Van,  a  Dutchman,  em- 
ployed under  Vanderdort  to  copy  pictures 
in  the  king's  collection,  which  he  executed 
with  judgment  and  accuracy.  He  died, 
1653. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, New- Hampshire,  and  New- 
Jersey,  was  born  at  Boston,  in  1681,  and 
after  obtaining  a  degree  at  Harvard  college, 
spent  several  years  in  Europe  in  comple- 
ting his  education.  He  seems  to  have  been 
indebted  for  his  political  honours  to  an  ac- 
quaintance formed  during  that  period  with 
the  elector  of  Hanover,  afterwards  George 
II.  of  England.  He  devoted  himself,  after 
his  return  to  America,  to  mercantile  pur- 
suits, till  in  1729  he  was  sent  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts,  as  an  agent  to 
the  court  of  Great  Britain,  whence  he  re- 
turned the  following  year,  with  an  appoint- 
ment to  the  government  of  Massachusetts 
and  New-Hampshire.  He  continued  in 
that  station,  discharging  its  duties  with 
zeal  and  dignity,  for  eleven  years,  when  in 
consequence  of  misrepresentation  at  the 
English  court,  he  was  superseded.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  governor  of 
New-Jersey,  and  exercised  an  administra- 
tion there  of  great  usefulness  and  popula- 
rity. He  was  accomplished  in  his  manners, 
distinguished  for  integrity,  public  spirit, 
and  beneficence,  and  eminently  pious. 
After  a  life  of  great  usefulness,  he  died 
in   1757,  aged  56.  (LT  L. 

Belchier,  John,  was  born  at  Kingston, 
Surrey,  and  after  an  Eton  education,  was 
put  apprentice  to  Cheselden,  the  most  ce- 
lebrated surgeon  of  his  age.  Perseverance 
and  assiduity  soon  rendered  him  eminent 
in  his  profession,  and  in  1736,  in  his  30th 
year,  he  succeeded  Craddock  as  surgeon  in 
Guy's  hospital.  In  this  employment  he 
became  respected  and  beloved  for  his  atten- 
tion, and,  unlike  the  mercenary  practition- 
ers of  the  times,  he  considered  not  the 
emoluments  of  his  office,  but  the  character 
of  his  station,  and  treated  with  unwearied 
patience  and  humanity  those  whom  dis- 
eases or  misfortunes  had  placed  under  his 
2©2 


care.  In  his  private  life  he  was  equally 
amiable,  his  whole  time  was  devoted  either 
to  his  friends  or  to  the  improvement  of  his 
profession,  and  many  are  the  ingenious 
communications  with  which  he  favoured 
the  philosophical  transactions  and  other 
publications.  He  respected  the  name 
of  Guy  almost  to  adoration,  observing, 
that  no  other  man  would  have  sacri- 
ficed 150,000/.  for  the  relief  of  his  fellow- 
creatures.  After  enjoying  an  uninterrupt- 
ed health,  he  died  almost  suddenly  in  1785, 
in  his  79th  year,  and  he  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  Cuy's  hospital. 

Belesis,  a  Chaldean,  made  governor  of 
Babylon,  for  his  services  in  elevating  Ar- 
baces  to  the  throne  of  Media,  770  B.  C. 

Belgrade,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Udina,  eminent  as  a  mathematician,  poet, 
and  antiquary.  His  treatise  on  the  exist- 
ence of  God,  demonstrated  by  geometrical 
theory,  is  an  able  work.  He  died,  1789, 
aged  85. 

Belidor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  eminent 
French  engineer,  professor  of  the  acade- 
mies of  Paris  and  Berlin,  and  author  of  the 
dictionaire  portatif  de  l'ingenieur,  12mo. 
His  hydraulics,  architecture,  &c.  are  still 
highly  valued  on  the  continent.  He  died 
September  8th,  1761,  in  his  70th  year. 

Beling,  Richard,  a  native  of  Belings- 
town,  in  the  county  of  Dublin.  After  be- 
ing educated  in  Dublin,  and  in  the  catholic 
tenets  of  his  family,  he  studied  law  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  but  without  the  intention  of 
practising,  as  he  became  a  leading  officer 
in  the  rebellion  of  1641.  He  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  catholic  council  of 
Kilkenny,  and  so  high  were  his  services 
valued,  that  he  went  over  as  ambassador  to 
the  pope,  and  brought  back  the  nuncio  Ri- 
nuccini  with  him.  The  intrigues  of  this 
foreign  prelate,  however,  were  unfriendly 
to  the  views  of  the  catholics,  and  this  was 
no  sooner  discovered,  than  Beling  became 
reconciled  to  the  duke  of  Ormond  and  the 
royal  authority,  and  on  the  success  of  the 
parliamentary  forces,  he  retired  to  France, 
where  he  devoted  his  time  to  give  a  Latin 
history  of  the  rebellion,  which  distracted 
his  unfortunate  country.  This  book,  called 
Vindiciarum  Catholic.  Hiberniae,  is  consi- 
dered as  highly  important  and  authentic. 
Beling  returned  to  Dublin  after  the  resto- 
ration, where  he  recovered  his  estates,  and 
where  he  died  September,  1677,  aged  64. 

Belisarius,  a  celebrated  general  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Justinian.  After 
serving  his  country  against  the  Persians, 
the  Vandals  in  Africa,  the  Goths  and  the 
Huns  in  Italy,  and  every  where  displaying 
marks  of  wisdom,  fortitude,  bravery,  and 
heroism,  he  was  accused  of  rebellion,  and 
dishonourably  condemned  by  the  weak 
emperor,  who  confiscated  his  estates.  The 
story  of  his  being  blind,  and  begging  for  his 


BEL 


BEL 


bread,  is  of  modern  invention.     He  died 
565. 

Belknap,  Jeremy,  an  American  divine 
and  author,  was  born  at  Boston,  New  Eng- 
land, in  1744,  and  received  his  education 
at  Harvard  college,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree in  1762.  He  was  settled  in  the  Chris- 
tian ministry  at  Dover,  New-Hampshire, 
in  1767,  and  remained  pastor  of  the  church 
there  till  1786,  when  the  connexion  was 
dissolved  at  his  own  request.  After  this 
period  he  was  invited  to  settle  in  his  na- 
tive town,  and  in  1787,  was  installed  pastor 
of  the  church  in  Federal-street,  Boston, 
and  consequently  became  one  of  the  over- 
seers of  the  university  at  Cambridge,  in 
which  he  took  an  active  interest ;  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity  was  conferred  on  him  by 
that  university  in  1792.  He  was  the  pro- 
poser, and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Historical  Society,  incorporated 
in  1794,  and  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
their  object  of  multiplying  and  diffusing 
copies  of  historical  documents.  He  died  of 
apoplexy  at  Boston,  in  1798.  His  pub- 
lished works  are  the  History  of  New- 
Hampshire,  3  volumes — American  Biogra- 
phy, 2  volumes ;  commencing  with  the  first 
voyagers  to  that  continent,  and  ending  with 
the  founder  of  Pennsylvania — The  Fores- 
ters, a  sequel  to  the  history  of  John  Bull 
the  Clothier,  in  which  the  origin  and  pro- 
gress of  the  American  colonies  are  hu- 
morously and  allegorically  described,  after 
the  manner  of  Swift — Dissertations  on  the 
character  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the  evidence 
of  his  Gospel — a  collection  of  Sacred  Po- 
etry— a  century  discourse  on  the  discovery 
of  America,  delivered  at  the  request  of  the 
historical  society,  and  several  Sermons. 
His  writings  are  esteemed  for  clearness  of 
arrangement,  and  perspicuity  of  style,  as 
well  as  for  antiquarian  research.  He  was 
a  decided  friend  of  the  American  revolu- 
tion, and  of  the  federal  constitution  ;  an 
opposer  of  African  slavery,  and  a  promoter 
of  literature  and  science  ;  his  manners 
were  social,  friendly,  and  void  of  ostenta- 
tion, and  his  character  is  respected  for  un- 
affected piety.  (O3  L. 

Bell,  John,  an  eminent  surgeon  of 
Edinburgh,  died  at  Rome,  April  15,  1820. 
He  published  several  valuable  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are — 1.  The  anatomy 
of  the  human  body,  3  vols.  8vo. — 2.  En- 
gravings of  the  bones,  muscles,  and  joints. 
— 3.  Engravings  of  the  arteries. — 4.  Dis- 
courses on  the  nature  and  cure  of  wounds. 
— 5.  Principles  of  surgery,  3  vols.  4to. — 
6.  Letters  on  professional  character  and 
manners. —  W.  B. 

Bell,  Beaupre,  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  and  respectable  family,  settled  at 
Beaupre-hall  in  Norfolk.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school,  and  entered  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  1723,  and  dis- 


tinguished himself  as  an  antiquarian.  His 
collections  consisted  of  the  most  valuable 
medals,  seals,  drawings,  coins,  &c.  which 
he  presented  to  Trinity  college.  He  died 
of  a  consumption  when  young  and  unmar- 
ried. He  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  chapel 
in  Outwell  church,  Norfolk. 

Bell,  William,  an  English  divine,  who 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  society  he  became  fellow, 
and  proceeded  there  to  the  degree  of  D.D. 
after  having  obtained  geveral  academical 
prizes,  particularly  one  in  1756  for  a  disser- 
tation on  the  causes  which  principally  con- 
tribute to  render  a  nation  populous.  This 
was  published  the  same  year,  and  gained 
for  the  author  considerable  applause.  Dr. 
Bell  was  domestic  chaplain  and  secretary  to 
the  princess  Amelia,  daughter  of  George  II. 
and,  in  virtue  of  that  connexion,  obtained 
a  prebendal  stall  in  Westminster-abbey, 
which  he  held  to  his  death  in  1816,  aged  85. 
Before  his  demise  he  transferred  15,200/. 
in  the  three  per  cents,  to  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  in  trust  for  eight  scholarships 
for  the  orphan  sons  of  poor  clergymen. 
His  other  charities  wer-:  also  considerable. 
Besides  the  tract  already  mentioned,  he 
was  the  author  of — 1.  an  inquiry  into  the 
divine  Missions  of  John  Baptist  and 
Jesus  Christ,  8vo.  1760  ;  a  second  edition 
of  this  appeared  in  1795.  2.  A  Sermon  at 
the  Consecration  of  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1774.  3.  An  Attempt  to  ascer- 
tain and  illustrate  the  Authority,  Nature, 
and  Design  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  8vo.  Of 
this  volume,  which  was  answered  by  bishop 
Bagot,  he  published  an  abridgment.  The 
doctrine  maintained  in  both  is  that  of 
Hoadley.  Dr.  Bell  published  the  last  sen- 
timents of  father  Courayer  ;  and  his  own 
sermons  have  been  since  edited  by  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Allen.— W.  B. 

Bellamont,  Richard,  (earl  of,)  governor 
of  New- York,  Massachusetts,  and  New- 
Hampshire,  was  appointed  to  that  office  in 
1695,  and  arrived  at  New- York  in  1698, 
where  his  administration  was  attended  with 
many  difficulties,  from  the  divided  and  em- 
barrassed state  of  the  colony,  and  the  de- 
predations of  pirates  on  the  coast.  He 
went  to  Boston  in  1699,  and  rendered  him- 
self highly  popular  there  by  his  affability, 
courteousness,  and  conformity  to  the  cus- 
toms of  the  people.  He  returned  to  New- 
York  in  1700,  and  died  on  the  5th  of  March 
the  following  year.  Much  of  his  time  was 
employed  in  the  suppression  of  the  piracies', 
by  which  the  commerce  was  harassed.  He 
seized  the  notorious  Kidd,  and  sent  him  to 
England.  [CT  L. 

Bellamy,  Joseph,  D.D.  an  American 
congregational  minister,  distinguished  for 
talents  and  usefulness  as  a  preacher  and 
writer,  was  born  in  New  Cheshire,  Con- 
necticut, in  1719,  and  graduated  at  Y»l<- 
2f13 


I.i.i. 


college  in  1735.  He  was  invested  with  ihe 
pastoral  office  at  Bethlehem,  Connecticut, 
in  1 740,  and  laboured  there  with  great  ap- 
probation and  success  till  his  death,  in 
1750.  He  possessed  a  vigorous  mind,  and 
was  well  versed  in  theology.  His  style 
was  plain,  and  his  manner  impressive.  He 
held  a  high  rank  among  his  cotemporaries 
as  a  preacher.  During  the  great  religious 
revival  with  which  the  churches  were  visit- 
ed in  1742,  he  devoted  much  of  his  time 
to  itinerant  labour,  and  was  the  instrument 
of  much  good  in  many  congregations.  He 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  theological  in- 
structor, both  by  a  happy  method  of  teach- 
ing, and  by  the  great  number  of  young  men 
who  studied  for  the  ministry  under  his 
care.  The  most  important  of  his  publica- 
tions, is  his  "  True  religion  delineated." 
His  works  have  been  republished  in  three 
volumes,  8vo.  UCr  L. 

Bellamy,  Thomas,  was  born  in  1745 
at  Kingston-upon-Thames,  and  brought  up 
to  the  business  of  a  hosier,  in  which  line 
he  set  up  for  himself;  but  after  carrying  on 
trade  twenty  years  in  London,  he  relin- 
quished it,  and  devoted  his  attention  to  li- 
terary pursuits.  He  projected  the  "Monthly 
Mirror,"  a  periodical  publication  ;  published 
also  "  Sadaski,"  a  novel ;  "  The  Friends," 
a  musical  interlude  ;  and  "  Lessons  from 
Life,"  for  young  persons.  He  died  in 
1800. — W.  B. 

Bellarmin,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Jesuit, 
born  in  Tuscany,  1542.  After  a  residence 
of  seven  years  at  Louvain,  he  returned  to 
Italy,  and  recommended  himself  by  his  lec- 
tures to  the  Pope,  Sixtus  V.  who  employed 
him,  and  raised  him,  in  1599,  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cardinal.  He  was  afterward  ad- 
vanced to  the  see  of  Capua,  which  he 
resigned  in  1605,  that  he  might  bestow 
greater  attention  to  the  affairs  of  the 
church,  and  be  near  the  pope's  person. 
His  infirmities,  however,  increasing  upon 
him,  he  left  the  Vatican,  1621,  and  died 
17th  September,  the  same  year,  at  the 
house  of  the  Jesuits,  and  received  at  his 
burial  all  the  honours  which  were  due  to 
a  saint.  Bellarmin  deservedly  acquired 
great  reputation  as  a  controversial  writer  ; 
his  powers  of  eloquence  were  extensive, 
and  so  formidable  were  the  labours  of  his 
pen,  in  defence  of  the  Romish  church,  that 
for  40  or  50  years  there  was  scarce  a  man 
of  abilities  among  the  protestants,  who  did 
not  take  up  the  shield  to  oppose  his  opi- 
nions. He  did  not  however  adopt  all  the 
tenets  of  the  Jesuits  ;  he  could  not  embrace 
fully  the  doctrine  of  predestination,  nor 
many  of  the  expressions  of  the  Romish 
litanies,  and  he  rather  inclined  to  the  opi- 
nions of  St.  Augustine.  His  most  famous 
hook  is  his  body  of  controversy,  in  four 
vols,  folio,  besides  a  commentary  on  the 
psalms,  a  treatise  on  ecclesiastical  writers. 
204 


&e.  His  life  has  been  published  by  James 
Fuligati,  and  he  is  represented  as  a  man  of 
uncommon  temperance,  patience,  and  chas- 
tity, small  in  stature  ;  but  though  indifferent 
in  his  person,  he  showed  the  strong  feelings 
of  his  soul  in  every  feature.  Some  parti- 
culars of  him  are  to  be  seen  farther  in  Ale- 
gambus,  Possevinus,  Sponde,  &c 

Bellay,  William  du,  a  French  general, 
distinguished  also  as  a  negotiator,  so  that 
Charles  V.  observed  that  his  pen  had  fought 
more  against  him  than  all  the  lances  of 
France.  He  .strongly  interested  himself  in 
favour  of  Henry  VIII.  to  obtain  his  divorce 
from  queen  Catherine.  His  penetration 
was  remarkable,  so  that  by  intrigue  or  bri- 
bery he  made  himself  master  of  the  most 
secret  councils  of  the  Emperor.  With  the 
view  of  communicating  some  important 
intelligence  to  Francis  I.  he  left  Piedmont, 
of  which  he  was  viceroy,  but  his  infirmities 
were  so  great  that  he  died  on  the  way  at 
Saphorin,  between  Lyons  and  Roan,  9th 
January,  1543.  He  was  buried  at  Mons. 
Of  his  compositions  the  most  known  is  his 
Latin  history  of  his  own  times,  of  which 
however  the  best  part  has  been  lost. 

Bellat,  John  du,  bishop  of  Bayonne, 
and  afterwards  of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a 
negotiator  between  Henry  VIII.  of  Eng- 
land and  the  pope,  with  respect  to  his  di- 
vorce ;  but  he  laboured  in  vain  to  prevent 
the  bull  of  excommunication-  from  being 
fulminated  against  the  refractory  prince. 
His  abilities,  however,  were  more  immedi- 
ately directed  to  the  service  of  Francis  I. 
and  when  that  monarch  opposed  the  inva- 
sion of  Provence  by  Charles  V.  Bellay, 
now  become  a  cardinal,  assumed  the  de- 
fence of  Paris,  and  fortified  it  with  a  strong 
rampart  still  to  be  seen.  The  death  of 
Francis  was  attended  with  the  disgrace  of 
Bellay  ;  cardinal  de  Lorraine  became  the 
favourite,  and  the  discarded  minister  re- 
tired to  Rome,  where  his  great  riches  en- 
abled him  to  build  an  elegant  palace.  He 
died  there  16th  Feb  1560,  aged  68,  leaving 
the  character  of  an  able  negotiator,  a  bril- 
liant wit,  and  an  insinuating  courtier.  To 
his  fondness  for  literature  the  French  owe 
the  institution  of  the  College  Royal.  He 
wrote  harangues,  elegies,  epigrams,  odes, 
an  apology  for  Francis  I.,  &c.  collected  to- 
gether in  one  vol.  8vo.  1549. 

Bellay,  Martin  du,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  by 
Francis  I.  whom  he  served  with  fidelity 
and  success.  He  wrote  historical  memoirs 
found  among  the  fragments  of  his  brother 
William.     He  died  at  Perche,  1559. 

Bellay,  Joachim  du,  was  born  at  Lire, 
24  miles  from  Angers,  but  the  talents 
which  nature  had  bestowed  upon  him  were 
neglected  by  the  inattention  of  his  elder 
brother,  to  whose  care  he  was  intrusted. 
He,  however,  at  last  burst  forth  through  all 


5  EL 


BEL 


obstacles,  and  though  his  health  was  im- 
paired by  the  weight  of  domestic  misfor- 
tunes, he  studied  the  productions  of  an- 
cient and  modern  times,  and  excelled  so 
much  in  poetry,  that  he  was  called  the 
Ovid  of  France.  He  followed  his  relation 
the  cardinal  to  Italy,  but  returned  after 
three  years  absence  to  Paris,  where  his 
cousin,  Eustache  du  Bellay,  the  bishop, 
procured  him  a  canonry,  and  a  peaceful  re- 
tirement from  the  malice  of  his  enemies, 
who  envied  his  fame  and  his  merits.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  1st  January,  1560, 
aged  37,  and  deserved  the  tears  and  the 
regret  of  the  learned,  who  stated  him  with 
truth  pater  elegantiarum,  pater  omnium 
leporum.  He  has  been  censured  for  im- 
proper and  indelicate  expressions  in  his 
writings.  His  Latin  poetry,  printed  at 
Paris,  4to.  1569,  is  not  devoid  of  merit, 
though  inferior  to  his  French  verses,  pub- 
lished 1561.  The  following  neat  couplet 
on  a  dog  is  by  him  ; 

Latratu  fures  except,  mutus  amantes  ; 

Sic  placui  domino,  sic  placui  domince. 

Belle,  Etienne  de  la,  an  artist  in  draw- 
ing and  engraving,  who  died  at  Florence, 
1664,  aged  54,  highly  respected,  and  a 
great  favourite  of  the  duke. 

Belle,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter,  disciple 
of  Francis  de  Troy,  patronised  by  the  king 
of  France.  He  died  at  Paris,  1734,  aged 
60.  He  united  with  great  judgment  the 
happy  art  of  making  dress  and  other  acces- 
saries subservient  to  the  brilliancy  of  his 
colouring. 

Belleau,  Remi,  one  of  the  seven  poets 
called  the  pleiades  of  France,  was  born  at 
Nogent  le  Rotron,  and  lived  in  the  family 
of  Renatus  of  Lorraine.  He  excelled  as 
a  pastoral  writer,  and  in  his  translations  of 
Anacreon  he  preserved  all  the  beauties  and 
ease  of  the  original.  His  poem  on  the 
nature  and  difference  of  precious  stones  is 
much  admired.  He  died  at  Paris,  1577, 
aged  49. 

Bellecour,  Colson,  a  distinguished  ac- 
tor on  the  French  stage.  He  excelled  as 
much  in  comic  parts  as  De  Kain  in  tragic. 
He  died  1736.  His  wife,  who  survived  him 
till  1799,  was  equally  celebrated,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  low  characters  of  Moliere's 
comedies. 

Belleforet,  Francis  de,  a  native  of 
Sarzan  in  Guienne,  whose  early  years  were 
supported  by  the  labours  of  a  poor  widow- 
ed mother,  and  the  greater  partiality  of  the 
queen  of  Navarre.  He  studied  at  Bom- 
deaux  and  Toulouse,  and  passed  to  Paris, 
where  he  was  honoured  with  the  friendship 
of  the  learned  and  the  great.  His  history 
of  the  ninth  Charles  of  France — his  uni- 
versal history  of  the  world — his  annals  or 
general  history  of  France,  are  the  most 
l<nown  of  his  works.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1 583j  aged  53. 


Bellegarde,  Jean  Baptiste  Morvan  de, 
a  Jesuit  of  Pthyriac,  in  the  diocess  of  Nan- 
tes, expelled  from  his  society  for  being  a 
Cartesian.  He  died  26th  April,  1734,  aged 
86.  His  works,  which  are  numerous,  but 
without  depth  or  ingenuity,  consist  chiefly 
of  moral  treatises,  translations  of  the 
fathers,  of  Chrysostom,  Basil,  Ambrose, 
Thomas  a  Kempis — and  versions  of  the 
classics — a  version  of  las  Casas's  history  of 
the  Indies,  in  four  small  volumes. 

Bellenden,  William,  a  Scotchman, 
master  of  the  requests  to  James  VI.,  and 
humanity  professor  at  Paris.  In  the  enjoy- 
ment of  literary  ease,  he  devoted  his  time 
to  classical  pursuits,  and  published  some 
learned  works,  called  Ciceronis  princeps, 
1608,  and  Ciceronis  consul,  1612,  dedica- 
ted to  Henry  prince  of  Wales,  with  trea- 
tises on  political  writers,  &c.  His  admi- 
ration of  the  Roman  orator,  and  of  Seneca 
and  Pliny,  was  further  demonstrated  in  a 
more  comprehensive  work,  "  de  tribus 
luminibus  Romanorum,"  the  completion  of 
which,  however,  was  stopped  by  death. 
This  valuable  treatise  was  edited  in  1787, 
with  all  the  care  and  homage  which  the 
labours  of  an  elegant  scholar  could  receive 
from  the  nervous  pen  of  Dr.  Parr. 

Bellenger,  Francis,  a  learned  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  who  translated  Diony- 
sius  of  Halicarnassus,  and  also  Herodotus, 
of  which  the  copy  was  left  in  MS.  and 
among  other  things,  he  wrote  criticisms  on 
Rollin's  works,  to  prove  his  ignorance  of 
Greek.  He  was  born  in  the  diocess  of 
Lisieux,  and  died  at  Paris,  12th  April, 
1749,  aged  61. 

Bellet,  Charles,  a  native  of  Querci. 
who  died  at  Paris,  1771.  He  obtained 
several  prizes  at  Marseilles,  Bourdeaux, 
and  Rouen,  and  was  universally  esteemed 
for  his  learning  and  benevolence.  His 
writings  are,  l'adoration  Chretienne  dans 
la  Devotion  de  Rosaire,  12mo.  1745 — seve- 
ral pieces  of  eloquence — les  droits  de  la 
religion  sur  le  cosv.r  de  1'honime,  1764,  2 
vols.  12mo. 

Bellet,  Isaac,    : in  eminent  physi< ' 
author  of  a  treat    o  on  the  effects 
imagination  on  pre-  .*oni  bii 

of  Catiline's  conspiracy,  &c.     He  diei 
Paris,  1778, 

Bellievre,  Pompone  de,  was  born  at 
Lyons,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  ne- 
gotiator at  the  court  of  Charles  IX.  Henry 
III.,  and  Henry  IV.,  but  after  enjoying  the 
smiles  and  favours  of  princes,  as  a  counsel- 
lor, and  as  chancellor  of  France,  he  was 
disgraced  for  the  introduction  of  Silleri. 
He  died  at  Paris,  9th  September,  1607,  in 
his  78th  year.  There  have  flourished  of 
the  same  family  some  superior  characters, 
the  best  known  of  whom  was  a  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  to  whose  hu- 
manity and  charitable  feelings  the  poor  and 
205 


BEL 


L.LI. 


helpless  were  indebted  for  the  foundation 
of  the  general  hospital  of  Paris.  He  was 
also  ambassador  in  England  and  Holland. 

Bellin,  Gentil,  a  Venetian,  so  eminent 
as  a  painter  that  Mahomet  solicited  him  to 
come  to  Constantinople.  He  complied  with 
the  request,  and  adorned  that  capital  with 
the  most  masterly  efforts  of  his  pencil. 
His  best  piece  was  the  decollation  of  John 
the  Baptist ;  the  skin  of  the  neck  of  which, 
however,  the  grand  signior  censured,  as  not 
agreeable  to  nature,  and  to  convince  the 
painter,  summoned  a  slave  before  him,  and 
ordered  his  head  immediately  to  be  struck 
off.  This  so  intimidated  Bellin,  that  instead 
of  correcting  the  fault,  he  earnestly  solicit- 
ed his  dismission.  He  returned  to  Venice 
loaded  with  presents, and  died, 1 501, aged  30. 

Bellin,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  equally  distinguished  as  a  painter.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  who  painted  in  oil ;  a 
secret  vyhich  he  stole  from  Antoine  de  Mes- 
sine,  by  assuming  a  disguised  character. 
He  died  1512,  aged  90. 

Bellin,  James,  a  learned  and  laborious 
geographical  engineer  of  Paris,  who  en- 
riched literature  by  80  valuable  marine 
charts,  by  essays  on  the  geography  of 
Great  Britain,  &c.  He  was  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  and  died  21st 
March,  1772,  aged  69. 

Bellingham,  Richard,  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, an  Englishman  by  birth,  and 
bred  a  lawyer,  came  to  that  province  in 
1634.  In  the  following  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  governor,  and  in  1641, 
elected  to  the  chief  magistracy.  He  was 
rechosen  to  that  office  in  1654,  again  in 
1665,  and  continued  to  enjoy  it  after  that 
till  his  death  in  1672.  He  was  one  of  the 
patentees  named  in  the  charter  of  that 
colony,  and  was  distinguished  for  integrity. 

ICTL. 

Bellini,  Laurence,  a  physician  of  Flo- 
rence, who,  after  studying  at  Pisa,  under 
the  able  direction  of  Olivia  et  Borelli,  was 
elected  there  professor  of  philosophy, 
though  only  20  years  of  age.  He  enjoyed 
the  patronage  and  friendship  of  the  grand 
duke  Ferdinand  II.,  and  as  an  anatomist  and 
physician  deservedly  acquired  great  cele- 
brity. His  works  were  numerous  and  in 
Latin,  and  much  admired.  After  being 
thirty  years  professor,  he  left  Pisa  for  Flo- 
rence, where  he  died,  January  8th,  1703, 
aged  60. 

Bellocq,  Peter,  was  valet  de  chambre 
to  Lewis  XIV.,  but  better  known  for  his 
wit,  his  physiognomy,  and  his  satirical 
writings.  He  was  the  friend  of  Moliere 
and  Racine,  and  died  4th  October,  1704, 
aged  59,  author  of  a  poem  on  the  hotel  des 
invalides — satires — petits  maitres — nouvel- 
listes,  &c. 

Belloi,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban, 
who  espoused  the  cause,  and  wrote  in  fa- 
■206 


vour  of  Henry  III.  against  the  Guises. 
He  was  advocate  in  the  parliament  of 
Toulouse,  and  was  honoured  and  promoted 
by  Henry  IV.  His  writings  are  now  little 
known. 

Belloi,  Peter  Laurence  Buyrette  du,  a 
native  of  St.  Flour,  in  Auvergne,  who, 
after  being  educated  by  his  uncle,  who  in- 
tended him  for  the  bar,  abandoned  his 
country,  and  a  profession  which  he  despi- 
sed, and  retired  to  Russia,  where  he  as- 
sumed the  character  of  a  comedian.  He 
returned  to  Paris  in  1758,  and  recommend- 
ed himself  to  public  notice  by  the  tragedy 
of  Titus,  and  afterwards  that  of  Zelmira. 
His  most  popular  piece  was  the  siege  of 
Calais,  which  drew  upon  him  not  only  the 
favours  of  the  king,  but  the  applauses  of 
the  nation.  The  magistrates  of  Calais 
honoured  him  with  the  freedom  of  their 
city,  and  placed  his  portrait  among  those 
of  their  benefactors  ;  and  Voltaire  paid  the 
highest  compliment  to  the  genius  and  merit 
of  the  poet ;  which,  however,  the  ill-na- 
tured satirist,  after  Belloi's  death,  either 
through  envy  or  insincerity,  withdrew. 
The  success  of  the  siege  of  Calais  was 
followed  by  Gaston  and  Bayard,  inferior  in 
merit,  in  sentiment,  and  composition.  The 
last  pieces  which  he  composed,  were  Peter 
the  Cruel,  and  Gabrielle  de  Vergi ;  but  so 
little  were  they  admired,  that  the  poet's 
heart  was  broken  through  disappointment ; 
he  fell  a  prey  to  a  lingering  disease  ;  and 
though  Lewis  XVI.,  who  knew  his  merit, 
with  an  exemplary  benevolence  of  heart, 
sent  him  50  louis  d'or,  and  the  comedians 
promised  their  united  support  for  his  bene- 
fit, he  expired  on  the  5th  of  March,  1775, 
aged  48.  The  works  of  Belloi  were  pub- 
lished by  Gaillard,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  with  a 
life  and  valuable  annotations.  Though 
frequently  happy  in  noble  sentiments  and 
fine  strokes  of  nature,  Belloi  sacrificed 
simplicity  and  the  true  pathetic  to  unnatu- 
ral harangues  and  bombastic  ejaculations. 

Belloni,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome, 
made  a  marquis  by  pope  Benedict  XIV., 
who  knew  and  esteemed  his  merit.  He 
wrote  an  essay  on  commerce,  printed  1750, 
and  often  re-edited,  and  translated  into 
English,  German,  and  French.  He  died, 
1760. 

Belloui,  John  Peter,  celebrated  as  an 
antiquarian,  was  born  at  Rome,  and  died 
1696,  aged  80.  He  was  chief  librarian  to 
queen  Christina.  His  writings,  which  are 
in  12  different  publications,  are  valuable 
and  curious  for  the  information  which  they 
contain  on  the  antiquities,  monuments,  Sac. 
of  Rome  and  Italy.  The  most  known  are, 
explication  des  medaillons  rares  du  cabinet 
du  Cardinal  Campegne,  4to. — les  vies  des 
peintres,  architectes,  et  sculpteurs  mo- 
dernes,  1672,  4to. — description  des  tableaux 
pcints  par  Raphael  au  Vatican,  1695,  fol.  &c 


BEL 


BEM 


Bellotti,  Peter,  a  historical  painter, 
born  at  Venice.  His  portraits  were  also 
much  admired.     He  died  1700,  aged  75. 

Bellucci,  Anthony,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  1654.  He  was  disciple  to  Domi- 
nico  Detinico,  and  was  employed  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Joseph,  and  after- 
wards of  the  elector  Palatine. 

Beloe,  William,  an  English  divine,  was 
the  son  of  a  tradesman  at  Norwich,  and 
born  there  in  1756.  He  was  educated,  first 
under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Raine  of  Hartforth, 
near  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  ami  after- 
wards removed  to  Dr.  Parr's  school  at 
Stanmore,  where  he  did  not  continue  long, 
being  matriculated  at  Bene't-college,  Cam- 
bridge, about  the  year  1775.  He  did  not, 
however,  take  his  first  degree  till  1779,  at 
which  time  he  was  senior  member  of  his 
college,  and  soon  after  returned  to  Nor- 
wich, where  he  became  assistant  to  Dr. 
Parr,  then  head  master  of  the  grammar- 
school  of  that  city.  Here  Mr.  Beloe  con- 
tinued three  years,  married,  and  having 
taken  orders,  obtained  first  the  curacy,  and 
afterwards  the  vicarage  of  Earlham.  Being, 
however,  desirous  of  moving  in  a  wider 
sphere,  he  removed  to  London,  and  pro- 
cured the  mastership  of  Emanuel-college, 
Westminster.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
British  Critic,  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  editors,  which  brought  him  into  public 
notice,  and  lord  chancellor  Rosslyn  gave 
him  the  living  of  Allhallows,  London  Wall, 
to  which  the  bishop  of  Lincoln  added  a 
prebend  in  his  cathedral.  His  next  pre- 
ferment was  that  of  librarian  to  the  British 
Museum,  which  situation  he  lost  by  having 
too  credulously  intrusted  an  unworthy 
person  with  some  valuable  prints  in 
that  depository.  Dr.  Porteus,  bishop  of 
London,  gave  him  the  prebend  of  St.  Pan- 
eras,  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  Paul's,  which 
he  held  with  his  other  church  appointments 
to  his  death,  in  March,  1817.  Mr.  Beloe 
was  an  elegant  scholar,  a  neat  poet,  and  a 
sound  divine.  His  works  are — 1.  An  Ode 
to  Miss  Boscawen.  2.  The  Rape  of  Helen, 
from  the  Greek.  3.  Poems  and  Transla- 
tions. 4.  A  Translation  of  Herodotus,  4 
vols.  8vo.  5.  A  Translation  of  Alciphron's 
Epistles,  Svo.  6.  A  Translation  of  Aulus 
Gellius,  4  vols.  7.  Miscellanies,  3  vols. 
12mo.  8.  Translation  of  the  Arabian 
Nights,  from  the  French,  4  vols.  9.  Joseph, 
•translated    from    Bitaube,    2    vols.    12mo. 

10.  Anecdotes  of  Literature,   6  vols.  8vo. 

11.  Brief  Memoirs  of  the  Leaders  of  the 
French  Revolution.  12.  The  Sexagena- 
rian, or  the  Memoirs  of  a  Literary  Life, 
2  vols.  This  article  is  a  curious  piece  of 
self-biography,  in  which  Mr.  Beloe  gives 
an  account  of  himself  and  his  connexions  : 
it  was  published  with  additions  after  his 
death  by  an  intimate  friend. —  W.  B. 

Belon,   Peter,    M.D.  was  born    in    the 


Maine,  and  travelled  into  Judea,  Greece, 
and  Arabia,  of  which  places  he  published 
an  interesting  account.  His  other  worka 
were  on  birds,  fishes,  &c.  all  equally  valu- 
able. He  was  assassinated  from  motives 
of  resentment,  near  Paris,  1564,  in  his 
46th  year. 

Belot,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of 
Paris,  who,  in  1637,  wrote  an  apology  for 
the  Latin  tongue,  to  prove  the  impropriety 
of  using  the  French  in  learned  works.  He 
was  advocate  to  the  privy  council  ot  Lewis 
XIV. 

Belsunce,  Henry  Francis  Xavier  de, 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Guienne, 
was  of  the  society  of  the  Jesuits,  and  be- 
came bishop  of  Marseilles  in  1 709.  His 
name  is  immortalized  by  the  humanity  of 
his  conduct,  for,  during  the  dreadful  plague 
which  ravaged  the  city  of  Marseilles  in 
1720,  he  was  seen  running  from  street  to 
street  to  administer  relief  and  consolation 
to  the  afflicted,  as  a  physician,  a  magis- 
trate, and  as  a  spiritual  guide.  In  the 
town-hall  of  the  city  he  is  represented  with 
all  the  amiable  features  belonging  to  his 
character,  as  bestowing  his  benediction  on 
some  poor  wretches  who  are  lying  at  his 
feet.  So  exemplary  a  conduct  drew  upon 
him  the  love  of  the  people  and  the  favours 
of  his  sovt  reign  ;  but  the  good  bishop  re- 
fused the  more  elevated  rank  of  the  dio- 
cess  of  Laon  in  Picardy,  offered  him  by 
Lewis  XV.,  observing,  that  Marseilles  was 
dear  to  him  by  habit,  as  well  as  by  calami- 
ty. He  was  honoured  by  the  pope  with 
the  pallium,  which  is  never  granted  but  to 
an  archbishop,  but  the  highest  reward  was 
the  applause  of  the  good,  and  a  tranquil 
conscience.  He  died  in  1755,  mourned  as 
he  deserved.  He  founded  a  college  at 
Marseilles  for  benevolent  purposes,  that 
still  bears  his  name.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  pastoral  instructions — a  history  of 
the  bishops  of  Marseilles — the  life  of  Mad. 
de  Foix  Candale,  &.c.  An  interesting  and 
elegant  account  of  the  plague  and  of  the 
humanity  of  Belsunce  was  written  by  Ber- 
trand. 

Belus,  founder  of  the  Babylonian  mo- 
narchy, 1322  B.  C.  was  made  a  god  by  his 
son  and  successor  Ninus. 

Beltn,  a  British  prince,  who  is  said  to 
have  served  under  the  famous  Caractacus. 
His  father's  name  was  Cynvelyn. 

Beltn  o  leyn,  a  British  chief,  illustri- 
ous for  his  vigorous  resistance  against  the 
attacks  of  Edwin,  in  620.  As  he  and  his 
followers  bound  themselves  close  together 
with  the  bridles  and  fetters  of  their  horses, 
they  were  called  the  golden-banded  tribes, 
and  afterwards  wore  a  golden  band  as  the 
insignia  of  their  rank. 

Bembo,  Peter,  a  noble  Venetian,  whose 
father  was  governor  of  Ravenna.  He  stu- 
died at  Florence,  Ferrora,  and  in  Sicily  ; 
207 


BEN 


BEN 


and  be  not  only  acquired  the  ease  and  deli- 
cacy of  the  Tuscan  language,  but  he  im- 
bibed a  higher  taste  than  his  contempora- 
ries for  the  literature  of  Greece.  He  was 
drawn  from  the  retirement  which  he  loved 
to  be  the  secretary  of  pope  LeoX.  in  1518  ; 
but  ill  health  obliged  him  to  remove  from 
Rome  to  Padua,  and  afterwards  to  Venice. 
His  services  to  the  holy  see  were  rewarded 
by  Paul  III.  who  raised  him  to  the  rank  of 
cardinal,  and  made  him  bishop  of  Bergamo, 
where  he  died,  20th  January,  1547,  aged 
77,  from  a  contusion  received  on  his  side 
against  a  wall,  while  on  horseback.  He 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  Minerva. 
An  epitaph  was  written  over  his  grave  by 
his  son  Torquato,  and  a  marble  statue  was 
erected  to  his  honour  at  Padua  by  his 
friend  Jerome  Quirini.  Bembo's  life  has 
been  written  be  De  la  Casa.  His  writings 
consist  of  letters — a  history  of  Venice  in  12 
books — speeches — the  life  Gui  Ubaldi  de 
Montcfeltro  duke  of  Urbino,  all  in  Latin. 
Of  his  poetical  pieces,  only  one  is  in  Ita- 
lian. His  style  is  elegant  and  correct, 
though  frequently  he  aflects  too  much  of 
the  Ciceronian  ;  but  the  subject  of  his  poe- 
try is  too  often  indelicate,  and  it  must  be 
shocking  to  the  ears  of  virtue  to  understand 
that  a  cardinal  could  write  in  a  manner  that 
would  have  disgraced  the  most  profligate 
debauchee. 

Beme,  or  Besme,  a  domestic  of  the  Gui- 
ses, so  called  because  a  Bohemian  by  birth. 
His  real  name  was  Charles  Dianowitz.  He 
murdered  Coligni,  and  was  rewarded  by  the 
cardinal  de  Lorraine  with  the  hand  of  one 
of  his  illegitimate  daughters.  Beme  was  af- 
terwards seized  by  the  protestants  at  Sain- 
tonge  in  1575,  and  killed  by  his  keeper, 
whom  he  attempted  to  shoot,  in  order  to 
escape  from  confinement. 

Bennavidio,  Marcus  Mantua,  a  learn- 
ed law  professor  of  Padua,  highly  ho- 
noured by  Charles  V.  and  Pius  IV.  He 
died  28th  March,  1582.  aged  93.  His  wri- 
tings were  collectanea  super  jus  Caesarum, 
Venice  1583,  fol. — vitse  virorum  illustrium, 
Paris  1564,  in  4to. 

Benbow,  John,  an  English  seaman,  who 
fought  a  most  desperate  engagement  in  the 
Mediterranean,  against  an  African  corsair, 
and  for  his  great  gallantry  was  invited  to 
the  Spanish  court  by  Charles  II.  who  not 
only  loaded  him  with  presents,  but  recom- 
mended him  to  James  II.  This  high  distinc- 
tion introduced  Benbow  into  the  English 
navy,  where  after  the  revolution  his  skill 
and  bravery  were  employed  in  the  protec- 
tion of  commerce,  and  in  the  blockading  and 
bombarding  the  French  ports.  The  activity 
which  he  every  where  displayed,  was  de- 
serving of  the  highest  favours,  he  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  vice  admiral,  and 
with  a  squadron  under  his  command  he 
was  sent  by  king  William   to   the  West 


Indies,  where  his  courage  and  good  conduct 
were  so  conspicious  as  to  call  forth  the 
commendation  of  the  commons,  whilst  they 
censured  the  object  and  views  of  his  expe- 
dition. In  a  second  voyage  to  the  West 
Indies,  he  fell  in  with  the  French  fleet 
under  Du  Casse  near  St.  Martha's  on  the 
Spanish  coast,  which  he  pursued  and  at- 
tacked with  his  usual  bravery  ;  but  the  me- 
rit of  Benbow  did  not  animate  his  men,  his 
officers  refused  to  do  their  duty,  and  the 
admiral,  who  had  lost  a  leg  in  the  engage- 
ment, was  thus  dishonourably  robbed  of  a 
most  glorious  victory.  On  his  arrival  in 
Jamaica,  Benbow  arrested  his  cowardly 
officers,  but  their  punishment  could  not 
check  the  rapid  powers  of  disease.  The 
admiral  was  exhausted  by  the  severity  of 
his  wound,  and  more  by  a  broken  heart 
occasioned  by  the  cowardice  of  his  fleet ; 
he  fell  a  prey  to  a  consumptive  disorder, 
and  died  4th  Nov.  1702,  aged  about  52. 

Benbow,  John,  son  of  the  admiral,  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Madagascar, 
the  same  year  that  his  father  died  in  the 
West  Indies.  A  long  residence  among  the 
rude  natives,  much  altered  his  manners, 
so  that  when  at  last  he  returned  to  his 
country  by  escaping  on  board  a  Dutch  ship, 
his  friends  found  no  longer  the  liveliness 
and  ease  which  they  had  admired,  but  a 
melancholy  and  habitual  taciturnity.  He 
died  several  years  after  his  return  in  pri- 
vacy. He  did  not  write,  as  was  geherally 
supposed,  an  account  of  his  stay  at  Mada- 
gascar, but  the  barren  journal  which  he 
kept  was  accidentally  burnt  at  his  brother's 
lodgings  in  1714. 

Benci,  or  Bencio,  Francis,  author  of  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  the  five  martyrs  of 
his  society  in  India,  and  of  other  poems 
and  orations,  was  a  Jesuit  in  Italy,  and 
the  disciple  of  Muretus.  He  died  at 
Rome  1594. 

Bencivenni,  Joseph,  an  Italian  writer, 
was  born  in  Tuscany  in  1728,  and  died 
director  of  the  gallery  of  Florence  in  180S. 
He  wrote  an  historical  Essay  concerning 
the  Gallery,  8vo.  a  Life  of  Dante ;  and 
other  works. —  W.  B. 

Benda,  George,  a  native  of  Altbenadky 
in  Bohemia,  master  of  the  chapel  of  the 
duke  of  Saxe  Gotha.  In  1778  he  settled  at 
Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  went  to  Vienna, 
and  then  returned  to  Gotha,  where  he  was 
rewarded  for  his  musical  talents  with  a 
pension,  and  where  he  died  1795,  aged  74. 
His  three  brothers  were  like  himself  emi- 
nent as  musicians,  and  his  sister  also  mar- 
ried a  musician.  He  wrote  some  pieces 
for  the  harpsichord,  but  of  all  his  compo- 
sitions produced  on  the  stage  his  Ariadne 
in  the  isle  of  Naxos  is  the  most  deservedly 
admired. 

Bendish,  Bridget,  wife  of  Thomas  Ben- 
dish,  Esq.  was  daughter  of  general  Ireton. 


BEN 


BEN 


and  grand-daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
whom  she  resembled  in  affected  piety, 
dress,  deep  dissimulation,  and  personal 
arrogance.  After  managing  her  salt-works 
at  Southtown  in  Norfolk  with  all  the  la- 
bour and  fatigue  of  the  most  menial  ser- 
vant, she  sometimes  spent  her  evening  at 
the  public  assembly  at  Yarmouth,  where  a 
princely  behaviour,  and  the  assumption  of 
dignified  manners,  ensured  her  the  res- 
pect and  admiration  of  her  neighbours. 
This  remarkable  woman,  who  in  public  life 
might  have  acquired  some  celebrity  by  her 
self-command  and  the  strong  powers  of 
her  mind,  died  in  retirement  1727,  revering 
the  memory  of  her  grandfather  as  a  hero 
and  a  saint. 

Bendlowes,  Edward,  a  man  of  educa- 
tion and  property,  who  after  studying  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  travelled  over 
the  greatest  part  of  Europe,  and  on  his  re- 
turn home  became  the  Mecsnas  of  the  age. 
Poets,  musicians,  buffoons,  and  flatterers 
shared  his  favours,  and  reduced  him  from 
an  income  of  700  or  1000/.  a  year  to 
almost  poverty  ;  and  after  a  long  residence 
at  Oxford  he  died  there  18th  Dec,  1686, 
aged  73.  He  wrote  himself  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  was  the  friend  of  Davenant, 
Payne,  Fisher,  &c.  He  was  inclined  to 
popery,  though  age  produced  an  alteration 
in  his  religious  sentiments. 

BenedetT o,  le,  or  Benedict  Castiglione, 
a  native  of  Genoa,  known  as  the  pupil  of 
Pagi,  Ferrari,  and  Vandyk,  and  eminent 
as  a  painter  of  historical  pieces,  but  espe- 
cially markets  and  animals.  His  best 
pieces  are  in  his  native  city,  though  he  re- 
sided at  Rome,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice, 
and  Parma.  His  touch  is  very  delicate, 
and  in  the  clear  obscure,  his  success  is 
wonderfully  great.  He  was  also  an  en- 
graver. He  died  at  Mantua,  1670,  aged 
54. 

Benedict,  St.  a  native  of  Italy,  who 
retired  at  the  age  of  14  to  Sublaco,  40 
miles  from  Rome,  and  devoted  his  life  to 
the  most  penitential  austerities,  in  a  cave 
far  from  the  conversation  of  mankind.  So 
much  severity  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he 
was  surrounded  by  crowds  of  admirers, 
and  Benedict,  become  a  saint,  built 
twelve  monasteries,  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  society  of  Benedictines,  so  fa- 
mous in  Europe.  His  regula  monachorum 
is  the  only  authentic  book  he  wrote.  He 
died  about  the  year  542  or  547,  aged  67. 
His  life  has  been  written  by  Gregory  the 
great,  with  a  long  account  of  pretended 
miracles. 

Benedict,  a  famous  abbot  of  the  7th 
century,  of  a  noble  Saxon  family.  He  not 
only  devoted  himself  to  the  services  of  re- 
ligion, but  introduced  into  England  great 
improvements  in  architecture,  with  the 
polite     arts,    from    the    continent.       He 

Vol  1.  27 


founded  two  monasteries,  and  introduced 
chanting  in  choirs  in  678,  and  was  canon- 
ized for  his  sanctity  after  death. 

Benedict  I.,  pope,  surnamed  Bonosus, 
succeeded  John  III.,  574,  and  was  active 
and  humane,  during  the  calamities  inflicted 
by  a  famine,  and  by  the  invasion  of  the 
Lombards.     He  died  30th  July,  578. 

Benedict  II.,  succeeded  Leo  II.  in  the 
papal  chair,  634,  and  died  8th  May,  685. 

Benedict  III.,  a  Roman  ecclesiastic, 
made  pope,  855,  after  the  death  of  Leo  IV. 
He  was  opposed  by  the  antipope  Anasta- 
sius,  and  died  10th  March,  858.  The  reign 
of  pope  Joan  is  placed  between  the  death 
of  Leo  and  the  succession  of  the  3d  Bene- 
dict, but  though  the  story  is  supported  by 
some  authors,  it  is  discredited  by  many, 
who  assert  that  the  papal  seat  was  only 
vacant  four  days  between  the  death  of  Leo 
and  the  election  of  Benedict. 

Benedict  IV.  succeeded  John  IX.  and 
died  October,  903,  after  a  reign  of  three 
years. 

Benedict  V.  was  elected  in  964,  in  op- 
position to  Leo  VIII.  His  short  reign 
was  stormy,  and  he  was  carried  to  Ham- 
burgh by  the  emperor  Otho,  who  favoured 
his  rival.  He  was  in  consequence  aban- 
doned by  his  subjects,  and  he  died  5th  July, 
965. 

Benedict  VI.  a  Roman  ecclesiastic, 
made  pope  after  John  XIII.  972.  He  was 
strangled  in  prison  by  his  rival  the  antipope 
Boniface,  two  years  after. 

Benedict  VII.  successor  to  Donus  II. 
975,  died  10th  July,  983. 

Benedict  VIII.  bishop  of  Porto,  suc- 
ceeded Sergius  IV.  1012.  He  was  oppo- 
sed by  Gregory,  but  his  cause  was  warmly 
espoused  by  the  emperor  Henry  II.  who 
came  in  person  to  Rome,  and  was  crowned, 
with  his  wife  Cunegonde,  by  the  hands  of 
the  sovereign  pontiff.  On  that  occasion 
the  pope  presented  to  the  emperor  an  ap- 
ple of  gold,  enriched  with  two  circles  of 
jewels  crossed,  surmounted  with  a  cross 
of  gold.  To  the  arts  of  the  politician, 
Benedict  united  the  valour  of  the  war- 
rior, and  defeated  and  utterly  extermin- 
ated the  Saracens  who  had  invaded  Italy, 
1016.  He  also  defeated  the  Greeks  who 
had  ravaged  Apulia,  and  died  10th  July, 
1024. 

Benedict  IX.  though  only  12  years  old, 
ascended  the  papal  throne  after  John  XIX. 
1033,  supported  by  the  power  of  Alberic, 
duke  of  Tusculum,  his  father,  who  had  en- 
sured his  election  by  his  gold.  The  Romans, 
displeased  with  his  debaucheries,  obliged 
him  to  abdicate,  and  after  various  attempts 
to  secure  his  independence,  he  sold  his 
honours  as  he-  had  purchased  them,  and 
retired  to  a  monastery,  where  he  died 
1054. 

Benedict  X.  antipope.  was  placed  in 


BEN 


BEN 


St.  Peter's  chair  1058,  by  a  number  of  fac- 
tious Romans ;  but  his  election  was  dis- 
puted, and  Nicolas  II.  was  appointed  in 
bis  room.     He  died  18th  January,  1059. 

Benedict  XI.  Nicolas  Bocasin,  son  of 
a  shepherd,  was  raised  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Boniface  VIII.  1303.  He  was  poi- 
soned by  some  seditious  cardinals,  who 
caused  him  to  be  presented  with  a  basin 
full  of  beautiful  figs,  of  which  he  eat  im- 
moderately, and  died  soon  after,  6th  July, 
1303. 

Benedict  XII.  James  de  Nouveau,  sur- 
named  the  Baker,  because  his  father  was 
of  that  trade,  was  doctor  of  Paris,  and 
eardinal,  and  was  elected  1334,  after  John 
XXII.  Considering  himself  incapable  of 
the  office,  he  told  the  cardinals  who  had 
unanimously  elected  him,  You  have  chosen 
an  ass.  His  conduct,  however,  was  digni- 
fied and  firm,  more  inclined  to  maintain 
the  authority  of  his  situation  than  enrich 
his  family.  He  died  at  Avignon,  univer- 
sally respected,  25th  April,  1342. 

Benedict  XIII.  was  born  at  Rome  of 
the  noble  family  of  the  Ursini,  and  took 
the  habit  of  the  Dominicans  of  Venice, 
and  was  bishop  of  Macedonia  and  Bene- 
tento.  He  narrowly  escaped  perishing  by 
an  earthquake,  which  proved  fatal  to  the 
people  of  Benevento,  and  demolished  his 
palace,  1688.  He  was  elected  pope  1724, 
and  confirmed  in  a  full  synod  the  famous 
bull  unigenitus,  and  approved  the  opinion 
of  the  Thomists  on  grace  and  predesti- 
nation. He  died  21st  February,  1730, 
aged  81. 

Benedict  XIV.  a  native  of  Bologna,  of 
the  family  of  the  Lambertini.  He  was 
made  titular  archbishop  of  Theodosia 
1724,  a  cardinal  1728,  and  in  1731  arch- 
bishop of  Bologna.  On  the  death  of  Cle- 
ment XII.  in  1740,  the  conclave  was  held 
in  suspense  during  five  months,  by  the  pre- 
valence of  two  opposite  factions,  and  Lam- 
bcrtini,  by  a  facetious  sally,  drew  the  suf- 
frages of  44  members  in  his  favour,  and 
thus  secured  the  election.  Why  spend  so 
much  time  ?  exclaimed  he.  If  you  wish 
to  elect  a  saint,  place  Gotti  in  the  chair — 
if  a  politician,  Aldrovandi — but  if  you  wish 
a  good  companion,  choose  me.  Thus 
raised  to  power,  he  showed  himself  a  friend 
to  reform,  zealous,  vigilant,  impartial,  and 
moderate.  As  he  had  cultivated  learning, 
lie  was  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  liberally  encouraged  the  fine 
arts.  He  died  8th  May,  1758,  aged 
.*3,  and  was  succeeded  by  Clement  XIII. 
His  works  were  published  in  6  vols  folio. 

Benedictus,  Alexander,  an  Italian  ana- 
tomist, about  1425,  author  of  some  Latin 
treatises  on  his  profession,  printed  together 
at  Venice,  in  1  vol.  fol.  1535,  and  also  at 
Basil. 

Bpnefield,  Sebastian,  D.D.  an  English 
210 


divine,  born  at  Prestbury,  Gloucestershire, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  and 
appointed  Margaret  professor  of  divinity. 
He  died,  aged  59,  1630,  at  Meysey  Hamp- 
ton, Gloucestershire,  of  which  place  he  was 
rector.  He  was  fond  of  retirement,  and 
exemplary  for  piety  and  integrity.  His 
works  are  learned,  and  all  on  theological 
subjects.  He  was  strongly  attached  to 
Calvin's  opinions. 

Benezet,  St.  a  shepherd  of  Vivarais, 
who  pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the 
bridge  of  Avignon.  He  died  1184.  Only 
four  arches  remain  of  the  19  of  this  once 
famous  bridge. 

Benezet,  Anthony,  a  man  who,  after 
engaging  in  a  mercantile  line,  and  in  the 
business  of  a  cooper,  at  last  devoted  him- 
self to  the  education  of  youth,  an  office 
which  he  discharged  with  the  most  scru- 
pulous attention,  and  from  the  most  hu- 
mane motives.  He  was  author  of  "  a  cau- 
tion to  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies, 
1767,"  "  an  historical  account  of  Guinea, 
with  an  inquiry  on  the  slave  trade,"  &c.  in 
1772,  in  8vo.  His  whole  life  was  employ- 
ed in  acts  of  charity,  and  his  death  therefore 
was  universally  lamented.  Several  hundred 
negroes  attended  his  funeral,  and  an  Ameri- 
can officer  who  had  been  engaged  in  the 
continental  war,  returning  from  his  funeral, 
exclaimed,  "  that  he  had  rather  be  Antho- 
ny  Benezet   in  that  coffin,   than  George 

Washington  with  all  his  glory." He  was 

a  native  of  Picardy  in  France,  and  born  in 
1713.  His  parents  were  driven  from  that 
country  soon  after  his  birth,  by  the  perse- 
cutors of  the  protestants,  and  after  spend- 
ing several  years  in  London,  came  over  to 
Philadelphia  in  1731,  where  Anthony  lived 
from  that  time  till  his  death.  For  about 
40  years  he  taught  a  Friends  grammar- 
school  in  that  city,  and  afterwards  devoted 
several  years  to  instructing  people  of  co- 
lour, and  contributed  greatly  by  his  writings 
and  labours,  to  meliorate  their  condition, 
and  to  promote  the  prohibition  of  their  in- 
troduction into  the  country.  He  died  May 
3d,  1784.  ICT  L. 

Benhadad  I.  king  of  Damascus,  or 
Syria,  B.C.  940,  attacked  Israel,  and  took 
Dan  and  Naphtali  at  the  instigation  of  Asa, 
king  of  Judah. 

Benhadad  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  900  B.C.  laid  siege  to  Samaria, 
and  was  defeated  at  last  by  Ahab  king  of 
Israel,  who  treated  him  with  humanity. 
He  afterwards  defeated  Ahab,  and  slew 
him.  In  his  old  age  lie  sent  Hazael  his 
minister  to  consult  Elisha  the  prophet, 
whether  the  sickness  with  which  he  was 
afflicted  should  prove  fatal.  The  per- 
fidious minister  at  his  return  stiffled  his 
master  and  ascended  on  his  throne. 

Benhadad  111.    succeeded    his    father 


BEN 


BEN 


Hazael  836  B.C.      He  was  defeated  and 
ruined  by  Josiah  king  of  Judah. 

Beni,  Paul,  a  native  of  the  island  of 
Candia,  while  under  the  power  of  the 
Venetians.  He  was  professor  of  Padua, 
and  is  known  by  his  opposition  to  the  della 
crusca  academy  at  Florence,  whose  dic- 
tionary he  censured,  and  whose  opinions 
he  refuted,  in  his  defence  of  Tasso  and 
Ariosto,  the  first  of  whom  he  compared  to 
Virgil,  and  the  latter  to  Homer.  He 
wrote  also  some  treatises  on  the  pastor 
fido  of  Guarini,  and  besides  these,  which 
were  in  Italian,  he  composed  several  works 
in  Latin,  all  collected  in  5  vols,  folio,  1622, 
Venice.     He  died  12th  July,  1625. 

Benjamin,  the  youngest  of  Jacob's  12 
sons,  was  born  of  Rachel  about  1738  B.C. 
and  was  tenderly  loved  not  only  by  his  fa- 
ther, but  also  by  his  own  brother  Joseph. 
The  history  of  these  two  brothers  in  the 
Bible  is  particularly  striking  and  pathetic. 
He  died  in  Egypt,  aged  111  years.  The 
tribe  of  Benjamim  was  almost  totally  ex- 
terminated in  consequence  of  the  violence 
offered  to  the  wife  of  a  Levite  of  the  town 
of  Gilboah,  and  only  600  men  survived  the 
dreadful  slaughter. 

Benjamin,  a  rabbi  of  Tudela  in  Navar- 
re, who  travelled  over  all  the  world  to  ex- 
amine the  synagogues  and  ceremonies  of 
his  nation.  He  published  a  curious  account 
of  his  travels,  which  was  printed  at  Con- 
stantinople in  8vo.  1543,  and  translated 
into  French  by  I.  Ph.  Baratier,  2  vols.  8vo. 
1704,  and  into  English  by  Gerrans.  He 
died  1173. 

Benini,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Cologna, 
who  practised  physic  at  Padua.  He  had 
a  press  in  his  house,  where  he  printed  good 
editions  of  eight  classic  authors.  He  was 
author  also  of  Latin  notes  on  Celsus — ob- 
servations in  Italian,  an  Alamanni's  poem 
called  Culture,  and  a  translation  of  Fra- 
castorius's  Syphilis.  He  died  1764,  aged  51. 

Benivieni,  Jerome,  a  poet  of  Florence, 
who  aspired  to  rise  to  the  elegant  style  and 
melodious  diction  of  Dante  and  Petrarch. 
His  poems,  which  were  chiefly  on  divine 
love,  were  highly  esteemed.  His  private 
character  was  very  amiable.  He  died  1542, 
aged  89,  and  desired  to  be  buried  in  the 
same  grave  with  his  friend  the  well-known 
John  Pico  de  Mirandola.  His  works  ap- 
peared at  Florence  1519,  8vo. 

Bennet,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington,  was 
born  1618.  He  was  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  strongly  espoused  the 
royal  cause  during  the  civil  wars.  He  re- 
tired afterwards  to  the  continent,  and  was 
knighted  at  Bruges,  by  Charles  II.  who 
employed  him  as  his  minister  at  Madrid, 
and  after  the  restoration  as  his  secretary  of 
state.  His  abilities  were  fvdly  equal  to 
the  important  office,  and  it  reflects  no 
small  credit  on  his  integrity  that  though  he 


was  one  of  the  five  ministers,  Clifford, 
Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lau- 
derdale, denominated  from  their  initials, 
cabal,  he  did  not  enter  into  their  views, 
nor  support  the  scheme  which  they  formed 
to  render  the  monarch  absolute.  The  war 
with  Holland,  which  had  been  undertaken 
by  the  perfidious  intrigues  of  the  courtiers, 
now  drew  forth  the  indignation  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  Bennet,  now  earl  of  Arlington, 
found  that  Lauderdale  and  Buckingham 
exonerated  themselves  by  throwing  the 
popular  odium  upon  their  late  coadjutor. 
Their  accusation  however  proved  abortive., 
Arlington  defended  himself  before  the  com- 
mons, and  he  was  acquitted  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. After  serving  the  king  12  years  sus 
secretary,  Arlington  retired  upon  the  indo- 
lent office  of  chamberlain  ;  and  though  no 
longer  in  possession  of  the  favours  of  the 
capricious  Charles,  he  was  yet  employed 
as  a  negotiator  with  the  prince  of  Orange  ; 
but  he  was  unsucessful  in  his  endeavours 
to  procure  a  general  peace.  He  died  July 
28th,  1685.  His  only  child  was  a  daugh- 
ter married  to  the  duke  of  Grafton.  In  his 
general  character  Arlington  is  described  by 
Burnet  as  a  proud  man,  but  his  abilities 
were  so  strong,  and  at  the  same  time  so 
versatile,  that  he  was  the  only  person  wh» 
could  manage  with  success  the  king's  tem- 
per. He  was  a  papist  in  religion,  though 
when  in  power  he  inveighed  with  bitterness 
against  the  Roman  catholics. 

Bennet,  Dr.  Thomas,  born  7th  May, 
1673,  was  educated  at  the  grammar-school 
of  Salisbury,  his  native  city,  and  passed  to 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  In  1700 
he  accidentally  preached  a  funeral  sermon 
on  his  friend  Mr.  John  Rayne,  rector  of 
St.  James,  Colchester,  and  so  highly  was 
his  discourse  applauded,  that  the  parishion- 
ers petitioned  Compton  bishop  of  London 
to  appoint  him  to  the  vacant  benefice,  a 
request  which  was  liberally  granted.  His 
exertions  in  his  new  situation  were  great 
and  successful,  he  was  followed  as  a  popu- 
lar preacher  for  several  years,  till  the  other 
churches  of  the  town  were  at  last  filled 
with  ministers  of  abilities,  and  the  charms 
of  novelty  vanished,  and  an  income  of 
nearly  300/.  a  year  was  reduced  to  60/. 
Upon  this  he  removed  to  London,  where 
his  abilities  and  his  popularity  procured 
him  the  chaplaincy  of  Chelsea  hospital,  and 
afterwards  the  lectureship  of  St.  Olave, 
Southwark,  and  the  vicarage  of  St.  Giles, 
Cripplegate,  worth  near  500/.  a  year.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  London,  October 
9th,  1728.  He  was  author  of  several  ser- 
mons, religious  and  political  tracts,  an 
essay  on  the  39  articles,  &c.  and  a  Hebrew 
grammar. 

Bennet,  Christopher,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, educated  at  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  and  distinguished  as   a  physician 
til 


BEN 


BEN 


and  member  of  the  college  of  physicians  in 
London.  He  wrote  several  treatises  on 
medical  subjects,  particularly  Tabidorum 
thcatrum,  seu  Phthisicos,  &c.  Xenodo- 
chium,  &c.  translated  into  English  1720, 
and  died  April  1655,  aged  about  38. 

Ben  net,  Robert,  B.  D.  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  made  Rector  of  Waddesden, 
Bucks,  by  lord  Wharton,  from  which  he 
was  ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662.  He 
afterwards  had  a  private  congregation  at 
Aylesbury  and  at  Reading,  at  which  last 
place  he  died,  1687.  He  wrote  the  theolo- 
gical concordance  of  synonymous  words  in 
scripture. 

Bennet,  Richard,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  a  member  of  the  house  of  Burgesses  of 
that  colony,  as  early  as  1642,  and  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  appointed  in  1651  to 
reduce  the  province  to  obedience  to  the 
parliament.  He  that  year  succeeded  Sir 
William  Berkley  as  governor,  and  held  the 
place  till  1654,  when,  being  succeeded  by 
Diggs,  he  was  appointed  an  agent  of  the 
colony  to  England.  QCF  L. 

Benoit,  Elie,  a  protestant  minister  of 
Paris,  who  fled  to  Holland  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  became  pastor 
of  Delft.  He  died  1728,  aged  88.  He 
wrote  several  works  held  in  high  esteem, 
especially  his  histoire  de  l'edit  de  Nantes, 
5  vols.  4to.  1693.  Of  the  lady  whom  he 
married,  he  has  given  a  most  disagreeable 
picture,  representing  her  as  morose,  ava- 
ricious, insolent,  and  for  47  years  the  dis- 
turber of  his  repose. 

Benoit,  father,  a  learned  Maronite,  born 
at  Gusta,  in  Phoenicia.  He  was  early  sent 
to  Rome,  and  educated  among  the  Maro- 
nites,  and  afterwards  he  became,  under  the 
patronage  of  Cosmo  III.  Hebrew  professor 
at  Pisa.  At  the  age  of  44,  he  was  admitted 
among  the  Jesuits,  and  died  at  Rome,  22d 
September,  1742,  aged  80.  He  was  the 
editor  cf  the  works  of  Ephrem  Syrus,  3 
vols.  fol. 

Benserade,  Isaac  de,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Lyons,  near  Roan.  Early  deprived 
of  his  father,  he  had  to  struggle  with  po- 
verty, and  he  gave  up  the  little  property  to 
which  he  was  entitled,  rather  than  to  main- 
tain his  right  by  a  lawsuit.  His  wit  and 
liis  poetical  talents  soon,  however,  rendered 
him  popular  ;  he  was  noticed  by  Richelieu, 
to  whom,  according  to  somet  he  was  rela- 
ted, and  a  pension  was  settled  upon  him. 
After  the  death  of  Richelieu,  he  attached 
himself  to  the  fortunes  of  the  Duke  de 
Brcze,  who  patronised  him,  and  so  highly 
was  he  esteemed  at  Court,  that  he  was 
named  as  envoy  to  Christina,  queen  of 
Sweden,  an  employment,  however,  which 
he  did  not  undertake.  As  a  poet  his  ta- 
lents were  great,  and  his  name  became 
popular,  and  for  a  time  he  divided  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  town  with  the  celebrated 
212 


Yoiture.  His  rondeaux  on  Ovid  are  his 
worst  performance.  In  the  last  part  of  his 
life  he  retired  from  the  court  to  Gentilly, 
where  he  employed  himself  in  works  of 
piety,  and  translated  almost  all  the  psalms. 
He  was  so  afflicted  with  the  stone,  that  he 
reluctantly  submitted  to  the  operation  of 
cutting  ;  but  the  surgeon  puncturing  an 
artery,  ran  away  instead  of  checking  the 
effusion  of  blood,  and  the  unfortunate  pa- 
tient soon  after  expired  in  the  arms  of  his 
friend  and  confessor  Conmire,  October 
19th,  1690. 

Benson,  George,  a  dissenter,  born  at 
Great  Salkeld,  Cumberland,  September, 
1699.  After  being  educated  under  Dr. 
Dixon,  at  Whitehaven,  and  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Glasgow,  he  assumed  the  ministerial 
character  in  London,  and  went  to  reside 
for  seven  years  as  pastor  of  a  dissenting 
congregation  at  Abingdon,  Berks.  He  re- 
moved in  1729  to  Southwark,  and  in  1740 
he  became  the  associate  of  Dr.  Lardner, 
at  Clutched  Friars.  He  particularly  de- 
voted his  time  to  the  study  of  the  sacred 
writings,  and  following  the  example  of 
Locke,  he  directed  his  labours  to  elucidate 
Scripture,  and  published  a  paraphrase  and 
notes  on  several  of  St.  Paul's  epistles.  He 
wrote,  besides  the  life  of  Christ — a  defence 
of  the  reasonableness  of  prajer — tracts  on 
persecution — a  history  of  the  planting  of 
Christianity,  from  the  Epistles  and  Acts  of 
the  Apostles,  in  two  vols.  4to.  a  work  re- 
plete with  taste,  judgment,  and  erudition, 
and  which  procured  him  an  honourable  de- 
gree by  diploma  from  Scotland,  and  letters 
of  kindness  and  acknowledgments  from 
the  first  divines  of  the  age,  Hoadley,  Her- 
ring, Butler,  Conybear,  &c.  He  died  1763, 
in  his  64th  year.  His  posthumous  works 
appeared  1764,  in  4to. 

Bent,  John  Van  de,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, who  studied  under  Vandervelde  and 
Wouvermans,  and  died  1690,  aged  40. 
His  landscapes  are  particularly  esteemed. 

Bentham,  Thomas,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, made  fellow  of  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  1546,  an  office  which  he  lost  during 
the  tyrannical  reign  of  Mary.  On  Eliza- 
beth's accession  his  merits  were  rewarded 
with  the  bisoprick  of  Litchfield  and  Coven- 
try. He  was  author  of  an  exposition  of  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and  translated  into 
English  some  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament.    He  died  1578. 

Bentham,  Edward,  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  was  born  at  Ely,  23d  July,  1707, 
and  his  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  had 
a  numerous  family,  he  was  by  the  advice  of 
dean  Smalridge,  educated  at  Christ  Church 
school,  and  afterwards  admitted  of  Corpus. 
He  was  for  a  little  time  vice  principal  of 
Magdalen-hall,  and  in  1731  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Oriel,  and  13  years  after  he  was 
preferred  to  a  stall  in  Hereford  cathedral. 


BEN 


BEN 


In  this  situation  he  maintained  the  9ame 
character  of  application  and  integrity  which 
be  had  supported  in  the  university,and  intro- 
duced regularity  and  economy  in  the  affairs 
of  the  chapter.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Fan- 
shawe,  he  was  nominated  by  the  king  to  the 
divinity  chair  at  Oxford,  a  respectable  office 
which  he  accepted  with  great  reluctance. 
His  lectures  in  this  new  appointment  were 
learned  and  instructive,  they  were  deliver- 
ed three  times  a  week,  during  term  time, 
and  the  course  continued  one  year.  In  his 
private  character  Dr.  Bentham  was  reserv- 
ed, though  his  manners  were  amiable,  and 
his  conduct  mild,  pious,  and  benevolent. 
He  published  some  single  sermons,  and  also 
tracts,  and  he  was  preparing  an  answer  to 
Gibbon's  objectionable  chapters,  when  he 
died  in  his  69th  year,  1st  August,  1776.  He 
was  buried  in  Christ  Church  cathedral. 

Bentham,  James,  M.A.  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  Eiy  school, 
and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  he  be- 
came prebendary  of  Ely  in  exchange  for 
Northwood  rectory,  and  in  17S3,  rector  of 
Bowbrick  hill,  Bucks.  His  office  in  the 
cathedral  of  his  native  place,  engaged  his 
attention  to  church  architecture,  and  he 
enriched  ecclesiastical  literature  by  the 
publication  of  "  the  history  and  antiquities 
of  the  church  of  Ely,  from  the  foundation, 
675  to  1771,"  in  4to.  As  a  further  speci- 
men of  his  researches,  it  was  his  intention 
to  give  a  history  of  ancient  architecture  in 
the  kingdom,  but  the  avocations  of  a  busy 
life  prevented  the  completion.  To  his  pa- 
triotic exertions,  it  is  to  be  observed,  that 
the  island  of  Ely  owes  many  of  its  improve- 
ments. By  his  spirit  of  perseverance, 
against  clamour  and  vulgar  prejudice,  turn- 
pike roads  were  made,  travelling  was  ren- 
dered easy,  and  the  unfruitful  lands  of 
that  part  of  the  kingdom  were  converted 
into  valuable  fields  by  draining.  He  died 
17th  November,  1794,  aged  86. 

Bentinck,  William,  first  Earl  of  Port- 
land, was  descended  from  a  noble  family  in 
Holland.  When  the  Prince  of  Orange 
was  seized  with  the  smallpox,  it  was  re- 
commended by  his  physicians  that  he  should 
receive  the  warmth  of  a  young  person  with 
him  in  the  same  bed/  Bentinck  cheerfully 
offered  himself,  and  consequently  caught 
the  disease  in  a  violent  degree,  but  the 
pains  and  the  danger  to  which  he  submitted 
were  amply  repaid  by  the  favour  and  friend- 
ship of  the  prince.  William  brought  him 
with  him  to  England,  raised  him  to  the 
peerage,  and  granted  him  lands  in  Den- 
bighshire, which  were,  on  the  representa- 
tion of  the  parliament,  exchanged  for  other 
grants.  The  earl,  faithful  to  his  principles, 
served  the  king  in  various  offices  civil  and 
military,  and  attended  him  in  his  last  mo- 
ments. He  died  1709,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster-abbey. 


Bentinck,  William  Henry  Cavendish, 
third  Duke  of  Portland,  was  born  in  1738, 
and  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  created  M.A.  in  1757.  After 
sitting  for  some  time  in  the  lower  house  as 
member  for  Weobly,  he  was  called  to  the 
upper  house  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1762.  From  that  time  he  usually  voted 
with  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  and  dur- 
ing that  nobleman's  administration  in  1765, 
he  was  Lord  Chamberlain.  Two  years 
afterwards  he  was  involved  in  a  very  re- 
markable lawsuit  respecting  the  grant  of 
Inglewood  forest  to  Sir  James  Lowther, 
which  his  grace  resisted,  and  gained  his 
cause  in  1771.  During  the  American  war, 
he  acted  with  opposition,  but  in  1782  he  was 
appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  where 
he  remained  only  three  months.  In  1792, 
he  was  chosen  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  and  in  1794  he  accepted  the 
office  of  secretary  of  state  for  the  home 
department,  which  he  resigned  in  1801,  and 
was  then  appointed  president  of  the  coun- 
cil. In  1807  he  became  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  but  soon  relinquished  that  situa- 
tion, and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Percival. 
Having  been  long  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
he  underwent  the  operation,  but  died  soon 
after  in  1809.  To  the  duke  have  been  as- 
cribed the  letters  of  Junius,  but  without  the 
slightest  probability. — W.  B. 

Bentivoglio,  Guy,  was  born  at  Ferrara, 
1 579,  and  studied  at  Padua.  His  address 
and  intrigues  produced  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween two  factions  which  laid  claim  to  the 
sovereignty  of  Ferrara  after  the  death  of 
duke  Alfonso,  and  so  highly  were  his  ser- 
vices valued  by  the  Roman  pontiff,  that  he 
was  made  chamberlain  of  the  palace,  and1 
afterwards  employed  as  nuncio  to  Flanders 
and  in  France,  and  at  last,  in  1621,  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  His  popularity 
was  so  great  that  he  probably  would  have 
succeeded  to  St.  Peter's  chair,  on  the  death 
of  pope  Urban  VII.  had  he  not  been  attack- 
ed by  a  violent  disease  produced  by  his  at- 
tendance on  the  conclave  during  the  intense 
heats  of  the  summer  ;  so  that  in  conse- 
quence of  want  of  rest  for  eleven  successive 
nights,  he  expired  September  7th,  1644,  in 
his  65th  year.  The  most  known  of  his 
works  are  his  history  of  the  civil  wars  of 
Flanders — an  account  of  Flanders — and 
letters  and  memoirs. 

Bentivoglio,  Hercules,  an  illustrious 
native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  and  employed 
by  his  relation  Alfonso  duke  of  Ferrara. 
He  distinguished  himself  also  as  a  poet,  and 
wrote  satires,  sonnets,  comedies,  &c.  He 
died  at  Venice,  1583. 

Bentlet,  Richard,  son  of  a  mechanic  of 
Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  became  eminent  as 
a  critic  and  a  divine.  He  was  of  Saint 
John's,  Cambridge,  where  his  great  abilities 
soon  recommended  him  to  public  favour  and 
213 


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BEN 


iO  the  friendship  of  Stillingfleet,  whose  son 
he  attended  as  tutor  to  Wadham  college, 
Oxford.  The  first  specimen  of  his  literary 
fame,  was  his  lectures  on  Boyle's  founda- 
tion, in  which  he  displayed  great  powers  of 
mind,  supported  by  the  profound  philoso- 
phy of  Newton  and  the  clear  reasoning  of 
Locke,  on  the  being  and  power  of  a  God. 
The  public  admiration  on  this  performance 
recommended  the  author  to  the  place  of 
librarian  at  St.  James's,  and  this  situation, 
whilst  it  produced  a  quarrel,  gave  at  the 
same  time  rise  to  a  long  celebrated  contro- 
versy. Mr.  Boyle,  son  of  Lord  Orrery,  had 
obtained  the  use  of  a  MS.  from  the  library 
to  complete  the  edition  of  "  the  epistles  of 
Phalaris,"  which  he  was  then  going  to  pub- 
lish, and  when  Bentley  demanded  the  book 
sooner  than  was  expected,  the  request  was 
considered  as  an  affront,  and  a  war  of 
words  arose  which  drew  forth  on  both  sides 
the  most  brilliant  and  spirited  exhibition  of 
wit,  criticism,  and  erudition  ever  before 
known.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Montague, 
1700,  Bentley  was  raised  to  the  mastership 
of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  a  high  and 
respectable  situation,  which  his  learning 
and  abilities  deserved,  and  soon  after,  his 
preferment  was  increased  by  the  addition 
of  the  archdeaconry  of  Ely,  a  benefice 
in  the  island,  and  the  office  of  chaplain  to 
the  king.  His  prosperity,  however,  was 
not  without  its  attendant  evils.  In  the 
government  of  his  college  Bentley  was 
arbitrary  and  severe,  and  his  fellows  com- 
plained to  the  bishop  of  Ely  the  visiter, 
and  charged  him  among  other  crimes  with 
embezzling  the  money  of  the  college,  an 
accusation  which  created  the  most  virulent 
contentions  in  the  society,  and  which,  at 
last,  after  20  years'  continuance,  establish- 
ed the  innocence  of  the  master.  As  divi- 
nity professor  he  likewise  exposed  himself 
to  the  obloquy  of  the  university  ;  he  re- 
fused to  admit  without  the  fee  of  four 
guineas,  several  persons  to  the  degree  of 
doctor,  agreeable  to  a  mandate  of  George 
I.  when  he  visited  Cambridge,  for  which 
measure  he  was  suspended  and  degraded 
by  the  university.  An  appeal  was  made 
to  the  king  in  council,  and  the  matter  was 
referred  to  the  judges  of  the  king's  bench, 
who  reversed  the  proceedings  against  him, 
and  directed  his  honourable  restoration  to 
his  dignities.  During  these  unhappy  strug- 
gles Bentley  preserved  his  unshaken  firm- 
ness of  mind,  and  his  time  was  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  science,  and  to  labo- 
rious criticism.  His  editions  of  Terence, 
Horace,  Phaedrus,  Milton's  paradise  lost, 
&c.  evince  the  great  powers  of  his  mind, 
and  the  most  extensive  acquaintance  with 
classical  literature.  After  nearly  ten  years 
of  gradual  decay,  this  superior  scholar 
died  at  the  college,  14th  July,  1742,  aged 
SO,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel,  to  which 
214 


he  was  a  liberal  benefactor.  In  his  pri- 
vate character  Dr.  Bentley  was  hospitable, 
warm  in  his  friendship,  and  respected  and 
beloved  as  the  master  of  a  family.  He 
left  three  children.  His  son  of  the  same 
name  was  educated  under  him  at  Trinity. 
Elizabeth  his  eldest  daughter  married, 
1727,  Sir  Humphrey  Ridge,  and  Joanna 
married  the  eldest  son  of  bishop  Cumber- 
land. Dr.  Bentley  also  published  a  Latin 
epistle  to  Dr.  Mill,  with  critical  observations 
on  John  Malala's  chronology,  1691,  and  an 
answer  to  Collins'discourse  on  free  thinking. 

Bentley,  Thomas,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  "  the  Wishes,"  a  co- 
medy, which  was  represented  at  Drury- 
lane,  1761,  but  withdrawn  in  1782,  from 
some  apparent  allusions  to  party  poli- 
tics. He  also  wrote  Philodamus,  a  trage- 
dy, and  a  satirical  poem  called  Patriotism. 
He  died  1782. 

Bentlt,  William,  D.D.  minister  of  a 
congregational  church  in  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  a  native  of  Boston,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1777.  He 
was  afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  seminary. 
He  was  ordained  at  Salem,  September  24, 
1783  ;  and  continued  there  till  his  death  on 
the  19th  December,  1819,  in  the  62d  year 
of  his  age.  His  theological  discussions 
were  marked  by  a  good  deal  of  freedom 
and  originality,  and  his  views  on  many  sub- 
jects were  peculiar  ;  but  he  was  chiefly 
conspicuous  as  a  politician,  philosopher, 
and  scholar.  He  edited  for  nearly  twenty 
years  the  Essex  Register,  a  semi-weekly 
newspaper,  devoted  to  the  support  of  the 
democratic  administrations,  and  which  he 
also  made  the  vehicle  of  publishing  many 
of  his  opinions  on  morals,  literature,  and 
science.  His  knowledge  was  uncommonly 
extensive  and  various.  He  excelled  parti- 
cularly in  the  classical,  and  oriental  lan- 
guages, geography,  history,  especially  that 
of  the  United  States,  and  natural  and 
moral  philosophy,  and  corresponded  with 
many  of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  age. 
His  valuable  library  and  cabinet,  he  be- 
queathed chiefly  to  the  American  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  and  to  the  college  at  Mead- 
ville,  Pennsylvania.  [LT  L. 

Benvenuti,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Leghorn,  and  made  mathematical  professor 
at  Rome.  He  was  author  of  an  abridg- 
ment of  philosophy — dissertation  upon 
lights — reflections  on  Jesuitism,  &c.  On 
the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  he  retired 
to  Warsaw,  and  died  1789,  aged  73. 

Benwell,  William,  an  able  divine,  and 
elegant  scholar,  born  at  Caversham,  Ox- 
fordshire, in  1765.  From  Reading  school, 
where  his  abilities  were  fostered  by  the 
judicious  care,  and  directed  by  the  classical 
taste,  of  his  brother-in-law,  Dr.  Valpy,  he 
entered,  in  1783,  at  Trinity  college,  Ox- 
ford.    In  the  university,  the  same  ardent 


BEN 


BEN 


application  continued  to  mark  his  progress, 
and  his  labours  as  a  Latin  poet  were,  in 
1785,  rewarded  by  the  Chancellor's  prize. 
The  subject  was  the  plundering  of  Rome 
by  Alaric,  and  it  was  treated  with  great 
judgment,  and  with  all  the  energy  of  de- 
scription, and  the  majestic  dignity  of  the 
Mantuan  bard.  Two  years  after  he  ob- 
tained another  prize  for  an  English  essay, 
"on  what  arts  the  moderns  have  excelled  the 
ancients,"  in  which  he  displayed  deep  re- 
search and  correctness  of  judgment,  in  a 
style  chaste  and  elegant.  The  same  year 
he  entered  into  orders,  and  in  1787,  took 
his  master's  degree,  and  in  1790,  was  elect- 
ed fellow  of  his  college,  where  he  gained 
the  respect  of  the  society,  as  an  active  and 
well-informed  tutor.  In  1794,  he  obtained 
the  living  of  Hale  Magna,  in  Lincolnshire, 
which  he  soon  resigned  for  Chilton  in  Suf- 
folk. In  June  1796,  he  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  J.  Loveday,  esq.  of  Caversham, 
and  eleven  weeks  after  this  amiable  and 
deservedly  respected  character  was  borne 
to  his  grave.  He  resided  at  Milton,  Wilts, 
and  during  a  contagious  fever  which  raged 
in  the  village,  from  his  great  benevolence 
of  heart,  he  exerted  himself  in  affording 
consolation  to  the  poor  sufferers,  and  un- 
happily caught  the  infection,  which,  after 
ten  days,  proved  fatal,  6th  Sept.  1796.  He 
was  buried  at  Caversham,  where  in  the 
church  a  small  tablet,  in  modest  language, 
records  his  virtues.  At  his  death,  Mr. 
Benwell  was  engaged  in  publishing  Xeno- 
phon's  memorablia,  of  which  the  half  was 
already  printed.  As  a  polite  and  classical 
scholar  his  name  must  stand  high  ;  as  a  di- 
vine, the  simplicity  of  his  discourses  made 
its  way  to  the  heart  of  his  hearers,  by  his 
zeal,  his  earnestness,  and  bis  eloquence, 
aided  by  the  most  powerful  recommenda- 
tion of  his  exemplary  conduct  and  benevo- 
lent manners.  As  a  poet  he  rose  to  the 
eminence  of  genius  and  originality,  and 
though  he  wrote  little,  yet  the  few  pieces 
which  have  appeared  in  print,  and  those 
which  are  preserved  in  the  hands  of  his 
friends,  exhibit  him  expressing  the  true 
merit  and  the  majestic  graces  of  the  muse. 
Had  he  lived  longer,  literature  would  have 
been  more  highly  enriched  by  his  produc- 
tions, religion  would  have  been  adorned  by 
his  persuasive  eloquence,  and  his  powerful 
example,  and  the  world  benefited  by  the 
exertions  of  his  charity,  his  benevolence, 
and  philanthrophy. 

Bentowskt,  Count  Mauritius  Augustus 
de,  magnate  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  was 
born  1741,  at  Verbowa  in  the  Hungarian 
province  of  Nittria.  He  embraced  early 
the  profession  of  arms,  and  manifested 
those  strong  powers  of  mind  which  shone 
with  such  peculiar  lustre  in  the  midst  of  his 
dangers  and  misfortunes.  After  serving  in 
the  imperial  armies,  he  at  last  joined  the 


confederation  of  the  Polish  nobles,  to  with- 
stand the  encroachment  of  foreigners.    He 
accepted  a  high  command  in  the  army,  and 
in  his  military  capacity  he  distinguished 
himself   against  the  Russians    in   various 
skirmishes,  with  unparalleled  bravery  and 
success,   till  several  wounds  disabled  him, 
and  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
The  triumph  of  the  Russians  was  great,  in 
possessing  the  person  of  so  indefatigable  an 
adversary  ;    but  instead   of  respecting  his 
misfortunes,  they  insulted  his  fate,  and  with 
shocking  barbarity  they  loaded  him  with 
irons,  and  confined  him  in  a  prison,  where 
the  dead  carcasses  of  his  companions  in 
misery  poisoned  the  air,  and  threatened  a 
pestilential  contagion.     If  he  was  so  fortu- 
nate as  to  escape,  it  was  to  fall  again  under 
the  power  of  his  persecutors,  and  to  add  to 
his  sufferings,  he  was  hurried  away  through 
the  deserts  of  Siberia  to  Kamschatka,  where 
he  found  himself  an  insulted  exile  and  de- 
graded prisoner  on  the  3d  Dec.  1770.     He 
did  not,  however,  sink  under  his  confine- 
ment ;  in  this  distant  retreat  he  formed  the 
design  of  escaping,  and  so  highly  was  his 
character  of  bravery  and  heroism  respect- 
ed, that  even  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Nilon, 
the  governor  of  the  place,  consented   to 
share  his  fortunes,  and  to  assist  him  in  his 
escape.     After  being  nearly  discovered,  he 
succeeded  in  his  attempts ;  he  made  him- 
self master  of  Kamschatka  by  force  and 
stratagem,  and  accompanied  by  86  faithful 
followers  and  nine  women,  among  whom 
was  his  fair  protector,  he  sailed  on  the  11th 
May,  1771,  from  the  harbour,  and  passing 
by  the  island  of  Formosa  and  the  coast  of 
China,  he  reached,  17th  Sept.  the  port  of 
Macao,  from  whence  he  departed  for  Eu- 
rope in   a  French  vessel.     He  no  sooner 
landed  in  France,  than  he  was  encouraged 
by  the  French  court  to  form  a  settlement  in 
the  island  of  Madagascar,  and  as  he  silently 
aspired  to  the  honour  of  founding  a  colony 
at  Formosa,  when  poor  and  forsaken,  he 
now  eagerly  embraced  the  proposal,  and  on 
the  22d  March,  1773,  after  a  residence  of 
scarce  seven  months  in  Europe,  he  set  sail 
for  Africa.     His  great  genius  might  have 
surmounted  all  difficulties  in  his  new  estab- 
lishment, in  the  midst  of  barbarous  unci- 
vilized  nations  ;    but    Benyowsky  had  to 
contend  with  more  dangerous  adversaries, 
with  the  envy  and    malice  of   favourites, 
courtiers,  and  governors,  who  thwarted  his 
views  and  opposed  his  career  of  glory.     It 
is  scarce  to  be  wondered  that  in  those  dis- 
appointments and  provocations,  he  forgot 
his   allegiance   to  the   French  monarchy. 
He  considered  himself  as  an  independent; 
sovereign,  and  the   power  which  he   had 
acquired  by  his  valour,  and  by  his  insinua- 
ting manners  among  the  barbarians  of  Ma- 
dagascar, was  consolidated  by  the  stronger 
cement  of  popularity,  and  the  affection  oi 
215 


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the  natives.  On  the  11th  October,  lie  left 
this  rising  settlement  for  Europe,  that  he 
might  increase  his  connexion,  and  form 
reciprocal  alliances  with  the  more  polished 
nations  of  the  north,  but  though  he  offered 
his  friendship  and  services  successively  to 
the  courts  of  France,  Germany,  and  Eng- 
land, and  claimed  their  support  as  the  inde- 
pendent sovereign  of  Madagascar,  his  offers 
were  disregarded,  and  he  embarked  again 
for  Africa,  14th  April,  1784,  from  London, 
accompanied  by  his  family  and  a  number 
of  settlers.  His  return  to  Madagascar  was 
not  followed  by  those  happy  consequences, 
which  the  friends  of  virtue  and  humanity 
could  wish.  He  attacked  a  French  settle- 
ment, and  the  governor  of  the  isle  of  France 
sent  a  small  force  to  oppose  his  progress. 
Benyowsky  met  his  invaders  with  his  usual 
bravery,  but  his  adherents  were  few  and 
timid,  and  the  hero,  abandoned  by  the  30 
natives  that  were  with  him,  and  assisted 
only  by  two  Europeans,  found  himself  over- 
powered, and  a  ball  having  struck  him  on 
the  right  breast,  decided  the  fortune  of  the 
day.  He  fell  behind  the  parapet,  but  his 
inhuman  enemies  dragging  him  by  the 
hair,  saw  him  expire  in  a  few  minutes  after, 
23d  May,  1786. 

Benzelius,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
West  Gothland,  who,  after  a  good  educa- 
tion, became  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  chan- 
cellor of  Sweden,  and  by  his  influence  rose 
to  ecclesiastical  dignities  and  the  archbi- 
shopric of  Upsal.  He  was  author  of  the 
lives  of  the  patriarchs,  and  translated  the 
Bible  into  the  Swedish  language.  He  died 
1709,  aged  67. 

Benzio,  Trifone,  an  Italian  poet,  born  at 
Assiso.  Deformed  in  person,  he  compen- 
sated for  the  unkindncss  of  nature,  by  a 
lively  disposition,  agreeable  manners,  and 
the  most  fascinating  powers  of  conversa- 
tion. His  integrity,  and  the  amiableness 
of  his  manners,  were  such,  that  he  was 
called  the  Socrates  of  Rome.  He  wrote 
poems  in  Latin  and  Italian,  which  are  pre- 
served in  the  collections  of  Pallavacini, 
Gruter,  and  Vacchi.     He  died  about  1570. 

Beoteo,  Angelo,  a  poet  born  at  Padua, 
and  surnamed  Ruzzante.  He  directed 
his  whole  attention  to  copy  the  manners  of 
the  vulgar,  and  he  is  peculiarly  happy  in 
his  descriptions  of  rustic  simplicity  and 
grotesque  drollery.  His  principal  pieces 
are  la  Vaccaria — la  Moschetta,  &c. — He 
died  1542. 

Beracld,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
in  the  16th  century,  preceptor  to  the  Co- 
lignys,  and  famous  for  great  learning,  and 
for  his  acquaintance  with  Erasmus  and 
other  learned  men.  He  compiled  a  Graeco 
Latin  Lexicon.  His  son  Francis  was  also 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  quitting  the  ca- 
tholic tenets,  became  principal  of  the  col- 
leges of  Montarxis  and  Rochelle. 
216 


Rerchet,  Peter,  a  French  painter,  who 
died,  1720,  aged  61.  He  is  known  in 
England  for  several  ingenious  pieces,  and 
as  the  painter  of  the  ceiling  of  Trinity  col- 
lege chapel,  Oxford. 

Bercheur,  Peter,  a  Benedictine,  who 
died  1362.  He  is  known  as  the  translator 
of  Livy,  by  order  of  John,  king  of  France, 
&c.  in  which  office,  it  is  remarkable,  that 
he  invented  and  introduced  various  words, 
which  are  now  of  good  authority  in  the 
French  language.  A  MS.  of  this  his  work 
is  preserved  in  the  Sorbonne. 

Berengarius,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon  of 
Carpo,  the  first  who  cured  the  venereal  dis- 
temper by  mercurial  ointment.  His  suc- 
cess in  this  disorder  procured  him  both 
fame  and  money,  and  he  grew  so  insolent 
that  he  wrote  in  a  contemptuous  style  to 
the  pope  and  to  the  king  of  Spain,  who  in- 
vited him  to  practise  at  their  courts.  He 
died  1527. 

Berenger,  archdeacon  of  Angiers,  main- 
tained that  the  bread  and  wine  used  in  the 
sacrament  were  not  the  real  body  and  blood 
of  Christ,  but  merely  human  food,  of  which 
the  communicants  partook  by  faith.  These 
tenets  which  had  been  before  supported  by- 
John  Scotus  Erigena,  and  were  afterwards 
maintained  by  the  Sacramentarians,  were 
violently  opposed  by  Lanfranc,  and  Beren- 
ger was  condemned  at  Paris  and  at  Rome, 
but  though  he  was  compelled  to  make  a 
public  recantation,  he  died  1088,  firmly 
attached  to  his  opinion. 

Berenger  I.  son  of  Eberard  duke  of 
Friulo,  caused  himself  to  be  declared  king 
of  Italy  in  893.  His  pretensions  were  op- 
posed by  Guy,  duke  of  Spoletto,  who  twice 
defeated  him,  but  the  support  of  Arnolph 
king  of  Germany,  confirmed  him  in  his 
power,  though  again  attacked  by  Lambert, 
the  son  of  his  old  rival,  and  by  Lewis  Boson 
king  of  Aries.  Prosperity  for  20  years 
seemed  now  to  attend  him,  and  he  had  the 
interest  to  procure  himself  to  be  crowned 
in  915,  emperor  of  Germany,  but  his  rival, 
Rodolph,  king  of  Burgundy,  at  last  pre- 
vailed against  him,  and  in  the  dreadful 
battle  of  Placentia,  Berenger  was  defeated 
922,  and  two  years  after  cruelly  assassina- 
ted. His  only  daughter,  Gillette,  became, 
by  Albert,  marquis  of  Yvre,  mother  of 
Berenger  II.  who  assumed  the  title  of  king 
of  Italy  in  950.  He  was  defeated  by  the 
Emperor  Otho,  who  had  at  first  espoused 
his  cause,  but  now  made  war  against  him, 
and  he  was  sent  to  Germany,  where  he 
died  966. 

Berenger,  Peter,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 
who  supported  his  doctrines  in  a  severe 
"  Apology"  against  Saint  Bernard. 

Berenice,  daughter  of  Agrippa,  king  of 
Judea,  married  her  uncle  Herod,  and  af- 
terwards Polemon  king  of  Cilicia.  She 
afterwards    lived   in    incestuous  adultery 


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with  her  brother  Agrippa,  and  was  so  much 
loved  by  Titus,  that  he  would  have  decla- 
red her  empress,  if  not  prevented  by  the 
fear  and  indignation  of  the  Roman  people. 

Berenicius,  a  curious  character,  who 
appeared  in  Holland  in  1670,  and  main- 
tained himself  by  grinding  knives,  and 
sweeping  chimneys.  His  abilities  were 
such  that  he  could  repeat  by  heart  Horace, 
Virgil,  Homer,  Aristophanes,  Cicero,  Pli- 
ny, &c.  and  he  was  besides  well  versed  in 
all  modern  languages,  and  could  translate 
passages  extempore  from  gazettes  into 
Greek  and  Latin  verse.  He  was  at  last 
suffocated  in  a  bog  into  which  he  had  fallen 
when  in  a  state  of  intoxication.  The 
Georgarchoniomachia  is  attributed  to  him. 
It  is  generally  supposed  that  he  was  an 
expelled  Jesuit. 

Beretin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Cortona,  in 
Tuscany,  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  ho- 
noured by  pope  Alexander  VII.  and  by  Fer- 
dinand II.  He  succeeded  best  in  great 
subjects,  and  chiefly  excelled  in  the  grace 
and  expression  of  his  heads.  His  private 
character  was  amiable.  He  died  of  the 
gout  1669,  in  his  73d  year. 

Berg,  Matthias  Vanden,  a  painter,  who 
was  disciple  of  Rubens.  He  was  born  at 
Ypres,  and  died  1687,  aged  72. 

Berg,  John  Peter,  a  divine,  was  born  at 
Bremen  in  1737,  and  died  at  Duisbourg  in 
1800.  He  published — 1.  Specimen  ani- 
madversionum  philologicarum  ad  selecta 
veteris  Testamenti  loca,  8vo.  2.  Synibolse 
literariae  Duisburgenses  ad  incrementum 
scientiarum  a  variis  amicis  amice  collatae 
ex  Haganis  factae  Duisburgenses,  2  vols. 
8vo.—  W.  B. 

Bergamo,  James  Philip  de,  an  Augus- 
tine monk,  born  at  Bergamo,  1434,  author 
of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  world,  from  the 
creation  to  his  own  time. 

Berghem,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haer- 
lem,  who  died  there  1683,  aged  59.  Though 
blamed  for  hasty  execution,  his  designs  are 
great,  and  the  most  minute  things  show 
equal  perfection  with  the  most  principal 
figures.  His  landscapes  are  highly  finished. 

Bergier,  Nicolas,  historiographer  of- 
France,  is  known  as  the  learned  author  of 
the  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the  Roman 
empire,  first  printed  1622,  and  again  in 
1792,  two  vols.  4to.  He  died  15th  Sep- 
tember, 1623,  and  his  son  published  his 
unfinished  history. 

Bergier,  Nicolas  Sylvester,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Darnay,  in  Franche  comte. 
He  became  principal  of  the  college  of  Be- 
sancon,  professor  of  theology,  and  canon 
of  Paris  cathedral,  and  he  might  have  risen 
to  higher  preferment,  but  when  offered  an 
abbey,  he  answered,  "  I  am  already  rich 
enough."  His  manners  were  amiable,  and 
his  character  irreproachable.     He  died  at 

Vol.  I.  28 


Paris  9th  April,  1790.  He  is  author  of  a 
refutation  of  the  system  of  nature,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Deism  self-confuted,  2  vols.  12mo. 
— Evidences  of  Christianity,  2  vols. — and 
other  learned  and  valuable  works. 

Bergler,  Etienne,  a  learned  German 
critic  of  the  18th  century.  He  greatly  con- 
tributed to  the  journal  of  Leipsic,  and 
wrote  some  valuable  notes  on  Aristophanes 
inserted  in  the  Leyden  edition  1760,  be- 
sides commentaries,  &c.  He  went  to  Tur- 
key, and  there  abjured  his  religion  for  Ma- 
hometanism,  and  died  there. 

Bergman,  Torbern,  a  native  of  Cathc- 
rineburg,  educated  at  Upsal,  and  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  medicine  and 
chymistry.  He  was  the  friend  of  Linnaeus, 
and  gave  him  a  collection  of  non-descript 
insects,  one  of  which  the  philosopher  call- 
ed by  the  name  of  Bergman.  In  1761,  his 
abilities  recommended  him  to  the  chair  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  Up- 
sal, and  in  1767,  to  that  of  chymistry.  His 
labours  were  usefully  employed  in  investi- 
gating the  secrets  of  nature,  he  discovered 
the  properties  of  fixed  air,  made  experi- 
ments on  the  regulus  of  manganese,  the 
earths  ponderosa  and  magnesia,  and  other 
mineral  substances.  Among  his  many 
publications  are  a  treatise  on  electric  at- 
tractions, and  a  theory  of  the  earth  ;  and 
he  was  also  one  of  those  employed  to  ob- 
serve the  transit  of  Venus  in  1761.  He 
was  made  rector  of  Upsal  university,  and 
died  soon  after,  1784. 

Berigard,  Claude,  a  native  of  Moulins, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  and  Padua. 
He  died  at  Padua  of  an  umbilical  hernia, 
1663,  in  his  85th  year.  His  works  are  on 
philosophy,  consisting  of  circulus  Pisanus, 
Florence  1641,  4to. — dubitationes  in  dialo- 
gum  Galilaei  pro  terrae  immobilitate,  1632, 
4to. 

Bering,  Vitus,  a  professor  at  Copenha- 
gen in  the  17th  century,  historiographer  to 
the  king,  and  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet. 
His  works  are  much  admired. 

Bering,  Vitus,  a  Danish  navigator,  com- 
modore in  the  service  of  Russia.  He  was 
sent  by  Peter  I.  in  1728,  with  some  ships 
to  explore  the  north  coasts  of  America, 
but  it  was  only  in  a  third  voyage,  made  in 
1741,  that  he  discovered  any  thing  re- 
markable. His  ship  struck  on  an  island 
on  the  coast  of  Kamtschatka,  and  while 
repairing  the  damages  sustained  there,  he 
died  in  the  place.  The  island  and  the 
straits  still  bear  his  name. 

Berkeley,  Dr.  George,  a  native  of 
Kilcrin  in  Ireland,  deservedly  celebrated 
for  his  writings.  He  was  educated  at  Kil- 
kenny school  and  Dublin  college,  and  early 
recommended  himself  to  public  favour  by 
the  superior  powers  of  his  mind.  Though 
from  the  tenor  of  some  of  his  sermons  he 
was  falsely  styled  a  Jacobite,  he  however 
?t7 


6£K 


BER 


was  introduced  to  queen  Caroline,  and  his 
opinions  and  conversation  were  courted  by 
men  of  all  parties.     By  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Swift,  he  accompanied  as  chaplain 
lord  Peterborough,  ambassador  to  the  king 
of  Sicily,  and  afterwards,  when  disappoint- 
ed in   his  expectations    of  preferment,  he 
spent  four  years  on  the  continent  as  tutor 
to  the  son  of  Dr.  Ashe,  bishop  of  Clogher. 
During  his  travels  through  Apulia,  he  com- 
municated some  ingenious  observations  on 
the  tarantula  to  Dr.  Freind,  and   he   made 
some  valuable  collections  for  a  natural  his- 
tory of  Sicily,  which   unfortunately  for  the 
world  were  lost  on  his  passage  to   Naples. 
Soon  after  his  return  to    London,  in  1721, 
he  went  as  chaplain  with  the  duke  of  Graf- 
ton, viceroy  of  Ireland,   and  while  courted 
by  the  great  and  the  learned,  he  found  his 
fortune   increased   by  a  legacy   of  about 
4000Z.  from   the  celebrated  Vanessa,  who 
repaid  the  coldness  or  cruelty  of  Swift,   by 
bestowing  her  property  on  his  more  de- 
serving  friends.     In    1724,   he    was  made 
dean  of  Derry,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  easy 
fortune    and    respectable   connexions,  he 
formed  the  wild   scheme  of  erecting  a  col- 
lege in  the  Bermuda  islands,  for   the   con- 
version of  the   savage  Americans  to  Chris- 
tianity ;  but  though    he   was   supported  by 
the  patronage  of  the  king,    and   the    influ- 
ence, zeal,  or  pretended  piety  of  the  minis- 
ter, with  the  promise  of  a  grant  of  10,000/. 
and  ably  seconded  by  men  of  abilities  who 
followed  his  fortunes,  he  proved  the    abor- 
tion of  his  hopes,  after  residing  nearly  two 
years  at  Newport  in  America,  and   he  re- 
turned disgusted  and  disappointed  to  Eng- 
land.    He  was  raised  to  the   see  of  Cloyne 
in  1735,  and  12  years  after,  he  refused  the 
offer  from  lord  Chesterfield  of  a  translation 
to    Clogher.     After   discharging  the  high 
duties  of  his  office  with    all  the    decorum 
and  sanctity  of  a  primitive  bishop,  he  came 
to  reside  in   1752   at   Oxford,    in  quest  of 
literary  retirement,  as   well  as  to  superin- 
tend the  education  of  his  son  ;  but  the  pros- 
pects of  human   life,    alas  !  are  short ;  on 
the  14th  of  the  following   January  he   was 
seized  with  a  palsy  of  the  heart,   whilst  his 
lady  was  reading  a  sermon  to  him,  and  so 
suddenly  and  calmly  did  he  expire,   that 
his  daughter  only  discovered  while  present- 
ing him  a  cup  of  tea  that  he  was  no   more. 
He  was   buried  in   Oxford  cathedral,  and 
Dr.  Markham  wrote  his  epitaph.     His  pri- 
vate character   was  truly  great  and  exem- 
plary, so  that  Pope's  panegyric  is  far  from 
misapplied    in  attributing  "  To    Berkeley 
every  virtue  under  heaven."     As  a  scholar 
and  philosopher  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  ranks 
high.    His  theory  of  vision,  published  1709, 
and  his  principles    of  human  knowledge, 
1710,  and    dialogues  between  Hylas    and 
Philonous,  1713,  in  opposition  to  skeptics 
21? 


and  atheists,  display  great  vigour  of  thought, 
strength  of  reasoning,  and  subtle  argumen- 
tation. He  wrote  besides  sermons,  the 
minute  philosopher,  2  vols.  8vo.  1732,  a 
masterly  performance,  in  dialogues,  after 
Plato's  manner — some  mathematical  dis- 
quisitions— Siris,  a  learned  and  curious  in- 
quiry concerning  the  virtues  of  tar-water, 
1744,  a  work  which  he  said  cost  him  more 
labour  than  any  of  his  performances,  &e. 
&c. 

Berkeley,  George,  LL.  D.  second  son 
of  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  by  Anne  daughter 
of  John  Forster,  speaker  of  the  Irish  house 
of  commons,  was  born  in  Grosvenor-street, 
London,  28th  September,  1733,  and  after 
being  under  the  care  of  his  father,  he  en- 
tered at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was 
honourably  patronised  by  archbishop  Seek- 
er, who  revered  the  memory  of  his  illus- 
trious father,  and  together  with  the  livings 
of  St.  Clement's  Dane,  London,  and  Tys- 
hurst  church,  Sussex,  he  obtained  the  chan- 
cellorship of  Brecknock,  and  a  prebendal 
stall  in  Canterbury  cathedral.  He  married 
Eliza,  daughter  of  the  reverend  Henry 
Finsham,  descended  from  the  Cherrys  of 
Shottesbrook,  Berks  ;  and  supported  a  vir- 
tuous and  amiable  character  in  public  and 
private.  He  died  January  6,  1795,  and 
was  buried  in  the  same  vault  with  his 
father.  He  wrote  some  single  sermons, 
one  of  which,  on  Charles's  martyrdom,  has 
gone  through  six  editions  ;  and  a  volume 
was  published  after  his  death  by  his  widow. 
Berkeley,  George,  earl  of,  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Charles  II.  was  descended  from 
Robert  Fitzharding,  of  the  royal  family  of 
Denmark.  He  was  author  of  historical 
applications,  and  occasional  meditations 
on  several  subjects,  written  by  a  person  of 
honour,  12mo.  1670,  a  book  of  great  merit. 
He  left  a  valuable  collection  of  books  to 
Sion  college,  and  died   1698. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding,  distinguished  him- 
self as  vice-admiral  of  the  white  in  the 
dreadful  engagement  with  the  Dutch,  2d 
June,  1666,  when  he  led  the  van  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  and  fell  in  his 
cabin,  overpowered  by  numbers. 

Berkenhout,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of 
Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  educated  in  his  native 
town,  and  early  sent  to  Germany  to  acquire 
the  modern  languages,  and  qualify  himself 
for  the  mercantile  profession  of  his  father, 
who  was  born  in  Holland.  He  however 
disdained  the  drudgery  of  the  counter.  He 
travelled  over  Europe  ;  and  by  the  friend- 
ship and  recommendation  of  Baron  Bielfeldt 
at  Berlin,  he  entered  into  the  Prussian  ser- 
vice, which  he  quitted  on  the  breaking  out 
of  hostilities  between  England  and  France 
in  1756,  for  the  command  of  a  troop  in  his 
native   country.     In  1760  he  preferred  a 


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literary  life  to  military  service,  and  began 
to  study  physic  at  Edinburgh,  from  whence 
he  passed  to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  in  1765.  He  settled  at  Isleworth, 
in  Middlesex,  and  in  1778  he  accompanied 
>.he  commissioners  to  America  ;  but  being 
suspected  of  improper  intrigues  with  the 
members  of  congress  at  Philadelphia,  he 
was  sent  to  prison  ;  from  which,  however, 
he  was  liberated,  and  rewarded  with  a 
pension  on  his  return  home.  He  died  3d 
April,  1791,  aged  60,  eminently  distinguish- 
ed for  his  vast  erudition,  for  universal 
knowledge,  and  for  great  powers  of  mind. 
His  publications  on  various  subjects  are 
numerous  and  highly  respectable  ;  the  most 
known  of  which  are,  his  pharmacopoeia 
medici — his  outlines  of  the  natural  history 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  3  vols.  12mo. 
— his  first  lines  of  the  theory,  &c.  of  phi- 
losophical chymistry — his  biographia  lite- 
raria — his  ways  and  means,  or  hints  for 
taxation — his  symptomatology — clavis  An- 
glica  linguae  botanicae — letters  to  his  son, 
&c. 

Berkhetden,  Job  and  Gerard,  two 
Dutch  painters,  born  at  Haerlem.  The 
eldest  excelled  in  landscapes,  and  was 
drowned  in  one  of  the  canals  of  Holland, 
1698,  aged  70  ;  and  the  other  was  particu- 
larly happy  in  his  views  of  towns,  palaces, 
and  temples.     He  died   1693. 

Berkley,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
and,  in  1666,  made  governor  of  Virginia. 
He  made  a  collection  of  the  laws  of  the 
provinces,  and  wrote  an  account  of  the 
country,  in  folio,  and  wrote  also  the  lost 
lady,  a  tragi-comedy. He  was  first  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Virginia  in  1639,  and 
soon  restored  the  province  to  prosperity, 
by  successfully  terminating  a  bloody  Indian 
war,  by  which  it  had  been  harassed.  He 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  king  during  the 
civil  war  in  England,  and  the  province 
with  him.  But  in  1651,  a  fleet  sent  by 
the  parliament  reduced  them  to  submis- 
sion, and  he  was  superseded.  He  however 
remained  in  the  country,  and  after  the 
death  of  Governor  Mathews,  at  the  request 
of  the  people  in  1659,  resumed  his  former 
authority,  and  exercised  it  till  his  commis- 
sion was  renewed  by  Charles  II.  He  con- 
tinued in  the  office  till  1677.  In  1676,  a 
dangerous  insurrection  was  excited  partly 
by  the  navigation  act,  and  the  grants  made 
by  the  king  to  his  courtiers  of  the  lands 
which  the  inhabitants  had  long  owned  and 
cultivated,  and  partly  by  the  instigation  of 
Nathaniel  Bacon,  a  colonel  of  militia,  who 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  insur- 
gents, drove  the  governor  from  Jamestown, 
and  kept  the  colony  in  a  state  of  anarchy 
several  months,  when  the  death  of  Bacon 
restored    Sir  William    to    his    authority. 


He  returned  to  England  in  1676,  and  died 
13th  July,  1677,  and  was  buried  at  Twick- 
enham. 53=  L. 

Berkley,  Norborne,  baron  de  Bote- 
tourt, one  of  the  last  governors  of  Virginia, 
while  a  colony,  received  his  appointment  in 
1768,  in  place  of  general  Amherst,  and 
after  a  popular  administration  of  two  years, 
died  at  Williamsburgh  in  October,  1770,  in 
his  53d  year.  He  was  a  friend  to  learning, 
and  did  much  to  promote  the  interests  of 
William  and  Mary's  college.  (CF  L. 

Bernaert,  Nicasius,  a  Dutch  painter, 
the  disciple  and  imitator  of  Snyders,  who 
died  1663,  aged  70. 

Bernard,  St.  known  as  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  church,  and  as  the  founder 
of  160  monasteries,  was  born  at  Fontaine 
in  Burgundy,  1091.  As  abbot  of  the  reli- 
gious house  of  Clairvaux,  in  1115,  he  ac- 
quired celebrity  ;  as  a  preceptor  his  lectures 
were  frequented  by  the  most  famous  men, 
and  all  affairs  of  importance  were  referred 
to  the  consideration  and  decision  of  his 
superior  powers  of  judgment.  He  firmly 
opposed  schismatics,  supported  the  power 
of  the  popes,  convicted  Abelard  of  heresy 
at  the  council  of  Sens  in  1140,  and  by  his 
unexampled  sanctity  wrought  miracles  to 
command  the  reverence  of  an  admiring 
vulgar.  He  died  1153.  His  works  have 
been  published  by  Mabillon,  in  2  vols, 
folio,  1690. 

Bernard  of  Menthon,  a  native  of  Sa- 
voy, born  923,  who  was  made  archdeacon 
of  Aoust,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Alps,  and  in 
the  discharge  of  his  ecclesiastical  duties 
laboured  strenuously  to  convert  the  unci, 
vilized  inhabitants  of  the  mountains  to 
Christianity.  To  forward  his  humane  pur- 
poses, he  founded  two  monasteries  in  the 
passes  of  the  Alps,  for  the  relief  of  pilgrims 
and  unfortunate  travellers  ;  and  they  still 
subsist  a  monument  of  his  benevolence, 
and  a  happy  asylum  to  the  weary. 

Bernard,  Edward,  was  born  at  Perry 
St.  Paul,  near  Towcester,  Northampton- 
shire, 2d  May,  1638,  and  received  his 
education  at  Northampton,  and  Merchant- 
tailors'  school,  from  whence,  after  a  resi- 
dence of  seven  years,  he  went  to  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  1655.  The  proficiency  of 
his  early  years  was  so  great  in  classical 
literature,  that  he  applied  himself  at  the  uni- 
versity not  only  to  philosophical  and  mathe- 
matical studies,  but  to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Ara- 
bic, and  Coptic.  In  1668,  he  visited  Leyden, 
to  consult  some  oriental  manuscripts  pre- 
sented to  that  university  by  Jos.  Scaliger 
and  Warnerus  ;  and  in  1673  he  was  ap- 
pointed successor  to  Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
as  Savilian  professor  of  astronomy,  t« 
whom,  four  years  before,  he  had  been 
chosen  deputy.  In  the  intended  plan  of 
publishing  all  the  ancient  mathematicians, 
Mr.  Bernard's  assiduity  was  great,  he  col . 


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leeted  ami  compared  whatever  was  most 
(  urious  and  valuable  in  the  Bodleian  and 
other  libraries,  and  presented  the  public 
with  a  specimen  of  the  work  ;  which,  how- 
ever, cither  from  its  vast  extent,  or  the 
negligence  of  its  first  patrons,  was  never 
completed.  He  was  sent,  in  1676,  to  Pa- 
lis, by  Charles  II.  to  superintend  the  edu- 
cation of  his  two  natural  children  by  the 
dutchess  of  Cleveland  ;  but  the  simple  and 
reserved  manners  of  the  professor  were 
not  in  unison  with  the  gay  dissipation  of  a 
court ;  and  he  retired,  in  one  year,  from  a 
situation  which  suited  neither  his  taste  nor 
his  inclination.  He  went  to  Leyden  in 
J  683,  to  attend  the  sale  of  Nic.  Heinsius's 
library,  and  repeated  his  visit  some  years 
after,  when  the  books  of  Golius  were  sold. 
As  he  had  been  obliged  to  give  up  his  pre- 
ferments on  his  election  to  the  professor- 
ship, he  began  now  to  be  tired  with  an 
office  which  confined  his  attachments  and 
his  pursuits  ;  and  he  resigned  it  1691,  to 
take  the  living  of  Brightwell,  Berkshire. 
He  died  of  a  consumption,  at  Oxford, 
January  12,  1696,  in  his  59th  year,  and  he 
was  buried  in  St.  John's  college  chapel, 
where  a  monument  is  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry. Dr.  Smith,  who  knew  him  well, 
speaks  of  him  with  the  candour  and  warmth 
of  a  friend.  He  describes  him  as  mild  in 
disposition,  an  enemy  to  disputes,  a  candid 
judge  of  literary  labours,  tolerant  as  a 
churchman,  sincere  in  his  friendships,  ex- 
emplary in  his  conduct,  and  eminent  for 
his  learning,  as  his  publications  and  manu- 
scripts fully  evince.  His  works  are,  a  trea- 
tise on  ancient  weights  and  measures,  an- 
nexed to  Pococke's  commentary  on  Hosea 
— private  devotions,  16S9 — orbis  eruditi 
literatura  a  charactere  Samaritico  deducta 
— etymologicum  Britannicum,  &c. — besides 
various  astronomical  papers  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions. 

Bernard,  James,  was  born  at  Nions,  in 
Dauphine,  1st  September,  1658,  and  educa- 
ted at  Geneva.  The  persecution  of  the 
protestants  obliged  him  to  fly  from  France 
to  Switzerland,  and  from  thence  to  Hol- 
land, where  he  became  minister  of  Ganda, 
and  professor  at  the  Hague.  His  sermons, 
as  well  as  the  celebrity  of  his  writings,  re- 
commended him  to  the  public  favour,  and 
the  people  of  Leyden  fixed  upon  him  for 
their  minister  ;  but  William  III.  who  hated 
his  republican  principles,  refused  to  confirm 
their  choice,  and  it  was  not  till  1705,  after 
the  king's  death,  that  he  appeared  as  public 
preacher  there.  He  was  also  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  university  ;  but  he  em- 
braced the  system  of  Des  Cartes,  till  his 
knowledge  of  English  made  him  acquainted 
with  the  sublime  discoveries  of  Newton. 
He  died  27th  April,  1718,  aged  60.  His 
writings  were  mostly  periodical,  such  as 

histoire  abregce  do  l'Enrope — nouvelles  de 
g»0 


la  republique  des  lettres — besides  a  supple- 
ment to  Moreri's  dictionary,  in  2  vols, 
fol.  sermons,  &c.  &c. 

Bernard,  Catherine,  was  born  at 
Rouen,  and  died  at  Paris,  1712.  She  wrote 
poetry  with  ease  and  elegance,  and  ob- 
tained three  times  the  poetical  prize  at  the 
French  academy.  Her  tragedies,  Brutus 
and  Laodamia,  were  received  with  applause 
on  the  French  theatre  ;  and  she  was  re- 
warded with  a  pension  of  200  crowns  by 
Lewis  XIV.  She  suppressed  some  of  her 
pieces  which  might  reflect  upon  her  mora- 
lity and  religion.  Two  romances,  count 
d'Amboise  and  Inez  de  Cordova,  are  attri- 
buted to  her. 

Bernard  of  Thuringia,  a  fanatical  her- 
mit, Avho,  in  the  last  part  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, pretended  to  anounce  the  immediate 
end  of  the  world,  and  prevailed  so  much 
upon  the  vulgar,  that  a  solar  eclipse  just  at 
that  time  was  interpreted  as  a  completion 
of  the  prophecy,  and  all,  in  the  utmost 
consternation,  fled  to  caves  and  mountains. 
His  reveries  are  now  justly  forgotten. 

Bernard  of  Brussels,  a  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  eminent  in  his  hunting  pieces, 
in  which  he  introduced  his  patron  Charles 
V.  His  last  judgment  is  still  shown  at 
Antwerp. 

Bernard,  Peter  Joseph,  son  of  a  sculp- 
tor at  Grenoble  in  Dauphine,  was  educated 
by  the  Jesuits  of  Lyons,  whose  fraternity 
he  refused  to  join,  for  the  pleasures  of  the 
capital.  Though  he  possessed  wit  and  a 
lively  poetical  genius,  his  compositions 
could  not  procure  him  bread,  so  that  for 
two  years  he  was  engaged  as  clerk  to  a 
public  notary.  He  was  at  last  recommend- 
ed to  the  marquis  of  Pezay  and  marechal 
de  Coigni,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
campaigns  in  Italy.  The  death  of  de 
Coigni  in  1756  left  him  without  a  patron, 
but  his  conversation  recommended  him  to 
the  great  and  opulent  at  Paris,  till,  in  1771, 
the  sudden  loss  of  his  memory  cut  short  the 
happiness  of  his  life,  and  in  his  intellectual 
imbecility  he  continued  to  his  death,  No- 
vember 1,  1775.  He  wrote  some  operas, 
besides  other  lighter  pieces,  which  for  their 
ease  and  elegance  have  procured  him  the 
name  of  le  gentil  Bernard. 

Bernard,  Dr.  Francis,  physician  to 
James  II.  was  eminent  for  his  learning,  and 
for  a  collection  of  books,  which  sold,  in 
1698,  for  1600/.  a  high  price  for  the  times. 
He  died  February  19,  1697,  aged  69.  His 
brother  Charles,  who  was  surgeon  to  the 
princess  Anne,  was  also  the  collector  of  a 
curious  library,  sold  in  1711. 

Bernard,  Richard,  rector  of  Bate- 
combe,  in  Somersetshire,  died  in  1641. 
He  was  author  of  Thesaurus  biblicus,  a 
valuable  concordance — and  an  abstract  of 
the  Bible. 

Bernard,   Samuel,  a  historical  painter 


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who  died  at  Paris  1687,  aged  72.  He 
engraved  Raphael's  history  of  Attila,  with 
great  elegance  and  success.  His  son  of  the 
same  name,  was,  on  account  of  his  riches, 
called  the  Lucullus  of  his  age.  He  was 
employed  in  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and 
died  1739,  aged  88. 

Bernard,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  died  at  Paris  1772,  aged  62.  He 
wrote  some  discourses  and  funeral  ora- 
tions, much  admired. 

Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  was  born  in  Lin- 
colnshire, and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  from  whence  he  was  elected  to 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1729,  and  took 
his  master's  degree  in  1736.  He  next  be- 
came a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1758,  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  New-Jersey,  and  in 
1760,  governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  In 
1769  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  on  the 
commencement  of  the  Rebellion  he  return- 
ed to  England.  He  died  in  1779,  leaving  a 
numerous  family.  Sir  Francis  published 
the  Latin  odes  of  Anthony  Alsop  in  1752. 
— W.  B. 

Bernard,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lincoln  in  1759.  He 
received  his  education  at  Harvard  college, 
in  New-England,  and  on  his  return  to  his 
native  country  became  a  student  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  In  1780  he  was  called  to  the 
bar,  but  did  not  practise  in  the  courts,  con- 
tenting himself  with  the  conveyancing 
business.  In  1795,  he  was  appointed 
treasurer  of  the  Foundling  hospital,  the 
estates  belonging  to  which  were  vastly 
improved  by  his  management.  The  year 
following,  in  conjunction  with  some  friends, 
he  instituted  the  "  Society  for  bettering  the 
condition  of  the  Poor,"  the  reports  of  which 
evince  his  philanthropic  spirit.  He  also 
promoted  various  other  societies  and  cha- 
rities, particularly  the  Royal  Institution, 
the  British  Gallery,  the  Free-chapel  in  St. 
Giles's,  and  other  excellent  establishments. 
In  1809,  he  succeeded  to  the  title  of  baro- 
net, by  the  death  of  his  brother  in  the 
West  Indies.  About  this  time  he  was 
created  doctor  of  civil  law  at  Oxford,  and 
he  was  also  chancellor  of  the  diocess  of 
Durham.  He  died  at  Leamington  Spa,  in 
Warwickshire,  in  1818,  and  was  buried 
with  his  first  wife  in  the  chapel  of  the 
Foundling  Hospital.      His  writings  are — 

1.  Observations  on  the  proceedings  of  the 
Friends  of  the  Liberty  of  the  Press,  8vo. 

2.  A  Letter  to  the  bishop  of  Durham  on 
the  Measures  under  consideration  for  pro- 
moting the  Relief  of  the  Poor,  Svo.  3. 
The  New  School,  Svo.  4.  The  Barrington 
School,  being  an  account  of  that  founded 
by  the  bishop  of  Durham  at  Bishop's  Auck- 
land, Svo.  5.  An  Account  of  the  Supply  of 
Fish  for  the  poor,  8vo.  6.  Spurina,  or  the 
Comforts  of  Old  A?e.  8vo.     7.  Case  of  the 


Salt  duties,  Svo.  8.  The  Cottager's  Medi- 
tations, 12mo.  9.  Dialogue  between 
Monsieur  Francois  and  John  English,  8vo. 
— W.  B. 

Bernard,  Francis,  governor  of  New- 
Jersey,  in  1758  and  1759,  and  afterwards 
of  Massachusetts,  entered  on  his  adminis- 
tration in  the  latter  province  in  1760. .  His 
measures  were  at  first  popular,  but  he  soon 
rendered  himself  extremely  odious,  by  his 
zeal  to  sustain  the  British  ministry  in  their 
encroachments  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 
He  appointed  Mr.  Hutchinson  instead  of 
Mr.  Otis  to  the  oflice  of  chief  justice  in 
opposition  to  the  wishes  of  the  people  ; 
favoured  the  introduction  of  troops  into 
Boston  for  the  purpose  of  constraining 
obedience  to  the  arbitrary  acts  of  parlia- 
ment ;  and  endeavoured  to  obtain  an 
alteration  of  the  charter  so  as  to  transfer 
the  right  of  electing  the  council  from  the 
people  to  the  crown.  Arbitrary  in  his 
principles,  severe  in  his  manners,  and  zeal- 
ous to  advance  the  interests  of  the  king, 
he  was  peculiarly  unfit  for  the  station  he 
occupied,  and  seems  by  his  severity  and 
rashness  to  have  accelerated  the  rupture 
between  the  colonies  and  the  parent  coun- 
try. He  was,  however,  rewarded  for  his 
devotedness  to  the  king  by  being  knighted, 
and  in  1769,  returned  to  England,  where 
he  died  in  1779.  o»  L. 

Bernardi,  John,  an  artist  of  Italy, 
known  for  his  exquisite  skill  in  cutting 
crystals.  He  was  patronised,  among  others, 
by  Alexander  Farnese,  and  died  at  Faenza, 
1555. 

Bernardine,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Massa,  1380.  He  was  educated  at  Sienna ; 
and  after  being  employed  as  commissary  at 
Jerusalem,  he  became  eminent  as  a  preach- 
er, so  that  several  cities  of  Italy  solicited 
him  for  their  bishop.  This  popularity  raised 
him  enemies,  who  accused  him  before  pope 
Martin  V.  of  erroneous  doctrines  ;  which, 
however,  he  refuted.  He  died  at  Aquila 
1444,  after  founding  300  monasteries  in 
Italy  ;  and  he  was  canonized  six  years 
after  by  pope  Nicholas.  His  works  have 
appeared  in  folio  and  4to. 

Bernazzano,  a  painter  of  Milan,  in 
the  16th  century,  eminent  in  the  represen- 
tation of  landscape  and  animals.  He  painted 
some  strawberries  on  a  fresco  wall  so  na- 
turally, that  the  plaster  was  torn  down  by 
the  frequent  pecking  of  peacocks. 

Bernia,  or  Berni,  Francis,  an  eccle- 
siastic of  Florence,  where  he  died,  1543. 
He  was  patronised  by  Julio  de  Medicis,  af- 
terwards pope  Clement  XII.  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  as  a  satirical  poet, 
that  a  species  of  burlesque  was  called, 
among  the  Italians,  Berniasque.  His  Or- 
lando Inamorato  Rifatto  is  much  esteemed. 
It  is  but  the  work  of  Boiardo  put  into  a 
more  elegant,  witty,  and  satirical  dre*<:, 
291 


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His  Latin  poems  were  collected  with  those 
of  Segni,  &c.  1562,  and  his  'Italian  pieces 
were  placed  in  a  collection  with  those  of 
Varchi,  Moro,  Dolche,  &c.  1548,  reprinted 
at  London,    1721  and  1724,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Bernier,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angers, 
who  studied  at  Montpellier,  and  travelled  to 
the  holy  land,  and  through  Cairo  and  Suez 
to  the  Mogul  empire,  where  he  resided  for 
twelve  years,  eight  of  which  he  was  phy- 
sician to  the  emperor  Aurungzebe,  from 
which  circumstance  he  was  called  the  Mo- 
gul. He  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels  on 
his  return  to  Paris,  published  1699  and 
1710,  and  died  22d  September,  1688. 

Bernier,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  phy- 
sician to  Madame.  He  wrote  some  medi- 
cal essays,  4to. — topographical  histories — 
critique  on  the  works  of  Rabelais — anti- 
menagiana ;  but  in  an  inferior  style. 
He  died  poor  at  an  advanced  age,  1668. 

Bernini,  or  Bernin,  John  Lawrence, 
was  born  at  Naples,  and  became  celebrated 
for  his  superior  skill  in  painting,  architec- 
ture, sculpture,  and  mechanics.  No  less 
than  fifteen  of  his  pieces  adorn  the  church 
of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,,  the  most  admired  of 
which  are  the  altar  and  tabernacle,  St. 
Peter's  chair,  &c.  He  was  in  France, 
where  he  gained  the  admiration  of  the 
court  of  Lewis  XV.  He  died  at  Rome, 
29th  November,  1680.  Several  of  his 
pieces  are  preserved  in  the  Florentine  gal- 
lery. It  is  said,  that  in  viewing  the  picture 
of  Charles  I.  by  Vandyke,  of  which  he  exe- 
cuted three  busts,  he  exclaimed,  that  he 
had  never  seen  a  more  unfortunate  looking 
face  before. 

Bernis,  Francis  Joachim  de  Pierre  de, 
a  cardinal,  born  1715,  of  an  ancient,  but 
reduced  family.  He  was  brought  up  at  the 
school  of  St.  Sulpice,  and  intended  for  the 
church  ;  but  Fleury,  to  whom  he  was  intro- 
duced, conceived  a  dislike  for  him  ,  and 
he  might  have  long  remained  in  obscurity, 
if  Madame  Pompadour,  pleased  with  a 
song  which  he  had  written  for  her,  had  not 
stepped  forth  to  patronise  him.  By  her 
influence,  he  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Venice  ;  and  at  his  return  was  regarded  as 
an  able  and  useful  statesman,  and  admit- 
ted into  the  ministry.  His  services  to  the 
court  of  Rome  were  rewarded  with  a  car- 
dinal's hat,  in  1758;  but,  soon  after,  the 
misfortunes  of  the  French  arms  in  Germany 
were  in  some  degree  attributed  to  him  by 
the  weak  Lewis  XV.  and  he  was  sent  in 
exile  to  his  abbey.  In  1764  he  was  recalled 
from  disgraceful  obscurity,  and  soon  after 
employed  as  ambassador  at  Rome,  where 
his  intrigues  were  exerted  to  procure  the 
suppression  of  the  Jesuits,  though  it  is  said 
he  disapproved  of  the  violence  of  the  mea- 
sures. To  his  other  dignities  of  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Albi,  was  added  the  title  of 
the  protector  of  the  French  churches  at. 
221 


Rome  ;  and  his  sole  ambition  was  now  to 
live  in  splendour  and  magnificence  at  the 
papal  court.  The  revolution  came  to  de- 
stroy his  enjoyments,  and  from  the  highest 
affluence  he  was  suddenly  reduced  to  pover- 
ty ;  which  was,  however,  relieved  for  a 
while  by  the  kind  offices  of  the  chevalier 
Azara,  and  a  pension  from  the  Spanish 
court.  He  died  at  Rome,  1st  November, 
1794,  universally  regretted,  especially  by 
the  Romans.  His  works,  consisting  of 
poetical  pieces,  on  the  four  seasons, 
the  four  parts  of  the  day,  on  religion,  an 
epistle  to  indolence,  &c.  have  appeared  in 
3  vols.  4to. 

Bernoulli,  James,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Basil  27th  December, 
1654.  He  studied  in  the  university  of  his 
native  town  ;  but  though  his  father  wished 
him  to  follow  the  clerical  profession  he 
pursued  the  bent  of  his  native  genius  in 
mathematical  learning.  He  travelled  to 
Geneva  and  France,  and  afterwards  visited 
Flanders  and  England,  where  his  reputa- 
tion had  already  preceded  him  in  conse- 
quence of  his  learned  treatise  on  a  comet 
which  appeared  about  the  year  1680.  His 
writings  procured  him  universal  esteem. 
He  was  invited  to  fill  the  professorial  chair 
at  Heidelberg  in  1684 ;  which,  however, 
his  union  with  a  Swiss  lady  of  respectable 
family  prevented  ;  but  three  years  after  he 
succeeded  to  a  vacant  chair  in  his  native 
city.  His  lectures  were  frequented  by 
numbers,  who  admired  his  ingenuity,  the 
extent  of  his  knowledge,  and  the  ac- 
curacy of  his  arguments  ;  and  the  dignity 
of  honorary  member  was  bestowed  upon 
him  by  the  academies  of  Paris  and  Berlin. 
Intenseness  of  application  brought  on  a 
complication  of  disorders,  and  Bernoulli, 
reduced  by  a  slow  fever,  expired  the  16th 
August,  1705,  ordering,  like  another  Archi- 
medes, a  spiral  logarithmical  curve  to  be 
engraved  on  his  tomb,  with  the  words 
"  eadem  mutata  resurgo,"  in  allusion  to  the 
day  of  resurrection.  His  discoveries  in 
mathematics,  especially  the  properties  of 
the  curve,  have  immortalized  his  name.  He 
was  the  friend  and  correspondent  of  the 
famous  Boyle,  of  Leibnitz,  and  of  other 
learned  men. 

Bernoulli,  John,  brother  to  James,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Groningen 
in  1695,  and  afterward  successor  to  his 
brother  at  Basil,  where  he  was  born  in 
1667,  and  where  he  died  in  1748.  He 
pursued  the  same  studies  as  his  brother, 
equally  distinguishing  himself  as  a  geome-? 
trician.  He  visited  France  for  information, 
and  his  learning  and  his  correspondence 
gained  him  the  friendship  of  Mallebranche, 
la  Hire,  Cassini,  Varignon,  l'Hopital, 
Newton,  and  Leibnitz.  He  was  engaged 
for  some  time  in  a  mathematical  dispute 
with  his  brother,   which  was  terminated 


BEE 


BER 


only  by  death,  and  he  maintained  opinions 
with  respect  to  the  barometer,  which  drew 
severe  animadversions  from  Hartzoeker. 
His  treatise  on  the  management  of  ships 
appeared  1714,  and  in  1730  his  memoir 
on  the  elliptical  figure  of  the  planets,  which 
was  honoured  with  the  prize  of  the  acade- 
my of  sciences.  His  works  were  published 
at  Geneva  1742,  in  seven  vols.  4to.  The 
children  of  Bernoulli  were  deserving  of 
their  father's  fame.  Nicholas  the  eldest, 
died  at  Petersburg  in  1726,  a  few  months 
after  he  had  been  honourably  called  by  the 
Czar  to  fill  the  professorial  chair,  and 
Daniel  and  John  possess  equal  claims  to 
the  admiration  and  applause  of  men  of 
science  and  virtue.  These  apposite  lines 
were  placed  by  Voltaire,  under  Bernoulli's 
portrait : 

Son  Esprit  vit  la  veriti, 
Et  son  cceur  connut  la  justice  ; 
II  a  fait  fhonneur  de  la  Suisse, 
Et  celui  de  Vhumaniti. 
Thus  elegantly  translated  .• 

Jste  fuit  cultor  justi,  verique  repertor, 
Extitit  Helvetiis  decus,  fy  decus  extitit 
orbi. 
Bernoulli,  Daniel,  son  of  John  Ber- 
noulli, was  born  at  Groningen,  February 
9th,  1700,  and  died  March,  1782.  He  was 
intended  for  a  mercantile  profession,  but 
he  distinguished  himself  in  the  same  pur- 
suits as  his  father,  and  after  passing  some 
time  in  Italy  and  at  Petersburg,  he  was 
appointed  to  a  professorial  chair  at  Basil. 
His  learning  was  extensive,  he  gained  or 
divided  nine  prizes  with  the  most  illustri- 
ous of  the  literati  of  Europe,  an  honour 
attained  by  no  other  besides  Euler  his 
pupil  and  friend.  He  divided  a  prize  with 
his  father,  but  the  old  man  felt  hurt  at  the 
presumption  of  the  son,  who  had  not  the 
wisdom  or  respect  to  conceal  his  triumph. 
This  family  quarrel  was  farther  aggravated, 
for  the  son  embraced  Newton's  philosophy, 
which  the  father  had  always  opposed  with 
all  the  weapons  of  science.  Bernoulli 
succeeded  his  father  1748  in  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  John,  so  that  for  84  years  the  chair 
was  honourably  filled  by  a  Bernoulli.  As 
a  proof  of  his  popularity  at  Basil,  it  may 
be  mentioned,  that  it  was  the  strict  injunc- 
tion of  every  father  to  his  child,  to  bow 
with  respect  to  Daniel  Bernoulli  when  met 
in  the  streets.  He  was  honorary  member 
of  all  learned  societies  of  Europe.  Once 
in  his  travels  he  met  with  a  learned 
stranger  who  was  pleased  with  his  conver- 
sation, and  asked  him  his  name,  "  I  am 
Daniel  Bernoulli,"  replied  he  ;  "  and  I," 
answered  the  stranger,  who  supposed  that 
he  was  laughed  at,  "  am  Isaac  Newton." 

Bernstorff,  John  Harting  Ernest 
count,  an  able  statesman,  descended  from 
f»  noble  family  in  Hanover.     After  frai  el- 


ling  over  Europe,  and  improving  the  re- 
sources of  a  mind  already  rich  with  the 
stores  of  science  and  learning,  he  settled  in 
Denmark,  and  became  the  friend  and  fa- 
vourite of  Christian  VI.  He  was  employed 
in  various  embassies,  and  at  last  became 
the  prime  minister  of  the  kingdom.  In  this 
dangerous  office  he  applied  himself  to  the 
advancement  of  the  happiness  of  his  adopt- 
ed country.  Her  commerce  was  enlarged, 
her  manufactures  encouraged,  and  every 
beneficent  plan  was  adopted  which  could 
add  to  the  prosperity  of  the  state.  A  so- 
ciety for  agriculture  and  economy  was 
established  under  royal  patronage,  and  also 
another  for  the  improvement  of  the  Danish 
language,  and  of  the  fine  arts  ;  and  under 
his  influence,  a  learned  body  was  formed, 
whose  object  was  to  examine  into  the  his  ■ 
tory,  &c.  of  the  east,  of  which  the  travels 
of  Niebuhr  were  a  most  interesting  speci- 
men. Bernstorff  was  in  1767  created  a 
count,  and  the  next  year  accompanied  his 
master  to  England,  but  in  1770,  he  fell 
under  the  royal  displeasure,  and  after  a  life 
devoted  to  the  service  and  honour  of  Den- 
mark, he  retired  on  a  pension  to  Ham- 
burgh, where  he  died  February  18th,  1772. 
Bernstorff,  Andrew  Peter  count,  ne- 
phew to  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Gartow, 
in  Lunenburgh,  28th  August,  1735,  and 
after  studying  at  Leipsic  and  Gottingen, 
and  travelling  through  Europe,  he  settled 
in  Denmark,  to  assist  and  to  share  the  ho- 
nours of  his  uncle.  He  was  in  1769,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  privy  counsellor,  and  though 
a  temporary  disgrace  banished  him  to  his 
seat,  he  was,  in  1 772,  recalled  to  be  placed 
at  the  head  of  affairs.  As  a  negotiator 
with  Russia,  he  conducted  himself  with 
great  ability,  and  by  persuading  the  ambi- 
tious Catherine,  that  it  ill  became  her 
dignity  to  retain  a  small  patrimony  which 
made  her  dependent  on  the  German  empire, 
he  obtained  for  his  country  the  cession  of 
Sleswick,  and  part  of  Holstein,  and  thus 
strengthened  Denmark  by  the  accession  of 
a  convenient  territory,  whose  population 
amounted  to  above  100,000  men.  In  the 
American  war  he  recommended  the  armed 
neutrality  between  Russia,  Sweden,  Den- 
mark, and  Prussia,  and  thus  protected 
commerce  against  the  violence  of  the  belli- 
gerent powers.  He  retired  in  1780  from 
the  helm  of  the  state,  but  was  again  recall- 
ed four  years  after  by  the  prince  of  Den- 
mark, and  he  had  the  sagacity  to  forbear 
engaging  in  the  struggles  which  kindled  a 
war  in  1788  between  Russia  and  Sweden. 
This  great  statesman  died  21st  June,  1797, 
universally  lamented,  and  respectfully  fol- 
lowed to  the  grave  by  the  Danes,  who 
admired  his  patriotism  and  virtues,  and 
who,  to  commemorate  his  affability,  bene- 
volence, and  popularity,  struck  medals  t« 
his  honour. 

22-3 


B£R 


BER 


Beroaldus,  Philip,  was  born  of  a  no- 
ble familj  of  Bologna,  where  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres,  and  where  he  died, 
25th  July,  1505,  aged  52.  He  was  very 
dissipated  in  his  youth,  so  that  he  dreaded 
the  restraints  of  wedlock.  A  lady,  however, 
of  singular  accomplishments  was  at  last 
united  to  him,  and  she  produced  the  great- 
est reformation  in  his  conduct.  He  be- 
came regular,  beneficent,  and  unambitious. 
He  possessed  great  learning  for  his  age, 
and  wrote  both  in  verse  and  prose,  but  his 
chief  labours  were  valuable  editions  of  the 
classics.  His  life  was  published  by  Jean 
Pins,  at  Bologna,  1505. 

Beroaldus,  Philip,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  under 
Leo  X.  He  wrote  panegyrics,  epigrams, 
and  light  poetry,  with  considerable  success. 
He  died  at  Rome  1518,  aged  40.  His 
poems  were  edited  at  Rome,  1530. 

Beroaldus,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, author  of  a  chronology,  in  which  he 
rejects  all  heathen  authority,  for  that 
of  the  Bible.  From  a  catholic  he  be- 
came a  Calvinist  at  Geneva,  where  he  died 
1584. 

Beroaldus,  Francis,  son  of  Matthew, 
was  born  at  Paris  1558,  and  died  1612. 
He  possessed  a  versatile  genius,  and  with 
inferior  powers  of  mind,  he  attempted  to 
turn  every  thing  into  ridicule.  He  pretend- 
ed to  be  acquainted  with  various  secrets, 
the  philosopher's  stone,  perpetual  motion, 
&c.  His  "  moyen  de  parvenir"  is  a  collec- 
tion of  satires,  trivial  anecdotes,  and  of- 
fensive puerility. 

Berosus,  priest  of  Belus,  at  Babylon, 
was  author  of  a  history  of  Chaldea,  some 
fragments  of  which  are  preserved  in  Jose- 
phus.  He  lived  in  the  age  of  Alexander 
the  Great. 

Berquin,  Arnauld,  a  celebrated  French 
writer,  born  at  Bourdeaux.  He  first  com- 
manded the  public  attention  by  his  Idylles, 
which  possess  sweetness,  elegance,  and  pa- 
thos, and  he  afterwards  wrote  his  roman- 
ces ;  but  his  greatest  and  most  popular 
work  is  his  ami  des  enfans,  in  6  vols. 
12mo.  This  interesting  work,  which 
conveys  instruction  to  the  youthful  mind, 
and  leads  it  by  an  amusing  and  agreea- 
ble narrative,  clothed  in  spirited  dialogue, 
to  the  admiration  and  to  the  love  of  vir- 
tuous and  honourable  actions,  has  been 
frequently  edited  and  translated  into  the 
various  languages  of  Europe.  He  left 
in  MSS.  some  other  works,  comedies, 
&c.  He  died  at  Paris,  21st  December, 
1791,  aged  42. 

Berquin,  Lewis  de,  a  gentleman  of 
Artois,  known  as  a  courtier  at  the  court  of 
Fiance.  As  he  had  embraced  the  tenets 
of  the  protestants  he  was  exposed  to  the 
persecution  of  the  papists.  He  was  twice 
imprisoned  and  twice  acquitted  of  heresy, 
224 


from  the  respectability  of  his  character  ov 
the  influence  of  the  court,  but  as  he  wished 
to  avenge  himself  on  his  accusers,  he  was 
the  third  time  seized,  and  on  refusing  to 
make  a  recantation,  he  was  condemned  to 
be  strangled  and  burnt,  which  sentence  he 
underwent  with  astonishing  fortitude,  1569, 
in  his  40th  year.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Erasmus. 

Berretoui,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born 
at  Macerata,  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Marat- 
ti,  and  died  1682,  aged  65.  His  historical 
pieces  were  much  admired. 

Berriman,  William,  D.D.  was  born  24th 
September,  1688,  and  educated  at  Ban- 
bury, afterwards  at  Merchant  Tailors' 
school,  and  Oriel  college.  He  obtained 
the  living  of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft,  from 
Robinson,  bishop  of  London,  to  whom  he 
was  chaplain,  and  became  in  1727,  fellow 
of  Eton.  He  died  February  5th,  1750, 
aged  62.  There  were  published  of  his  five 
volumes  of  excellent  sermons,  the  three 
first  of  which  were  preached  at  Boyle's 
and  Moyer's  lectures,  and  the  two  last 
were  posthumous — and  some  controversial 
writings. 

Berruter,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Rouen,  6th  November,  1682.  He  died 
at  Paris,  18th  February,  1758.  He  wrote 
"l'histoire  du  peuple  de  dieu,"  in  12  vols. 
4to.  a  work  which  abounds  in  extravagant 
suppositions,  and  puerile  stories,  and  which 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  clergy 
and  of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 

Berry,  Sir  John,  son  of  the  clergyman 
of  Knowston,  Devonshire,  was  a  naval 
officer  who  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Buccaneers,  at  the  battle  of  Southwold 
bay,  and  at  the  demolition  of  Tangier 
under  lord  Dartmouth.  He  was  highly 
respected  by  James  II.  whom,  when  duke 
of  York,  he  by  his  presence  of  mind,  saved 
from  shipwreck  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hum- 
ber,  in  the  Gloucester  frigate,  1682,  and  he 
commanded  his  fleet  in  the  invasion  of 
William  of  Orange.  He  continued  to  be 
employed  after  the  revolution,  as  his 
abilities  well  deserved.  He  was  poisoned 
in  February,  1691,  on  board  a  ship  at 
Portsmouth,  in  his  56th  year,  and  was 
buried  at  Stepney. 

Berriat,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris, 
who  published  an  academical  collection,  &c. 
He  died  in  1754. 

Bersmann,  George,  a  German,  born  at 
Annaberg,  in  Misnia.  He  travelled  in 
France  and  Italy,  and  gave  lectures  in  vari- 
ous places  with  great  reputation.  He 
translated  David's  psalms  into  Latin  verse, 
and  besides  wrote  notes  on  Virgil,  Horace, 
&c.  and  died  5th  October,  1611,  in  his  73d 
year.  He  had  fourteen  sons  and  six 
daughters,  by  the  daughter  of  Peter  Helle- 
bron. 

Bertavd,  John,  born  at  Caen,  died  8tb 


BER 


1BER 


June,  1611,  aged  59.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  and  at  last  was  pro- 
moted to  the  see  of  Seez.  He  wrote  verses 
with  great  ease  and  elegance,  but  when 
raised  to  the  prelacy,  he  disregarded  the 
effusions  of  his  muse.  His  works,  consist- 
ing of  sonnets,  canticles,  psalms,  &c.  were 
printed  1620,  in  8vo.  He  contributed 
much  to  the  conversion  of  Henry  IV.,  on 
whom  he  composed  a  funeral  oration. 

Bertheau,  Charles,  a  French  protes- 
tant,  born  at  Montpellier,  admitted  minis- 
ter at  the  synod  of  Vigan.  He  left  his 
country  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  settled  in  London,  where  he 
was  chosen  minister  of  the  Walloon 
church,  Threadneedle-street,  and  where 
for  44  years  he  was  respected  and  admired 
as  a  preacher  and  an  exemplary  pastor. 
He  published  two  vols,  of  French  sermons, 
and  died  25th  December,  1732,  aged  73. 

Berthet,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit  of 
Tarascon,  in  Provence,  who  died  1692, 
aged  70.  His  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages  was  unusually  extensive. 
He  wrote  dissertations  on  various  subjects, 
odes,  epigrams,  sonnets,  &c. 

Berthier,  Guillaume  Francois,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Issondun  en  Berri,  known  as 
the  conductor  of  the  Journal  de  Trevoux 
for  17  years.  He  was  an  able  as  well  as 
candid  critic,  but  his  reflections  on  some  of 
Voltaire's  pieces,  drew  upon  him  the  ven- 
geance of  this  satirical  poet,  which,  how- 
ever, he  treated  with  becoming  disdain. 
Soon  after  the  dissolution  of  the  order  of 
the  Jesuits,  he  was  made  a  royal  librarian, 
and  joint  preceptor  to  Lewis  XVI.  and 
Monsieur,  but  in  18  months  he  resigned 
his  employments  and  retired  to  Offemburg, 
where  he  continued  10  years.  He  re- 
turned afterwards  to  France,  and  died  of  a 
fall  at  Bourges,  15th  December,  1782,  aged 
7S,  where  his  remains  were  interred  with 
particular  honour  by  the  chapter  of  the 
metropolitan  church.  His  translation  of 
the  psalms  into  French  was  published  in 
1785,  in  8  vols.  12mo.  He  wrote  the  last 
six  volumes  of  "PHistoire  de  Peglise  Galli- 
cane." 

Bertholet-Flameel,  Bartholomew,  a 
painter  of  Leige,  the  disciple  of  Jordaans. 
He  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  1675. 
His  Elijah  carried  up  to  heaven  is  one  of 
his  best  pieces. 

Bertholon,  N.  an  eminent  French 
writer,  born  at  Lyons,  where  he  died,  1799. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Lazare,  and  after- 
wards became  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  which  he  quitted  for  the  his- 
torical chair  of  the  central  school  of  Ly- 
ons. His  works  were  numerous  and  writ- 
ten with  ability,  and  chiefly  on  electricity, 
aerostation,  vegetation,  &c.  His  me- 
moire  on  the  causes  of  the  prosperity  and 
»f  the  decay  of  the  commerce  of  Lyons, 

Vol.,  T,  29 


was  a  popular  work,  published  1782,  in 
8vo.  and  contained  much  interesting  mat- 
ter on  machines,  the  arts,  &c. 

Berthoud,  Ferdinand,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, was  born  at  Plancemont,  in  Neuf- 
chatel,  in  1727.  He  studied  clockwork  at 
Paris,  and  there  acquired  such  a  reputation 
in  that  line  as  to  rival  Le  Roy.  Berthoud's 
workmanship  was  even  superior ;  and 
when  Harrison's  time-keeper  made  a  great 
noise,  he  came  to  London  to  gratify  his 
curiosity,  though  without  procuring  satis- 
faction, as  the  English  artist  was  too  wary 
to  suffer  his  performances  to  be  inspected. 
Berthoud  afterwards,  however,  constructed 
some  marine  clocks,  on  principles  which 
were  universally  approved  by  men  of  sci- 
ence. He  died  in  1807.  His  writings 
are — 1.  Essaisur  l'Horlogerie,  2  vols.  4to. 
2.  Eclaircissemens  sur  l'invention  des  nou- 
velles  machines  proposees  pour  la  deter- 
mination des  Longitudes  en  mer,  par  la 
mesure  du  tempe,  4to.  3.  Traite  des  horo- 
loges marines,  4to.  4.  De  la  mesure  du 
temps,  4to.  5.  Les  Longitudes  par  la 
mesure  du  temps,  4to.  6.  La  mesure  du 
temps  appliquee  a  la  Navigation,  4to.  7. 
Histoire  de  la  mesure  du  temps  par  les 
horologes,  2  vols.  4to.  8.  L'art  de  con- 
duire  et  de  regler  les  pendules  et  les  mon- 
tres,  4to.— W.  B. 

Berti,  John  Laurence,  a  learned  Au- 
gustine monk  of  Serravezza,  in  Tuscany, 
born  28th  May,  1696.  His  great  work  "de 
disciplinis  theologicis,"  in  eight  vols.  4to. 
drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  he  was  accused  before  pope  Benedict 
XIV.,  as  a  follower  of  Jansenius,  against 
which  he  defended  himself  in  two  prolix 
vols.  4to.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory in  Latin  in  7  vols.  4to.  but  his  ideas  of 
the  papal  power  over  the  kingdoms  of  the 
world  are  ridiculous  and  extravagant.  He 
died  at  Pisa,  May  26th,  1766,  aged  70. 

Bertier,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of  Aix 
in  Provence,  author  of  two  well  known 
treatises,  - "  physique  des  cometes,"  pub- 
lished 1760,  12mo.  and  "physique  des 
corps  animes,  1755,"  12mo.  He  died 
November  15th,  1783,  aged  73. 

Bertin,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris,  1664.  After  studying  at  Rome,  he 
returned  to  France,  where  he  was  patron- 
ised by  Lewis  XIV.,  and  by  the  electors  of 
Mentz  and  Bavaria.  His  pictures,  which 
are  preserved  at  Paris,  possess  great  merit. 
He  died,  1736,  aged  72.  He  was  member 
of  the  academy  of  painting,  Paris,  where 
he  gained  a  prize  in  his  18th  year. 

Bertin,  Exupere  Joseph,  a  French  phy- 
sician, born  at  Tremblai,  in  the  diocess  of 
Rennes.  He  was  for  some  time  physician 
to  the  Hospodar  of  Wallachia,  but  he  left 
the  country  in  disgust  to  return  to  France. 
He  was  chosen  assistant  anatomist  of  the 
academy  of  Paris,  and  he  published  his 
225 


BER- 


BER 


osteology  in  four  vols.   12mo.  1753.     He 
died  February,  1781,  aged  69. 

Bertin,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and 
poet,  born  in  the  isle  of  Bourbon,  10th 
October,  1752.  At  the  age  of  nine  he  came 
to  France,  and  was  educated  in  the  college 
of  Plessis,  where  he  greatly  improved  him- 
self, and  displayed  a  strong  and  elegant 
taste  for  poetry.  He  went  in  1789,  to  St. 
Domingo  to  marry  a  beautiful  Creole  whom 
he  had  known  and  loved  at  Paris,  but  on 
the  eve  of  his  nuptials  he  was  seized  with  a 
fever,  and  died  17  days  after,  at  the  end  of 
June,  1790,  aged  38.  His  works  were  re- 
printed at  Paris,  two  vols.  12mo.  1S02. 
The  French  attributed  to  him  the  beauties 
arid  the  faults  of  Propertius,  a  brilliant 
imagination,  often  regardless  of  the  lan- 
guage of  decorum. 

Bertinazzi,  Charles,  an  actor  of  merit 
in  the  Italian  theatre,  known  by  the  nick- 
name of  Carlin.  He  died  at  Paris,  4th 
September,  1783. 

Bertius,  Peter,  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Leyden,  born  in  Flanders.  He  came 
to  Paris  in  1620,  where  he  renounced  the 
protestant  religion,  and  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorial chair  of  mathematics,  and  the 
place  of  cosmographer  to  the  king.  He 
died  1629,  aged  64.  He  published  learned 
commentaries  on  the  affairs  of  Germany, 
besides  theatrum  geographic  veteris,  two 
vols.  fol. — illustrium  virorum  epistol.  selec- 
tee, &c.  8vo.  &.c. 

Berton,  Peter  Montan  le,  an  eminent 
musician  who  settled  at  Paris,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  management  of  the  operas. 
He  died  14th  May,  1/80,  aged  53. 

Bertrade,  daughter  of  the  count  of 
Monifort,  married  the  count  of  Anjou, 
from  whom  she  was  divorced  to  unite  her- 
self to  Philip  I.  king  of  France,  1092. 
This  union  was  opposed  by  the  clergy,  but 
the  love  of  the  monarch  triumphed  over 
his  respect  for  religion.  Bertrade  was  not 
only  ambitious,  but  not  always  continent 
in  her  conduct.  After  the  king's  death  she 
pretended  sanctity,  and  caused  herself  to 
be  buried  in  a  convent  which  she  herself 
had  founded. 

Bertram,  Cornel.  Bonaventure,  a  na- 
tive of  Thouars,  in  Poitou,  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Genoa,  Frankenthale,  and  Lau- 
sanne. He  died  at  Lausanne,  1794,  aged 
63.  He  was  author  of  a  dissertation  on 
the  republic  of  the  Hebrews — a  revision  of 
the  Geneva  French  Bible — an  edition  of 
Pagnin's  thesaurus  linguae  sanctae — a  paral- 
lel of  the  Hebrew  and  Syriac  languages — 
lucubrationes  Frankendalenses. 

Bertram,  John,  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  botany,  was  born  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1701.  He  rose  to 
distinction  by  the  superiority  of  his  genius, 
and  intense  study,  without  the  aid  of  a 
public  education.  He  was  a  farmer,  and 
226 


supported  his  family  by  his  labour.  He 
made  himself  considerably  acquainted  with 
medicine  and  surgery,  and  his  proficiency 
in  botany  was  such,  that  Linnaeus  pronoun- 
ced him  the  greatest  natural  botanist  in  the 
world  ,  and  the  estimation  in  which  he  was 
held  throughout  Europe,  was  shown  by 
his  being  appointed  American  botanist  to 
George  III.  king  of  England,  and  elected 
a  member  of  the  most  eminent  societies 
and  academies  in  Great  Britain,  and  on  the 
continent.  He  established  a  botanic  gar- 
den, the  first  in  America,  near  Philadel- 
phia, and  made  large  collections  of  plants 
from  different  parts  of  the  continent.  He 
died  in  1777.  (ET  L. 

Bertrand,  John  Baptist,  a  physician, 
born  at  Martigues  12th  July,  1670.  He  is 
known  for  his  interesting  account  of  the 
plague  at  Marseilles — for  dissertations  on 
sea  air,  4to. — letters  to  Deider  on  the 
muscular  motion,  &c.  He  died  Sept.  10th, 
1752. 

Bertrand,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  who 
died  at  Paris,  1730,  author  of  elements  on 
physiology,  and  other  works. 

Berulle,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Serilli  near  Troyes.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  conference  at  Fontainebleau,  and 
more  as  being  the  founder  of  the  oratory 
in  France,  an  institution  which  merited,  by 
the  piety  and  good  order  of  its  members, 
the  patronage  of  the  king,  and  of  the  pope. 
He  was  engaged  in  political  affairs  as 
almoner  to  Henry  IV.  and  after  his  death 
as  chief  of  the  council  of  the  queen-mo- 
ther Mary  de  Medicis.  He  also  accom- 
panied Henrietta-Maria  when  she  came  to 
England,  on  her  marriage  with  Charles  I. 
Berulle  was  rewarded  with  a  cardinal's  hat 
by  Urban  VIII.,  1627,  and  he  died  suddenly 
while  celebrating  mass,  October  2d,  1629, 
aged  55,  after  a  life  of  exemplary  piety  and 
virtue.  His  writings  were  on  spiritual  and 
controversial  subjects,  and  appeared  in  one 
vol.  folio. 

Bertllus,  a  bishop  of  Arabia,  in  the 
third  century.  In  a  conference  with  Ori- 
gen,  he  renounced  his  opinion,  that  Jesus 
Christ  had  no  existence  before  his  incarna- 
tion. 

Besler,  Basil,  an  apothecary  of  Nu- 
remberg, born  1561.  He  wrote  some 
botanical  works,  held  in  high  estimation, 
especially  Hortus  Eystettensis,  1613,  fol. — 
Icones  florum  et  herbarum,  1616,  4to. — 
His  son,  Michael  Rupert,  also  distinguished 
himself  as  the  writer  of  the  Gazophyla- 
cium  rerum  naturalium,  Nuremb.  1642, 
folio.     He  died,  1661. 

Beslt,  John,  a  learned  antiquarian, 
king's  advocate  at  Fontenoy  le  comte  in 
Poitou,  was  author  of  a  history  of  Poitou, 
published  1647 — and  the  bishops  of  Poic- 
tiers,  1547.     He  died  1644,  aged  72. 

Besognf,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 


BER 


BET 


"bonne,  wbo  died  1763,  aged  77.  He  wrote 
"l'histoire  de  Port-royal,"  6  vols.  12mo. 
besides  some  theological  works. 

Besolde,  Christopher,  a  professor  of 
law  at  Tubingen,  who  died  1638,  aged  61. 
He  abjured  the  protestant  religion,  and 
was  author  of  some  philological  works,  &c. 

Besplas,  Joseph  Mary  Anne  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at  Langue- 
doc,  and  known  as  an  excellent  preacher, 
and  as  the  earnest  friend  and  comforter  of 
such  criminals  as  were  sentenced  to  death. 
He  wrote  an  essay  on  the  eloquence  of  the 
pulpit,  and  a  treatise  on  the  causes  of  pub- 
lic happiness,  two  vols.  12mo.  1773.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1783,  aged  49. 

Bessarion,  a  native  of  Trebizond,  titu- 
lar patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  a 
cardinal,  more  illustrious  as  one  of  the  re- 
storers of  learning  in  the  15th  century.  He 
was  solicitous  to  unite  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches,  and  he  commanded  universal 
admiration  by  his  eloquence  at  the  council 
of  Florence.  He  might  have  been  raised 
to  the  papal  chair,  if  his  Greek  origin   had 


Bethune,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Bethune 
in  Artois,  known  as  ambassador  from  France 
to  Rome,  Scotland,  Savoy,  and  Germany. 
He  died  1649,  aged  88.  An  account  of  his 
embassy  to  Germany  was  published  in  folia 
at  Paris,  1667. 

Betis,  governor  of  Gaza,  was  cruelly- 
treated  by  Alexander,  for  bravely  defend- 
ing the  place,  and  dragged  when  dead  by 
his  chariot  wheels. 

Betterton,  Thomas,  an  actor  of  great 
eminence,  born  in  Tothill-street,  1635,  and 
apprenticed  to  a  bookseller.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  player  was  in  1656,  at  the 
opera  house  in  charterhouse-yard ;  but 
after  the  restoration,  he  was  sent  by  Charles 
II.  to  copy  the  superior  graces  and  orna- 
ments of  a  Paris  theatre,  and  on  his  return 
he  added  all  the  powers  of  his  taste  and 
genius  to  the  Drary-Lane  and  Lincoln's- 
inn-fields  theatres,  which,  after  dividing  the 
applauses  of  the  town,  united  in  1682,  or 
according  to  Cibber  in  1684,  into  one  com- 
pany. His  transcendent  abilities  drew 
universal    approbation  ;    but  merit  in  all 


not  been  objected  to,   by   the  intrigues  of    situations  is   attended    with  enemies,  and 


cardinal  Alain.  He  was  engaged  in  severa 
embassies,  but  that  to  France  proved,  ac- 
cording to  Matthieu,  the  cause  of  his  death. 
He  offended  the  jealous  Lewis  XI.  by  pay- 
ing a  previous  visit  to  the  duke  of  Burgun- 
dy, so  that  the  monarch  in  an  insulting 
manner  seized  his  beard,  observing  in  his 
vulgar  Latin  "  Barbara  Graica  genus  reti- 
nent  quod  habere  solebant,"  which  so  af- 
fronted the  cardinal,  that  he  died  soon  after, 
at  Ravenna,  through  chagrin,  1472.  Bes- 
sarion wrote  orations — epistles — besides 
translations  of  some  of  Aristotle's  pieces, 
&c.  His  valuable  library  is  still  preserved 
at  Venice  as  a  curiosity.  He  was  the 
friend  and  patron  of  Poggius,  Laurentius 
Valla,  Theodore  of  Gaza,  &c. 

Besset,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  public 
works  in  France,  wrote  a  curious  and  valu- 
able account  of  the  campaigns  of  Rocroi 
and  Fribourg,  in  1644  and  1645,  in  12mo. 
He  died  1693. 

Betham,  Edward,  B.  D.  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  became  fellow  of  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1731,  and  40  years  after 
of  Eton  college.  He  is  known  for  his  ex- 
emplary manners,  the  goodness  of  his 
heart,  and  his  great  liberality,  so  that  he 
presented  to  the  university  20001.  for  the 
better  support  of  the  botanical  garden,  and 
gave  600/.  to  erect  a  marble  statue  to 
Henry  VI.  the  founder  of  the  college  within 
whose  walls  he  had  received  his  education. 
Bethencourt,  Jean  de,  a  native  of 
Normandy,  who   discovered    the    Canary 


Betterton  found  his  character  tarnished  by 
the  envy  of  inferior  actors,  so  that,  eager 
to  disengage  himself  from   the  oppression 
gf  the  managers,  he  procured   a  patent  to 
erect  by  subscription  another  theatre  in 
Lincoln's-inn-fields,  which  opened  in  1695. 
But  though  supported  by  the  patronage  of 
the  king,  and  the  abilities  of  Congreve,  our 
theatrical  hero  discovered  that  the  opposi- 
tion of  Vanbrugh  and  Cibber  was  too  pow- 
erful ;  and   though  the  "  mourning  bride," 
and   "  the  way  of   the  world,"   appeared 
with  all  their  excellencies,  the  more   rapid 
productions  of  the  other  house  procured 
greater   success  and  greater   admiration  ; 
and  after  three  or  four  seasons  of  unavail- 
ing rivalship,   and  after   endeavouring  to 
establish  a  new  opposition,  by  building  the 
Hay-market,  in  1706,  Betterton  yielded  in 
the  struggle,  and  all  the  powers  of  the  actors 
were  again  reunited  into  one  society.     In 
his  old  age  Betterton  was  attacked  with  the 
gout,  but  he  preserved  his  usual  serenity  of 
mind,  and  though  oppressed   by  indigence, 
he  found  the  public  inclined  to  patronise 
his  departing  greatness.  Love  for  Love  was 
acted   for  his   benefit  in   1709,   and  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  and  Mrs.  Barry  stepped  forth 
from  their  retirement  to  support  the  public 
favourite,  and  five   hundred  pounds  were 
cleared  for  the  maintenance  of  the  worthy 
veteran.     Hamlet  was  the   next  year  per- 
formed with  equal  success,  and  the  Maid's 
tragedy  was   announced  for  the  exhibition 
of  the  following  spring ;  but  Betterton  ex- 


Islands  in   1402,  and    conquered  five   of    erted  too  much  his  languid   nerves  in  the 


them,  with  the  assistance  of  Henry  HI. 
king  of  Castile.  It  is  said,  that  his  de- 
scendants still  live  there,  in  honourable  in- 
■dependence. 


part  of  Melanthus,  and  the  gout,  which  he 
had  kept  off  by  external  applications,  flew 
to  his  head,  and  proved  fatal,  28th  April, 
1710.  He  was  interred  in  Westminster 
*27 


BEY 


BEV 


abbey,  universally  lamented,  but  mourned 
by  none  more  than  by  Steele,  who  publish- 
ed in  the  Tatler,  (No.  167)  a  moving  detail 
of  the  merits  of  his  departed  friend.  Bet- 
terton  wrote  or  altered  three  plays.  His 
greatest  merit,  however,  arises  from  his 
theatrical  powers.  None,  as  Cibber  says, 
could  act  with  equal  feeling  the  characters 
of  Othello,  Macbeth,  Hamlet,  Brutus,  Hot- 
spur, and  the  spirit  of  the  poet  was  trans- 
fused into  the  player,  and  on  his  attitude, 
his  aspect,  his  language,  the  most  eager 
expectation  was  suspended,  and  the  eye  of 
the  spectator  almost  imbibed  the  sentiment 
before  it  could  reach  the  ear. 

Bettinelli,  Xavier,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Mantua  in  1718.  He  became 
celebrated  as  a  teacher,  and  while  in  France 
wrote  the  letters  of  Virgil,  which  increased 
his  reputation.  On  the  suppression  of  his 
order,  he  became  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Modena.  He  died  in  1808.  His  works 
are — 1.  Ragionamenti  filosofici. — 2.  Dell' 
Entusiasmo  delle  belle  arti. — 3.  Dialoghi 
d'  Amore. — 4.  Risorgimento  negli  studi, 
nelle  arti  e  ne'  costumi  dopo  il  mille. — 5. 
Delle  lettere  e  delle  arti  Mantovane  ;  let- 
tere  ed  arti  Modenesi. — 6.  Lettere  dieci 
di  Virgilio  agli  Arcadi. — 7.  Letters  on  the 
fine  arts. — 8.  Poems. — 9.  Tragedies. — 10. 
Lettere  a  Lesbia  Cidonia  sopra  gli  epigram- 
mi. — 11.  An  essay  on  eloquence. — W.  B. 
Bettini,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Florence.  He  died  1705,  aged  61. 
His  flowers,  fruit,  animals,  and  particularly 
scenes  of  still  life,  possessed  great  merit. 

Betts,  John,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  1654. 
After  the  restoration  he  became  one  of  the 
king's  physicians.  He  wrote  de  ortu  et 
natura  sanguinis,  1669,  Svo. — anatomia 
Thomae  Parr,  &c.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Betussi,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  of  Bas- 
sano,  born  1520.  Besides  amorous  poems, 
he  wrote  the  life  of  Boccacio,  and  transla- 
ted his  Latin  works  into  Italian.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Peter  Aretin. 

Beveridge,  William,  a  native  of  Bar- 
row, in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  His  applica- 
tion was  so  intense,  and  his  proficiency  in 
Hebrew  so  respectable,  that  at  the  age  of 
18  he  published  "  a  treatise  on  the  use  of 
oriental  languages."  He  became  vicar  of 
Ealing,  Middlesex,  which  he  afterwards 
gave  up  for  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill.  He 
gained  the  public  esteem  by  his  eloquence 
in  the  pulpit,  and  was  liberally  patronised 
by  Hinchman  and  Compton,  both  succes- 
sively bishops  of  London,  and  he  was  made 
ehaplain  to  king  William  in  1684.  He  was 
successively  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  arch- 
deacon of  Colchester,  prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury, and  he,  in  1691,  refused  the  see  of 
92S« 


Bath  and  Wells,  on  the  deprivation  of  Dr. 
Kenn,  but  in  1704  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  In  his  episcopal  cha- 
racter he  strongly  recommended  to  his 
clergy  the  catechising  of  children,  and 
earnestness  in  public  instruction.  He  died 
5th  March,  1707,  aged  71,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  He  left  the  best 
part  of  his  property  to  charitable  purposes. 
He  published  150  sermons  in  12  vols.  8vo. 
and  two  vols,  folio,  besides  other  theologi* 
cal  tracts,  &c.  in  Latin  as  well  as  English, 
consisting  of  institutionum  thronologicarum 
libri  duo — Codex  canonum  ecclesia  primi- 
tiva — Synodicon  sive  pandecte  canonum 
S.S.  apostolor.  concil.  ab  ecclesia  Grsca 
receptorum,  1672,  2  vols.  fol. — private 
thoughts  on  religion — the  church  catechism 
explained — the  great  necessity  of  frequent 
communion — thesaurus  theologicus,  or 
complete  system  of  divinity,  4  vols.  8vo. 
— a  defence  of  the  old  version  of  the 
Psalms — an  exposition  of  the  39  articles, 
fol.  &c. 

Beverland,  Hadrian,  a  native  of  Mid- 
bleburg,  in  Zealand,  known  for  his  abili- 
ties, which  were  shamefully  prostituted  in 
the  composition  of  loose  poetry  and  ob- 
scene pieces.  His  treatise  on  original  sin 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  world, 
not  only  the  book  was  burnt  with  public 
execration,  but  the  author,  who  flagitiously 
boasted  of  the  composition,  was  driven 
from  the  Hague,  from  Utrecht  and  Leyden, 
and  at  last  found  an  asylum  and  a  pension 
in  England,  by  the  favour  of  Isaac  Vossius. 
It  is  said  that  he  repented  of  the  pro- 
fligacy of  his  life,  and  the  immoral  tenden- 
cy of  his  writings,  of  which  he  made  a 
recantation  in  his  treatise  "  de  fornicatione 
eavenda,"  though  his  sincerity  has  been 
seriously  doubted.  The  death  of  Vossius 
involved  him  in  difficulties,  and  to  the  evils 
of  poverty  were  added  public  contempt, 
excited  by  the  illiberality  of  his  satire,  and 
soon  after  the  loss  of  his  mental  faculties, 
which  persecuted  him  with  the  apprehen- 
sion that  200  men  had  conspired  his  de- 
struction. No  mention  of  him  is  made 
after  1712,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  died 
about  that  time. 

Beverley,  John  of,  a  native  of  Harp- 
ham,  in  Northumberland,  made  abbot  of 
St.  Hilda,  then  bishop  of  Hexham,  and  in 
687  translated  to  York.  He  was  a  learned 
man,  and  a  great  encourager  of  learning, 
and  he  founded  a  college  for  secular 
priests  at  Beverly.  After  holding  the  epis- 
copal dignity  34  years,  he  retired  to  the 
obscurity  of  a  cell,  and  died  721. 

Beverninck,  Jerome  Van,  an  able  Dutch 
statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromwell  in 
1654.  He  brought  about  a  peace  between 
England  and  Holland,  and  his  negotiations 
at  Nimeguen  produced  also  a  general  paci- 
fication.    He  died  1690,  aged  76, 


BEZ 


B1A 


Beverwick,  John  de,  a  native  of  Dor- 
drecht, educated  under  the  patronage  of  G. 
J.  Vossius,  and  distinguished  as  an  able 
physician  and  a  respectable  medical  writer. 
He  took  his  degrees  at  Padua,  and  prac- 
tised in  his  native  town.  He  died  1647, 
aged  41,  and  merited  to  be  called  in  his 
epitaph  by  Dan.  Heinsius  "  Vitae  artifex, 
mortis  fugator."  His  works  appeared  in 
4to.  1651. 

Beuf,  John  le,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Aux- 
erre.  He  was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  has 
enriched  literature  with  many  valuable 
compositions  on  the  history  and  topogra- 
phy of  France.  This  respectable  ecclesi- 
astic died  1760,  aged  73.  He  wrote  me- 
moirs on  the  history  of  Auxerre,  besides 
collections  for  the  history  of  Paris  and  of 
France,  &c. 

Beurs,  William,  a  Dutchman,  born  at 
Dort,  1656,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter 
of  flowers,  landscapes,  and  portraits. 

Bexon,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Remiremont, 
who  died  at  Paris,  15th  Feb.  1784,  aged  36. 
He  assisted  Buffon  in  his  natural  history, 
and  published  himself  a  system  of  fertili- 
zation, 8vo.  &c. 

Beys,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  the 
friend  and  cotemporary  of  Scarron.  His 
theatrical  pieces  were  not  in  high  estima- 
tion.    He  died  1656. 

Betsser,  John  Michael,  a  native  of 
Mentz,  who  early  showed  a  great  propen- 
sity for  adventures  and  travelling.  He  was 
in  the  Indies  and  in  Holland,  and  became  a 
general  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  employed  in  La  Vendee,  but  being 
defeated,  he  was  accused  and  condemned 
as  a  traitor,  and  as  the  accomplice  of  He- 
bert,  and  he  suffered  with  great  composure, 
13th  of  April,  1794. 

Beza,  Theodore,  a  zealous  protestant, 
born  at  Vezelai,  in  Burgundy,  24th  of  June, 
1519,  and  educated  at  Orleans,  under  the 
care  of  Melchior  Walmar.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  bar,  but  he  earnestly  devoted 
himself  to  classical  literature,  and  leaving 
France,  he  went  to  Geneva,  with  a  woman 
to  whom  he  had  promised  marriage,  and  in 
1549  he  was  elected  to  the  Greek  profes- 
sorship of  Lausanne,  where  for  10  years  he 
supported  the  character  of  a  respectable 
lecturer,  and  an  accomplished  scholar.  In 
1559  he  settled  as  protestant  minister  at 
Geneva,  where  he  became  the  friend  and 
the  associate  of  Calvin,  whose  tenets  he 
maintained  with  the  eloquence  of  the  pul- 
pit, and  the  arguments  of  logical  disputa- 
tion. He  was  delegated  by  the  university 
of  Geneva  to  the  conference  of  Poissy 
before  the  king  of  Navarre,  and  his  abili- 
ties and  moderation  commanded  universal 
respect  from  a  most  crowded  audience.  He 
remained  with  the  duke  of  Conde  during 
the  civil   wars  of  France,  and  was  after- 


wards engaged  as  an  active  and  zealous 
advocate  in  the  synods,  which  were  held 
on  ecclesiastical  affairs  at  Rochelle,  at 
Nismes,  at  Montbeliard,  and  at  Berne.  His 
intense  studies  and  labours,  to  which  his 
whole  life  was  exposed,  early  shattered  his 
constitution,  and  after  eight  years  of  gra- 
dual decay,  he  expired  13th  Oct.  1605. 
His  abilities  were  of  the  most  comprehen- 
sive kind,  and  as  he  exerted  himself  warm- 
ly in  support  of  the  protestant  cause,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  he  should  be  branded 
with  the  most  opprobrious  terms  by  his  re- 
ligious opponents.  His  controversies  were 
with  the  most  respectable  scholars  of  the 
times,  and  he  evinced  in  the  contest  the  su- 
periority of  his  cause,  as  well  as  the  extent 
of  his  learning.  His  publications  were 
all  on  theological  subjects,  partly  in  French 
and  partly  in  Latin,  a  catalogue  of  which 
is  given  by  Anthony  la  Faye,  who  has 
written  an  account  of  his  life.  A  Greek 
MS.  of  the  New  Testament,  once  in  his 
possession,  is  preserved  at  Cambridge,  of 
which  Dr.  Kipling  has  published  a  copy. 

Beziers,  Michael,  an  ecclesiastic  known 
for  his  laborious  researches  on  history  and 
antiquity,  which  he  published.  He  died 
of  an  apoplexy,  1782. 

Bezout,  Stephen,  born  at  Nemours, 
1730,  died  at  Paris,  27th  Sept.  1783.  He 
is  known  by  his  course  of  mathematics,  4 
vols.  8vo.  and  his  treatise  on  navigation, 
6  vols.  8vo.  besides  a  general  theory  of 
algebraic  equations,  and  other  works.  He 
was  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  also 
examiner  of  the  pupils  of  the  artillery  and 
of  the  marines,  for  whose  use  chiefly  he 
published. 

Biancani,  Joseph,  author  of  cosmogra- 
phy demonstrated — chronology  of  eminent 
mathematicians — dissertation  on  the  na- 
ture of  mathematics,  besides  an  edition  of 
Aristotle,  and  other  works  ;  was  a  Jesuit 
and  mathematician  of  Bologna,  and  he  died 
at  Parma  1 644. 

Bianchi,  Peter,  a  Roman  painter,  emi- 
nent for  his  portraits  and  landscapes,  sea 
pieces,  and  animals.  He  made  anatomical 
figures  in  coloured  wax  with  great  success. 
He  died  at  Rome  1739,  aged  45. 

Bianchi,  Francis,  a  painter,  master  to 
Corregio.  He  was  born  at  Modena,  and 
died  1520. 

Bianchin,  John  Fortunatis,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Padua,  was  author  of  treatises 
on  medical  electricity, — on  the  force  of 
imagination  on  pregnant  women, — discour- 
ses on  philosophy,  &.c. — and  died  at  Padua 
1779. 

Bianchini,  Francis,  a  native  of  Verona, 
illustrious  not  only  for  his  universal  learn- 
ing, but  the  establishment  of  the  Alethofili 
society  in  his  native  town,  whose  pursuits 
were  directed  to  physical  and  mathematical 
subjects.  He  was  patronised  by  pope  Al- 
229 


BIB 


BID 


exander  VIII.  and  by  his  successors,  and 
received  public  marks  of  respect  from  the 
Roman  senate.  He  died  2d  March,  1729, 
aged  67.  The  people  of  Verona  honoured 
his  memory  by  setting  a  bust  of  him  in 
their  cathedral.  His  works  were  in  Italian, 
and  chiefly  on  antiquities,  such  as  Palazzo 
di  Cesari, — and  inscrizzioni  sepolcrali 
della  easa  di  Augusto,  fol.  1727,  besides 
pieces  of  poetry  and  eloquence.  His  uni- 
versal history  1697,  is  highly  valued,  and 
also  his  hespheri  et  phosphori  nova  pheno- 
mena, sive  observat.  in  Veneris  planetam. 

Bianchini,  Joseph,  a  Veronese  orator, 
known  by  his  writings  against  the  bellum 
papale  of  Thomas  James. 

Biancolelli,  Pierre  Francois,  a  player 
of  eminence,  author  of  some  theatrical 
pieces,  and  parodies.  He  died  at  Paris 
1734,  aged  53. 

Biard,  Peter,  a  celebrated  sculptor  at 
Paris,  who  studied  at  Rome.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1609,  aged  50  years.  The  best  of 
his  pieces  was  the  equestrian  statue  of 
Henry  IV. 

Bias,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  flourished  about  680  B.C. 

Bibb,  William  Wyatt,  first  governor  of 
Alabama,  was  a  native  of  Georgia.  He 
was  educated  a  physician,  and  received  the 
degree  of  M.D.  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1301.  After  having  been  elect- 
ed a  representative  from  Georgia  in  both 
branches  of  the  national  legislature,  he  was 
in  1817  appointed  governor  of  Alabama, 
and  on  the  change  of  that  territory  to  a 
state  in  1819,  was  chosen  to  that  office  by 
the  people.  He  died  near  Fort-Jackson, 
July  10,  1820,  aged  40.  KF  L. 

Bibiena,  Bernardo  de,  a  Roman  of  ob- 
scure origin,  but  great  talents.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  Medici  family,  and  by 
his  intrigues  promoted  the  election  of  Leo 
X.  to  the  popedom,  for  which  he  was  made 
a  cardinal  and  employed  in  important  ne- 
gotiations. He  afterwards  roused  the  in- 
dignation of  his  patron,  and  was  poisoned 
as  it  is  supposed  by  his  directions  1520, 
aged  50.  His  Calandra,  a  a  comedy,  is 
still  held  in  high  esteem  in  Italy. 

Bibiena,  Ferdinand  Galli,  known  as  a 
painter  and  architect,  was  born  at  Bologna 
1657.  He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Parma  and  the  emperor,  and  the  magnifi- 
cent buildings  which  were  erected  accord- 
ing to  his  plans,  show  the  superiority  of 
his  abilities  in  architecture,  and  the  rules 
of  the  perspective.  He  wrote  two  books 
on  his  art,  and  died  blind  1743  ;  leaving 
two  sons  of  equal  merit,  one  of  whom,  J. 
Galli,  wrote  the  history  of  the  amours'  of 
Valeria  and  Barbarigo. 

Bibliander,  Theodore,  a  learned  orien- 
talist,  professor  of  theology  at  Zurich,  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  the  koran,  some  com- 
mentaries  on  scripture.  &c.  He  died  of  the 
230 


plague    1564,    aged  65.    His   real  name 
was  Bouchman. 

Bichat,  Marie  Francis  Xavier,  a  pupil 
of  Petit  at  Lyons,  who  came  to  Paris,  and, 
under  the  instruction  and  patronage  of  De- 
sault,  was  appointed  medical  professor  at 
the  Hotel-Dieu.  He  is  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  the  membranes — recherches  physio- 
logiques  sur  la  vie  et  la  mort,  8vo.  1799 — 
besides  memoirs  in  the  collection  of  the 
medical  society,  and  an  eloge  on  his  friend 
Desault,  in  the  4th  vol.  of  the  journal  de 
chirurgie.     He  died  1802,  aged  31. 

Biddle,  John,  was  born  at   Wotton-un- 
der-Edge,  Gloucestershire,  and  was  edu- 
cated at   the  grammar-school   there,    and 
patronised  by  lord  Berkeley.     He  entered 
at  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford,  and  after  he  had 
taken  his  degree  of  M.  A.   he  was   elected 
master  of  the  free-school  of  St.  Mary  de 
Crypt,  in  Gloucester,  but  his  refusal  to  ac- 
knowledge the  divinity   of  the  Holy  Ghost 
interrupted    his   success     and    popularity, 
and  drew  upon  him  accusations  of  heresy. 
The  firmness  with  which  he    supported  his 
opinions  roused  the  vengeance  of  his  ene- 
mies, but   though  he   was    liberated  from 
prison  by  his  friends,  he   was   still   unwil- 
ling to  yield  to  the    arguments  which  arch- 
bishop Usher,  in  his  way  through  Glouces- 
ter, kindly  used  to  remove  his   doubts  and 
effect  a  reconciliation.     He  was  summoned 
to  appear  before   the  parliament   at   West- 
minster, but   the  12   arguments  and  other 
things  which  he  published  as  a  criterion  of 
his  faith,   instead   of  liberating    him,  ex- 
posed him  to  greater  persecution,  and  the 
assembly  of  divines,  to  whom  his  cause  had 
been  referred,  solicited  the   commons,  and 
an  ordinance  was    passed,  to   punish    with 
death  such  as  denied  the  received  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity.     In  the  struggle  for  power 
which  divided    the    commons,    Biddle  pro- 
cured his  release,  and  passed  some  time  in 
Staffordshire,  till  sergeant  Bradshaw,  jea- 
lous of  his  liberty,  recalled  him  to  London, 
where  he  was  again  confined  with   greater 
severity.     To  the  horrors  of  a  prison  were 
added  those  of  poverty,  but   Biddle  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  he  earned  a  subsist- 
ence by  correcting  the   Septuagint  Bible,  in 
the  publication  of  which  Roger  Daniel,  a 
London  printer,    was    employed.     By    the 
general  oblivion  act  of  1654,  Biddle  reco- 
vered his  liberty,  but  a   fresh  publication 
again  exposed  him  to  the  rigour  of  Crom- 
well's parliament,  and  at  last  the  protec- 
tor, incited  by  the  intrigues  of  Griffin,   an 
anabaptist,  who  had  experienced  the   supe- 
rior powers  of  his  antagonist  in  theological 
disputes,  gave  orders  for  his  banishment  to 
St.  Mary's  castle,  in  the  isles   of  Scilly,  in 
1655,  where  he  continued  three  years.    On 
the  restoration,  when  the  liberty  of  dissen- 
ters was  abridged,  Biddle,  who  as  a  minis- 
ter, expounded  his  doctrines  in  private  a? 


BID 


BIF. 


well  as  in  public,  was  seized  and  dragged 
before  a  magistrate.  He  was  fined  10(M. 
and  his  hearers  201.  each,  but  from  his  ina- 
bility to  pay,  he  was  detained,  and  after 
15  weeks  of  confinement,  a  sudden  disease 
came  to  put  an  end  to  his  sufferings  22d 
September,  1662,  in  his  47th  year.  He 
was  buried  in  Old  Bethlem  churchyard, 
Moorfields,  and  his  life  has  been  published 
by  Mr.Farrington  of  the  Inner  Temple,  who 
extols  his  piety  and  his  exemplary  morals. 

Biddle,  Nicholas,  captain  in  the  Ameri- 
can Navy,  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia, 
and  born  in  1750.  After  having  spent  se- 
veral years  as  a  seaman  on  board  merchant 
ships,  he  entered  the  British  fleet  in  1770, 
first  as  a  midshipman,  and  in  1773  as  a 
seaman  on  board  the  Racehorse,  sent  by 
the  British  Royal  Society  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  a  north-western  passage  to 
the  Pacific  ocean,  having  as  his  fellow-sea- 
man and  cockswain,  to  which  station  they 
were  both  appointed  during  the  voyage, 
Horatio,  afterwards  Lord  Nelson.  On  the 
commencement  of  the  struggle  between 
the  colonies  and  the  parent  country,  he  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  and  soon  received 
from  congress  the  command  of  the  Camb- 
den  galley,  designed  with  others  for  the 
defence  of  the  Delaware,  and  not  long  after 
was  advanced  to  the  captaincy  of  the  An- 
drew Doria,  a  brig  of  14  guns,  employed 
in  the  expedition  against  New  Providence. 
After  his  return  from  that  successful  voy- 
age, he  received  towards  the  close  of  1776, 
command  of  the  Randolph,  a  new  frigate 
of  32  guns,  with  which  he  soon  captured 
a  Jamaica  fleet  of  four  sail  richly  laden, 
and  carried  it  into  Charleston.  His  suc- 
cess induced  the  government  of  that  town 
to  furnish  him  with  an  additional  force  of 
four  vessels,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking 
several  of  the  British,  by  which  the  com- 
merce of  that  vicinity  was  harassed.  Af- 
ter a  short  cruise  he  fell  in  with  the  royal 
line  of  battle  ship  Yarmouth  of  64  guns,  on 
the  7th  of  March,  1778,  and  after  an  action 
of  20  minutes  perished  with  all  his  crew 
except  four  by  the  blowing  up  of  his  ship. 
The  other  vessels  of  his  fleet  escaped. 

EF  L. 

Bidlake,  John,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
born  at  Plymouth  in  1755.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  school  of  his  native  place,  and 
after  taking  his  first  degree  in  arts  at  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  he  became  master  of  the 
same  seminary,  which  he  conducted  with 
reputation.  He  proceeded  to  his  doctor's 
degree,  and  in  1811  was  appointed  to 
preach  the  Bampton  Lecture  ;  but  in  the 
act  of  delivering  the  third  discourse  he  was 
suddenly  seized  with  an  epileptic  fit, 
which  produced  total  blindness.  He  died 
in  1814.  Besides  some  single  sermons  on 
different  occasions,  he  published  two 
volumes  of  Discourses  ;  the  Bampton  Lec- 


tures, in  1  vol. ;  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  Geography,  12mo  ;  Poems,  4to. ;  the 
Sea,  a  Poem,  8vo.  ;  the  Country  Parson,  a 
Poem,  8vo.  ;  Eugenio,  or  the  Precepts  of 
Prudentius,  a  tale,  12mo.  ;  the  Summer 
Eve,  a  Poem,  8vo.  ;  Virginia,  a  Tragedy  ; 
Youth,  a  Poem,  8vo. ;  and  the  Year,  a  Po- 
em, 1813.— FT.  B. 

Bidloo,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
eminent  as  a  physician  and  an  anatomical 
writer.  He  was  professor  at  the  Hague, 
and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  physician  to 
king  William,  whom  he  attended  in  Eng- 
land. He  died  at  Leyden,  April  1713,  aged 
64.  Some  of  his  poems  in  Low  Dutch 
were  published  in  1719.  His  great  work 
is  anatomia  corporis  humani,  Amsterdam, 
1685,  folio. 

Bie,  Adrian  de,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
at  Liere  1594.  He  settled  at  Rome,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement.  Hi3 
architectural  pieces  were  also  admired. 

Biefield,  James  Frederick  baron  de,  a 
native  of  Hamburgh,  employed  by  the  king 
of  Prussia  as  secretary  of  legation,  and  af- 
terwards as  preceptor  to  his  brother,  Fer- 
dinand, and  in  1747,  made  curator  of  the 
universities,  and  afterwards  baron  and 
privy  counsellor.  He  spent  the  last  part  of 
his  life  in  literary  retirement,  and  died  at 
Altembourg,  5th  April,  1770,  aged  53.  He 
is  author  of  several  works  not  highly 
esteemed.  They  are  political  institutions, 
three  vols.  8vo. — progress  of  the  Germans 
in  belles  lettres,  8vo. — familiar  letters,  or 
universal  erudition,  translated  into  English, 
dramatic  amusements,  &c. 

Bielke,  N.  baron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
man, engaged  in  the  conspiracy  of  Anker- 
stroem,  against  the  Swedish  king.  When 
interrogated,  he  refused  to  accuse  his  asso- 
ciates, and  swallowed  poison  which  he  had 
concealed  about  him,  and  died  1792,  aged 
50. 

Bienne,  John,  an  eminent  printer  of 
Paris.     He  died  1588. 

Bierve,  N.  marechal,  marquis  de,  a 
Frenchman  well  known  for  his  ready  wit, 
and  great  facetiousness.  He  wrote  two 
plays  which  possess  considerable  merit — 
les  reputations,  and  le  seducteur.  He  died 
at  Spa,  where  he  had  retired  for  the  benefit 
of  the  waters,  1789,  aged  42.  He  is  author 
of  the  distich  on  courtezans, 
Quidfacies,facies  Veneris  cum  veneris  ante  ? 
tA/*e  sedeas  ?  sed  eas  ne  pereas  per  eas.- — 

Biez,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  Artois,  in 
the  service  of  Francis  I.  His  great  bravery 
and  unusual  presence  of  mind  in  the  field 
of  battle,  recommended  him  highly  to  the 
public  favour.  After  being  disgraced  for 
surrendering  Boulogne,  he  was  restored  to 
his  rank,  and  died  at  Paris  1553. 

Biezelingen,  Christian  Jans  Van,  a  por- 
trait painter,  born  at  Delft.  He  died  1600, 
aged  42, 

531 


BIG 


BIL 


Bifield,  Nicholas,  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Chester,  and  afterwards  vicar  of  Isle- 
worth,  was  a  devout  and  zealous  advocate 
of  Christianity,  both  in  the  pulpit  and  in 
his  writings.     He  died  1622,  aged  44. 

Bigelow,  Timothy,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer, was  born  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts, 
April  30th,  1767.  He  was  the  son  of  Colo- 
nel Bigelow,  an  able  officer,  who  com- 
manded a  continental  regiment  during  the 
war  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1786,  with 
a  high  reputation  for  talents  ;  and  devoting 
himself  to  law,  entered  on  the  profession 
in  1789,  at  Groton,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  soon  rose  to  eminence.  It  is  computed 
that  during  a  practice  of  32  years,  he  ar- 
gued not  less  than  15,000  causes.  He  was 
in  1790,  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  was  for  more  than  20  years, 
either  as  a  representative  or  senator, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  members  of 
that  body.  He  was  for  eleven  successive 
years  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, and  presided  over  that  assembly, 
which  at  one  time  consisted  of  600  mem- 
bers, with  an  energy  and  dignity  that  ren- 
dered him  universally  popular.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  many  literary  and  be- 
nevolent societies,  and  greatly  beloved  in 
private  life.  He  died  May  18th,  1821, 
aged  54.  U3T  L. 

Bigne,  Grace  de  la,  of  Bayeux,  accom- 
panied king  John  to  England,  after  the 
battle  of  Poictiers.  He  wrote  "  le  Roman 
des  oiseaux,"  a  poem  for  the  instruction  of 
the  king's  son.  He  died  about  1374.  His 
name  is  sometimes  written  Vigne. 

Bigne,  Marguerin  de  la,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding,  was  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  eminent  as  a  man  of  letters. 
Besides  harangues  and  sermons,  he  publish- 
ed a  bibliotheca  patrum,  a  useful  collection 
in  eight  vols,  folio,  edited  also  in  16  vols. 
fol.  He  gave  up  his  benefices  in  his  native 
town  of  Bayeux,  rather  than  support  a 
lawsuit,  and  retired  to  literary  pursuits  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  about  1591. 

Bignicourt,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor  of 
Rheims,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  modern  literature.  His  "  pen- 
sees  et  reflections  philosophiques,"  are 
much  esteemed.  He  wrote,  besides  epi- 
grams and  short  poems,  in  French  and 
Latin,  none  of  which  exceed  twenty  lines, 
in  a  style  of  such  neatness  and  elegance, 
that  he  has  been  compared  to  Catullus.  He 
died  at  Rheims,  1775,  aged  66. 

Bignon,  Jerome,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
educated  by  his  father.  His  progress  was 
so  rapid,  and  his  abilities  so  maturely  dis- 
played, that  at  the  age  of  ten,  he  published 
his  description  of  the  holy  land,  and  at  the 
age  of  fourteen,  his  treatise  on  the  election 
of  the  popes.  He  was  noticed  by  Henry 
IV.  and  obtained  a  place  at  court ;  but  after 
232 


his  death,  he  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he 
received  many  proofs  of  esteem  from  pope 
Paul  V.  On  his  return  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  bar,  and  with  such  success,  that  he 
was  nominated  counsellor  of  state,  and  ad- 
vocate general  in  the  parliament  of  Paris. 
He  likewise  distinguished  himself  as  a 
politician  ;  he  was  consulted  by  queen  Anne 
of  Austria,  during  her  regency,  he  assisted 
at  the  completion  of  the  treaty  with  Hol- 
land in  1649,  regulated  the  succession  of 
Mantua,  and  concluded  the  alliance  with 
the  Hans  towns  in  1654.  He  died  7th 
April,  1656,  aged  66,  of  an  asthma. 

Bigot,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  known 
for  his  learning,  and  for  his  exemplary 
manners.  He  was  very  intimate  with  the 
learned  men  of  his  age,  such  as  Menage, 
Nicholas  Heinsius,  and  others,  and  he  li- 
berally assisted  his  friends  in  their  publica- 
tions. He  published  the  life  of  St.  Chry- 
sostom  by  Palladi,  discovered  by  him  in 
the  grand  duke's  library  at  Florence,  and 
died  1689,  at  Rouen,  aged  64. 

Bilderbek,  Christopher  Laurent,  a 
Hanoverian  lawyer  who  translated  into 
German  Abbadie's  treatise  of  the  truth  of 
the  Christian  religion.     He  died  1749. 

Bilfinger,  George  Bernard,  a  native 
of  Canstadt,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Petersburg,  and  afterwards  of  theology  at 
Tubingen,  and  known  for  his  valuable 
treatise  called  "  Dilucidationes  philosoph. 
de  deo,  anima  humana,  mundo,  &c."  He 
died  1750,  aged  57.  It  is  remarked  that 
he,  like  all  his  family,  was  born  with 
twelve  fingers  and  twelve  toes. 

Billaut,  Adam,  a  joiner  of  Nevers, 
known  by  the  name  of  Maitre  Adam.  He 
possessed  great  abilities  as  a  poet,  and  he 
had  the  good  sense  and  fortitude  to  prefer 
his  obscure  residence  at  Nevers,  to  a  mag- 
nificent dwelling  at  Versailles.  His  "  Che- 
villes,"  his  "  Villebrequin,  and  his  "  Rabot," 
deservedly  procured  him  fame,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  pension  from  Richelieu,  and  from 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  intimate 
with  the  poets  of  his  age,  and  displayed 
great  vivacity  and  spirit  in  his  verses, 
though  it  cannot  be  surprising  to  find  some 
dull  and  frivolous  lines  from  the  pen  of  a 
man  who  cultivated  the  muses  with  the 
tools  of  a  joiner  in  his  hand.  He  died  at 
Nevers  1662. 

Bill),  Jacques  de,  was  born  at  Guise, 
in  Picardy,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  learning  and  his  poetical  pieces.  He 
translated  several  of  the  Greek  fathers  into 
Latin  with  spirit  and  accuracy,  and  wrote 
observations  on  the  Scriptures.  He  died 
25th  December,  1581,  aged  47.  Chatard 
wrote  his  life,  1582. 

Billi,  Jacques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Com- 
piegne,  author  of  opus  astronomicon,  and 
other  esteemed  mathematical  works.  He 
died  at  Dijon  1679,  aged  77. 


BIN 


BIN 


Billingslet,  Henry,  a  native  of  Can- 
terbury, educated  at  Oxford.  Instead  of 
pursuing  his  studies  he  became  a  haber- 
dasher in  London,  and  not  only  acquired 
great  opulence,  but  rose  to  the  highest  ho- 
nours of  the  city.  He  was  elected  sheri  ff, 
alderman,  and,  in  159S,  lord  mayor  of 
London,  when  he  received  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  His  hospitable  reception  of 
Whitehead  the  mathematician  turned  his 
attention  to  geometry,  and  by  the  assist- 
ance of  this  poor  inmate  he  became  so 
skilled  in  mathematics  that  he  published 
the  first  English  translation  of  Euclid's 
elements,  with  learned  annotations  1570, 
folio,  for  which  a  preface  was  written  by 
Dr.  Dee.     Sir  Henry  died  1606. 

Billioni,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  ac- 
tress, born  at  Nancy.  From  her  very  youth 
she  showed  great  talents  as  a  singer,  and  as 
she  grew  up  she  was  deservedly  applauded 
on  the  theatres  of  Brussels  and  of  France. 
Her  husband  Billioni,  was  ballet-master  of 
the  Italian  operas  at  Paris.  She  died  much 
regretted  1783,  aged  32. 

Bilson,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  the  college  there,  and  at  New 
college,  Oxford.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  as  a  poet,  but  when  he  entered  into 
orders,  he  applied  himself  totally  to  divi- 
nity, and  met  with  such  success  in  his 
profession  that  he  gradually  became  master 
of  Winchester  school,  afterwards  warden 
of  the  college,  in  1596  bishop  of  Worcester, 
and  three  years  after  of  Winchester.  He 
was  eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  in  the  pul- 
pit and  by  his  writings  he  successfully 
maintained  the  protestant  religion  against 
the  attacks  of  bigots  and  puritans,  and 
deserved  the  esteem  of  Elizabeth  and  her 
successor.  He  was  engaged  in  all  the  theo- 
logical disputes  of  the  times,  he  assisted  in 
the  revision  of  the  Bible,  and  as  a  delegate 
he  pronounced  the  famous  divorce  between 
Devereux  earl  of  Essex  and  Lady  Francis 
Howard  in  1613.  He  died  18th  June, 
1616,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster- 
abbey.  He  published  a  treatise  of  the 
difference  between  Christian  subjection 
and  unchristian  rebellion,  dedicated  to  Eli- 
zabeth 1585,  and  another  in  1593,  on  the 
perpetual  government  of  Christ's  church. 

Bindley,  James,  an  eminent  collector 
of  books,  was  born  in  London  in  1737,  and 
educated  at  the  Charter-house,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  performing  in 
Terence's  plays.  From  thence  he  remo- 
ved to  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  with  a 
view  to  the  ecclesiastical  state  ;  but  after 
taking  his  degrees  in  arts,  he  declined  that 
profession,  and  in  1765  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  of  the  stamp  duties,  which 
situation  he  held  to  his  death,  in  1818.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  society  of  antiquaries, 
and  a  man  of  retentive  power  of  memory. 
His  collection  of  books,  prints,  and  medals, 

Vol.  I.  30 


was  most  extensive,  and  no  man  could  be 
more  liberal  in  the  use  of  his  inestimable 
stores,  all  of  which  were  sold  by  auction 
after  his  death.— W.  B. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  was  born  at  Wake- 
field in  Yorkshire,  September,  1668,  and  af- 
ter receiving  his  education  at  the  grammar- 
school  there,  he  entered  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford.  His  attention  was  directed 
to  the  study  of  the  fathers,  and  when  he 
had  heard  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  at- 
tacked in  the  university  pulpit,  he  took 
occasion  when  he  preached  before  that 
learned  body,  28th  October,  1695,  to  ex- 
plain in  an  elaborate  and  diffuse  manner 
the  three  witnesses  mentioned  by  St.  John. 
The  discourse  drew  upon  him  the  severest 
censures,  so  that  he  was  obliged  to  give  up 
the  fellowship  which  he  held  at  University 
college,  and  retired  to  Headbourne-worthy, 
a  living  in  Hampshire,  which  the  friendship 
of  Dr.  Radcliffe  conferred  upon  him.  The 
displeasure  of  the  university  did  not  how- 
ever break  his  spirits,  he  continued  his 
subject  in  two  discourses  before  the  clergy 
of  Winchester  with  the  general  approbation, 
and  he  vindicated  his  conduct  by  printing 
the  offensive  sermons,  with  a  copious  pre- 
face. Though  fixed  upon  a  small  living 
with  contracted  circumstances,  and  the 
father  of  ten  children,  he  continued  his 
studies  with  indefatigable,  application,  and 
procured  from  the  cathedral  library  of 
Winchester  those  valuable  books  which  his 
own  small  collection  could  not  furnish,  in 
the  prosecution  of  that  learned  and  valua- 
ble work  which  he  published  in  ten  vo- 
lumes 8vo.  and  two  volumes  folio,  called 
"Origines  ecclesiasticae."  His  diligence 
at  last  was  rewarded  by  Sir  Jonathan  Tre- 
lawney,  bishop  of  Winchester,  who  gave. 
him  the  living  at  Havant  near  Portsmouth, 
but  the  prospects  of  an  improving  fortune 
were  suddenly  overclouded  by  the  south- 
sea  bubble.  Under  this  heavy  misfortune 
he  preserved  his  usual  serenity  of  mind,  his 
literary  pursuits  were,  directed  to  the  im- 
provement of  his  Origines,  which  have 
deservedly  extended  his  fame,  by  being 
circulated  widely  on  the  continent,  and 
translated  into  Latin.  As  his  constitution 
had  suffered  much  by  his  sedentary  life, 
he  was  prematurely  snatched  away,  17th 
May,  1723,  in  his  55th  year.  He  was 
buried  at  Headbourne-worthy,  but  no  mo- 
nument, according  to  his  desires,  marks 
the  spot  where  his  remains,  are  deposited. 
He  published  also  a  scholastic  history  of 
lay  baptism  and  other  works.  Only  two 
sons  and  four  daughters  survived  him, 
three  of  the  daughters  died  single,  and  the 
fourth  married  a  gentleman  of  Hampshire. 
The  eldest  son  republished  his  father's 
books  for  the  use  of  the  booksellers,  and 
his  son  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Havant,  in  consideration  of  his  grand- 
833 


BIO 


B1R 


lather's  great  merits,  by  bishop  Lowtli, 
whose  letter,  whilst  it  commemorates  the 
virtues  of  a  learned  and  exemplary  man, 
reflects  the  highest  honour  on  the  patron 
and  the  p.  elate. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house, and  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford, 
where  he  prematurely  died  at  the  age  of 
22,  in  consequence  of  excessive  applica- 
tion. He  promised  in  his  early  years  to 
display  all  the  learning  and  virtues  of  his 
father,  so  that  he  had  finished,  except  the 
preface,  a  valuable  edition  of  the  Thebian 
story,  which  was  published  after  his  death, 
fie  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  Corpus. 

Bingham,  George,  an  exemplary  divine, 
was  born  at  Melcomb  Bingham,  in  Dor- 
setshire, in  1715.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Westminster  school,  and  was  elected 
off  to  Christ  church,  Oxford,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  a  fellowship  in  All-Soul's 
College,  where  he  contracted  an  intimacy 
with  Sir  William  Blackstone :  he  quitted 
bis  fellowship  on  being  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Pimpern,  in  Dorset,  to  which 
was  afterwards  added  that  of  More  Critchil, 
in  the  same  county.  He  died  at  Pimpern, 
in  1800.  Mr.  Bingham  wrote — 1.  A  Vin- 
dication of  the  Doctrine  and  Liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  England,  8vo.  1774.  2.  An  Es- 
say on  the  Millennium,  8vo.  3.  Disserta- 
tiones  Apocalypticae,  &c;  all  of  which  were 
collected,  with  some  sermons,  into  2  vols. 
Svo.  1804,  with  the  memoirs  of  the  author 
prefixed. — W.  B. 

Binning,  Hugh,  was  born  in  Ayrshire, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  moral  philosophy.  As 
minister  of  Gavan,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  his 
amiable  manners.  He  died  of  a  consump- 
tion 1654,  aged  29.  His  tracts,  sermons, 
&c.  were  published  in  4to.  1735. 

BiffiiRNSTAHL,  a  learned  professor  of  the 
oriental  languages  at  Upsal,  was  a  native 
of  Rotarbo  in  Sudermania.  He  visited 
Europe  with  his  pupils,  the  sons  of  baron 
Rudbek,  and  afterwards  travelled  to  Tur- 
key, by  order  of  the  king  of  Sweden.  He 
died  at  Salonica,  12th  July,  1779.  His  en- 
tertaining letters,  written  in  Swedish  du- 
ring his  travels,  published  1778,  in  three 
vols.  8vo.  have  been  translated,  with  the 
continuation  published  in  1781,  into  Ger- 
man by  Groskurd,  Leipsic,  1779  and  1781, 
in  six  vols.  Svo. 

Bion,  a  Greek  poet  of  Smyrna,  B.  C. 
280.  His  Idylls  are  held  in  high  and  de- 
served estimation. 

Bion,  a  Scythian  philosopher,the  disciple 
of  Crates,  and  afterwards  ofTheophrastus, 
about  246  B.  C. 

Bion,  Nicholas,  author  of  an  excellent 
work  on  the  construction  of  mathematical 
instruments,  translated  into  English,  one 
331 


\  ol.  l'ol.  and  of  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the 
globes,  in  4to.  was  an  able  engineer  and 
mathematician,  who  died  at  Paris  1733, 
aged  81. 

Biondi,  Francis,  a  native  of  Liesena  in 
Dalmatia,  introduced  by  Sir  HenryWootton 
to  the  favour  of  James,  who  patronised  him, 
and  also  knighted  him.  He  wrote  a  valua- 
ble history  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster  in  Italian,  translated 
into  English,  by  Henry  Carey,  earl  of 
Monmouth. 

Biondo,  Flavio,  latine  Blondus.  vid. 
Blondus. 

Birague,  Clement,  an  engraver  of 
Milan,  said  to  be  the  first  who  discovered 
the  means  of  engraving  diamonds,  of  which 
he  gave  a  specimen  in  the  portraits  of  don 
Carlos.  He  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  II. 
of  Spain. 

Birague,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  escaped  from  the  vengeance  of  Lewis 
Sforza  into  France,  and  became  a  favourite 
at  the  court  of  Charles  IV.  who  made  him 
keeper  of  the  seals,  and  chancellor  of  the 
kingdom  1573.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
Gregory  XIII.  at  the  request  of  Henry  III. 
He  was  concerned  in  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  and  died  1582,  aged  74, 
little  respected,  from  the  servility  and 
perfidiousness  of  his  character.  One  of 
the  same  family  distinguished  himself  as 
a  general  in  the  wars  of  Italy,  especially 
in  the  capture  of  Carde,  a  fortress  of  Pied- 
mont. 

Birch,  Thomas,  son  of  a  quaker,  coffee- 
mill  maker,  was  born  in  the  parish  of  St. 
John,  Clerkenwell,  23d  November,  1705. 
His  fondness  for  learning  was  so  great,  that 
rather  than  follow  the  profession  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  determined  to  depend  upon  his  own 
exertions  for  subsistence,  and  therefore  he 
became  assistant  at  Hemel  Hampstead 
school,  where  he  received  his  education, 
and  afterwards  in  two  other  establishments, 
all  kept  by  quakers.  He  married  in  1728, 
but  his  happiness  was  soon  interrupted  by 
the  death  of  his  wife  in  child-bed,  and  the 
poignancy  of  his  grief  was  feelingly  ex- 
pressed in  some  beautiful  lines.  His  de- 
sertion of  the  tenets  of  the  quakers 
was  followed  by  his  ordination  by  the  bi- 
shop of  Salisbury,  and  he  quickly  passed, 
by  the  favour  and  patronage  of  the  Hard- 
wicke  family,  into  the  possession  of  several 
benefices,  the  last  of  which  were  the 
rectory  of  Depden  in  Essex,  and  St.  Mar- 
garet Pattens  and  St.  Gabriel,  Fenchurch- 
street,  London.  He  died  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse  between  London  and  Hampstead, 
9th  January,  1766,  though  it  was  conjec- 
tured that  his  previous  indisposition  and 
lowness  of  spirits  brought  on  an  apoplexy, 
which  caused  his  death.  He  had  been  ho- 
noured with  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  the 
Mori«chal   college   of  Aberdeen,    and  by 


Dili 


BIS 


Herring  the  primate.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter Birch  was  friendly,  communicative, 
and  unaffected,  and  as  a  writer  he  possess- 
ed unusual  activity  and  solid  judgment. 
His  knowledge  of  Greek  was  not  consider- 
able, but  French  and  Latin  he  thoroughly 
understood  ;  and  though  not  particularly 
distinguished  for  general  information,  his 
accuracy  as  a  modern  historian  is  very 
great.  His  publications  are  voluminous, 
the  best  known  of  which  are  the  general 
dictionary,  &c.  in  10  vols.  fol.  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Bernard  and  Lockman — heads  of 
illustrious  persons  of  Great  Britain,  &c. 
two  vols.  fol. — memoirs  of  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth,  two  vols.  4to. — History 
of  the  Royal  Society,  &.c.  four  vols.  4to. 
1756. — Thurloe's  state  papers,  &c.  besides 
lives  of  Boyle,  Tillotson,  prince  Henry, 
&c.  and  an  inquiry  into  the  share  which 
Charles  I.  had  in  lord  Glamorgan's  trans- 
actions, &c.  8vo.  1747,  &c.  He  was  fellow 
of  the  Antiquarian  and  Royal  Societies, 
and  secretary  of  the  last.  He  left  his 
books  and  manuscripts  to  the  British  mu- 
seum, of  which  he  was  a  trustee,  and  he 
gave  5001.  to  increase  the  salary  of  the 
librarians  of  that  noble  institution. 

Bird,  William,  known  for  his  excellent 
musical  compositions,  was  according  to 
some  conjectures  employed  in  king  Edward 
VI. 's  chapel,  and  afterwards  he  became  or- 
ganist of  Lincoln  cathedral.  Few  parti- 
culars are  known  of  his  life,  though  it  is 
ascertained  that  he  died  the  4th  July,  1623, 
aged  80,  leaving  a  son  Thomas,  educated 
in  the  same  profession. 

Biren,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean 
birth,  noticed  by  Anne,  dutchess  dowager 
of  Courland,  and  raised  by  her  when  eleva- 
ted to  the  Russian  throne  to  the  highest 
dignities.  As  the  favourite  minister  of  the 
empress  his  conduct  was  violent  and  tyran- 
nical, not  less  than  20,000  persons  were  ca- 
priciously exiled  by  him  into  Siberia,  but 
still  he  continued  in  power,  and  was  by 
his  mistress  made  duke  of  Courland  in 
1737.  On  the  death  of  the  empress  he 
assumed  the  reins  of  government  agree- 
able to  her  will,  but  an  insurrection  of 
the  nobles  in  1740  prevailed  against  him, 
and  the  sentence  of  death  was  exchanged 
for  banishment  into  Siberia.  He  was  re- 
called by  Peter  III.  and  restored  to  favour 
by  Catherine.  He  resigned  his  honours 
as  duke  of  Courland  to  his  son  in  1769, 
and  died  three  years  after. 

Biringcoccio,  or  Biringcucci,  Yan- 
muccio,  an  able  mathematician  of  Italy, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing 
and  of  casting  metals  for  cannon,  &c. 
called  Pirotechnia,  published  in  4to.  1540, 
Venice,  and  often  re-printed. 

Biukhnhi.  w>,  Sir  John,  born  at  North- 

wich,  Cheshire,   was  servitor  at  Oriel  col- 

'  Ic2;e,  under  Humphrey  Lloyd,  hy  whom  he 


was  recommended  to  Laud,  who  made  him 
his  secretary,  and  procured  him  a  fellow- 
ship of  All  Souls.  When  Charles  I.  came 
to  Oxford,  Birkenhead  supported  the  royal 
cause  by  his  writings,  and  when  he  was  al 
last  expelled  from  the  professorship  of 
moral  philosophy  by  the  republicans,  he 
hurled  from  an  obscure  retreat  in  London 
all  the  shafts  of  his  satire  against  his  per- 
secutors. After  the  restoration  he  was 
created  doctor  of  laws  by  the  university, 
elected  member  for  Wilton,  and  knighted, 
and  appointed  master  of  requests.  His 
popularity  as  a  courtier  drew  upon  him  the 
censures  of  jealousy,  and  Wood  is  among 
those  who  detract  his  character.  Dryden, 
however,  Langbaine,  and  Winstanley,  speak 
of  him  in  the  highest  terms.  He  died  fourth 
of  December,  1679,  aged  64,  and  was  inter- 
red in  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields.  His  wri- 
tings were  chiefly  political  pamphlets  and 
satirical  poems. 

Biron,  Armand  de  Gonralt  baron  de,  a 
native  of  Perigord,  who  was  for  some  time, 
page  to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,  and 
rose  through  all  the  gradations  of  the  army 
to  the  rank  of  marechal  de  France,  1577. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Italy,  and  >n  the  service  of  Henry  III.  and 
IV.  and  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Dreux, 
St.  Dennis,  and  Moncontour.  He  was 
commander  in  seven  battles,  and  he  re- 
ceived seven  honourable  wounds.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  duke  of  Parma,  when  he 
went  to  the  Low  countries  to  assist  the 
duke  of  Alencon,  and  lie  was  at  last  killed 
by  a  cannon  ball  at  the  siege  of  Epernai, 
in  1592,  aged  68.  His  humanity  was  dis- 
played at  the  massacre  at  St.  Bartholomew, 
when  he  saved  several  of  his  friends.  His 
commentaries  on  the  campaigns  in  which  he 
was  engaged  are  lost. 

Biron,  Charles  de  Gonrault  due  de,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  mare- 
chal of  France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry 
IV.  who  made  him  a  duke,  and  sent  him 
as  his  ambassador  to  England  and  other 
courts.  He  distinguished  himself  highly 
in  the  civil  wars  of  France,  but  his  attempts 
to  league  against  his  master,  with  Savoy 
and  Spain,  proved  his  ruin.  He  was  dis- 
covered and  beheaded  31st  July,  1602.  His 
love  of  pleasure  and  gaming  is  said  to  have 
produced  those  fatal  steps  to  which  he  fell 
a  sacrifice. 

Biscaino,  Bartholomew,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  1657,  at  the  early  age 
of  25,  when  his  designs  promised  the  high- 
est eminence  and  celebrity  in  his  profes- 
sion. 

Bischop,  John  de,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague.  His  landscapes  and  historical 
pieces  were  held  in  high  estimation  for  taste, 
judgment,  and  correctness.  He  died  1686, 
aged  10.  Another  called  Cornelius,  was 
also  eminent  in  history,  and  in  landscape. 
235 


BIT 


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He  was  one  of  Dol's  pupils,  and  lie  died 
1674. 

Bishop,  Samuel,  M.A.  an  English  poet, 
born  in  London  1731,  and  educated  at 
Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  lie  became  fellow. 
He  afterwards  was  appointed  head  master 
of  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and  obtained 
the  Ha  ings  of  St.  Martin  Outwitch,  Lon- 
don, and  Ditton,  Surrey.  He  died  1795. 
His  poems,  which  are  on  light  subjects, 
and  in  a  pleasing  and  elegant  style,  were 
published  in  two  vols.  4to.  and  two  vols. 
Svo.  with  his  life  prefixed. 

Bisi,  Bonaventure,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
who  died  1662.  His  works  on  historical 
subjects,  and  also  his  miniatures,  were 
much  and  deservedly  admired. 

Bisset,  Charles,  M.D.  at  St.  Andrews, 
was  author  of  an  essay  on  fortifications  and 
of  some  medical  tracts.  He  served  in 
Flanders  as  an  engineer,  till  the  peace 
17-18,  and  three  years  after  settled  at  Skel- 
ton,  in  Yorkshire,  where  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  physic,  to  which  he  had 
formerly  attended.  He  died  at  Knayton, 
near  Thirsk,  May  1791,  aged  75.  He 
wrote  an  essay  on  the  theory  and  construc- 
tion of  fortification,  8vo  1753 — a  treatise 
on  the  scurvy,  Svo.  1775 — an  essay  on  the 
medical  constitution  of  Great  Britain,  Svo. 
1762. 

Bisset,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous  author, 
master  of  an  academy  in  Sloane-street, 
Chelsea.  He  wrote  a  sketch  of  democra- 
cy, 1796,  Svo. — a  life  of  Edmund  Burke, 
8vo. — a  valuable  composition,  2  vols.  Svo. 
— history  of  the  reign  of  George  III. — an 
edition  of  the  Spectator — memoirs  of  living 
authors,  &c.  This  laborious  writer  was  a 
native  of  Scotland,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  LL.D.  after  which  he  settled 
in  London.  It  is  supposed  that  his 
death  was  hastened  by  the  ruined  state  of 
his  pecuniary  affairs,  and  that  he  fell  a 
victim  to  a  broken  heart,  14th  May,  1805, 
aged  46.    , 

Bitaube,  Paul  Jeremiah,  a  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  born  at  Konigsberg  in 
1732.  His  parents  were  French  refugees, 
and  he  becanxe  a  minister  in  the  Protestant 
communion,  which  profession,  however, 
he  did  not  follow.  In  1762  Frederick  II. 
gave  him  a  pension,  and  he  also  obtained  a 
place  in  the  Berlin  academy.  Two  years 
afterwards  he  published  a  French  transla- 
tion of  Homer,  in  2  vols.  ;  but  the  best 
edition  is  that  of  17S0.  He  was  more 
successful  in  his  poem  of  "  Joseph,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  English.  -  This 
was  followed  by  "  Les  Bataves,"  a  poem. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  National  In- 
stitute, he  was  chosen  an  associate.  He 
died  in  1808.  His  other  works  are — 1. 
E.xamen  de  la  Confession  de  Foi  du  Vicaire 
236 


Savoyard.  2.  De  l'lnfluence  des  Belles 
Lettres  sur  la  Philosophic,  8vo.  3.  Eloge 
de  Corneille,  8vo.—  W.  B. 

Biton,  a  mathematician,  who  flourished 
about  340  B.  C. 

Bizot,  Peter,  canon  of  St.  Savior  d'He- 
risson  in  Bourges,  is  author  of  the  valuable 
Histoire  medallique  de  la  Hollande,  the 
best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Vanloom, 
1732,  5  vols,  folio.  He  died  1696, 
aged  66. 

Bizzelli,  John,  an  historical  portrait 
painter,  disciple  of  Bronzino.  He  died  at 
Rome  1612,  aged  56. 

Black,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  chymist. 
born  of  English  parents  at  Bordeaux, 
1728.  He  was  educated  at  Belfast  and 
Glasgow,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  in  1754.  His  abilities  were  such 
that  he  early  obtained  the  professorship  of 
anatomy,  which  he  soon  resigned  that  he 
might  more  zealously  devote  himself  to 
chymical  pursuits.  In  1776  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Cullen  in  the  professorial  chair  of 
chymistry  at  Edinburgh,  and  became  dis- 
tinguished by  the  superior  excellence  of 
his  lectures  and  the  number  of  his  pupils. 
He  died  26th  November,  1799.  He  was 
author  of  a  treatise  de  acido  a  cibis  orto, 
an  inaugural  dissertation,  on  his  taking  his 
doctor's  degree — experiments  on  magne- 
sia and  quicklime — observations  on  the 
ready  freezing  of  boiled  water,  inserted  in 
the  philosophical  transactions — analysis  of 
boiling  water  in  Iceland,  in  the  Edinburgh 
memoirs — lectures  on  the  elements  of 
chymistry,  edited  by  Dr.  Robinson,  2  vols. 
4to.  1803. 

Blackburn,  William,  eminent  as  an  ar- 
chitect and  surveyor,  was  born  December 
20th,  1750,  in  Southwark.  His  native 
genius  overcame  the  disadvantages  of  a 
contracted  education,  and  he  obtained  a 
medal  from  the  royal  academy,  and  the 
more  flattering  commendation  of  sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  for  the  best  drawing  of  St. 
Stephen's  church,  Walbrook.  He  acquired 
reputation  in  business,  and  when  an  act  was 
passed  in  1779,  for  the  erection  of  peniten- 
tiary houses,  to  contain  600  males  and  300 
females,  his  plans  were  approved  by  the 
three  supervisors,  and  rewarded  with  100 
guineas,  and  he  was  appointed  to  superin- 
tend the  building,  which  however  was  sus- 
pended for  a  time  by  government.  The 
design,  though  abandoned,  was  not  lost,  the 
country  was  awakened  to  convert  the  con- 
finement of  culprits  to  useful  labour  and 
to  reformation  of  morals,  and  several  pri- 
sons were  erected  on  Blackburn's  plan. 
This  ingenious  artist  did  not  long  enjoy  the 
favours  of  the  public,  he  died  at  Preston  on 
his  way  to  Scotland  25th  October,  1790,  in 
his  40th  year,  and  his  remains  were  inter- 
red in  Bunhill-fields.  He  was  a  dissenter, 
but  his  manners  conciliated  the  esteem  of 


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»il  ranks,  and  it  is  sufficient  to  say  in  his 
praise  that  he  was  the  friend  and  the  frequent 
correspondent  of  Howard.  Besides  plans 
for  penitentiary  houses,  Mr.  Blackburn 
drew  elegant  plans  for  villas  and  mansion- 
houses,  &c.  and  likewise  three  designs  for 
Hackney  new  church.  He  left  a  widow 
and  four  children. 

Blackburne,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  educated  at  Hawkshead 
and  Sedburgh  schools,  and  admitted  1722 
at  Catherine-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was 
promoted  in  1739  to  the  living  of  Rich- 
mond, and  as  chaplain  to  Hutton,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  he  obtained  a  prebend  in 
his  cathedral  and  the  archdeaconry  of 
Cleveland.  Though  thus  supported  by  the 
church,  he  was  not  partial  to  her  doctrines, 
and  he  favoured  with  some  degree  of  fond- 
ness the  tenets  of  the  dissenters,  as  appears 
from  his  confessional  in  1766,  published 
anonymously,  but  so  popular  as  to  reach  a 
third  edition.  He  wrote  also  a  view  of 
the  controversy  concerning  the  interme- 
diate state  of  the  soul,  &c.  in  which  he  as- 
serted, that  the  soul  sleeps  in  an  uncon- 
scious state  till  the  resurrection.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Chandler,  of  the  dissenting 
congregation  in  the  Old  Jewry,  1776, 
Blackburne,  whose  sentiments  were  well 
known  to  be  unfriendly  to  the  establish- 
ment, was  invited  to  succeed,  which  how- 
ever he  refused.  He  died  at  Richmond, 
1787.  He  published  some  other  works,  all 
collected  together,  lately  edited  in  6  vols. 
8vo. 

Blackhall,  Offspring,  D.D.  was  born  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Catherine-hall, 
Cambridge.  He  became  Rector  of  St. 
Mary,  Aldermanbury,  London,  chaplain  to 
king  William,  and  in  1707  bishop  of  Exe- 
ter. He  died  29th  November,  1716,  and 
was  buried  in  his  cathedral.  He  was  a 
popular  preacher,  and  as  a  writer  he  ac- 
quired consequence,  by  his  sermons  at 
Boyle's  lecture,  and  his  defence  of  Charles 
I.  as  author  of  Icon  Basilike  against  the 
attacks  of  Toland.  He  was  an  able  scho- 
lar and  an  acute  divine,  orthodox  in  his 
principles,  and  charitable  in  his  character  ; 
though  some  have  accused  him  of  opposi- 
tion to  the  revolution,  so  that  it  is  asserted, 
that  he  refused  for  two  years  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  king  William.  His 
works  have  been  published  in  two  vols. 
folio,  1723. 

Blacklock,  Thomas,  son  of  a  bricklay- 
er of  Annan  in  Scotland,  was  deprived  of 
his  eyesight  by  the  small-pox  about  1721, 
before  he  was  six  months  old.  This  great 
misfortune  was  relieved  by  the  kindness  of 
his  father,  and  the  assiduities  of  his  friends. 
His  mind  was  cultivated  and  improved  by 
the  books  which  were  read  to  him,  and  so 
strong  were  the  powers  of  his  understand- 
ing, that  nt  the  age  of  twelve  he  wrote  a 


small  poem  not  devoid  of  beauty  and  ele- 
gance. The  loss  of  his  father,  who  was 
unfortunately  crushed  to  death  by  the  fall- 
ing of  a  kiln  upon  him,  left  him  in  his  19th 
year  destitute  of  friends  and  society  ;  but 
however,  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Stevenson  of 
Edinburgh  was  extended  to  him  ;  he  was 
placed  at  a  grammar-school,  and  soon  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  French,  and  the 
best  Greek  and  Latin  authors.  The  rebel- 
lion of  1745  interrupted  for  a  while  his 
literary  pursuits,  but  after  spending  some 
time  at  Glasgow,  he  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
and  after  studying  ten  years  in  the  Univer- 
sity, he  acquired  the  fame  of  a  polite  scho- 
lar and  an  elegant  poet.  His  poems  were 
published  and  universally  admired,  and 
though  misfortune  might  in  the  apprehen- 
sion of  an  infidel  have  clouded  his  thoughts 
with  distrust  and  dissatisfaction,  that  the 
book  of  nature  was  shut  upon  him,  we 
admire  every  where  the  most  sublime  piety, 
resignation  to  the  will  of  providence,  and 
that  tranquillity  and  contentment  of  mind, 
which  were  most  fully  exhibited  in  his  pri- 
vate character.  By  means  of  Mr.  Spence, 
who  began  to  patronise  him  in  1754,  Black- 
lock  was  placed  in  an  eligible  situation  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  his  labours 
were  rewarded  by  an  ample  sale  of  his 
poems,  he  took  orders,  and  in  1766,  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  D.D.  In  1774  he 
published  "  the  Graham,"  a  heroic  ballad 
in  four  cantos,  and  two  years  after  he 
wrote  in  opposition  to  Dr.  Price,  some  re- 
marks on  civil  liberty.  This  amiable  man, 
respected  for  the  great  and  uncommon 
powers  of  his  mind,  and  the  exemplary- 
conduct  of  his  private  life,  died  July  1791, 
aged  70.  Both  Hume  and  Spence  have 
been  lavish  of  their  praises  on  his  charac- 
ter, and  the  portrait  in  this  instance  drawn 
by  friendship  is  not  exaggerated.  He  wrote 
besides  consolations  deduced  from  natural 
and  revealed  religion,  8vo. — discourses  on 
the  spirit  and  evidence  of  Christianity,  from 
the  French,  8vo.  &c. 

Blackmore,  Sir  Richard,  from  a  private 
school  passed  to  Westminster  and  Edmund- 
hall,  Oxford,  and  after  visiting  Italy,  took 
his  degrees  in  physic,  at  Padua.  His  early 
support  of  the  revolution  procured  him  the 
place  of  physician  to  king  William,  and 
the  honour  of  knighthood  ;  but  though  he 
acquired  celebrity  and  opulence  in  a  medi- 
cal character,  he  courted  popularity  as  a 
votary  of  the  muses.  Dryden,  however, 
whom  he  had  offended  in  some  of  his  wri- 
tings, treated  him  with  contempt  and  scur- 
rility, and  Pope,  with  more  illiberality  than 
truth,  has  also  directed  the  shafts  of  his 
ridicule  against  him,  in  a  passage  in  the 
Dunciad,  on  which  an  annotator  has  placed 
these  words,  "a  just  character  of  Sir  If. 
Blackmore,  knight,  whose  indefatigable 
muse    produced    no    less    than    six    epic 


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poems,  Prince  and§  king  Arthur  20  books, 
Eliza  10,  Alfred  12,  the  Redeemer  6,  be- 
sides Job  in  folio,  the  whole  book  of 
Psalms,  the  Creation,  seven  books,  the  na- 
ture of  man,  three  books,  and  many  more." 
Though  thus  satirized,  Blackmore  pos- 
sessed some  merit.  Addison  spoke  with 
respect  of  his  "  Creation,"  and  Dr.  John- 
son considered  it  as  not  unworthy  to  find 
a  place  among  the  noble  efforts  of  the 
English  muse.  Besides  his  poetry,  sir 
Richard  wrote  some  theological  tracts,  and 
medical  treatises,  and  maintained  in  private 
life  a  respectable  character,  and  showed 
himself  at  all  times  a  warm  advocate  for 
virtue  and  morality.  He  died  9th  October, 
1729. 

Blackstone,  sir  William,  knight  and 
LL.D.  son  of  a  silkman,  was  born  in 
Cheapside,  London,  10th  July,  1723,  the 
youngest  of  four  children.  He  received 
his  education  at  the  Charter-house,  and 
entered  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  in 
1738,  and  so  early  distinguished  himself  by 
his  application,  that  at  the  age  of  20  he 
wrote  a  treatise  called  elements  of  archi- 
tecture, which,  though  not  made  public, 
yet  rec  Jived  the  applauses  of  the  learned 
and  judicious.  He,  however,  soon  quitted 
the  muses,  after  obtaining  Mr.  Benson's 
prize  medal  for  the  best  verses  on  Milton, 
as  he  has  beautifully  expressed  it  in  his  lit- 
tle poem,  "  the  lawyer's  farewell  to  his 
muse,"  and  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
in  1740,  to  study  the  law,  of  which  he 
was  to  become  a  luminary  of  the  first 
magnitude.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  All- 
souls,  and  contributed  highly  to  the  re- 
spectability of  this  society,  by  improving 
their  estates,  and  promoting  the  completion 
of  the  Codrington  library.  At  the  bar  he 
did  not  rapidly  obtain  popularity,  as  he  did 
not  possess  in  a  high  degree  the  graces  or 
the  powers  of  oratory,  but  his  writings  dis- 
played sense^and  deep  penetration,  and  the 
lectures  which  he  delivered  as  Vinerian 
professor  on  the  laws  of  England,  received 
the  most  unbounded  applause.  In  1761,  he 
was  elected  member  for  Hindon,  and  soon 
after,  on  refusing  the  chief  justiceship  of 
the  Irish  common  pleas,  he  received  a 
patent,  with  the  rank  of  king's  counsel.  In 
1768,  he  was  chosen  member  for  West- 
bury,  and  in  1770  he  was  appointed  puisne 
judge  of  the  king's  bench,  and  soon  after 
of  the  common  pleas,  and  in  this  new 
dignity,  supported  the  character  of  an  up- 
right magistrate,  by  legal  knowledge  and 
impartial  discrimination.  His  intense  ap- 
plication proved  destructive  to  his  health, 
in  1779,  about  Christmas,  he  was  afiiicted 
with  a  shortness  of  breath,  which,  though 
removed,  was  succeeded  with  a  stupor  and 
insensibility  that  proved  fatal,  14th  Feb. 
1780,  in  his  56th  year.  Blackstone  mar- 
ried Sarah,  daughter  of  James  Clitherow, 
338 


of  Boston-house,  Middlesex,  Esq.  by  whom 
he  left  seven  children.  In  Oxford,  where 
he  was  respected  and  beloved,  he  became 
principal  of  New-inn-hall,  an  office  which 
he  resigned  with  the  Vinerian  lectureship 
in  1766.  The  first  volume  of  his  valuable 
commentaries  was  published  in  1764,  and 
the  three  following,  in  the  four  succeeding 
years  ;  and  so  highly  are  they  esteemed, 
that  the  prince  may  learn  in  them  the  ex- 
tent of  his  privilege,  and  the  subject  ascer- 
tain the  bulwark  of  his  liberties.  This 
respected  lawyer  was  not,  however,  with- 
out his  enemies,  when  solicitor  to  the 
queen,  he  delivered  a  speech  in  parliament, 
which  differed  from  the  positions  he  had 
laid  down  in  his  lectures,  and  the  seeming 
contradiction  was  severely  lashed  by  an 
anonymous  pamphlet,  to  which  were  added 
afterwards,  the  animadversions  of  Dr.  Fur- 
neaux  and  Dr.  Priestley.  He  published 
also  reflections  on  the  opinions  of  Pratt, 
Moreton,  and  Wilbraham,  respecting  lord 
Lichfield's  disqualifications  to  become  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  1759 — the  great  charter, 
or  charter  of  the  forest,  1759 — a  treatise 
on  the  law  of  descents  and  fee-simple — an 
essay  on  collateral  consanguinity  occa- 
sioned by  the  disputes  about  the  fellowships 
of  All-souls — considerations  on  copy-hold- 
ers, &c. 

Blackstone,  John,  an  apothecary  of 
London,  who  died  1753,  author  of  Fascicu- 
lus plantarum  circa  Harefield,  with  notes, 
&c.  12mo.  1737, — of  specimen  botanicum, 
in  which  he  mentions  the  places  in  Eng- 
land where  particular  plants  spontaneously 
grow,  8vo.  1746. 

Blackwall,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, educated  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  and  elected  master  of  the  free- 
school  of  Derby,  and  about  18  years  after, 
of  that  of  Market  Bosworth,  Leicester- 
shire, where  he  died,  8th  of  April,  1730. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  author  of  a 
Latin  grammar,  and  as  editor  of  Theognis, 
and  published  an  introduction  to  the  clas- 
sics, and  in  1725  that  universally  celebrated 
work  "  the  sacred  classics,  defended  and 
illustrated,"  in  one  vol.  4to.  which  was 
followed  by  a  second,  six  years  after. 
Among  the  many  respectable  scholars, 
whom  his  abilities  and  assiduity  formed, 
may  be  mentioned  Richard  Dawes,  and  sir 
Henry  Atkins,  who,  as  patron  of  the  church 
of  Clapham,  rewarded  the  attention  of  a 
deserving  master,  by  appointing  him  to  the 
vacant  benefice  in  1726,  which  he  resigned 
three  years  after. 

Blackwell,  Thomas,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  4th  of  August  1701,  and  after 
studying  in  the  Marischal  college,  he  be- 
came, 1723,  Greek  professor,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  eloquence  and 
popularity  of  his  lectures.  In  1737  he 
published  anonymously    "an   inquiry  into 


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the  life  and  writings  of  Homer,"  8vo.  which 
he  afterwards  accompanied  with  "  proofs" 
or  translation  of  ail  the  notes  which  he  had 
inserted  in  the  composition.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1748  to  be  principal  of  the  col- 
lege, anu  was  the  first  clergyman  raised  to 
that  dignity,  since  the  forfeiture  of  the 
Marischal  family  in  1716.  At  the  head  of 
his  society,  he  displayed  the  abilities  of  the 
scholar  and  the  politeness  of  the  gentleman, 
the  college  flourished,  and  its  members 
were  respectable  in  learning  and  in  num- 
bers. A  consumptive  disorder  early  attack- 
ed his  constitution,  and  it  was  increased 
by  voluntary  abstemiousness.  Too  late  he 
wished  to  recover  his  health  by  travelling, 
but  he  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  his  way  to 
South  Britain,  February  1757,  aged  56. 
His  other  publications  were  letters  con- 
cerning Mythology,  1748,  and  the  memoirs 
of  the  court  of  Augustus,  in  three  vols.  4to. 
— the  first  of  which  appeared  in  1752,  the 
second,  1755,  and  the  last,  after  his  death. 
He  left  no  issue. 

Blackwell,  Alexander,  a  native  of 
Aberdeen,  who  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
under  Boerhaave,  and  attempted  without 
success,  to  practise  in  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  in  London.  From  a  physician, 
he  became  a  corrector  of  the  press,  and  a 
printer,  but  he  failed  ;  and  in  1740,  he  went 
to  Sweden,  where  by  means  of  a  Swedish 
nobleman,  whose  friendship  he  had  culti- 
vated at  the  Hague,  he  recommended  him- 
self to  the  public  as  a  physician,  and  as 
projector  for  draining  the  fens  and  marshes 
near  the  capital.  His  schemes  succeeded, 
he  was  applauded  by  the  king  and  his  court, 
but  soon  after,  being  suspected  of  a  conspi- 
racy with  count  Tessin,  he  was  tortured, 
and  beheaded  9th  August,  1 748.  Blackwell 
married  a  lady,  daughter  of  a  merchant  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Aberdeen,  who  pos- 
sessed great  abilities,  and  who  published  a 
curious  herbal,  containing  500  cuts  of  use- 
ful plants,  taken  from  the  life,  &c.  two  vols, 
folio,  by  Elizabeth  Blackwell,  the  first  vo- 
lume of  which  appeared  in  1737,  and  the 
second  in  1739. 

Blackwood,  Adam,  a  native  of  Dum- 
fermline,  known  as  a  warm  advocate  of 
the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scots.  He  pub- 
lished in  1587,  in  French,  an  account  of 
her  martyrdom,  addressed  to  the  princes  of 
Europe.  He  displayed  great  virulence  in 
the  defence  of  his  benefactress,  against 
Elizabeth,  whose  illegitimacy  he  wished  to 
establish.  He  resided  at  Poictiers,  and 
died  1613.  He  was  eminent  as  a  poet, 
civilian,  and  divine.  His  works  were 
printed  by  Sebast.  Cramoise  at  Paris,  1644. 
Bladen,  Martin,  known  as  a  translator 
of  Caesar's  commentaries,  was  a  lieutenant 
colonel  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  member  in  five  parliaments.  He  was 
comptroller  of  the  mint  in  1714,  and  three 


years  after  named  for  envoy  to  Spain,  an 
appointment  which  he  did  not  accept.  He 
died  1746.  He  wrote,  besides  the  dramatic 
pieces  of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  a  masque, 
and  Solon,  a  tragi-comedy,  but  they  are  of 
inferior  merit. 

Blaeu,  or  Janssen,  William,  a  learned 
printer,  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  author 
of  a  beautiful  atlas  in  three  vols,  folio, — 
treatises  on  the  globes,  &c.  He  died  in  his 
native  town,  Amsterdam,  1638,  aged  67. 
His  sons,  John  and  Cornelius,  republished 
in  1663  his  atlas  in  14  vols,  folio,  which  is 
very  scarce  and  valuable,  as  several  copies 
were  destroyed  by  a  fire  which  consumed 
the  best  part  of  their  property. 

Blagrave,  John,  was  educated  at  Read- 
ing school  and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
and  early  devoted  himself  to  mathematical 
pursuits  at  his  seat  of  Southcote.  He  pub- 
lished four  works,  the  mathematical  jewel, 
&c. — a  treatise  on  the  making  of  the 
familiar  staff"  for  the  mensuration  of  alti- 
tudes,— the  astrolabium  uranicum  generale, 
— and  the  art  of  dialling, — in  which  he 
laboured  to  render  more  popular  and  more 
universally  understood  all  mathematical 
subjects.  He  was  in  private  life  of  a  most 
benevolent  disposition,  as  he  evinced 
among  other  things  in  his  donations  of  101. 
to  be  decided  by  lot  to  one  of  three  maids 
from  the  three  parishes  of  his  native  town  of 
Reading,  who  had  lived  for  five  years  in  the 
service  of  the  same  family.  He  died  9th 
August,  1611,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Law- 
rence's churcn,  Reading,  where  a  hand- 
some monument  was  erected  to  his  memory. 
Blagrave,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  probably  related  to  the  preced- 
ing, author  of  a  supplement  to  Culpepper's 
herbal,  and  of  an  introduction  to  astrology, 
&c.     He  died  1688. 

Blair,  John,  chaplain  to  Sir  William 
Wallace,  and  afterwards  to  Randolph  earl 
of  Murray.  He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin 
poem  on  the  death  of  his  first  patron,  and 
died  in  the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce. 

Blair,  James,  M.A.  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  after  being  unsuccessful  as 
minister  of  the  episcopal  church,  came  to 
England,  where  he  recommended  himself 
to  the  patronage  of  Compton,  bishop  of 
London,  who  sent  him  as  a  missionary  to 
Virginia  in  1685.  He  displayed  so  much 
zeal  and  ability  in  this  employment,  that 
he  was  appointed  to  the  high  office  of  com- 
missary, and  so  intent  was  he  to  improve 
the  manners  and  understanding  of  the 
colonists,  that  he  raised  a  subscription,  and 
procured  a  patent  for  the  erection  of  a 
college  in  Virginia,  of  which  he  was 
honourably  nominated  the  first  president. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  council  in 
Virginia,  and  after  presiding  for  near  50 
years  over  his  college  in  the  most  zealous 
and  exemplary  manner,  he  died  in  a  good 
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old  age,  1743.  His  works  were  sermons 
in  four  vols.  8vo.  London,  1742. 

Blair,  Patrick,  a  surgeon  at  Dundee, 
who  first  acquired  some  reputation  by  his 
dissection  of  an  elephant,  the  particulars 
of  which  appeared  in  the  philosophical 
transactions.  His  attachment  to  the  Stu- 
art family  exposed  him  to  persecution  ;  he 
was  in  1715,  imprisoned  for  his  conduct, 
but  upon  his  liberation  came  to  London, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
gained  some  popularity  by  his  lectures  on 
the  sexes  of  plants,  published  under  the 
name  of  botanic  essays.  He  afterwards 
settled  at  Boston  in  Lincolnshire  as  a  phy- 
sician, but  he  gained  greater  reputation 
than  opulence,  by  his  Pharmaco-botanolo- 
gia,  a  classical  dissertation  in  alphabetical 
order,  on  British  indigenous  and  garden 
plants,  of  the  new  dispensatory,  in  which 
he  proceeded  only  as  far  as  the  letter  H. 
Some  others  of  his  publications  appeared 
in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Blair,  Robert,  an  eminent  poet,  eldest 
son  of  David  B.  one  of  the  ministers  of 
Edinburgh.  He  was  educated  at  the 
school  and  college  of  his  native  city,  and 
when  admitted  to  orders  was  appointed 
minister  of  Athelstanford,  East  Lothian, 
where  he  spent  his  life  devoted  to  the 
sacred  offices  of  his  ministry,  the  labours 
of  literature,  and  the  occasional  pursuits 
of  botany.  In  which,  from  his  superior 
knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  Microscope, 
he  was  a  great  proficient.  By  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Law,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  he  had  five  sons 
and  a  daughter.  He  died  4th  Feb.,  1746, 
aged  47.  The  only  poem  of  note  which  he 
published  is  his  "  grave,"  which  has  en- 
sured him  fame  and  immortality. 

Blair,  John,  LL.D.  a  Scotchman,  who, 
after  being  educated  at  Edinburgh,  travelled 
to  London  with  Andrew  Henderson,  a  man 
of  considerable  abilities,  whom  he  succeed- 
ed in  the  laborious  office  of  usher  in  a 
school  in  Hedge-lane.  In  1754,  he  pub- 
lished "his  chronology  and  history  of  the 
world,  illustrated  with  tables,  &c."  a  cor- 
rect and  valuable  work,  which  he  rendered 
still  more  deserving  of  public  patronage  in 
his  editions  of  1756,  and  1768.  His  lite- 
rary services  happily  were  not  forgotten,  he 
was  elected  fellow  of  the  R.  and  A.  S.  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  the  princess  dowager  of 
AVales,  tutor  to  the  duke  of  York,  and 
with  several  other  valuable  preferments  was 
made  prebendary  of  Westminster.  In 
1763,  and  1764,  he  attended  his  royal  pupil 
in  his  tour,  and  visited  Lisbon,  Gibraltar, 
Minorca,  Italy,  and  several  parts  of  France. 
He  died  of  the  influenza,  June  24th,  1782, 
and  no  doubt  his  death  was  accelerated  by 
the  fate  of  his  brother  captain  Blair,  who 
fell  gloriously  in  the  naval  battle  of  the 
12th  April,  1782,  and  to  whose  meritorious 
240 


services  the  nation  have  erected  a  monu- 
ment. The  course  of  lectures  on  the 
canons  of  the  Old  Testament  by  Dr.  Blair, 
have  appeared  since  his  death. 

Blair,  Hugh,  D.D.,  a  celebrated  divine, 
son  of  a  merchant,  born  at  Edinburgh,  7th 
April,  1718.  He  was  educated  at  the 
high  school,  and  in  1730,  was  admitted  at 
the  university,  where  application  and  good 
conduct  marked  his  progress  in  the  paths  of 
literature.  In  1736,  he  took  his  master's 
degree,  and  two  years  after  was  licensed  to 
preach,  and  1742,  was  promoted  to  the 
parish  of  Colessie,  in  Fifeshire.  His  abili- 
ties were,  however,  too  great  to  be  buried 
in  the  obscurity  of  the  country,  he  was 
soon  after  invited  to  the  second  charge  of 
the  Cannongate  church  of  Edinburgh,  and 
in  1758,  he  was  promoted  to  the  High 
church,  and  honoured  with  the  degree  of 
D.D.  by  the  sister  university  of  St.  An- 
drew's. In  1759,  he  appeared  before  the 
public  as  lecturer  in  rhetoric  and  belles  let- 
tres,  and  with  such  effect,  that  the  king  in 
1762,  erected  for  his  encouragement,  with 
a  salary  of  701.  a  year,  a  professorship  on 
that  branch  of  literature  in  the  univer- 
sity. His  dissertation  in  support  of  the 
authenticity  of  Ossian's  poems,  appeared 
in  1763,  and  in  1777  he  published  the  first 
volume  of  his  sermons,  which  met  with 
such  applause  that  in  1779,  he  printed  a 
second  volume,  and  afterwards  three 
volumes  more  appeared.  These  discourses 
became  popular,  not  only  in  Scotland  and 
England,  but  were  translated  into  foreign 
languages,  and  claimed  the  admiration  of 
the  learned  on  the  continent.  Such  servi- 
ces in  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue  did 
did  not  pass  unrewarded,  and  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Queen,  to  whom  the  sermons 
were  dedicated,  the  worthy  professor  ob- 
tained a  pension  of  2001.  a  year,  which  was 
increased  100/.  more  in  1783,  when  his  in- 
firmities obliged  him  to  resign  his  public 
offices.  He  not  only  carried  into  his  re- 
tirement the  respect  and  good  wishes  of 
his  fellow-collegians,  but  he  was  permitted 
to  retain  his  salary  in  the  most  honourable 
terms.  His  lectures  in  three  vols,  appeared 
in  1783,  and  obtained  as  rapid  a  sale  and 
as  wide  a  circulation  as  his  sermons,  as 
they  were  entitled  to  equal  commendation. 
His  sermon  preached  for  the  sons  of  the 
clergy  in  Scotland,  was  published  in  1796. 
Dr.  Blair  died  at  Edinburgh  27th  Decem- 
ber, 1800,  and  as  a  character  amiable  in 
private  life,  and  universally  respected  as  a 
scholar  and  as  an  elegant  writer,  carried  with 
him  to  the  grave  the  regret  of  every  Briton 
who  veneratespiety,  virtue,  andbenevolence. 
Since  his  death  his  life  by  Dr.  Finlayson 
has  been  prefixed  to  the  fifth  volume  of  his 
sermons,  which  he  had  prepared  but  not 
sent  to  the  press. 

Blair,  Robert,  a  Scotch  divine  and  poet, 


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was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  David  Blair, 
one  of  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh,  where 
Robert  was  born  in  1699.  He  received 
his  education  at  the  school  and  university 
of  his  native  city,  after  which  he  became 
minister  of  Athelstaneford,  in  East  Lothian, 
where  he  died  in  1747.  The  late  Right 
Hon.  Robert  Blair,  president  of  the  Court 
of  Session,  who  died  in  i811,  was  one  of 
his  sons ;  and  Dr.  Hugh  Blair  was  his 
cousin.  He  is  known  by  his  very  popular, 
but  unequal  poem  of  "  The  Grave,"  which 
was  first  printed  in  1743,  at  London,  by 
M.  Cooper.—  W.  B. 

Blair,  John,  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  was  at  the  head  of  the  adminis- 
tration in  that  colony  from  the  departure 
of  Dinwiddie,  in  1757,  till  the  arrival  of 
Fauquier  the  next  year,  and  from  the  death 
of  that  governor  in  176S,  till  the  arrival  of 
Berkley.  He  also  held  the  office  of  judge 
for  some  time.  He  died  at  Williamsburg 
Nov.  5th,  1771,  aged  83.  0=  L. 

Blair,  Samuel,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  came  to 
America  in  early  life.  He  was  educated  at 
the  academy  of  Mr.  Tennant  at  Nesha- 
miny,  and  in  1745,  established  an  academy 
at  Fog's  Manor,  Chester  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  took  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
church  in  that  place.  He  occupied  the 
first  rank  among  his  cotemporaries  in 
talents,  learning,  piety,  and  usefulness, 
both  as  a  preacher  and  an  academical  in- 
structer.  President  Davies,  Dr.  Rogers, 
of  New- York,  Alexander  Cummings,  James 
Finley,  and  Hugh  Henry,  were  among  the 
distinguished  ministers  who  received  their 
classical  and  theological  education  at  his 
seminary.  He  died  about  the  year  1751. 
0=  L. 

Blair,  John,  one  of  the  associate  judges 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  bred  a  law- 
yer. He  early  rose  to  the  first  rank  in  his 
profession,  and  to  influence  in  the  councils 
of  the  State.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  legislature  as  early  as  1766,  and 
was  one  of  the  committee  in  1776,  which 
drew  up  the  plan  of  government  for  the 
State.  In  1787,  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia,  and  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  He 
became  a  judge  of  the  United  States  court 
in  1789.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
several  important  stations  to  which  he  was 
advanced  with  ability,  and  was  pre-eminent 
in  private  life  for  amiability,  blamelessness, 
and  piety.  He  died  at  Williamsburg, 
August  31st,  1800,  in  his  69th  year. 

Blake,  Robert,  was  born  at  Bridgewa- 
ter,  and  after  being  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar-school of  his  native  town,  he  entered 
at  St.  Alban-hall,  and  removed  to  Wad- 

Vol.  I.  -\\ 


ham  college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  degree 
of  B.A.  in  1617,  but  the  violence  with 
which  Laud  espoused  conformity  of  wor- 
ship in  his  diocess  of  Bath  and  Wells,  re- 
volted the  heart  of  Blake,  and  instead  of 
cultivating  the  muses,  he  became  a  follower 
of  the  puritans,  and  was  elected  member 
for  Bridgewater.  During  the  civil  wars  he 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  signalized  himself  so  much  by 
his  valour,  under  colonel  Fiennes,  in  the 
defence  of  Bristol  against  prince  Rupert, 
and  particularly  of  Taunton,  of  which  he 
was  afterwards  made  governor,  that  his 
services  were  acknowledged  by  the  house 
of  commons,  and  rewarded  with  a  present 
of  500/.  In  1649,  he  appeared  in  a  new 
character,  as  admiral  of  the  fleet.  In  con- 
junction with  Deane  and  Popham,  he  pur- 
sued prince  Rupert  to  Ireland,  where  he 
blocked  him  up  in  the  harbour  of  Kinsale, 
and  thence  proceeded  to  the  coasts  of  Por- 
tugal and  Spain,  where  he  seized  several 
valuable  ships,  to  retaliate  for  the  insults 
which  the  governors  of  the  coasts  wished 
to  otFer  to  the  British  flag.  On  his  return 
to  England,  he  was  received  with  all  the 
honours  due  to  his  merits,  he  was  made 
warden  of  the  cinque  ports,  and  invested 
with  the  chief  command  in  the  Dutch  war. 
The  naval  history  of  Europe  does  not  af- 
ford instances  of  battles  more  heroically 
fought.  The  abilities  of  Blake  were  op- 
posed by  the  equally  celebrated  powers  of 
Van  Tromp,  a  chief  who  has  deserved  and 
received,  in  the  applauses  of  posterity,  the 
same  honours  which  have  been  paid  to  the 
British  victor.  The  coasts  of  England 
and  Holland  were  witnesses  of  the  re- 
peated engagements  of  these  warlike  lead- 
ers, in  both  of  whom  intrepidity  supplied 
the  want  of  numbers,  and  unshaken  pre- 
sence of  mind  maintained  the  contest 
where  valour  seemed  unable  to  decide  the 
victory.  In  these  numerous  and  bloody 
battles,  the  Dutch  lost  nearly  40  ships  of 
war,  besides  a  great  many  smaller  vessels, 
and  after  thus  supporting  the  naval  fame 
of  his  country  in  the  German  ocean,  Blake 
sailed  by  order  of  Cromwell  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, where  he  chastised  the  insolence 
of  the  Bey  of  Tunis,  redeemed  the  Chris- 
tian captives  from  slavery  and  chains  at 
Algiers  and  Tripoli,  alarmed  the  pope  in 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  by  the  terror 
of  his  name  compelled  the  sovereigns  of 
Venice,  Tuscany,  and  other  Italian  states 
to  pay  homage  to  the  power  of  the  British 
usurper.  After  thus  spreading  tenor 
around  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
he  returned  into  the  Atlantic,  and  attacked 
Santa  Cruz,  in  the  island  of  Tenerifle,  and 
destroyed  the  whole  of  the  Spanish  plate 
fleet  that  had  taken  refuge  there.  This 
action,  which  is  considered  as  the  most 
brilliant  ever  performed  at  sea,  was  so  wel- 
<241 


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come  to  Cromwell  and  his  parliament,  that 
a  day  of  thanksgiving  was  appointed  on 
the  occasion,  and  a  diamond  ring  worth 
500/.  was  sent  as  a  present  to  the  illustri- 
ous commander.  England,  however,  did 
not  long  boast  of  the  possession  of  her 
hero,  his  health  rapidly  declined,  and  on 
his  return  from  the  Mediterranean,  he  ex- 
pired just  as  his  fleet  entered  Plymouth, 
17th  August,  1657,  in  his  5Sth  year.  His 
body  was  interred  in  Henry  VII.'s  chapel, 
Westminster,  but  it  was  removed  in  1661, 
to  St.  Margaret's  churchyard.  If  Blake 
fought  with  such  zeal  for  the  usurpation,  it 
is  not  to  be  concluded  that  he  was  the 
friend  of  tyranny  or  cruel  oppression. 
When  Charles  1.  was  tried,  he  exclaimed 
with  all  the  bluntness  of  a  seaman,  against 
the  proceedings  of  the  parliament,  and  of- 
fered freely  to  yield  up  his  life  to  save  that 
of  the  unfortunate  monarch  ;  and  ever  ani- 
mated with  the  love  of  his  country,  he  told 
his  officers  when  the  Dutch  expected  a 
change  of  measures  from  the  dismission  of 
the  parliament  by  Cromwell,  "  It  is  not  for 
us  to  mind  state  affairs,  but  to  keep  fo- 
reigners from  fooling  us." — Though  suc- 
cessful in  his  enterprises  and  loaded  with 
public  favours,  Blake  died  in  such  circum- 
stances, that  his  property  was  scarcely  in- 
creased 500Z.  more  than  he  had  inherited 
from  his  father.  Like  the  founders  of 
Roman  freedom,  he  fought  for  his  country, 
and  not  for  private  emolument. 

Blake,  John  Bradley,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 5th  November,  1745,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school.  After  acquiring  a  deep 
knowledge  of  chymistry  and  mathematics, 
in  the  pursuits  of  his  favourite  study  of 
botany,  he  went  to  China  as  supercargo  of 
the  India  company,  and  with  laudable  assi- 
duity collected  and  sent  to  Europe,  the 
seeds  of  all  the  vegetables  of  that  remote 
eountry  used  by  the  natives  for  purposes 
either  of  medicine,  food,  or  manufactures. 
He  began,  likewise,  a  valuable  collection 
of  ores  and  fossils,  but  his  great  application 
■weakened  his  constitution,  he  was  afflicted 
with  the  stone,  and  the  complaint  when  at- 
tended by  a  fever  proved  fatal.  He  died 
at  Canton,  16th  November,  1773,  in  his 
29th  year,  and  the  learned  world  sincerely 
lamented  the  loss  that  science  suffered,  and 
sir  J.  Pringle,  president  of  the  Royal  Socie- 
ty, paid  his  tribute  of  respect  and  applause 
to  his  short  but  useful  life. 

Blake,  Joseph,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, succeeded  Smith  in  that  office  in  1694, 
and  Archdale  in  1696,  and  was  superseded 
by  Moore  in  1700.  During  his  administra- 
tion the  French  protestant  refugees  were 
admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship,  and 
religious  toleration  granted  to  all  sects  ex- 
cept catholics,  by  which  the  peace  and 
prosperity  of  the  colonv  were  greatly  pro- 
moted.  "  (nr  l. 

242 


Blamont,  Francis  Colin  de,  a  musician 
at  the  French  court,  whose  compositions, 
especially  Dido,  and  Greek  and  Roman  fes- 
tivals, were  much  admired.  He  died  in  his 
native  town  of  Versailles  1760,  aged  70. 

Blampin,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  labo- 
rious ecclesiastic  of  Noyon,  in  Picardy, 
editor  of  St.  Augustin's  works.  He  died 
1710,  aged  70. 

Blanc,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan, 
known  for  the  brave  defence  w  hich  he  made 
against  the  French  army  that  besieged  his 
native  town  in  1474.  He  refused  to  deliver 
the  fortress  intrusted  to  his  care,  though 
famine  raged  around  him,  and  though  the 
enemy,  irritated  by  his  obstinate  resistance, 
sacrificed  his  son,  who  had  in  a  sally  fallen 
into  their  hands. 

Blanc,  Francois  le,  a  native  of  Dauphine, 
author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the  coins  of 
Fiance,  &c.     He  died  suddenly  in  1698. 

Blanc,  Claude  le,  a  minister  of  France, 
confined  for  two  years  in  the  Bastile,  on 
suspicion  of  malpractices.  He  was  restored 
to  public  favour  and  died  1728.  His  bro- 
thers were  bishops  of  Avranches  and  of 
Sarlat. 

Blanc,  Thomas  le,  a  Jesuit  of  Vitri. 
who  died  at  Rheims  1669.  He  was  author 
of  some  popular  works  addressed  to  the 
common  people,  as  "  le  bon  valet,"  &c. — 
His  largest  and  best  known  work  is  his  ana- 
lysis of  David's  psalms,  in  six  vols,  folio. 

Blanc,  John  Bernard  le,  a  native  of 
Dijon,  historiographer  to  the  della  crusca 
academy.  His  genius  and  learning  procured 
him  friends  and  patrons  at  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, but  he  preferred  peaceful  obscurity  to 
the  distinctions  which  Maupertuis  in  1746, 
offered  at  Berlin  in  the  name  of  the  Prussian 
monarch.  He  wrote  an  interesting  tragedy 
called  Abensaide,  besides  letters  on  the 
English  1758,  in  three  vols.  12mo.  which 
though  incorrect  and  formal  in  some  de- 
gree, are  however  not  without  sensible  re- 
flections and  pleasing  anecdotes.  They  are 
certainly  inferior  to  Grosley's  London. 
The  abbe  died  in  1731,  aged  74. 

Blanc,  Antony  de  Guillet  de,  professor 
of  rhetoric  in  the  congregation  of  the  ora- 
tory at  Avignon,  was  born  at  Marseilles, 
2d  March,  1730,  and  died  at  Paris  1799. 
He  came  to  Paris,  where  he  was  afterwards 
appointed  professor  of  ancient  languages 
in  the  central  schools,  and  member  of  the 
institute.  He  wrote  Manco  Capac,  a  tra- 
gedy, which  did  not  possess  much  merit, 
and  met  with  little  success.  The  Druids, 
another  tragedy  1772,  was  proscribed  by 
the  clergy  for  some  offensive  passages.  He 
published,  besides  other  plays,  Virginie,  a 
tragedy — Albert  I. — l'heureux  evenement 
— some  romances — and  a  translation  of 
Lucretius  into  French  verse. 

Blanc,  N.  an  eminent  artist,  whosr 
abilities  were  emploved  by  the  French  mi- 


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nfslry  in  improving  and  perfecting  the  fa- 
brication of  fire-arms.     He  died  1802. 

Blanca,  N.  le,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons,  in  1731. 
She  was  then  about  10  years  of  age,  and 
pursued  hares  and  other  animals  with 
astonishing  rapidity.  She  was  placed  in 
the  convent  of  Chaillot,  where  she  became 
a  nun,  and  died  1760. 

Blanca,  Francis  le,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  a  general  account  of  the  moneys  of 
France,  published  with  figures  in  4to.  1690, 
by  order  of  Lewis  XIV".  and  of  a  treatise  on 
the  coins  of  Charlemagne  and  his  succes- 
sors, struck  at  Rome.    He  died  1698. 

Blanchard,  James,  a  painter  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Paris  1600.  He  improved 
himself  at  Lyons,  Rome,  and  Venice,  and 
on  his  return  to  France,  he  showed  by  his 
excellent  pieces  how  judiciously  he  had  ex- 
amined and  studied  the  works  of  Titian, 
Tintoret,  and  Paul  Veronese.  The  most 
remarkable  of  his  pieces  is  a  kneeling  St. 
Andrew  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  with 
the  Holy  Ghost  descending.  His  grand 
pieces  are  few,  as  he  devoted  much  of  his 
time  t*  madonas.  He  was  fortunate  in  his 
colouring.  He  died  of  an  imposthume  in 
the  lungs,  in  his  38th  year. 

Blanchard,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  in  1650.  He  published  the 
"  Eloges  des  presidens,  &c."  and  "  les  mai- 
tres  de  requetes." 

Blanchard,  Guillaume,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer, 
and  as  the  author  of  a  laborious  and  valua- 
ble collection,  in  2  vols.  fol.  1717,  of  the 
edicts  and  declarations  of  the  kings  of 
France  from  897  to  1715.  He  died  1724, 
whilst  preparing  a  supplement  to  his  great 
work. 

Blanchard,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  for  his  learning.  Some  of  his  dis- 
sertations are  inserted  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  academie  des  inscriptions.  He  died 
1755,  aged  83. 

Blanchard,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Tourteron,  in  the  Ordennes,  of  the  order 
of  the  Jesuits,  in  whose  college  at  Metz 
and  at  Verdun,  he  was  professor  of  rheto- 
ric. On  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits  he 
went  to  Namur,  and  died  1797,  aged  66. 
He  wrote  the  temple  of  the  Muses,  a  col- 
lection of  fables  and  remarks — the  school 
of  martyrs,  a  collection  of  moral  reflections 
and  historical  facts. 

Blanche,  daughter  of  Alphonso  IX.  of 
Castile,  married  Lewis  VIII.  of  France  in 
1200,  by  whom  she  had  nine  sons  and  two 
daughters,  she  was  on  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band in  1226,  made  regent  of  the  kingdom, 
during  the  minority  and  the  crusades  of  her 
son,  saint  Lewis,  and  she  behaved  with 
moderation  and  spirit  in  the  administration 
of  the  government.  Happy  in  the  conduct 
of  her  children,  whom  by  her  example  and 


ber  precepts  she  had  nurtured  in  virtue  and 
religion,  and  secure  in  the  esteem  and  af- 
fection of  her  subjects,  whom  her  justice 
and  humanity  attached  to  her  person,  she 
crushed  every  attempt  to  disturb  her  power 
or  weaken  her  authority.  The  defeat  and 
imprisonment  of  her  son,  it  is  said,  preyed 
deeply  on  her  mind,  and  tended  to  shorten 
her  existence.  She  died  1st  Dec.  1252, 
and  was  buried  at  Maubuisson. 

Blanche,  a  native  of  Padua,  celebrated 
for  her  chastity.  After  the  death  of  her 
husband  at  the  siege  of  Bassano,  she  refu- 
sed to  gratify  the  passion  of  Acciolin,  the 
genera!  of  the  enemy  ;  but  when  the  tyrant 
offered  violence  to  her  person,  she  threw 
herself  into  the  tomb  of  her  husband,  where 
she  was  crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of 
the  stone  which  covered  the  entrance,  1233. 

Blanche  de  Bourbon  married  Peter- 
king  of  Castile  in  1352.  She  was  cruelly 
treated  by  her  husband,  who  had  fixed  his 
affections  on  another,  and  she  was  at  last 
imprisoned  and  poisoned  1361,  aged  23. 
Her  misfortunes  were  avenged  by  du  Gues- 
clin,  at  the  head  of  a  French  army. 

Blanchelande,  Philibert  Francis  Roux- 
elle  de,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished  in 
the  American  war,  and  at  the  taking  of  To- 
bago. He  was  afterwards  engaged  at  St. 
Domingo,  but  on  his  return  to  Rochefort 
he  was  arrested,  and  suffered  death  15th 
April,  1793,  aged  5S,  a  victim  to  the  cow- 
ardice and  suspicious  tyranny  of  the  then 
existing  government. 

Blanchet,  Thomas,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Paris,  who  died  at  Lyons  1689,  aged  71. 
He  excelled  in  history  and  portraits,  and 
several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  at  Lyons 
and  Paris. 

Blanchet,  Abbe,  censor  royal  and  li- 
brarian of  the  king's  cabinet,  retired  from 
public  life  to  solitude  at  St.  Germin-en-laye, 
where  he  died  1784,  aged  80.  He  was  of  a 
melancholy  turn  of  mind,  but  he  possessed 
great  abilities,  as  appears  by  his  "  varietes- 
morales,"  &c.  His  apologies,  &c.  were 
published  after  his  death. 

Blancof,  John  Teuniz,  a  painter,  born 
at  Alcmaer.  His  sea  pieces  and  land- 
scapes were  in  high  repute.  He  died  1670, 
aged  42. 

Bland,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert 
Fisher,  of  Long  Acre,  married  in  1681  Na- 
than Bland,  a  linen  draper  of  London,  by 
whom  she  had  six  children,  two  of  whom 
only  grew  up  to  years  of  maturity.  She  was 
taught  Hebrew  by  Van  Helmont,  and  wrote 
it  with  great  facility.  A  philactery  in  He- 
brew by  her,  is  still  preserved  among  the 
curiosities  of  the  Royal  Society.  She  was 
living  in  1712. 

Bland,  Richard,  a  Virginian,  and  one  of 

the  most  enlightened  men  of  that  colony, 

was  cotemporary  with  Pendleton^  Wythe, 

and  Henry,  and  for  a  long  time  one  of  the 

843 


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BLE 


most  distinguished  members  of  the  house 
of  burgesses.  He  was  a  man  of  finished 
education,  and  unbending  habits  of  appli- 
cation, most  intimately  acquainted  with 
the  history  of  the  colony,  a  politician  of  the 
first  class,  a  profound  logician,  and  an  able 
writer.  He  rendered  himself  particularly 
conspicuous  in  1776,  by  the  publication  of 
a  political  tract,  entitled  "  an  inquiry  into 
the  rights  of  the  British  colonies,"  which 
was  the  first  and  the  ablest  written  on  that 
subject.  O""  L. 

Bland,  Theodoric,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
was  bred  a  physician,  but  on  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  between  the  colonies 
and  Great  Britain,  he  entered  the  army, 
and  rose  to  the  colonelcy  of  a  regiment  of 
dragoons,  and  signalized  himself  by  many 
brilliant  actions.  In  1779  he  was  advanced 
to  the  command  of  the  convention  troops 
at  Albemarle  barracks,  and  held  that  ap- 
pointment till  1780,  when  he  was  elected 
to  a  seat  in  congress.  He  was  again  cho- 
sen a  member  of  that  body  on  the  adoption 
of  the  federal  constitution,  and  died  while 
attending  the  session  at  New-York,  in  June, 
1790.  [D=  L. 

Blandrata,  George,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, who  renewed  all  the  tenets  of  Arius 
with  respect  to  the  Trinity.  He  fled  from 
the  persecution  of  the  inquisitors  of  Pavia 
to  Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Poland, 
where  the  king,  Stephen  Battori,  made 
him  a  privy  counsellor.  He  attempted  to 
make  the  king  a  follower  to  his  opinions, 
but  failed.  He  was  strangled  by  his  ne- 
phew, a  worthless  character,  to-  whom  he 
had  left  his  property,  1593. 

Blasco  Nunnes,  a  Spaniard,  who  seiz- 
ed and  fortified  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and 
thus  facilitated  the  progress  of  Pizarro  to 
the  conquest  of  Peru.  He  was  beheaded 
on  pretence  of  ambitious  views. 

Blavet,  N.  a  musician  of  Besancon, 
who  was  engaged  in  the  opera  at  Paris,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  taste,  and  the 
superior  merits  of  his  pieces  of  vocal  and 
instrumental  music.  He  died  1768,  aged  68. 
Blaurer,  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Con- 
stance, one  of  the  followers  of  Luther, 
whose  doctrines  he  spread  in  France  and 
Germany.  He  died  1567,  aged  75.  His 
works  on  theology  are  little  read. 

Blayney,  Benjamin,  an  English  divine, 
was  educated  at  Worcester-college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  master's  degree  in 
1753,  and  afterwards  became  fellow  of 
Hertford  college.  In  1787  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  doctor  in  divinity,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew.  He  was  also  canon  of 
Christ  Church,  and  rector  of  Polshot,  in 
Wiltshire,  where  he  died  in  180l.  Dr. 
Blayney  was  an  excellent  biblical  critic, 
and  published — 1.  A  Dissertation  on  Da- 
niel's Seventy  Weeks,  4to.  2.  Jeremiah 
awl  Lamentations,  a  new  translation,  8vo. 
*M4 


3.  The  Sign  given  to  Ahaz,  a  Sermon,  4to. 

4.  Christ  the  Glory  of  the  Temple,  a  Ser- 
mon, 4to.  5.  Zechariah,  a  new  transla- 
tion, 4to.  He  edited  the  Oxford  Bible  in 
1769,  which,  for  the  marginal  references, 
is  the  most  correct  in  our  language.  His 
manuscripts  were  deposited  in  the  library 
at  Lambeth,  by  his  friend  the  bishop  of 
Durham,  to  whose  disposal  he  had  left 
them.—  W.  B. 

Bleddyn,  a  king  of  North  Wales  jointly 
with  his  brother  Rhiwallon.  He  became 
sole  monarch  1068,  and  fell  in  battle  four 
years  after,  after  governing  with  justice 
and  moderation,  and  publishing  a  useful 
code  of  laws. 

Bleddyn,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th 
century,  some  of  whose  pieces  are  preserv- 
ed in  the  Welch  archaeology. 

Bledri,  a  bishop  of  Landaff,  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning.  He  was  also 
a  great  patron  of  learned  men,  and  died 
much  respected  1023. 

Bleecker,  Ann  Eliza,  the  daughter  of 
Brandt  Schuyler,  of  New- York,  and  wife 
of  John  J.  Bleecker,  Esq.  was  born  in  1752, 
and  married  in  1769.  Her  endowments 
and  love  of  knowledge  were  extraordinary, 
and  she  became  distinguished  by  her  lite- 
rary attainments.  She  died  in  1783,  at 
her  residence  near  Albany.  A  selection 
from  her  writings  was  afterwards  published 
by  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Faugeres.    Q7J    L. 

Bleer,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter, 
who  painted  the  comedians  Johnson  and 
Griffin,  in  the  characters  of  Ananias  and 
Tribulation  in  the  Alchymist,  in  a  very  su- 
perior manner.  He  died  July  20th,  1764. 
Blecwryd,  brother  to  Morgan  the  Gla- 
morgan chief,  was  chancellor  of  Landaff, 
and  a  man  of  great  learning.  He  went  to 
Rome  about  the  revision  of  the  Welch  laws 
in  926,  with  Howcl,  surnamed  the  Good. 

Blegny,  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent 
French  surgeon,  who  gave  lectures  in  his 
house  on  the  various  branches  of  his  pro- 
fession, which  were  attended  by  men  of 
science  and  learning.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  surgery  and  physic,  and  also  had 
the  management  of  a  journal  called  New 
discoveries  in  all  departments  of  medicine. 
He  died  in  the  latter  end  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

Bless,  Henry,  a  painter,  born  at  Bovine 
near  Dinant.  His  landscapes  are  much 
esteemed,  and  as  he  generally  placed  an 
owl  in  them  as  a  mark,  they  are  called  owl 
pieces.     He  died  1550,  aged  70. 

Bleterie,  John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  a 
native  of  Rennes,  who  became  professor  of 
eloquence  in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  author  of  a  life  of 
Julian,  two  vols.  12mo.  and  of  a  life  of 
Jovian,  two  vols.  12mo.  two  performances 
replete  with  erudition,  criticism,  and  judg- 
ment, though  the  former  possesses  superior 


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merit.  He  wrote  besides  several  disserta- 
tions in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
belles  lettres,  and  translated  some  of  the 
works  of  Tacitus  with  a  life  of  the  author, 
to  whose  compositions  he  said  he  was 
much  indebted.  He  possessed  learning, 
and  in  private  life  and  as  an  ecclesiastic  he 
was  an  exemplary  character.  He  died 
1772,  in  an  advanced  age. 

Block,  Marie  Eliezer,  an  able  naturalist 
of  mean  parentage  at  Anspach.  Under  a 
surgeon,  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed,  he 
applied  himself  deeply  to  the  study  of  me- 
dicine and  anatomy,  and  afterwards  turned 
his  attention  to  natural  history.  Besides 
his  memoirs  on  fishes  published  in  the  Ber- 
lin memoirs,  and  a  treatise  on  intestinal 
vermes,  he  published  a  valuable  work  call- 
ed a  general  and  particular  history  of 
fishes,  with  coloured  plates,  6  vols.  fol. 
1785  and  1799.     He  died  6th  Aug.  1799. 

Block,  Daniel,  a  portrait  painter  of 
Tomerania,  who  died  1661,  aged  81. 
There  were  two  others  of  the  same  family, 
Jacob  and  Benjamin,  one  of  whom  excelled 
in  architecture  and  the  perspective,  and 
the  other  in  historical  pieces  and  portraits. 
Blockland,  Anthony  de  Montfort,  an 
elegant  painter,  who  died  1583,  aged  52. 
His  brothers,  Peter  and  Herbert,  who  were 
his  pupils,  were  eminent,  the  former  for 
his  representation  of  battles,  markets,  &c. 
and  the  other  of  portraits,  ale-house  meet- 
ings and  conversations. 

Bloemart,  a  painter  of  Gorcum  in  Hol- 
land. He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius 
fully  supplied  the  deficiencies  of  education. 
His  claro  obscuro  is  peculiarly  striking,  and 
the  folds  of  his  draperies  are  much  admired. 
He  died  in  1647,  aged  80.  His  sons  Henry 
and  Adrian  were  also  painters,  but  not  his 
equals  in  merit. 

Bloemen,  John  Francis,  a  Flemish  pain- 
ter, who  died  at  Rome  1740,  aged  84.  His 
landscapes  were  very  deservedly  admired. 
Blond,  Jean  le,  a  poet  of  inferior  merit 
in  the  16th  century.  He  published  his 
poetry  under  the  title  of  le  printems  de 
Phumble  esperant. 

Blond,  James  Christopher,  a  painter, 
born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  a  new  method  of  engraving 
in  colours,  on  which  he  published  a  trea- 
tise. His  portraits  and  miniatures  were 
held  in  high  estimation.  He  died  1741, 
aged  71. 

Blondeau,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  began  with  Gueret 
in  1672,  le  journal  du  Palais,  which  extends 
to  1700,  in  12  vols.  4to. 

Blondel,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
born  at  Chalons  1591.  His  writings  in 
favour  of  the  tenets  which  he  had  embra- 
ced were  universally  admired,  and  for 
more  than  twenty  times  he  was  appointed 
,-rwtary   to   the    synods   of    the  isle    of 


France.  He  was  invited  to  the  historical 
chair  at  Amsterdam  on  the  death-  of  Vos- 
sius,  and  his  great  learning  supported  the 
character  of  his  predecessor.  His  appli- 
cation injured  his  health  so  much,  that  he 
lost  his  sight,  but  even  under  that  calamity 
he  dictated  two  folio  volumes  on  the  genea- 
logy of  the  kings  of  France  against 
Cbofflet.  He  was  suspected  for  a  while  of 
Arminianism,  and  died  April  6th,  1655, 
aged  64.  His  other  works  are  explica- 
tions on  the  eucharist — on  the  primacy  of 
the  church — on  bishops  and  presbyters — on 
the  sibyls — a  defence  of  the  reformed 
churches  against  Richelieu — a  refutation 
of  the  history  of  pope  Joan. 

Blondel,  Francis,  eminent  for  his 
knowledge  in  geometry,  as  well  as  of  belles 
lettres,  was  professor  of  mathematics  and 
architecture,  and  preceptor  to  the  dauphin 
of  France.  He  travelled  with  the  count 
of  Brienne  as  his  tutor,  between  1652  and 
and  1655,  of  which  he  published  a  Latin 
account.  His  writings  were  on  architec- 
ture— and  also  on  the  art  of  throwing 
bombs — on  a  new  manner  of  fortifying 
places,  &c. — besides  a  comparison  be- 
tween Horace  and  Pindar.  He  died  Feb. 
1st,  1686. 

Blondel,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  equally  eminent  in  archi- 
tectural knowledge.  He  was  born  at 
Rouen,  and  died  Jan.  9th,  1774,  aged  69. 
Besides  his  course  of  architecture,  six  vols. 
8vo. — his  discourse  on  architecture,  12mo. 
— his  treatise  on  the  decoration  of  edifices, 
two  vols.  4to. — he  furnished  all  the  arti- 
cles on  that  subject  in  the  French  encyclo- 
paedia. 

Blondel,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  wrote  on  the  truth  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  &c.     He  died  1730. 

Blondel,  Lawrence,  a  Parisian  related 
to  the  preceding,  was  author  of  some 
books  of  devotion,  &c.     He  died  1740. 

Blondel,  N.  a  physician  of  Pithiviers, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  mineral  waters 
of  Segrai,  and  of  another  on  the  epidemi- 
cal disorders  in  cattle.     He  died  1759. 

Blondin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
the  friend  of  Tournefort,  and  equally  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist.  He  was  admitted  into 
the  French  academy  1712,  and  wrote  some, 
curious  memoirs,  &c.  never  printed,  and 
died  1714,  aged  31. 

Blondus,  Flavius,  a  native  of  Forli  in 
Italy,  secretary  to  pope  Eugenius  IV.  and 
his  two  successors.  His  works  are  on  an- 
tiquities, the  best  known  of  which  are, 
Roma  instaurata — Italia  illustratto — de  ori- 
gine  et  gestis  Venetorum, —  Histor.  Roman, 
decades  ties,  from  the  year  400  to  the 
year  1440.  He  died  4th  June,  1463, 
aged  75. 

Blood,  Thomas,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  colonel  Blood,  was  one  of  Crom- 
545 


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well's  officers.  After  failing  in  his  attempts 
to  seize  the  castle  of  Dublin,  by  the  activity 
of  the  duke  of  Ormond,  he  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  seized  the  person  of  that 
nobleman,  with  the  diabolical  intention  of 
hanging  him  at  Tyburn,  which  a  rescue 
by  his  servants  happily  prevented.  His  next 
exploit  was  to  gain  access,  in  the  disguise 
of  a  clergyman,  to  the  tower,to  carry  off  the 
crown  and  regalia,  which  he  might  have 
effected  if  he  had  not  hesitated,  and  in  a 
moment  of  compassion  spared  the  life  of 
the  keeper,  whom  he  had  devoted  to  death. 
Charles  II.  not  only  pardoned  this  bold 
offender,  but  admitted  him  into  his  pre- 
sence, and  heard  him  assert  that  he  had 
once  formed  a  plan  to  shoot  him.  He  af- 
terwards granted  him  an  estate  of  500/. 
per  ami.  and  showed  him  so  much  favour, 
that  the  wits  of  the  times,  alluding  to 
Coventry's  fate,  said  that  the  monarch  kept 
the  ruffian  about  his  person  to  intimidate 
his  enemies. 

Bloot,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1667.  His  low  life  scenes  were  much 
admired. 

Blosius,  or  De  Blois,  Lewis,  a  Bene- 
dictine, abbot  of  Liessies  in  Hainault.  He 
refused  the  archbishopric  of  Cambray. 
He  was  author  of  speculum  religiosorum, 
which  has  been  translated  into  French,  and 
he  died  1566. 

Blount,  Thomas,  a  barrister  at  law, 
horn  at  Bordesley,  Worcestershire.  He 
was  a  Roman  catholic,  and  possessed  a 
strong  natural  genius,  which  he  improved 
by  great  application.  He  died  26th  Dec. 
1679,  author  of  several  respectable  publi- 
cations, viz.  Glossographia,  interpreting 
Greek,  Hebrew,  &c.  words  used  in  the 
English  language — jocular  customs  of  some 
manners — a  law  dictionary,  folio — Bosco- 
bel,  or  the  king's  escape  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester,  &c.  &c. 

Blount,  Sir  Henry,  born  at  Tittenhan- 
ger,  Herts,  Dec.  15th,  1602,  was  educated 
at  St.  Albans,  and  Trinity  college,  Oxford. 
In  1634,  he  travelled  over  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy,  and  afterwards  passed  to  Con- 
stantinople and  Cairo,  and  on  his  return 
home,  two  years  after,  he  published  an  en- 
tertaining and  popular  account  of  his  obser- 
vations in  the  Levant.  He  was  knighted 
in  1639,  and  as  he  was  attached  to  the 
royal  cause,  and  even  tutor  to  the  princess, 
he  was  present  at  several  of  the  battles 
during  the  civil  wars.  In  1651  he  was 
employed  by  the  parliament  to  remedy  the 
abuses  of  the  law,  and  his  abilities  conti- 
nued to  be  directed  to  the  improvement  of 
the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  state. "  His 
integrity  was  admired  by  all  parties,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  gained  the  confidence 
of  his  sovereign,  was  sheriff  of  Herts  in 
1661,  and  passed  the  last  twenty  years  of 
246 


his  life  in  literary  ease  and  retirement.    He 
died  9th  of  Oct.  1682. 

Blount,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  12th  September,  1649. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  by  Charles  II. 
and  was  made  member  of  parliament  for 
St.  Albans,  and  afterwards  for  Herts  in 
three  parliaments.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive erudition,  and  a  warm  supporter  of 
liberty.  He  wrote  the  popular  book  "  cen- 
sura  celebriorum  authorum,  &c."  besides 
essays,  remarks  on  poetry,  natural  history, 
12mo.  1693,  &c.   He  died  30th  June,  1697. 

Blount,  Charles,  younger  son  of  Sir 
Henry,  was  born  27th  April,  1654.  He 
was  a  zealous  advocate  for  liberty,  and 
possessed  all  the  learning  of  his  family.  As 
a  friend  to  the  revolution,  and  to  king 
William,  he  published  a  pamphlet,  which 
drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  parliament, 
for  asserting  that  the  monarch  was  a  con- 
queror. After  his  wife's  death  he  fell  in 
love  with  her  sister,  and  the  lady,  possessed 
of  beauty,  wit,  and  virtue,  strongly  favour- 
ed his  passion,  but  as  an  application  to  the 
archbishop  was  disregarded,  and  such  a 
union  universally  reprehended,  she  refused 
at  last  his  solicitations,  and  the  lover  in 
despair  shot  himself,  and  died  a  few  days 
after  of  the  wounds,  in  August  1693.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  his  Diana  of 
the  Ephesians — his  introduction  to  polite 
literature — and  his  life  of  Apollonius  Ty- 
anaeus — his  anima  mundi,  &c. — in  which, 
however,  he  cavils  at  the  doctrines  of 
revelation,  and  shows  himself  a  deist. 
His  works  have  been  edited  together  by 
Gildon. 

Blount,  William,  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory south  of  the  Ohio,  was  appointed  to 
that  office  in  1790.  In  1796,  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  convention  of  Tennessee. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  by  that  State  to 
a  seat  in  the  United  States  senate,  but  was 
expelled  in  July  1797  for  having  instigated 
the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  assist  the 
British  in  conquering  the  Spanish  territo- 
ries, near  the  United  States.  He  died  at 
Knoxville  in  March  1810,  aged  56. 

IE?  L. 

Blow,  John,  was  born  at  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  music.  He  was 
master  of  the  children  of  the  chapel  royal, 
composer  to  the  king,  and  after  Purcell's 
death,  organist  of  Westminster.  His  merit 
procured  him  a  doctor's  degree  from  arch- 
bishop Sancroft,  he  died  10th  October, 
1708,  aged  60,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster-abbey. 

Blucher,  Gebharal  Lebrecht  Von,  a 
celebrated  Prussian  general,  was  born  at 
Rostock  in  1742.  He  began  his  military 
career  at  the  age  of  fourteen  in  the  Swedish 
service,  but  being  taken  prisoner  he  entered 
into  that  of  Prussia.  After  the  seven  years* 


BOA 


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war  he  resigned  his  commission  in  disgust, 
and  devoted  himself  to  agriculture,  but  was 
recalled  to  his  old  regiment  as  major,  by 
William  the  second,  and  fought  at  the  head 
of  it  till  the  battle  of  Leystadt,  September 
18th,  1794,  when  he  was  made  major-gene- 
ral. In  1802,  he  took  possession  of  Erfurt 
and  Muhlhausen,  and  after  the  battle  of 
Jena,  he  made  an  extraordinary  retreat 
through  Lubeck,  by  which  he  drew  the 
French  across  the  Oder.  On  the  taking  of 
Lubeck  he  was  obliged  to  capitulate,  and 
was  exchanged  for  marshal  Victor.  He 
was  now  employed  in  the  war  department, 
till  the  renewal  of  hostilities  against  France 
in  1813,  when  he  displayed  the  utmost 
activity  and  courage  for  the  deliverance  of 
Europe.  At  Lutzen  the  order  of  St. 
George  was  given  to  him  by  the  emperor 
Alexander,  and  on  the  26th  of  August,  he 
defeated  Macdonald  at  Kattybach.  The 
victory  of  Leipsic  was  also  in  a  great  de- 
gree owing  to  his  exertions  ;  and  he  pur- 
sued the  flying  enemy  across  the  Rhine 
with  such  celerity  as  to  be  called  by  the 
Russians  "  Marshal  Forwards."  After 
the  battle  of  Montmartre,  on  the  31st  of 
March,  he  would  have  severely  retaliated 
the  wrongs  of  Berlin  upon  Paris,  had  he 
not  been  restrained  by  his  sovereign,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  England,  and  was  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm.  His  military 
glory  attained  its  height  at  the  immortal 
victory  of  Waterloo,  after  which  he  was 
created  prince  of  Wahlsstadt.  He  died  at 
Kriblowitz,  full  of  honour,  and  almost  in 
the  presence  of  his  king,  who  attended  him 
in  his  last  sickness,  September  12th,  1819. 

W.B. 

Blum,  Joachin  Christian,  a  German  poet, 
born  at  Rathenau.  He  studied  at  Bran- 
denburg, Berlin,  and  at  Frankfort  on  Oder, 
under  Baumgarton  ;  and  regardless  of  pub- 
lic affairs,  sought  the  retirement  which  his 
easy  fortune  allowed  him,  to  devote  himself 
to  the  muses.  His  works  were  lyric  poems, 
idyls,  orations,  German  proverbs,  and 
Rathenau  delivered,  a  drama  represented 
at  Berlin  with  success.  He  died  1790, 
aged  51. 

Blutaeu,  Dom.  Raphael,  a  learned 
preacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  pa- 
rents. He  went  to  France,  and  afterwards 
to  Lisbon,  where  he  died,  1734,  aged  96, 
highly  honoured  by  the  academy  of  the  ap- 
pliques. He  wrote  a  Portuguese  and 
Latin  dictionary,  in  8  vols,  folio,  with  a 
supplement  of  2  vols.  more. 

Boadicea,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  is  known 
in  British  and  Roman  history  for  the  va- 
lour which  she  displayed  against  the  Ro- 
mans, who  had  insulted  her  and  abused 
her  daughters.  She  was  afterwards  de- 
feated by  Paulinus,  and  killed  herself, 
A.  D.  60. 

Boate,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 


settled  in  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  natural  his- 
tory of  the  country,  published  by  Samuel 
Hartlib,  12mo.  1652. 

Bobart,  a  German,  first  keeper  of  the 
botanical  garden  at  Oxford,  which  was 
given  and  endowed  by  the  earl  of  Danby. 
He  wrote  a  Latin  catalogue  of  the  plants 
contained  in  the  garden,  &c.  and  died  Fe- 
bruary, 1679,  aged  81.  Dr.  Plot  speaks 
much  in  his  commendation,  and  Dr.  Z. 
Grey  mentions,  in  Hudibras,  p.  125,  a  cu- 
rious anecdote  of  him.  His  son  Jacob  was 
also  keeper  of  the  gardens  after  him. 

Boccace,  John,  was  born  at  Certaldo  in 
Tuscany,  1313,  and  intended  by  his  father 
for  a  mercantile  profession ;  but  after 
spending  six  years  with  a  merchant  at  Flo- 
rence and  Paris,  and  turning  his  thoughts  to 
the  canon  law,  he  abandoned  the  pursuits 
which  interest  or  authority  dictated,  and 
devoted  himself  totally  to  literature.  He 
studied  under  his  friend  and  patron  Pe- 
trarch ;  and  by  his  suggestions  he  retired 
from  the  tumults  and  factions  of  Florence, 
and  visited  Naples,  where  he  was  received! 
with  kindness  by  king  Robert,  of  whose 
natural  daughter  he  became  enamoured  ; 
and  in  his  travels  in  Sicily  he  met  from 
queen  Joan  the  flattering  reception  which 
his  writings  and  merit  deserved.  He  pass- 
ed the  remainder  of  his  life  in  his  native 
village,  where  his  constitution  was  weak- 
ened by  his  great  application,  and  where  he 
died,  of  a  sickness  in  the  stomach,  1375. 
His  works  are  some  in  Latin  and  some  in 
Italian.  He  possessed  uncommon  learn- 
ing, and  he  may  honourably  be  reckoned  as 
one  of  those  whose  great  exertions  contri- 
buted most  to  the  revival  of  learning  in  Eu- 
rope. His  best  known  composition  is 
"  Decameron,"  a  romance  occasionally  li- 
centious, but  abounding  with  wit,  satire, 
and  elegance  of  diction.  His  life  of  Dante 
— his  genealogy  of  the  gods — his  history  of 
Rome — his  thesis,  &c.  are  much  adniired. 
Though  his  poetry  does  not  possess  the 
sweetness  of  Petrarch's  lines,  his  prose  is 
unequalled  for  its  graceful  simplicity  and 
varied  elegance. 

Boccaci,  or  Boccacino,  Camillo,  a 
painter  of  history  and  portraits,  born  at 
Gremona,  where  he  died  1546,  aged  35. 

Boccage,  Marie  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady  of  Rouen,  who,  at  the  age  of  16,  mar- 
ried Peter  Joseph  du  Boccage,  and  acquired 
great  celebrity  by  her  writings.  She  was 
.the  friend  of  the  wits  of  the  age,  of  Vol- 
taire, of  Montesquieu,  Henault,  and  others. 
She  obtained  a  prize  from  the  Rouen  acade- 
my in  1746,  and  nearly  gained  another  from 
the  French  academy,  on  the  eulogium  of 
Lewis  XV.  against  her  successful  rival 
Marmontel.  Her  Paradis  terrestre,  bor- 
rowed from  Milton,  and  her  translation  of 
the  death  of  Abel,  were  much  admired. 
<>47 


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Her  poems  appeared  in  three  volumes,  Svo. 
She  died  1802,  aged  92. 

Boccalini,  Trajan,  a  wit,  born  at  Rome, 
and  highly  honoured  by  the  Italian  literati 
for  his  political  discourses  and  his  elegant 
criticisms.  Under  the  patronage  of  cardi- 
nals Boighese  and  Cajetan,  he  published 
his  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso,  his  secretaria  di 
Apollo,  and  his  Pietra  di  Paragone  ;  but  as 
in  this  last  piece  he  had  attacked  the  tyran- 
ny of  the  Spanish  court,  he  dreaded  its 
vengeance,  and  fled  to  Venice.  Here  he 
was  attacked  in  his  bed  by  four  ruffians, 
who  killed  him,  by  beating  him  with  bags 
full  of  sand.  Several  reports  were  spread 
about  his  death  ;  but  it  was  generally  ima- 
gined that  it  proceeded  from  the  resent- 
ment of  the  Spanish  court.  The  register 
of  St.  Mary's  in  Venice  records,  that  he 
died  of  a  colic  and  fever,  16th  November, 
1613,  aged  57.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages. 

Boccamazza,  Angelus,  bishop  of  Catania, 
in  Sicily,  wrote  "  brevis  chronica,"  con- 
taining an  account  of  remarkable  events  in 
Sicily,  from  1027  to  1283.     He  died  1296. 

Boccherini,  Lewis,  a  musical  composer, 
was  born  at  Lucca  in  1740,  and  died  at 
Madrid  in  1806.  His  instrument  was  the 
violoncello,  and  the  style  of  his  composi- 
tions, which  are  very  numerous,  is  bold 
and  elegant. —  W.  B. 

Bocchus,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  who 
made  his  peace  with  the  Romans  by  meanly 
betraying  into  their  hands  his  son-in-law, 
Jugurtha,  B.  C.  100. 

Bocciardi,  Clemente,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, who  died  1658,  aged  38.  He  is  called 
by  painters  Clementone. 

Boccold,  John,  a  famous  fanatic,  called 
John  of  Leyden,  where  he  was  a  tailor.  In 
company  with  John  Matthias,  a  baker  of 
Haerlem,  and  at  the  head  of  an  enthusias- 
tic mob  of  anabaptists,  he  seized  Munster, 
where,  after  the  death  of  his  bold  associate, 
he  assumed  the  kingly  office,  to  which  he 
united  that  of  prophet.  In  this  dangerous 
elevation,  he  began  to  reform  the  laws,  and 
new-model  the  government.  He  maintain- 
ed and  enforced  a  plurality  of  wives,  and 
himself  kept  fourteen,  one  of  whom  he 
slew  with  his  own  hands,  because  she 
questioned  his  divine  authority.  When 
Munster  was  at  last  taken,  this  licentious 
leader,  who  had  scarce  reached  his  28th 
year,  was  put  to  a  cruel  and  lingering  death, 
and  his  adherents  either  punished  or  dis- 
persed. 

Bocconi,  Sylvio,  was  born  at  Palermo, 
24th  April,  1633,  and  became  eminent  for 
his  knowledge  of  natural  history,  in  pur- 
suit of  which  he  visited  Italy,  Malta,  Po- 
land, Germany,  France,  and  England.  He 
was  of  the  order  of  the  Cistersians,  and 
died  in  one  of  their  convents,  near  Pa- 
lermo,  22d  December,  1704.  His  valuable 
218 


publications,  in  number  twelve,  are  chiefly 
on  subjects  of  natural  history,  botany,  mi- 
neralogy, &c.  The  best  known  is  musea 
diplante  rare,  Venice,  1697 — besides  icones 
et  descriptiones  rariorum  plantarum  Sicil. 
Melit.  Gallia;,  Italiae,  1674,  Lyons  and  Ox- 
ford, &c. 

Boccoris,  a  king  of  Egypt,  said  by  Ta- 
citus and  Trogus  to  have  driven  the  Jews 
from  his  dominions,  to  cure  himself  of  the 
leprosy,  according  to  an  oracle. 

Bochart,  Samuel,  a  protestant,  born  at 
Rouen,  1599.  After  studying  at  Paris, 
Sedan,  and  Saumur,  he  visited  England  and 
Holland,  and  enriched  his  mind  with  all  the 
treasures  of  Arabic  and  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages. As  minister  of  Caen,  he  acquired 
the  public  esteem  in  his  theological  dispu- 
tations with  father  Veron  ;  and  his  publi- 
cations added  so  much  to  the  reputation  of 
his  learning,  that  the  queen  of  Sweden  in- 
vited him  to  her  court,  and  received  him 
with  all  the  respect  due  to  merit  and  virtue. 
He  died  suddenly,  when  delivering  an  ora- 
tion in  the  academy  of  Caen,  May  6,  1667, 
from  which  circumstance  this  elegant  epi- 
taph was  written  by  M.  Brieux  : 

Scilicet  hcec  cuique  est  data  sors  ozquissima, 
talis 

Ut  sit  mors,  qualis  vita  peractafuit. 
Musarumin gremio,  teneris  quivixit  abunnis, 

Musarum  in  gremio  debuit  isle  mori. 

Besides  his  geographia  sacra,  a  most  learn- 
ed and  valuable  book,  he  wrote  a  treatise 
on  the  terestrial  paradise — sermons — a  his- 
tory of  the  animals  and  of  the  plants  and 
precious  stones  mentioned  in  Scripture, 
&c.  His  works  appeared,  three  vols.  fol. 
Leyden,  1712. 

Bochel,  Laurent,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1629,  in  a 
good  old  age.  His  works,  which  are  es- 
teemed among  the  learned  in  France,  are 
on  subjects  of  law  and  history. 

Bochics,  John,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
called  the  Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries, 
from  the  superior  power  of  his  muse.  He 
travelled  through  Italy,  Poland,  Livonia, 
and  Russia,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Parma  at  Antwerp.  He  died  13th 
January,  1609,  aged  54.  Besides  elegies, 
epigrams,  &c.  printed  at  Cologne,  1655, 
he  wrote  orations,  observations  on  the 
psalms,  &c. 

Bockhorst,  John  Van,  a  pupil  of  Jor- 
daens,  born  about  1610,  and  eminent  as  a 
portrait  and  historical  painter. 

Bocquillot,  Lazarus  Andrew,  was  born 
of  obscure  parents,  and  died  in  his  native 
town  of  Avalon,  22d  September,  1728,  aged 
80.  He  was  advocate  at  Dijon,  and  after- 
wards became  an  ecclesiastic,  eminent  for 
his  learning  and  piety.  He  wrote  letters 
and  dissertations — a  tract  on  the  liturgy — 
sermons— the  life  of  Chevalier  Bayard,  &c 


BOD 


BCE 


Bodin,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  who 
studied  law  at  Toulouse,  where  he  acquired 
reputation  by  his  lectures.  He  came  to 
Paris  ;  but  not  succeeding  at  the  bar,  he 
devoted  himself  totally  to  writing  books. 
His  wit,  as  well  as  his  merit,  recommended 
him  to  public  notice.  Henry  III.  visited 
and  admired  him  ;  and  in  the  company  of 
the  duke  of  Alencon  he  visited  England, 
where  he  was  nattered  to  see  his  book  on 
"  the  republic"  approved  and  read  in  the 
university  of  Cambridge.  After  the  death 
of  Alencon,  he  settled  at  Laon,  where  he 
married,  and  rose  to  consequence  as  a  law- 
yer and  public  speaker.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  Laon,  1596.  His  compositions 
were  numerous  and  respectable.  Besides 
his  republic,  he  wrote  a  commentary  on 
Appian — discourses  on  coins — law  tables — 
methods  of  history — demonology,  &c. 

Bodlet,  Sir  Thomas,  celebrated  as  the 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  2d  March,  1544,  and 
at  the  age  of  12  he  removed  with  his  father 
to  Geneva,  to  avoid  the  persecutions  which 
awaited  the  protestants  during  Mary's 
bloody  reign.  In  the  university  of  Geneva 
he  had  the  advantage  of  attending  the 
learned  lectures  of  Chevalerius,  Beroaldus, 
Calvin,  and  Beza  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
England,  on  Elizabeth's  accession,  he  en- 
tered at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford  ;  and  in 
1564  he  became  fellow  of  Merton  college. 
Here  he  distinguished  himself  as  lecturer 
of  natural  philosophy,  and  as  proctor  of  the 
university  ;  and  after  travelling  four  years 
in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  he  was  in- 
troduced at  court,  and  soon  was  employed 
by  the  queen  as  an  able  and  faithful  nego- 
tiator in  several  embassies  to  the  different 
courts  of  Europe.  The  ingratitude  of  the 
great,  however,  and  the  cabals  and  in- 
trigues of  courtiers,  soon  disgusted  a  mind 
naturally  strong  and  independent  ;  and  in 
1597,  as  he  says  himself,  he  abandoned  all 
public  business,  and  retired  to  ease  and 
privacy.  Not  ignorant  how  much  man- 
kind are  benefited  by  the  propagation  of 
learning,he  undertook  to  enrichhis  favourite 
Oxford  with  the  most  magnificent  collec- 
tion of  books  ;  a  task,  says  Cambden,  suit- 
ed to  the  dignity  of  a  crowned  head.  He 
wrote,  February  23,  1597,  to  Dr.  Ravis, 
the  dean  of  Christ-church,  and  his  offers 
were  accepted  with  rapture  by  the  univer- 
sity ;  and  after  the  rarest  and  most  valuable 
books  had  been  procured,  with  great  trouble 
and  much  expense,  in  every  part  of  Eu- 
rope, a  building,  fit  to  receive  so  magnifi- 
cent a  collection,  was  begun,  the  first  stone 
of  which  was  laid  down,  with  great  pomp 
and  solemnity,  9th  July,  1610.  Bodley  did 
not  live  to  see  the  completion  of  this  great 
work  ;  but  his  fortune,  by  his  will,  was 
applied  to  the  use  of  the  foundation  ;  and 
his  example  was  followed  by  the  great  and 

Voi.  I.  32 


opulent,  who  by  liberal  donations  contribu- 
ted to  the  support  of  the  noble  institution. 
The  library  is  under  the  care  of  a  keeper, 
to  whom  a  salary  of  401.  is  allowed  ;  the 
under-librarian  has  101.  and  the  whole  is 
under  the  inspection  of  eight  visiters,  who 
annually,  on  the  8th  of  November,  assem- 
ble, to  examine  the  state  of  the  books,  and 
of  this  venerable  building,  which  for  its 
appearance  and  the  value  of  the  collection 
which  it  contains,  may  be  ranked  among 
the  noblest  foundations  in  the  world.  Bod- 
ley died  28th  January,  1612,  and  was  bu- 
ried with  becoming  solemnity  in  Merton 
college  choir,  where  an  elegant  monument, 
with  appropriate  figures,  is  erected  to  his 
memory.  His  statue  was  placed  in  the 
library  by  the  duke  of  Dorset,  chancellor  of 
the  university. 

Boece,  or  Boethius,  Hector,  a  native 
of  Dundee.      Vid.  Boethius. 

Bojcler,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia,  honoured  for  his  learning  by  several 
princes,  and  particularly  by  Lewis  XIV. 
and  by  Christina  of  Sweden,  who  appointed 
him  her  historiographer,  with  a  liberal  sti- 
pend. He  was  professor  of  history  at 
Strasburg,  and  died  1686,  aged  75.  His 
works  were,  "  commentaries  on  Pliny  and 
on  Grotius,"  whom  he  praises  with  great 
adulation — "  Notitia  Sancti  Rom.  Imp."—- 
"  Timur  or  Tamerlane" — "  Historia  scholx 
principum,"  &c. 

Boj:hmen,  Jacob,  a  famous  Teutonic  phi- 
losopher and  fanatic,  born  near  Gorlitz  in 
Germany,  1575.  His  original  occupation 
was  that  of  a  shoemaker,  and  his  industry 
enabled  him  to  maintain  a  wife  and  family 
in  comfortable  circumstances.  As  he  pos- 
sessed naturally  a  strong  bias  to  supersti- 
tion and  to  religious  habits,  he  studied 
books  of  divinity,  and  was  a  constant  at- 
tendant on  the  worship  of  his  church,  till 
at  last  he  found  himself  suddenly  inspired, 
and  continued,  as  he  says  himself,  "  seven 
whole  days  in  the  most  excessive  joy, 
wrapt  in  the  holy  sabbath."  This  fanatical 
emotion  was,  in  the  course  of  some  years, 
twice  repeated  ;  and  in  1612  the  new  pro-, 
selyte  abandoned  his  trade,  and  began  to 
write.  His  first  treatise,  called  "  Aurora, 
or  rising  sun,"  was  censured  by  the  magis- 
trates of  Gorlitz,  and  suppressed  ;  but  in- 
novations in  religion,  as  well  as  govern- 
ment, have  always  advocates.  Boehmen 
resumed  his  pen,  and  for  the  last  five  years 
of  his  life  he  published  more  than  20  books 
on  theological  subjects,  on  visions,  &c. 
On  November  18,  1624,  it  is  said  that  he 
pretended  to  hear  music,  and  he  declared 
to  his  son,  that  in  three  hours  he  should 
expire.  At  the  expected  time  he  took  a. 
tender  farewell  of  his  family,  and,  desiring 
his  son  to  turn  him,  he  expired,  with  a 
deep  sigh,  exclaiming,  "  Now  I  go  into 
949 


BOE 


BOE 


paradise !"  This  fanatic,  whose  private 
life  was  not  disgraced  by  cruel  or  immoral 
acts,  has  had  many  admirers  in  several 
parts  of  Europe.  Quirinus  Kahlman  was 
a  convert  to  his  opinions,  and  the  quakcrs 
in  England  have  adopted  several  of  his 
tenets,  according  to  Dr.  H.  More.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  Frakenburg.  His 
works  have  been  published,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

Boehmer,  George  Ralph,  professor  of 
botany  and  anatomy  at  Wittemberg,  was 
born  in  1723,  and  died  in  1803.  His 
works  are — 1.  Flora  Lipsiae  indigena,  8vo. 
2.  Definitiones  plantarum  Ludwigianas, 
auctas  et  emendatas,  8vo.  This  is  a  new 
edition  of  his  master,  Ludwig's  Elements 
of  Botany.  3.  Bibliotheca  scriptorum  his- 
toric naturalis,  ceconomiae,  aliarumque 
artium  ac  scientiarum  ad  illam  pertinen- 
tium,  realis  systematica,  9  vols.  8vo.  4. 
A  History  of  Plants  used  in  Arts  and 
Manufactures,  Svo. —  W.  B. 

Boel,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to 
Corn,  de  Waal.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and 
died  1680,  aged  55.  His  animals,  still  life, 
&c.  were  much  admired. 

Boerhaave,  Herman,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, born  December  31st,  1668,  at  Voor- 
hoot,  two  miles  from  Leyden.  He  was 
early  intended  for  the  ministry  by  his  fa- 
ther, but  an  accident  turned  his  thoughts 
to  different  pursuits.  In  his  12th  year  he 
suffered  the  most  excruciating  pains  from  an 
ulcer  in  his  left  thigh,  which  baffled  all  the 
powers  of  his  surgeon,  and  he  drew  the 
happiest  omen  of  his  future  greatness,  by 
curing  it  himself  with  a  fomentation  of  salt 
and  wine.  Though  he  left  his  father  in 
his  16th  year,  and  was  the  eldest  of  nine 
children  in  circumstances  not  the  most 
opulent,  he  prosecuted  his  studies,  and  in 
the  universities  of  Leyden  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  universal  approbation,  by  his 
great  application  and  the  vast  powers  of 
his  mind.  He  travelled  with  surprising  ra- 
pidity over  the  fields  of  rhetoric,  metaphy- 
sics, and  ethics  ;  he  acquired  the  most  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  classics,  and  became 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  mathematics, 
algebra,  and  the  different  branches  of  na- 
tural philosophy.  He  still  however  directed 
his  chief  attention  to  divinity,  but  as  the 
scanty  revenues  of  his  patrimony  were 
now  nearly  exhausted,  he  found  a  friend 
in  John  Vanderburg,  burgomaster  of  Ley- 
den, who  advised  him  to  unite  the  study 
of  physic  to  that  of  theology.  The  grate- 
ful Boerhaave  complied  ;  he  had  already 
received  with  a  golden  medal  the  applause 
of  the  university  by  an  academic  oration 
to  prove  that  Cicero  understood  the  doc- 
trines of  Epicurus,  and  now  he  increased 
his  reputation  as  the  follower  of  Vesalius, 
Fallopius,  and  Bertholinus.  In  his  medi- 
f  al  and  anatomical  studies  he  soon  discover- 
ed the  shallowness  of  the  authors  of  the 
250 


middle  ages,  but  he  found  a  treasure  of 
knowledge  in  his  favourite  Hippocrates 
and  the  immortal  Sydenham.  After  ex- 
tending his  researches  to  botany  and  chy- 
mistry,  he  went  to  the  university  of  Harder- 
wick,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
1693,  and  soon  after  he  abandoned  all 
thoughts  of  entering  into  the  ministry,  not 
from  choice  but  rather  from  the  dread  of 
the  prejudices  which  had  been  raised  against 
him,  on  the  supposition  that  he  favoured 
the  tenets  of  Spinoza.  Now  totally  de- 
voted to  the  study  and  practice  of  physic, 
he  became  celebrated  not  only  in  the  uni- 
versity but  through  Europe.  As  professor 
of  physic  and  botany,  he  saw  his  lectures 
crowded  with  students  eminent  for  talents 
and  learning,  by  whom  he  was  respected 
and  beloved,  not  more  for  the  vast  erudi- 
tion of  his  mind,  than  the  noble  qualities 
of  his  heart.  In  1714  he  was  raised  to 
the  high  office  of  rector  of  the  university, 
and  in  1728,  he  was  admitted  honorary 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Paris,  and  two  years  after  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety of  London.  His  constitution  now 
began  to  decay.  In  1722  he  was  afflicted 
for  six  months  with  poignant  arthritic  pains, 
and  fearing  a  relapse,  he  resigned  in  1729 
the  honours  of  professor,  which  he  had 
held  for  near  30  years  to  the  advancement 
of  science  and  the  benefit  of  mankind. 
His  private  labours  however  continued,  but 
he  found  himself  affected  in  1727  with  a 
difficulty  of  breathing,  and  from  unusual 
pulsations  and  intermissions  of  the  artery 
in  the  right  side  of  the  neck,  he  grew  ap- 
prehensive that  he  had  some  polypous  con- 
cretions between  the  heart  and  the  lungs. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  his  situation,  Sep- 
tember 8th,  1738,  to  his  friend  Dr.  Morti- 
mer, but  the  flattering  hopes  of  his  reco- 
very vanished,  and  he  expired  on  the  23d  in 
his  70th  year.  Boerhaave  amassed  a  large 
fortune  by  his  profession,  but  though  he 
has  been  styled  penurious,  the  benevolence 
of  his  heart,  and  the  manner  in  which  he 
conferred  favours  on  the  indigent  and  un- 
fortunate, proved  that  he  knew  and  felt  the 
calls  of  humanity.  Like  those  that  are 
eminent  either  in  rank  or  in  virtue,  he  was 
not  without  his  detractors,  but  his  name 
must  stand  recorded  in  the  annals  of  science 
as  a  great,  and  a  good  man.  His  valuable 
works  are  in  Latin,  and  all  on  medical, 
botanical,  and  chymical  subjects.  He  left 
an  only  daughter.  His  fellow-citizens  have 
erected  to  his  honour  in  St.  Peter's  church 
at  Leyden  a  monument  on  which  are  in- 
scribed these  few  but  expressive  words, 
"  Salutifero  Boerhaavi  genio  sacrum." 
His  life  was  published  by  Dr.  Burton. 

Boethie,  Etienne  de  la,  of  Sarlatin  Pe- 
rigord,  died  at  Germignan,  near  Bourdeaux, 
1563,  aged  32.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
scholar,  and  translated  several  of  Plutarch'? 


BOG 


BOI 


and  XenopUon's  works,  besides  "  Voluntary 
slavery,"  published  after  his  death  by 
Montagne  his  friend,  to  whom  he  left  his 
library. 

Boethius,  Anitius  Manlius  Torquatus 
Severinus,  a  celebrated  philosopher,  made 
consul  at  Rome,  A.D.  510.  He  defended 
his  principles  against  the  Arians,  and  du- 
ring his  confinement  by  order  of  Theodo- 
ric,  king  of  Italy,  he  wrote  his  well-known 
book  de  consolatione  philosophise,  often 
published,  and  translated  into  English  by 
Alfred.  He  was  put  to  death,  but  by  what 
means  is  unknown,  about  524. 

Boethius,  Boece,  or  Boeis,  Hector, 
was  born  at  Dundee  about  1470,  and  after 
studying  in  his  native  town,  and  at  Aber- 
deen, he  went  to  Paris,  from  whence  he 
was  recalled  to  become  principal  of  the 
college  of  Aberdeen  lately  founded  by 
bishop  Elphinston.  His  labours  in  the 
cause  and  promotion  of  learning  were  in- 
defatigable, and  his  college  flourished. 
He  wrote  the  lives  of  the  bishops  of  Aber- 
deen in  compliment  to  his  patron  Elphin- 
ston, whose  memoirs  fill  the  third  part  of 
the  work.  He  afterwards  engaged  in  a 
history  of  Scotland,  in  which  he  displayed 
great  research  and  industry,  but  too  much 
credulity.  He  has  been  censured  for  his 
fondness  for  legendary  tales,  but  Erasmus, 
who  knew  him,  speaks  of  him  as  "  a  man 
of  an  extraordinary  happy  genius,  and  of 
great  eloquence."  The  history  was  after- 
wards continued  from  the  death  of  James 
I.  where  he  concluded,  to  the  reign  of 
James  HI.  by  Ferrerius  a  Piedmontese. 

Boffrand,  Germain,  a  native  of  Nan- 
tes, celebrated  as  an  architect.  He  ac- 
quired such  reputation  that  several  princes 
employed  him  in  the  erection  of  palaces 
and  public  edifices,  and  France  has  still  to 
boast  of  several  monuments  of  his  genius 
in  her  magnificent  edifices,  in  canals,  slui- 
ces, and  bridges.  He  has  written  a  gene- 
ral statement  of  the  principles  of  his  art, 
with  an  account  of  all  the  works  which  he 
erected.  He  was  amiable  and  respected  in 
his  private  character.  He  died  at  Paris 
1755,  aged  83. 

Bogan,  Zachary,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Little  Hempstone,  Devon- 
shire, and  educated  at  St.  Alban's  hall, 
and  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford.  He  wrote 
comparatio  Homeri  cum  scriptoribus  sacris 
quoad  Normam  loquendi,  8vo. — a  view  of 
the  threats  and  punishments  mentioned  in 

k  Scripture,  8vo. — additions  to  Rous's  archae- 
ologiae  attics — meditations  on  the  mirth 
of  a  Christian  life,  8vo. — a  help  to  prayer, 
published  after  his  death  12mo.  He  died 
1659,  and  was  buried  in  Corpus  Christi 
Chapel. 

Bogoris,  first  Christian  king  of  the  Bul- 
garians, who  declared  war  by  his  ambassa- 
dor against  Theodora  of  the  eastern  empire 


841.  The  empress  treated  him  with  firm- 
ness and  dignity,  and  a  reconciliation  was 
effected  by  means  of  his  sister  who  was 
prisoner,  and  was  sent  back  without  ran- 
som.    He  embraced  Christianity  865. 

Bohadin,  a  learned  Arabian,  known  as 
the  favourite  of  Saladin,  and  the  historian 
of  that  prince's  life.  He  gives  an  inter- 
esting account  of  the  crusades,  and  of  the 
literature  of  the  12th  century.  His  works 
have  been  edited  by  Schultens,  fol.  Leyden, 
1755.  He  is  said  highly  to  resemble  Plu- 
tarch. 

Bohemond,  prince  of  Antioch,  accom- 
panied his  father  Robert  Guiscard  duke  of 
Apulia  in  his  invasion  of  the  eastern  empire 
1081.  He  defeated  Alexius  the  emperor 
in  two  battles,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Tarentum.  He  afterwards  em- 
barked for  the  crusades,  and  took  Antioch, 
of  which  he  called  himself  the  duke,  but 
soon  after  he  was  made  prisoner,  and  when 
set  at  liberty  returned  to  Europe,  and  pre- 
pared a  large  army.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Philip  king  of  France,  and 
died  in  Apulia  1111.  He  was  succeeded 
at  Antioch  by  six  princes  successively  of 
his  own  name. 

Bohn,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  emi- 
nent as  a  physician,  a  professor,  and  chy- 
mist.  He  died  1719,  aged  79.  He  wrote 
on  physiology  and  acids.  His  work  de  of- 
ficio medici  duplici,  clinico  et  forensi, 
1704,  4to.  is  very  valuable. 

Boiardo,  Marteo-Maria,  a  governor  of 
Reggio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando 
Inamorato.  This  unfinished  poem  is  in 
imitation  of  the  Iliad,  and  founded  on  the 
loves  of  Rolland  and  Angelica,  with  the 
siege  of  Paris,  to  represent  that  of  Troy. 
It  was  in  continuation  of  it  that  Ariosto 
wrote  his  Orlando  Furioso,  and  the  one  is 
nearly  an  introduction  to  the  other.  Boi- 
ardo possessed  great  poetical  powers,  his 
imagination  was  strong  and  lively,  and  his 
conceptions  bold  and  animated.  He  wrote 
besides  sonnets  and  other  lighter  poetry,  and 
also  translated  Herodotus,  Apuleius,  &c. 
He  died  at  Reggio,  February  20th,  1494. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  Venice,  4to. 
1544. 

Boileau,  Giles,  eldest  brother  of  Des- 
preaux,  translated  Epictetus,  and  wrote 
two  disputations  against  Menage  and  Cas- 
tor, &c.  and  died  1669,  aged  38. 

Boileau,  James,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  dean  of 
the  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of  the 
holy  chapel,  and  author  of  several  curious 
ecclesiastical  works.  He  was  born  16tU 
March,  1635,  and  died  1st  August,  1716. 

Boileau,  John  James,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
St.  Honore  at  Paris,  much  esteemed  by 
cardinal  de  Noailles.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  sense  and  learning,  and  wrote  letters 
on  morality  and  religion,  2  vols.  12mo.— 
251 


Bor 


BOI 


the  lives  of  the  dutchess  of  Liancourt,  and 
madam  Combe.  He  died  the  10th  March, 
1735,  aged  86. 

Boileau  Despreaux,  Nicholas,  a  cele- 
brated poet,  born  at  Paris,  1st  November, 
1636.  He  early  lost  his  mother,  and  the 
care  of  his  infancy  was  intrusted  to  a  female 
servant,  who  treated  him  with  harshness. 
His  father,  who  left  him  an  orphan  before 
he  was  17,  had  not  formed  the  most  pro- 
mising expectations  of  the  powers  of  his 
mind  ;  but  the  dulness  of  youth  disappear- 
ed as  he  approached  to  maturity.  He 
applied  himself  to  the  law  ;  he  was  admit- 
ted advocate  in  1656,  but  he  did  not 
possess  the  patience  and  application  requi- 
site for  the  bar,  and  exchanging  his  pursuits 
for  the  study  of  divinity,  he  at  last  disco- 
vered that  a  degree  at  the  Sorbonne  was  not 
calculated  to  promote  the  bent  of  his  ge- 
nius, or  gain  him  reputation.  In  the  field 
of  literature  he  now  acquired  eminence 
and  fame.  The  publication  of  his  first  Sa- 
tires, 1666,  distinguished  him  above  his 
poetical  predecessors,  and  he  became  the 
favourite  of  France  and  of  Europe.  His 
art  of  poetry  added  still  to  his  reputation  ; 
it  is  a  monument  of  his  genius  and  judg- 
ment, and  far  surpasses  the  ars  poetica  of 
Horace,  in  that  happy  arrangement  of  his 
ideas,  the  harmony  of  his  numbers,  and  the 
purity  of  his  language.  His  Lutrin  was 
written  in  1674  at  the  request  of  Lamoig- 
non,  and  the  insignificant  quarrels  of  the 
treasurer  and  ecclesiastics  of  a  chapel  are 
magnified  by  the  art  and  power  of  the  poet 
into  matters  of  importance,  and  every  line 
conveys  with  the  most  delicate  pleasantry, 
animated  description,  refined  ideas,  and 
the  most  interesting  scenes.  Lewis  XIV. 
was  not  insensible  of  the  merits  of  a  man 
who  reflected  so  much  honour  on  the 
French  name  ;  Boileau  became  a  favourite 
at  court,  a  pension  was  settled  on  him,  and 
the  monarch  in  the  regular  approbation 
from  the  press  to  the  works  of  the  author, 
declared  he  wished  his  subjects  to  partake 
the  same  intellectual  gratification  which  he 
himself  had  so  repeatedly  enjoyed.  The 
monarch  engaged  the  poet  to  write,  with 
Racine,  a  history  of  his  reign,  but  the 
work,  though  begun,  was  never  completed. 
As  a  prose  writer  Boileau  possessed  supe- 
rior merit,  as  is  fully  evinced  by  his  elegant 
translation  of  Longinus.  After  enjoying 
the  favours  of  his  sovereign,  and  all  the 
honours  which  the  French  academy  and 
the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles  let- 
Ires  could  bestow,  Boileau  retired  from 
public  life,  dissatisfied  with  the  insincerity 
of  the  world  and  the  profligacy  of  manners 
which  he  had  satirized  with  spirit  and 
truth,  and  he  spent  his  time  in  literary  pri- 
vacy, in  the  society  of  a  few  select  and  valua- 
ble friends.  He  died  an  example  of  great 
resignation  and  pietv,  March  2d,  1711, 
259 


in  his  75th  year.  Besides  the  works  men- 
tioned above,  he  wrote  odes,  sonnets,  56 
epigrams,  critical  reflections,  some  Latin 
pieces,  &c.  As  a  poet  Boileau  has  deser- 
vedly obtained  the  applauses  of  every  man 
of  genius  and  taste.  Not  only  his  coun- 
trymen boast  of  the  superior  effusions  of 
his  muse,  but  foreigners  feel  and  admire 
the  graces,  the  strength,  and  harmony  of 
his  verse,  and  that  delicacy  of  satire  and 
energy  of  style  by  which  he  has  raised 
himself  to  immortality.  Des  Maizeaux 
has  written  his  life.  The  best  edition  of 
his  works  is  that  of  1747,   5  vols.  8vo. 

Boileau,  Charles,  abbe  of  Boileau,  was 
eminent  as  a  preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  died  1700.  He  published  some 
sermons,  &c. 

Boindin,  Nicholas,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1676,  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  entered  into 
a  regiment  of  musqueteers,  a  laborious 
employment,  which  the  debility  of  his  con- 
stitution soon  obliged  him  to  relinquish  for 
literary  pursuits.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  but  his 
atheistical  opinions  created  him  enemies, 
and  though  he  escaped  punishment  and 
persecution,  he  was  not  free  from  the  cen- 
sures and  abhorrence  of  his  countrymen. 
He  died  in  consequence  of  a  fistula,  30th 
November,  1751,  and  the  honours  and 
ceremonies  of  public  burial  were  refused 
to  his  remains.  His  works  were  published 
after  his  death  by  M.  Parfait,  two  vols. 
12mo.  1753,  consisting  of  the  comedies  of 
trois  garqons,  le  bal  d'auteuil,  le  port  de 
mer,  le  petit-maitre  de  robe,  and  other  pie- 
ces. Boindin  in  his  private  character  was 
humane,  generous,  and  sincere.  Prefixed 
to  his  works  is  his  life  by  himself,  more 
full  of  conceit  and  flattery  than  prudence 
or  sense  should  have  dictated. 

Bois,  Jean  du,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
from  an  ecclesiastic  distinguished  himself 
so  much  in  the  military  service  of  Henry 
III.  that  the  monarch  always  called  him  the 
emperor  of  monks.  After  the  death  of  his 
patron,  he  resumed  his  clerical  character, 
and  became  eminent  as  a  preacher,  but  his 
boldness  in  accusing  the  Jesuits  of  the 
murder  of  Henry  IV.  drew  upon  him  the 
resentment  of  the  order,  and  on  his  visit- 
ing Rome,  he  was  thrown  into  the  castle 
of  St.  Angelo,  where  he  died  1626,  after  a 
confinement  of  14  years.  He  published 
some  ecclesiastic  tracts  in  Latin,  besides  a 
character  of  Henry  IV.  and  of  cardinal 
Olivier  his  benefactor. 

Bois,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of 
the  church  of  Paris,  two  vols,  folio.  He 
was  librarian  to  the  house  of  Honore,  and 
also  revised  the  third  volume  of  the  eccle- 
siastical annals  of  France,  of  le  Comte. 
He  was  a  correct  writer,  and  died  15th 
July,  1696,  aged  67. 


BOI 


BOI 


Bois,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  who  edited  Tibullus,  Catullus,  and 
Propertius,  in  two  vols.  8vo. — and  also 
Maldonat's  works,  and  gave  a  catalogue 
of  the  library  of  Rheims,  of  which  he  had 
the  care.     He  died  1707. 

Bois,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  native  of  Poic- 
tiers,  known  as  a  dancing  master,  as  the 
tutor  of  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  as  the  learn- 
ed translator  of  some  of  Cicero's  and  St. 
Augustin's  works.  He  died  at  Paris  1694, 
aged  68. 

Bois  d'Annemets,  Daniel  du,  of  Nor- 
mandy, was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice, 
1627.  He  wrote  some  curious  memoirs  of 
a  favourite  of  the  duke  of  Orleans. 

Bois,  Guillaume  du,  was  born  in  Lower 
Limousin,  and  by  the  pliability  of  his  tem- 
per, and  the  versatility  of  his  talents  he 
became  preceptor  to  the  duke  de  Chartres, 
a  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  ambas- 
sador to  the  English  court,  and  at  last 
prime  minister  of  France.  Addicted  to 
debauchery,  the  devoted  slave  of  ambition 
and  intrigue,  he  spared  no  pains  to  obtain 
his  purposes  ;  and  a  penetrating  judgment 
and  sanctified  dissimulation  enabled  him 
to  convert  the  sincerity  of  the  prudent  and 
the  errors  of  the  vicious  to  the  completion 
of  his  views.  His  constitution  was  ex- 
hausted by  his  licentiousness,  and  he  died 
1723,  aged  67.  His  mausoleum  is  erected 
in  the  church  of  St.  Honore  at  Paris. 

Bois  de  la  Pierre,  Louise  Marie  du, 
a  lady  of  Normandy,  who  possessed  some 
poetical  merit,  and  wrote  memoirs  for  the 
history  of  Normandy,  &c. — She  died  14th 
September,  1730,  aged  67. 

Boismorard,  abbe  Chiron  de,  was  born 
at  Quimper,  with  a  strong  and  fertile  ima- 
gination, and  a  fund  of  genuine  wit.  He 
did  not  however  possess  much  sincerity, 
as,  under  a  fictitious  name,  he  attacked 
the  Jesuits,  of  whose  order  he  was  a  mem- 
ber, and  afterwards  refuted  for  a  considera- 
ble sum  the  calumnies  of  their  unknown 
aggressor.  Some  of  his  memoirs  are  high- 
ly commended  ;  those  of  the  count  Philip 
Augustus  are  ascribed  to  him,  though  they 
bear  the  name  of  Madam  de  Lassan.  He 
died  at  Paris  1746,  aged  60. 

Boisrobert,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Caen,  known  for  his  wit,  his  satiri- 
cal powers,  and  his  facetiousness.  He 
was  peculiarly  great  in  the  liveliness  of  his 
conversation,  which  was  aided  by  a  strong 
retentive  memory,  enriched  with  all  the 
treasures  of  Boccace  and  Beroaldus,  and  he 
recommended  himself  by  his  jokes  to  car- 
dinal de  Richelieu,  of  whom  he  became 
the  favourite  and  the  buffoon.  He  died 
1662,  aged  70.  He  wrote  some  poems, 
letters,  tragedies,  comedies,  &c.  of  no  con- 
siderable merit. 

Boissard,  John  James,  known  as  an  an- 
firmary,  was  born  at  Besancon,  1528.     In 


pursuit  of  his  favourite  study  he  visited 
Italy,  and  the  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  and 
examined  with  a  most  judicious  eye  the 
monuments  of  ancient  Peloponnesus  ;  but 
these  valuable  remarks  were  unfortunately 
destroyed  in  the  ravages  to  which  Franche 
Comte  was  exposed  from  the  people  of  Lor- 
raine. Boissard  saved  from  the  general 
wreck  of  his  labours  only  thP  materials 
from  which  he  published  his  account  of 
Rome,  in  four  vols,  folio.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides epigrams,  elegies,  theatrum  vitas 
humans,  in  4to.  Frankfort  1599,  &.c.  but 
his  chief  merit  is  as  an  antiquarian.  His 
treatise  de  divinatione  et  magicis  prasti- 
giis  appeared  after  his  death.  He  died  at 
Metz  1602. 

Boissat,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  Vienne 
in  Dauphine,  was  known  for  his  eccentri- 
city. At  different  periods  of  his  life  he  be- 
came a  monk,  a  soldier,  and  a  hermit,  and 
supported  his  character  with  courage  and 
dissimulation.  He  wrote  some  pieces  in 
verse  and  prose,  besides  a  translation  of  an 
Italian  romance,  l'histoire  Negropontique, 
&c.  and  died  1662,  aged  68. 

Boissiere,  Joseph  de  la  Fontaine  de  la, 
an  ecclesiastic  of  Dieppe,  author  of  some 
sermons  of  considerable  merit,  in  six  vols. 
12mo.     He  died  at  Paris  1732. 

Boissieo,  Denis  de  Salvaing  de,  a  lawyer 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIII.  He  died 
1683,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some  tracts  little 
esteemed. 

Boissieu,  Bartholomew  Camille  de,  an 
eminent  physician,  born  at  Lyons  6th  Au- 
gust, 1734.  His  abilities  procured  him 
both  fame  and  respectability.  He  died  at 
the  ciose  of  the  year  1770.  He  published 
two  treatises  which  possessed  merit,  and 
left  another  in  MS.  on  the  method  of  puri- 
fying the  air  of  hospitals  and  prisons. 

Boissy,  Louis  de,  was  born  at  Vic  in 
Auvergne,  and  became  at  Paris  a  most 
popular  author,  by  the  sallies  of  his  muse 
and  the  genuine  delicacy  of  his  wit.  But 
while  the  favourite  of  the  public,  applaud- 
ed in  the  theatres  and  in  the  coffee-houses, 
he  sunk  under  the  most  melancholy  dejec- 
tion through  want,  and  took  the  fatal  reso- 
lution of  starving  himself  to  death  rather 
than  subsist  by  soliciting  relief  from  the 
hands  either  of  friendship  or  of  charity. 
His  wife  acceded  to  his  measures,  an.;  then- 
only  child  was  also  made  to  share  this 
dreadful  fate.  They  were,  however,  for- 
tunately discovered  by  a  friend,  by  whom, 
in  the  last  gasp  of  expiring  nature,  and  by 
the  tenderest  attention,  they  were  restored 
to  life.  This  extraordinary  circumstance 
excited  the  pity  of  the  Parisians.  Madame 
de  Pompadour  no  sooner  heard  of  it,  than 
she  sent  them  100  louis  d'ors,  and  Boissy 
soon  after  was  made  comptroller  of  the 
Mercure  de  France,  with  a  pension  for  his 
wife  and  son  if  they  survived  him*  His 
253 


BOL 


BOL 


plays  are  nine  vols.  8vo.  the  most  celebra- 
ted of  which  is  Le  Babillard.  He  died 
in  April  1758. 

Boiviv,  Francis  de,  baron  de  Villers,  ac- 
companied marechal  de  Brisac  into  Pied- 
mont, and  wrote  an  account  of  the  wars  of 
the  country,  which,  though  not  elegant,  is 
authenticguid  was  continued  by  Malinger. 
He  died  irPa  good  old  age,  1618. 

Boivin,  John,  was  born  at  Montreuil 
l'Argile,  and  became  Greek  professor  at 
Paris,  and  librarian  to  the  king.  He  was 
amiable  in  private  life,  and  died  October 
29th,  1726,  aged  64.  He  wrote  an  apology 
for  Homer,  and  the  shield  of  Achilles,  and 
translated  the  (Edipus  of  Sophocles,  the 
birds  of  Aristophanes,  the  batrachomyoma- 
chia  of  Homer,  and  edited  the  mathematici 
veteres  1693,  in  folio,  and  wrote  a  life  of 
le  Peletier  in  Latin. 

Boivin,  Louis,  brother  of  John,  was  of  a 
character  impatient,  wavering,  and  ambi- 
tious. Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in 
poetry,  and  also  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions.  He  died  1724, 
aged  75. 

Boizard,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  em- 
ployed in  the  mint  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  his  employment,  which,  however, 
was  not  made  public,  as  it  contained  se- 
crets respecting  coinage,  &c.  He  died  the 
latter  end  of  the  17th  century. 

Bukhari,  a  learned  Arabian,  who  wrote 
at  Mecca,  a  book  called  Techich,  in  which 
be  has  collected  7275  authentic  traditions, 
selected  from  100,000  other  traditions,  all 
on  the  Mahometan  religion.  He  has  had 
several  commentators  to  explain  him.  He 
died  the  year  256  of  the  hegira,  leaving  a 
son  called  Iman  Zadeal  Bokhari,  equally 
learned  and  respected. 

Bol,  John,  a  Flemish  painter  of  emi- 
nence. He  was  born  at  Marines,  and  died 
1593,  aged  60. 

Bol,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  Rembrandt.  He  died  1681,  aged  70. 
His  pieces  are  portraits,  and  also  on  histo- 
rical subjects,  and  possess  great  merit. 

Bolanger,  John,  a  pupil  of  Guido, 
whose  pieces  were  on  the  most  striking  sub- 
jects in  sacred  and  profane  history.  He 
died  1660,  aged  54. 

Boleslaus  I.  first  king  of  Poland,  suc- 
ceeded in  969  his  father  Duke  Micislaus. 
Otho  III.  gave  him  the  title  of  king,  and 
made  Poland  an  independent  kingdom  in 
1001.  Boleslaus  conquered  the  Moravians, 
and  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince.  He  died 
1025. 

Boleslaus  II.  called  the  bold  and  the 
cruel,  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  father 
Casimir  I.  1059.  He  restored  Belato  the 
Ihrone  of  Hungary,  and  invaded  Russia, 
but  his  absence  with  his  army  in  the  field 
gave  such  offence  to  the  Polish  females, 
that  they  bestowed  their  favours  on  their 
254 


slaves.  This  lascivious  conduct  irritated 
the  absent  soldiers,  who  returned  to  avenge 
the  insults  offered  to  their  beds.  The  con- 
test between  the  husbands  and  the  slaves 
was  long  and  bloody,  but  the  monarch  took 
advantage  of  their  dissensions  to  inflame 
the  survivors.  Boleslaus  was  afterwards 
excommunicated  for  a  quarrel  with  his  cler- 
gy, and  he  was  in  consequence  shunned  as 
an  infected  person  by  his  subjects,  and  died 
in  Hungary  about  1080. There  was  an- 
other king  of  Poland  of  that  name,  against 
whom  some  of  his  subjects  revolted  in  1126. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Boleyn,  is  known  in  English  history  as  the 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  and  as  the  occasion  of 
the  reformation.  She  went  to  France  in 
the  seventh  year  of  her  age,  and  was  one 
of  the  attendants  of  the  English  Princess, 
wife  to  Lewis  XII.  and  afterwards  to  Clau- 
dia the  queen  of  Francis  I.  and  then  of  the 
dutchess  of  Alencon.  About  1525  she  re- 
turned to  England,  and  when  maid  of  ho- 
nour to  queen  Catharine,  she  drew  upon 
herself  the  attention  and  the  affection  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  by  her  address  in  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  violence  of  his  passion, 
she  prevailed  upon  him  to  divorce  his  wife, 
to  obtain  the  possession  of  her  person  ;  and 
as  the  pope  refused  to  disannul  his  marriage, 
England  was  separated  from  the  spiritual 
dominion  of  Rome.  Henry  was  united  to 
his  favourite  14th  Nov.  1532,  by  whom  he 
had  a  daughter,  queen  Elizabeth,  but  his 
passion  was  of  short  duration,  and  Anne 
Boleyn,  so  long  admired,  so  long  courted  by 
the  amorous  monarch,  was  now  despised 
for  Jane  Seymour,  and  cruelly  beheaded 
May  19th,  1536.  She  bore  her  fate  with 
resignation  and  spirit ;  but  though  branded 
with  ignominy  by  catholic  writers,  she  must 
appear  innocent  in  the  judgment  of  impar- 
tial men,  and  her  disgraceful  accusation  of 
a  criminal  connexion  with  her  own  brother 
and  four  other  persons,  must  be  attributed 
to  the  suggestions  and  malice  of  that  tyrant, 
who,  in  every  instance,  made  the  law  and 
morality  subservient  to  his  lust. 

Boletn,  George,  brother  to  Queen  Anne 
Boleyn,  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  admi- 
red for  his  wit  and  learning  at  court.  The 
rise  of  his  sister  contributed  also  to  his  ele- 
vation. He  was  made  a  peer  by  the  title 
of  lord  Rochfort,  constable  of  Dover,  war- 
den of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  engaged  in 
several  embassies.  He  shared  the  queen's 
disgrace,  and,  upon  a  false  accusation  of 
incestuous  commerce  with  her,  was  be- 
headed on  Tower-hill  17th  May,  1536.  He 
wrote  some  poems,  songs,  odes,  &c.  which 
possessed  merit. 

Bolikgbroke.     Vid.  St.  John. 

BoLLAN,William,an  Englishman  by  birth, 
and  bred  a  lawyer,  after  a  residence  of  se- 
veral years  in  Massachusetts,  was  sent  by 
that  province  to  Great  Britain  in  1746,  to 


BOL 


BOL 


solicit  from  tbe  government  a  reimburse- 
ment of  the  expenses  incurred  the  prece- 
ding year  in  the  expedition  against  Cape 
Breton.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  that 
trust  with  great  fidelity  and  address,  and 
on  his  return  was  re-sent  by  the  colony  to 
England,  and  employed  as  an  agent  at 
court  till  1762,  when  from  some  dissatisfac- 
tion he  was  superseded.  He  was  however 
afterwards  frequently  intrusted  with  the 
management  of  their  affairs  by  the  council 
of  Massachusetts,  and  rendered  himself 
again  highly  popular  by  his  faithfulness, 
and  friendliness  to  the  colony,  and  particu- 
larly by  obtaining  and  sending  over  copies 
of  the  calumniating  letters  written  by  Ber- 
nard and  Gage  respecting  the  inhabitants  of 
Boston.  He  was  conspicuous  for  talents 
and  integrity,  rose  to  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  published  a  number  of  valuable 
political  tracts  ;  he  died  in  1776.   O*  L. 

Bollandus,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Tillemont 
in  Flanders,  possessed  of  judgment,  erudi- 
tion, and  sagacity.  He  was  appointed  to 
collect  the  materials  for  the  lives  of  the 
saints  of  the  Romish  church,  five  vols,  of 
which  he  published  in  folio,  but  died  before 
the  completion  in  1665.  This  work,  called 
Acta  Sanctorum,  was  continued  by  Hens- 
ehenius  and  Papebrock,  but  not  finished. 
There  are  upwards  of  47  vols,  replete  with 
matter  sometimes  interesting,  and  often  te- 
dious. 

Bologne,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Douai, 
pupil  to  Michael  Angelo.  He  adorned  Flo- 
rence with  a  beautiful  group,  representing 
the  rape  of  a  Sabine.  He  died  at  Florence 
1600. 

Bolognese,  Francisco,  the  assumed 
name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  the  pupil  of  Ani- 
bal  Caracci.  He  was  born  at  Bologna, 
and  died  16S0,  aged  74.  His  landscapes 
were  particularly  admired.  His  son  Alex- 
ander was  also  an  artist  of  eminence. 

Bolsec,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  of  Paris, 
who  forsook  his  order,  and  fled  to  Italy, 
and  afterwards  to  Geneva,  where  he  prac- 
tised as  a  physician.  He  wished,  however, 
to  distinguish  himself  as  a  divine,  and  em- 
bracing the  doctrines  of  Pelagius,  he  in- 
veighed with  bitterness  against  Calvin,  who 
endeavoured  to  reclaim  him,till  the  violence 
of  his  invectives,  and  the-  boldness  of  his 
oratory  roused  the  indignation  of  the  ma- 
gistrates to  banish  him  from  the  country. 
On  his  return  to  France,  he  had  recourse 
to  physic  for  his  subsistence  ;  but  his  rest- 
less temper  rendered  him  suspected  both 
to  protestants  and  papists,  and  he  changed 
the  place  of  his  abode  to  avoid  persecution. 
Hi3  insincerity  appeared  every  where  ma- 
nifest, and  his  morality  was  of  the  most 
loose  nature,  since  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
prostitute  his  wife  to  the  canons  of  Autun, 
<o  regain  the  favours  of  the  catholics.    He 


died  about  1584.  His  lives  of  Calvin  and 
Beza  are  a  collection  of  falsehood  and 
abuse. 

Bolswerd,  Sheldt,  a  native  of  Flanders, 
eminent  as  an  engraver.  His  plates,  from 
the  pieces  of  Rubens,  Vandyke,  Jordano, 
&c.  possessed  merit.  His  relations  Adam 
and  Boetius  were  inferior  to  him  in  merit. 

Bolton,  Robert,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, educated  at  Wadham  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  resided  for  some  time  at  Fulham 
and  Kensington,  and  became  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Whiston,  Pope,  and  Mrs.  Butler, 
a  lady  whose  respected  memory  he  em- 
balmed in  the  public  papers  of  the  time  by 
the  effusions  of  a  warm  heart  and  the  lan- 
guage of  friendship.  He  became  chaplain 
to  sir  Joseph  Jekyl,  master  of  the  rolls,  and 
after  his  death  to  lord  Hardwick,  by  whose 
friendship  and  patronage  he  became  dean 
of  Carlisle  in  1735.  Three  years  after  he 
obtained  St.  Mary's  vicarage,  Reading, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  as  an  excel- 
lent preacher  and  a  good  parish  priest.  He 
printed  some  few  of  his  sermons,  and  late 
in  life  he  attacked  the  vices  and  foibles  of 
the  times  in  small  tracts,  which  displayed 
good  sense,  great  piety,  and  deep  erudition. 
He  died  in  London,  26th  November,  1763y 
aged  65,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's 
church,  Reading.  He  married  Mrs.  Holmes, 
a  widow,  with  whom  he  lived  25  years,  but 
left  no  issue.  It  is  said  that  he  objected  to 
the  Athanasian  creed,  and  that  therefore 
he  could  not  early  persuade  himself  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  articles  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land. 

Bolton,  or  Boulton,  Edmund,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary,  author  of  an  historical  book 
called  Nero  Caesar,  dedicated  to  the  duke 
of  Buckingham,  in  1624,  and  valuable  for 
the  medals  witb  which  it  is  adorned,  and 
for  the  curious  observations  which  it  con- 
tains. He  says  that  the  battle  of  Boadi- 
cea  with  the  Romans  was  fought  on  Salis- 
bury plain,  and  that  Stonehenge  was  erect- 
ed as  her  monument.  He  published,  besides 
elements  of  armories  1610,  4to. — hyper- 
critica,  or  a  rule  of  judgments  for  writing 
or  reading  our  histories. 

Bolton,  Robert,  a  puritan  of  great  learn- 
ing and  vast  powers  of  oratory.  When 
James  I.  visited  Oxford,  1605,  he  was  ap- 
pointed as  one  of  the  professors  publicly  to 
dispute  before  him,  and  the  reputation 
which  he  had  acquired  was  well  supported 
by  his  numerous  publications,  the  best 
known  of  which  is  his  book  on  happiness. 
He  died  with  Christian  resignation,  Decem- 
ber 17th,  1631,  aged  60. 

Bolzani,  Urbano  Valeriano,  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  Minorites,  born  at  Belluno. 
He  visited  Greece,  Egypt,  Palestine,  &c. 
and  twice  ascended  to  the  top  of  /Etna,  to 
survey  its  astonishing  crater.  He  was  the 
25  5 


RON 


BON 


first  person  who  wrote  a  grammar  of  the 
Greek  language,  in  Latin.  He  died  at  Ve- 
nice, where  he  taught  Greek,  1 524,  aged  84. 
Bombelli,  Sebastian,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1685,  aged  50.  His  his- 
torical pieces  and  portraits  were  held  in 
high  esteem. 

Bomberg,  Daniel,  a  famous  printer,  born 
at  Antwerp.  He  settled  at  Venice,  and  ob- 
tained a  name  from  the  number  and  cor- 
rectness of  the  books  which  issued  from 
his  press,  especially  his  Hebrew  Bible  in 
four  vols.  fol.  1549,  and  his  Talmud,  11 
vols.  fol.     He  died  1549. 

Bon  de  St.  Hilaire,  Francois  Xavier, 
president  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  of 
Montpellier,  was  respectable  as  a  scholar 
and  as  a  magistrate.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  silk  worms,  and  on  the  Maroons  of  In- 
dia, 12mo.  and  died  1761. 

Bona,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at 
Mondovi  in  Piedmont,  10th  October,  1609, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning 
and  his  love  of  solitude.  Pope  Alexander 
VII.  who  knew  his  merit  and  his  virtues 
before  he  was  raised  to  the  chair,  promo- 
ted him  to  p'aces  of  honour  and  consequence 
to  induce  him  to  settle  at  Rome,  and  so 
well  known  and  esteemed  was  his  charac- 
ter that  it  was  wished  he  might  be  elected 
to  fill  the  papal  chair  on  the  death  of  Cle- 
ment IX.  who  had  made  him  a  cardinal. 
Bona  was  author  of  several  tracts  on  de- 
votion. He  died  universally  respected, 
1674. 

Bonac,  John  Louis  d'Usson  marquis  de, 
a  French  nobleman,  whose  abilities  were 
employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  embassies  to 
the  courts  of  Sweden,  Poland,  Spain,  and 
Constantinople.  He  possessed  all  the  dex- 
terity, firmness,  and  dignity  requisite  for 
his  situation,  and  to  these  he  added  many 
private  virtues  and  great  erudition.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1738,  aged  66. 

Bonacina,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Milan,  in  the  service  of  Urban  VIII.  He  is 
author  of  some  theological  tracts.  He  died 
1631. 

Bonamt,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Louvres,  member  of  the  academy  of  in- 
scriptions, and  historiographer  of  Paris, 
and  known  for  his  learned  dissertations, 
and  the  most  amiable  virtues  of  a  private 
character.  He  conducted  the  journal  de 
Verdun,  a  periodical  work  of  great  reputa- 
tion, and  died  at  Paris,  1770,  aged  76. 

Bonanni,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse, 
author  of  a  valuable  book  called  Syracusa 
illustrata,  in  4to.     He  died  1636. 

Bonanni,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit,  known 
for  several  works  on  antiquities  and  his- 
tory, the  best  of  which  are  his  recreatio  in 
observat.  animal,  testaceorum,  with  near 
500  figures,  1694,  in  4to. — his  collection  of 
the  medals  of  the  popes,  two  vols.  fol.  1699 
- — his  catalogue  of  the  orders  religious  and 
256 


military  and  equestrian,  with  plates,  foar 
vols.  4to. — observations  circa  viventia  in 
non  viventibus,  4to.  1691 — musaeum  colleg. 
Rom.  Kircherianum,  1709,  fol.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1725,  aged  87. 

Bonardi,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned  doc- 
tor of  the  Sorbonne.  He  was  born  at  Aix, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1756.  He  left  some 
manuscripts,  the  most  valuable  and  curious 
of  which  is  a  dictionary  of  anonymous  and 
pseudonymous  writers. 

Bonarelli,  Guy  Ubaldo,  a  nobleman, 
born  at  Urbino  25th  December,  1563.  He 
is  known  as  a  politician  in  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara,  but  more  as  the  author  of 
his  "  fils  de  Sciro,"  a  pastoral,  which  dis- 
plays his  art  and  ingenuity, though  he  makes 
his  shepherds  courtiers,  and  his  shepherd- 
esses prudes.  The  chief  character  Celia  is 
censured  for  entertaining  a  violent  passion 
for  two  lovers  at  once.  The  best  edition 
is  that  of  Glasgow,  1763,  8vo.  He  died 
Jan.  8,  1608,  aged  45. 

Bonarota,  or  Buonaroti,  surnamed 
Michael  Angelo.     Vid.  Angelo. 

Bonaventdre,  John  Fidauza,  a  cardi- 
nal and  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  born 
in  Etruria  1221.  He  was  of  the  order  of 
St.  Francis,  but  so  disinterested  in  his 
conduct  that  he  refused  the  archbishopric 
of  York,  offered  him  by  Clement  IV.  When 
the  cardinals  disagreed  in  the  election  of 
the  pope,  he  was  universally  called  upon  to 
decide,  and  he  fixed  his  choice  on  Theo- 
bald, afterwards  Gregory  X.  He  died 
1274,  highly  respected  and  admired.  He 
was  canonized  1482.  His  works  on  sub- 
jects of  divinity  and  morals,  are  in  eight 
vols.  fol.  1588.  He  has  been  called  the 
seraphic  doctor  for  treating  of  mystical 
subjects. 

Bonaventure,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal, 
who  was  of  the  Augustine  order,  and  stu- 
died at  Paris.  He  warmly  supported  the 
rights  of  the  church  against  Francis  dc 
Carrario,  of  Padua,  who  had  the  meanness 
to  have  him  shot  by  an  assassin  with  an 
arrow  as  he  crossed  the  bridge  of  St.  An- 
gelo, at  Rome,  1386,  in  his  54th  year.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  epistles  of  St. 
John  and  St.  James,  besides  sermons,  &c. 
He  was  intimate  with  Petrarch,  whose 
funeral  oration  be  delivered,  1369. 

Bonbelles,  Henri  Francis  Comte  de,  a 
French  officer  of  rank,  author  of  two  trea- 
tises on  military  tactics,  &c.  He  died 
1760,  aged  80. 

Boncerf,  a  French  writer,  who  applied 
himself  to  the  draining  of  marshes,  and 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  hardships  of  feudal 
rights.  This  work  proved  so  offensive  to 
the  parliament  that  they  ordered  it  to  be 
burnt.  This  increased  his  popularity,  and 
at  the  revolution  he  was  promoted,  and 
employed  to  dismiss  that  parliament  which 
had  voted  his  disgrace.     His  services  were 


BON 


BOS 


too  g  ^at  to  escape  the  notiee  of  the  revo- 
lutionary tribunal,  but  by  the  majority  of 
one  voice  his  life  was  spared.  He  how- 
ever soon  after  died  of  a  broken  heart. 

Bond,  John,  an  eminent  commentator 
educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  New 
college.  He  was  elected  Master  of  Taun- 
ton school,  in  his  native  county  of  Somer- 
set, which,  after  distinguishing  himself  as 
a  successful  preceptor,  he  resigned  for  the 
practice  of  physic.  He  died  at  Taunton, 
3d  August,  1612,  aged  62.  He  wrote  va- 
luable notes  on  Horace,  Persius,  &c. 

Bonefacio,  Venetiano,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, the  disciple  and  successful  imitator  of 
Falma.     He  died  1630,  aged  62. 

Bonet,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  after  studying  at  most  of  the  great 
universities  of  Europe,  began  to  practise 
physic.  He  was  very  successful,  but  after 
40  years'  experience  he  was  afflicted  with 
deafness,  and  retired  to  literary  ease.  He 
published  in  his  old  age  several  medical 
Jreatises,  valuable  for  the  facts  and  obser- 
vations which  they  contained.  He  died  of 
a  dropsy  29th  March,  16S9,  aged  69. 

Bonfadius,  James,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  near  the  lake  di  Garda.  He  was  en- 
gaged as  the  secretary  of  cardinal  Bari, 
and  afterwards  of  Glinucci,  at  Rome,  but 
at  last  he  abandoned  a  court  where  merit 
met  no  reward,  and  after  wandering  in 
different  places  of  Italy,  he  settled  at  Ge- 
noa, and  by  reading  lectures  on  the  politics 
and  rhetoric  of  Aristotle  he  gained  popu- 
larity, and  with  the  title  of  historiographer, 
a  handsome  pension.  In  his  historical 
employment  he  created  himself  enemies  by 
speaking  with  unpardonable  freedom  of 
several  families  distinguished  in  the  annals 
of  Genoa,  and  in  revenge  for  the  severity 
of  his  remarks,  some  unnatural  propensi- 
ties towards  a  favourite  youth  which  he 
had  gratified,  were  revealed  to  the  public 
eye.  The  facts  were  proved,  and  Bonfa- 
dius was  sentenced  to  death,  which  he  suf- 
fered in  1560.  His  writings  were  speech- 
es, Latin  and  Italian  poems,  &c.  Before 
his  execution,  with  the  supersitious  notions 
of  a  visionary,  he  wrote  to  his  friend 
Grimaldi,  that  he  would  visit  him  if  it  were 
possible  in  no  terrific  shape,  and  report  the 
state  of  the  other  world. 

Bonfinius,  Anthony,  a  historian,  born 
at  Ascoli  in  Italy,  in  the  15th  century.  He 
was  invited  into  Hungary  by  Matthias  Cor- 
vin  the  king  of  the  country,  and  he  was 
received  by  the  monarch  and  by  his  cour- 
tiers with  kindness,  and  allowed  a  liberal 
pension.  He  undertook,  at  the  desire  of 
his  patron,  a  history  of  Hungary,  and 
carried  it  to  the  year  1495,  in  45  books, 
which  were  deposited  in  the  royal  library 
at  Buda,  and  not  published  before  1568,  by 
Sanbucus.  Bonfinius  died  as  is  supposed 
in  Hungary  about  1 502. 

Vor„  I. "  33 


Bonfrerius,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  in  Dinan  in  Liege.  He  wrote  Latin 
commentaries  on  the  pentateuch,  and  other 
treatises  on  Scripture  names,  highly  esteem- 
ed for  method  and  perspicuity,  and  died  at 
Tournay,  9th  March,  1643,  aged  70. 

Bongars,  James,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  studied  at  Strasburgh,  and  after  profit- 
ing by  the  instructions  of  the  famous  Cuja- 
cius  in  civil  law,  he  devoted  himself  for  30 
years  to  the  service  of  Henry  IV.  whom  he 
represented  with  dignity  and  firmness  at 
several  of  the  German  courts.  As  a  states- 
man and  negotiator  he  was  sagacious  and 
well  informed,  and  as  a  scholar  he  pos- 
sessed an  extensive  fund  of  erudition.  He 
published,  in  the  midst  of  his  public  avoca- 
tions, besides  his  elegant  letters,  a  valuable 
edition  of  Justin,  and  the  "  gesta  dei  per 
Francos,"  in  two  vols,  folio,  containing  the 
history  of  the  expedition  into  Palestine. 
Bayle  speaks  of  him  with  high  commenda- 
tion, and  represents  his  style  as  fine,  clear, 
polite,  and  full  of  natural  charms.  Bon- 
gars, as  it  is  supposed,  was  never  married, 
as  the  lady  to  whom  he  was  engaged,  after 
a  courtship  of  six  years,  died  on  the  very 
day  fixed  for  her  nuptials.  He  died  at  Paris 
1612,  aged  58. 

Bonichon,  Francis,  an  eeelesiastic  of 
Angers,  author  of  a  curious  book  called 
Pompa  Episcopalis,  &c.     He  died  1662. 

Boniface,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  was 
born  in  England,  and  commissioned  by 
Gregory  II.  to  convert  the  barbarians  of 
the  north  to  Christianity.  He  was  very 
successful  in  his  mission,  and  loaded  with 
honours  by  the  pope.  He  was  killed  by 
some  of  the  pagans  of  Friezland,  whom  he 
attempted  to  convert,  754,  aged  74.  Hi's 
writings  are  obscure  and  inelegant.  His 
letters  were  printed  1616. 

Boniface  I.  St.  succeeded  Zosimus  as 
pope  of  Rome  418,  supported  by  the  power 
of  Honorius  against  his  rival  Eulalius.  He 
died  September  422. 

Boniface  II.  succeeded  Felix  IV.  in 
530,  and  died  two  years  after.  His  father 
was  a  Goth.  He  attempted  to  influence  the 
cardinals  in  the  choice  of  his  successor,  and 
to  elect  Vigil,  but  another  council  annulled 
the  proceedings.  He  died  8th  November, 
532. 

Boniface  III.  was  made  pope  606,  after 
Sabinian,  and  died  the  same  year  12th  No- 
vember. He  established,  by  means  of  the 
emperor  Phocas,  the  superiority  of  the  Ro- 
man pontiff  over  the  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople. 

Boniface  IV.  was  son  of  a  physician  of 
Valeria,  and  succeeded  the  preceding.  He 
dedicated  to  the  virgin  and  martyrs  the 
pantheon  built  by  Agrippa,  and  it  is  still 
venerated  at  Rome  as  a  noble  and  magni- 
ficent edifice.     He  died  614. 

BoNifAce  V.  of  Naples  succeeded  Dco- 
2h7 


BON 


HOS 


datus,  G17.  He  warmly  supported  the  sanc- 
tity of  asylums,  and  died  625. 

Boniface  VI.  filled  only  for  15  days  the 
papal  chair  after  Formosus,  896.  He  was 
raised  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

Boniface  VII.  surnamed  Francon,  raised 
himself  to  the  popedom,  after  the  murder 
of  Benedict  VI.  and  John  XIV.  in  984,  and 
died  four  months  after.  As  he  was  a 
monster  of  cruelty,  his  remains  were  treat- 
ed with  the  highest  indignity,  and  trampled 
upon  by  the  incensed  populace. 

Boniface  VIII.  Benedict  Cajetan,  was 
born  at  Anagni,  and  employed  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs  at  Lyons  and  Paris.  Mar- 
tin II.  made  him  cardinal,  and  after  the 
abdication  of  Celestinus,  which  he  procured 
by  terrifying  him  at  midnight,  and  threat- 
ening him  with  eternal  damnation,  if  he 
did  not  immediately  resign,  he  filled  the 
papal  chair  in  1294.  His  ambition  was 
unbounded,  he  hurled  the  thunder  of  the 
Vatican  against  the  kings  of  Denmark  and 
France,  and  annulled  the  election  of  Albert, 
to  be  king  of  the  Romans.  The  family  of 
the  Colonnas  were  particularly  marked  as 
objects  of  his  vengeance,  and  neither  sub- 
mission nor  entreaty  could  procure  a  last- 
ing reconciliation.  Such  insolence  did  not 
however  long  triumph,  though  the  pope  in 
his  will  had  declared  that  God  had  placed 
him  as  lord  over  kings  and  kingdoms. 
Philip  king  of  France  despised  ecclesiasti- 
cal threats,  he  ordered  him  to  be  seized  by 
his  general  Nogaret  at  Anagni,  that  he 
might  bring  him  to  the  council  of  Lyons, 
but  the  crafty  prelate  escaped  from  his 
guards  to  Rome,  where,  overpowered  with 
the  indignities  offered  to  his  person,  he 
died  one  month  after,  12th  October,  1303. 
Boniface  IX.  a  native  of  Naples,  raised 
to  the  papal  chair  1386,  after  Urban  VI. 
He  is  accused  of  avarice  and  usury.  He 
died  in  1404. 

Boniface,  Hyacinthe,  a  lawyer  of  Aix, 
known  as  the  compiler  of  the  decrees  of  the 
parliament  of  Provence,  published  at  Lyons 
eight  vols,  folio,  1708.  He  died  1695,  aged 
83. 

Boniface,  count  of  the  Roman  empire, 
ably  defended  Africa,  but  at  last  revolted 
against  the  empire  at  the  suggestion  of  Ac- 
tius,  who  secretly  planned  his  ruin.  He 
afterwards  was  reconciled  to  his  master,  but 
fell  in  a  dreadful  battle  with  his  rival 
Actius,  432. 

Bonifacio,  Balthazar,  a  Venetian,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Padua,  and  afterwards  bi- 
shop of  Casio  d'Istria.  He  was  author  of 
several  learned  tracts  on  history,  such  as 
Historia  Trevigniana,  4t6. — Historia  Lu- 
dicia,  4to.  1656,  besides  some  Latin' poems, 
&c.  He  was  instrumental  in  the  institution 
of  the  academies  of  Padua  and  Trevisa,  and 
died  1659,  aged  75. 
P»onjour,  Guillaume,  an  Augustine  monk 


born  at  Toulouse.  He  assisted  Clement 
XI.  in  discovering  the  errors  of  the  Grego- 
rian calendar,  and  died  in  China,  where  he 
had  been  sent  as  a  missionary  1714,  aged 
44.  He  was  well  versed  in  oriental  litera- 
ture and  wrote  some  dissertations,  &.c.  on 
Scripture,  and  the  Coptic  monuments  of 
the  Vatican. 

Bonne,  a  shepherdess  of  the  Vateline, 
who  became  the  mistress  and  afterwards 
the  wife  of  Peter  Brunoro,  a  famous  war- 
rior of  Parma.  She  displayed  uncommon 
marks  of  courage  in  the  field  of  battle,  and 
with  her  husband  she  supported  the  fame 
and  power  of  Venice  against  the  attacks  of 
the  duke  of  Milan.  She  went  with  Bru- 
noro to  defend  Negropont  against  the 
Turks,  where  she  signalized  herself  greatly, 
and  on  the  death  of  her  husband  there,  she 
abandoned  the  place,  and  died  in  the  Mo- 
rea  on  her  return  to  Venice,  1466,  leaving 
two  sons  to  inherit  her  honours  and  repu- 
tation. 

Bonnecorse,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
French  consul  in  Egypt.  He  wrote  Latin 
and  French  verses,  but  he  was  ridiculed  in 
Boileau's  Lutrin.     He  died  1706. 

Bonnecc/eil,  Joseph  Duranti  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic of  Aix,  who  translated  some  of 
the  works  of  St.  Chrysostom,  Ambrose, 
&c.     He  died  at  Paris  1756,  aged  93. 

Bonnefons,  John,  was  born  at  Clermont 
in  Auvergne,  and  distinguished  himself 
greatly  as  a  successful  imitator  of  the 
poetry  of  Catullus,in  hisPancharis  and  Pha- 
leuric  verses.  He  had  a  son  eminent  also  as  a 
poet.  He  died  1614,  aged  60.  His  poems 
are  printed  with  Beza's,  Paris,  1755,  12mo. 
Bonnefons,  Amable,  a  Jesuit  of  Riom, 
who  wrote  several  devotional  tracts.  He 
died  at  Paris  1653. 

Bonn  ell,  James,  an  Englishman,  emi- 
nent for  his  virtues  and  piety.  He  was  born 
1653  at  Genoa,  where  his  father  was  a  resi- 
dent merchant,  and  he  came  to  England 
when  two  years  old,  and  was  educated  at 
Dublin  and  Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards 
tutor  in  a  private  family,  and  wished  to 
enter  into  the  church,  but  as  his  father  had 
greatly  suffered  during  the  civil  wars,  he 
was  joined  with  him  in  a  patent  to  hold  the 
office  of  accomptant  general  of  Ireland. 
He  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  with 
great  integrity  and  honour,  and  died  at 
Dublin,  1699,  universally  respected.  His 
funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  bishop 
Wettenhall,  and  his  life  was  written  by 
archdeacon  Hamilton  1703, 12mo.  in  which 
some  of  his  meditations  are  introduced. 

Bonner,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London, 
was  the  son  of  a  man  of  indigent  circum- 
stances, born  at  Harley,  in  Worcestershire, 
and  charitably  educated  at  the  expense  of 
the  family  of  Lechmere.  He  entered  1512 
at  Broadgate-hall,  now  Pembroke  college, 
and  by  his  learning'  and  assiduity  he  recon> 


BON 


BON 


mended  himself  to  the  notice  of  Wolsey , 
whose  influence  procured  him  several  ec- 
clesiastical preferments,  and  great  favour 
at  court.     He  was  made  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  he  gained  his  heart  by  promoting 
with  all  his  powers  his  divorce  from  Cathe- 
rine of  Arragon.    He  was  sent  to  Rome  to 
plead  the  king's  cause  before  Clement  VII. 
but  he  spoke  with  such  vehemence  and  in- 
dignation against  the  tyranny  of  the  holy 
see,  that  the  pope  threatened  to  throw  him 
into  "a  caldron  of  melted  lead,  and  he  es- 
caped from  the  vengeance  of  the  pontiff 
only  by  flight.     Bonner's  abilities  as  a  ne- 
gotiator were  great,  and  his  manners  in- 
sinuating,  therefore  he  was  ambassador 
•severally  to  the  courts  of  Denmark,  France, 
and  Germany.    In  153S  he  was  nominated 
to  the  see  of  Hereford,  by  the  recommen- 
dation of  his  great  friend  and  patron  lord 
Cromwell,    who   had    now    succeeded   to 
Wolsey's  honours,  and  before  his  conse- 
cration he  was  promoted  to  London.   Now 
raised  to  the  episcopal  dignity,  he  began  to 
show  the  real  sentiments  of  his  heart.    He 
had  formerly  opposed  the  pope's  preroga- 
tive only  to  rise  in  Henry's  favour,  but  af- 
ter his  death  he  convinced  the  public  that 
he  was  firmly  devoted  to  the  catholic  faith, 
and  therefore  he  withstood  the  measures 
that  were  adopted  by  Edward  VI.  to  spread 
the  reformation,  and  for  his  obstinacy  he 
was  deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  commit- 
ted to  the  Marshalsea.     This  persecution 
endeared  him  the    more   in  the   eyes  of 
Mary,  and  of  her  popish  ministers  ;  she  no 
sooner  ascended  the  throne  than  Bonner 
was  restored  to  his  honours,  and  made  pre- 
sident of  the  convocation  in  the  stead  of 
Cranmer,  now  disgraced.     In  his  new  of- 
fice he  displayed  all  the  native  ferocity  of 
his  character.     He  not  only  dismissed  and 
excommunicated  several  of  the  clergy,  but 
he  committed  some  hundreds  to  the  flames 
for  not  renouncing  the  doctrines  of  the  re- 
formation, and  on  every  accusation  show- 
ed himself  the  worthy  minister  of  a  bloody 
reign.     On  the  death  of  Mary  he  paid  his 
respects  to  the  new  queen,  but  Elizabeth 
turned  away  from  a  man  stained  with  the 
blood  of  suffering  innocence,  and  the  bigot- 
ed ecclesiastic  soon  after,   when  summon- 
ed before  the  council,  refused  to  take  the 
oaths  of  allegiance,  and  was  again  deprived 
of  his  bishopric,  and  imprisoned.    He  died 
about  the  10th  year  of  his  confinement,  5th 
September,  1569,  and  as  he  was  excommu- 
nicated, his  body  was  privately  buried  at 
midnight    in     St.    George's    churchyard, 
Southwark,  that  a  public  ceremony  might 
not  draw  more  strongly  the  indignation  of 
the  populace  against  his  remains.     In  his 
person  Bonner  was  fat  and  corpulent,  his 
character  was  ferocious  and  vindictive,  his 
knowledge  of  divinity  was  not  extensive, 
but  he  was   well   versed  in  politics  and 


canon  law.   He  wrote  some  tracts  uow  de- 
servedly forgotten. 

Bonnet,  Charles,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
disturbed  from  his  pursuits  in  the  law  by 
reading  la  Pluche's  spectacle  de  la  nature, 
and  Reaumur's  memoirs  of  insects.  De- 
voted to  the  studies  of  natural  history  and 
of  metaphysics,  he  made  some  valuable 
discoveries  in  entomology  at  the  age  of  20, 
and  when  27,  he  claimed  the  public  atten- 
tion by  his  treatise  on  phychology  and  his 
analytical  essay  on  the  mental  powers,  and 
his  system  of  physics.  He  died  at  Geneva 
20th  May,  1793,  aged  73,  universally  re- 
spected as  a  good  Christian  and  as  abenevo- 
lent  man.  He  published  besides  conside- 
rations on  organized  bodies — contempla- 
tions of  nature — and  palingenesia,  or 
thoughts  on  the  past  and  future  state  of 
animals  and  beings,  two  vols.  8vo. — inqui- 
ries on  the  use  of  leaves  in  plants,  &c. 

Bonneval,  Claudius  Alexander  count 
de,  of  Limousin,  was  allied  by  blood  to  the 
royal  family  of  France.  He  quitted  the 
French  service,  where  he  began  to  distin- 
guish himself,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of 
prince  Eugene.  His  interest,  however,  at 
the  court  of  Vienna  was  ruined  by  the  in- 
trigues of  his  enemy  de  Prie,  and  therefore 
he  offered  his  services  to  Russia,  and  after- 
wards to  Turkey,  where  he  was  honoura- 
bly received,  made  bashaw  of  three  tails, 
and  appointed  to  a  government,  and  the 
command  of  30,000  men,  at  the  stipend  of 
forty-five  thousand  livres  a  year.  As  the 
vassal  of  the  Turkish  emperor  he  quelled 
a  dangerous  insurrection  in  Arabia  Petrae, 
and  defeated  a  large  Austrian  army  on  the 
banks  of  the  Danube.  His  successes,  how- 
ever, hastened  his  disgrace.  Though  the 
favourite  of  the  sultan,  he  was  disgraced 
and  banished  to  the  island  of  Chio,  from 
which  he  was  afterwards  recalled,  and  re- 
stored to  places  of  honour  and  emolument. 
He  wrote  the  memoirs  of  his  own  life,  pub- 
lished London  1755,  and  died  in  Turkey 
1747,  aged  75. 

Bonneval,  Rene  de,  an  inferior  writer 
and  poet  of  Mans,  who  died  1760. 

Bonnier  d'Alco,  N.  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  the  national  assembly  and  in  the 
convention  for  his  strong  republican  prin- 
ciples. He  was  engaged  as  minister  in 
the  conferences  with  the  English  ambassa- 
dor at  Lisle,  and  afterwards  at  Radstadt ; 
on  returning  from  which  he  was  assassi- 
nated by  some  men  in  the  dress  of  Austrian 
hussars,  28th  April,  1799. 

Bonosus,  bishop  of  Naissus  in  Dacia, 
was  accused  of  heresy,  and  condemned  at 
Capua,  by  a  council  of  prelates  who  abhor- 
red his  doctrines,  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
should  have  other  children  besides  Christ. 
Bonosus  died  410  ;  but  his  doctrines  were 
propagated,  and  prevailed  for  more  than, 
two  centuries  after. 

95? 


BOO 


BOO 


Bonteeoe,  Cornielle,  a  Dutchman,  phy- 
sician to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  tea,  and  another 
on  the  climacterical  year.  He  died  young. 
His  works  were  printed,  Amsterdam,  1689, 
4to. 

Bontemfi,  George  Andrew  Angelini, 
minister  of  the  chapel  of  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, was  a  native  of  Perugia,  and  known 
as  a  good  musician,  and  as  the  author  of 
nova  quatuor  vocibus  componendi  metho- 
dus,  1660,  and  an  Italian  history  of  music, 
printed  Perugia,  1695,  in  folio. 

Bontems,  Madam,  a  woman  deservedly 
respected  for  the  delicacy  of  her  wit,  the 
goodness  of  her  understanding,  her  polish- 
ed manners,  and  ber  benevolent  heart. 
She  gave  an  elegant  translation  of  Thorn- 
eon's  Seasons,  1759.  She  died  at  Paris 
18th  April,  1763,  aged  50. 

Bontics,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at 
Batavia,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the 
diseases,  the  botany,  and  natural  history 
of  India,  printed  Leyden,  1642,  and  Am- 
sterdam, 1658. 

Bontius,  Gerard,  a  native  of  Ryswick, 
medical  professor  at  Leyden,  where  he 
died  15th  September,  1599,  aged  63.  He 
invented  some  famous  pills,  called  pillulae 
tartar*,  the  composition  of  which  was  long 
kept  secret,  but  is  now  known. 

Bonvincino,  Alexander,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, the  disciple  of  Titian.  His  works  are 
in  high  esteem.    He  died  1564,  aged  50. 

Bonwicke,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, born  April  29,  1652,  and  educated 
at  Merchant  Tailors'  school  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  elected  master 
of  Merchant  Tailors'  school  in  1686,  and 
expelled  in  1691,  for  not  taking  the  oaths 
of  allegiance.  He  afterwards  kept  a  school 
at  Headley,  in  Surrey,  and  had  at  the  same 
time  Fenton  for  his  usher,  and  Bowyer  the 
printer  for  his  pupil.  He  had  twelve  chil- 
dren by  his  wife  Elizabeth  Stubbs. 

Boodt,  Anselm  Von,  a  physician  of  the 
emperor  Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract 
on  jewels,  he  died  1660. 

Booker,  John,  a  haberdasher,  who  af- 
terwards became  a  writing-master  at  Had- 
ley,  in  Middlesex,  and  an  astrologer,  well 
versed  in  the  discovery  of  thieves,  and  in 
the  solution  of  love  inquiries.  He  is  cele- 
brated by  Lily,  who  was  well  acquainted 
with  his  art ;  and  he  was  severely  attack- 
ed by  George  Wharton.  He  wrote  the 
"  bloody  Irish  almanac,"  about  the  war  of 
Ireland,  and  died  April,  1667. 

Boone,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
pieces  are  valuable,  as  expressive,  in  the 
most  natural  forms,  of  low  scenes,  &c.  He 
died  in  England,  1698. 

Boone,  Thomas,  governor  of  New-Jer- 
sey,   commenced    his    administration    in 
April,  1760.     In  1761  he  was  removed  to 
the  government  of  South-Carolina,  whore 
•26(»> 


he  continued  till  1763,  and  was  the  most 
enlightened  and  judicious  royal  governor 
ever  placed  over  that  colony.  IGP  L. 

Boonen,  Arnold,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
known  as  a  most  eminent  portrait  painter. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Schalken,  and  died 
1729. 

Boot,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  physician,  au- 
thor of  animadversions  ad  textum  hebrai- 
cum,  in  which  he  ably  defended  the  He- 
brew text  of  Scripture  against  Morin  and 
Cappel.  He  wrote  also  some  medical  trea- 
tises, and  died  at  Paris,  1653. 

Booth,  Barton,  celebrated  as  an  actor, 
was  born  in  Lancashire,  1681.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster,  and 
his  theatrical  powers  were  first  roused  to 
action  at  the  representation  of  a  Latin  play 
by  the  pupils  of  the  school.  The  superior 
abilities  which  he  displayed,  and  the  ap- 
plauses which  he  received,  induced  him  to 
oppose  the  wishes  of  his  father,  and  there- 
fore, instead  of  going  to  college  to  prepare 
himself  for  the  church,  he  eloped,  in  1698, 
from  the  school,  and  engaged  himself  in 
Ashbury's  strolling  company  in  Ireland. 
After  spending  three  seasons  in  Dublin,  he 
came  back  to  London,  where  his  reputation 
soon  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
Betterton,  and  his  incomparable  acting  of 
the  character  of  Maximus  in  Valentinian, 
and  of  Artabas  in  the  Ambitious  Stepmo- 
ther, drew  upon  him  the  decided  approba- 
tion of  the  public.  By  the  influence  of 
lord  Bolingbroke,  he  was,  in  1713,  named 
as  manager  of  the  theatre  with  Cibber, 
Wilks,  and  Dogget  ;  but  his  constitution 
was  naturally  weak,  and  he  sunk  under 
great  exertions.  He  fell  a  victim  to  a  com- 
plication of  disorders,  and  expired  10th 
May,  1733.  He  maintained  the  high  cha- 
racter which  he  had  at  first  acquired  on  the 
stage  ;  and  though  he  failed  in  comedy, 
his  powers  in  tragedy  evinced  superior 
judgment,  and  wherever  the  more  turbu- 
lent passions  of  the  heart,  the  significant 
expressions  of  voice  and  countenance, 
were  required,  he  left  all  competitors  far 
behind  him.  His  most  capital  perform- 
ance was  Othello,  in  the  opinion  of  Cib- 
ber, who  attributed  the  unrivalled  excel- 
lence of  his  Cato  to  the  novelty  of  the  cha- 
racter, and  the  political  temper  and  feel- 
ings of  the  times.  Aaron  Hill  has  also  de- 
lineated his  character  with  the  freedom  of 
a  critic  and  the  accuracy  of  an  acquaint- 
ance. 

Booth,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  statesman,  was  member  of 
several  parliaments  for  Chester  under 
Charles  II.  He  strenuously  opposed  the 
papists,  and  zealously  promoted  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  duke  of  York  ;  and  to  this  re- 
sistance to  the  views  of  the  court  he  pro- 
bably owed  the  confinement  which  he  en- 
dured three  times  under  the   tyrannical 


BOR 


BOR 


reign  of  James  II.  He  was  tried  for  trea- 
son, but  he  was  acquitted,  in  spite  of  the 
efforts  of  Jeffries  and  the  court ;  and  in  his 
retirement  he  favoured  the  cause  of  free- 
dom and  of  William  of  Orange.  At  the 
revolution  he  was  advanced  to  high  offi- 
ces ;  but  as  he  wished  to  check  the  royal 
prerogative,  William  dismissed  him  from 
his  employments,  not  without  compliment- 
ing his  great  services  with  a  pension  of 
200/.  and  the  earldom  of  Warrington.  He 
died  2d  January,  1641,  aged  41.  He  wrote 
some  political  tracts,  besides  speeches,  &c. 

Booth,  George,  earl  of  Warrington,  son 
of  the  preceding,  published,  in  1739,  an 
anonymous  tract  on  "  the  institution  of 
marriage,"  recommending  divorces  where 
the  tempers  disagree.     He  died  1758. 

Borbonius,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet,  the 
favourite  of  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He 
wrote  some  poems,  which  he  called  Nugae, 
in  which  he  severely  attacks  the  character 
of  Sir  Thomas  More,  with  whom  he  had 
been  in  habits  of  intimacy.  He  was  also 
connected  with  Erasmus,  Scaliger,  Palin- 
genius,  and  other  learned  men  of  the  16th 
century.     His  poems  appeared  1540. 

Borda,  John  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  mathematician,  born  at  Dax,  4th 
May,  1733.  He  served  at  first  as  engineer 
and  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  and  in  1771, 
was  sent  with  Verdun  and  Pingre  to  Ame- 
rica to  make  observations  on  the  situation 
of  various  islands,  and  in  1774,  he  conti- 
nued the  same  researches.  During  the 
American  war,  he  served  with  credit  under 
eTEstaing,  as  rear  admiral ;  but  his  services 
to  science  were  of  the  greatest  importance. 
He  introduced  more  uniformity  in  the 
building  of  the  French  ships  of  war,  and 
by  his  experiments  contributed  much  to 
the  improvement  of  all  vessels.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  his  discoveries  in  America, 
&c.  in  2  vols.  4to.  1778,  the  description 
and  the  use  of  the  circle  of  reflection,  in 
which  he  recommended  the  specular  circles 
of  Tobias  Mayer,  1787,  and  other  treatises, 
inserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  The  small  rod  for  the  mensura- 
tion of  angles,  so  useful  in  astronomy,  was 
of  his  invention,  and  he  also  introduced  a 
new  method  to  observe  the  length  of  the 
pendulum,  and  the  new  system  of  weights 
and  measures  adopted  by  the  constituent 
assembly.  He  died  at  Paris  of  a  dropsy  in 
the  chest,  1799. 

Borde,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Pevensey  in 
Sussex,  born  1500,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  studied  physic,  though  entered 
in  the  order  of  the  Carthusians  ;  and  after 
travelling  over  the  greatest  part  of  Europe 
and  Africa,  he  settled  at  Winchester,  and 
took  his  degrees  at  Montpellier,  in  his  cha- 
racter he  was  whimsical  and  eccentric  in  the 
extreme.  He  was  not  devoid  of  wit  and 
Earning ;  but  though  commended  for  his 


skill  as  a  physician,  it  is  probable  that  he 
never  acquired  opulence  or  distinction  by 
his  profession,  as  he  died  in  the  fleet, 
April,  1549.  He  has  been  accused  by  Bale 
of  poisoning  himself,  because  he  kept  a 
brothel  for  the  Carthusian  monks.  He 
wrote  the  breviary  of  health, — some  medi- 
cal tracts, — a  jest  book,  &c. 

Borde,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Paris,  5th  September,  1734.  He 
was  at  first  the  valet  of  Lewis  XV.  and  on 
the  monarch's  death,  was  appointed  farmer- 
general.  Naturally  fond  of  literature,  he 
cultivated  it  in  the  midst  of  business,  and 
wrote  some  learned  works.  His  essays  on 
ancient  and  modern  music,  4  vols.  4to. 
1780 — memoires  historiques  de  Coucy,  2 
vols.  8vo. — pieces  interessantes  for  the 
history  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  Lewis  XIV. 
12mo. — letters  on  Switzerland,  2  vols. 
8vo. — abrege  cronique,  8vo. — history  of 
the  South  sea,  3  vols.  8vo. — Swinburne's 
travels  translated — besides  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  airs,  in  4  vols.  Svo.,  &c.  are  very 
interesting  proofs  of  his  taste  and  assiduity 
as  a  lover  of  music,  and  as  an  author. 
During  the  revolution,  he  retired  to  Rouen, 
in  hopes  of  passing  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
repose,  but  the  satellites  of  Robespierre 
discovered  him,  and  he  was  guillotined  22d 
July,  1794,  aged  60. 

Bourdelon,  Lawrence,  a  native  of 
Bourges,  who  died  at  Paris,  1730,  aged  77. 
Though  an  ecclesiastic,  he  wrote  for  the 
theatre,  but  with  little  success ;  and  his 
pieces  are  now  deservedly  forgotten.  His 
history  of  the  extravagancies  of  Mr.  Ouffle 
has  appeared  in  English,  8vo.  which  ridi- 
cules the  reading  of  books  on  witchcraft, 
magic,  &c. 

Bordenave,  Toussaint,  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  Paris,  is  known  for  his  elements  of 
physiology,  in  2  vols.  12mo.  He  was  born 
10th  April,  1728,  and  died,  March  12th,. 
1782. 

Bordes,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philosopher 
of  Lyons,  who  died  1781.  His  works 
were  published  at  Lyons,  4  vols.  Svo.  1783, 
and  among  their  contents  are  admired  an 
ode  on  war, — Blanche  de  Bourbon,  a  fine 
tragedy, — elegant  epistles,  &c. 

Bordeu,  Theophilus  de,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 22d,  1722,  at  Ieste  in  the  valley  of 
Ossan  in  Beam,  and  early  distinguished 
himself  at  the  university  of  Montpellier, 
where,  at  the  age  of  20,  he  held  a  thesis  de 
sensu  generice  considerato,  in  so  learned  a 
manner  as  to  astonish  his  auditors.  He 
gained  great  reputation  at  Paris,  and  though 
he  had  enemies  as  a  physician,  he  gained 
the  esteem  and  the  approbation  of  the 
learned,  the  judicious,  and  the  great.  His 
constitution  was  early  impaired  by  a  flying 
gout,  and  a  deep  melancholy,  and  he  ex- 
pired under  an  attack  of  apoplexy  24th 
November,  1776.  He  published  nine  dif- 
261 


BOR 


BOR 


fercnt  treatises  on  anatomical  and  medical 
subjects,  much  admired  for  the  information 
and  judicious  remarks  which  they  convey. 
Bordingius,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Da- 
nish poet,  whose  works,  highly  esteemed  in 
Denmark,  were  printed  173S,  at  Copenha- 
gen. 

Bordone,  Paris,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
who  was  disciple  of  Titian,  and  the  favour- 
ite of  Francis  I.  He  particularly  excelled 
in  the  delicacy  of  his  strokes  and  the 
purity  of  his  outlines,  and  gained  great 
reputation  by  the  portraits  which  he  took 
of  the  beauties  of  the  French  court.  He 
retired  to  Venice  from  France,  and  died, 
universally  admired,  in  1587,  aged  75. 

Bore,  Catherine  Von,  a  nun  of  the  con- 
vent of  Nimptschen,  near  Wittemberg, 
who,  with  eight  others,  quitted  the  veil  on 
the  first  dissemination  of  Luther's  princi- 
ples. The  many  qualities  of  her  mind,  the 
beauty  of  her  person,  and  the  heroic  fea- 
tures of  her  conduct,  recommended  her  to 
the  notice  of  the  great  reformer,  who  loved 
her,  and,  though  far  more  advanced  in  life, 
married  her,  in  her  26th  year.  Luther 
reaped  in  her  fidelity  both  happiness  and 
instruction  ;  and  though  the  tongue  of  ma- 
levolence propagated  reports  to  the  dis- 
credit of  her  virtue,  it  must  appear  incon- 
trovertible, that  the  affections  of  her  hus- 
band were  bestowed  on  none  but  a  woman 
of  delicacy  and  virtue.  After  a  hospitable 
and  exemplary  life,  she  died  1552,  aged  53, 
leaving  three  sons,  Paul,  Martin,  and  John. 
Borel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Castres,  phy- 
sician to  the  French  king,  and  author  of 
several  curious  and  valuable  publications 
on  medicine  and  antiquities.  He  died, 
1689,  aged  69. 

Borelli,  John  Alphonsus,  was  born  at 
Naples,  28th  Jan.  1608,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  philosopher  and  mathemati- 
cian at  Florence  and  Pisa,  under  the  patron- 
age of  the  house  of  Medicis.  As  he  was 
concerned  in  the  revolt  of  Messina,  he 
fled  to  Rome  for  safety,  where  the  kind- 
ness of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  alle- 
viated his  distress,  and  supported  his  for- 
tunes. He  there  taught  mathematics,  and 
died  of  a  pleurisy,  31st  Dec.  1679,  aged 
72.  He  wrote  thirteen  different  treatises 
in  Italian  and  Latin,  highly  esteemed  for 
the  erudition  and  scientific  knowledge 
which  they  contain.  That  "  de  motu  ani- 
malium,"  in  two  parts,  is  particularly  quo- 
ted by  authors  as  a  book  of  superior 
merit. 

Borgarutics,  Prosper,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired 
celebrity  as  an  anatomist  at  Padua  and  Pa- 
ris. He  published  some  works  in  his  pro- 
fession, much  esteemed. 

Borghese,  Paul   Guidotto,  a  poet  and 
painter,  born  at  Lucca,  who,  though  ac- 
quainted with    fourteen  different  trades, 
202 


died  poor  and  neglected,  1626,  aged  60. 
He  attempted  to  rival  Tasso,  by  a  despi- 
cable poem  called  "  Jerusalem  ruined." 

Borghini,  Vincent,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Florence.  He  wrote,  besides  an 
edition  of  the  decameron,  of  Boccace, 
"  Discorsi,"  on  the  origin,  antiquities,  &c. 
of  Florence,  a  most  valuable  work.  He 
had  the  magnanimity  to  refuse  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Pisa,  and  died  1680,  aged  65. 

Borghini,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  wri- 
ter of  comedies,  and  of  a  tract  on  sculp- 
ture, much  esteemed,  printed,  8vo.  1584. 

Borgia,  Caesar,  a  natural  son  of  pope 
Alexander  VI.  He  no  sooner  heard  of  his 
father's  exaltation  to  the  papal  chair,  than 
he  left  Pisa,  where  he  was  fixed  for  his 
education ;  but  the  ambitious  prospects 
which  he  had  formed  in  his  aspiring  mind, 
were  a  little  obscured  by  the  coldness  with 
which  Alexander  received  him.  He  com- 
plained to  his  mother  Vanozza,  who  for  a 
while  quieted  his  impatience,  but  he  was 
dissatisfied  to  see  the  dukedom  of  Gandia 
conferred  upon  his  elder  brother  Francis, 
whilst  the  primacy  of  Valenza  was  re- 
served for  himself.  Afterwards,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  his  mother,  whose  greatest 
favourite  he  was,  in  preference  to  three 
other  sons  and  a  daughter  called  Lucretia, 
the  dignity  of  cardinal  was  conferred  upon 
him,  and  he  became  the  friend  and  confi- 
dant of  his  father's  counsels.  The  eleva- 
tion of  Francis,  however,  to  secular  power 
continued  to  excite  his  jealousy,  so  that  at 
once  to  gratify  malice  and  revenge,  he 
caused  his  unhappy  brother  to  be  murdered 
by  assassins,  and  thrown  into  the  Tiber, 
where  his  mangled  carcass  was  a  few  days 
after  found.  The  pope  bitterly  lamented 
his  fate,  but  all  his  inquiries  after  the  mur- 
derer were  silenced  by  Vanozza,  who, 
justly  suspected  as  an  accomplice,  terrified 
the  astonished  father,  by  declaring  that  if 
he  did  not  desist,  the  same  dagger  was 
ready  to  stab  him  to  the  heart.  Caesar 
succeeded  to  his  brother's  honours  and  for- 
tune, and  now  he  resigned  the  dignity  of 
cardinal,  that  he  might  with  greater  lati- 
tude gratify  his  avarice,  ambition,  and 
cruelty.  Bands  of  assassins  were  kept 
around  him,  who  sacrificed  to  his  pleasure 
both  friends  and  foes  ;  but  his  murderous 
schemes  proved  nearly  fatal.  United  with 
his  father  in  the  attempt  to  poison  nine 
newly  created  cardinals,  that  they  might 
seize  their  possessions,  the  wine  was  by 
mistake  brought  to  them,  so  that  Caesar 
escaped  with  difficulty  by  the  power  of  an- 
tidote and  strength  of  c'onstitution,  the  pope 
died  of  it.  His  crimes  were  now  too  pub- 
lic to  be  unnoticed.  Though  lately  raised 
to  the  dukedom  of  Valentinois  by  Lewis 
XII.  he  was  stripped  of  all  his  dignities, 
and  sent  a  prisoner  to  Spain,  but  he  escaped 
to  the  court  of  his  brother-in-law,  John, 


BOH 


BOR 


king  of  Nayarre,  and  after  trying  in  Tain 
to  restore  his  fallen  fortunes,  he  engaged  in 
the  civil  war,  by  which  his  brother's  king- 
dom was  distracted,  and  was  killed  by  the 
stroke  of  a  spear  under  the  walls  of  Viana, 
12th  March,  1507.  This  extraordinary 
character,  so  infamous  in  principle,  has 
been  proposed  by  Machiavel  as  a  pattern  to 
princes  who  would  act  the  part  of  wise  and 
politic  tyrants. 

Borgia,  Stephen,  an  eminent  cardinal, 
was  born  of  a  noble  family  at  Velletri  in 
1731.  On  entering  into  orders  he  obtained 
considerable  preferment,  and  in  1770,  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  congregation  of 
the  Propaganda,  which  is  an  institution  for 
the  spreading  of  Christianity  among  the 
heathen.  About  this  time  he  began  to  lay 
the  foundation  of  the  family  museum  at 
Velletri,  of  part  of  which,  relating  to  Ara- 
bic monuments,  he  published  a  description 
in  1782.  In  this  year  also  he  employed  a 
Capuchin  monk  to  learn  the  Armenian  lan- 
guage, that  he  might  qualify  himself  as  a 
missionary  in  the  East,  and  to  compile  a 
dictionary  of  that  language.  In  17S9,  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and 
about  the  same  time  appointed  prefect  of 
the  congregation  of  the  Indies,  holding  also 
the  same  office  in  the  Propaganda,  and  in 
the  congregation  for  correcting  the  books 
of  the  Eastern  churches.  The  French  re- 
volution involved  the  cardinal  in  great  dif- 
ficulties, froA  which  he  was  partly  relieved 
by  the  liberality  of  some  foreign  courts  ; 
and  through  him  it  was  that  the  royal 
bounty  of  England  was  extend'ed  to  the 
cardinal  York.  He  assisted  at  the  election 
of  pope  Pius  VI.,  at  Venice,  and  was 
chosen  to  attend  him  to  Paris,  but  died 
on  the  road,  at  Lyons,  Nov.  23,  1804.  He 
published — 1.  Monumento  di  Giovanni  XVI. 
summo  Pontifice  illustrato,  Svo.  2.  Breve 
Istoria  dell'  antica  citta  di  Tadino  nell' 
Umbria,  8vo.  3.  Dissertatione  sopra  un' 
antica  iscriozione  rinuenta  nell'  Isola  di 
Malta  nell'  anno  1749,  Svo.  4.  Disserta- 
tione Filologica  sopra  un'  antica  Gemma 
intagliata.  What  is  called  the  Borgian 
MS.  is  a  fragment  of  a  Coptic-Greek  manu- 
script, brought  by  a  monk  from  Egypt,  and 
sent  to  this  cardinal.  It  was  printed  at 
Rome  in  1789,  4to.—  W.  B. 

Borgiani,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Rome, 
eminent  as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  1681,  aged  51. 

Boris,  Gudenou,  an  intriguing  officer, 
regent  of  Muscovy  under  Foedor.  He 
assassinated  Demetrius  the  brother  of  Foe- 
dor,  and  afterwards  Foedor  himself,  and 
thus  obtained  the  sovereign  power.  His 
success  was  however  of  short  duration, 
Griska  an  impostor  arose,  who  pretended  to 
be  Demetrius  who  had  escaped  from  the 
dagger  of  his  murderers,  and  as  his  cause  was 
espoused  by  many  adherents,  and  the  vai- 


vode  of  Sandomir,  he  was  enabled  to 
attack  Boris,  who  died  of  a  broken  heart, 
1605.  The  infant  son  of  Boris  was  pro- 
claimed by  the  Boyards  in  opposition  to 
the  new  usurper,  but  the  fortunes  of  the 
false  Demetrius  prevailed,  and  the  son  of 
Boris  and  his  mother  were  murdered  10th 
June,  1605. 

Borlace,  Edmund,  M.D.  son  of  Sir 
John  Borlace,  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  was 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  afterwards  studied 
at  Leyden  and  Oxford,  in  which  places  he 
took  his  degrees.  He  died  at  Chester,  in 
1682,  where  he  had  practised  with  great 
reputation.  He  wrote  several  books  chiefly 
on  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Ireland, 
&c.  1680,  in  folio. 

Borlase,  William,  LL.  D.  was  born  at 
Pendeen  in  Cornwall,  second  of  February, 
1696,  and  educated  at  Penzance  and  Ply- 
mouth, from  whence  he  removed  to  Exeter 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees. 
He  was  made  rector  of  his  native  parish, 
St.  Just  in  Pendeen,  by  lord  King  in  1732, 
and  from  that  circumstance,  his  genius  was 
now  directed  with  all  the  judgment  of  a 
man  of  science,  to  investigate  the  curiosi- 
ties, the  mineral  and  metallic  fossils,  which 
surrounded  him.  He  published  the  anti- 
quities of  Cornwall  in  fol. — observations 
on  the  Scilly  islands,  4to. — and  the  natural 
history  of  Cornwall,  folio,  works  universal- 
ly and  deservedly  admired,  besides  commu- 
nications to  the  philosophical  transactions. 
He  enriched  likewise  the  Ashmolean  mu- 
seum at  Oxford,  with  several  curitws 
remains  of  antiquity,  for  which  he  was 
publicly  thanked  by  the  university  in  175S, 
and  he  beautified  the  grotto  of  Twickenham 
for  his  poetical  friend  Pope.  He  died  31st 
August,  1772,  aged  77,  leaving  two  sons 
out  of  six,  whom  he  had  by  a  lady  to  whom 
he  was  married  in  1724. 

Born,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  born  at 
Carlsburg,  He  resided  at  Prague,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  mineralogy  and  na- 
tural history.  Besides  some  valuable  trea- 
tises on  these  subjects,  he  wrote  a  satire  on 
the  monks,  in  which  he  classed  them,  after 
the  system  of  Linnaeus.  He  died  1791, 
aged  49. 

Bornier,  Philip  de,  a  lawyer  of  Mont- 
pellier,  author  of  two  learned  works  on 
the  laws  of  the  kingdom.  He  died  1711, 
aged  77. 

Borrel,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  well  ver- 
sed in  geometry.  He  died  atCenar,  1572, 
aged  80,  author  of  a  4to.  volume  on 
geometry,  now  little  read. 

Borri,  Joseph  Francis,  a  native  of  Mi- 
lan, who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
extravagant  pretensions  as  a  chymist,  a 
heretic,  and  a  quack.  After  playing  for 
some  time  the  prophet  at  Rome,  he  return- 
ed to  Milan,  where  he  attached  to  himself 
great  multitudes,  from  whose  credulity  he 
263 


BOR 


BOS 


exacted  an  oath  of  secrecy,  while  the  riches 
of  individuals  were  permitted  to  flow  into 
his  hands,  with  the  expectation  that  the 
kingdom  of  God,  like  a  general  fold,  was 
going  to  be  established  on  earth.  His 
schemes  were  so  well  concerted  that 
he  nearly  seized  the  sovereign  power 
by  means  of  his  adherents,  till  being 
discovered,  he  secured  himself  by  flight, 
whilst  the  inquisition  passed  sentence  of 
condemnation  on  his  character,  and  pub- 
licly burnt  his  effigy  and  his  writings  in 
1660.  From  Strasburg,  where  he  had  re- 
tired, he  came  to  Amsterdam,  and  there 
for  some  time  figured  as  a  character  of 
superior  dignity  and  uncommon  virtues. 
He  was  respected,  and  courted  as  a  uni- 
versal physician,  till  a  revolution  in  his 
fortune  drove  him  away  from  the  country, 
loaded  with  the  borrowed  jewels  of  the 
credulous  Hollanders.  At  Hamburgh  he 
obtained  the  protection  of  Christina  queen 
of  Sweden,  by  pretending  to  find  the  philo- 
sopher's stone,  and  he  gained  the  same 
confidence  at  Copenhagen  from  the  king  of 
Denmark.  Though  his  hypocrisy  at  last 
became  known  to  his  illustrious  patrons, 
he  gained  his  wishes  in  the  liberality  of 
their  rewards,  and  attempted  to  retire  to 
Hungary.  Being  however  accidentally 
seized  as  a  spy,  bis  name  was  reported  to 
the  emperor  of  Germany  in  the  presence 
of  the  popish  nuncio,  who  claimed  him  as 
an  excommunicated  heretic.  The  emperor 
consented,  provided  his  life  was  spared, 
and  Borri  was  conveyed  to  Rome,  and  con- 
demned to  perpetual  imprisonment,  which 
was  however  softened  by  the  interference 
of  the  duke  of  Estrces,  whom  he  cured  in  a 
dangerous  illness.  He  died  at  the  castle 
of  St.  Angelo,  in  1695,  aged  70.  He  wrote 
some  books  on  alchymy,  &c.  now  little 
read. 

Borrichius,  Olaus,  a  native  of  Denmark, 
educated  at  the  university  of  Copenhagen, 
of  which  he  became  a  learned  professor  in 
poetry,  chymistry,  and  botany.  After 
practising  with  great  reputation  as  a  physi- 
cian, and  refusing  the  rectorship  of  the 
famous  school  of  Heslow,  he  began  to  tra- 
vel, and  like  a  man  of  erudition  and  sound 
sense,  he  visited  Holland,  England, 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany,  and  after  an 
absence  of  six  years  returned  to  his  native 
{■ountry  in  1666.  His  genius  procured 
him  the  friendship  of  the  literati  of  Europe, 
and  the  rectitude  of  his  principles  the  pa- 
tronage of  his  sovereign.  He  was  dread- 
fully afflicted  with  the  stone,  and  after' 
being  unsuccessfully  cut  for  it,  he  died  in 
October,  1690,  aged  64.  He  published  se- 
veral tracts  in  Latin,  on  subjects  of  chymis- 
try, philosophy,  and  antiquities.  The  best 
known  of  which  are  de  Poetis  Grrecis  et 
Latinis — antiquse  Romse  imago — de  usu 
plantarum  indigenarum,  1688— de  somno 
2fi4 


somniferis,  &c. — Borrichius  de  vita  sua,  in 
two  vols. 

Borromeo,  Charles,  a  saint  of  the  Ro- 
mish church,  was  born  2d  October,  1538, 
at  the  chateau  d'Autone,  and  early  patron- 
ised by  his  maternal  uncle,  pope  Pius  IV. 
who  made  him  a  cardinal  and  archbishop 
of  Milan,  though  only  22  years  of  age. 
These  high  dignities  and  others  which 
were  lavished  upon  him  were  due  to  his 
merit  and  hi3  virtues.  Borromeo  was  an 
example  of  meekness  and  piety,  he  re- 
formed the  abuses  of  his  clergy,  gave  large- 
ly relief  to  the  necessitous,  and  provided 
institutions  for  the  reclaiming  of  profligate 
and  debauched  women.  This  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  humanity  however  enraged  the 
Humilies,  an  order  which  he  attempted  to 
reform  ;  and  one  of  the  brethren,  Fairna, 
fired  a  gun  at  the  worthy  prelate  while  in 
prayer  with  his  domestics.  The  shot  was 
not  fatal,  and  the  assassin  was  deservedly 
punished.  During  a  dreadful  pestilence 
the  attentions  of  Borromeo  to  the  distress- 
ed of  every  description  were  unusually 
exemplary,  yet  ingratitude  and  persecution 
generally  await  the  good  and  benevolent. 
He  was  accused  by  the  governor  of  Milan, 
before  Charles  V.  of  attempting  innova- 
tions in  the  ecclesiastical  institutions  of 
the  city,  but  his  innocence  was  too  plain 
to  need  defence.  This  great  and  good 
man  died  3d  Nov.  1594,  aged  47,  and  his 
name  was  canonized  by  Paul  V.  in  1710. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  doctrinal  and 
moral  subjects,  in  5  vols,  folio.  His  let- 
ters, in  31  vols,  are  preserved  in  MS.  at 
Milan. 

Borromeo,  Frederick,  was  cousin  to 
the  preceding,  and  like  him  a  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Milan,  and  also  the  copy  of 
his  excellent  character.  He  founded  the 
Ambrosian  library,  and  died  1632.  He 
wrote  some  theological  tracts. 

Borromini,  Francis,  an  architect  of  Bis- 
sone,  who  acquired  much  reputation  at 
Rome,  though  in  his  rivalship  with  le  Ber- 
nin,  he  deviated  from  that  simplicity  and 
those  received  rules  which  taste  and  judg- 
ment have  always  pronounced  the  basis  of 
the  beautiful.  He  died  in  consequence  of 
a  wound  which  he  had  given  himself  in  a 
fit  of  madness,  1667. 

Borzoni,  Luciano,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
eminent  as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  at  Milan  1645,  aged  55.  His 
three  sons,  John  Baptist,  Carlo,  and  Fran- 
cis Marie,  were  equally  great.  The  two 
first  died  young,  and  the  last  showed  supe- 
rior genius  in  the  representations  of  sea 
pieces,  storms,  &c.  He  died  at  Genoa 
1679. 

Bos,  John  Baptist  du,  a  native  of  Beau- 
vais,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
usefully  employed  under  Torcy  in  negotia- 
tions  with    Germany,   Holland,  England, 


BOS 


BOS 


and  Italy.  He  received  a  pension  for  his 
services,  and  died  at  Paris,  23d  March, 
1742,  aged  72.  He  wrote  critical  reflec- 
tions on  poetry  and  painting,  an  elegant 
work,  in  3  vols.  12mo.— history  of  the 
league  of  Cambray— history  of  the  French 
monarchy,  &c. 

Bos,  Lambert,  a  native  of  Workum, 
Greek  professor  at  Franeker,  where  he  died 
6th  January,  1717,  aged  47.  He  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literature,  and  published 
the  Septuagint,  2  vols.  4to. — the  antiquities 
of  Greece — and  other  learned  works. 

Bos,  Charles  Francis  du,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Lucon,  who  died  there  3d  October, 
1724.  He  was  a  man  of  great  piety  and 
extensive  erudition.  He  published  some 
works  on  theological  subjects,  besides  the 
life  of  Barillon  bishop  of  Lucon. 

Bos,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  whose 
devils,  spectres,  and  incantations,  though 
well  represented,  had  a  most  ghastly  and 
disagreeable  appearance.     He  died  1500. 

Bos,  Lewis  Jansen,  a  Flemish  painter. 
Not  only  his  leaves  and  flowers  were  beau- 
tiful, but  the  dew  was  represented  upon 
them  so  much  like  nature  as  to  deserve  uni- 
versal approbation.     He  died  1507. 

Bosc,  James  du,  a  native  of  Normandy, 
intimate  with  d'Ablancourt,  and  author  of 
1'honnete  femme  et  la  femme  heroique. 

Bosc,  Pierre  du,  son  of  an  advocate  of 
Rouen,  was  born  at  Bayeux  21st  February, 
1623.  He  was  made  protestant  minister 
at  Caen  at  the  age  of  23,  and  maintained 
with  spirit  and  success  the  doctrines  he 
had  embraced.  When  Lewis  XIV.  pub- 
lished some  severe  proclamations  against 
the  protestants,  Bosc  obtained  a  royal 
audience,  and  disarmed  the  rigour  of  the 
catholics  ;  but  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  he  retired  to  Holland, 
where  he  became  minister  of  the  church  of 
Rotterdam,  till  his  death,  second  January, 
1692.  His  sermons,  in  four  vols.  8vo.  are 
masterly  proofs  of  his  genius  and  oratorical 
eloquence.  Two  other  vols,  in  8vo.  con- 
sisting of  several  detached  pieces,  were 
also  printed  after  his  death. 

Boscager,  John,  a  native  of  Beziers,  the 
pupil  and  successor  of  his  uncle  la  Foret  as 
a  law  professor.  He  was  author  of  the  in- 
stitute of  the  Roman  and  French  law,  4to. 
and  of  a  posthumous  work  de  justitia  et 
jure,  12mo.     He  died  1684,  aged  83. 

Boscan,  John,  of  Barcelona,  by  his  resi- 
dence at  Venice,  introduced  the  Italian 
rhyme  into  the  poetry  of  his  country,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  the  elegance  of  bis 
diction  and  the  majesty  of  his  lines.  He 
wrote  Medina,  4to.  published  1544,  and 
Salamanca,  8vo.  1547,  two  poems,  besides 
some  admired  sonnets,  and  died  1543. 

Boscawen,  Edward,  a  celebrated  admi- 
ral, second  son   of  Hugh  lord  Falmouth. 
He  was  born  in  Cornwall,  and  early  devo- 
Vol.  I.  34 


ted  to  the  sea  service.  In  1740  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Shore- 
ham,  and  distinguished  himself  at  Porto 
Bello,  and  also  at  Carthagena,  whereat  the 
head  of  a  few  seamen  he  took  a  battery 
though  annoyed  by  the  most  tremendous 
fire.  In  1744  he  obtained  the  Dreadnought 
of  60  guns,  and  took  the  Media  command- 
ed by  Hocquart,  who  again  fell  into  his 
hands  at  the  battle  off  Cape  Finisterre,  un- 
der Anson  three  years  after.  He  was  sent, 
in  1747,  as  commander  of  an  expedition  to 
the  East  Indies,  with  the  rank  of  rear  ad- 
miral of  the  blue,  and  though  he  was 
unsuccessful  in  his  blockade  of  Pondicher- 
ry,  on  account  of  the  monsoons,  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  take  Madras.  On  his  re- 
turn, during  the  peace  which  followed,  he 
was  made  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty, 
and  in  1755  he  was  sent  to  intercept  :i 
French  squadron  in  North  America,  and 
had  the  lingular  fortune  of  again  taking 
prisoner  for  the  third  time  Hocquart  in  one 
of  the  two  ships  which  surrendered  to  his 
arms.  In  1758,  he  was  joined  with  lord 
Amherst,  and  succeeded  in  the  capture  of 
Cape  Breton,  and  Louisburg.  In  1759  he 
went  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  upon  the 
sailing  of  the  French  fleet  through  the 
straits  he  immediately  left  Gibraltar  to  pur- 
sue with  all  speed  the  admiral  de  Clue,  and 
took  three  of  his  ships  and  burnt  two  in 
Lagos  bay.  These  great  services  were 
acknowledged  by  the  gratitude  of  the  par- 
liament and  the  applauses  of  the  nation, 
the  admiral  was  in  1760  made  general  of 
marine,  with  a  liberal  salary  of  3000?.  a 
year,  but  he  did  not  long  survive  these 
honours.  He  died  10th  Jan.  1761.  He 
married  in  1742,  the  daughter  of  William 
Evelyn  Glanville,  esq.  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  He  was 
for  some  time  representative  for  the  bo- 
rough of  Truro. 

Boscawen,  William,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  nephew  of  the  preceding,  being 
the  younger  son  of  general  George  Bosca- 
wen, third  son  of  lord  Falmouth.  He  was 
born  in  1752,  and  sent  to  Eton  school 
before  he  was  seven  years  old,  and  from 
thence,  at  a  proper  age,  to  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  which  he  left  without  taking  any 
degree,  and  then  studied  the  law  in  the 
Middle  Temple,  under  his  countryman  Mr. 
Francis  Buller.  On  being  called  to  the  bar 
he  went  the  western  circuit ;  was  made  a 
commissioner  of  bankrupts,  and  also  of  the 
victualling  board.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Ibbetson,  archdeacon  of  St. 
Alban's,  by  whom  he  had  a  numerous  fa- 
mily. He  died  in  1811.  Mr.  Boscawen 
was  the  author  of — 1.  A  Treatise  of  Con- 
victions on  Penal  Statutes,  8vo.  2.  A  new 
Translation  of  Horace,  2  vols.  8vo.  3. 
The  Progress  of  Satire,  an  essay  containing 
remarks  on  the  Pursuits  of  Literature,  8ro. 
265 


BOS 


BOS 


He  was  also  an  occasional  writer  in  the 
British  Critic.— W.  B. 

Bosch,  Balthazar  Vanden,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  whose  conversation  pieces  and 
portraits  are  highly  admired.  He  died 
1715,  aged  40. 

Bosch,  Jacob,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
whose  fruit  pieces  were  held  in  great  es- 
teem.    He  died  1675,  aged  39. 

Boschaerts,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Fle- 
mish painter  of  Berg,  born  in  1513.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  allegory  and  co- 
louring.    He  died  1667,  aged  54. 

Boscoli,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, born  1553,  the  disciple  of  Sarti  di 
Titi.  His  execution  and  colouring  were 
much  admired. 

Boscovich,  Joseph  Roger,  a  geometri- 
cian and  Jesuit,  born  at  Ragusa,  18th  May, 
1711,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Rome,  Pavia,  and  Milan.  Upon  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Jesuits,  he  came  to  France, 
and  afterwards  retired  to  Milan,  where  he 
died  12th  Feb.  1787.  As  his  knowledge  of 
optics,  geometry,  and  metaphysics  was  very 
extensive,  he  was  usefully  employed  by 
some  of  the  Italian  states,  in  measuring  a 
degree  in  Lombardy,  and  he  deserved 
likewise  the  patronage  of  the  public  by  his 
elegant  poetry.  His  works  are  on  mathe- 
matical subjects.  He  travelled  over  the 
greatest  part  of  Europe,  and  greatly  im- 
proved the  theory  of  achromatic  glasses. 
His  poem  de  solis  et  lunse  defectibus  is 
much  admired. 

Bosio,  James,  a  monk  of  Milan,  chiefly 
known  for  his  authentic  though  inelegant 
history  of  the  knights  of  Malta  in  three 
vols,  folio,  Rome,  1621,  29,  and  84. 

Bosio,  Anthony,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, is  known  by  his  Italian  description  of 
♦  he  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
tians at  Rome.  The  work  was  translated 
into  Latin  by  Aringhi,  and  is  valuable,  in 
two  vols.  fol.  1651. 

Boson,  count  of  Aries,  was  made  king  of 
Provence  in  879. 

Bosquet,  Francis,  bishop  of  Montpel- 
lier,  died  1676,  aged  71.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and  the  his- 
tory of  the  Galilean  church. 

Bosse,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Tours,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  engraver,  and  an  archi- 
tect. He  published  some  useful  treatises 
on  the  art  of  engraving,  8vo. — on  perspec- 
tive, 8vo. — representations  of  human 
figures,  from  the  antiques  of  Rome,  &c. 
and  died  about  the  year  1660. 

Bossu,  Rene  le,  was  born  at  Paris,  16th 
March,  1631,  and  after  studying  at  Nan- 
terre,  he  became  canon  of  St.  Genevieve. 
He  devoted  his  time  to  divinity,  and  parti- 
cularly to  belles  lettres,  on  which  he  read 
lectures  in  several  religious  houses.  He 
published  a  comparison  between  Aristotle's 
266 


and  Des  Cartes's  philosophy,  and  a  treatise 
on  epic  poetry,  the  best  composition  ever 
written  on  the  subject  in  French,  according 
to  Boileau  his  friend  and  favourite.  He 
left  several  MSS.  preserved  in  the  abbey  of 
St.  John  des  Chatres,  and  died  March, 
1680. 

Bossuet,  James,  was  born  at  Dijon 
27th  September,  1627,  and  studied  in  the 
college  of  Navarre  at  Paris.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and 
his  great  erudition  recommended  him  so 
much,  that  he  was  made  preceptor  to  the 
Dauphin  in  1669,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
discourse  on  universal  history,  in  1681. 
His  merits  raised  him  to  further  offices  of 
honour  and  trust;  he  became  bishop  of  Con- 
don, and  afterwards  of  Meaux,  and  in 
1695  he  was  made  superior  of  the  college 
which  had  contributed  to  the  education  of 
his  early  years.  His  writings  gained  uni- 
versal admiration.  As  a  catholic  he  dis- 
played firmness  and  moderation,  and  it  is 
said  that  his  strong  appeals  to  the  protes- 
tants,  in  his  doctrines  of  the  catholic  church 
drew  many  back  from  the  new  tenets 
to  the  pale  of  the  Romish  church.  His 
history  of  the  protestant  churches — his 
history  of  France,  &c.  are  well  known,  but 
his  funeral  orations,  delivered  in  honour  of 
the  memory  of  the  princes  and  great  men 
of  the  time,  possess  peculiar  sublimity. 
After  a  life  spent  honourably  in  the  defence 
of  the  religion  which  he  had  embraced,  he 
died  at  Paris,  12th  April,  1704,  and  was 
buried  at  Meaux.  The  learned  evinced 
their  respect  for  this  great  man's  memory, 
by  the  encomiums,  which  were  publicly 
delivered  to  crowded  audiences,  as  tributes 
of  gratitude,  at  Meaux,  Paris,  and  Rome. 
His  life  has  been  published  by  Burigny. 
His  works  appeared  at  Paris  together,  12 
vols.  4to.  1743. 

Bossus,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Verona,  and  employed  by  Sixtus  IV.  He 
died  at  Padua  1502,  aged  75.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  on  moral  subjects. 
Boston,  Thomas,  M.A.  a  native  of 
Dunse  in  Scotland,  educated  at  Edinburgh, 
and  minister  of  Simprin,  and  afterwards  of 
Etterick,  where  he  died  of  a  scorbutic  dis- 
order, 20th  May,  1732,  aged  36.  He 
wrote  a  well  known  book,  "  Human  na- 
ture in  its  fourfold  state,"  besides  other 
pieces,  &c. 

Bostwick, David,  a  respectableAmerican 
divine,  was  a  native  of  New-Milford,  Conn, 
born  in  1721.  At  the  age  of  15  he  entered 
Yale  College,  and  graduated  after  the  usual 
course  of  study.  On  leaving  college,  he 
was  engaged  as  an  instructer  in  an  acade- 
my at  Newark,  New-Jersey,  under  the 
inspection  of  the  Rev.  Aaron  Burr,  after- 
wards president  of  the  college  of  New- 
Jersey.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry, 
and   installed  pastor  of  the  presbyterian 


BOS 


BOT 


church  of  Jamaica,  Long-Island,  Octo- 
ber 9th,  1745.  Here  he  remained  (or 
more  than  ten  years.  In  1756,  he  accepted 
the  pastoral  charge  of  the  first  presbyterian 
church  in  the  city  of  New-York,  in 
which  he  continued  eminently  beloved 
and  useful,  until  the  year  1763,  when  he 
was  removed  by  death.  Mr.  Bostwick 
possessed  an  impressive,  commanding 
eloquence  to  which  few  attain  ;  and  the 
ardour  of  his  piety,  together  with  the 
purity  of  his  life,  and  the  solidity  of  his 
judgment,  gave  him  a  strong  hold  to  public 
esteem.  C"  L. 

Boswell,  James,  eldest  son  of  Alexan- 
der Boswell,  lord  Auchinleck,  one  of  the 
Scotch  judges,  was  born  at  Edinburgh, 
29th  October,  1740.  He  studied  civil  law 
in  the  universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh, and  though  inclined  to  a  military 
life,  he  followed  nt  last  the  advice  of  his 
father,  and  was  called  to  the  Scotch  bar. 
As  his  heart  was  warm,  open,  and  generous, 
he  cultivated  the  friendship  of  men  of 
worth  and  learning,  and  among  those 
whose  intimacy  he  courted,  were  lord  So- 
merville,  Mr.  Temple,  and  particularly  Dr. 
Johnson,  to  whom  he  was  introduced,  May 
16,  1763.  A  desire  of  acquiring  know- 
ledge by  observation,  and  of  studying  men 
and  manners,  induced  him  to  visit  foreign 
countries,  and  after  crossing  Germany  and 
Switzerland,  and  paying  his  respects  to  the 
poet  of  Ferney,  and  to  the  philosopher  of 
Geneva,  he  left  Italy  to  examine  Corsica, 
and  the  kindness  of  Paoli  was  therefore 
repaid  by  deserved  encomiums  in  the  his- 
tory which  he  published  of  that  island  ;  a 
volume  which  has  to  add  to  the  commen- 
dation of  Johnson  the  labours  of  Dutch, 
German,  Italian,  and  French  translators. 
He  returned  to  Scotland  in  1766,  and  three 
years  after  he  was  at  the  famous  jubliee  at 
Stratford  on  Avon,  where  he  supported  at  a 
masquerade  the  favouritccharactcr  of  an 
armed  Corsican  chief.  As  his  intimacy 
with  Johnson  was  founded  upon  the  basis 
of  reciprocal  esteem,  it  is  a  happy  circum- 
stance that  he  began  early  to  collect  and 
digest  the  materials  for  the  life  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  therefore  the  publica- 
tion of  the  work  in  1790,  was  received  with 
that  avidity  from  the  public  which  is  the 
best  tribute  to  the  memory  of  an  illustrious 
character,  as  well  as  to  the  judicious  exe- 
cution of  the  biographer.  Besides  Dr. 
Johnson's  life,  he  published  an  account  of 
his  tour  to  the  Hebrides  with  the  great  mo- 
ralist— two  well-known  letters  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Scotland,  and  essence  of  the  Douglas 
cause,  when  it  so  much  engaged  the  public 
attention.  Boswell  had  a  strong  predilec- 
tion for  the  literary  enjoyments  of  London, 
and  he  not  only  visited  the  capital  fre- 
quently, but  at  last  settled  there  in  1785, 
and  was  called  regularly  to  the  English  bar. 


He  did  not,  however,  meet  with  great  suc- 
cess, but  though  he  did  not  possess  the 
superior  powers  of  eloquence,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  lawyer  by  strong  sense  and 
deep  penetration.  He  was  suddenly  on  his 
return  from  Auchinleck  seized  Avith  a 
disorder  which  proved  fatal.  He  died  at 
his  house  in  Portland-street,  19th  June, 
1795,  aged  55.  He  left  two  sons  and  three 
daughters  by  Miss  Margaret  Montgomery, 
a  lady  of  amiable  manners,  to  whom  lie 
was  united  in  1769,  and  who  died  June 
1790.  Though  the  man  of  wit,  the  pleasing 
and  lively  companion,  Boswell  was  subject 
to  moments  of  constitutional  melancholy, 
and  it  was  during  those  depressions  of 
spirit,  that  he  wrote  his  hypochondriac,  a. 
periodical  publication,  in  1782.  His  cha- 
racter is  painted  in  flattering  colours  by 
Johnson,  who  says,  in  his  tour  to  the  He- 
brides, that  "  Boswell  would  help  his  inqui- 
ries, and  that  his  gayety  of  disposition  and 
civility  of  manners  were  sufficient  to 
counterbalance  the  inconveniences  of  tra- 
vel in  countries  less  hospitable  than  he 
had  passed." 

Botal,  Leonard,  physician  to  Henry 
III.  of  France,  recommended  frequent 
bleeding  in  fevers,  which  other  medical  men 
severely  condemned.  His  works  appeared 
Leyden,  1660,  8vo. 

Botero,  John,  secretary  of  Borromeo, 
was  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Savoy's  chil- 
dren. He  died  1688.  He  wrote  some  po- 
litical tracts,  &c. 

Both,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish 
painters.  They  were  so  fond  of  each 
other,  that  their  pictures  were  generally 
executed  in  common.  John,  who  was  the 
disciple  of  Abraham  Bloemart,  imitated 
Claude  Lorraine,  and  his  brother  copied  the. 
manner  of  Bamboche.  John  was  drowned 
1650,  in  the  canal  of  Venice,  and  the  other 
died  at  Utrecht  1656. 

Bothlan,  a  Christian  physician  of  Bag- 
dat,  who  visited  Egypt  in  1047,  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  his  rival  in  medicine,  called 
Ibn  Rodhwan.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Constantinople  for  one  year,  and  died  un- 
married. He  wrote  some  medical  tracts, 
&c.  Some  say  that  he  did  not  embrace 
Christianity. 

Bothwell,  James  Hepburn  carl,  is 
known  in  Scotch  history  for  his  marriage 
with  queen  Mary.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
historians  that  he  was  deeply  concerned  in 
the  murder  of  the  unfortunate  Darnley, 
Mary's  husband,  and  that  he  was  even  sup- 
ported by  the  deluded  queen.;  but  though 
suspected,  his  innocence  was  inferred  from 
his  acquittal  upon  the  trial.  If  the  death 
of  Darnley  did  not  seem  to  pave  the  way  to 
his  elevation,  he  made  himself  sure  by  sei- 
zing the  queen  at  Edinburgh,  and  carrying 
her  a  prisoner  to  Dunbar  castle,  where  he 
prevailed  upon  her  by  violence  to  yield  t<i 
207 


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Iiis  wishes  and  to  marry  him,  after  he  had 
divorced  his  own  wife.  Though  seemingly 
thus  secure  in  the  possession  of  power,  and 
though  created  earl  of  Orkney  by  the  un- 
fortunate queen,  he  soon  found  that  his 
conduct  had  roused  the  indignation  of  the 
kingdom.  Mary  found  not  in  him  that  fond 
husband  she  expected,  and  Bothwell  be- 
came unkind  and  brutal.  A  confederacy 
was  formed  against  him  by  the  barons,  the 
queen  was  liberated  from  his  power,  and 
the  disgraced  husband  escaped  to  the 
Orkneys,  and  afterwards  to  Denmark, 
where  he  died  1577.  In  his  last  moments, 
it  is  said  that  with  an  agonizing  conscience, 
he  confessed  his  own  guilt  and  the  queen's 
innocence  of  the  murder  of  Darnley. 

Boticelli,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1515,  aged  78.  His  Venus 
rising  from  the  sea,  and  his  Venus  adorned 
by  the  Graces  were  much  admired. 

Bott,  John  de,  an  architect  born  in 
France,  of  protestant  parents.  He  was  in 
the  military  service  of  king  William  III.  and 
afterwards  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  of 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland.  The 
arsenal  of  Berlin,  the  fortifications  of  We- 
sel,  and  several  public  edifices  at  Dresden, 
are  monuments  of  his  architectural  genius. 
He  died  at  Dresden,  1745,  aged  75. 

Bott,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Derby  1683, 
of  a  respectable  family  in  Staffordshire.  He 
was  the  youngest  of  six  children,  and  the 
attention  of  his  mother  fully  supplied  the 
negligence  of  his  father,  who  had  wasted 
away  his  property  in  gaming.  He  was 
brought  up  among  dissenters,  and  was  mi- 
nister of  a  congregation  ;  but  he  afterwards 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  physic, 
which  he,  however,  abandoned  for  the 
church  of  England.  He  obtained  Winburgh 
and  Edgefield  rectories  in  Norfolk,  and 
died  at  Norwich,  23d  September,l764.  He 
wrote  some  theological  tracts  besides  ser- 
mons. His  son  Edmund  of  Christ  Church  in 
Hants,  has  published  some  cases  with  res- 
pect to  the  poor  laws. 

Bovadilla  or  Bobadilla,  Don  Fran- 
ciso  de,  a  Spaniard,  raised  from  obscurity 
to-be  governor  general  of  the  Indies  in 
1500.  His  conduct  in  his  office  was 
haughty  and  tyrannical,  but  when  he  had 
the  presumption  to  load  with  irons,  and  to 
send  as  prisoners  to  Europe,  Diego  Colum- 
bus, and  his  illustrious  brother,  to  whose 
zeal  the  discovery  of  America  was  due, 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  repented  of  their 
choice.  The  noble  sufferers  were  treated 
with  distinction,  Ovando  was  sent  to  super- 
sede Bovadilla,  who,  however,  never 
reached  his  native  home,  as  the  fleet  of 
twenty -one  ships  on  board  of  which  he 
was,  were  shipwrecked,  and  with  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  gold  sunk  to  the  bottom, 
1502. 

Bouchard,  David,  a  famous  chieftain, 
268 


in  the  service  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
He  was  governor  of  Perigord,  and  was 
killed  by  a  shot  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  a 
small  town  in  his  province,  9th  July,  1598. 

Bouchardon,  Edmund,  a  native  of 
Chaumont  in  Bassigni,  who  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  sculpture,  and  after  he  had 
perfected  himself  at  Rome,  adorned  Paris 
with  various  monuments  of  his  genius. 
He  was  highly  honoured  by  the  king  and 
by  the  academy,  and  his  amiable  manners 
and  his  exalted  and  independent  spirit  de- 
served the  distinction.  Count  de  Caylus 
wrote  his  life.     He  died  1672,  aged  64. 

Bouchaud,  Matthew  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Paris.  From  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment he  became  professor  of  the  law  of 
nature  in  the  university,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  publications.  Besides  va- 
rious articles  in  the  encyclopaedia,  he  wrote 
a  commentary  on  the  laws  of  the  12  tables 
with  interesting  notes,  &c. — poetical  anti- 
quities— translations  of  Juliet  Mandeville, 
an  English  novel — the  dramas  of  Apostolo, 
Zeno,  &c.     He  died  1S04,  aged  85. 

Bouche,  Honorius,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  an  ill-digested  though  useful  de- 
scription and  history  of  Provence.  He 
died  1671,  aged  73. 

Boucher  d'Argis,  Antoine  Gaspard, 
born  1708,  was  an  advocate  of  Paris,  coun- 
sellor of  the  council  of  Dombes,  and  au- 
thor of  some  respectable  publications  on 
law  subjects.  He  wrote  all  the  articles  on 
jurisprudence  in  the  encyclopaedia  from  the 
second  volume. 

Boucher,  Francis,  was  painter  to  Lewis 
XV.  and  from  his  excellence  in  the  light 
and  agreeable,  he  was  called  the  painter 
of  the  graces,  and  the  Anacreon  of  paint- 
ing. He  died  1770.  His  infant  Jesus 
sleeping  is  much  admired. 

Boucher,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne  during  the  French  civil  wars. 
He  severely  inveighed  in  his  sermons  and 
writings  against  Henry  III.  and  afterwards 
against  Henry  IV.  and  when  Paris  submit- 
ted to  the  conqueror  he  retired  into  the 
Netherlands,  where  he  died  dean  of  the 
chapter  of  Tourney,  1644,  aged  94. 

Boucherat,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
who  raised  himself  by  his  talents  and  in- 
tegrity to  be  chancellor  of  France.  He 
died  much  respected,  1699,  aged  83. 

Bouchet,  John,  was  born  at  Poitiers,  of 
which  he  was  procureur.  He  wrote  cu- 
rious annals  of  Aquitaine,  Poitiers,  &c.  be- 
sides some  moral  poetry.  He  died  1550, 
aged  74. 

Bouchet,  John,  a  maitre  d'hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  who  wrote  the  genealo- 
gies of  several  noble  families.  He  died 
1684. 

Bouchet,  Guillaume,  a  judge,  consul 
of  Poitiers,  author  of  "Serees,"in  3  voK 


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a  work  full  of  anecdotes,  both  humorous 
and  indelicate.     He  died  about  1607. 

Boucheul,  John  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Dorat,  author  of  some  commentaries  on 
law,  &c.     He  died  1720. 

Bouchier,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, is  known  as  the  first  person  who 
encouraged  printing  in  England.  He  sent 
two  persons  to  Haerlem,  where  the  art  was 
then  beginning  to  flourish,  and  they  were 
artful  enough  to  bribe  one  of  the  composi- 
tors of  the  press  to  embark  with  them,  and 
to  bring  with  him  a  set  of  letters.  This 
useful  foreigner  was  settled  at  Oxford,  1464, 
and  thus  that  university  may  claim  the 
honour  of  printing  next  to  Mentz  and 
Haerlem.  Bouchier  has  been  accused  of 
avarice,  but  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  persons  he  sent  to  Holland  were  pro- 
vided with  a  thousand  marks,  300  of  which 
were  his  own.     He  died  1486. 

Boucicaut,  marechal  de  France,  and 
viscount  Turenne,  surnamed  John  de  Mein- 
gue,  was  eminent  as  a  warrior,  and  went 
with  Nevers  against  Bajazet,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Nicopolis.  He 
was  for  some  time  governor  of  Genoa  for 
Charles  VI.  of  France,  but  while  he  seized 
Milan,  all  the  French  were  massacred  at 
Genoa,  and  he  himself  was  defeated,  and 
escaped  with  difficulty  across  the  Alps.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Turks  and  Venetians.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  and 
died  in  England,  1421.  He  was  fond  of 
music,  and  some  of  his  ballads  are  still 
preserved  as  possessing  merit. 

Boudewins,  Michael,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Antwerp,  author  of  a  publication 
called  Ventilabrum  medico  theolog.  in  4to. 
1 666,  useful  to  divines  and  medical  persons. 
He  died  in  his  native  town  of  Antwerp 
1681. 

Boudier,  Rene,  a  native  of  Trelly  near 
Coutances,  was  remarkable  for  his  great 
mental  accomplishments,  and  the  voluptu- 
ousness of  his  manners.  He  wrote  a  Ro- 
man history,  &c.  He  died  November  1733, 
aged  nearly  90. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  LL.D.  was  a  native  of 
Philadelphia,  and  born  May  2d,  1740.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  Protestants, 
who,  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  fled  from  France  to  America,  to 
escape  the  fury  of  Papal  persecution,  and 
to  enjoy  the  rights  of  conscience.  After 
receiving  a  regular  classical  education,  he 
engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Hon.  Richard  Stockton, 
of  Princeton,  New-Jersey,  a  member  of 
the  first  American  Congress,  with  whom 
he  afterwards  became  allied  by  marriage. 
In  a  short  time  after  his  admission  to  the 
bar  in  New-Jersey,  he  rose  to  the  highest 
rank  in  his  profession.  In  1777,  he  was 
Chosen    a  member  of   Congress  ;    and   in 


1782  was  elected  President  of  that  bodjv 
On  the   return  of  peace,  he  resumed  his 
profession,  but  on  the  adoption  of  the  pre- 
sent Constitution  of  the  Cnited  States,  in 
1789,  was  again  elected  to  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States,  which  he  continued  to  occupy  for 
six  years.      On   quitting  that  station,  he 
was    appointed    by  General    Washington 
Director  of  the  National  Mint,  in  which 
office  he  remained  for  twelve  or  fourteen 
years,  always  acting  with  that  ability,  and 
exemplary  fidelity,  which  commanded  uni- 
versal confidence.     Resigning  this  office  he 
withdrew   to  private   life,   and  resided  in 
Burlington,  New-Jersey.     Here  he  passed 
his  time  in  literary  pursuits,  liberal  hospi- 
tality, and  active  attention  to  the  best  in- 
terests of  his  country,  and  of  the  church 
of  Christ,  for  which  he  was  ever  distin- 
guished.    After  a  long  course  of  weakness 
and  gradual  decline,  which  he  sustained 
with  a  pious  fortitude,  and  cheerfulness 
truly  rare,  he  died  at  Burlington  on  the 
24th  day  of  October,  1821,  in  the  82d  year 
of  his  age.  In  1772,  Dr.  Boudinot  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  College  of  New-Jersey,  and  his  active 
zeal  in  promoting  the  interests  of  that  in- 
stitution ;    and  the  liberal   donations    he 
made  to  it  during  his  life,  and  in  his  last 
will,  entitle  him  to  a  place  among  its  most 
distinguished  benefactors.     At  an  early  pe- 
riod of  his  life  he   united  himself  in  full 
communion  with  the  Christian  church,  and 
continued  through  life  a  zealous  and  ex- 
emplary  professor   of   religion.      To  the 
denomination  to  which   he    belonged  he 
manifested  his  attachment,  by  a  considera- 
ble donation  in  lands,  to  the  general  assem- 
bly of  the  Presbyterian  church,  many  years 
before  his  death  ;  and  also  by  a  testamen- 
tary donation  of  still  larger  amount,  for 
the  use  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
Princeton,  and  for  Missionary  purposes  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  general  assembly. 
But  he  did  not  confine  his  liberalityto  anyone 
religious  denomination,  or  class  of  bene- 
volent objects.     To  almost  all  denomina- 
tions, and  every  great  object  of  piety  or 
humanity  within  his  reach,  he  was  a  bene- 
factor, and,  in  a  number  of  cases  to  a  very 
large  amount.     He  extended  his  munifi- 
cence both  during  his  life  and  at  his  death 
to  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  ;  to  Institutions  for  the  relief  of 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  ;  to  the  Society  for 
colonizing  and   Christianizing  the  Jews  , 
to  several  societies  for  educating  youth  for 
the  ministry  ;  and  to  many  other  Associa- 
tions formed  for  pious  and  humane  purpo- 
ses.    But  in  no  work  of  benevolence  was 
he  more  distinguished,  than  in  promoting 
the  circulation  of  the  sacred  Scriptures. 
He  was  not  only  an  early,  uniform,  and 
active  friend  of  Bible  Societies ;  but  he 
2fin 


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deserved  perhaps,  more  than  any  other  man 
to  be  considered  as  the  father  of  the 
"  American  Bible  Society."  He  perse- 
vered, with  indefatigable  zeal,  amidst  the 
infirmities  of  age,  to  secure  its  establish- 
ment, and  when  it  was  organized  made  a 
princely  donation  to  its  funds.  He  subse- 
quently exercised  towards  it  still  further 
liberality,  to  aid  in  the  erection  of  its  De- 
pository, and  in  his  last  will  bequeathed 
to  it  a  valuable  tract  of  land.  He  was  the 
first  President  of  this  Institution,  and  con- 
tinued to  fill  its  chair  until  his  death. 

ICFL. 

Boudon,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Evreux,  who  wrote  several  books  of  de- 
votion, &c.     He  died  1702,  aged  78. 

Boudot,  John,  a  learned  and  intelligent 
bookseller  and  printer  at  Paris,  author  of 
a  valuable  Latin  dictionary,  in  14  vols.  4to. 
which  has  been  usefully  abridged  in  8vo. 
He  died  1754,  aged  69. 

Bourn,  Richard,  a  congregational  minis- 
ter, was  an  Englishman  by  birth  and  a  Mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians  at  Marshpec, 
Massachusetts.  Having  made  himself  ac- 
quainted with  the  language  of  the  Indians, 
and  laboured  among  them  successfully  for 
several  years,  he  was  in  1670  ordained  by 
the  illustrious  Eliot  and  Cotton  pastor  of  a 
church  formed  of  those  who  had  been  con- 
verted under  his  ministry.  After  a  life  of 
great  self-denial  and  usefulness,  he  died  in 
1685.  0=  L. 

Bourne,  Benjamin,  LL.D.  of  Bristol, 
Rhode-Island,  was  born  about  the  year 
1755,  and  educated  at  Harvard  College, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1775.  He 
was  conspicuous  for  talents  and  learning, 
and  spent  a  large  part  of  his  life  in  public 
and  honourable  employments.  He  was 
for  some  time  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
in  1801  was  appointed  judge  of  the  circuit 
court  of  the  United  States.  He  died  Sep- 
tember 17th,  1808.  ST  L- 

Boverick,  an  English  clock-maker  in  the 
17th  century,  known  for  his  ingenuity  in 
mechanics. 

Boverius,  Zacharius,  a  Capuchin  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  his  order 
in  two  vols,  folio.  He  died  at  Genoa  1638, 
aged  70. 

Bovette  de  Blemur,  Jacqueline,  em- 
braced early  a  religious  life,  and  died  at 
Chatillon  1696,  aged  78.  She  wrote  some 
theological  works  not  devoid  of  merit. 

Bovet,  Catherine,  married,  at  the  age 
of  15,  William  Bovey,  a  gentleman  of  opu- 
lence and  respectability  in  Gloucestershire. 
To  the  greatest  personal  charms  she  uni- 
ted the  most  benevolent  character,  and 
all  the  mild  virtues  and  benign  charities  of 
private  life,  so  that  she  is  deservedly  extol- 
led by  sir  Richard  Steele  in  his  dedication 
of  the  two  vols,  of  his  ladies'  library.  She 
was  left  a  widow  earlv,  and  died  at  Haxley, 
270 


in  Gloucestershire,  1726,  aged  57.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Riches. 

Bouflers,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  was 
born  10th  January,  1644.  He  was  bless- 
ed with  a  strong  military  genius,  and  early 
distinguished  himself.  His  defence  of 
Lisle  in  1708,  for  nearly  four  months  against 
prince  Eugene,  gained  him  universal  praise. 
"  I  am  vain,"  said  Eugene,  when  master  of 
the  place,  to  Bouflers,  "  to  have  conquered 
Lisle  ;  but  I  had  rather  enjoy  the  glory  of 
defending  it  like  you."  He  was  loaded 
with  honours  by  the  court,  and  made  a  peer 
of  France.  He  served  under  marechal  de 
Villars,  and  at  the  battle  of  Malplaquet,  in 
1709,  he  displayed  so  much  vigilance,  that 
neither  cannon  nor  prisoners  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  conquerors.  In  his  private 
character  he  was  generous  and  disinterest- 
ed, humane  and  virtuous,  and  so  superior  a 
general,  that  William  III.  detaining  him 
prisoner  at  Namur  for  reprisals  on  the 
French,  who  had  dishonourably  kept  back 
the  garrison  of  Dixmude,  declared  that 
he  was  worth  more  than  10,000  men. 
He  died  at  Fontainbleau,  22d  Aug.  1711, 
aged  68. 

Bouflers,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
born  1534,  known  for  his  extraordinary 
strength  and  agility,  in  which  he  equalled 
the  famous  Milo  of  Crotona.  He  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Pont-sur-yone. 

Bougainville,  John  Peter  de,  was  born 
at  Paris,  1st  Dec,  1722.  His  great  learn- 
ing and  uncommon  application  procured 
him  many  friends,  and  a  respectable  situa- 
tion in  the  literary  societies  of  the  capital. 
His  ambition,  however,  was  disappointed 
in  his  wish  to  be  admitted  into  the  French 
academy.  He  urged  the  precarious  state 
of  his  health,  and  the  probability  of  an 
early  vacancy ;  but  Duclos  the  secretary 
with  great  harshness  observed,  that  it  was 
not  the  business  of  the  academy  to  admi- 
nister extreme  unction.  As  his  constitu- 
tion was  greatly  weakened  by  intense 
study,  he  died  at  the  early  age  of  41,  June 
22d,  1763.  He  wrote  a  parallel  between 
Thomas  Kouli  Khan  and  Alexander, — a 
translation  of  Polignac's  Anti-Lucretius, 
two  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Bougainville,  M.D.F.  a  Frenchman, 
whose  discoveries  in  his  navigation  round 
the  world,  procured  as  much  glory  to  his 
nation,  as  Cook  had  before  acquired  for  the 
English  name.  Neither  his  virtues  nor  his 
services  shielded  him  against  the  ferocity 
of  a  Paris  mob,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
thousands  inhumanly  sacrificed  on  the  10th 
of  August,  1792. 

Bougeant,  Guillaume  Hyacinth,  a  Je- 
suit, born  atQuimper,  4th  Nov.,  1690.  He 
was  professor  of  humanities  at  Caen,  Ne- 
vers,  and  Paris,  but  for  a  little  time  fell 
under  disgrace  by  the  publication  of  his 
amusement  philosophique,  in  which  he  sup- 


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poses  that  brutes  are  animated  by  demons. 
He  was  a  man  of  engaging  manners,  great 
wit,  and  pleasing  conversation ;  Lut  the 
disappointments  which  he  endured  short- 
ened his  life.  He  died  at  Paris,  7th  Jan., 
1743,  aged  53.  His  publications  are  re- 
spectable, especially  his  history  of  the  wars, 
&c.  during  Richelieu's  and  Mazarin's  ad- 
ministration,— the  history  of  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia, — the  exposition  of  the  Chris- 
tian doctrine,  &c. 

Bougerel,  Joseph,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  Gassendi,  and  of  memoires  pour 
l'Histoire  des  hommes  illustres,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1753. 

Bougouine,  Simon,  a  poet  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XII.  author  of  "Phomme  juste," 
and  "  l'homme  pecheur,"  &c. 

Bouguer,  Peter,  was  born  at  Croisie, 
10th  Feb.  1698.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  knowledge  of  mathematics. 
He  was  employed  with  Godin  and  de  la 
Condamine  to  go  to  Peru,  the  better  to 
ascertain  the  figure  of  the  earth,  and  he 
acquitted  himself  with  credit  and  ability  ; 
but  his  quarrel  with  his  associates  lessened 
his  fame,  and  drew  upon  him  the  character 
of  a  rough,  ferocious,  and  unforgiving  man. 
He  died  15th  August,  1758,  aged  60.  His 
publications  are  respectable,  especially  la 
construction  du  navire,  4to. — la  figure  de  la 
terre,  4to. — traite  d'optique,  4to. — la  ma- 
noeuvre des  vaisseux,  4to. 

Bohier,  John,  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Dijon,  was  eminent  as  a  lawyer 
and  as  a  scholar.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  wrote  poetry,  trans- 
lated Petronius  and  some  parts  of  Virgil 
and  Ovid,  besides  the  Tusculana  of  Cicero, 
dissertations,  &c.  He  died  much  respect- 
ed at  Dijon,  1746,  aged  73. 

Bouhours,  Dominique,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Paris,  162S,  and  celebrated  as  a  critic. 
He  first  gave  lectures  at  Clermont,  but  vio- 
lent attacks  of  the  headach  prevented  his 
success,  and  he  became  preceptor  to  the 
sons  of  the  duke  of  Longueville.  He 
afterwards  attended  at  Dunkirk  the  popish 
refugees  from  England,  and  became  known 
by  his  "  entretiens  d'  Ariste  et  d'Eugene," 
an  elegant  and  learned  work,  which  was 
read  with  avidity,  and  criticised  by  the 
learned  in  every  part  of  Europe.  This 
performance  so  pleased  Colbert,  that  he 
made  him  tutor  to  his  son  the  marquis  of 
Sequelai.  His  literary  fame  was  not, 
however,  without  attacks,  and  Menage  has 
levelled  against  him  the  well-directed  shafts 
of  criticism.  His  remarks  and  doubts  on 
the  French  language  are  particularly  worth 
attention.  He  wrote,  besides  dialogues  on 
the  art  of  thinking  well — the  life  of  Fran- 
cis Xavier,  the  apostle  of  India — the  life 
of  Ignatius — ingenious  thoughts  of  ancients 
and  moderns,  &c.  Bouhours  closed  his 
useful  life,  which  never  ceased  to  be  afflict- 


ed willi  the  headach,  at  Clermont,  27th 
May,  1702. 

Boullard,  Don  James,  a  learned  Bene- 
dictine, author  of  a  history  of  St.  Germain- 
des-pres,  in  fol.     He  died  1726,  aged  57. 

Bouillaud,  Ismael,  was  born  at  London, 
28th  Sept.  1605.  Though  born  of  protes- 
tant  parents,  he  embraced  the  popish  faith, 
and  soon  became  eminent  in  theology  and 
every  branch  of  science.  His  connexions 
with  the  learned  were. very  extensive  ;  but, 
in  the  midst  of  his  great  reputation,  he 
showed  himself  modest  and  diffident.  He 
died  25th  November,  1694.  He  published 
a  discourse  on  the  reformation  of  some  re- 
ligious orders — an  edition  of  Ducas,  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  1649,  fol. — opus  novum 
ad  arithnieticum  infinitorum,  1682,  fol. 

Bouille',  M.  le  marquis  de,  a  French 
general  of  great  character,  descended  from 
a  noble  and  ancient  family.  During  the 
American  war,  he  served  with  credit  in  the 
West-Indies,  and  was  appointed  command- 
er in  chief  of  the  French  islands,  and  for 
his  services  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  of  knight  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  He  opposed  the  rise  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  particularly  the  plans  of  Necker, 
and,  as  a  friend  of  the  king  and  monarchy, 
he  repressed,  with  spirit  and  effect,  the  in- 
surrection of  the  garrison  of  Metz,  of 
which  he  was  governor,  in  August,  1790  ; 
but  though  applauded  by  the  assembly  for 
his  active  conduct,  he  was  accused  by  the 
jacobins  as  a  shedder  of  blood ;  and  the 
odium  thus  directed  against  him  was  farther 
increased  upon  the  flight  of  the  king  to 
Varennes.  Bouille,  who  failed  in  his  at- 
tempts to  liberate  his  master,  boldly  de- 
fended the  measures  which  he  had  taken, 
and  was  in  consequence  pronounced  an 
enemy  to  his  country,  his  property  was 
confiscated,  and  a  price  fixed  on  his  head. 
An  exile  from  France,  he  entered  the  Swe- 
dish army  in  1791,  but  soon  after  enlisted 
under  the  banners  of  Conde,  and  shared 
the  dangers  and  the  fatigues  of  the  heroic, 
but  unfortunate  emigrants.  His  memoirs 
of  the  revolution  appeared  in  1797,  and 
excited  great  interest  by  their  impartiality. 
He  died  in  London,  14th  November,  1800. 

Bouillet,  John,  a  physician,  who  was 
born  at  Servian,  6th  March,  1690,  and  died 
13th  August,  1777.  Respected  as  a  profes- 
sional man,  he  was  equally  so  as  the  author 
of  elements  de  medicine  pratique,  2  vols. 
4to. — observations  sur  l'anasarque  et  les 
hydropisies,  4to. — memoirs  pour  servir  a 
l'histoire  de  l'academie  des  sciences  de  Be- 
ziers,  4to. 

Bouillon,  Emanuel  Theodosius,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  by 
the  interest  of  his  uncle  Turenne.  He 
served  Lewis  XIV.  as  his  ambassador  at 
Rome  ;  but  he  was  disgraced  and  exiled, 
on  pretence  of  not  supporting  his  master's 
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interest  with  sufficient  energy.    He  died 
at  Rome,  2d  March,  1715,  aged  72. 

Boul ai,  Caesar  Egasse  du,  a  native  of 
St.  Ellier,  in  the  Lower  Maine,  historio- 
grapher to  the  university  of  Paris,  and 
known  by  his  "  history  of  the  university  of 
Paris,"  6  vols,  folio.  He  died  16th  Octo- 
ber, 1678. 

Boulainvilliers,  Henry  de,  a  native  of 
St.  Saise,  early  distinguished  for  his  great 
talents  and  extensive  knowledge  of  history. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Arabians — 14 
letters  on  the  ancient  French  parliaments — 
thestate  of  France  to  the  time  of  HughCapet 
— a  history  of  France  to  the  reign  of  Charles 
VIII.,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris  in  1722  ;  and 
after  his  death  his  unfinished  life  of  Ma- 
homet was  published  ;  a  work  which  shows 
his  notions  of  religion  to  be  wavering  and 
indelicate,  since  he  defends  the  impostures 
which  it  was  his  duty  merely  to  record. 

Boulanger,  Nicholas  Anthony,  a  natire 
of  Paris,  who,  by  strong  application,  over- 
came the  difficulties  of  a  natural  stupidity, 
and  became  eminent  as  a  mathematician 
and  architect.  He  was  engineer  in  the 
army  ;  and  being  afterwards  employed  in 
the  care  of  the  highways  of  Champagne, 
Burgundy,  and  Lorrain,  he  observed,  with 
a  curious  and  inquisitive  eye,  the  various 
strata  of  the  earth,  in  cutting  through 
mountains  to  alter  or  improve  the  direclion 
of  rivers  and  canals.  His  conjectures  on 
the  formation  of  the  globe  were  curious 
and  interesting.  He  sought  for  new  light 
in  ancient  languages  ;  but  death  cut  «ff  his 
useful  career  in  1759,  in  his  37th  year. 
He  was  of  a  mild  and  benevolent  temper, 
and  resembled  in  features  the  famous  So- 
crates. His  works  are  l'antiquite  devoilee, 
3  vols.  12mo.  traite  du  despotisme  oriental, 
2  vols.  &c.  besides  the  articles,  "  deluge, 
eorvee  et  societe,"  in  the  encyclopaedia, 
and  a  dissertation  on  Elisha  and  Enoch, 
&c.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  his  senti- 
ments were  wantonly  hostile  to  the  Chris- 
tian religion. 

Boulanger,  a  famous  Augustine  preach- 
er, better  known  by  the  name  of  petit  pere 
Andre.     He  died  at  Paris,  1675,  aged  80. 

Boulanger,  or  Boulleger,  Claude 
Francois  Felix,  a  native  of  Amiens,  who 
was  for  some  time  an  advocate  at  Paris, 
but  he  became  better  known  as  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive erudition  and  great  powers  of  me- 
mory. He  wrote  treatises  on  electricity, 
Svo. — historical  and  critical  researches  on 
ancient  plays,  12mo. — besides  fables  in 
verse,  inferior  to  la  Fontaine.  He  died 
1758,  aged  34. 

Boulay,  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arms 
to  the  duke  of  Lorrain  in  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century.  He  wrote,  besides  the  jour- 
ney of  duke  Anthony  to  Charles  V.  some 
books  in  verse  and  prose,  now  little  known. 

Boulleger.     Vid.  Boulanger. 
272 


Boullenois,  Louis,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  author  of  some  valua- 
ble dissertations  on  law,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1762,  aged  84. 

Boullier,  David  Renaud,  was  born  at 
Utrecht,  24th  March,  1699,  and  was  minis- 
ter of  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  He  was 
respectable  for  his  writings,  which  are 
in  French  and  Latin,  chiefly  on  theological 
subjects,  the  best  known  of  which  are,  a 
dissertation  on  the  existence  of  God,  1716 
— letters  on  the  true  principles  of  religion, 
2  vols.  12mo.  1741 — bishop  Berkeley's 
book  on  tar-water  translated,  &c.  He 
died  December  24,  1759. 

Boullongne,  Louis,  a  French  painter  of 
great  merit.  His  picture  of  Augustus 
shutting  the  temple  of  Janus,  his  Flight  into 
Egypt,  and  several  other  pieces,  preserved 
in  the  churches  of  Paris,  are  valuable 
monuments  of  his  genius.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1674. 

Boullongne,  Bon,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Rome  and  Lom- 
bardy,  and  possessed,  with  his  father's 
talents,  a  greater  versatility  of  genius, 
whence  he  was  called  the  proteus  of  painters. 
He  died  1697,  aged  43.  His  younger  brother 
Lewis  was  equally  eminent  as  a  painter. 
He  was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  and 
gained  universal  admiration.  He  died 
1733  aged  79,  leaving  two  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

Boulter,  Hugh,  D.D.  was  born  in  or 
near  London,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
Tailors'  school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  was  chosen  demy  of  Magdalen  with 
Addison  and  Wilcox  ;  which  circumstance, 
from  the  respectability  of  the  three  stu- 
dents, is  called  the  golden  election.  His 
merit  and  his  learning  recommended  him 
to  the  notice  of  Sir  Charles  Hodges,  secre- 
tary of  state  to  Tenison,  the  primate,  and 
to  the  earl  of  Sunderland,  by  whose  pa- 
tronage he  was  liberally  promoted,  and 
made  chaplain  to  George  I.  whom  he  at- 
tended to  Hanover  in  1719,  and  afterwards 
English  tutor  to  prince  Frederick.  He  was 
raised  to  the  deanery  of  Christ  Church  and 
the  bishopric  of  Bristol  in  1719.  His  mo- 
deration and  firmness  were  so  conspicuous, 
that  when  the  primacy  of  Ireland  became 
vacant,  the  king  appointed  him  to  that  high 
station,  and  with  great  reluctance  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  of  the  situation. 
Ireland  was  then  a  prey  to  faction  and  cla- 
mour, in  consequence  of  Wood's  ruinous 
schemes  with  respect  to  the  coin  ;  but  the 
primate's  efforts  were  strenuously  directed 
to  restore  tranquillity  and  comfort  to  the 
distracted  country.  Though  at  first  unpo- 
pular, his  plans  succeeded,  the  scarcity  of 
silver  was  remedied,  and  he  became  the 
favourite  of  the  Irish.  His  munificence  to 
the  poor  was  indeed  unbounded,  during  the 
scarcity  of  1 741 .    Not  less  than  2500  souls 


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were  daily  supported  at  his  expense,  hospi- 
tals were  nobly  endowed,  the  children  of 
the  indigent  clergy  were  educated  by  his 
liberality,  public  buildings  erected,  and  not 
less  than  30,000/.  were  devoted  to  improve 
the  small  livings  of  Ireland.  This  great 
and  good  man,  so  universally  and  deser- 
vedly esteemed,  visited,  in  June,  1742,  his 
native  country,  and  died  in  London  the 
September  following,  and  was  interred  in 
Westminster  abbey.  Though  a  man  of 
erudition,  he  left  nothing  but  a  few  occa- 
sional sermons  ;  but  his  beneficence  and 
charity  have  gained  him  immortal  fame. 
Some  of  his  letters  were  printed  at  Oxford 
in  1769,  2  vols.  Svo. 

Boulton,  Matthew,  was  born  at  Bir- 
mingham in  1728,  and  educated  at  a  private 
school  in  the  same  town,  after  which  he 
learnt  drawing  under  Worlidge,  and  mathe- 
matics from  one  Cooper.  Being  brought 
up  to  business,  he  as  early  as  1 745  had 
made  several  important  inventions  in  the 
manufacture  of  steel.  In  1762  he  removed 
his  works  to  Soho,  in  the  county  of  Staf- 
ford, about  two  miles  from  Birmingham, 
and  at  that  time  a  barren  heath.  This  spot 
he  by  degrees  made  a  complete  school  of 
mechanical  genius,  from  whence  proceeded 
various  ornaments,  which  have  found  their 
way  over  the  whole  globe.  In  1767  Mr. 
Boulton  had  recourse  to  the  steam-engine 
for  the  furtherance  of  his  designs  ;  and 
two  years  afterwards  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  Mr.  James  Watt,  of  Glasgow, 
who  had  made  great  improvements  in  that 
instrument  of  power.  By  this  co-opera- 
tion the  steam-engine  was  carried  to  an 
astonishing  height  of  perfection,  particu- 
larly in  coining  ;  and  the  pieces  struck  at 
Soho  possess  a  beauty  and  exactness  which 
cannot  be  excelled  by  any  medals,  ancient 
or  modern.  About  1773  the  art  of  copying 
pictures  in  oil  colours  by  a  mechanical  pro- 
cess was  invented  at  this  manufactory,  and 
to  such  a  degree  that  the  copies  were  taken 
for  originals  even  by  connoisseurs.  Mr. 
Boulton  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Socie- 
ties of  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  several  foreign  institutions.  He 
died  at  Soho  in  1809  ;  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  only  son. —  W.  B. 

Bouquerant,  a  negro  of  St.  Domingo, 
who  possessed  courage,  sagacity,  and  elo- 
quence, and  by  his  arts  raised  himself  to 
consequence  among  his  fellow-sufferers  in 
the  colony.  He  was  killed  November,  1791, 
bravely  fighting  in  defence  of  liberty. 

Bouquet,  Don  Martin,  a  Benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  born  at  Amiens.  He  assisted 
Montfaucon,  and  made  a  useful  and  labo- 
rious collection  of  the  historians  of  France, 
as  far  as  the  3d  volume,  to  which  four  more 
were  added  after  his  death,  which  happened 
at  Paris,  1754,  in  his  69th  year. 

Bouquet,  Madam,  is  celebrated  for  her 

Vol.  I.  35 


humanity  during  the  revolution,  in  conceal- 
ing some  of  the  proscribed  deputies,  though 
death  was  the  consequence  of  this  mark  of 
friendship.  After  supporting  these  unfor- 
tunate men  for  some  time,  and  seeing  their 
escape  from  her  abode  but  to  perish  on  the 
scaffold,  she  was  herself  dragged  before  the 
bloody  tribunal  of  Bourdeaux,  and  suffered 
death  with  truly  Christian  resignation. 

Bourbon,  Charles  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert 
count  of  Montpensier,  constable  of  France, 
was  born  1489,  and  early  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  valour  in  the  field,  especially  in 
the  battle  of  Marignano.  After  serving 
Francis  I.  he  was  disgraced,  through  the 
intrigues  of  Louisa  the  queen-mother, 
whose  offers  of  man-iage  he  had  contemp- 
tuously rejected,  and  he  immediately  es- 
poused the  cause  of  his  great  rival  Charles 
V.  and  by  his  intrepidity  highly  contributed 
to  the  victory  of  Pavia.  He  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  imperial  armies  ;  but  the 
murmurs  of  the  soldiers  for  want  of  pay 
would  have  proved  destructive  to  his  inter- 
ests, had  he  not,  with  bold  enthusiasm, 
promised  them  riches  and  victory,  and  im- 
mediately led  them  against  Rome.  The 
attack  was  unexpected,  but  the  valour  of 
Bourbon  would  have  overcome  all  obsta- 
cles. He  placed  the  first  scaling  ladder 
against  the  wall,  and  as  he  was  mounting 
at  the  head  of  his  troops,  he  received  a 
shot,  which  immediately  proved  fatal,  6th 
May,  1527.  His  victorious  soldiers  buried 
him  with  great  funeral  honours. 

Bourbon,  Charles  de,  son  of  Charles 
duke  of  Vendome,  was  a  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen.  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1583,  on  the  death  of 
Henry  III.  and  after  enjoying  the  phantom 
of  royalty  for  a  little  time,  he  died  1 590, 
aged  67. 

Bourbon  Conde,  Louis  due  de,  aFrench 
general,  who  gained  some  reputation  at  the 
battles  of  Steinkerque  and  Nerwinde,  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris,  1710,  aged  42.  His 
son  Lewis  Henry  was  employed  during  the 
minority  of  Lewis  XV.  but  the  unpopula- 
rity of  the  measures  which  his  colleagues  in 
office  had  to  propose,  at  last  procured  his 
exile,  in  1726.  He  died  at  Chantilly, 
1740,  aged  43. 

Bourbon,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Van- 
dreuves,  employed  in  the  education  of 
Jeanne  d'Albert,  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France.  He  retired  from  the  intrigues  of 
the  court  to  literary  ease,  and  wrote  eight 
books  of  epigrams,  which  he  called  Nugae, 
besides  his  poem  on  smiths  (ferraria,)  of 
which  profession  his  father  was.  He  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.  His 
great  nephew,  who  was  born  at  Bar-sur- 
aube,  and  bore  the  same  name,  was  equally- 
known  and  admired  as  a  Latin  poet.  He 
was  Greek  professor  at  Paris,  and  canon  of 
Orleans  and  of  Anders.  His  works  were 
11". 


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published  1651,  in  12mo.  He  died  1644, 
aged  70. 

Bourchenu  de  Valbonais,  John  Peter, 
became  known  as  a  magistrate  in  his  native 
town  of  Grenoble.  He  was  afflicted  with 
blindness  in  his  old  age  ;  but  the  vast  pow- 
ers of  a  retentive  memory,  and  the  society 
of  faithful  friends,  relieved  in  some  degree 
the  horrors  of  his  solitude.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  Dauphine,  2  vols.  fol.  &c.  and 
died  1730. 

Bourchier,  John  lord  Berners,  was  by 
the  mother's  side  allied  to  the  Plantagenets. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled abroad,  and  became  known  by  his 
spirited  conduct  in  repressing  the  insur- 
gents in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  1495. 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for 
life  under  Henry  VIII.  and  made  governor 
of  Calais,  where  he  died  1532.  He  was 
author  of  treatises  on  the  duties  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Calais — ite  in  vineam  meam,  a 
tomedy,  acted  in  Calais  great  church — be- 
sides translations  of  romances  and  of  Fro- 
issart's  chronicle  into  English,  &c. 

Bourdaloue,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bourges,  August  1632,  deservedly  celebra- 
ted as  the  first  and  most  eloquent  preacher 
of  France.  His  powers  were  exhibited  be- 
fore the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  mo- 
narch so  strongly  felt  and  admired  the  effi- 
eacy  of  his  eloquence,  that,  on  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  sent  him  to 
preach  the  catholic  doctrines  to  the  new 
converts  of  Languedoc.  He  died  13th 
May,  1704,  aged  72.  His  sermons  have 
passed  through  several  editions,  the  best  of 
which  is  that  of  Bretonneau,  in  16  vols. 
8vo. 

Bourdeilles,  Peter  de,  a  French  abbot 
and  courtier  in  the  service  of  Charles  IX. 
and  Henry  III.  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Brantome.  The  best  edition  of  his  me- 
moirs is  that  of  the  Hague,  in  15  vols. 
1741,  and,  though  irregular,  they  are  inte- 
resting, as  they  contain  the  private  history 
of  the  French  monarchs  of  his  age.  He 
died  5th  July,  1614,  aged  87. 

Bourdeilles,  Claude  de,  grand  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  in  the  service  of  Gas- 
ton of  Orleans  ;  but  he  retired  from  the  in- 
trigues of  lords  and  courtiers  to  a  private 
station.  He  died  at  Paris  1663,  leaving 
memoirs  known  under  the  name  of  Mon- 
tressor,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Bourdelot,  John,  a  native  of  Sens, 
master  of  the  requests  to  Mary  of  Medicis, 
and  better  known  as  an  able  and  learned 
critic,  and  the  editor  of  Lucian,  Petronius, 
and  Heliodorus,  with  notes  full  of  taste  and 
erudition.  He  wrote,  besides  a  universal 
history,  commentaries  on  Juvenal, -&c.  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris  1638.  His  sister's 
son,  who  changed  the  name  of  Peter  Mi- 
ction to  that  of  Bourdelot,  became  known 
as  a  physician  at  Paris,  as  the  friend  of 
274 


Conde,  of  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  as  the 
author  of  a  sensible  treatise  on  the  viper, 
12mo.  1651.  He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on 
mount  iEtna,  &c.  besides  a  MS.  catalogue 
of  medical  books,  with  lives  of  authors, 
and  critical  observations  on  their  works. 
He  died  9th  February,  1685,  aged  76. 

Bourdigne,  Charles,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Angers,  author  of  the  amusing  poem  of 
"  la  legende  de  Pierre  Faifeu,"  in  49  chap- 
ters. He  died  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century. 

Bourdin,  Maurice,  anti-pope  in  1118, 
under  the  name  of  Gregory  VIII.  He  was 
taken  by  Calixtus  II.  his  more  successful 
rival,  and  died  in  prison  1121. 

Bourdon,  Ame,  a  native  of  Cambrai, 
who,  at  the  age  of  36,  began  to  study  phy- 
sic, and  acquired  great  reputation  in  the 
profession.  He  published  a  valuable  ana- 
tomical description  of  the  human  body, 
12mo.  besides  anatomical  lectures  ;  and 
died  1706,  aged  68. 

Bourdon,  Sebastian,  a  native  of  Mont- 
pellier,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  studied 
seven  years  at  Rome,  and  acquired  great 
reputation  and  consequence  on  his  return 
to  France.  His  powers  of  execution  were 
so  strong,  that  he  once  laid  a  wager  that 
he  could  paint  twelve  heads  after  life,  and 
as  big  as  life,  in  one  day ;  and  he  won. 
His  best  pieces  are,  the  martyrdom  of  St. 
Peter,  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  the 
seven  works  of  mercy,  &c.  As  he  was  a 
protestant,  he  left  France  for  the  protec- 
tion of  Christina  queen  of  Sweden ;  and 
died  1662,  aged  46. 

Bourdonnate,  Bernard  Francis  Mahe 
de  la,  a  native  of  St.  Malo's,  distinguished 
as  a  warrior  and  negotiator.  He  was  made 
governor  of  the  isles  of  France  and  Bour- 
bon ;  and,  with  an  enterprising  spirit,  in 
the  war  of  1741,  he  armed  a  small  squad- 
ron, and  laid  siege  to  the  English  settle- 
ment of  Madras,  which  he  took,  and  re- 
stored to  the  conquered  for  a  ransom  of 
about  9  millions.  His  successes  created 
him  enemies.  On  his  return  to  France,  he 
was  accused  of  suffering  himself  to  be  cor- 
rupted by  the  enemy,  and  sent  to  the  Bas- 
tile  ;  but  his  innocence  was  revealed  be- 
fore his  judges,  and  in  the  eyes  of  France. 
This  persecuted  man  died  1754,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  severe  imprisonment  to 
which  he  had  been  exposed. 

Bourdot,  Charles  Anthony,  a  learned 
advocate  of  Paris,  author  of  the  "  coutu- 
mier  general,"  4  vols,  folio.  He  died  De- 
cember 11,  1735,  aged  46. 

Bourg,  Ann  du,  a  learned  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death,  and  burnt,  by  the  influence  of  Henry 
II.  for  embracing  the  doctrines  of  Calvin, 
1559,  though  several  princes  interested 
themselves  in  his  fate.  He  was  then  38 
years  old.     He  was  the  descendant  of  a 


uou 


BOU 


noble  family,  and  a  man  of  great  fortitude, 
and  strong  presence  of  mind. 

Bourgelat,  Claude,  of  the  academy  of 
Berlin,  was  of  infinite  service  to  Prussia, 
by  promoting  the  establishment  of  veteri- 
nary schools.  He  wrote  some  useful  trea- 
tises on  the  subject,  &c.  and  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age  January  3,  1779. 

Bourgeois,  Louis  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Coutances,  who  wrote  some  poetry  on  di- 
vinity subjects,  at  the  latter  end  of  the  17th 
century. 

Bourgeois,  Sir  Francis,  a  painter,  was 
born  in  Louden  of  Swiss  parents,  in  1756. 
He  was  originally  designed  for  the  army, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  renowned  gene- 
ral Elliot,  his  father's  friend,  but  his  own 
inclination  being  to  the  fine  arts,  he  was 
placed  with  Loutherbourg,  by  whose  in- 
structions he  profited  so  well  as  to  gain 
considerable  reputation  for  his  landscapes 
and  sea-pieces.  In  1776  he  travelled  for 
improvement ;  and  on  his  return  obtained 
admission  into  the  Royal  Academy.  In 
1791  he  was  appointed  painter  to  the  king 
of  Poland,  who  gave  him  the  order  of  Me- 
rit, which  was  confirmed  by  his  late  ma- 
jesty, who  in  1794  named  him  his  land- 
scape painter.  Some  time  before  his  death 
the  late  Noel  Desenfans,  a  celebrated  pic- 
ture-dealer, bequeathed  to  him  his  property, 
and  a  fine  collection,  which  last  Sir  Francis 
left  to  Dulwich-college,  with  10,00(M.  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping  the  gallery  in  or- 
der.    He  died  in  1811. 

Bourget,  dom  John,  a  Benedictine  of 
the  diocess  of  Seez,  eminent  for  his  piety 
and  learning.  He  enjoyed  respectable  offi- 
ces in  the  church,  and  was  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  London  antiquarian  society  in 
1765.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
antiquities,  and  left  behind  him  a  curious 
and  interesting  account  of  the  abbey  of 
Caen,  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  of  that  of  Bee,  so  well  known  in  Eng- 
lish history  as  being  the  nursery  of  seve- 
ral archbishops  of  Canterbury.  He  died 
1st  January,  1776,  universally  respected. 

Bourget,  Clemence  de,  a  lady  born  of 
respectable  parents  at  Lyons.  She  pos- 
sessed so  much  merit  as  a  writer,  a  musi- 
cian, and  a  poetess,  that  she  was  presented 
to  two  monarchs  who  passed  through  Ly- 
ons as  the  most  honourable  object  and  the 
greatest  ornament  of  her  native  city.  She 
died  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence  of 
the  loss  of  her  lover,  John  de  Peyrat,  who 
fell  at  the  siege  of  Beaurepaire  1561. 

Bourgoing,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Guises  during  the  civil  wars  of  France, 
and  was  torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses 
in  1590. 

Bourgoing,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  some  homilies,  &c.      He  died 


1662,  aged  77,  and  his  funeral  oration  was 
pronounced  by  Bossuet. 

Bourguet,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nimes, 
who  fled  to  Switzerland,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  established  at 
Zurich  the  manufacture  of  silk,  muslin,  and 
stockings.  He  was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Neufchatel,  and  died  31st  Decem- 
ber, 1742,  aged  64,  author  of  a  letter  on 
the  formation  of  salts  and  crystals — la 
bibliotheque  Italique,  16  vols.  8vo. — a  jour- 
nal, of  which  the  first  volume  appeared  at 
Geneva  1723,  &c. 

Bourgueville,  Charles  de,  lieutenant- 
general  of  Caen,  is  known  as  the  author 
of  the  history  of  that  ancient  town.  He 
died  1593. 

Bourignon,  Antoinette,  a  celebrated  en- 
thusiast, born  at  Lisle,  in  Flanders,  13th 
January,  1616.  She  was  so  deformed  in 
outward  appearance,  that  it  is  said  a  con- 
sultation was  held  in  her  family  to  destroy 
so  monstrous  a  birth.  Her  mind,  however, 
was  of  a  superior  texture.  She  was  bold, 
ambitious  after  distinction,  and  strong- 
ly tinctured  with  superstition.  Under  the 
affectation  of  immaculate  chastity,  she  left 
her  father's  house,  when  he  wished  to  re- 
commend a  husband  to  her  choice,  and,  in 
the  habit  of  a  hermit,  she  began  to  propa- 
gate her  principles,  and  to  form  a  society 
of  females,  whose  rule  of  conduct  was  the 
love  of  God  and  the  gospel.  Her  devo- 
tions were  not,  however,  without  interrup- 
tion. She  was  exposed  to  the  rudeness  and 
insolence  of  de  Saulieu  and  others,  who 
not  only  solicited  her  in  marriage,  but  even 
attempted  violence  against  her  person.  Af- 
ter enjoying  the  reputation  of  superior 
sanctity  for  some  time  in  Flanders,  she 
came  to  Amsterdam,  where  she  gained  the 
friendship  of  de  Lort,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Mechlin,  who  rewarded  her  confidence,  by 
leaving  her  a  large  estate  at  his  death.  She 
afterwards  went  to  Holstein  and  Ham- 
burgh, where  she  gained  herself  proselytes, 
by  her  writings,  and  her  pretensions  to  in- 
spiration, and  to  frequent  interviews  with 
supernatural  beings  :  but  she  also  was  ex- 
posed to  ridicule  and  to  persecution.  She 
died  at  Franeker,  in  the  province  of 
Frise,  the  30th  October,  1680,  in  her  64th 
year.  This  extraordinary  person  was  in 
her  principles  nearly  a  quietist.  She  ex- 
cluded all  external  worship,  she  required  a 
cessation  of  reason,  sense,  and  understand- 
ing, that  God  might  spread  his  divine  light 
over  his  devotees.  Her  birth,  her  intro- 
duction to  the  world  as  a  reformer,  and 
her  death,  were  accompanied  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  three  remarkable  comets,  and 
the  circumstance  operated  powerfully  on 
the  minds  of  her  deluded  and  bigoted  fol- 
lowers. Extravagant  as  her  conduct  and 
her  tenets  were,  she  had  many  proselytes 
375 


BOL 


BOT 


in  Scotland,  and  among  them  men  of  learn- 
ing and  respectability  ;  and  it  required  the 
abilities  of  Charles  Lesley  and  Dr.  Cock- 
burn  to  examine  and  to  demonstrate  the 
arts  of  the  enthusiastic  impostor.  It  is  re- 
markable that  she  was  avaricious  in  her 
conduct,  disobedient  to  her  parents,  and 
severe  towards  her  domestics  and  depend- 
ents. Her  works  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam in  21  vols.  8vo.  1686,  and  her  life 
has  been  written  by  her  disciple  Poiret. 

Bourlet  de  Vauxcelles,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  great  eminence, 
and  in  private  life  much  respected.  He  died 
at  Paris  1799,  aged  65. 

Bourlie,  Antoine  de  Guiscard,  a  native 
of  Perigord,  who  abandoned  his  country, 
and  after  visiting  Holland,  became  a  pen- 
sioner of  Queen  Anne  in  England.  He  was 
accused  of  treason  against  the  state  in 
1711  ;  and  when  examined  before  the  privy 
council,  he  stabbed  lord  Oxford,  for  which 
murderous  action  he  was  sent  to  Newgate, 
where  he  destroyed  himself. 

Bourn,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Birmingham, 
educated  at  Glasgow.  He  was,  in  1742, 
minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Rivington,  Lancashire,  and  then  removed 
to  Norwich  as  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  Taylor. 
He  was  author  of  some  sermons,  and  had 
a  dispute  with  Dr.  Chandler  about  the  du- 
ration of  future  punishments.  He  died  at 
Norwich  1796,  aged  83. 

Bourne,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  fel- 
low of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
usher  of  Westminster  school.  He  publish- 
ed a  volume  of  elegant  poems  in  12mo.  re- 
printed in  4to.  1772,  and  died  young. 

Bourne,  Edme  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  died  at  Dijon  1722,  aged  70,  author 
of  some  sermons,  and  other  works  of  theo- 
logy. 

Boursault,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Mussi 
l'Ereque  in  Burgundy,  who  by  application 
remedied  the  defects  of  a  bad  education, 
and  gained  the  favour  of  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  by  the  wit  of  his  conversation  and  the 
vivacity  of  his  muse.  He  became  secretary 
to  the  dutchess  of  Angouleme,  with  a  pen- 
sion of  2000  livres,  and  his  business  was 
chiefly  to  turn  the  gazette  into  rhyme.  His 
satire,  however,  directed  against  the  Fran- 
ciscans and  Capuchins,  proved  nearly  fatal 
to  him,  and  the  powerful  influence  of  his 
patrons  alone  saved  him  from  the  dungeons 
of  the  Bastile.  He  was  dismissed  with  dis- 
grace, and  again  received  into  favour,  and 
died  of  the  colic,  5th  September,  1701, 
aged  63,  at  Montlucon,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed receiver  of  the  excise.  Boursault 
possessed  merit  as  a  poet.  His  .35sop  in 
the  city,  and  iEsop  at  court,  are  still  de- 
servedly honoured  with  the  public  applause 
on  the  stage,  for  the  various  and  interest- 
ing scenes  of  life  which  they  exhibit,  with 
happy  satire,  and  in  elegant  language.  He 
276 


wrote,  besides  other  plays,  some  romances, 
letters,  and  fables,  &c.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter, he  was  amiable.  Though  he  was 
in  acts  of  political  hostility  with  Boileau, 
he  visited  him  at  Bourbon,  with  the  offer 
of  his  purse  and  his  services  ;  and  this  li- 
berality produced  a  reconciliation  and  the 
closest  intimacy.  His  theatre  appealed  in 
3  vols.  12mo.  1746. 

Boursier,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  who  died  at  Paris  in  1749, 
aged  70.  He  was  author  of  several  contro- 
versial books  in  divinity,  and  of  an  able 
treatise  called  Paction  de  dieu  sur  les  crea- 
tures, 2  vols.  4to.  or  6  vols.  12mo.  which 
was  attacked  by  Malebranche.  He  wrote 
also  an  address  to  Peter  the  Great  when 
he  visited  Paris,  for  the  reunion  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches. 

Boursier,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of'Pa- 
ris,  who  died  1768,  aged  77.  He  was  the 
first  concerned  in  the  nouvelles  ecclesias- 
tiques  in  1727,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by 
Berger,  d'Etemare,  de  Fernanville,  and 
others. 

Bourvalais,  Paul  Poisson,  a  famous 
French  financier,  who  rose  from  obscurity 
to  opulence  and  consequence,  by  industry, 
and  afterwards  assisted  by  dishonest 
means.  He  was  accused  of  having  amass- 
ed a  princely  fortune  from  the  distresses  of 
the  state  during  the  Spanish  succession  of 
war,  and  his  vast  wealth  was  forfeited. 
He  was  some  time  after  indemnified  ;  but 
his  disgrace  had  broken  a  heart  naturally 
fierce  and  impatient,  and  he  died  the  year 
after,  1719. 

Bourzeis,  Amable  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
whose  pen  and  abilities  were  employed  for 
political  purposes  by  Richelieu  and  Maza- 
rin.  He  died  at  Paris,  1642,  aged  66, 
author  of  some  theological  tracts,  &c. 

Boussard,  Godfrey,  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Paris,  wrote  some  tracts  on 
divinity  and  morality,  and  died  1520. 

Bousseau,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Madrid  in  1740.  Some  of  his 
pieces  are  much  admired. 

Bousset,  John  Baptist  de,  a  native  of 
Dijon,  known  as  a  musician  of  superior 
talents.    He  died  1725,  aged  63. 

Bousset,  Rene  Drouard  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  died  there  1760,  aged  57.  He 
was  eminent  for  his  taste  and  genius  as  a 
musician. 

Boutard,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  re- 
commended to  the  notice  of  Lewis  XIV.  by 
Bossuet.  He  wrote  several  Latin  poems 
without  genius  or  elegance  ;  and  died 
1729. 

Boutaui,  Francis  de,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died  1733,  author 
of  several  valuable  publications  on  his  pro- 
fession. 

Boutauld,  Michael,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris, 


BOW 


SOW 


author  of  several  useful  treatises  on  theo- 
logy.    He  died  1688,  aged  81. 

Bouterone,  Claude,  a  learned  antiqua- 
rian of  Paris,  author  of  a  curious  treatise 
on  the  court  of  France.     He  died  1690. 

Bouthrais,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  of  some  books  on  law,  &c.  He 
died  1630,  aged  78. 

Bouvart,  Michael  Philip,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Chartres, 
and  died  at  Paris,  19th  January,  1787, 
aged  66.  He  acquired  great  celebrity  in 
his  profession,  and  wrote  some  tracts  on 
medicine,  which  possessed  merit.  He 
once  visited  a  banker,  who  was  seized  with 
melancholy  at  the  prospect  of  bankruptcy, 
and  finding  that  the  disorder  of  his  patient 
was  such  as  his  purse  could  remove,  he 
honourably  sent  him  20,000  livres,  to  ena- 
ble him  to  meet  his  creditors.  His  eloge 
was  pronounced  by  Condorcet. 

Bowdoin,  James,  LL.  D.  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Boston,  in 
1727,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
in  1745.  He  possessed  superior  talents, 
and  was  distinguished  at  the  university  for 
his  attainments.  He  inherited  large  pos- 
sessions from  his  father,  and  at  an  early 
period  attracted  the  public  regard,  and  re- 
ceived an  appointment  to  several  honour- 
able stations.  In  1775  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Council  of  Massachusetts, 
and  continued  in  that  office  a  large  portion 
of  the  time,  till  the  adoption  of  the  state 
constitution,  in  1780.  He  presided  in  the 
convention  which  formed  that  instrument, 
and  contributed  several  of  its  most  import- 
ant articles.  In  the  years  1785  and  1786 
he  was  chosen  governor  of  the  state,  and 
discharged  the  duties  of  the  station  during 
that  period  of  discontent  and  insurrection, 
with  great  firmness  and  skill.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  scholar  and  a  patron  of 
literature,  as  well  as  a  politician,  was  a  libe- 
ral benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  had  a 
principal  agency  in  forming  the  American 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences  at  Boston, 
in  1780,  was  appointed  its  first  president, 
and  left  it  valuable  bequests.  His  literary 
character  was  known  in  Europe,  and  ac- 
knowledged by  a  diploma  of  LL.D.  from 
several  universities,  and  an  election  as 
member  of  the  Royal  Societies  of  London 
and  Dublin.  His  publications  on  philoso- 
phical subjects  were  numerous  and  highly 
respectable.  He  was  a  man  of  piety,  well 
versed  in  theology,  and  highly  amiable  and 
exemplary  in  his  life.  He  died  in  1790. 
IET  L. 

Bowen,  Jabez,  LL.D.  for  many  years 
chancellor  of  Brown  university,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Providence,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1757.  He  took  an  active  part 
during  the  revolution  in  the  cause  of  liber- 
ty, and  rendered  important  services  in  the 
offices  of  member  of  the  board  of  war,  judge 


of  the  supreme  court,  and  lieutenant  govern- 
or of  Rhode  Island.  After  the  peace  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
assembled  at  Annapolis,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  of  Rhode  Island, 
which  was  chosen  to  consider  the  expedi- 
ency of  adopting  the  national  constitution. 
He  was  soon  after  appointed  commissioner 
of  loans  for  Rhode  Island,  and  held  that 
office  during  the  administration  of  Wash- 
ington. He  died  May  5th,  1815,  aged 
76.  Er  L. 

Bower,  Archibald,  was  born  near  Dun- 
dee, in  Scotland,  17th  January,  1685,  and 
educated  at  Douay,  from  whence  he  passed 
to  Rome,  1760,  and  became  a  Jesuit. 
Either  his  dislike  to  the  cruelties  of  the 
inquisition  of  Macerata,  to  which  he  was 
counsellor,  or,  as  his  enemies  assert,  his 
amorous  propensities,  shook  his  religious 
principles,  and  after  being  distinguished  as 
a  preacher  and  a  public  professor,  he  re- 
solved to  abandon  a  mode  of  life  which  he 
now  regarded  with  abhorrence,  and  made 
his  escape  with  great  difficulty,  and  through 
many  dangers,  from  Perugia  to  England, 
in  1726.  By  the  conversation  of  Dr.  As- 
pinwall,  Dr.  Clarke,  and  Bishop  Berkeley, 
he  renounced  the  tenets  of  the  Catholic 
church,  and  sometime  after  embraced  those 
of  the  church  of  England.  His  learning  re- 
commended him  to  the  great,  and  he  had 
the  good  fortune  to  become  acquainted  with 
lord  Aylmer,  in  whose  family  he  passed 
several  years,  and  when  he  sufficiently  un- 
derstood English,  he  began  to  labour  for 
the  booksellers,  by  the  publication  of  the 
Historia  literaria,  which  he  abandoned  in 
1734,  for  a  large  share  in  the  composition 
of  the  Universal  History.  Unsteady  and 
insincere  in  his  principles,  he  was  again 
reconciled  to  the  Jesuits  in  1745,  and  two 
years  after  again  made  public  his  dissent 
from  the  religion  of  those  within  whose 
pale  he  had  lately  been  received  as  a  peni- 
tent refugee.  About  this  time  he  wished 
to  convert  the  money  which  he  had  ac- 
quired into  a  life  annuity,  but  the  manner 
in  which  he  relates  the  circumstance,  dif- 
fers so  much  from  the  report  made  by 
his  antagonists,  that  there  is  reason  to 
suppose  he  acted  unfairly.  The  firm 
patronage  of  lord  Lyttleton,  however, 
broke  the  asperities  of  his  fortunes,  he  was 
made  librarian  to  queen  Caroline  in  1748, 
to  which  was  afterwards  added  the  clerk- 
ship of  buck  warrants.  His  history  of  the 
popes  was  begun  and  continued  to  the  se- 
venth volume  a  little  before  his  death,  but 
his  quarrels  with  the  Jesuits  rendered  his 
principles  suspected  both  as  a  historian  and 
as  a  man.  His  insincerity  was  discover- 
ed, and  his  imposture  revealed,  by  the  keen 
searching  eye  of  Dr.  Douglas,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  from  a  favourite 
writer  he  became  a  suspected  character. 
277 


BOY 


BOY 


and  he  saw  all  those  who  had  supported 
and  patronised  him,  except  Lyttleton,  turn 
away  with  disdain  and  indignation  from 
him.  His  honesty  has  also  been  doubted 
in  his  revision  of  the  second  edition  of  the 
universal  history,  for  though  he  received 
3001.  for  his  assistance,  he  abused  the  con- 
fidence reposed  in  him,  and  made  no  addi- 
tions to  the  work  intrusted  to  his  care. 
Bower  married  a  niece  of  bishop  Nichol- 
son in  1749.  He  died  September  2d,  1766, 
aged  80,  without  any  public  profession  of 
his  faith,  though  his  wife  soon  after  at- 
tested that  he  died  in  the  protestant  per- 
suasion. His  writings  were  not  devoid  of 
merit,  and  to  this  and  to  his  love  of  the 
marvellous  we  are  to  attribute  the  violence 
uf  the  controversy,  now  so  deservedly  for- 
gotten, which  at  that  time  engaged  the 
public  attention.  Not  less  than  22  pam- 
phlets were  published  in  consequence  of 
the  history  of  the  popes,  and  while  scur- 
rility formed  the  offensive  weapons  of 
some  of  his  adversaries,  those  who  es- 
poused his  cause  were  not  less  virulent  and 
determined. 

Bowie,  Robert,  several  years  governor 
of  Maryland,  rose  by  his  own  merit,  unas- 
sisted by  the  advantages  of  wealth  or  edu- 
cation, to  a  high  rank  among  his  fellow- 
citizens.  He  was  much  respected  for  his 
patriotism,  integrity,  and  benevolence. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  revolution,  and 
died  at  Nottingham,  January  8th,  1814, 
aged  64.  0=  L. 

Bowle,  John,  descended  from  a  bishop 
of  Rochester  of  that  name,  was  educated 
at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  died  on  his 
birth-day,  26th  October,  1788,  aged  63. 
He  was  the  first  detector  of  Lauder's  for- 
geries, and  author  of  a  letter  to  Dr.  Percy, 
and  editor  of  Don  Quixote  in  Spanish,  &c. 
besides  Marston's  satires,  and  some  old 
English  poetry. 

Bowyer,  William,  a  learned  English 
printer,  born  in  London,  17th  December, 
1699,  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors' 
school,  and  afterwards  admitted  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  On  his  leaving 
the  university,  he  followed  the  business  of 
his  father,  who  was  a  printer  of  great 
eminence,  and  the  first  publication  which 
came  from  his  correcting  hands  was  Sel- 
don's  works,  by  Wilkins,  three  vols,  folio. 
He  was  made  printer  of  the  votes  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1729,  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Onslow,  the  speaker,  and  he  held 
that  respectable  situation  for  nearly  50 
years.  He  was  admitted  into  the  Antiqua- 
rian Society  in  1736,  and  he  proved  an  or- 
nament to  the  institution  by  the  number 
and  value  of  his  communications.  In 
1761  he  was  appointed  printer  to  the  Royal 
Society,  and  two  years  after  he  published 
his  excellent  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, two  vols.  It  was  not  merely  in 
?78 


printing  books  in  a  superior  style  that 
Bowyer  distinguished  himself,  but  in  en- 
riching various  works  with  notes,  prefaces, 
and  dissertations.  He  took,  in  1766,  Mr. 
John  Nichols  for  his  partner,  and  trusted 
into  his  able  hands  the  business  which  he 
had  conducted  with  such  respectability  of 
character.  He  was  in  1767,  made  printer 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  for  the  rolls  of 
parliament.  His  literary  career  was  finish- 
ed in  1777,  by  the  publication  of  Bentley's 
dissertations  on  Phalaris  with  additional 
notes.  He  died  18th  November  the  same 
year,  after  suffering  severely  for  two  years 
from  the  palsy  and  the  stone.  His  public 
character  was  the  theme  of  universal  admi- 
ration, and  his  private  virtues  proclaimed 
him  a  man  of  probity  and  the  friend  of  hu- 
manity. He  was  married  October,  1728, 
and  by  his  wife,  who  died  in  three  years, 
he  had  two  sons,  one  of  whom  only  sur- 
vived him.  He  took  a  second  wife  in  1747, 
and  she  died  1771,  aged  70.  His  property, 
which  was  the  honourable  acquisition  of 
industry,  was  left  to  his  son,  except  some 
legacies  to  a  few  friends,  and  annuities  to 
three  poor  printers  of  sober  life,  and  well 
versed  in  Greek  and  Latin.  His  memoirs 
were  published  by  Mr.  Nichols,  and  they 
are  interesting  and  valuable. 

Boxhorn,  Marc  Zuerius,  a  native  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  professor  of  eloquence, 
politics,  and  history,  at  Leyden.  He  wrote 
Historia  universalis,  4to.  a  useful  book,  ac- 
cording to  Mencke,  his  continuator,  be- 
sides poems  and  editions  of  "  Scriptores 
Latini  minores" — Poetae  Satyr,  minores, 
&c. — Obsidio  Brodana,  fol. — virorum  il- 
lust.  elogia,  fol. — Chronologia  sacra,  fol. — 
theatrum  urbium  Hollandiae,  4to. — He 
died  1653,  aged  41. 

Boyce,  William,  an  English  musician, 
born  in  London,  1710.  He  was  at  first  a 
singing  boy  at  St.  Paul's,  but  under  the 
care  of  Dr.  Greene,  the  organist  of  the 
cathedral,  he  made  such  a  proficiency  that 
the  highest  expectations  were  formed  of 
him.  His  master  at  his  death  intrusted  all 
his  MSS.  to  his  care,  and  the  publication 
of  his  anthems  ;  but  an  incurable  deafness 
came  as  it  were  to  darken  all  the  prospects 
of  the  young  proficient.  Perseverance, 
however,  overcame  every  difficulty,  and  he 
continued  to  prove  so  excellent  a  master, 
that  he  was  honourably  made,  in  1749, 
Mus.  D.  by  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
and  in  1757  master  of  the  king's  band,  and 
afterwards  organist  and  composer  to  the 
royal  chapel.  This  able  musician  died 
1779,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. His  songs  were  much  admired  for 
elegance  and  taste,  and  his  anthems,  ora- 
torios, and  other  musical  compositions, 
possessed  superior  merit.  Of  them,  how- 
ever, but  few  have  been  published. 

Bdjd,  Robert,  a  native  of  Trochrig,  in 


BO? 


BOt 


Renfrewshire,  educated  at  Saumur.  James 
I.  who  knew  his  merits,  wished  to  appoint 
him  principal  of  the  university,  but  as  he 
favoured  the  puritans,  he  preferred  to  be- 
come the  minister  of  his  native  parish,  of 
which  he  was  the  patron.  He  wrote  a 
learned  commentary  on  the  epistle  to  the 
Ephesians,  and  died  1629,  aged  56. 

Boyd,  Mark  Alexander,  a  native  of  Gal- 
loway in  Scotland,  educated  under  the  care 
of  his  uncle,  who  was  archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow. He  was  however  of  such  a  bold  un- 
tractable  spirit,  that  he  early  fled  from  his 
instructers  to  Flanders,  and  engaged  in  the 
wars  of  the  united  provinces  and  of  France. 
In  Paris  he  lost  all  his  property  by  gaming, 
and  the  distress  to  which  he  was  reduced, 
roused  him  to  reflection,  so  that  he  applied 
himself  to  study  civil  law  under  Cujacius. 
He  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  died  of 
a  slow  fever  1601,  aged  39.  He  left  in 
MSS.  some  Latin  poems,  much  admired  for 
elegance  and  taste,  of  which  the  Epistols 
Heroidum,  and  the  hymns,  appeared  in  the 
Delicis  poetarum  Scotorum,  Amsterd.  two 
vols.  12mo.  1637. 

Boyd,  Robert  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of 
sir  Thomas  Boyd  of  Kilmarnock.  He  be- 
came the  favourite  of  the  court,  and  of  the 
people,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  second  James,  was 
made  judiciary  of  the  kingdom,  and  one  of 
the  regents  during  the  king's  minority. 
Ambitious  however  of  having  no  rival,  he 
carried  off  the  young  king  from  Linlithgow 
to  Edinburgh,  and  declared  himself  sole 
regent.  Not  only  the  favours  of  the  crown 
were  now  distributed  to  his  family  and  ad- 
herents, but  the  king's  sister  was  married 
to  his  son,  afterwards  lord  Arran,  till  the 
monarch,  extricated  from  the  power  of  his 
guardian,  ventured  to  call  a  parliament  in 
1469,  to  inquire  into  his  conduct.  Afraid 
of  his  enemies,  Boyd  fled  to  England,  and 
died  at  Alnwick  1470,  and  his  son,  divorced 
from  his  wife,  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
kingdom  for  Antwerp,  where  he  died  1474. 
This  family  are  the  progenitors  of  the  lord 
Kilmarnock  who  suffered  in  the  rebellion 
of  1745. 

Boydell,  John,  an  eminent  artist,  born 
at  Dorrington,  Shropshire,  and  brought  up 
to  the  business  of  land  surveyor  under  the 
care  of  his  father.  The  accidental  meeting 
of  some  landscapes,  so  captivated  his  atten- 
tion, that  he  studied  engraving  under  an 
able  master,  and  determined  to  seek  repu- 
tation and  opulence  in  this  new  profession. 
His  landscapes,  published  in  1745,  for  the 
use  of  learners,  proved  the  source  of  profit, 
as  well  as  celebrity,  and  in  the  metropolis 
he  became  the  friend  and  the  patron  of  art- 
ists of  genius  and  ability.  Eager  to  exhibit 
the  productions  of  his  countrymen  in  one 
pleasing  and  recommending  view,  he  nobly 
stood  forth  as  the  public  encourager  of 


merit,  and  by  opening  the  Shakspeare  gal- 
lery in  Pall-mall,  he  exhibited  the  beautiful 
and  highly  finished  labours  of  the  English 
school.  His  virtues  and  popularity  had  so 
powerfully  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  the  citizens  of  London,  that  he  was 
elected  an  alderman,  and  in  1791,  served 
the  distinguished  office  of  lord  mayor. 
Sensible  of  the  respect  and  esteem  of  his 
fellow-citizens,  he  perpetuated  their  kind- 
ness and  his  own  merits,  by  presenting  to 
the  corporation  some  valuable  pictures, 
which  are  preserved  as  monuments  of  his 
friendship  in  the  council  chamber  of  Guild- 
hall. Mr.  Boydell  disposed  of  all  his  pro- 
perty, in  the  prints,  pictures,  &c.  of  the 
Shakspeare  gallery,  by  a  public  lottery,  a 
circumstance  which  some  have  attributed, 
if  not  to  the  enormous  expenses  which  his 
patriotic  conduct  as  the  patron  of  artists 
drew  upon  him,  at  least  to  the  losses  which 
he  endured  in  his  continental  connexions 
in  consequence  of  the  French  revolution, 
and  of  the  war  which  was  kindled  in  1793, 
between  the  two  countries.  This  worthy 
man  died  in  1804,  aged  85. 

Boyenval,  Peter  Joseph,  a  worthless 
character,  employed  as  the  agent  of  Fou- 
quier-Tainville,  in  denouncing  the  wretch- 
ed victims  confined  in  the  Luxembourg  and 
other  prisons.  After  shocking  scenes  of 
cruelty  and  insulting  barbarity,  this  bloody 
monster  suffered  on  the  scaffold,  with  his 
ferocious  employer,  1795,  aged  26. 

Boyer,  Abel,  was  born  at  Castre  in 
France,  1664.  The  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes  banished  him  to  Geneva,  from 
whence  he  came  to  Franeker  and  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  spent  the  best  part  of  his 
life,  and  died  at  Chelsea,  November,  1729. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  useful  French 
and  English  dictionary,  and  his  French 
grammar,  which  have  passed  through  seve- 
ral editions.  His  history  of  William  and 
Mary,  three  vols.  8vo. — his  political  state 
of  Great  Britain,  a  periodical  work  like  the 
annual  register — his  annals  of  queen  Anne, 
11  vols.  8vo.  &c.  are  inferior  works. 

Boyer,  Claude,  was  born  at  Alby,  and 
after  applying  with  little  success  to  the 
eloquence  of  the  pulpit,  he  became  a  play- 
er. He  wrote  22  dramatical  pieces,  but 
as  they  were  irregular  in  the  plan,  and 
inelegant  in  the  composition,  they  were 
received  with  universal  disapprobation  on 
the  stage.  He  died  at  Paris,  22d  July, 
1698,  aged  80. 

Boyer,  John  Baptist  Nicholas,  a  physi- 
cian, knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael, 
and  distinguished  for  the  zeal,  skill,  and 
humanity,  which  he  displayed  during  the 
dreadful  plague  at  Marseilles  in  1720.  His 
success  in  combating  the  violence  of  con- 
tagious disorders  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  French  king  and  to  the  gra- 
titude of  Spain  and  Germany.  He  gave- 
2T9 


BOY 


BOY 


an  edition  of  the  Pharmacopeia  Parisien- 
sis,  4to.  and  died  at  Paris,  second  April, 
1768,  aged  75. 

Botle,  Richard,  known  by  the  title  of 
great  earl  of  Cork,  was  born  at  Canter- 
bury, in  1566.  After  a  private  education, 
he  entered  at  Benet's  college,  Cambridge, 
and  became  a  student  of  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, but  as  he  lost  early  his  parents,  and  as 
his  patrimony  was  slender,  he  abandoned  a 
manner  of  life  which  was  attended  with 
great  expense,  and  no  immediate  advan- 
tage, and  went  to  Dublin  in  June,  1588,  in 
quest  of  fortune,  with  fewer  pounds  in  his 
pocket  than  he  afterwards  acquired  thou- 
sands a  year.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  great  and  powerful,  he  drew 
memorials  and  cases  with  precision  and 
accuracy,  and  in  the  service  of  the  govern- 
ment he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  public 
affairs.  He  married,  in  1595,  Joan  Ansley 
of  Pulborough  in  Essex,  who  died  four 
years  after  in  child-bed,  and  left  him  with- 
out children,  but  in  possession  of  5001.  a 
year  in  land,  which  proved  the  foundation 
of  his  future  prosperity.  He  was  not  how- 
ever without  enemies,  he  was  represented 
to  the  queen  as  a  traitor,  in  corresponding 
with  the  Spaniards,  but  he  was  permitted 
to  answer  his  accusers,  and  sir  Henry 
Wallop,  the  most  violent  of  his  persecu- 
tors, was  disgraced  by  Elizabeth.  His 
merits  were  too  great  to  be  long  neglected, 
he  was  appointed  to  offices  of  trust  in  Ire- 
land under  his  friend  sir  George  Carew, 
afterwards  earl  of  Totness,  and  by  his 
patronage  he  rose  to  consequence  and  dig- 
nity. He  was  knighted,  made  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
peerage,  first  by  the  title  of  lord  Boyle, 
afterwards  of  earl  of  Cork.  In  his  eleva- 
ted situation  he  felt  the  storms  which  agi- 
tate the  great,  and  received  many  mortifi- 
cations from  the  jealousy  of  Wentworth 
earl  of  Strafford,  when  viceroy  of  Ireland. 
His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  support 
of  his  country,  towns  were  built  on  most 
eligible  spots,  and  improvements  were  in- 
troduced on  his  estates  with  such  judgment 
and  success,  that  Cromwell  declared  if  Ire- 
land had  a  Cork  in  every  county,  rebellion 
could  never  have  raised  its  head  there.  He 
was  very  active  in  the  rebellion  of  1641,  in 
favour  of  government,  and  four  of  his  sons 
were  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Liscarrol, 
the  eldest  of  whom  was  slain.  He  died 
15th  September,  1643,  aged  78,  and  so  desi- 
rous did  he  show  himself  even  in  his  last 
moments,  to  publish  to  the  world  the  vast 
fortune  which  he  had  collected  by  indus- 
trious application  from  an  obscure  begin- 
ning, that  he  caused  to  be  placed  on  his 
tomb,  the  motto  of  his  family,  "God's  pro- 
vidence is  my  inheritance."  The  most  me- 
morable circumstances  of  his  life,  written 
l>v  himself,  have  been  published  by  Dr. 
980 


Birch.  He  was  father  of  seven  sons  and 
eight  daughters,  by  his  second  wife  Cathe- 
rine Fenton,  daughter  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  whom  he  married  25th  July,  1603, 
and  he  had  the  singular  happiness  of  seeing 
before  his  death,  three  of  the  five  sons  who 
survived  him,  viz.  Lewis,  Roger,  and  Fran- 
cis, raised  to  the  peerage. 

Botle,  Roger,  Earl  of  Orrery,  was  fifth 
sou  of  Richard  earl   of  Cork,  and  born 
April,   1621.      He  was  made  lord  Brog- 
hill  when  only  seven  years  old,  in  reward 
of  his  father's  services.     He  was  educated 
in  the  college  of  Dublin,  and  after  making 
the  tour   of  France    and   Italy,   with   his 
eldest  brother  lord   Kinelmeaky,  he  enga- 
ged  in   the   Irish   wars,   and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  courage  and  bravery.     The 
death  of  Charles  I.  proved  so  very  dreadful 
to  his  feelings   that  he  left  the  army,  and 
lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate  at  Marston 
in  Somersetshire,  but  so  apprehensive  was 
he  of  the  jealous  tyranny  of  the  parliament, 
that  he  soon  prepared  to  join  in  secret  the 
royal  party  on  the  continent.     His  views 
were  discovered,  and  Cromwell,  who  knew 
his  merit,  charged  him  with  the  resolution 
of  abandoning  the  kingdom,  and  proved  the 
inutility  of  denying  the  charge,  by  showing 
him  copies  of  letters  that  had  passed  be- 
tween him  and  his  most  confidential  friends. 
Broghill  was  so  thunderstruck  at  the  disco- 
very, that  Cromwell  prevailed  on  him  to 
espouse  his  cause  rather  than  to  submit  to 
the  horrors  of  a  dungeon,   and  when  he 
was  informed   that  he  was  to  fight  only 
against  the  Irish  rebels,  whose  cruelties  he 
detested,  he  accepted  the  pledges  of  faith 
and  protection  offered  him  by  the  repub- 
lican general.     In   this  new  engagement, 
he  displayed  so  much  coolness  and  activity 
that    Cromwell,    now    become    protector, 
honoured  him  with  his  friendship  and  con- 
fidence, and  sent  him  to  settle  the  affairs 
of  Scotland  with  absolute  authority.     On 
the  death  of  Cromwell,  Broghill  supported 
his  son  with  the  same  zeal  that  he  had 
served  the   father,  but  when  the  pusillani- 
mity of  Richard  dropped   the  reins  of  go- 
vernment, he  looked  for  future  protection 
from  the  exiled  king.     His  intentions  were 
however  conjectured  by  the  few  who  still 
propped  the  republican  government,  he  was 
seized  in  Ireland,  but  his  firmness  disarmed 
his  persecutors,  and  he  was  permitted  to 
retire  unmolested  to  his  estate  at  Munster. 
But  his  thoughts  were  turned  to  the  resto- 
ration of  the  monarchy,  and  he  prepared 
measures  so  effectually  with   sir   Charles 
Coote,  who  was  in  the  north  of  Ireland, 
that  the  whole  kingdom  declared  for  Charles 
II.  The  restored  monarch  paid  those  marks 
of  respect  to  Broghill  which  his  services 
deserved,  he  was  made  earl  of  Orrery,  and 
president  of  Munster.     As  the  supporter  of 
the  cause  of  the  protestants  against  the 


BOY 


BOY 


papists,  who  solicited  the  restitution  of 
some  of  their  forfeited  property,  he  dis- 
played eloquence,  patriotism,  and  a  bold 
disdain  of  bribery.  His  knowledge  of  law 
was  so  extensive  that  he  was  offered  the 
seals  on  the  fall  of  Clarendon,  which  his 
debility  prevented  him  to  accept.  In  a 
political  view  his  abilities  were  directed  to 
strengthen  the  sinews  of  the  state,  and  to 
add  vigour  to  the  government.  His  merits 
were  not  however  without  enemies,  the 
duke  of  Ormond  envied  his  popularity,  but 
all  his  efforts  to  remove  him  from  the  con- 
fidence of  the  king  proved  ineffectual. 
After  a  splendid  display  of  the  character  of 
statesman,  general,  and  writer,  this  excel- 
lent man  died  October,  1679,  aged  58, 
leaving  two  sons  and  five  daughters  by 
lady  Margaret  Howard,  sister  to  the  earl 
of  Suffolk.  His  writings  were  numerous 
and  respectable,  and  among  these  several 
tragedies,  comedies,  &.c. 

Boyle,  Robert,  seventh  son  and  four- 
teenth child  of  Richard  earl  of  Cork,  was 
born  at  Lismore  in  Munster,  25th  January, 
lfi26-27.  He  was  intrusted  early  to  the 
care  of  a  country  nurse,  that  he  might  be 
trained  to  a  hardy  mode  of  life,  and  after 
receiving  some  instruction  in  his  father's 
family,  he  was  sent  to  Eton,  where  for 
three  or  four  years,  under  the  care  of  Sir 
Henry  Wotton,  his  abilities  began  to  blaze 
with  superior  splendour.  In  1638,  his  father 
sent  him  with  his  brother  Francis  to  Gene- 
va, through  Dieppe,  Paris,  and  Lyons,  and 
in  this  peaceful  retreat  he  devoted  himself 
to  a  severe  course  of  study,  and  renewed 
his  acquaintance  with  the  mathematics. 
After  staying  about  21  months  at  Geneva, 
and  examining  with  a  curious  eye  the  won- 
ders of  that  romantic  country,  he  visited 
Verona,  Venice,  Florence,  Rome,  Genoa, 
and  Marseilles.  He  returned  to  England 
in  1644,  but  with  difficulty,  as,  from  the 
troubles  of  England  and  Ireland,  some  of 
his  supplies  had  been  lost,  and  his  tutor 
Mr.  Marcombes  was  obliged  to  raise  money 
upon  his  jewels.  His  father  died  before 
his  return,  but  he  found  an  ample  settle- 
ment, which,  however,  the  confusion  of 
the  time  prevented  him  from  immediately 
possessing.  In  March,  1646,  he  retired  to 
his  estate  at  Stalbridge,  and  in  this  peace- 
ful solitude,  regardless  of  the  tumults  which 
agitated  his  unhappy  country,  he  spent  his 
time  in  literary  labours,  particularly  in 
philosophical  and  chymical  studies.  His 
intimacy  and  correspondence  with  learned 
men  promoted  the  cause  of  literature,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  first  who,  about  1645, 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  respectable  so- 
ciety which  courted  knowledge  by  reason 
and  experiment,  and  after  the  restoration 
assumed  the  name  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  at  last  fixed  his  residence  in  the  house 
of  a  Mr.  Crosse,  an  apothecary  at  Oxford, 

Voi.  I.  36 


about  1654,  where  the  philosophical  society 
had  removed  from  the  turbulence  and  fac- 
tion of  London,  and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  re- 
cord, as  the  friends  and  companions  of  his 
studies,  the  respectable  names  of  Wilkins, 
Ward,  VValiis,  Wren,  Willis,  Hooke,  Po- 
cocke,  Hyde,  Goddard,  Bathurst,  Barlow, 
iitc.  About  1678,  he  invented  the  air 
pump,  an  engine  which  has  thrown  new 
light  on  the  works  of  the  creation.  After 
the  restoration  he  was  treated  with  the 
respect  due  to  his  merit,  both  by  the  king 
and  his  ministers  Southampton  and  Claren- 
don, but  he  refused  the  highest  ecclesiasti- 
cal preferment  which  was  offered  to  him  if 
he  entered  into  orders,  observing  with  be- 
coming firmness  and  independence,  that 
whatever  he  did  or  wrote  in  support  of  re- 
ligion would  have  greater  weight  in  coming 
from  a  layman.  In  this  he  proved  the 
goodness  of  his  heart,  for  all  his  studies 
and  all  his  views,  both  as  a  man  of  letters 
and  a  man  of  influence  among  the  great, 
were  zealously  directed  to  the  promotion 
of  piety,  learning,  religion,  and  virtue. 
His  character  was  so  universally  known 
and  respected,  that  the  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, distinguished  for  the  most  amiable 
manners,  solicited  the  honour  of  his  cor- 
respondence, and  Charles  II.  unasked,  be- 
stowed upon  him,  in  1665,  as  the  reward 
of  his  splendid  talents,  the  vacant  provost- 
ship  of  Eton,  which,  however,  against  the 
advice  of  all  his  friends,  he  modestly  de- 
clined. Honours  were  vain  in  his  eyes. 
For  the  same  reason  he  refused  to  become 
president  of  the  Royal  Society,  which  his 
name  and  services  had  so  much  dignified, 
for  independence  was  the  object  nearest 
his  heart.  The  most  favoured  public  office 
he  ever  held  was  that  of  governor  of  the 
corporation  for  the  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel, and  this  he  at  last  resigned  when  he 
found  the  approaching  decline  of  his  health. 
So  numerous  were  his  friends,  and  so 
anxiously  excited  was  the  public  curiosity 
with  respect  to  him,  that  when  his  strength 
failed  he  published  an  advertisement,  and 
placed  an  inscription  over  his  door  to  inform 
the  world  that  he  declined  receiving  visits, 
and  what  in  another  might  have  appeared 
vanity  or  ostentation,  must  be  consider- 
ed in  him  as  the  preparation  of  a  man  of 
sense  and  virtue  to  withdraw  from  the  tu- 
mult of  life,  and  to  make  his  peace  with 
his  Creator.  His  health  now  rapidly  de- 
clined, so  that  he  made  his  will,  18th  July, 
1691,  and  expired  on  the  30th  of  Decem- 
ber, following,  in  his  65th  year,  one  week 
after  the  death  of  his  beloved  sister  and 
friend  lady  Ranelagh.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  Martin's  church  in  the  fields,  Westmin- 
ster, and  a  funeral  sermon  was  delivered 
on  the  occasion  by  his  friend  bishop  Bur- 
net. His  character  was  drawn  by  the  pre- 
late with  the  pencil  of  truth  and  friendship. 
281 


BUY 


BO* 


but  the  praise  of  Bocrhaave  cannot  be 
taxed  with  adulation  or  partiality.  "Boyle," 
says  this  learned  man,  "  the  ornament  of 
his  age  and  country,  succeeded  to  the  g  uu a 
and  inquiries  of  the  great  Veiulam. 
Which,"  says  he,  "  of  all  Boyle's  writings 
shall  I  recommend  ?  all  of  them.  To  him 
we  owe  the  secrets  of  fire,  air,  water,  ani- 
mals, vegetables,  fossils,  so  that  from  his 
works  may  be  deduced  the  whole  system 
of  natural  knowledge."  In  his  person 
Boyle  was  tall  but  slender,  his  countenance 
was  pale  and  emaciated,  and  his  constitu- 
tion so  delicate  that  he  used  cloaks  when 
he  appeared  abroad,  and  always  regulated 
himself  by  the  state  of  his  thermometer. 
For  forty  years  his  spirits  and  his  strength 
were  so  low  and  depressed  that  it  is  sur- 
prising how  he  could  find  sufficient  resolu- 
tion to  write,  and  to  make  the  difficult  experi- 
ments which  he  performed.  He  was  never 
married,  though  it  is  said  that  he  once 
courted  the  beautiful  daughter  of  Carey 
earl  of  Monmouth.  His  disinterestedness 
in  refusing  the  honour  of  a  peerage  is  well 
known,  his  zeal  in  the  propagation  of 
Christianity  is  equally  noble,  and  it  is  re- 
corded by  his  biographers  that  his  chari- 
ties annually  amounted  to  no  less  than 
1000J.  When  director  of  the  East  India 
company  he  not  only  exerted  himself  in 
the  establishment  of  their  charter,  but  he 
sent  to  the  Indies  500  copies  of  the  Gospels 
and  Acts  of  the  Apostles  in  the  Malayan 
language,  as  he  had  in  the  same  manner 
three  years  before  conveyed  to  the  Levant 
several  copies  of  Grotius's  treatise  on  the 
Christian  religion,  translated  into  Arabic 
by  Dr.  Pococke.  As  another  instance  of 
his  wish  to  support  religion  may  be  men- 
tioned the  lecture  which  he  founded  at  St. 
Paul's  in  defence  of  the  gospel  against  un- 
believers. His  works  have  been  published 
in  5  vols,  folio,  and  in  6  vols.  4to. 

Boyle,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  was 
second  son  of  Roger  earl  of  Orrery,  by 
lady  Mary  Sackville,  and  born  August,  1676. 
He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  under 
the  care  of  Atterbury,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Rochester,  and  Dr.  Freind,  and  in  1700 
was  chosen  member  for  Huntingdon.  On 
his  brother's  death  he  succeeded  to  the 
earldom,  and  afterwards  became  knight  of 
the  thistle,  major-general  in  the  army,  and 
a  member  of  the  privy  council.  He  was 
envoy  from  the  queen  to  the  states  of  Flan- 
ders and  Brabant,  and  he  displayed  firm- 
ness, wisdom,  and  dexterity  in  the  support 
of  this  new  character,  and  for  his.  services 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  the  British 
peerage.  His  disinterestedness  was  such, 
in  his  political  career,  that  he  frequently 
Toted  against  the  minister,  and  the  apos- 
tacy  was  soon  after  punished  by  a  privation 
of  his  offices  of  honour  and  emolument. 
In  September,  1722,  he  was  sent  to  the 
282 


tower,  on  suspicion  of  being  an  associate 
in  Layer's  plot,  but  after  six  months'  im- 
j  i  isonment  he  was  admitted  to  bail,  and 
his  innocence  fully  asserted  upon  the 
minutest  inquiry.  He  died,  after  a  short 
illness,  21st  August,  1731.  His  writings 
were  Lysander's  life,  translated  from  Plu- 
tarch— besides  his  edition  of  Phalaris's  epis- 
tles, which  produced  the  celebrated  contro- 
versy with  Bentley,  in  which  he  was  assist- 
ed by  his  friends  Aldrich  and  Atterbury. 
The  astronomical  apparatus,  called  Orrery, 
was  so  named  by  the  inventor  Graham,  in 
gratitude  for  marks  of  favour  and  protec- 
tion which  he  had  received. 

Boyle,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery, 
born  2d  Jan.  1707,  was  the  only  son  of  the 
preceding,  by  lady  Elizabeth  Cecil,  daugh- 
ter of  the  earl  of  Exeter.  He  was  for  six 
years  under  the  care  of  the  poet  Fenton, 
and  after  passing  through  Westminster 
school,  he  entered  at  Christ  church.  He 
was  married  in  1728,  to  the  daughter  of 
lord  Orkney,  but  this  union  proved  the 
source  of  domestic  infelicity  by  the  quarrel 
of  the  two  earls.  This  lady  died  in  1732 
at  Cork,  and  six  years  after  he  married 
Margaret  Hamilton,  a  lady  of  Irish  extrac- 
tion, with  whom  he  lived  in  the  enjoyment 
of  domestic  tranquillity,  truly  sensible,  as 
he  expresses  it  himself,  that  "  the  noise 
and  bustle  of  life  are  despicable  and  taste- 
less, when  we  have  experienced  the  real 
delight  of  a  fire-side."  He  did  not  shine 
as  a  public  orator,  his  time  was  mostly 
spent  at  his  seat  at  Marston  in  Somerset- 
shire, where,  devoted  to  literary  ease  and 
retirement,  he  published  an  admired  trans- 
lation of  Pliny's  letters,  two  vols.  4to. 
addressed  to  his  sons,  1751 — besides  letters 
on  the  writings  of  Swift,  his  respected 
friend,  in  8vo.  He  travelled  to  Italy,  in 
1754,  with  the  intention  of  collecting  ma- 
terials for  the  history  of  Florence,  but  only 
twelve  letters  on  the  subject  received  his 
finishing  hand.  He  returned  to  England 
through  Germany  and  Holland,  and  after 
sustaining  with  great  resignation  the 
severe  loss  of  his  wife  in  1 75S,  and  of  his 
eldest  son  the  following  year,  he  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  a  hereditary  gout,  16th  Nov.  1762, 
in  his  56th  year.  The  Gentleman's  maga- 
zine for  1782,  pp.  23,  286,  &c.  mentions  his 
Florentine  history.  His  letters  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death  by  Duncombe,  with 
an  account  of  his  life,  and  it  appears  that 
he  wrote  much  in  the  periodical  works  of 
the  day,  especially  the  World  and  Connois- 
seur. He  published  his  great  grandfather's 
dramatic  works,  two  vols.  8vo.  1739,  and 
his  state  papers  in  1742. 

Boylston,  Zabdiel,  F.R.S.  an  eminent 
physician  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  at  Brookline  in  that  state  in  1680. 
He  enjoyed  a  good  education,  and  rose  at 
an  early  age  to  distinction  in  his  profession.. 


BOY 


BOY 


Bnd  accumulated  a  large  fortune.  He  be- 
came particularly  distinguished  in  1720,  by 
first  introducing  the  inoculation  of  the 
Smallpox  into  the  British  dominions.  He 
became  convinced  of  the  advantages  of 
inoculation  by  some  accounts  placed  in  his 
lands  by  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  of  its  being 
successfully  employed  at  Constantinople 
and  Venice,  and  at  the  recommendation  of 
that  gentleman,  resolved  on  testing  its 
utility.  He  made  an  experiment  first  in  his 
own  family,  and  meeting  with  success, 
soon  extended  it  to  several  hundreds,  and 
completely  demonstrated  the  safety  and 
usefulness  of  the  practice.  The  innovation 
■was  regarded  by  his  fellow-physicians  and 
citizens  as  rash  and  murderous,  and  drew 
on  him  their  violent  hatred  and  persecution. 
His  life  was  often  endangered.  The  clergy 
were  the  only  persons  who  justified  and 
encouraged  him.  But  his  success  was  such 
that  ignorance  was  soon  enlightened,  preju- 
dice gave  way,  and  those  who  had  execra- 
ted him  as  wantonly  scattering  pestilence 
and  death,  hailed  him  as  a  benefactor.  His 
success  soon  introduced  the  practice  into 
England,  and  on  visiting  that  country  in 
1725,  procured  him  the  most  flattering 
attentions.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  honoured  with  the 
friendship  of  many  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed men  of  the  age.  After  his  return  he 
communicated  several  ingenious  pieces  to 
the  society,  which  were  published.  After  a 
long  life  distinguished  by  professional  skill, 
usefulness,  and  humanity,  he  died  at  his 
neat  in  Brookline,  March  1st,  1766,  in  the 
87th  year  of  his  age.  0=  L. 

Botlston,  Nicholas,  a  respectable  mer- 
chant of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  who,  at 
his  death  in  1771,  bequeathed  to  Harvard 
college,  the  sum  of  1500  pounds  as  a  foun- 
dation for  a  professorship  of  rhetoric  and 
oratory.  The  donation  was  left  to  accu- 
mulate till  1806,  when  the  honourable 
John  Quincy  Adams  was  elected  the  first 
professor,  with  the  title  of  the  Boylston 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory. 

0=  L. 
Boys,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
Kent.  He  was  educated  at  Benet's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  in  1590,  obtained  the 
vicarage  of  Tilmanstone,  and  the  rectory 
of  Bettishanger  in  Kent,  and  afterwards 
he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Canter- 
bury 1619.  He  died  suddenly,  1625,  aged 
54.  His  works,  chiefly  on  theological  sub- 
jects, were  published  one  vol.  fol.  1629. 

Botss,  Boys,  or  Bois,  John,  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  Bible  under  James  I.  was 
born  at  Nettlestead  in  Suffolk,  1560,  and 
educated  at  Hadley  school,  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  After  studying  medi- 
cine for  a  little  time,  he  was  ordained,  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  rector  of  West 
Stowe,  which,  however,  he  resigned  upon 


his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Holt,  rector  of  Boxworth,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1596.  His  domestic  affairs  were 
conducted  with  so  little  economy  that  to 
relieve  his  wants  he  sold  his  valuable  books. 
He,  however,  was  reconciled  to  the  ex- 
travagance of  his  wife,  and  as  his  know- 
ledge of  classical  literature  had  been  so 
eminently  displayed  at  college,  he  was 
selected  to  translate  the  Bible,  and  was 
afterwards  one  of  the  six  who  met  to  revise 
the  whole  at  stationers'  hall.  He  assisted 
Sir  Henry  Saville  in  the  publication  of  St. 
Chrysostom,  but  the  death  of  his  patron 
left  him  in  poverty,  and  instead  of  succeed- 
ing to  a  promised  fellowship  of  Eton,  he 
received  only  one  copy  of  the  work  to 
which  he  had  so  much  contributed.  An- 
drews, bishop  of  Ely,  at  last  made  him 
prebendary  of  his  church  in  1615.  He 
died  1643,  aged  84,  leaving  several  valuable 
MSS.  In  his  studies  he  paid  particular 
attention  to  the  three  rules  given  him  by 
Dr.  Whitaker,  he  studied  always  standing, 
never  in  a  window,  and  never  went  to  bed 
with  his  feet  cold. 

Botse,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Leeds  in  Yorkshire,  14th  Jan.  1660, 
and  educated  near  Kendal.  He  was  at 
Amsterdam,  where  he  sided  with  the 
Brownists,  and  afterwards  became  popular 
as  a  preacher  in  London  and  Dublin,  and 
had  for  his  coadjutor  Thomas  Emlyn,  so 
well  known  for  his  writings  and  his  suffer- 
ings. A  long  and  intimate  friendship  was, 
however,  severed  by  theological  disputes, 
and  instead  of  becoming  the  defender  of 
Emlyn,  Boyse  inflamed  his  persecutor  by 
publishing  a  book  against  him.  He  died 
about  the  beginning  of  December,  1728, 
and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  at 
Dublin  on  the  8th  of  the  same  month. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  learning  and  piety, 
as  his  works  in  two  vols.  fol.  sufficiently 
prove. 

Botse,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1708,  and  after  a  private  edu- 
cation at  Dublin,  he  entered  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Glasgow,  where  he  married  a  trades- 
man's daughter  before  he  had  attained  his 
twentieth  year.  A  scanty  subsistence,  a 
fondness  for  dissipation,  and  want  of  econo- 
my in  his  domestic  affairs,  soon  rendered 
his  situation  dependent  and  uncomfortable, 
and  he  came  to  Edinburgh,  where  the 
publication  of  some  pieces  of  poetry,  which 
possessed  both  genius  and  judgment,  pro- 
duced him  presents  from  the  opulent,  and 
the  patronage  of  lady  Eglinton.  With  a 
view  of  bettering  his  condition,  he  passed 
to  London  ;  but  neither  the  recommenda- 
tion of  lord  Stormont,  lord  Mansfield,  and 
the  dutchess  of  Gordon,  nor  the  notice  of 
Pope,  could  correct  his  low  and  vulgar 
opinions.  He  was  fond  of  the  meanest 
companions,  and  so  poor  and  imprudent 
2S3 


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that  he  had  not,  says  Cibber,  a  shirt,  coat, 
or  any  kind  of  apparel,  so  that  he  sat  up 
whole  days  in  bed  wrapped  up  in  a  blanket, 
and  by  the  most  fallacious  pretences  of 
sickness  and  distress,  procured  the  bene- 
factions of  the  humane  and  compassionate. 
In  1745  he  was  engaged  at  Reading  in  com- 
piling "  a  review  of  the  transactions  of 
Europe,  from  the  war  with  Spain  in  1739, 
to  the  insurrection  in  Scotland  in  1745, 
&.c."  but  the  stipend  he  received  from  Mr. 
Henry  was  small,  and  the  loss  of  his  wife 
contributed  to  disturb  his  plans  of  settle- 
ment, and  to  exhibit  his  character  as  affect- 
ed, frivolous,  and  volatile.  Experience,  it 
was  hoped,  had  taught  him,  on  his  return 
from  Reading,  the  necessity  of  temperance 
and  regularity  ;  but  his  health  now  rapidly 
declined.  He  died  in  obscure  lodgings 
near  Shoe-lane,  May  1749,  and  was  buried 
at  the  expense  of  the  parish.  His  works 
were  chiefly  poetical,  and  it  is  said,  that 
if  all  he  wrote  were  collected,  it  would 
form  six  moderate  volumes.  The  best 
known  of  his  poems  is  called  "  Deity," 
which  has  deserved  the  commendation  of 
Hervey  and  Fielding,  and  which  shows 
him  to  have  possessed  great  powers  of 
mind.  In  him  mankind  may  read  that 
awful  lesson,  that  the  best  talents,  if  not 
guided  by  virtue  and  industry,  may,  instead 
of  producing  honour  and  distinction,  de- 
generate into  contempt,  vice,  and  vulgarity. 

Boze,  Claude  Gros  de,  was  born  at  Ly- 
ons, 28th  Jan.  1680,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  antiquities  and 
medals,  which  gained  the  patronage  of 
chancellor  Pontchartrain,  and  other  illus- 
trious characters,  and  the  honour  of  a  seat 
in  the  French  academy,  and  in  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres,  of  which  he  became  per- 
petual secretary.  He  was  respected  for 
his  private  character,  as  well  as  his  great 
learning.  His  works  were  on  medallic 
subjects,  besides  historical  panegyrics  on 
the  members  of  the  academy,  the  first  15 
vols,  of  which  he  published — and  a  valuable 
catalogue  of  his  own  library.  He  died  at 
Paris  10th  Sept.  1753,  aged  74. 

Bracciolini  dell'  api,  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  Pistoya,  who,  at  the  age  of 
40,  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  pope  Urban  VIII.  and  by  cardinal 
Anthony  Berberini,  with  whom  he  had 
been  secretary.  He  wrote  several  trage- 
dies, comedies,  and  pastorals — besides  "  la 
croce  riacquistata,"  a  poem  which  the 
Italians  rank  next  to  Tasso's  Jerusalem — 
and  a  poem  in  23  cantos,  on  the  pope's 
election,  for  which,  at  his  patron's  desire, 
he  assumed  the  surname  of  Delia  Api,  and 
added  to  his  arms  three  bees.  He  died  in 
his  native  country  at  the  age  of  80,  1645. 

Bracton,  Henry  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  in  1244  was  made 
284 


one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by  Henry  III. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  excellent  work 
"  de  legibus  et  consuetudinibus  Angliae," 
a  most  finished  and  valuable  performance, 
divided  into  five  books,  and  containing,  in 
good  language,  a  curious  and  interesting 
detail  of  the  legal  learning,  the  laws  and 
customs  of  our  ancestors.  Though  blamed 
by  Houard  for  mingling  too  much  of  the 
civil  and  canon  law  in  his  compositions,  he 
has  long  been  held  as  a  writer  of  the  first 
authority,  and  deservedly  esteemed  by  lord 
Coke,  and  other  great  lawyers,  as  the  first 
source  of  legal  knowledge. 

Bradbury,  Thomas,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  Clapham  in  company  with  Dr. 
Watts,  and  distinguished  among  the  non- 
conformists as  a  bold  and  eloquent  preach- 
er in  defence  of  Calvinistical  doctrines  and 
revolution  principles.  He  wrote  some 
theological  treatises — besides  three  vols,  of 
sermons — and  the  mystery  of  godliness. 
He  died  1757,  aged  35,  and  was  buried  in 
Bunhill-fields. 

Braddock,  Edward,  major  general,  and 
commander  of  the  British  army,  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  French,  on  the  river 
Ohio,  in  1755,  arrived  at  Virginia  in  Fe- 
bruary of  that  year,  and  in  the  spring 
marched  against  fort  du  Quesne.  He 
reached  the  Monongahela  on  the  8th  of 
July,  at  the  head  of  1200  men,  the  baggage 
having  been  left  behind,  under  the  care  of 
Col.  Dunbar,  to  advance  by  slower  marches. 
On  the  next  day  he  moved  forward 
to  invest  the  fort,  and  by  disregarding  the 
caution  of  his  provincial  officers,  who 
warned  him  of  the  danger  of  surprise  in  an 
Indian  war,  fell  into  an  ambuscade,  by 
which  he  lost  nearly  one  half  of  his  troops, 
and  received  himself  a  mortal  wound.  All 
his  officers  on  horseback,  except  Colonel, 
afterwards  general,  Washington,  who  act- 
ed as  aid,  being  killed,  the  army  retreated 
precipitately  near  40  miles  to  Dunbar's 
camp,  when  the  general,  who  was  conveyed 
there  in  a  tumbril,  expired.  \£T  L. 

Bradford,  Samuel,  was  born  in  Black- 
friars,  20th  December,  1652,  and  after 
studying  at  St.  Paul's  school,  the  Charter 
house,  and  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  he 
went  abroad  on  account  of  some  scruples 
of  conscience,  and  applied  himself  to 
physic.  He  afterwards  was  reconciled  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  church,  and  as  the 
friend  of  archbishop  Sancroft  and  the 
chaplain  of  king  William,  he  rose  in  eccle- 
siastical preferment,  to  the  rectory  of  St. 
Mary-le-bow,  a  prebend  of  Westminster, 
and  the  mastership  of  his  own  college.  In 
1718  he  became  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  in 
1723  of  Rochester,  which  he  held  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  17th  March,  1731,  aged 
79.  He  edited  Tillotson's  sermons,  and 
the  work  may  be  considered  as  valuable. 


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■as  he  had  been  in  the  primate's  family,  as 
tutor  to  his  children. 

Bradford,  John,  an  English  martyr, 
born  of  a  respectable  family  at  Manchester. 
He  was  for  some  time  clerk  to  Sir  John 
Harrington,  the  treasurer  of  the  English 
forces  at  Calais,  but  afterwards  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and  took 
his  master's  degree  at  Cambridge.  He  was 
eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  his  abilities  ex- 
posed him  to  persecution  in  Mary's  reign, 
so  that,  after  a  long  imprisonment,  he  was 
burnt  in  Smithiield,  1st  July,  1555.  Some 
of  his  letters  are  extant.  It  is  said  that  he 
was  so  struck  by  hearing  a  sermon  from 
Latimer  on  restitution,  that  he  made  a  res- 
titution of  some  of  the  king's  goods,  which 
he  had  dishonestly  appropriated  to  his  own 
use  while  clerk  at  Calais. 

Bradford,  John,  a  Welch  poet  of  merit. 
He  presided  in  1760,  in  the  bardic 
chair  of  Glamorganshire,  to  which  he  had 
been  called  30  years  before,  though  a  youth. 
He  wrote  several  moral  pieces  of  great 
merit,  preserved  in  the  Evergreen,  a  maga- 
zine in  the  Welch  language.  He  died  1780. 

Bradford,  William,  the  second  governor 
of  Plymouth  colony,  was  born  at  Anster- 
field,  England,  in  1588.  In  1608,  he  went 
to  Holland  to  reside,  that  he  might  enjoy 
the  advantages  of  religious  freedom,  and 
in  1620,  embarked  with  the  church  of  Mr. 
Robinson  for  America ;  after  their  arrival 
at  Plymouth,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  talents  and  activity  in  the  service  of 
the  colony,  and  in  1621,  was  chosen  chief 
magistrate,  and  was  continued  in  the  office 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  years  till  1657, 
universally  revered  and  loved  for  his  public 
spirit,  wisdom,  benevolence,  and  piety.  It 
was  by  his  persuasion  that  the  colonists 
abandoned  the  practice  of  throwing  all 
their  property  into  common  stock,  and 
divided  the  lands  to  the  several  families,  so 
that  each  was  dependent  on  its  own  indus- 
try for  support.  He  did  not  enjoy  a  liberal 
education,  but  acquired  a  large  stock  of 
useful  knowledge,  was  familiar  with  several 
modern  languages,  considerably  acquainted 
with  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and  pub- 
lished several  pieces  which  were  highly 
esteemed.  He  died  on  the  9th  of  May, 
1657.  0=  L.  _ 

Bradford,  William,  printer,  was  born  in 
Leicestershire,  England,  in  1660,  came  to 
America  in  1682,  and  landed  where  Phila- 
delphia now  stands,  before  the  city  was 
laid  out,  or  a  house  built.  He  was  the  first 
printer  in  Pennsylvania,  but  removed  to 
the  city  of  New- York,  in  consequence  of  a 
quarrel  with  governor  Keith.  In  1723, 
Dr.  Franklin,  then  a  lad,  applied  to  him  for 
employment,  but  having  sufficient  hands 
himself,  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  pro- 
cured him  a  situation  there.  He  printed 
the  first  newspaper  published  in  New-York, 


called  the  "New- York  Gazette,"  A.D, 
1725  ;  and  was  printer  to  the  government 
of  that  province  upwards  of  fifty  years,  and 
was  distinguished  for  industry,  temperance, 
and  friendliness  to  the  poor.  He  died  May 
23d,  1752,  aged  92  years,  and  was  interred 
in  Trinity  churchyard,  near  the  north  side 
of  the  church  in  the  city  of  New- York. 
Er-  L. 

Bradford,  William,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  at  Plymton,  Mas- 
sachusetts, November  4th,  1729.  He  stu- 
died medicine,  and  first  established  himself 
in  practice  at  Warren.  Rhode  Isiand,  but 
afterwards  removed  to  Bristol.  He  at 
length  turned  his  attention  to  law,  and  by 
superior  talents  and  assiduity,  became  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  civilians  of  the 
state.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  cause 
of  the  country  at  the  opening  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  during  that  struggle,  and  after- 
wards held  many  important  stations,  the 
duties  of  which  he  discharged  with  ability 
and  reputation.  His  chief  appointments 
were,  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  in  1793,  and  to  the  office  of  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  died 
July  6th,  1808,  in  his  80th  year.     0=  L. 

Bradford,  William,  attorney  general  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  at  Philadel- 
phia, in  1755,  and  graduated  at  Princeton, 
in  1772,  with  a  high  reputation  for  talents. 
During  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  spent 
some  time  in  the  army  in  respectable  sta- 
tions, but  left  it  on  account  of  his  health, 
and  in  1779,  commenced  the  practice  of 
law.  The  following  year  he  was  appoint- 
ed attorney  general  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  1791,  was  advanced  to  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state. 
The  office  of  attorney  general  of  the  United 
States,  for  which  he  was  well  fitted  by  his 
knowledge  of  law,  his  talents  as  a  speaker, 
and  his  integrity,  was  conferred  on  him  in 
1794.  He  had  discharged  its  duties  with 
reputation,  a  year  and  a  half,  when  he  died, 
August  23d,  1795.  (£?   L. 

Bradick,  Walter,  author  of"  Choheleth, 
or  royal  preacher,"  a  poem  of  considerable 
merit,  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon,  where  he 
lost  all  his  property  by  the  earthquake.  On 
his  return  to  England,  loss  of  sight  was 
added  to  poverty,  till  his  sufferings  were 
relieved  by  the  queen,  who  placed  him  as  a 
pensioner  in  the  Charter-house,  where  he 
died  31st  December,  1794. 

Bradley,  James,  D.D.  was  born  1692, 
at  Shireborn  in  Gloucestershire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Northleach  and  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford, whence  he  proceeded  into  orders,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  living  of  Bridstow, 
Herefordshire.  His  talents  were  directed 
to  mathematical  pursuits,  in  the  company 
and  under  the  direction  of  his  maternal  un- 
cle, Dr.  Pound,  rector  of  Wanstead,  Essex, 
a  man  of  singular  genius,  and  great  learn - 
585 


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ing,  and  from  his  own  accurate  observa- 
tions with  the  sector,  he  settled,  upon  the 
most  correct  basis,  the  laws  of  the  altera- 
tions of  the  fixed  stars  in  consequence  of 
the  motion  of  light,  and  also  the  nutation 
of  the  earth's  axis.  His  great  merit  did 
not  pass  long  unrewarded,  he  was  chosen 
Savilian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford, 
1721,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Keill,  to  which 
was  afterwards,  in  1730,  added  the  lec- 
tureship in  experimental  philosophy,  and 
with  these  honours,  a  distinction  equally 
flattering  to  the  lover  of  science,  the  friend- 
ship of  the  great  and  the  learned,  of  lord 
Macclesfield,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Dr.  Hal- 
ley,  &c.  In  1742  he  succeeded  Dr.  Halley 
as  astronomer  royal  at  Greenwich,  and  in 
this  important  appointment  his  attention 
was  directed  to  improve  and  increase,  un- 
der the  royal  patronage,  and  the  gift  of 
1000/.  and  the  assistance  of  those  able 
artists,  George  Graham  and  Dird,  the  valua- 
ble instruments  which  enrich  this  celebrated 
observatory.  His  great  disintestedness  ap- 
peared on  his  refusal  of  the  living  of  Green- 
wich, but  his  services  were  too  numerous 
to  be  neglected,  and  the  king  therefore 
settled  a  pension  of  250/.  upon  him.  His 
laborious  studies  impaired  his  health  ;  he 
long  apprehended  that  he  should  survive 
his  reason,  but  his  fears  proved  false,  and 
an  inflammation  of  the  kidneys,  followed  by 
a  suppression  of  urine,  carried  him  off  13th 
July,  1762.  He  left  only  one  daughter, 
and  was  buried  at  Minchinhampton,  in 
Gloucestershire.  Few  of  his  compositions, 
besides  papers  in  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions, were  published  ,  but  his  valuable  ob- 
servations on  astronomy,  &c.  are  carefully 
preserved  in  MS.  in  13  folio  and  two  quarto 
volumes. 

Bradley,  Richard,  F.R.S.  was  made 
professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  1724,  by 
the  influence  of  Dr.  Bentley,  who  trusted 
to  a  pretended  verbal  recommendation  from 
Dr.  Sherard.  The  inabilities  of  the  new 
professor  to  read  lectures  was  soon  made 
apparent  to  the  university,  and  his  igno- 
rance of  the  learned  languages  rendered 
him  ridiculous.  Mr.  J.  Martin  was  there- 
fore appointed  his  substitute  as  professor, 
though  he  himself  ventured  to  deliver  lec- 
tures on  the  materia  medica  at  the  Bull 
Inn,  1729  ;  but  his  conduct  was  regarded 
as  so  offensive,  that  the  heads  of  the  uni- 
versity had  it  in  agitation  to  procure  his  re- 
moval, when  he  died  in  1732.  He  wrote 
some  things  on  husbandry,  natural  history, 
&c.  and  for  some  money  permitted  the 
booksellers  to  use  his  name  in  a  translation 
of  Xenophon's  economics. 

Bradshaw,  Heniy,  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  Chester,in  the  fourteenth  century,  author 
of  a  poetical  chronicle,  called  the  life  of  St. 
Werburg. 

Bradshaw,  John,  sergeant  at  law,  was 
286 


born  in  1586,  at  Marple-hall  in  Cheshire, 
near  Chapel  le  Frith,  where  his  ancestors 
had  been  settled  for  many  generations.  He 
was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  sheriffs  court 
in  London,  and  on  the  trial  of  Charles  I. 
he  was  nominated  by  the  parliament  presi- 
dent of  that  bloody  tribunal.  Though  he 
behaved  with  disrespect  and  audacity  to 
his  sovereign,  some  have  imagined  that  he 
was  but  the  tool  of  a  party,  and  that  his 
private  sentiments  were  favourable  to  the 
royal  cause.  His  attachment  to  the  repub- 
lican form  of  government,  however,  was 
such  that  he  inveighed  against  the  usurpa- 
tion of  Cromwell,  and  for  his  obstinacy  he 
was  dismissed  from  the  office  of  president. 
He  died  1659,  but  the  place  of  his  burial  is 
unknown,  though  some  have  mentioned  an 
inscription  engraved  on  a  cannon  near 
Martha  bay,  in  Jamaica,  which  intimates 
that  his  ashes  were  deposited  there.  He 
might  have  wished  like  others  to  fly  the 
insults  which  attended  the  bones  of  those 
who  sat  in  judgment  over  Charles,  but  it  is 
more  probable  from  papers  preserved  in  the 
British  museum  that  he  died  in  England, 
and  on  the  31st  October,  1659.  He  was 
rewarded  by  the  parliament  for  his  servi- 
ces as  president,  with  the  estate  of  Sum- 
mer-hill, belonging  to  lord  St.  Alban's,  worth 
1000/.  a  year.  It  is  supposed  by  some, 
that  he  communicated  some  old  evidences 
to  Needham,  to  be  inserted  in  his  transla- 
tion of  Seidell's  Mare  clausum. 

Bradwardin,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Hat- 
field in  Sussex,  educated  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  proctor  and  divinity 
professor.  For  his  great  merit  as  a  mathe- 
matician, philosopher,  and  divine,  he  was 
made  confessor  to  Edward  III.  during  his 
wars  in  France,  where  as  a  preacher  his 
eloquence  had  great  influence  in  restrain- 
ing the  violence  and  lawless  conduct  of 
the  military.  He  became  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  1348,  and  from  his  learning 
was  called  the  profound  doctor.  Among 
other  things  he  published  a  tract  called 
Causa  Dei — besides  geometria  speculativa 
— arithmetica  speculativa — tractatus  pro- 
portionum,  Venice,  1505.  He  was  conse- 
crated at  Avignon,  and  died  1549,  at  Lam- 
beth. He  was  buried  in  Canterbury  cathe- 
dral. 

Brady,  Nicholas,  D.D.  was  born  at 
Bandon  in  Ireland,  October  28th,  1659,  and 
at  the  age  of  12  he  came  over  to  England, 
and  was  educated  at  Westminster  college 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  Ireland,  where  his  fa- 
ther, who  was  in  the  military  line,  resided, 
and  he  took  his  degrees  at  the  university  of 
Dublin.  He  showed  himself  zealous  and 
active  during  the  revolution,  and  thrice  suc- 
cessively by  his  influence  and  addresshe  saved 
his  native  town  from  conflagration  agree-* 
able" to  the  orders  of  king  James's  general*. 


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He  abandoned  the  preferment  which  by  the 
friendship  of  Wettenhal,  bishop  of  Cork,  he 
held  in  Ireland,  and  as  chaplain  to  William 
and  Mary  he  rose  to  consequence  in  the 
church,  and  became  minister  of  Richmond 
and  rector  of  Clapham  in  Surrey.  He  died 
20th  May,  1726,  aged  66.  He  wrote  three 
vols,  of  sermons,  besides  a  translation  of 
Virgil's  iEneid,  and  his  well-known  ver- 
sion of  the  psalms  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Tate. 

Brady,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk, 
educated  at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  master  1660.  He  was  in 
1670,  appointed  keeper  of  the  records  in 
the  Tower,  and  soon  after  regius  professor 
at  Cambridge,  where  he  died  1700.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  physician.  His  letter  to 
Dr.  Sydenham  has  been  published,  but  he 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  a  history  of 
England,  three  vols.  fol.  in  which  he  zea- 
lously supports  the  royal  prerogative.  He 
also  published  a  treatise  on  burghs,  folio. 

Bradstreet,  Simon,  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  born  at  Horblin,  England, 
in  1603,  and  resided  some  time  at  Emanuel 
college.  After  his  arrival  at  Massa- 
chusetts in  1630,  he  held  successively 
the  several  offices  of  assistant  secretary, 
agent  to  Great  Britain,  to  congratulate 
Charles  II.  on  his  restoration,  commis- 
sioner of  the  United  Colonies,  and  deputy 
governor,  till  at  length  he  was  placed,  in 
1679,  in  the  chair  of  the  chief  magistrate, 
and  continued  to  occupy  it  till  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  charter  in  1686.  After  the  im- 
prisonment of  Andross  in  1689,  Mr.  Brad- 
street  was  again  restored  to  the  office  of 
governor,  and  enjoyed  it  till  1692,  when  sir 
William  Phips  arrived  with  a  new  charter 
transferring  the  appointment  of  the  governor 
from  the  people  to  the  King.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  integrity,  prudence,  modera- 
tion, and  piety,  and  enjoyed  the  confidence 
of  all  classes.  He  died  at  Salem,  March 
27th,  1697,  aged  94.  0=  L. 

Bradstreet,  John,  a  British  major 
general  in  America,  and  in  1746,  lieutenant 
governor  of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland.  In 
1756,  he  commanded  a  body  of  2000  men, 
employed  in  conveying  stores  from  Sche- 
nectady to  fort  Oswego  on  Lake  Ontario, 
and  after  successfully  accomplishing  that 
undertaking,  on  his  return  gained  a  victory 
over  the  enemy  who  attacked  him  in  am- 
buscade. Two  years  after,  with  a  detach- 
ment of  3000  men,  he  succeeded  in 
capturing  fort  Frontenac,  and  in  1764,  by 
an  incursion  into  the  Indian  country,  com- 
pelled the  Delawares  and  Shawnese  to 
peace.  He  received  his  appointment  as 
major  general  in  1772;  after  rendering 
many  services  to  his  country,  he  died  in 
October,  1774,  at  New- York.         (0=  L. 

Brahe,  Tycho,  descended  from  an  illus- 
trious Swedish  family,  was  born  at  Knud- 


storp  in  Denmark,  1546,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  astronomer.  He  studied 
rhetoric  and  philosophy  at  Copenhagen,  but 
so  great  was  his  admiration  of  the  skill  of 
astronomers  in  calculating  eclipses  to  the 
precision  of  a  moment,  that  he  employed 
all  his  money  in  purchasing  books  for  his 
favourite  pursuit,  and  often  spent  whole 
nights  with  a  small  celestial  globe  in  his 
hands  in  learning  the  names  of  the  stars, 
and  in  the  acquisition  of  a  science  which 
he  called  divine.  His  friends  in  vain  at- 
tempted to  represent  astronomy  as  beneath 
his  rank  ;  he  continued  his  study  with  in- 
creasing application,  and  gained  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  Danish  king,  at  whose 
request  he  read  some  popular  lectures  on 
the  theory  of  comets.  His  knowledge 
was  improved  by  visiting  Switzerland, 
Italy,  and  Germany,  and  he  would  have  re- 
moved to  Basil,  if  the  king  of  Denmark, 
with  a  munificence  truly  noble,  had  not  re- 
tained him  in  his  dominions,  by  settling 
upon  him  for  life  the  island  of  Kuen  in  the 
Sound,  and  building  a  commodious  obser- 
vatory and  elaboratory,  which  he  called 
Uraniburgh,  and  to  which  he  annexed  a 
pension  of  two  thousand  crowns,  besides  a 
preferment  of  equal  or  superior  value.  Thus 
flattered  by  his  sovereign  and  honoured 
with  the  praises  and  the  visits  of  the  noble 
and  the  great,  especially  of  James  II.  of 
Scotland,  when  he  came  to  Denmark  to 
marry  the  princess  Anne,  Brahe  might  be 
said  to  live  happy  and  respected.  Malice, 
however,  attacked  him  in  his  retreat,  his 
enemies  vilified  his  services,  he  was  aban- 
doned by  the  king,  and  bidding  adieu  to  his 
favourite  Uraniburgh,  he  found  at  last  an 
asylum  at  Prague,  under  the  protection  of 
the  emperor,  and  with  a  pension  of  3000 
crowns.  He  died  soon  after  of  a  suppres- 
sion of  urine,  24th  October,  1601.  Great 
as  an  astronomer  and  chymist,  Brahe  was 
superstitious,  too  much  given  to  credulity 
and  astrological  presages,  irritable  in  his 
temper,  and  not  always  respectable  in  his 
connexions.  He  left  a  widow,  two  sons, 
and  four  daughters,  with  little  to  inherit  but 
his  fame  and  his  misfortunes.  The  Rodol- 
phine  tables  and  the  historia  ccelestis,  are 
the  best  of  his  works,  but  the  wildness  of 
his  opinions  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the 
absurdity  of  the  system  which  he  endea- 
voured to  establish  in  mere  opposition  to 
the  Copernican. 

Braillier,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at 
Lyons,  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the 
abuses  and  the  ignorance  of  physicians, 
inscribed  to  Claude  de  Gouffier,  1557. 

Brainerd,  David,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican missionary  to  the  Indians,  was  born 
at  Haddam,  Connecticut,  in  1718.  He 
became  pious  in  1739,  and  in  the  autumn  of 
that  year,  entered  Yale  College,  where  he 
continued  till  1742.  After  studying  theo- 
287 


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logy  a  short  time  he  was  licenced  to  preach, 
and  appointed  a  missionary  to  tbe  Indians 
by  the  correspondent,  at  New- York,  of  the 
Society  for  Propagating  Christian  Know- 
ledge. He  entered  on  his  work  in  the 
spring  of  1743,  at  Kaunameak,  an  Indian 
village  between  Stockbridge  and  Albany. 
On  the  removal  of  that  tribe  to  Stockbridge 
the  next  year,  he  left  them  to  preach  to  the 
Delawares  residing  near  the  forks  of  that 
river.  Finding  little  encouragement  to 
continue  his  labours  among  them,  and  the 
neighbouring  Indians  on  the  Susquehan- 
nah,  whom  he  visited  repeatedly,  he  remo- 
ved in  1745,  to  Crossweeksung  near  Free- 
hold, New-Jersey,  where  his  ministry  was 
a  ttended  with  extraordinary  success. — 
Within  a  year  seventy-seven  were  admitted 
to  the  rights  of  baptism,  thirty-eight  of  whom 
were  adults,  and  exhibited  satisfactory 
evidence  of  piety.  In  the  summer  of  1746, 
he  again  visited  the  Indians  on  the  Susque- 
hannah.  In  the  following  spring  he  was 
induced  by  the  decline  of  his  health  to 
return  to  New-England,  and  di<jd  the  9th  of 
October  in  that  year  at  the  house  of  the  Rev. 
Jonathan  Edwards,  at  Northampton.  His 
endowments  were  superior,  and  his  attain- 
ments in  knowledge  such  as  few  make  at 
his  age  and  with  only  his  advantages.  His 
Indian  congregations  were  often  dissolved 
in  tears  by  the  force  and  tenderness  of  his 
addresses.  He  was  pre-eminently  distin- 
guished as  a  Christian  and  minister,  for  his 
humility,  conscientiousness,  and  ardent 
devotion,  his  self-denial  in  his  official  work 
and  zeal  to  promote  the  salvation  of  the 
Indians.  A  memoir  of  his  life,  made  up  to 
a  considerable  extent  of  a  journal  kept  by 
himself  of  his  labours  among  the  Indians, 
was  published  by  president  Edwards,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  works  of  the 
kind.  ID=  L. 

Braint  Hir,  the  nephew  of  Cadwallon, 
king  of  North  Wales.  He  supported 
bravely  his  uncle  against  Edwin  king  of 
England  in  620,  and  when  defeated  he  went 
privately  to  England,  and  by  his  concilia- 
ting conduct  gained  such  a  number  of 
adherents,  that  he  was  enabled  to  make 
head  against  the  enemy  and  to  recall  his 
uncle  who  had  fled  to  Ireland,  and  to  replace 
him  on  his  throne,  633,  after  the  battle  of 
Hatfield,  in  which  Edwin  fell. 

Brakenburg,  Reinier,  a  painter  of 
Haerlem,  who  died  1649.  His  pieces  are 
generally  on  low  and  vulgar  subjects,  but 
always  display  elegance,  spirit,  nature,  and 
interest. 

Bramante  D'Urbino,  Lazarus,  was 
born  at  Castel-Duranti  in  Urbino,  1444,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  an  architect  at 
Naples  and  Rome.  It  was  in  conformity 
to  his  plan  that  pope  Julius  II.'  was  per- 
suaded to  rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter, 
but  though  the  work  was  conducted  with 
283 


great  expedition,  the  artist  did  not  live  to 
see  the  completion  of  his  noble  design.  He 
died  1514,  aged  70,  eight  years  after  the 
foundations  had  been  laid,  and  the  merit  of 
finishing  the  building  was  reserved  for  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  Bramante  was  amiable  in 
his  private  character,  and  as  a  poet  and 
musician  he  was  also  eminent.  His 
poetry  was  published  at  Milan,  1756. 

Bramer,  Leonard,  a  disciple  of  Rem- 
brandt, born  at  Delft,  1596.  His  resur- 
rection of  Lazarus,  preserved  at  Rome,  is 
much  admired. 

Bramhall,  John,  a  native  of  Pontefract 
in  Yorkshire,  who  was  educated  at  Sydney 
college,  Cambridge,  and  after  taking  orders 
succeeded  to  a  living  in  the  city  of  York, 
where  he  married  a  clergyman's  widow, 
with  whom  he  received  a  considerable  for- 
tune, and  what  he  regarded  still  more,  a 
very  valuable  collection  of  books.  By  his 
successful  controversy  on  religious  topics 
with  a  secular  priest  and  a  Jesuit,  he  re- 
commended himself  to  the  notice  of  Mat- 
thews, archbishop  of  York,  by  whom  he  was 
promoted  to  the  prebend  of  Rippon.  About 
the  year  1633,  he  went  over  to  Ireland,  on 
the  invitation  of  lord  Wentworth,  and  for 
his  services  as  visiter  of  the  revenues  of  the 
church  he  obtained  the  archdeaconry  of 
Meath,  and  in  1634,  the  bishopric  of  Lon- 
donderry. His  authority  was  powerfully 
exerted  in  uniting  the  churches  of  Ireland 
and  England,  and  by  his  eloquence  the  two 
sister  countries  adopted  the  same  form  of 
worship  and  the  same  tenets  of  faith.  He 
was  not,  however,  without  enemies  ;  he 
was  not  only  charged  with  Arminianism  and 
popery,  but  accused  of  high  treason,  and  of 
attempts  to  introduce  an  arbitrary  and  ty- 
rannical government ;  and  after  being  some 
time  in  confinement  he  was  liberated  by  the 
influence  of  Usher  the  primate,  and  the  im- 
mediate interference  of  the  king.  After  some 
time  spent  at  Hamburgh  and  Brussels,  he 
ventured  to  revisit  Ireland,  but  his  influence 
was  considered  as  so  dangerous  by  the  par- 
liament, that  his  person  was  in  the  most  im- 
minent danger,  and  Cromwell,  from  whose 
vigilance  he  escaped,  was  heard  to  declare  in 
disappointment  that  he  would  have  lavished 
not  a  little  money  to  secure  that  Irish  Can- 
terbury's he  called  him.  On  the  restoration 
his  services  entitled  him  to  the  highest  ho- 
nours, and  he  was  accordingly  translated  to 
the  see  of  Armagh,  18th  January,  1660 — 1, 
and  as  primate  of  Ireland,  and  speaker  of 
the  house  of  lords,  he  displayed  those  abi- 
lities of  persuasion,  and  that  patriotic  zeal 
which  he  possessed  in  so  eminent  a  de- 
gree. His  constitution  now  began  to  de- 
cline, he  was  twice  struck  with  the  palsy, 
and  a  third  attack  proved  fatal,  at  the  end 
of  June  1663,  in  his  70th  year.  His 
works,  on  theological  subjects  mostly,  were 
reprinted  at  Dublin,  in  one  folio  volume: 


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1677.  The  most  valuable  of  his  composi- 
tions is  that  against  Hobbes,  on  liberty 
and  necessity. 

Bran,  son  of  Lyr,  was  father  of  Ca- 
ractacus  king  of  Britain.  With  two  others, 
Prydain  and  Dynwal,  he  is  said  to  have 
established  the  rights  of  an  elective  monar- 
chy in  Britain.  He  was  carried  to  Rome, 
where  it  is  supposed  he  embraced  Chris- 
tianity, which  he  contributed  to  spread 
among  his  uncivilized  countrymen.  He 
died  about  80  A.  D. 

Brancas  Villeneuve,  Andrew  Farncis, 
abbe  d'Aulnay,  was  born  in  the  Venaissin, 
and  died  April  11th,  1758.  His  works, 
though  correct  in  matter,  do  not  recom- 
mend themselves  either  by  elegance  of  style 
or  choice  of  ideas  ;  they  are  a  system  of 
modern  cosmography  and  geography  in  ge- 
neral— explanation  of  the  flux  and  reflux 
of  the  sea — letters  on  cosmography — ephe- 
merides  cosmographiques. 

Brancker,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  of  which 
he  was  elected  fellow.  He  afterwards 
became  rector  of  Tilston,  Cheshire,  and 
master  of  Macclesfield  school.  He  died 
1676,  aged  40,  and  was  buried  at  Maccles- 
field. He  possessed  abilities  as  a  mathe- 
matician, and  wrote  the  doctrine  of  the 
sphere,  in  Latin,  Oxford,  1662 — introduc- 
tion to  algebra,  1668. 

Brand,  John,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 
was  born  of  low  parentage  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  in  1743.  He  served  his  time  to 
a  shoemaker,  but  afterwards  obtained 
learning  enough  to  enter  himself  of  Lin- 
coln college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  ba- 
chelor's degree,  and  having  been  ordained, 
was  presented  by  Matthew  Ridley,  Esq.,  to 
the  curacy  of  Cramlington,  in  Newcastle. 
While  at  the  university,  he  published  a 
poem  on  "  Illicit  Love  ;  written  among  the 
ruins  of  Godstow  Nunnery,"  4to.  1775.  In 
1777  he  printed  a  very  curious  book,  "  Ob- 
servations on  Popular  Antiquities,  including 
Bourne's  Antiquitates  Vulgares,  with  co- 
pious addenda."  This  work  he  continued 
to  enlarge  and  improve  till  his  death,  when 
a  new  edition  was  published  in  2  vols.  4to. 
In  1784,  Mr.  Brand  was  presented  by  the 
duke  of  Northumberland  to  the  rectory  of 
St.  Mary  Hill,  London,  and  the  same  year 
lie  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries.  In  1789,  he  published  "  The 
History  of  the  Antiquities  of  the  Town  and 
County  of  Newcastle,"  2  vols.  4to.  He 
died  suddenly  at  his  apartments  in  Somer- 
set-house, Sept.  10,  1806.— W.  B. 

Brandel,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at 
Prague,  and  educated  under  Schroeter. 
Though  well  paid  for  his  portraits  and  his- 
torical pieces,  which  possessed  real  merit, 
his  extravagance  kept  him  in  continual 
want,  and  he  died  very  poor  at  Prague, 
1739,  aged  79. 

Vol.  I.  37 


Brandi,  Hyacinth,  a  painter,  the  pupil 
of  Lanfrac,  born  at  Poli  near  Rome.  He 
possessed  great  merit,  and  his  pencil  was 
employed  in  beautifying  the  churches  and 
palaces  of  the  capital  of  Italy,  where  he 
died  1691,  aged  58. 

Brandmuller,  John,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Basil,  was  born  at  Biberac,  and 
died  1596,  aged  63.  He  wrote  four  fune- 
ral orations  from  the  Old  Testament,  and 
eighty  from  the  New,  &c.  His  son  James, 
who  died  1629,  wrote,  in  three  vols.  4to. 
analysis  typica  librorum  veteris  et  novi  tes- 
tamenti,  Basil,  1620.  The  son  of  James 
was  professor  of  jurisprudence  at  Basil,  and 
died  1677,  aged  50.  He  wrote  some  valua- 
ble works  on  the  law,  besides  poems,  &c. 

Brandmuller,  Gregory,  a  painter  of 
Basil,  who  died  1691,  aged  30.  He  was 
the  pupil  of  Lebrun,  and  obtained  a  prize 
of  the  Paris  academy.  His  historical 
pieces  and  his  portraits  were  much  admired. 

Brandolini,  Aurelio,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, eminent  as  a  poet.  He  was  for 
some  time  resident  in  the  university  of  Buda. 
under  the  patronage  of  Matthias  Corvinus, 
king  of  Hungary,  and  after  his  death  he 
entered  among  the  Augustines  at  Flo- 
rence. The  best  known  of  his  works  is 
de  ratione  scribendi,  in  which  he  gives  good 
directions  for  the  acquiring  of  a  good  style. 
He  was  also  eminent  as  a  preacher.  He 
was  surnamed  Lippo  because  he  was  blind. 

Brandon,  Charles  duke  of  Suffolk,  a 
favourite  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England.  He 
was  valiant  in  the  field,  and  handsome  in 
his  person,  and  gained  the  public  esteem  by 
his  courteous  behaviour.  At  the  tourna- 
ment of  St.  Denys,  in  honour  of  Mary  the 
sister  of  Henry,  who  married  Lewis  XII. 
of  France,  he  was  attacked  by  a  strong  and 
gigantic  German,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
French,  who  were  envious  of  his  reputa- 
tion, but  he  repulsed  and  defeated  his  an- 
tagonist, and  so  noble  was  his  conduct, 
says  Henault  the  historian,  that  it  won  the 
heart  of  the  youthful  bride,  who  in  three 
short  months  became  a  widow,  and  soon 
offered  her  hand  and  her  fortune  to  her  fa- 
voured champion.  The  marriage  accor- 
dingly was  celebrated  with  the  permission 
of  Henry.  Suffolk  died  1545,  leaving  his 
fourth  wife  a  widow,  and  he  was  buried 
honourably  by  the  king. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  counsellor  of 
Strasburg,  and  professor  of  law,  was  au- 
thor of  a  poem  called  "  Navis  stultifera 
mortalium,"  1488,  8vo.  of  which  there  ap- 
peared a  French  translation  1497.  He 
died  1520,  aged  66. 

Brandt,  John,  Secretary  of  Antwerp, 
was  eminent  for  his  erudition,  and  his  pa- 
tronage of  science.  He  is  author  of  "  elogia 
Ciceronia  Roman,  domi  militisque  illustri- 
um."     He  died  1639,  aged  80. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  chymist  of  Ger- 
289 


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many,  who  employed  a  great  part  of  his 
life  in  search  of  the  philosopher's  stone, 
in  the  preparation  of  urine,  and  found  after 
distillation  that  shining  substance  since 
called  phosphorus.  He  made  the  discovery 
public,  but  concealed  the  process,  which 
however  Kunckel,  chymist  to  the  elector  of 
Saxony,  easily  guessed.  He  died  2d  May, 
1521,  aged  63. 

Brandt,  Gerard,  a  minister  of  Amster- 
dam, author  of  the  life  of  De  Ruyter  the 
admiral,  of  a  Flemish  history  of  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries,  in  4  vols.  4to. 
afterwards  abridged  in  a  French  transla- 
tion of  3  vols.  12mo.  The  work  was  so 
popular,  that  Fagel  said  once  to  bishop 
Burnet,  that  it  was  worth  learning  Flemish 
to  read  the  original.  He  died  at  Rotter- 
dam 1685,  aged  59. 

Brandt,  Colonel,  a  noted  half-blooded 
Indian  Chief  of  the  Mohawk  tribe,  was 
educated  by  Dr.  Wheelock  of  Dartmouth 
college.  His  attainments  in  knowledge 
were  such  that  he  made  a  translation  of 
the  Gospel  of  Mark,  and  of  the  liturgy  of 
the  Episcopal  church,  which  were  publish- 
ed. He  attached  himself  to  the  British  in 
the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  in  1788  with 
Colonel  Butler  headed  a  party  which  broke 
up  the  settlements  on  the  Susquehannah, 
and  with  circumstances  of  horrid  treachery 
and  cruelty,  destroyed  the  beautiful  village 
of  Wyoming,  and  in  the  following  year  at- 
tacked Minisink  and  did  much  injury.  He 
resided  in  Canada  after  the  war,  and  died 
there  in  1807.  1D=  L. 

Brantome.  Vid.  Bourdeilles. 
Brasavola,  Antonius  Musa,  a  physician 
of  eminence,  born  at  Ferrara,  where  he  was 
professor  of  medicine,  and  where  he  died 
1555,  aged  55.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  popes  and  the  other  princes  of 
Italy,  to  whom  he  was  physician,  and  also 
to  Francis  I.  of  France,  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  and  Charles  V.  of  Germany.  He 
wrote  some  works  on  medical  subjects,  and 
besides  commentaries  on  Hippocrates  and 
Galen. 

Brasbridge,  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Northamptonshire,  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  elected 
fellow  1562.  He  is  known  as  a  physician 
and  a  divine,  and  he  wrote  the  poor  man's 
jewel,  or  a  treatise  of  the  pestilence,  with 
a  declaration  of  the  herbs  cardius  benedic- 
jus  and  angelica,  &c.  in  8vo.  1578 — quaes- 
tiones  in  officia  Ciceronis,  in  8vo.  Oxford, 
1615. 

Brasidas,  a  general  of  Lacedaemon, 
who  conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities 
of  Athens,  B.C.  424.  When  besieged  in 
Amphipolis  he  defeated  Cleon  in  a  sally, 
and  died  some  time  after. 

Brathwayte,    Richard,    a    native    of 
Westmoreland,  known  as  a  poet.     He  en- 
U  rr<\  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  1604,  and 
S90 


thence  removed  to  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards became  captain  in  the  army,  and  a 
justice  of  peace  in  his  native  county.  His 
works  are  the  golden  fleece  and  other 
poems,  1611,  8vo. — the  poet's  willow,  or 
the  passionate  shepherd,  8vo.  1614 — the 
prodigal's  tears,  or  farewell  to  vanity,  1614, 
8vo. — essays  on  the  five  senses,  8vo.  1620 
— the  English  gentleman,  4to.  often  edited, 
&c.  He  died  at  Appleton,  Yorkshire,  about 
1673. 

Brattle,  William,  congregational  mi- 
nister of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  at  Boston,  in  1662,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1680.  He  was  after- 
wards for  several  years  tutor  and  fellow  of 
that  seminary.  He  was  settled  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1696,  and  after  a  ministry  of 
great  usefulness  died  in  1717.  He  held  a 
high  rank  among  his  contemporaries  in 
talents  and  learning,  piety  and  munificence. 
He  published  a  system  of  logic,  of  such 
reputation  that  it  was  long  recited  at  Har- 
vard College.  [CF  L. 

Brauwer,  Adrian,  a  painter,  born  at 
Haerlem.  His  pieces  possess  great  merit, 
and  are  chiefly  on  vulgar  subjects,  publin 
houses,  shows,  and  fairs,  &c.  He  died  of 
intemperance,  1638,  aged  30. 

Brat,  Solomon  de,  a  native  of  Haerlem, 
eminent  as  a  portrait  painter.  He  died 
1664,  aged  67.  His  son  Jacob  excelled  in 
historical  representations,  and  died  at  the 
end  of  the  17th  century. 

Bray,  Sir  Reginald,  was  descended  from 
a  family  which  came  to  England  with  the 
Conqueror,  and  settled  in  the  counties  of 
Northampton  and  Warwick.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  raising  Henry  VII.  to  the 
throne,  and  he  negotiated  with  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  and  others  that  prince's  mar- 
riage with  Elizabeth  daughter  of  Edward 
IY.  He  was  a  man  of  valour,and  was  made  a 
knight  baronet  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth- 
field,  or  as  some  say,  at  that  of  Black- 
heath,  and  he  received  as  the  reward  of 
his  services  the  forfeited  land  of  lord  Aud- 
ley  ;  St.  George's  chapel  at  Windsor,  and 
that  in  Henry  VII.  at  Westminster  abbey, 
are  mentioned  as  specimens  of  his  skill  in 
architecture,  as  he  contributed  to  the 
raising  and  embellishing  of  them.  He 
died  5th  August,  1501,  and  was  buried,  as 
is  supposed,  in  the  south  aisle  of  the  chapel 
of  Windsor,  which  still  bears  his  name. 
He  was  twice  married,  but  had  no  issue. 
His  estates  descended  to  his  brothers, 
whose  descendants  in  Surrey  still  enjoy 
part  of  the  land  which  once  belonged  to 
their  great  relation. 

Bray,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  native  of  Mars- 
ton  in  Shropshire,  educated  at  Hart-hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  at  first  patronised  by 
lord  Digby,  but  his  abilities  soon  recom- 
mended him  to  bishop  Compton,  by  whom 
he  was  sent  as  commissary  to  settle  the 


BRE 


BKE 


church  affairs  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
In  this  employment,  which  engaged  the  best 
part  of  his  life,  and  obliged  him  to  cross 
the  Atlantic  several  times,  he  behaved  with 
all  that  zeal  and  disinterestedness  which 
characterize  the  true  Christian.  He  in- 
stituted libraries  in  several  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca for  the  information  and  improvement  of 
the  missionaries  employed  in  preaching  the 
gospel,  and  every  method  was  pursued  by 
his  example  and  recommendation  which 
might  render  the  conversion  of  negroes 
and  pagans  to  the  gospel  easy  and  certain, 
and  increase  the  influence  of  religious  prin- 
ciples. It  was  not  only  the  money  subscri- 
bed by  individuals,  or  granted  by  corpora- 
tions, for  those  charitable  purposes,  which 
was  economically  spent,  but  Dr.  Bray  con- 
tributed the  whole  of  his  small  fortune  to 
the  support  of  his  liberal  plans,  better  grati- 
fied in  the  promotion  of  public  happiness, 
than  in  the  possession  of  private  wealth. 
To  his  great  and  indefatigable  exertions 
many  of  the  societies  established  in  Lon- 
don owe  their  institution,  especially  that 
for  the  relief  of  poor  proselytes,  that  for 
the  reformation  of  manaers,  and  that  for 
the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign 
parts,  &c.  This  great  and  good  man, 
whose  whole  life  was  thus  devoted  to 
benevolent  purposes,  and  whose  high 
services  deserved  and  received  the  grati- 
tude of  king  and  parliament,  died  15th 
February,  1730,  aged  73,  leaving  only  one 
daughter.  He  was  author  of  some  useful 
publications,  particularly  his  catechetical 
letters,  apostolic  charity,  bibliotheca  pa- 
rochiatis,  &c. 

BREARLET,David,chief  justice  of  the  state 
of  New-Jersey,  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1781.  In  1787  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  affixed 
his  name  to  that  instrument.  Two  years 
after  he  was  appointed  by  President  Wash- 
ington a  judge  of  the  Federal  court  for  the 
district  of  New-Jersey.  He  died  at  Tren- 
ton, August  1790.  0=  L. 

Brebeuf,  George  de,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Thorigny  in  Normandy.  He  was 
noticed,  but  his  merits  were  not  rewarded, 
by  Mazarin.  He  travestied  the  first  book 
of  Lucan,  an  attempt  which,  by  his  inge- 
nious mode  of  raillery,  and  by  the  keen 
severity  of  his  satire,  created  him  popu- 
larity as  well  as  enemies.  He  died  1661, 
aged  43. 

Brebeuf,  Jean  de,  uncle  to  the  prece- 
ding, distinguished  himself  as  a  missionary, 
to  convert  the  wild  inhabitants  of  Canada 
to  Christianity.  He  was  cruelly  burnt  by 
these  infatuated  savages  in  1649,  in  his 
56th  year. 

Breckekridge,  John,  attorney  general 
of  the  United  States,  was  elected  to  a  seat 
in  the  national  Senate  in  1801,  and  was  a 


distinguished  member  of  that  body.  On 
the  resignation  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  1805. 
he  was  appointed  attorney  general.  He 
died  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  December 
14,  1806.  U=L. 

Brecourt,  Guillaume  Martoureau  de, 
a  French  poet,  better  known  also  as  an 
actor.  He  died  in  consequence  of  his  ex- 
traordinary exertions  on  the  stage,  inl68i. 

Breda,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp who  died  1681,  aged  50.  His  land- 
scapes were  much  admired. 

Breda,  John  Van,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  obtained  a  comfortable  independence, 
by  exercising  his  profession  in  England. 
His  landscapes,  fairs,  markets,  conversa- 
tions, &c.  were  particularly  spirited.  He 
died  on  the  continent,  1750. 

Bredenbach,  Matthias,  a  controversial 
writer  of  Kerpen,  who  died  in  1559,  in  his 
70th  year. 

Breenberg,  Barthol,  a  painter  of  some 
distinction,  born  at  Utrecht  in  1620.  He 
died  aged  40.  His  views  of  ruins  are  par- 
ticularly valuable. 

Bregt,  Charlotte  Saumaise  de  Chazan, 
comtesse  de,  a  maid  of  honour  to  Ann  of 
Austria.  She  was  niece  to  Salmasius,  and 
became  known  for  the  ease  and  elegance  of 
her  conversation,  her  wit,  and  the  beauty 
of  her  person.  She  died  at  Paris  1693, 
aged  74.  Some  of  her  verses  and  letters 
were  published  in  1688,  in  12mo.  abounding 
in  metaphysical  conceits,  and  occasionally 
interesting  descriptions. 

Breitkopf,  John  Gottlieb  Emmanuel, 
a  native  of  Leipsic,  known  as  a  writer, 
and  as  a  printer.  He  wrote  treatises  on 
the  origin  of  printing, — on  the  history  of 
playing  cards, — the  invention  of  paper 
from  linen  rags, — and  the  invention  of  en- 
graving on  wood  in  Europe, — and  on  bibli- 
ography. As  a  printer  he  acquired  de- 
served celebrity  after  his  father.  By  read- 
ing a  treatise  of  Albert  Durer,  he  was  in- 
duced to  improve  the  shape  of  types,  upon 
scientific  and  mathematical  principles,  and 
he  also  found  out  a  method  to  print  musi- 
cal notes,  charts,  and  maps  with  types, 
and  without  engraving.  This  worthy  man 
died  at  Leipsic  1794,  aged  75. 

Bremont,  Francois  de,  a  Parisian,  made 
secretary  to  the  Royal  London  Society,  in 
consequence  of  his  translating  their  philo- 
sophical transactions.  He  died  at  Paris 
1742,  in  his  29th  year,  admired  for  his 
laborious  application  and  critical  discern- 
ment. 

Brenner,  Henry,  a  native  of  Kronoby 
in  West  Bothnia,  who  in  1697  went  with 
Fabricius  the  Swedish  ambassador  to  the 
Persian  court.  On  his  return,  he  was  ar- 
rested at  Moscow,  in  consequence  of  the 
war  with  Sweden  ;  but  his  hours  of  con- 
finement were  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  translated  into  Latin  the  history  n? 
2*1 


BKL 


B£K 


Armenia  by  Moses  Armenius  Choronensis, 
printed  Stockholm,  1723  ;  and  also  wrote 
observations  on  the  Czar  Peter's  expedi- 
tion against  the  Persians,  with  a  map  of 
the  Caspian  and  of  the  river  Dwina.  He 
was  made  keeper  of  the  royal  library  at 
Stockholm,  where  he  died  1732,  aged  63. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  famous  for 
his  invasion  of  Thessaly,  and  his  attempts 
to  plunder  the  temple  of  Delphi.  He  killed 
himself,  B.C.  278. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  celebrated 
for  his  irruption  into  Italy,  and  his  siege 
and  seizure  of  Rome,  where  the  valour  of 
Camillus  at  last  defeated  him,  and  totally 
destroyed  all  his  army,  388,  B.  C. 

Brent,  Sir  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Wool- 
ford,  Warwickshire,  educated  at  Merton 
college,  of  which  he  became  the  warden, 
by  the  influence  of  Abbot  the  primate, 
whose  niece  he  had  married.  Among 
other  things,  he  published  a  Latin  and 
English  translation  of  the  history  of  the 
council  of  Trent,  a  copy  of  which  he  had 
procured  at  Venice.  He  was  knighted  by 
Charles  I.  at  Woodstock ;  but  his  loyalty 
gave  way  to  his  eagerness  to  retain  his 
offices,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  puritans, 
he  continued  at  the  head  of  his  college, 
and  was  made  the  chief  visiter  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  died  in  London,  6th  Nov. 
1652,  aged  79. 

Brentius,  or  Brentzen,  John,  was 
born  at  Wiel  in  Swabia,  and  distinguished 
Limself  as  the  friend  and  follower  of  Lu- 
ther. He  was  the  founder  of  the  ubiquists, 
a  sect,  who  maintained  the  presence  of  the 
body  of  Jesus  every  where.  He  was  highly 
honoured  by  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and 
deserved  it,  if  we  reckon  the  ponderous 
form  of  his  controversial  writings  in  eight 
folio  volumes.  He  died  at  Tubingen  1570, 
in  his  71  st  year,  leaving  twelve  children  by 
a  second  wife. 

Brenton,  William,  several  years  go- 
vernor of  Rhode-Island,  was  first  elected 
in  1660.  He  had  previously  been  lieutenant 
governor,  and  was  reappointed  to  that 
office  by  the  charter  of  1663.  He  was 
again  elected  governor  in  1666,  and  conti- 
nued in  that  office  three  years.  He  died 
at  Newport  in  1674.  Several  of  his  descen- 
dants held  offices  of  distinction  in  the  colo- 
ny. Those  who  were  living  at  the  period 
of  the  revolution  adhered  to  the  royal  go- 
vernment. A  late  admiral  in  the  British 
navy,  Jahleel  Brenton,  was  a  native  of 
Newport,  and  another  of  the  same  name 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  for  his 
gallantry  while  commander  of  the  Spartan 
frigate,  in  an  action  with  a  French  superior 
force  near  Naples,  in  1810.  ILT  L. 

Brequignt,  Lewis  George  Edward  de, 

author  of  the  history  of  the  revolutions  of 

Genoa,  three  vols.  12mo. — lives  of  eminent 

Greek  orators,  with  occasional  translations, 

292 


two  vols.  12mo. — diplomata,  charts,  ad  res 
Francisc.  spectantia,  4to. — chronological 
tables,  &c.  relative  to  French  history,  five 
vols.  fol. — an  edition  of  Strabo,  &c. — was 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  of 
that  of  inscriptions,  and  died  1795,  aged 
80.  In  his  search  after  materials  to  eluci- 
date French  history,  he  was  some  time 
resident  in  London,  to  examine  the  records 
of  the  Tower. 

Brerewood,  Edward,  a  learned  anti- 
quary, born  at  Chester,  of  which  his  father 
was  three  times  mayor.  After  finishing  his 
education  at  Brazen-nose,  Oxford,  he  was 
elected  the  first  astronomical  professor  of 
Gresham  college.  He  died  in  London,  of 
a  fever,  4th  November,  1613,  aged  48, 
much  respected,  not  only  for  his  great 
learning,  but  his  highly  exemplary 
private  character.  His  works,  consisting 
of  nine  treatises,  were  published  after  his 
death,  among  which  the  most  esteemed  are 
"  on  the  weight  and  value  of  ancient  coins, 
in  Latin,  1614,  in  4to." — inquiries  touching 
the  diversity  of  languages  and  religion 
through  the  world,  1614,  4to.  &c. — ele- 
ments of  logic,  &c. 

Bret,  Anthony,  author  of  the  life  of 
Ninon  de  PEnclos,  12mo. — the  four  sea- 
sons, a  poem — l'ecole  amoureuse  et  la  dou- 
ble extravagance,  two  vols.  8vo. — new  Cle- 
opatra, 3  vols. — eastern  fables — commen- 
tary on  the  works  of  Moliere,  8vo. — me- 
moirs of  Bussy  Rabutin,  two  vols.  12mo. 
— was  a  native  of  Dijon,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1792,  aged  75. 

Breton,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads 
and  interludes  of  some  merit,  in  the  age  of 
Elizabeth.  His  Phillide  and  Corydon  are 
preserved  in  Percy's  collection,  and  the  ti- 
tles of  his  compositions  are  mentioned  in 
Winstanley's  ames  typog.  and  Osborn's 
Harl.  Catal. 

Bretonneatt,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of 
Tours,  who  died  at  Paris,  1741,  aged  81. 
He  is  author  of  a  life  of  James  II.  and  of 
seven  volumes  of  sermons,  edited  by  Ber- 
ryer,  and  recommended,  if  not  by  the  elo- 
quence, yet  by  the  more  excellent  example 
of  the  preacher's  virtuous  life. 

Bretonnier,  Barthol.  Joseph,  an  advo- 
cate in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  useful  law  tracts.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1727,  aged  71. 

Bretteville,  Etienne  du  Bois  de,  a 
Jesuit  of  Normandy,  author  of  some  theolo- 
gical tracts.    He  died  in  1688,  aged  38. 

Brettinger,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  professor  of  Hebrew,  and  author  of 
an  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  from  the 
Septuagint,  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  some 
pieces  on  painting,  poetry,  and  antiquities, 
&c.     He  died  1776,  aged  75. 

Breval,  John  Durant  de,  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 


BRI 

low,  1702.  In  consequence  of  a  dispute 
with  Bentley,  the  master  of  his  college,  he 
quitted  the  university,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain  under  the  great  Marlborough. 
Besides  poems  and  plays,  Breval  was  the 
writer  of  four  entertaining  volumes  of 
travels,  and  by  his  censure  of  Pope,  he 
gained  immortality  among  the  heroes  of 
the  Dunciad.     He  died  Jan.  1739. 

Breugel,  Peter,  or  Old,  a  native  of 
Breugel,  near  Breda,  distinguished  as  a 
painter,  and  celebrated  for  the  originality 
of  character,  and  truth  of  delineation 
which  he  infused  into  his  pieces,  especially 
such  as  represented  the  feasts  and  rustic 
enjoyments  of  his  countrymen.  He  died 
at  Antwerp  in  the  last  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  with  his  dying  breath  consigned 
to  the  flames  those  lighter  pieces  of  his 
pencil  which  in  unguarded  moments  he 
had  painted,  offensive  to  modesty  and 
virtue.  He  was  twice  married.  Some  of 
his  pieces  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 

Breugel,  Peter,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, surpassed  in  the  description  of  ma- 
gicians and  devils,  whence  he  is  called  Hell- 
ish Breugel. 

Breugel,  John,  second  son  of  old  Pe- 
ter, surnamed  Velvet,  from  his  mode  of 
dress,  chiefly  excelled  in  painting  flowers 
and  fruits,  in  which  his  superiority  was  in- 
imitable, so  that  Rubens  himself  solicited 
the  perfecting  strokes  of  his  pencil  in  the 
finishing  of  his  Vertumnus  and  Pomona. 
After  visiting  Italy,  and  residing  long  at 
Cologne,  respected  and  beloved,  he  died 
about  1642,  remarkable  for  never  having 
admitted  a  pupil  near  his  person.  Another 
of  that  name,  called  Abraham,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1672,  excelled  as  a  flower  and 
landscape  painter. 

Breul,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
author  of  the  antiquities  of  Paris,  4to.  1612 
— les  fastes  de  Pierre  Bonfons  augmentes, 
a  work  of  singular  merit — supplementum 
antiquitatum,  Paris,  4to.  1714— the  life  of 
cardin.  Ch.  de  Bourbon,  4to. — a  chronicle 
of  the  abbots  of  St.  Germain,  &c.  He 
died  1614,  aged  86. 

Brevint,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Saumur,  and  then  became 
fellow  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  after  the 
foundation  of  three  fellowships  at  Jesus, 
Exeter,  and  Pembroke,  by  Charles  I.  for 
the  education  of  the  divines  of  Jersey  and 
Guernsey.  During  the  civil  wars  he  re- 
tired to  France,  and  after  the  restoration 
he  was  raised  to  the  enjoyment  of  a  pre- 
bendal  stall  at  Durham,  and  in  16S1  to  the 
dignity  of  dean  of  Lincoln.  He  died  May 
5th,  1695,  aged  79.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  other  theologi- 
cal pieces,  in  Latin,  now  no  longer  re- 
membered. 

Brewer,  Anthony,  author  of  the  coun- 


BRI 

try  girl,  a  eomedy — the  lovesick  king,  a 
tragedy — and  oth>.r  pieces,  was  a  poet  of 
genius,  and  highly  esteemed  among  the 
wits  and  the  courtiers  of  the  first  Charles's 
reign.     Little  is  known  of  his  history. 

Brewster,  William,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  the  colony  of  Plymouth,  New-Eng- 
land, was  born  in  England,  in  1560,  and 
educated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge.  He 
was  for  some  time  secretary  of  the  English 
ambassador  at  Holland.  Becoming  dissatis- 
fied with  the  established  church  he  dissent- 
ed, and  opened  his  house  as  a  place  of  wor- 
ship to  the  congregation  of  Mr.  Robinson, 
and  went  with  it  to  Holland.  While  at 
Leyden  he  was  appointed  an  elder,  and 
came  with  the  first  colonists  to  New-Eng- 
land in  1620  ;  from  that  time  until  1629, 
when  an  ordained  minister  was  settled,  the 
principal  care  and  instruction  of  the  church 
devolved  on  Mr.  Brewster.  He  was  emi- 
nently pious,  his  discourses  were  perspicu- 
ous, forcible,  and  often  pathetic,  and  his 
labours  were  greatly  blessed.  He  died  in 
1644,  in  the  84th  year  of  his  age.    [Cr  L. 

Breynius,  James,  of  Dantzic,  was  au- 
thor of  plantarum  exoticarum  centuria, 
with  plates,  fol.  1678 — fasciculus  plan- 
tarum rarior.  4to.  1689.  He  died  1697, 
aged  60. 

Bridaine,  N.  a  famous  French  preach- 
er of  the  diocess  of  Uzes,  compared  by 
Maury,  in  his  principles  of  eloquence,  to 
Demosthenes  and  Bossuet.  His  powers  of 
delivery  were  such,  and  his  address  so 
commanding,  that  he  could  be  heard  dis- 
tinctly by  10,000  people  in  the  open 
air.  He  died  1767,  author  of  cantiques 
spirituels,  printed  12mo.  1748. 

Bridault,  John  Peter,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  died  24th  Oct.  1761.  He  wrote 
phrases  and  sentences  from  Terence's  co- 
medies, 12mo. — and  manners  and  customs 
of  the  Romans,  two  vols.  12mo. 

Bridge,  William,  a  leading  preacher 
among  the  independents  of  England.  When 
expelled  by  bishop  Wren,  he  became  a 
zealous  pastor  at  Rotterdam,  and  soon  af- 
ter returned  to  England,  and  resided  at 
Yarmouth.  He  was  member  of  the  assem- 
bly of  divines  held  at  Westminster.  He 
wrote  21  treatises,  in  two  vols.  4to.  be- 
sides sermons,  &c.  and  died  March,  1670, 
aged  70. 

Bridgewater,  Francis  Egerton,  duke 
of,  celebrated  as  the  first  person  who  plan- 
ned and  completed  the  cutting  of  a  navi- 
gable canal  in  England,  was  born  21st 
May,  1736.  He  succeeded  to  his  titles  on 
his  brother's  death,  1748  ,  and  as  soon  as 
he  was  master  of  his  fortune  he  began, 
with  unwearied  zeal,  to  execute  the  plans 
of  improvement  %vhich  he  had  early  medi- 
tated. With  the  assistance  of  Brindley, 
a  man  of  astonishing  powers  of  mind,  but 
without  the  polish  and  the  advantages  of 
293 


BRI 


BKI 


education,  he  surveyed  his  estate  at 
Worsley,  and  obtained  an  act  to  open  a 
communication  by  a  canal  between  Man- 
chester and  Worsley,  and  afterwards,  un- 
der the  power  of  another  act,  to  return 
over  the  river  Irwell  to  Manchester. 
Though  a  solid  rock  opposed  the  line  of 
his  progress,  all  difficulties  were  removed, 
air  funnels  were  made  through  the  hill  to 
discharge  all  dangerous  effluvia  from  be- 
low, and  the  canal  was  conveyed  not  only 
more  than  a  mile  under  the  ground,  but 
over  an  arch  above  50  feet  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  Irwell,  so  that  while  vessels 
pass  one  another  in  the  dark  and  subter- 
raneous cavity,  others  sail  on  the  canal 
abore,  while  some  are  below  the  arch  in 
full  sail.  Thus,  by  means  of  these  stupen- 
dous works,  the  coals  which  were  found  in 
the  duke's  estate  were  conveyed,  with  great 
facility,  to  the  neighbouring  towns,  and  the 
commerce  of  Liverpool  was  thus  united  by 
the  Mersey  to  Manchester,  and  to  the 
southern  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Though 
the  sums  spent  on  these  astonishing  works 
•were  almost  beyond  calculation,  and  near- 
ly ruined  the  noble  and  enterprising  pro- 
jector, yet  he  had  the  happiness  to  see  his 
plans  succeed  to  the  fullest  wishes  of  his 
heart,  and,  with  the  infinite  benefits  which 
he  conferred  on  the  national  commerce 
and  on  provincial  intercourse,  he  had  the 
satisfaction  to  find  his  income  increase 
in  a  most  rapid  progression.  This  truly 
great  and  illustrious  character  died  March, 
1803,  leaving  the  bulk  of  his  immense  for- 
tune to  his  nephew,  the  earl  of  Bridgewa- 
ter,  the  marquis  of  Stafford,  and  other  re- 
lations.    He  never  was  married. 

Bridgman,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained 
the  mastership  of  Magdalen  college.  He 
■was  chaplain  to  James  I.  who  gave  him  the 
rectory  of  Wigan,  Lancashire,  and  made 
him  bishop  of  Chester,  1618.  He  was 
stripped  of  his  honours  in  the  civil  wars, 
and  was  a  great  sufferer,  in  person  and 
property.  He  died  at  Morton,  in  Cheshire, 
1642. 

Bridgman,  sir  Orlando,  son  of  the  bish- 
op of  Chester,  was  made,  after  the  restora- 
tion, a  judge,  and  afterwards  lord  chancel- 
lor. In  his  elevated  situation,  he  showed 
himself  weak  and  irresolute,  and  was  of- 
ten biassed  in  his  decisions  by  the  intrigues 
of  his  wife.  He  was  removed,  for  refusing 
to  affix  the  seal  to  the  declaration  for  liber- 
ty of  conscience,  in  1672.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  conveyancing. 

Brienne,  Walter  de,  a  native  of  Cham- 
pagne, distinguished  for  his  courage  at  the 
siege  of  Acre  against  the  Saracens.  He 
was  afterwards  king  of  Sicily,  and  duke  of 
Apulia  ;  and  was  killed  in  1205,  in  defend- 
ing the  invaded  rights  of  his  wife  Marie 
Alberic,  by  whom  he  obtained  his  duke- 
294 


dom.  His  son  and  successor,  of  the  same 
name,  surnarned  the  great,  distinguished 
himself  also  against  the  Saracens,  by  whom 
he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  cruelly  put  to 
death  1251. 

Brienne,  John,  was  made  king  of  Jeru- 
salem in  1210,  which  he  resigned  in  favour 
of  his  son-in-law,  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.  He  was  afterwards  elected  to  fill  the 
throne  of  Constantinople,  where  his  bra- 
very repelled  the  attacks  of  the  Greeks  and 
Bulgarians.  He  died  in  1237,  as  much 
censured  for  his  avarice  as  he  is  extolled 
for  his  courage. 

Brietius,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  of  Abbeville, 
known  for  his  parallela  geographic  veteris 
et  novae,  3  vols.  4to.  1648,  a  useful  work, 
never  completed.  He  wrote  also  annales 
mundi,  7  vols.  12mo.  and  other  geographi- 
cal and  chronological  works,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1608,  aged  67. 

Briggs,  Henry,  a  native  of  Halifax,  in 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  made,  1596,  first  professor 
of  geometry  in  the  college  founded  by 
Gresham.  He  resigned  this  office  in  1619, 
when  made  Savilian  professor  at  Oxford, 
where  he  devoted  his  time  to  study,  and 
rendered  himself  beloved  by  his  unaffected 
manners,  great  goodness  of  heart,  and  hu- 
mility of  deportment.  His  writings  con- 
sist of  eleven  different  treatises  on  mathe- 
matical subjects,  and  also  arithmetica  lo- 
garithmetica,  containing  logarithms  of 
30,000  natural  numbers.  The  science  of 
logarithms  had  been  lately  discovered  by 
Napier,  in  Scotland,  whom  he  visited,  and 
by  whom  he  was  honoured  with  many 
friendly  communications.  He  died  Janu- 
ary, 1630,  aged  74. 

Briggs,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich, 
a  city  four  times  represented  by  his  father 
in  parliament.  He  was  educated  at  Benet 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  cho- 
sen fellow  in  1668,  and  as  a  student  of 
medicine,  ambitious  of  distinction  and  emi- 
nence, he  travelled  through  France  in 
search  of  knowledge  and  information.  On 
his  return  he  published  a  valuable  treatise 
on  the  eye,  and  was  made  physician  to  the 
king,  and  universally  courted  for  his  skill 
and  experience.  He  was  also  made  phy- 
sician to  St.  Thomas's  hospital.  He  died 
14t'a  Sept.  1704,  leaving  one  son  and  two 
daughters,  by  his  wife  Hannah,  daughter 
of  Edmund  Hobart. 

Brigham,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Oxford- 
shire, educated  at  Hart-hall,  and  at  one  of 
the  inns  of  court.  He  was  eminent  not 
only  as  a  lawyer,  but  as  a  poet,  and  showed 
himself  so  partial  to  Chaucer,  that  he  re- 
moved his  remains  to  the  south  transept  of 
Westminster-abbey,  where  he  erected  a 
monument  to  his  fame.  He  wrote  de  ve- 
nationibus  rerum  memorabilium,  or  me- 
moirs of  eminent  persons — miscellaneous 


Dili 


BRI 


poems — memoirs  by  way  of  diary,  &c. 
He  died  1559. 

Brightman,  Thomas,  rector  of  Hawnes, 
Bedfordshire,  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  and  wrote  Latin  com- 
mentaries on  the  canticles  and  apocalypse. 
In  this  last  book,  which  was  afterwards 
translated  into  English,  and  became  very 
popular,  he  calls  the  English  church  the 
church  of  Laodicea,  and  the  angel  loved 
by  God,  the  church  of  Geneva  and  the 
Scotch  kirk.  It  is  said  that  he  prayed  for 
a  sudden  death,  and  as  if  his  wishes  were 
fulfilled,  he  died  in  a  coach  while  travel- 
ling, with  a  book  in  his  hand,  1607. 

Brill,  Matthew  and  Paul,  two  brothers 
of  Antwerp,  known  as  eminent  painters. 
They  both  travelled  to  Rome,  where  Mat- 
thew died  in  1584,  aged  34,  and  Paul  in 
1626,  aged  72.  They  were  patronised  by 
the  pope,  and  painted  together  to  adorn 
the  Vatican  ;  but  after  the  death  of  his 
brother,  Paul  studied  landscape,  in  which 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  judicious 
imitations  of  Titian  and  Carrachi.  He 
painted  for  pope  Clement  that  famous  piece 
in  which  the  saint  of  that  name  is  repre- 
sented as  cast  into  the  sea,  with  an  anchor 
about  his  neck. 

Brindlet,  James,  was  born  at  Tunsted, 
in  Wormhill  parish,  Derbyshire,  and  early 
displayed  astonishing  powers  in  mechanical 
inventions,  and  the  planning  of  canals. 
After  being  engaged  in  the  humble  occupa- 
tion of  millwright,  in  Cheshire  and  Staf- 
fordshire, he  was  called  to  direct  and  com- 
plete the  vast  plans  which  the  duke  of 
Bridgewater  had  conceived,  in  the  convey- 
ing of  a  canal  over  the  Mersey  and  the 
Bollau,  and  over  many  wide  and  deep  val- 
leys, by  means  of  elevated  aqueducts,  and 
subterraneous  perforations.  Every  obsta- 
cle was  surmounted  by  the  genius  of  the 
architect,  and  the  opulence  of  his  perseve- 
ring employer,  and  new  triumphs  were  pre- 
pared for  boldness  of  mechanism  and  un- 
daunted ingenuity  in  the  completion  of  the 
grand  trunk  navigation,  which,  in  uniting 
the  Trent  and  the  Mersey,  extended  93 
miles,  and  which  had,  at  Hare-castle  hill, 
a  tunnel  2880  yards  long,  more  than  70 
yards  below  the  surface  of  the  earth.  As 
Brindley's  education  had  been  neglected, 
his  calculations  were  seldom  communicated 
to  paper.  When  immersed  in  deep  medi- 
tation, he  would  often  remain  two  or  three 
days  in  bed,  and  when  he  had  unravelled 
the  difficulties  of  his  plan,  he  would  rise, 
and  hasten  to  execute,  without  any  model 
or  sketch  but  the  strong  suggestion  of  his 
own  head.  He  was  simple  in  his  manners  ; 
but  though  sensible  of  his  great  abilities, 
he  never  betrayed  insolent  superiority.  To 
his  friends  and  companions  he  was  com- 
municative and  not  reserved  ;  and  he  wise- 


ly showed,  that  the  best  purposes  of  crea 
tion  are  answered  by  giving  encouragement 
and  developing  the  native  instincts  and  pro- 
perties of  the  mind.  He  died  at  Turnhurst, 
in  Staffordshire,  27th  September,  1772, 
aged  56.  His  end  was  probably  hastened 
by  the  intenseness  of  his  application,  which 
produced  a  hectic  fever,  which  for  a  long 
time  gradually  wasted  his  powers  of  life. 
His  other  more  remarkable  works  were, 
the  canal  which  joined  the  navigation  of 
Bristol  with  that  of  Liverpool,  by  the 
union  of  the  grand  trunk  near  Haywood  in 
Staffordshire  to  the  Severn  near  Bewdley — 
his  plan  to  clear  the  Liverpool  docks  from 
mud,  and  to  check  the  intrusions  of  the 
sea,  by  walls  built  without  mortar — an  en- 
gine to  raise  water,  &c.  His  attachment 
to  inland  navigation  was  such,  that  when 
asked  the  use  of  rivers,  in  the  house  of 
commons,  he  bluntly  replied,  to  feed  navi- 
gable canals. 

Brinvilliers,  Maria  Margaret  d'Au- 
brai,  marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known 
for  her  intrigues  and  her  crimes.  She  was, 
when  very  young,  married,  in  1651,  to  the 
marquis  of  Brinvilliers,  and  for  some  time 
maintained  a  character  of  prudence  and 
chastity.  The  introduction  of  a  young  of- 
ficer of  Gascony,  called  de  St.  Croix,  into 
her  house,  by  her  husband,  however,  proved 
the  beginning  of  her  misfortunes  and  her 
crimes.  She  loved  this  stranger  with  such 
ardour  that  she  sacrificed  her  honour  to  her 
guilty  passion  ;  'mt  her  father,  who  was 
sensible  of  her  d  -bauched  conduct,  confi- 
ned her  lover  in  the  prison  of  the  Bastile, 
whilst  his  daughter,  as  if  penitent  for  her 
incontinence,  devoted  herself  to  religious 
duties,  and  assumed  the  appearance  of 
sanctity.  After  a  year's  confinement,  de 
St.  Croix,  who  had  in  the  prison  learned 
the  art  of  mixing  poison,  from  an  Italian 
of  the  name  of  Exili,  was  permitted  to  visit 
his  guilty  favourite.  He  communicated 
the  fatal  secret  of  poison,  and  she  with 
alacrity  received  it,  and  unsuspected,  by 
slow  degrees  cut  off  her  father,  her  two 
brothers,  and  her  sister,  in  1670  ;  and  if 
she  spared  her  husband,  it  was  because  he 
looked  with  indifference  and  without  jea- 
lousy on  her  lewdness.  An  accident  brought 
her  crimes  to  light.  St.  Croix,  in  working 
some  subtile  poison,  was  suddenly  over- 
powered by  its  effluvia,  and  dropped  down 
dead.  As  no  relation  appeared  to  claim  his 
property,  it  was  sealed  ;  but  the  marchio- 
ness insisted  with  such  importunity  upon 
obtaining  possession  of  a  particular  box, 
that  its  contents  were  examined  upon  sus- 
picion, and  it  was  discovered  to  contain  pa- 
pers with  directions,  full  of  slow  poison. 
The  guilty  marchioness  escaped,  however, 
her  pursuers,  and  fled  to  England,  and 
thence  to  Holland  ;  but  she  was  seized  at 

295 


BRI 


BRI 


Liege,  and  brought  to  Paris,  where  her 
crimes  were  laid  open,  and  she  was  con- 
demned to  have  her  head  cut  off,  and  then 
to  be  burnt.  She  underwent  the  dreadful 
sentence  of  the  law,  16th  July,  1676,  with 
great  firmness,  and  with  the  appearance  of 
contrition  for  the  murder  of  her  relations, 
and  the  licentious  conduct  of  her  life. 

Briquemaut  and  Cavagnes,  two  pro- 
testants,  cruelly  put  to  death,  with  their 
children,  soon  after  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  in  France,  27th  October, 
1572.  The  cause  of  their  death  was  a  sus- 
picion that  they  were  concerned  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Coligny  ;  but  they  fell  innocent ; 
and  their  last  moments  displayed  resigna- 
tion, firmness,  and  devotion. 

Brissonius,  Barnaby,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Fontenay,  in  Poictou.  He 
rendered  himself  serviceable  to  Henry  III. 
of  France,  whose  ambassador  he  was  in 
England,  and  he  was  elevated  to  the  digni- 
ty of  president  of  parliament  by  the  grati- 
tude of  his  sovereign.  During  the  siege  of 
Paris  by  Henry  IV.  he  was  dragged  to  pri- 
son by  the  friends  of  the  league,  and  cru- 
elly strangled,  15th  November,  1591.  He 
had  written  some  valuable  law  treatises. 

Brissot,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  le 
Comte,  in  Poictou,  eminent  as  a  physician. 
He  warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Ga- 
len and  Hippocrates,  against  the  prevailing 
fashion  of  the  times  ;  and  that  he  might 
appear  with  greater  celebrity  in  the  school 
and  practice  of  medicine,  he  travelled,  to 
improve  his  understanding,  and  enlarge  his 
knowledge.  In  Portugal,  by  insisting  upon 
the  necessity  of  bleeding  in  the  pleurisy, 
lie  incurred  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  his 
medical  opponents,  and  especially  of  De- 
nys  the  king's  physician,  whose  attacks  he 
repelled  by  a  well-written  apology.  He 
did  not  live  to  see  the  dispute  settled, 
which  he  had  raised  in  Portugal,  and 
which,  in  those  days  of  superstition  and 
error,  enlisted  even  the  most  awful  truths 
of  religion  in  its  defence  or  opposition. 
He  died  1522,  aged  44. 

Brissot,  John  Pierre,  a  Frenchman,  son 
of  an  innkeeper  at  Chartres,  of  great  na- 
tural powers,  but  of  a  restless  and  ambi- 
tious soul.  Dissatisfied  with  the  political 
servitude  of  his  country,  he  for  some  time 
engaged  in  the  publication  of  the  courier 
de  l'Europe,  which  might  disseminate  his 
principles  under  pretence  of  foreign  or  do- 
mestic intelligence,  and  when  this  failed, 
he  turned  his  thoughts  towards  criminal 
jurisprudence.  His  theory  of  criminal 
laws  appeared,  in  two  vols.  Svo.  1780, 
with  great  popularity,  and  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  two  discourses  which  gained  the 
public  prize  at  Chalons  sur  Marne.  In  the 
prosecution  of  his  studies,  and  after  the 
publication  of  his  philosophical  library,  he, 
after  going  to  Geneva  and  Neufchatel,  vi- 
296 


sited  England,  whose  language,  laws,  and 
manners,  he  regarded  with  affectionate  re- 
verence, as  diffusive  of  that  liberty  which 
he  in  vain  wished  to  discover  at  home.  On 
his  return  to  Paris,  1784,  he  was  commit- 
ted for  a  few  weeks  to  the  Bastile  ;  and 
this  probably  tended  to  inflame  his  rancour 
against  the  abuses  and  intrigues  of  mo- 
narchy. He  was  however  liberated  by  the 
influence  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  to  whose 
children  his  wife,  of  the  name  of  Dupont, 
had  been  governess,  under  the  direction 
and  auspices  of  madam  Genlis.  Eager  to 
promote  happiness  in  every  part  of  the 
earth,  he  instituted,  at  Paris,  a  society  for 
the  abolition  of  negro  slavery  ;  and  more 
effectually  to  carry  his  plans  into  execution, 
he  passed  over  to  America,  to  examine  the 
manners  and  the  constitution  of  that  new- 
ly emancipated  republic.  His  abode  be- 
yond the  Atlantic  was  of  short  duration. 
His  schemes  to  establish  a  colony  of 
Frenchmen,  under  republican  laws,  totally 
failed  ;  but  the  revolution  at  Paris  was  an 
epoch  too  fruitful  in  portentous  events,  and 
too  attractive  for  his  ambitious  views,  to 
detain  him  in  America,  and  he  soon  ap- 
peared in  the  capital,  where  he  displayed 
all  the  ability  of  a  statesman,  a  dema- 
gogue, and  a  factious  partisan.  For  a  while 
he  acquired  popularity,  supported  by  the 
gold,  the  arts,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  in^ 
famous  Orleans,  and  as  the  leader  of  a  par- 
ty called  Brissotins  or  Girondists,  because 
composed  of  the  members  of  the  Gironde  ; 
and  though  violent,  he  is  to  be  commend- 
ed for  the  mildness  which  he  displayed  to- 
wards the  unfortunate  Lewis,  whose  fate 
he  wished  to  be  suspended  till  the  final  con- 
solidation of  the  republic.  The  versatility 
of  his  talents  could  not,  however,  ensure 
his  safety.  In  the  midst  of  political  in- 
trigue, and  sanguinary  faction,  he  was  de- 
nounced as  the  agent  of  England  by  Robes- 
pierre and  his  adherents,  and  after  a  mock 
trial,  guillotined,  the  30th  November,  1793, 
with  his  friends  and  associates.  He  was  in 
his  39th  year.  Besides  the  works  enume- 
rated, he  wrote  thoughts  on  the  means  of 
attaining  truth — letters  on  the  history  of 
England — an  examination  of  the  travels  of 
Chattelleux  in  America,  with  an  account  of 
the  country,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Britannicus,  son  of  Claudius  and  Mes- 
salina,  was  poisoned  by  the  artifice  of 
Agrippina,  the  second  wife  of  Claudius, 
who  wished  to  raise  her  son  Nero  to  the 
throne,  A.  D.  55. 

Britannicus,  John,  an  Italian  critic, 
descended  from  British  parents.  He  was 
born  at  Palazzola,  near  Brescia.  His  notes 
on  Terence,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Ovid,  Sta- 
tius,  &c.  were  greatly  esteemed.  He  died  at 
Brescia,  where  he  taught  grammar,  1510. 

Brito,  Bernardo  de,  a  monk  of  Almey- 
da,  in  Portugal,  author  of  a  large  histori- 


ERO 


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cal  account  of  his  country,  in  7  vols,  folio, 
1612,  besides  some  antiquarian  works.  He 
died  in  1617,  at  the  age  of  4S. 

Britton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Higham 
Ferrers,  in  Northamptonshire,  engaged  in 
London  as  a  small  coalman,  an  employ- 
ment to  which  he  afterwards  added  the 
pursuits  of  chymistry,  and  the  practice  of 
music.  Though  eccentric  in  his  conduct, 
yet  the  respectability  of  his  private  cha- 
racter recommended  him  friends,  and 
though  in  an  humble  station,  his  musical 
meetings  were  attended  frequently  by  many 
of  the  great  and  the  opulent  of  the  town. 
After  he  had  long  amused  and  entertained 
the  public,  a  ventriloquist  was  introduced 
at  one  of  his  concerts,  who  in  an  unusual 
manner  proclaimed  the  sudden  and  ap- 
proaching death  of  the  musical  coalman. 
Britton  was  so  astonished  and  alarmed  by 
this  apparently  invisible  agent,  that  he  fell 
ill,  and  expired  a  few  days  after,  in  Sep- 
tember 1714.  His  curious  collection  of 
manuscripts,  musical  instruments,  &c.  was, 
after  his  death,  sold  by  his  widow,  by  pub- 
lic auction,  and  procured  to  her  a  small 
pittance  for  the  remainder  of  her  life. 

Brizard,  or  Britard,  John  Baptiste,  a 
French  actor,  eminent  in  comedy.  He  was 
born  at  Orleans,  and  died  at  Paris,  30th 
January,  1790,  aged  69,  universally  respect- 
ed. He  crowned  Voltaire  with  the  poeti- 
cal laurel  on  the  French  theatre. 

Brizio,  Francisco,  a  landscape  painter  of 
eminence,  of  Bologna.  He  died  1623,  aged 
49. 

Brocardus,  James,  a  wild  visionary 
of  Venice,  who  embraced  protestantism, 
and,  in  his  retirement  in  Holland,  violently 
attacked  popery.  His  zeal  as  a  polemical 
writer  probably  obscured  and  overturned 
the  powers  of  his  mind,  as,  from  a  warm 
supporter  of  religion,  he  enthusiastically 
pretended  to  dive  into  future  events,  and 
explain  prophecies.  His  works,  which 
were  printed  at  Leyden,  were  publicly  dis- 
avowed by  the  senate  of  Middleburgh,  in 
1581.  The  private  character  of  Brocard 
was  represented  as  amiable,  and  his  man- 
ners inoffensive. 

Brocklesbt,  Richard,  a  native  of  Mine- 
head,  Somersetshire,  eminent  as  a  physi- 
cian, and  known  as  the  friend  of  Wilkes,  of 
Johnson,  and  of  Burke.  He  studied  at 
Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  where  he  took  his 
degrees  in  1745  ;  and  acquired  both  opu- 
lence and  fame  in  his  professional  engage- 
ments in  London  ;  and  nobly  presented 
Burke  with  lOOOi.  that  he  might  thus  oblige 
his  friend  in  his  lifetime,  rather  than  leave 
him  that  as  a  legacy  at  his  death.  He  was 
admitted  at  Cambridge  ad  eundem  1754, 
and  thus  obtained  a  fellowship  in  the  col- 
lege of  physicians,  and  afterwards  served 
in  Germany,  1758,  as  physician  to  the 
army.     He  died  in  December,  1797,  aged 

Vol.  I.  T.S 


75,  and  left  among  other  things,  besides  an 
essay  on  the  mortality  of  horned  cattle, 
8vo.  1746,  economical  observations  for 
the  improvement  of  hospitals,  in  8vo.  from 
1738  to  1763,  and  various  papers  inserted 
in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Brodeau,  John,  was  born  at  Tours,  in 
1500,  and  rose  to  such  eminence  as  a  scho- 
lar and  critic,  that  Scaliger,  Grotius,  and 
others,  have  bestowed  on  his  merits  the 
most  unbounded  encomiums.  He  studied 
law  under  Alciat,  and  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  philosophy  and  belles  lettres,  of 
which  he  became  the  support  and  the  orna- 
ment. After  travelling  in  Italy,  he  return- 
ed to  France,  where  he  lived  in  literary 
retirement,  and  honourable  independence. 
He  died  1563,  unmarried.  His  annota- 
tions on  several  of  the  classics  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death. 

Brodeau,  Julian,  a  native  of  Tours, 
who  wrote  a  life  of  Charles  de  Moulin,  and 
died  1543. 

Broeckhutsen,  or  Broukhusius,  John, 
Vid.  Broukhusius. 

Broek,  Elias  Vanden,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, distinguished  for  the  masterly  man- 
ner in  which  he  introduced  reptiles  and 
insects  in  his  pictures  of  flowers  and  land- 
scapes.    He  died  1711,  aged  54. 

Broglio,  Victor  Maurice  count  de,  mar- 
shal of  France,  was  born  of  an  illustrious 
family  at  Quercy,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  died 
1727,  aged  80.  His  son,  Francis  Marie, 
was  also  marshal  of  France,  and  deserved 
the  highest  honours  by  his  warlike  conduct 
in  Italy,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1733  and 
1734.  He  died  1745.  His  son,  also  a 
marshal,  was  the  conqueror  of  Berngen, 
and  greatly  distinguished  during  the  seven 
years  war.  He  quitted  France  in  1794, 
and  retired  to  Russia,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived with  honourable  distinction,  and 
raised  to  the  same  rank  which  he  held  in 
the  emperor's  service.  His  son,  Claudius 
Victor,  Prince  of  Broglio,  espoused  the 
party  of  the  republicans  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution,  and  was  flattered  by  the 
demagogues  with  the  title  of  marshal. 
His  refusal  to  receive  as  law,  while  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  Rhine,  the  de- 
cree which  suspended  the  king's  authority, 
proved  fatal  to  him.  He  was  called  to 
Paris,  and  condemned  to  death  by  the  re- 
volutionary tribunal.  He  was  guillotined 
27th  June,  1794,  aged  37. 

Brogni,  John  de,  a  swineherd,  born  at 
Brogni,  in  Savoy.  From  his  obscurity  he 
rose  by  application  to  preferment,  under 
the  care  of  two  ecclesiastics,  who  had  ac- 
cidentally noticed  his  healthy  appearance. 
He  was  patronised  by  Philip  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  by  Pope  Clement  VII.  who 
raised  him  to  the  see  of  Viviers,  and  to  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  lie  died  at  Rome  26*h 
297 


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February,  1426,  distinguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, his  virtues,  and  his  piety. 

Broef.sby,  Francis,  a  native  of  Stokes, 
in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  promoted  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Rowley  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Dodwell,  and  also  of  Nelson, 
whom  he  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  his 
feasts  and  fasts,  and  in  the  hospitable  resi- 
dence of  Mr.  Cherry,  at  Shotesbrook ; 
he  wrote  several  treatises  on  moral  and 
religious  subjects,  such  as  history  of  the 
government  of  the  primitive  church,  8vo. 
1714— life  of  Henry  Dodwell.  He  died 
about  1718. 

Brome,  Adam  de,  a  favourite  of  Edward 
II.  recorded  in  history  as  the  founder  of 
Oriel  College,  Oxford.  He  died  in  1332, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  in  Oxford  ; 
but  the  monument  over  his  remains  has 
disappeared  by  the  ravages  of  time. 

Brome,  Alexander  de,  an  attorney  of 
London,  in  the  civil  wars,  better  known 
for  his  sonnets  and  little  poetical  pieces,  in 
which  he  attacked  the  roundheads  with  all 
the  keenness  of  ridicule  and  satire.  He 
published  also  a  version  of  Horace,  and  the 
cunning  lovers,  a  comedy.  He  died  1666, 
aged  46. 

Brome,  Richard,  a  menial  servant  in  the 
family  of  Ben  Jonson,  who  rose  by  the  na- 
tive powers  of  his  genius  to  great  literary 
eminence,  as  the  author  of  some  comedies, 
15  of  which  still  exist.  His  jovial  crew 
was  lately  revived  at  Covent  Garden,  and 
met  with  great  success.     He  died  1652. 

Brompton,  John,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  abbot  of  Jerevall,  near  Rich- 
mond, in  Yorkshire.  The  Chronicon,  which 
passes  under  his  name,  and  begins  at  the 
year  5S8  and  ends  1198,  is  probably  the 
work  of  some  unknown  author,  and  was 
procured  for  the  monastery  of  Brompton, 
who  gave  it  his  own  name. 

Bronchorst,  John  Van,  a  painter  of 
Flanders,  in  the  17th  century,  three  of 
whose  historical  pieces  on  oil,  and  three 
on  glass,  adorn  the  new  church  at  Amster- 
dam. 

Bronchorst,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Leyden,  who  excelled  in  the  representation 
of  animals  and  birds  in  water  colours.  He 
died  1723,  aged  75. 

Bronchorst,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  judgment  of 
Solomon,  and  his  Christ  driving  the  money 
changers  out  of  the  temple,  are  still  pre- 
served with  great  sanctity  in  his  native 
town.     He  died  1661,  aged  73. 

Brongniart,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  emi- 
nent chymist,  who  died  at  Paris  1804.  His 
papers  in  the  public  journals,  and  his  ana- 
lytical table  of  the  combinations  and  decom- 
positions of  different  substances,  published 
8vo.  1778,  possessed  merit. 

Bronzino,  Agnolo,  a  painter  at  Florence. 
298 


who  died  there  1530,  aged  69.     A  nativity 
is  considered  his  chief  d'ceuvre. 

Brook,  Ralph,  York  herald,  is  known 
for  the  errors  which  he  discovered  in  Cam- 
den's popular  work,  Britannia,  and  which 
he  published,  with  severe  remarks,  when 
treated  with  harshness  and  contempt  by  the 
antiquary.  He  died  15th  October,  1625, 
aged  73  ;  and  in  1723  his  second  part  of 
discovery  of  errors  was  published,  with  a 
head  of  the  author. 

Brooke,  Sir  Robert,  a  judge  of  emi- 
nence in  the  reign  of  Mary,  born  at  Cla- 
verly,  in  Shropshire,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford and  the  Middle  Temple.  His  integrity 
at  the  bar  and  on  the  bench  have  been  de- 
servedly celebrated.  He  died  chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  1558,  and  was  buried 
in  Claverly  church,  where  a  monument 
preserves  his  memory.  He  is  author  of  an 
abridgment  containing  an  abstract  of  the 
year  books  till  the  time  of  Mary,  fol. — cer- 
tain cases  adjudged,  from  6  Henry  VIII.  to 
4  of  queen  Mary — reading  on  the  statutes 
of  limitations,  32  Henry  VIII.  in  8vo.  A 
person  of  the  same  name  was  recorder  of 
London,  and  wrote,  readings  on  the  statute 
of  magna  charta,  e.  6,  London  1641. 

Brooke,  Frances,  a  woman  known  for 
her  light  pieces  of  poetry — translations — 
sonnets — Virginia,  a  tragedy,  1756 — and  a 
periodical  paper,  called  the  old  maid,  in  1 
vol.  12mo.  1755  and  1756.  Besides  these, 
she  wrote  the  history  of  Julia  Mandeville, 
a  novel,  1763 — memoirs  of  marquis  of 
Forlaix,  4  vols. — the  history  of  Emily  Mon- 
tague— letters  from  lady  Juliet  Catesby  to 
lady  Henrietta  Campley,  12mo. — the  ex- 
cursion— elements  of  the  history  of  Eng- 
land, from  Milton,  4  vols.  12mo. — the  siege 
of  Sinope,  a  tragedy,  acted  at  Covent  Gar- 
den, 1731 — and  that  pleasing  and  very  po- 
pular performance,  Rosina — and  last  of  all, 
but  not  equally  respectable,  Marian.  Her 
maiden  name  was  Moore,  and  she  married 
the  Reverend  John  Brooke,  rector  of  Col- 
ney,  in  Norfolk,  and  chaplain  of  Quebec 
garrison.  She  died  January  26,  1789,  at 
Sleaford,  surviving  her  husband  only  five 
days.  To  the  character  of  learning,  genius, 
and  taste,  it  is  necessary  to  add,  that  she 
was  amiable  in  her  manners,  gentle  in  her 
deportment,  and  a  strong  supporter  of  all 
moral  and  religious  duties. 

Brooke,  Henry,  a  writer  of  eminence, 
born  at  Rantaven  in  Ireland,  and  educated 
in  the  school  of  Dr.  Sheridan,  and  in  Dub- 
lin college.  At  the  age  of  17  he  entered 
at  the  Temple,  and  from  the  vivacity  of  his 
genius,  the  excellence  of  his  heart,  and  the 
literary  powers  of  his  mind,  he  soon  be- 
came the  friend  and  favourite  of  Pope,  of 
Swift,  and  other  great  characters.  On  his 
speedy  return  to  Ireland,  he  was  called  to 
attend  the  dying  moments  of  a  favourite 
aunt,  who  with  her  last  blessings  recom- 


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mended  to  his  protection  and  kindness  her 
favourite  daughter.  This  young  lady,  pos- 
sessed of  great  beauty  and  every  pleasing 
accomplishment,  soon  gained  the  heart  of 
her  youthful  guardian  ;  the  attachment  be- 
came mutual,  a  public  union  at  last  pro- 
claimed their  secret  marriage,  and  Mrs. 
Brooke,  before  she  had  completed  her  14th 
year,  became  a  mother.  For  a  while  the 
thoughts  of  future  prospects  were  lost  in 
domestic  enjoyments,  but  an  increasing  fa- 
mily called  aloud  for  immediate  exertions, 
and  Brooke,  unsuccessful  as  a  chamber 
counsel,  found  his  genius  the  best  support 
of  his  fame.  By  the  friendship  of  lords 
Lyttleton  and  Chatham  he  was  introduced 
to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  promised  him- 
self the  fairest  harvest  of  literary  labours 
and  poetical  exertions.  His  tragedy  of 
Gustavus  Vasa  was  prepared,  but  unfortu- 
nately the  politics  of  the  time,  and  the  in- 
fluence of  government,  forbade  its  intro- 
duction on  the  public  stage,  as  it  seemed 
to  breathe  sentiments  too  warm  and  ele- 
vated in  favour  of  liberty.  This  disap- 
pointment, however,  was  succeeded  by  a 
rapid  sale  of  the  play,  and  the  public,  by  a 
most  uncommon  liberality  of  subscriptions, 
repaid  in  a  tenfold  degree  the  most  san- 
guine expectations  of  the  author.  Brooke, 
thus  patronised  by  the  Prince,  and  flatter- 
ed by  the  people,  purchased  a  house  at 
Twickenham  near  his  friend  Pope,  but  a 
dangerous  illness  rendered  it  necessary  for 
him,  by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  to 
revisit  his  native  air.  His  gradual  recovery 
promised  his  speedy  return,  but  contrary  to 
the  general  expectation,  and  to  the  warm 
and  repeated  invitations  of  his  friends,  he 
determined  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
the  retirement  and  obscurity  of  Ireland. 
The  political  ingratitude  of  the  times,  and 
the  violence  of  party  spirit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  a  beloved  wife,  who  was  at- 
tached to  the  peaceful  scenes  of  privacy, 
and  not  to  the  tempestuous  revolutions  of 
dignified  life,  were  probably  the  causes  of 
this  remarkable  seclusion.  In  his  retire- 
ment Brooke  courted  the  muses,  and  though 
he  found  Garrick  unwilling  to  support  his 
merit  by  a  representation  on  the  London 
stage,  yet  he  met  with  some  success  in 
Dublin.  But  the  generosity  of  his  heart 
was  too  great  for  a  limited  income  ;  he  was 
profuse  in  his  acts  of  friendship  and  huma- 
nity, and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  sell  his 
favourite  residence.  The  declining  health 
of  his  wife  too  tended  to  lessen  his  com- 
forts, and  the  death  of  that  amiable  woman, 
after  a  union  of  near  50  years  of  uninter- 
rupted domestic  harmony,  put  an  end  to 
his  enjoyments.  From  the  severity  of  this 
blow  his  constitution  could  never  recover, 
he]  sunk  into  a  state  of  imbecility,  and 
though  nature  sometimes  recovered,  yet 
the  powers  of  his  mind   never  regained 


their  wonted  brilliancy.  He  however  be- 
guiled his  hours  of  affliction  and  melan- 
choly by  the  sweets  of  literature,  and  while 
at  lucid  intervals  he  wrote  those  unequal 
works  which  are  occasionally  tinctured 
with  mysticism,  the  Fool  of  Quality,  and 
Juliet  Grenville,  he  thus  gained  fresh  op- 
portunities of  displaying  the  excellence  of 
his  moral  character,  and  the  pure  philan- 
thropy of  his  heart.  He  died  at  Dublin, 
10th  October,  1783,  aged  77.  Besides  the 
works  already  enumerated,  his  best  known 
pieces  are  universal  beauty,  a  poem  in  six 
books — the  carl  of  Westmoreland,  a  trage- 
dy— fables — the  earl  of  Essex,  a  tragedy — 
redemption,  a  poem,  &c. 

Brooks,  Eleazer,  a  brigadier  general  in 
the  war  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
born  at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1726. 
He  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  battle  at 
White  Plains  in  1776,  and  at  Stillwater, 
October  7th,  1777,  and  was  conspicuous  for 
his  bravery.  He  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts, 
as  a  representative,  a  senator,  and  council- 
lor. He  possessed  a  strong  mind  and  a 
sound  judgment :  was  a  cautious  politician, 
a  brave  soldier,  and  an  exemplary  Chris- 
tian. He  died  in  1806,  at  Lincoln,  Mas- 
sachusetts. Q^J3  L. 

Broome,  William,  the  poet,  was  born 
of  obscure  parents  in  Cheshire.  After  be- 
ing superannuated  at  Eton,  and  thus  losing 
the  election  for  King's,  he  entered  at  St. 
John's,  Cambridge,  by  the  liberal  subscrip- 
tions of  his  friends,  where  his  application 
and  rising  talents  recommended  him  to  the 
learned.  He  was  engaged  by  Pope  in  fur- 
nishing the  notes  from  Eustathius  for  his 
Iliad,  and  when  the  Odyssey  was  underta- 
ken, Broome  was  not  thought  unworthy  by 
his  poetical  friend  of  sharing  his  labours 
and  his  success.  The  2d,  6th,  8th,  11th, 
12th,  16th,  18th,  and  23d,  together  with  all 
the  notes,  were  written  by  Broome,  who 
for  this  laborious  contribution  received  the 
small  sum  of  500/.  and  100  copies.  But 
literary  friendship  is  too  often  of  short  du- 
ration, and  while  Broome  considered  his 
services  as  ill  repaid,  Pope  not  only  disre- 
garded his  discontent,  but  meanly  exhibited 
him  to  public  ridicule  in  the  Dunciad  and 
in  the  Bathos.  In  1728,  Broome  was  cre- 
ated LL.  D.  but  though  he  was  courted  by 
the  great,  he  did  not  rise  to  high  prefer- 
ment in  the  church,  and  remained  the  hum- 
ble incumbent  of  Eye,  and  of  Oakley 
Magna  in  Suffolk.  He  died  at  Bath,  16th 
November,  1745,  and  was  buried  in  the 
abbey  church.  He  translated  some  of 
Anacreon's  odes,  besides  a  small  miscella- 
ny of  poems. 

Broschi,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  singer,  horn 

at  Andria  in   the  Neapolitan  statesj  and 

better  known  by  the  name   of   Farinello, 

which  he  received  from  the  patronage  of 

•299 


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three  brothers  called  Farina.  A  fall  from 
Lis  horse  in  his  youth  rendered  castration 
necessary,  and  to  this  accident  he  was  in- 
debted for  the  celebrity  of  his  fame  and  the 
opulence  of  his  fortune.  After  enrapturing 
the  crowded  audiences  of  the  theatres  of 
Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  and  Vienna,  Bros- 
chi  was  invited  by  Lord  Essex  to  London, 
where  for  three  years  he  displayed  the  su- 
periority of  his  powers,  and  was  munifi- 
cently rewarded.  In  1737,  he  left  London, 
and  passing  through  Paris  in  his  way  to 
Madrid,  he  drew  the  admiration  and  the 
applauses  of  the  French  king  and  of  his 
court.  In  Spain  he  was  treated  with  all 
the  distinction  which  his  talents  deserved, 
so  that  king  Philip  not  only  lavished  every 
honour  upon  him,  but  regarded  him  with 
the  confidence  and  affection  of  an  intimate 
friend.  He  held  the  same  distinguished 
rank  of  honourable  partiality  with  Philip's 
successor,  Ferdinand,  and  till  his  death  and 
that  of  his  queen  Barbara  in  1759,  he  con- 
tinued the  favourite  of  the  court,  and 
deservedly  respected  by  the  public  for 
the  generosity  of  his  heart,  the  benevo- 
lence of  his  conduct,  and  the  condescension 
and  affability  of  his  manners,  not  only  to 
his  inferiors,  but  even  to  his  personal  ene- 
mies. On  the  succession  of  Charles  to  the 
Spanish  throne,  Farinello,  though  honoura- 
bly received  by  the  monarch,  hastened  to 
his  native  country,  where,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bologna,  he  enjoyed  the  rest 
of  his  life  in  dignified  retirement.  Though 
occasionally  haunted  by  melancholy,  yet 
he  continued  tranquil ;  the  powers  of  his 
voice  remained  to  the  last,  strong,  clear, 
and  melodious,  and  for  three  weeks  before 
his  death,  like  the  dying  swan,  he  daily  en- 
tertained his  admiring  friends.  He  died 
16th  September,  1782,  in  his  78th  year, 
leaving  his  musical  books  and  lands  to  his 
sister.  His  great  readiness  to  relieve  dis- 
tress, and  to  sweeten  the  cup  of  calamity 
whenever  he  found  it  possible,  prevented 
the  accumulation  of  riches,  and  Farinello, 
after  sharing  the  favours  of  monarchs  with- 
out feeling  his  heart  biassed  by  flattery, 
and  after  remaining  unsullied  by  the  vices 
and  extravagances  of  a  theatrical  life,  lived 
and  died  esteemed  as  a  man  of  worth. 

Brossard,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of 
Meux,  who  died  1730,  at  the  age  of  70. 
He  excelled  as  a  musician,  ancPwrote  seve- 
ral treatises  on  the  science.  His  dic- 
tionary of  music  in  Svo.  is  highly  valued, 
and  proved  of  great  service  to  Rousseau. 

Brosse,  Guy  de  la,  a  physician,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  virtues  of  plants,  &c. 
He  is  better  known  as  the  promoter  of  the 
royal  foundation  of  a  garden  of  medicinal 
plants  in  1626  at  Paris,  of  which  he  was 
the  first  director,  and  which  he  enriched 
by  a  valuable  collection  of  2000  plants.  He 
published  a  description  of  the  medical  plants 
300 


in  the  garden,  besides  a  book  de  la  nature 
des  plantes,  1628 — dessein  du  jardin  royal, 
8vo. — and  avis  defensif,  1634— and  other 
works. 

Brosses,  Charles  de,  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Burgundy,  was  born  at  Dijon, 
and  died  at  Paris  7th  May,  1777,  aged  68. 
He  wrote  letters  on  the  discovery  of  Her- 
culaneum,  besides  a  history  of  the  voyages 
towards  the  south  pole,  and  a  translation 
of  Sallust,  enriched  with  valuable  notes—* 
parallel  between  the  worship  of  the  negroes 
and  the  ancient  heathens — on  the  mechani- 
cal formation  of  languages,  &c. 

Brossette,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  Ly- 
ons, who  distinguished  himself  by  the  pub- 
lication of  a  history  of  his  native  town,  be- 
sides editions  of  Boileau  and  Regnier,  with 
valuable  notes.  He  was  the  correspondent 
of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  He  died  at 
Lyons,  1746,  aged  75. 

Brossier,  Martha,  a  woman  who  by  the 
great  dexterity  with  which  she  distorted  her 
countenance,  imposed  upon  the  credulous 
multitude,  and  the  superstitious  clergy  in 
France.  Her  arts  were  detected  by  Henry 
IV.  who  was  apprehensive  lest  his  enemies 
of  the  league  should  take  advantage  of  the 
imposture  to  undermine  his  power,  and 
after  a  confinement  of  forty  days,  she  was 
permitted  to  return  to  her  native  town  of 
Romorantin.  The  avarice  of  the  father, 
however,  who  shared  largely  in  the  sums 
bestowed  on  the  pretended  demoniac,  hur- 
ried her  away  through  France  to  Rome, 
where  an  ample  theatre  was  expected  for 
the  display  of  the  imposition  ;  but  she  was 
dismissed  with  disgrace  by  the  pope  in 
1599,  and  she  sunk  into  the  obscurity  of  a 
hospital,  where  she  died. 

Brotier,  the  abbe,  a  Jesuit  born  at 
Tanay  in  the  Nivernois,  celebrated  for  his 
great  erudition  and  the  vast  powers  of  his 
mind.  Well  versed  in  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  he  made  every  branch  of  science 
and  literature  the  object  of  his  studies,  and, 
except  in  mathematics,  to  which  he  gave 
little  attention,  he  excelled  in  all.  With 
indefatigable  zeal  he  made  notes  of  every 
thing  which  he  read,  and  in  the  regular 
habit  of  devoting  12  hours  of  each  day  to 
study,  he  collected  treasures  of  valuable 
information  for  criticism  and  for  historical 
composition.  The  dissolution  of  the  order 
of  Jesuits  made  a  revolution  in  his  plans 
and  pursuits,  but  he  found  an  abode  of 
friendship  and  tranquillity  in  the  house  of 
Mr.  de  la  Tour,  a  printer  of  eminence.  In 
this  retirement  he  spent  the  last  26  years  of 
his  life,  and  gave  to  the  public  those  edi- 
tions of  Tacitus  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  in 
seven,  12mo.,  and  of  Pliny,  which  derive 
their  merit  not  only  from  correctness,  but 
most  valuable  and  learned  dissertations  and 
annotations.  Besides  these,  Brotier  edit- 
ed, in  an  elegant  manner,  Phaedrus,  and 


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Rapin  on  gardens,  and  it  is  to  be  much  la- 
mented that  he  never  completed  the  history 
of  France,  for  which  he  had  in  his  younger 
years  provided  ample  materials.  His  other 
works  were,  an  examination  of  the  apolo- 
gy of  Prades — a  treatise  on  the  money  of 
the  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  com- 
pared with  those  of  France — memoirs  of  the 
Levant — the  life  of  the  abbe  de  Caille,  &c. 
This  worthy  man,  equally  amiable  as  a  pri- 
vate or  a  literary  character,  died  at  Paris, 
12th  February,  1789,  aged  67.  His  ne- 
phew, Andrew  Charles,  was  eminent  as  a 
botanist,  and  conducted  for  seme  time  the 
journal  called  l'annee  literaire.  During 
the  revolution  he  was  accused  of  attempts 
against  the  power  of  the  directory,  and  was 
banished  to  Guyana,  where  he  died  in  1798. 

Broce,  Peter  dela,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
bishop  of  Mirepoix,  who  died  1720,  aged 
77.  He  wrote  some  pastoral  letters,  and 
was  the  friend  of  the  great  Bossuet. 

Broughton,  Hugh,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Oldbury,  Shropshire,  and  by  the 
friendship  of  Bernard  Gilpin,  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  against  the  Roman 
catholics,  and  severely  attacked  Theodore 
Beza,  and  the  whole  body  of  dissenters. 
His  application  was  intense,  so  that  he 
always  devoted  to  study  12  hours,  often  16 
every  day.  His  works,  which  were  nume- 
rous and  on  theological  subjects,  are  not 
held  in  high  esteem.  Among  them  were, 
consent  of  scriptures,  or  a  system  of  scrip- 
ture chronology  and  genealogy,  which  was 
attacked  by  Dr.  John  Reynolds,  1588 — a 
discourse  on  Christ's  descent  into  hell,  an- 
swered by  the  prelates  Whitgift  and  Wil- 
son. Broughton  was  well  skilled  in  He- 
brew, and  as  being  an  eloquent  preacher, 
he  settled  as  minister  of  the  English  con- 
gregation at  Middleburg,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1611,  and  died  the  next  year. 

Broughton,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  London,  5th  July,  1704,  and  educa- 
ted at  Eton,  where  he  was  superannuated, 
and  at  Gonville  college,  Cambridge.  The 
patronage  of  the  duke  of  Bedford,  to  whom 
he  was  chaplain,  and  that  of  bishop  Sher- 
lock, who  gave  him  Bedminster  vicarage, 
near  Bristol,  raised  him  to  comfortable  in- 
dependence, and  afforded  him  the  means 
of  devoting  himself  to  bis  favourite  studies. 
His  publications  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able, the  best  known  of  which  were,  Chris- 
tianity distinct  from  the  religion  of  nature 
— part   of  Bayle's    dictionary    corrected — 

Dryden's    poems answer    to    Tindall's 

Christianity  as  old  as  the  creation — De- 
mosthenes's  Olynthiacs  and  Philippics — 
Hercules,  a  musical  drama — various  arti- 
cles in  the  biographia  Britanniea — a  histo- 
rical dictionary  of  all  religions,  2  vols,  fol., 
&c.  He  died  on  bis  living,  21st  December, 
1 774,  leaving  six  children.  Four  years  af- 
terwards some  of  his  sermons  were  pub- 


lished by  his  son,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Brough- 
ton, vicar  of  Tiverton,  near  Bath. 

Broughton,  Thomas,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  South  Carolina,  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  in  1731.  He  was  at 
the  head  of  the  administration  in  that  co- 
lony from  1735,  until  his  death,  December, 
1737.  From  1726  to  1730,  he  was  speaker 
of  the  assembly.  He  was  brother-in-law 
to  governor  Johnson,  who  died  in  1735. 

Broukhusius,  John,  or  Broekhuyzen, 
a  learned  Dutchman,  bom  20th  November, 
1639,  died  15th  December,  1707.  The 
premature  death  of  his  father  prevented  the 
completion  of  his  studies,  and  he  was 
bound  to  an  apothecary,  whom  he  left  for 
military  pursuits.  He  went  to  America 
with  his  regiment  under  De  Ruyter,  and  on 
his  return,  by  being  engaged  in  an  unfortu- 
nate duel,  his  life  was  forfeited  to  the  laws, 
but  preserved  by  the  interference  of  his 
learned  friend  Gra:vius.  He  published  a 
valuable  edition  of  Tibullus,  and  Proper- 
tius,  and  also  of  Aonius  Palearius,  and 
Sannazarius,  besides  some  elegant  poems 
in  Latin  and  in  Dutch,  4to.  1711,  and  a 
Latin  translation  of  Rapin's  parallel  of 
Homer  and  Virgil. 

Brouncker,  William  Viscount,  a  native 
of  Castle  Lyons,  in  Ireland,  celebrated  for 
his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause  during 
the  civil  wars,  as  well  as  for  his  great  profi- 
ciency in  mathematical  knowledge.  He 
was  engaged  in  a  learned  correspondence 
with  Dr.  Wallis  of  Oxford,  and  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Royal  Society,  an  office 
which  he  adorned  by  his  polite  manners 
and  extensive  erudition.  He  was  also 
master  of  St.  Catherine,  near  the  Tower, 
after  a  severe  contest  with  judge  Atkins. 
He  died  5th  April,  1684,  aged  64,  and  was 
buried  at  St.  Catherine's.  Some  of  his 
essays  are  preserved  in  the  philosophical 
transactions,  besides  Des  Cartes's  compen- 
dium of  music,  translated  and  published 
anonymously — letters  to  archbishop  Ush- 
er, published  by  Dr.  Parr,  in  the  life  of  the 
primate. 

Brousson,  Claude,  a  native  of  Nismes, 
known  as  an  eloquent  advocate,  and  as  a. 
warm  supporter  of  the  protestants  in 
France.  He  encouraged  in  his  own  house 
a  private  meeting  of  the  leading  members 
of  his  sect,  after  their  churches  had  been 
demolished  by  the  persecution  of  the  times  ; 
but  though  an  amnesty  was  offered  to  him 
and  his  followers  by  Lewis  XIV.  he  fled  to 
Geneva,  Lausanne,  and  other  countries, 
imploring  the  assistance  and  compassion  of 
strangers  upon  his  suffering  brethren.  He 
was  at  last  seized  and  cruelly  broken  on 
the  wheel  at  Montpellier  1698,  in  his  51st 
year,  on  pretence  of  corresponding  with 
the  king's  enemies.  The  states  of  Holland 
nobly  allowed  his  widow  a  pension  of  600 
301 


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fioriiis,  besides  the  400  granted  to  himself. 
Brousson  was  author  of  some  tracts  in 
French  in  favour  of  the  protestants,  be- 
sides remarks  on  amulets — a  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  &c. 

Bhouwer,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem,  1608.  His  chief  merit  was  ex- 
pressing with  great  s-neess  the  companions 
of  his  dissipated  hours  in  the  midst  of  mer- 
riment and  in  the  noise  of  a  tavern,  and  for 
this  he  was  well  calculated  from  the  intem- 
perance of  his  habits.  Though  poor  he  ne- 
ver used  his  pencil  but  when  previously 
called  upon  by  want,  or  the  dread  of  a  jail. 
He  hastened  his  death  by  his  constant  in- 
toxication, to  which  he  fell  a  victim  in  his 
30th  year,  1633.  Rubens,  who  admired 
his  genius,  paid  great  respect  to  his  re- 
mains, which  had  been  obscurely  deposited 
in  the  ground  by  public  subscription. 

Brown,  Robert,  a  man  of  turbulent  cha- 
racter and  wavering  disposition,  was  the 
founder  of  ihe  sect  of  the  Brownists.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but  either 
from  love  of  novelty,  or  from  fondness  for 
celebrity,  he  separated  himself  from  the 
church,  and  when  cited  by  the  bishop  of 
Norwich  to  answer  for  the  eccentricity 
and  depraved  tendency  of  his  opinions,  he 
offered  insolence  instead  of  submission. 
The  favour  of  Burleigh,  to  whom  he  was  re- 
lated, saved  him  from  ecclesiastical  cen- 
sures ;  but  when  he  despised  the  reproof 
and  the  counsel  of  archbishop  Whitgift,  to 
whom  his  noble  friend  had  recommended 
him,  he  was  permitted  to  withdraw  as  a 
refractory  recusant  to  Holland,  where  for 
some  time  he  established  a  church  of  his 
own  persuasion.  He  afterwards  returned 
to  England,  and  though  he  continued  to 
abuse  the  church,  yet  we  find  him  promo- 
ted to  a  re  ^tory  in  Northamptonshire,  no 
doubt  by  the  influence  of  Burleigh  ;  but 
though  he  received  the  emolument  he  de- 
voted the  care  of  the  parish  to  a  curate. 
In  his  80th  year  he  was  sent  to  Northamp- 
ton jail,  for  ill  treatment  to  a  magistrate, 
and  there  he  soon  after  died  1630,  boasting 
that  he  had  been  confined  in  no  less  than  32 
prisons.  Some  of  his  tracts,  all  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  were  published  at  Middleburg. 

Brown,  Thomas,  of  facetious  memory, 
was  educated  at  Newport-school,  Shrop- 
shire, and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 
his  many  irregularities  soon  rendered  his 
residence  improper.  From  Oxford  he  went 
to  London,  and  then  became,  through  in- 
terest, master  of  the  school  of  Kingston  on 
Thames,  an  office  to  which  he  was  inade- 
quate, both  from  habit  and  from  a  certain 
levity  of  character.  His  speedy  return  to 
London  was  greeted  by  his  old  companions 
with  raptures,  and  now  independent  in 
in  principle  and  unfavoured  by  fortune,  he 
had  recourse  to  scribbling  for  bread.  Va- 
rious pieces  issued  from  the  press  under 
302 


the  form  of  poems,  letters,  and  dialogues  ; 
but  though  they  were  popular  and  ingeni- 
ous, they  filled  not  the  pocket  of  the  author, 
nor  promised  future  relief.  Brown,  indeed, 
shut  the  door  against  lasting  intimacy,  as 
he  always  preferred  his  joke  to  his  friend, 
and  considered  wit,  even  when  bordering 
on  indelicacy,  superior  to  moral  and  reli- 
gious precepts.  Though  so  lost  to  serious 
reflection,  and  often  to  every  virtuous  ex- 
ertion, it  is  said  that  he  viewed  his  ap- 
proaching end  with  horror  and  dismay,  and 
expressed  strong  sentiments  of  remorse. 
He  died  1704,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  abbey.  His  works 
were  printed  in  1707,  in  4  vols. 

Brown,  Moses,  a  man  who,  from  a  pen- 
cutter,  acquired  some  eminence  as  a  poet 
and  writer.  By  the  advice  of  Hervey  he 
took  orders,  and  was  promoted  to  the  vica- 
rage of  Olney,  Bucks,  and  the  chaplainship 
of  Morden-college.  He  published  two  dra- 
matic pieces,  Polidus  or  distressed  love,  a 
tragedy — and  all  be-devilled,  a  farce — be- 
sides Percy-lodge,  a  poem-Sunday  thoughts, 
in  blank  verse — an  edition  of  Walton's 
Angler,  and  piscatory  eclogues — and  some 
poems  in  the  Gentleman's  magazine,  when 
first  undertaken  by  Cave.  He  died  13th 
Sept.  17S7,  aged  84. 

Brown,  Ulysses  Maximilian  de,  a  gene-^ 
ral  of  eminence  in  the  imperial  armies,  de- 
scended from  an  Irish  family,  and  born  at 
Basle,  24th  Oct.  1705.  His  intrepidity 
and  coolness  were  displayed  in  the  various 
encounters  at  Belgrade,  in  Corsica,  Parma, 
Ganstalla,  Banjaluca,  Veletri,  Plancentia, 
Genoa,  and  Lobositz.  In  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Prague,  May  6th,  1757,  he  was  mor- 
tally wounded,  and  died  on  the  26th  June 
following,  aged  52,  leaving  behind  him  the 
character  of  a  most  consummate  general, 
and  an  able  and  skilful  negotiator.  His 
life  was  published  in  two  separate  volumes 
in  German  and  French,  1757. 

Brown,  John,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  5th 
Nov.  1715,  and  educated  at  St.  John's, 
Cambridge.  During  the  rebellion  in  1745 
he  behaved  with  great  spirit  as  a  volunteer 
at  the  siege  of  Carlisle,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  popular  preacher  and  as  an 
elegant  writer,  so  that  he  gained  the  pa- 
tronage of  Osbaldiston  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
who  obtained  for  him  the  living  of  More- 
land  in  Westmoreland,  and  afterwards 
great  Horkesley  in  Essex,  and  on  the  re- 
signation of  it,  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle  on 
Tyne.  A  spirit  of  independence  strongly 
marked  the  character  of  Dr.  Brown,  he  was 
conscious  of  the  powers  of  his  mind  as  a 
writer,  and  indignantly  rejected  every  at- 
tempt to  shackle  his  opinions,  or  influence 
his  reason.  The  consequence  and  authori- 
ty which  he  had  acquired  in  the  republic  of 
letters,  introduced  him  to  the  company  of 


ERO 


BRO 


great  men,  and  even  procured  him  an  invi- 
tation from  the  empress  of  Russia  to  come 
to  Petersburg,  to  assist  and  direct  the  es- 
tablishments which  she  wished  to  form  for 
the  education  and  improvement  of  her  sub- 
jects. This  proposal,  which  had  been  made 
6y  means  of  Dr.  Dumaresque,  the  chaplain 
of  the  English  factory  of  Petersburg,  and 
which  was  so  honourable  to  the  empress, 
was  cheerfully  accepted  by  Dr.  Brown ; 
but  while  preparing  for  his  journey,  a  sud- 
den attack  of  the  gout  and  rheumatism  so 
enfeebled  his  delicate  constitution,  and  di- 
minished the  powers  of  his  mind,  that,  in  a 
fatal  moment  of  dejection  and  melancholy, 
he  cut  his  throat  with  a  razor,  Sept.  23d, 
1766,  in  his  51st  year.  The  most  popular 
works  of  this  ingenious  but  unfortunate 
man,  were  "  an  estimate  of  the  manners 
and  principles  of  the  time,"  of  which  seven 
editions  were  printed  in  little  more  than  a 
year,  1757 — a  second  volume  of  the  esti- 
mate— honour,  a  poem — essay  on  satire — 
essays  on  Shaftesbury — characteristics — 
Barbarossa,  a  tragedy,  1755,  and  next 
year,  Athelstan,  a  tragedy,  both  acted  with 
great  popularity  under  Garrick — a  dialogue 
of  the  dead  between  Aristides  and  Pericles 
— a  political  performance  to  defend  Mr. 
Pitt's  character — history  of  the  use  and 
progress  of  poetry  and  music — a  letter  to 
Dr.  Lowth,  who,  in  a  pamphlet  on  the  di- 
vine legation  of  Moses,  had  accused  him  of 
being  a  flatterer  of  Warburton — and  ser- 
mons— besides  thoughts  on  civil  liberty, 
licentiousness,  and  faction — and  some 
anonymous  tracts,  &c. 

Brown,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh 1752,  died  1787.  He  improved  the 
native  powers  of  his  genius  by  travelling  in 
Italy  for  some  years,  and  visiting  the  pre- 
cious remains  of  antiquity  at  Rome  and  in 
Sicily,  patronised  and  befriended  for  a 
while  by  Sir  Wm.  Young  and  Mr.  Town- 
ley.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  the  expression 
of  the  features  ;  his  great  characteristics 
were  delicacy,  taste,  and  correctness  ;  and 
so  enraptured  with  his  art  did  he  appear, 
that  he  often  presented  with  the  most  finish- 
ed pictures,  any  person  who  permitted 
him  to  take  a  sketch  of  whatever  struck  his 
fancy,  as  expressive  of  beauty,  dignity,  or 
grace,  either  in  the  human  countenance  or 
in  the  works  of  art.  Besides  eminence  as  a 
draftsman,  he  possessed  all  the  abilities  of 
the  elegant  scholar  and  the  solid  philoso- 
pher, as  his  letters  on  the  poetry  and  music 
of  the  Italian  opera  fully  evince.  These 
were  not,  indeed,  intended  for  publication, 
but  his  friend  lord  Monboddo,  to  whom 
they  were  addressed,  sensible  of  their  supe- 
rior excellence,  published  them  in  17S9,  in 
12mo.  for  the  benefit  of  his  widow,  and 
moreover,  bore  testimony  to  the  taste  and 
genius  of  the  departed  painter,  by  making 
honourable  mention  of  him  in  the  fourth 


volume  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  lan- 
guage. 

Brown,  John,  a  Scotch  physician,  born 
at  Buncle,  Berwickshire,  author  of  a  sys- 
tem of  medicine,  translated  into  English, 
two  vols.  8vo.  a  work  ingenious,  valuable, 
and  generally  correct.  As  he  had  risen  to 
medical  distinction,  not  by  a  regularly  pro- 
fessional education,  and  as  he  quarrelled 
with  his  great  friend  and  protector  Cullen, 
he  drew  upon  himself  the  sneers  and  the 
opposition  of  the  medical  world,  who  con- 
temptuously called  his  followers  Bruno- 
nists.  He  died  in  London  7th  Oct.  1788, 
aged  about  52,  a  victim,  it  is  said,  to  intem- 
perate habits  and  licentious  indulgences. 
He  was  a  strong  supporter  of  the  doctrine 
of  stimulants,  which  act  on  what  he  calls 
the  correspondent  excitability  in  the  body. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  a  merchant  of  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  who  acquired  a  large 
fortune  by  his  industry  and  integrity,  pre- 
sented a  liberal  donation  to  the  college  in 
that  place,  in  consequence  of  which  it  has 
since  been  called  by  his  name.  He  was  a 
Baptist,  and  distinguished  by  his  piety,  pub- 
lic spirit,  and  beneficence.  He  died  in  1791. 

O  L. 

Brown,  Charles  Brockden,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  January,  1771. 
He  early  exhibited  a  superiority  of  talent, 
and  great  love  of  knowledge.  He  was 
taught  the  classics,  and  made  some  progress 
in  the  study  of  law,  but  gave  his  chief  at- 
tention to  literature.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  a  number  of  fictitious  works, 
among  which  are  Wieland,  Ormond,  Arthur 
Mervyn,  and  as  the  editor  of  the  first  five 
volumes  of  the  Literary  Magazine,  and 
American  Register.  He  died  February 
19th,  1810,  aged  39.  L. 

Brown,  Thomas,  M.D.  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy,  in  the  University  at  Edin- 
burgh, was  born  in  Scotland  in  1778,  and 
educated  at  the  institution  in  which  he 
afterwards  became  an  instructer.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  an  early  period  by  his 
metaphysical  acumen,  and  extraordinary 
powers  of  analysis  and  generalization.  He 
also  obtained  some  reputation  as  a  poet. 
He  died  at  Brampton,  near  London,  April 
2d,  1820,  at  the  age  of  42.  His  works  are 
observations  on  Darwin's  Zoonomia,poems, 
in  2  vols,  a  criticism  on  the  terms  of  the 
charges  against  Mr.  Leslie,  cause  and 
effect ;  and  since  his  decease,  his  philoso- 
phical lectures  in  3  volumes,  have  been 
given  to  the  public. —  W.  B. 

Brown,  Francis,  D.D.  president  of  Dart- 
mouth college,  was  born  at  Chester,  New- 
Hampshire.  January  11th,  1784,  and  gradu- 
ated at  the  institution,  over  which  he  was 
afterwards  called  to  preside,  in  1805.  Af- 
ter serving  for  some  time  as  tutor  in  that 
college,  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  over 
a  congregational  church,  in  North  Yar- 
303 


IiRO 


BRO 


mouth,  Maine.  He  was  in  1S10,  appoint- 
ed professor  of  languages  in  Dartmouth 
college,  but  declined  the  office,  and  was 
afterwards  appointed  an  overseer,  and 
trustee  of  Bowdoin  college.  He  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  Dartmouth,  in 
1815,  and  continued  in  that  office  till  his 
death,  July  27,  1820,  in  his  37th  year. 
His  talents  and  learning,  amiableness  and 
piety,  eminently  qualified  him  for  the  se- 
veral stations  which  he  filled,  and  rendered 
him  highly  useful  and  popular.       O"  L. 

Browne,  George,  an  Augustine  monk, 
who,  by  embracing  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
recommended  himself  to  Henry  VIII.  by 
whom  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Dublin 
1535.  In  this  situation  he  so  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  zeal  in  favour  of  the  re- 
formation, and  to  promote  the  views  of  his 
royal  master,  that  Ireland  was  guided  by 
his  councils,  and  her  ecclesiastical  affairs 
settled  agreeably  to  his  directions.  Browne 
was  made  primate  by  Edward  VI.  in  the 
room  of  Dowdal,  ejected  ;  but  the  tyranni- 
cal reign  of  Mary  stripped  him  of  all  his 
honours,  and  he  died  two  years  after,  1556. 
A  curious  sermon  by  him  is  preserved  in 
Sir  James  Ware's  history  of  Ireland,  and 
in  the  Phoenix,  a  collection  of  tracts. 

Browne,  William,  an  English  poet,  born 
at  Tavistock,  and  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  resided  for  a  little  time 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  London,  and  was  af- 
terwards tutor  in  the  families  of  Caernarvon 
and  Pembroke.  He  published  Britannia's 
pastorals,  in  two  parts — and  the  shepherd's 
pipe,  in  seven  eclogues — works  of  great 
merit,  and  deservedly  recommended  by 
Selden,  Drayton,  and  other  judges  of  po- 
etical fame.  He  died  in  his  native  county, 
1645,  where  he  had  purchased  an  estate.  His 
works  appeared  together,  3  vols. 12mo. 1772. 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  born  in  Cheap- 
side,  19th  October,  1605,  was,  though  aban- 
doned by  the  second  marriage  of  his  mo- 
ther, and  the  great  negligence  of  his  guar- 
dian, educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
Pembroke  college,  Oxford.  He  early  turn- 
ed his  thoughts  to  physic,  and  after  taking 
his  two  first  degrees  at  Oxford,  he  travelled 
through  France  and  Italy,  and  after  some 
stay  at  Padua  and  Montpellier,  he  was  crea- 
ted M.D.  at  Leyden.  Soon  after  his  return 
to  London,  1634,  he  published  his  religio 
medici,  a  book  replete  with  sound  sense 
and  great  information,  and  which  with  de- 
served popularity  exposed  him  to  the  viru- 
lence of  critics,  and  the  envy  of  rivals.  In 
1636  he  settled  at  Norwich,  where  he 
acquired  an  extensive  practice,  and  where 
he  married  a  lady  of  the  name  of  Micham, 
with  whom  he  lived  41  years,  and  by  whom 
he  had  10  children,  one  son  and  three 
daughters  of  which  number  only  survived 
him.  He  was,  in  1671,  knighted  at  Nor- 
wich by  Charles  II.  and  continued  to  main- 
301 


tain  his  high  reputation  as  an  excellent 
scholar  and  an  experienced  physician  till 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  happened  on 
his  birth-day,  1682.  He  published,  besides 
his  "  religio,"  a  treatise  on  vulgar  errors,  a 
work  of  great  and  acknowledged  merit,  be- 
sides a  discourse  en  sepulchral  urns,  &c. 
His  character  was  held  in  such  high  esteem, 
and  his  knowledge  so  very  extensive  in 
every  walk  of  science  and  philosophy,  that 
his  life  has  been  published  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Browne,  Edward,  son  of  the  above,  was 
educated  at  Norwich  school,  at  Cambridge, 
and  Merton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  1667.  He  visited 
several  parts  of  Germany,  Hungary,  Thes- 
saly,  and  Italy,  and  at  his  return  published 
an  interesting  account  of  his  travels,  and 
became  physician  to  Charles  II.  and  to 
Bartholomew  hospital.  He  bore  also  the 
most  distinguished  offices  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  and  fully  proved  his  claims  to 
the  high  character  of  a  superior  scholar  in 
the  learned  languages,  and  a  fluent  writer 
in  most  of  the  modern  tongues.  The  king 
said  of  him,  that  he  was  as  learned  as  any 
of  the  college,  and  as  well  bred  as  any  at 
court.  He  died  August,  1708,  aged  66,  at 
Northfleet.  Besides  his  travels,  he  wrote 
several  lives  in  the  translation  of  Plutarch, 
published  in  his  time. 

Browne,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Shepton-Mallet,  Somersetshire, 
and  early  appointed  pastor  of  a  congrega- 
tion at  Portsmouth,  and  afterwards  at  the 
Old  Jewry,  where  for  many  years  he  was 
admired  for  his  eloquence,  and  respected 
for  the  correctness  of  his  conduct.  The 
death,  however,  of  his  wife  and  his  only 
son  in  1723,  had  such  an  effect  upon  his 
feelings  that  it  deprived  him  of  his  reason, 
and  at  times  exhibited  him  a  melancholy 
monument  of  great  powers  of  mind  de- 
parted. Unable  longer  to  officiate,  he  re- 
tired to  his  native  town,  where,  remote 
from  society  and  unwilling  to  associate  with 
his  dearest  friends,  he  considered  himself 
as  struck  by  the  Almighty,  deprived  of  his 
rational  soul,  and  sunk  to  the  level  of  the 
brute  creation.  He  died  about  the  end  of 
1732,  aged  52  ,  and  what  is  remarkable, 
he  composed  about  two  years  before  his 
death,  in  his  more  luminous  intervals,  two 
works  in  defence  of  Christianity,  against 
the  attacks  of  Woolston  and  Tindal,  in 
which  he  displayed  all  the  powers  of  a 
sound  and  vigorous  understanding.  He 
wrote  a  dedication  to  queen  Caroline,  but 
on  account  of  some  incoherent  expressions 
it  was  suppressed  by  the  advice  of  his 
friends,  but  afterwards  inserted  in  the  Ad- 
venturer, No.  88.  Several  daughters  sur- 
vived him. 

Browne,  Sir  Anthony,  a  judge,  bom  in 
Essex,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  Under 
Mary  he  was  made  sergeant  at  law,  and  in 


liHO 


liltU 


IboS,  promoted  to  the  office  of  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas,  which  he  re- 
signed to  Sir  John  Dyer  on  Elizabeth's 
accession,  though  he  sat  as  puisne  judge  of 
the  same  court  till  his  death  in  1567.  He 
was  a  violent  papist,  and  wrote  arguments 
for  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  her  right  of  suc- 
cession to  the  English  crown,  &c.  published 
by  Lesley,  bishop  of  Ross. 

Browne,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  pro- 
vost of  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  after- 
xvards  bishop  of  Cork,  where  he  died,  1735. 
He  wrote  in  defence  of  Christianity  against 
Toland,  a  work  which,  as  Toland  observed, 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  bishop — the  pro- 
gress, extent,  and  limits  of  the  human 
understanding — two  volumes  of  Sermons — 
besides  a  tract  against  the  fashionable  cus- 
tom of  drinking  to  the  memory  of  the  dead; 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  an  English 
poet,  born  21st  January,  1706,  at  Burton 
upon  Trent,  where  his  father  was  minister. 
He  was  educated  at  Lichfield,  Westmin- 
ster, and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from 
whence,  after  taking  his  degree  of  M.  A.  he 
removed  to  Lincoln's  Inn.  Here  he  devo- 
ted himself  to  the  muses,  and  wrote  some 
poetical  pieces,  especially  on  "  design  and 
beauty,"  and  his  "  pipe  of  tobacco."  He 
served  in  the  parliament  of  1744,  and  1748, 
for  Wcnlock,  and  died  14th  February,  1760, 
in  his  55th  year.  His  most  popular  work 
was  "de  animi  immortalitate,"  in  two 
volumes,  a  composition  which  displayed  his 
great  classical  taste,  as  a  happy  imitator  of 
Virgil  and  Lucretius,  and  which  so  much 
commanded  the  approbation  of  the  public, 
that  several  translations  quickly  appeared, 
the  best  of  which  were  those  of  Soame 
Jenyns  and  Mr.  Lettice.  The  poems  of 
this  excellent  scholar  and  truly  amiable 
man  were  elegantly  published  by  his  son  in 
1 768,  in  a  large  8vo. 

Browne,  Sir  William,  a  physician  of 
eminence,  who,  after  practising  with  great 
success  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  came  to  settle 
in  London,  where  he  died,  10th  March, 
1774,  aged  82.  He  left  two  prize  medals 
to  Cambridge,  to  be  contended  for  by  the 
rising  poets  of  the  university.  He  is  known 
not  only  for  his  abilities  in  the  medical  line, 
but  for  many  ingenious  and  entertaining 
pieces  both  in  prose  and  verse,  in  Latin  and 
in  English,  which  he  wrote,  besides  a  trans- 
lation of  Gregory's  elements  of  catoptrics 
and  dioptrics.  He  %vas  a  man  of  genuine 
wit,  and  had  a  great  command  of  temper ; 
and  when  Foote  introduced  him,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  dispute  with  the  licentiates 
of  the  college  of  physicians,  in  his  Devil 
upon  two  sticks,  and  exactly  caricatured 
him  as  a  tall  figure,  with  his  wig  arid  iden- 
tical coat,  the  physician,  who  disdained  to 
resent  the  affront,  sent  the  actor  his  card, 
to  compliment  him  in  his  happy  represen- 
tation,  accompanying  it  at  the  same  time 

Vox..  I.  39 


with   his  muff,   which  he  said  had  been 
omitted  in  the  play. 

Browne,  Edward,  an  English  divine, 
author  among  other  things  of  a  heavy 
work,  in  2  vols,  folio,  1690,  called  Fasci- 
culus rerum  expetendarum  et  fugiendarum. 

Browne,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Cross- 
boyne,  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  in  Ireland, 
who  studied  physic  at  Paris,  and  took  his 
degree  of  M.D.  at  Leyden.  He  fixed  his 
residence  for  some  years  in  the  West  Indies, 
and  published  a  natural  and  civil  history  of 
Jamaica,  in  folio,  and  also  maps  of  the 
island,  1756.  He  died  at  Rushbrook,  in 
Ireland,  1790,  respected  for  his  learning 
and  his  amiable  manners.  He  left  some 
MSS.  on  the  plants  of  Jamaica,  which 
have  not  been  published. 

Brownwrig,  Ralph,  son  of  a  merchant 
at  Ipswich,  was  educated  at  Pembroke- 
hall,  Cambridge,  and  after  various  promo- 
tions, became  master  of  Catherine-hall, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  that  university,  and 
last  of  all,  in  1641,  was  nominated  bishop 
of  Exeter.  During  the  civil  wars  he  was 
deprived  of  his  ecclesiastical  office,  and 
passed  his  life  in  retirement.  It  is  said 
that  he  once  -boldly  advised  Cromwell  to 
restore  Charles  II.  to  his  throne.  Two 
years  before  his  death,  which  happened  in 
1659,  in  his  67th  year,  he  was  made  preach- 
er at  the  Temple.  His  sermons  were  pub- 
lished in  three  vols,  and  Dr.  Gauden,  who 
knew  him,  and  respected  his  abilities  and 
character,  speaks  in  the  highest  terms  of 
him. 

BrucE,  James,  a  famous  traveller,  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  race  of  Scottish 
kings.  He  was  born  at  Kinnaird,  and 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  afterwards  at 
Edinburgh.  He  became,  by  his  early  resi- 
dence in  England,  acquainted  with  many 
eminent  characters  in  literature  and  in 
politics.  The  indisposition  of  his  wife, 
who  was  the  daughter  of  a  wine  merchant^ 
with  whom  he  was  in  partnership  in  Lon- 
don, induced  him  to  travel  to  the  south  of 
France,  and  in  consequence  of  her  death 
he  prolonged  his  absence  from  home  by 
visiting  Portugal  and  Spain.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  invited  to  accept  the  consul- 
ship of  Algiers  in  1763,  and  after  improv- 
ing himself  in  learning  the  languages  of 
Africa,  he  began  to  form  the  project  of  ex- 
ploring the  most  unknown  parts  of  that 
continent.  In  1768,  he  visited  Aleppo, 
and  immediately  after  entered  Egypt,  and 
penetrated  into  Abyssinia,  where  for  nearly 
six  years  he  remained  employed  in  examin- 
ing the  antiquities,  the  manners,  and  insti- 
tutions of  a  people  known  to  Europeans 
only  by  name.  The  history  of  this  excur- 
sion was  published  in  five  vols.  4to.  1790, 
but  so  extraordinary  and  marvellous  did 
the  circumstances  related  by  the  traveller 
appear,  that  few  were  inclined  to  credit 
305 


JiKL 


BRL 


his  assertions,  or  to  trust  to  bis  narrative. 
Some  events,  however,  have  tended  to 
throw  authenticity  on  his  history,  and  he 
has  established  a  greater  claim  to  veracity 
by  the  respectable  testimony  of  Butiun, 
Daines  Barrington,  and  Sir  William  Jones. 
During  his  absence  in  that  distant  part  of 
the  world,  his  relations  claimed  his  pro- 
perty, and  on  the  pretended  report  of  his 
death  would  have  divided  the  spoils,  had 
not  the  traveller  returned  at  the  critical 
moment,  in  1773.  Soon  after,  to  prevent 
a  similar  event,  he  married,  and  had  some 
children  by  his  lady,  who  died  1784.  He 
was  unfortunately  killed  by  a  fall  down  his 
staircase  at  Kinnaird,  in  April,  1794,  in  his 
65th  year.  The  king,  it  is  said,  purchased 
his  drawings  for  2000L  and  paid  for  the 
engraving  of  the  plates  in  his  travels.  His 
museum  contained  a  curious  collection 
which  he  had  formed  during  his  travels, 
and  of  which  notice  has  been  taken  by  Mr. 
Lettice,  who,  in  1792,  visited  and  admired 
the  abode  of  the  Abyssinian  hero. 

Brucioli,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, banished  from  his  country  for  oppo- 
sing tbe  house  of  Medicis.  When  restored 
by  a  revolution  to  his  native  city,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  public  odium,  as  being 
suspected  of  favouring  the  opinions  of 
Luther,  and  be  retired  to  Venice,  where  his 
brothers  were  printers,  and  where  he  pub- 
lished, in  1532,  his  translation  of  the  Bible 
in  Italian,  with  a  prolix  commentary,  in  7 
vols,  fob  a  work  called  by  the  monks  here- 
tical. He  wrote  translations  of  Pliny's 
history,  and  some  pieces  of  Aristotle  and 
Cicero,  besides  dialogues,  editions  of  Pe- 
trarch and  Bocace.  He  died  after  the  year 
1554,  but  what  year  is  uncertain. 

Brucker,  John  James,  a  native  of  Augs- 
fiurg,  who  studied  and  took  his  degrees  at 
Jena.  He  became  member  of  the  Berlin 
academy  of  sciences,  minister  of  Kauf- 
beueren,  and  afterwards  of  Augsburg, 
where  he  died,  1770,  aged  74.  His  chief 
work  is  bistoriacritica  philosophise,  Leipsic, 
6  vols.  4to.  abridged  by  Dr.  Enfield  in  2 
vols.  4to.     He  wrote  other  learned  works. 

Bruere,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  writer, 
»vbo  possessed  wit  and  genius.  He  is 
author  of  some  operas,  a  comedy,  a  history 
of  Charlemagne,  &c.  He  died,  1754,  aged 
39. 

Bruets,  David  Augustine,  a  native  of 
Aix,  who,  by  writing  against  Bossuet's  ex- 
position of  the  faith,  was  converted  by  the 
prelate  from  protestantism  to  the  Catholic 
religion.  He  soon  after  quitted  divinity 
and  wrote  plays,  and  again  turned  his 
thoughts  to  theological  controversy.  He 
died  at  Montpellier,  1733,  aged  83.  His 
dramatic  pieces  were  published  in  three 
vols.  12mo.  1735.  He  translated-  also,  or 
rather  paraphrased,  Horace's  art  of  poetry. 

Brugnatelli,  Lewis,  a  physician  and 
30R 


chymist,  was  born  at  Pavia,  in  1761.  He 
took  his  doctor's  degree  at  the  university  of 
his  native  place,  in  1784,  and  soon  after 
was  elected  demonstrator  of  Chymistry. 
In  1787,  be  succeeded  to  the  chymical  pro- 
fessorship, as  he  afterwards  did  to  that  of 
medicine.  He  was  an  indefatigable  experi- 
mentalist, and  made  several  important  dis- 
coveries, particularly  in  the  properties  of 
the  gastric  juice,  and  the  varieties  of  com- 
bustion. He  died  Oct.  24th,  1818.  His 
works  are — 1.  Elements  of  Chymistry.  2. 
A  General  Pharmacopoeia.  3.  Materia  Me- 
dica.  4.  Bibliotheca  Fisica  d'Europe,  20 
vols.  5.  Avarezamenti  delle  Medicina  e 
Fisica,  20  vols.  6.  Annali  di  Chimica.  7. 
Commentarii  Medici.  8.  Giornale  di 
Fisica  Chimica  e  Storia  Naturale,  8  vols. 
4to.— W.  B. 

Bruges,  John  de,  a  Flemish  painter  of 
the  15th  century,  said  to  be  the  first  painter 
in  oil,  an  invention  attributed  by  some  to 
his  brother  Hubert  Eick.  The  first  picture 
in  this  style  was  presented  by  him  to  Al- 
phonsus  I.  king  of  Naples. 

Brugiantino,  Vincent,  an  Italian  poet 
of  inferior  merit.  He  flourished  in  the 
middle  of  the  16th  century. 

Bruguieres,  John  William,  a  native  of 
Montpellier,  who  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine  and  natural  history. 
Though  his  father  wished  him  to  settle  at 
home,  and  induced  him  to  comply  with  hi6 
wishes  by  giving  him  a  wife,  he  quitted  all 
his  connexions  three  months  after  his 
marriage,  and  embarked  in  a  voyage  to  the 
south  seas  in  the  character  of  a  botanist. 
He  was  thus  enabled  to  make  a  valuable 
collection  of  curiosities  in  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms,  and  the  name  of  Lan- 
gaha,  which  he  gave  to  some  reptiles  which 
he  discovered,  has  been  preserved  in  la 
Cepede's  history  of  serpents.  After  his 
return  he  settled  at  Montpellier,  but  after 
seven  years'  residence  there,  the  accidental 
discovery  of  a  coal  mine,  and  of  some  fos- 
sils and  petrifactions,  awakened  in  him  a 
strong  desire  of  explaining  the  nature  of 
minerals.  He  therefore  repaired  to  Paris, 
and  after  labouring  for  some  time  as  the 
friend  and  associate  of  Daubenton,  in  pre- 
paring an  interesting  account  of  vermes  for 
the  encyclopedic  methodique,  he  prepared 
to  embark  for  the  Levant,  in  company  with 
Oliver.  A  weak  constitution,  however, 
prevented  his  departure,  and  he  died  at 
Ancona,  September,  1799,  of  a  fever.  He 
wrote  a  valuable  account  of  the  vermes 
molluscs,  zoophylae,  fossils  and  shells  of 
the  torrid  zone,  and  in  honour  of  his  ser- 
vices to  natural  history,  a  curious  shrub, 
which  he  discovered  among  the  rocks  of 
Madagascar,  has  received  his  name  in 
Heretier's  writings.  His  account  of  his 
voyage  to  the  south  seas  has  not  vet  been 
published. 


BRL- 


BItU 


Bruhier  d'Ablaincourt,  Jean  Jaques, 
a  very  prolific  writer  and  ingenious  physi- 
cian of  Beauvais,  who  died  1756.  He  is 
author  of  letters  on  divers  subjects — a 
treatise  on  fevers,  1746 — observations  on 
the  cure  of  the  gout  and  rheumatism,  by 
Hoffman  a^d  James — on  the  uncertainty 
of  the  signs  of  death,  two  vols.  12mo. 
1746,  &c. 

Bruin,  John  de,  an  ingenious  professor 
of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Utrecht. 
He  was  a  great  lover  of  experiments,  and 
was  a  skilful  operator  in  the  dissection  of 
animals.  He  died  in  1675,  aged  55,  and 
his  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by  the 
famous  Gramus.  He  wrote  several  va- 
luable treatises,  de  vi  altrice — de  corporum 
gravitate  et  levitate — de  lucis  causa  et 
origine — de  cognitione  Dei  naturali,  &c. — 
besides  an  apology  in  favour  of  the  Car- 
tesian philosophy,  which  he  warmly  es- 
poused. 

Bruix,  Chevalier  de,  a  French  writer, 
distinguished  for  his  easy,  elegant,  and  fa- 
cetious powers  of  diction.  He  wrote  "re- 
flexions diverses,"  in  1756,  and  died  1780. 

Brulart,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent for  his  services  in  diplomatic  and  po- 
litical affairs  under  Henry  IV.  He  was 
chancellor  of  the  kingdom,  and  like  the  fa- 
vourites of  courts  experienced  all  the  dis- 
appointment and  vicissitudes  of  ambition. 
He  died  10th  Oct.  1624,  aged  80.  His 
son  Peter  distinguished  himself  also  in  the 
service  of  his  country,  as  ambassador  and 
secretary  of  state.  He  died  1640,  aged 
57,  leaving  a  respectable  public  and  private 
character. 

Brulart,  Fabio,  a  bishop  of  Soissons, 
author  of  some  treatises  on  eloquence,  &c. 
He  died  1714. 

Brulefer,  Stephen,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
St.  Maloes,  author  of  some  learned  trea- 
tises in  the  15th  century. 

Brumot,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit,  born 
at  Rouen.  He  is  chiefly  known  for  his 
valuable  work  called  the  theatre  of  the 
Greeks,  in  which  he  displays  great  correct- 
ness and  elegant  taste  as  a  scholar  and  as 
a  critic.  He  wrote  besides  miscellaneous 
pieces  in  verse  and  prose,  four  vols.  12mo. 
and  died  in  1742,  aged  52,  universally  es- 
teemed for  the  excellence  of  his  private 
character. 

Brun,  Charles  le,  a  famous  painter,  of 
Scotch  extraction,  son  of  a  statuary,  born 
in  France  in  1619.  Destined  by  nature  to 
excel  as  a  painter,  he  at  the  age  of  three 
drew  figures  with  charcoal,  and  when  12 
made  a  picture  of  his  uncle  so  exact,  that 
it  is  still  admired  as  a  highly  finished 
piece.  He  studied  under  Vouet  and  Pous- 
sin,  and  was  fortunately  patronised  by 
Seguier,  Mazarin,  and  Colbert,  by  whose 
munificence  he  improved  himself,  and  rose 
to  distinction.     The  honours  which  he  re- 


ceived from  the  king,  and  the  appointments 
which  he  held,  were  fully  deserved  by  the 
elegant  and  amiable  painter,  who  was 
popular  as  much  for  excellence  of  private 
character,  as  for  professional  superiority. 
His  most  famous  pieces  were  St.  Stephen, 
the  family  of  Darius,  five  pieces  in  the  his- 
tory of  Alexander,  besides  the  beautiful 
paintings  which  adorned  the  palace  of  Fon- 
tainbleau  and  Versailles,  especially  the 
staircase  of  the  latter,  in  which  he  was  en- 
gaged fourteen  years.  Brun  died  1690,  at 
his  house  in  the  Gabelins,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  manufactory.  He  wrote  a 
curious  treatise  on  physiognomy,  and  an- 
other on  the  character  of  the  passions. 

Brun,  Lawrence  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Nantes,  who  died  at  Paris  in  1653,  aged 
56.  He  wrote  Virgilius  Christianus,  and 
Ovidius  Christianus,  imitating  the  subjects 
of  the  Latin  bards  with  greater  piety  than 
taste,  and  instead  of  pagan  divinities  and 
rites,  he  introduced  the  characters  and 
penitential  lamentations  of  converted 
saints  and  dying  martyrs.  He  wrote  be- 
sides the  Ignatiad  in  12  books,  on  the  pil- 
grimage of  Ignatius  to  Jerusalem,  &c. 

Brun,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Dole,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  politician  and  an  ambassa- 
dor. He  wrote  some  poetical  pieces,  and 
died  at  the  Hague,  1654,  aged  54. 

Brun,  Jean  Baptist  le,  a  French  writer, 
who  died  at  Orleans  in  1731.  His  works- 
were  chiefly  on  divinity  subjects.  He  pre- 
pared a  valuable  edition  of  Lactantius, 
which  was  published  in  two  vols.  4to.  1748, 
by  Langlet  du  Fresnoy. 

Brun,  Anthony  Lewis,  a  French  poet, 
of  inferior  note,  author  of  some  operas  and 
musical  pieces.  He  died  at  Paris,  1743, 
aged  63. 

Brun,  William  le,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  Latin  and  French  dictionary  uni- 
versally esteemed.    He  died  1758,  aged  84. 

Brun,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Provence, 
author  of  a  critical  history  of  the  supersti- 
tious practices  which  have  seduced  the  vul- 
gar and  embarrassed  the  learned,  three 
vols.  12mo. — and  on  the  unlawfulness  of 
dramatic  entertainments  in  a  religious 
view — and  on  liturgies — works  of  merit. 
He  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  died  1729, 
aged  70. 

Brunck,  Richard  Philip  Frederic,  a  ce- 
lebrated scholar  and  writer  of  Strasburg, 
member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  of  the  national  institute  at  Paris,  died 
1803,  aged  84.  He  is  particularly  known 
in  the  republic  of  letters  for  his  great  eru- 
dition and  his  extensive  reading.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  other  works,  learned  edi- 
tions of  iEschylus,  Anacreon,  Sophocles, 
Aristophanes,  Apollonius  Rhodius,  and 
Virgil,  carefully  compared  with  MS.  copies, 
and  rendered  valuable  by  annotations — 
and  also  analectum  veterum  poetarum 
307 


BRU 


BRU 


iiracc.  4  vols.  8vo.  repeatedly  edited — and 
gnomici  poetae  Graeci,  8vo. 

Brunehaut,  a  daughter  of  Athanagild, 
the  king  of  the  Visigoths,  who  married,  in 
508,  Sigebert  I.  king  of  Austrasia.  After 
her  husband's  death,  she  married,  at 
Rouen,  where  she  had  retired  with  her  two 
daughters,  Merovee,  son  of  Childeric,  king 
of  Soissons ;  but  this  union  was  displeas- 
ing to  her  father-in-law,  and  she  therefore 
retired  to  Austrasia,  where  she  assumed 
the  regency,  during  her  son  Childebert's 
minority.  When  banished  from  Austrasia 
for  her  misconduct,  she  went  to  the  court 
of  Thierry,  her  grandson,  king  of  Burgun- 
dy, whom  she  persuaded  to  take  Paris 
from  Clotaire.  Ever  restless,  ambitious, 
and  vindictive,  she  is  known  in  French  his- 
tory for  her  great  crimes,  her  debaucheries, 
and  cruelties.  She  was  publicly  accused 
of  causing  the  death  of  ten  kings,  and  her 
death  was  as  ignominious  as  her  life  had 
been  abandoned.  She  was  betrayed  into 
the  hands  of  her  enemy  Clotaire,  who  or- 
dered her  to  be  dragged  at  the  tail  of  a 
wild  horse,  and  thus  she  perished  in  the 
greatest  torments,  613. 

Brunellschi,  Philip,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, originally  a  goldsmith  and  clockma- 
ker,  and  afterwards  distinguished  for  his 
great  knowledge  of  architecture.  The  dome 
of  St.  Mary's  church  at  Florence  is  among 
the  monuments  of  his  genius.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  Medicis,  and  died  in  his 
native  city  in  1444,  aged  67,  universally 
regretted.  He  was  also  an  engineer ;  and 
some  of  his  verses  appeared  with  those  of 
Burchiello. 

Brunet,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Aries, 
in  Provence,  born  in  1717,  and  known  as 
an  able  writer  on  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

Brunetto,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  who  distinguished  himself  as 
an  ambassador,  and  perhaps  more  as  the 
master  of  Dante.  He  is  author  of"  II  Te- 
soro,"  or  the  origin  of  all  things.  He  died 
1295,  at  Florence. 

Bruni,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  the 
service  of  the  duke  d'Urbino.  He  was  uni- 
versally beloved  for  the  amiable  manners 
and  liveliness  which  distinguished  his  cha- 
racter. He  wrote  lyrics,  miscellaneous 
pieces,  &c.  His  heroic  epistles  were  much 
admired  for  the  beautiful  engravings  which 
accompanied  them,  executed  from  the  de- 
signs of  Dominichino.  He  died  24th  Sep- 
tember, 1635. 

Brunner,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  phy- 
sician of  Switzerland,  who  studied  at 
Strasburg  and  Paris,  and  visited  Holland, 
England,  and  Germany.  He  died  at  Man- 
heim  in  1727,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of 
several  treatises  on  medicine  in  Latin  ;  and 
he  defended  the  opinion,  that  the  pancreas 
is  unnecessary  to  the  support  of  animal  life, 
i;i  a  4to.  vol.  16S3.  His  other  works  are, 
308 


de  glandulis  in  duodeno  intestino  delcctis, 
4to.  1687 — de  glandula  pituitaria  disserta- 
tio,  4to.  1688. 

Bruno,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreuse.  His  sanctity  recommended 
him  to  pope  Urban  II.  He  died  1101, 
aged  41,  at  a  monastery  wWch  he  had 
founded  in  Calabria. 

Bruno,  Jordano,  a  native  of  Nola,  who 
visited  Geneva,  Lyons,  Toulouse,  Paris, 
and  London,  where  he  became  the  friend  of 
Philip  Sidney  and  Fulke  Greville.  His  opi- 
nions were  considered  as  heretical  and  im- 
pious, and  consequently  exposed  him  to  the 
jealousy  and  persecution  of  the  times.  In 
various  cities  of  Germany  he  drew  ecclesi- 
astical censures  upon  him,  and  at  last  he 
was  apprehended  at  Venice,  where  he  was 
sentenced  by  the  inquisition  to  be  burnt  at 
a  stake,  on  the  17th  February,  1600, 
Though  an  atheist  at  heart,  he  yet  believed 
the  effects  of  magic  and  sorcery.  He 
wrote,  among  other  things,  a  curious  book 
called  Spaccio  della  bestia  triumphante, 
dedicated  to  sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  an  Ita- 
lian comedy,  called  II  Candelajo,  besides 
some  Latin  poems, 

Brunsfeld,  Otho,  a  physician,  born  at 
Metz,  who  warmly  embraced  the  opinions 
of  Luther.  He  was  regent  of  the  public 
school  at  Strasburg,  and  took  his  medical 
degrees  at  Basil.  He  published  herbarum 
viva?  icones,  in  fol.  3  vols.  1530,  and  a  bio- 
graphical catalogue  of  early  physicians, 
1530,  4to.  He  was  appointed  public  phy- 
sician at  Bern,  and  died  there  1534. 

Brunswick,  Maximil.  Jul.  Leopold  duke 
of,  nephew  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was 
born  20th  October,  1722.  He  served  in 
the  army  with  great  reputation ;  and, 
during  a  sudden  inundation  of  the  Oder, 
near  Frankfort,  he  attempted  to  save  some 
of  the  unfortunate  inhabitants  from  the 
waters,  and  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  humani- 
ty, 24th  April,  1785. 

Brunton,  Mary,  an  ingenious  lady,  was 
the  only  daughter  of  colonel  Thomas  Bal- 
four, and  born  in  the  island  of  Barra,  in 
Orkney,  Nov.  1,  1778.  She  received  an 
excellent  education,  under  the  inspection 
of  her  mother,  whom  she  lost  at  an  early- 
age.  In  her  twentieth  year  she  became 
the  wife  of  Dr.  Alexander  Brunton,  then 
minister  of  Bolton,  near  Haddington,  and 
afterwards  at  Edinburgh,  where  she  pub- 
lished anonymously  a  novel,  entitled 
"  Self-Control,"  which  soon  reached  a 
third  edition,  and  was  followed  by  "  Dis- 
cipline," a  novel,  which  met  with  equal  suc- 
cess. She  died  in  child-bed,  Dec.  19,  ISIS. 
After  her  death  appeared  "  Emmeline,"  a 
tale,  with  some  other  pieces,  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  biographical  sketch,  written  by 
her  husband,  from  which  this  account  is 
taken.— W.  B. 

Bruschius,  Gaspar,  a   Latin   historian 


BRU 


BKU 


and  poet  of  Egra,  in  Bohemia,  born  in 
1518.  He  travelled  much,  and  published 
various  works  on  ecclesiastical  affairs, 
which  produced  him  the  patronage  of  se- 
veral learned  men,  and  of  some  princes, 
who  munificently  rewarded  his  labours. 
He  was  at  last  murdered  in  a  forest  near 
Rotterdam,  1559.  His  writings  are  very 
numerous  ;  but  his  ecclesiastical  history  of 
Germany  is  particularly  esteemed,  though 
he  is  accused  of  favouring  too  strongly  the 
doctrines  of  Luther. 

Brusoni,  Domitius,  author  of  a  face- 
tious treatise  called  Speculum  mundi,  edit- 
ed at  Rome,  1518,  in  fol. 

Brusoni,  Jerome,  a  Venetian  writer, 
born  at  Legnago,  of  a  noble  family.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Carthusian  fraterni- 
ty, which  it  is  said  he  quitted  three  differ- 
ent times.  He  published  50  different  works, 
and  died  1680,  aged  70.  His  best  known 
works  are  his  history  of  Italy,  from  1628 
to  1679,  in  fol.  and  elucidario  poetico, 
12mo. 

Brutus,  a  brother  of  Ascanius,  said  by 
monkish  chroniclers  to  have  settled  in  Al- 
bion, to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Britain, 
in  the  time  of  his  father  JEneas,  and  soon 
after  the  Trojan  war. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  a  Roman,  cele- 
brated as  the  author  of  the  expulsion  of  the 
Tarquins  from  Rome,  after  the  suicide  of 
Lucretia.  He  was  made  first  consul,  and  fell 
in  the  war  against  the  Tarquins,  B.  C.  509. 
Brutus,  Marcus  Junius,  a  son  of  Jun. 
Brutus,  by  the  sister  of  Cato.  He  joined 
other  conspirators  to  cut  off  Julius  Caesar, 
though  he  was  his  friend,  and  according  to 
others  his  father.  He  afterwards  fell  at 
the  battle  of  Philippi,  fighting  against  the 
triumvirate. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Albinus,  a  relation  of 
Marcus  Brutus,  who  with  him  also  conspi- 
red against  Julius  Caesar,  though  he  was  his 
particular  friend  and  benefactor.  He  was 
afterwards  besieged  in  Mutina  by  M.  An- 
tony, and,  in  his  attempt  to  escape  into 
Gaul,  was  slain,  and  his  head  sent  to  the 
conqueror. 

Brutus,  John  Michael,  a  learned  Vene- 
tian, who  travelled  over  Spain,  France, 
England,  Germany,  Poland,  and  Transyl- 
vania, and  acquired  an  extensive  knowledge 
of  the  history,  politics,  and  manners  of 
Europe.  He  was  invited  by  Stephen  king 
of  Poland,  to  reside  at  Cracow,  to  compose 
a  history  of  that  kingdom  ;  and  after  the 
death  of  his  patron,  he  fixed  his  abode  at 
Prague,  where  he  was  distinguished  by  the 
title  of  imperial  historiographer.  His  notes 
on  Ca?sar,  Horace,  and  Cicero,  display  his 
great  abilities  as  a  scholar  ;  and  the  gene- 
ral joy  which  was  expressed  when  Mr. 
Cromer  undertook  to  publish  a  new  edition 
of  his  writings,  evinces  the  eminence  of 
his  powers  as  a  philosopher  and  historian. 


In  his  letters  to  great  men  and  princes , 
Brutus  laid  aside  the  pompous  and  slavish 
deference  which  modern  times  have  intro- 
duced in  correspondence,  and  he  addressed 
them  with  all  the  simplicity  of  an  ancient 
Roman.  His  history  of  Florence  was  said 
to  depreciate  the  merits  of  the  Medicis, 
and  therefore  it  proved  offensive  to  the 
duke.  The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 
He  was  born  in  1518. 

Brutus,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Paris, 
who  died  there  1st  July,  1762,  aged  84. 
He  wrote  a  discourse  on  marriage,  and 
other  works. 

Bruyere,  John  de  la,  a  native  of  Dour- 
dan,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
appointed  by  Bossuet,  preceptor  of  history 
to  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  He  died  1696, 
aged  52.  He  is  the  author  of  "  c^arac- 
ters,"  after  the  manner  of  Theoph.  nstus, 
a  work  highly  esteemed  in  France,  as  de- 
scriptive, not  of  imaginary,  but  real  per- 
sons, in  a  style  rapid,  concise,  and  nervous. 
This  book,  as  might  be  expected,  procured 
the  author  many  admirers,  and  more  ene- 
mies ;  but  its  merits  are  so  great,  that  it 
will  always  be  considered  as  a  composition 
of  established  excellence.  The  best  edi- 
tions are,  of  Amsterdam,  1741,  and  Paris, 
1765. 

Brutn,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague.  He  travelled  through  Russia,  Per- 
sia, and  the  East  Indies  for  several  years, 
of  which  he  published  an  entertaining  and 
interesting  account.  The  best  edition  is 
that  of  Rouen,  in  1725,  in  5  vols.  4to.  as  it 
has  been  improved  and  corrected  by  the  la- 
bours of  the  abbe  Bannier. 

Bruts,  Francis,  was  born  at  Serrieres, 
in  the  Maconnois,  and  died  at  Dijon,  in  his 
30th  year,  1738.  He  studied  at  Geneva 
and  at  the  Hague,  where  he  turned  Cal- 
vinist,  but  after  visiting  Germany  and  re- 
turning to  France,  he  recanted.  He  pub- 
lished a  history  of  the  popes,  in  5  vols, 
4to.  1732 — a  critique  of  literary  journals, 
besides  entertaining  memoires  historiques 
critiques,  &c.  two  vols.  12mo. 

Bruts,  Peter  de,  founder  of  the  sect 
called  from  him  Petro-Brussians,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Languedoc.  He  maintained  that 
churches  were  of  no  use,  he  opposed  in- 
fant baptism,  recommended  the  destruction 
of  crucifixes  and  other  church  ornaments, 
he  forbade  the  offering  of  prayers  for  the 
dead,  and  declared  that  the  body  of  Christ 
was  not  in  the  sacrament.  After  commit- 
ting great  excesses  with  the  view  of  estab- 
lishing his  tenets,  he  was  seized  and  burnt 
alive  at  St.  Gilles,  1130. 

Bruzen  de  la  Martinicle,  Anthony 
Augustine,  was  born  at  Dieppe,  and  educa- 
ted at  Paris,  under  the  famous  Richard  Si- 
mon, his  uncle.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
dukes  of  Mecklenburg  and  Parma,  and  af- 
300 


BRY 


BTJC 


terwards  by  the  king  of  Naples,  who  grant- 
ed him  an  honourable  pension.  He  died 
at  the  Hague  1749,  aged  83.  His  great 
work  is  the  grand  Dictionaire  Historique, 
&c.  1730,  in  10  vols,  folio,  reprinted  at 
Paris,  6  vols.  1768,  with  corrections  ;  a 
performance  very  useful,  though  not  ele- 
gantly executed. 

Brt,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver, who  died  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine, 
1598,  aged  70.  His  miniature  figures  were 
universally  admired. 

Bryan,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  English- 
man, educated  at  Oxford.  He  attended,  in 
1522,  lord  Surrey,  the  English  admiral, 
against  France,  and  was  knighted  for  his 
bravery.  His  abilities  were  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  various  embassies,  and  he  was 
made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber, and  died  justiciary  of  Ireland,  154S. 
His  songs  and  sonnets  have  been  printed 
with  those  of  his  friend  Surrey,  and  of  sir 
Thomas  Wyatt.  He  also  translated  from 
the  French  a  dispraise  of  the  life  of  a  cour- 
tier, &c. 

Bryan,  George,  judge  of  the  supreme 
Court  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  native  of 
Dublin,  Ireland.  He  came  to  America  in 
early  life,  and  resided  at  Philadelphia.  Af- 
ter employing  several  years  in  commerce, 
he  was  introduced  into  public  life,  and  in 
1765,  appointed  a  member  of  the  congress 
which  met  to  remonstrate  against  the  op- 
pressive acts  of  the  British  government. 
During  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  cause  of  freedom.  Af- 
ter the  colonies  had  declared  themselves 
independent,  he  was  appointed  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  supreme  executive  council  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  1788  was  advanced 
to  the  head  of  the  government.  In  1789 
he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and 
rendered  himself  most  honourably  conspi- 
cuous, by  projecting  and  procuring  the 
passage  of  an  act  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery.  He  soon  after  received  his  ap- 
pointment as  judge  of  the  supreme  Court, 
and  continued  to  hold  that  office  till  his 
death,  in  January  1791.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous  understanding,  a  sound  judgment, 
and  a  tenacious  memory  ;  his  knowledge 
was  extensive,  his  integrity  unsullied,  and 
his  attachment  to  the  country  and  its  re- 
publican institutions  ardent.  He  was  a 
man  of  piety  and  amiable  manners,  and 
gave  dignity  to  the  public  stations  which 
lie  was  called  to  fill.  KT  L. 

Bryant,  Jacob,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  became  M.A. 
1744.  He  was  early  distinguished  as  a  po- 
lished classical  scholar,  and  published  ob- 
servations and  inquiries  relating  to  various 
parts  of  ancient  history,  8vo.  1767,'  and  a 
new  system  or  analysis  of  mvthology, 
310 


wherein  an  attempt  is  made  to  divest  tradi- 
tion of  fable,  and  to  reduce  truth  to  its  ori- 
ginal purity,  3  vols.  4to. — a  work  of  great 
merit.  He  wrote  besides  valuable  and  in- 
genious dissertations  on  Balaam,  Samson, 
Jonah — observations  on  disputed  passages 
in  Josephus,  Justin  Martyr,  &c. — a  treatise 
on  the  authenticity  of  the  holy  Scriptures 
— pamphlets  on  the  Rowleian  controversy, 
and  against  Priestley  on  necessity — obser- 
vations on  the  plagues  of  Egypt— disserta- 
tion on  the  war  of  Troy,  a  work  of  singu- 
lar character,  which,  with  all  the  weapons 
of  classical  knowledge  and  deep  and  pro- 
found erudition,  endeavours  to  destroy  our 
respect  for  the  authenticity  of  the  Iliad, 
and  to  represent  Homer,  not  as  the  bard 
of  Grecian  and  Trojan  heroes,  but  as  the 
builder  of  a  well-wrought  fiction.  Mr. 
Bryant  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  late 
duke  of  Marlborough,  and  in  consequence 
of  the  influence  of  his  patron  he  obtained 
a  lucrative  appointment  in  the  ordnance  of- 
fice. He  was  thus  enabled  to  spend  the 
rest  of  his  life  in  the  enjoyment  of  learned 
ease,  and  in  his  favourite  retirement  in 
Berkshire,  near  Windsor.  This  venerable 
scholar  died  in  1804,  aged  89,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  mortification  in  his  leg,  occa- 
sioned by  his  striking  it  violently  against  a 
chair  whilst  attempting  to  reach  a  book 
from  a  shelf. 

Brychan,  son  of  Aulach,  the  son  of  Cor- 
mach,  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  is  mentioned 
by  the  Welch  historians  as  the  father  of 
one  of  the  three  holy  families  of  Britain, 
from  whom  Garthmathein,  which  was  his 
patrimony,  was  called  Brecknock.  His 
children  were  founders  of  various  churches 
in  Wales.     He  died  A.  D.  450. 

Bryennus,  Nicephorus,  the  husband  of 
Anna  Comnena,  refused  the  throne  of 
Constantinople  at  the  death  of  Alexis,  his 
father-in-law.  He  began  the  life  of  Alexis, 
which  he  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  1137. 
It  was  published  at  Paris  1661,  with  a  La- 
tin version. 

Buc,  George,  a  learned  antiquary,  bom 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  knighted  by  James  I. 
to  whom  he  was  master  of  the  revels.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Richard  III.  in  five  books, 
and  supported  the  opinion  that  he  was  de- 
formed neither  in  body  nor  mind,  an  idea 
afterwards  maintained  by  Horace  Walpole 
— a  treatise  on  the  ancient  colleges,  and 
schools  of  learning  in  and  near  London — 
and  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  revels. 

Bucer,  Martin,  a  Dominican,  born  in 
Alsace,  who  early  embraced  the  tenets  of 
Luther.  He  afterwards  inclined  more  to 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglius,  and,  in  his  zeal 
for  the  reformation,  attempted  in  vain  to 
reconcile  these  two  powerful  leaders.  For 
20  years  his  eloquence  was  exerted  at 
Strasbnrg  to  establish  the  protestant  cause, 


BLC 


BUC 


but  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  and  bis  op- 
position to  the  views  of  the  Catholics  at 
Augsburg,  rendered  him  unpopular,  so  that 
be  received  with  pleasure  the  invitations  of 
Cranmer  to  settle  in  England.  He  was  re- 
ceived with  gratitude  by  the  nation.  Ed- 
ward VI.  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
and  he  was  appointed  theological  professor 
at  Cambridge,  in  1549,  where  he  died  two 
years  after,  five  years  after  the  persecutions 
of  Mary  were  extended  to  his  remains, 
which  were  ignominiously  burned,  but  the 
insult  was  repaired  by  the  good  sense  of  Eli- 
zabeth. In  learning,  judgment,  and  modera- 
tion, Bucer  was  inferior  to  none  of  the  great 
reformers,  and  with  Melancthon  he  may  be 
considered  as  the  best  calculated  to  restore 
and  maintain  unanimity  among  contending 
churches,  and  opposite  sects.  His  wri- 
tings in  Latin  and  German  were  very  nu- 
merous, and  all  on  theological  subjects. 
His  first  wife  was  a  nun,  by  whom  he  had 
13  children,  and  when  she  died  in  conse- 
quence of  the  plague,  he  married  a  second, 
and,  as  some  report,  a  third  time. 

Buchan,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,  a  mo- 
dern fanatic,  who  married  Robert  Buchan, 
a  common  workman,  in  the  service  of  Mr. 
Martin,  a  proprietor  of  the  Delft  works  in 
Glasgow,  by  whom  she  had  several  chil- 
dren. Her  frequent  perusal  of  Scripture, 
and  a  most  literal  interpretation  of  many 
of  its  mystical  passages,  so  worked  upon 
her  passions,  that  she  considered  herself 
as  a  new  prophet  in  1779,  and  inculcating 
the  immediate  dissolution  of  the  world,  she 
'  gained  to  her  party  a  great  number  of  the 
dissolute,  the  unthinking,  and  the  ignorant. 
These  Buchanites,  as  they  were  called, 
travelled  through  several  parts  of  Scotland, 
and  as  they  had  no  thought  for  the  mor- 
row, but  considered  that  they  should  be 
fed  like  the  ravens  of  the  air,  and  clothed 
like  the  lilies  of  the  field,  their  doctrines 
appeared  as  fascinating  to  the  vulgar  as 
they  were  wild  and  extravagant.  The  ef- 
fects of  this  fanatical  sect  might  have  been 
fatally  felt  on  the  morals  and  happiness  of 
the  people,  but  Mrs.  Buehan  died  in  May, 
1791,  aged  53,  and  her  followers  were  soon 
dispersed. 

Buchan,  William,  a  physician,  was  born 
at  Ancram,  in  Roxburghshire,  in  1729.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  after  resi- 
ding there  several  years  went  to  and  set- 
tled in  Yorkshire,  where  be  became  physi- 
cian to  the  Foundling  Hospital  at  Ackworth. 
He  continued  there  till  the  institution  was 
dissolved,  and  then  returned  to  Edinburgh. 
In  1770  he  published  his  popular  book  en- 
titled "  Domestic  Medicine,"  which  has 
gone  through  numerous  editions.  He  now 
removed  to  London,  where  he  obtained 
considerable  practice,  which,  however,  was 
diminished  by  the  preference  he  gave  to 
*ociety  rather  than  business.     He  publish- 


ed two  other  books,  "  a  Treatise  on  the  Ve- 
nereal Disease,"  which  went  through  three 
editions,  and  "  Advice  to  Mothers,"  both 
in  8vo.  He  died  in  1805,  and  was  buried 
in  the  cloisters  of  Westminster-abbey. 
Two  children  survived  him,  a  daughter  and 
a  son,  who  is  a  respectable  physician,  and 
the  author  of  "  Practical  Observations  con- 
cerning Sea-bathing." — W.  B. 

Buchanan,  George,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  near  Kellerne,  in  Lenox,  1506. 
Though  his  relations  were  poor,  yet  he  was 
well  educated,  by  the  advice  of  his  uncle 
Heriot,  who  foresaw  his  future  eminence  ; 
and  at  Paris  and  in  Scotland,  he  acquired 
that  learning  which  contributed  so  much 
to  his  honour  and  the  honour  of  his  coun- 
try. He  early  embraced,  from  conviction, 
the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  at  Paris  became 
acquainted  with  the  earl  of  Cassilis,  with 
whom  for  five  years  he  was  engaged  as  an 
instructer  and  a  friend.  After  the  death 
of  Cassilis  he  was  appointed  by  the  king 
preceptor  to  his  natural  son,  the  famous 
Moray,  but  the  jealousy  of  the  papists  and 
the  severity  of  his  satire  against  the  monks, 
especially  in  his  piece  called  Francis  canus, 
rendered  his  situation  so  dangerous  that 
he  fled  to  England,  and  from  thence  to 
France.  For  three  years,  under  the  friend- 
ly patronage  of  Andrew  Govianus,  he  lived 
in  obscurity  at  Bourdeaux,  and  taught  in 
the  public  schools  there,  and  wrote  four 
Latin  tragedies,  to  draw  the  attention  of 
his  pupils  from  the  allegories  of  the  mo- 
derns to  the  imitation  of  the  purer  models 
of  Greece  and  Rome.  The  jealousy  of 
cardinal  Beatoun,  however,  who  had  perse- 
cuted him  in  Scotland,  pursued  him  in 
his  retirement,  and  he  left  Bourdeaux  for 
Coimbra,  where,  till  the  death  of  his  patron 
Govianus,  he  was  respected  and  admired 
for  his  lectures  in  philosophy  and  classical 
learning.  Soon  his  opposition  to  the  Ca- 
tholic tenets,  and  his  being  a  foreigner, 
rendered  him  suspected,  and  he  was  con- 
fined by  his  enemies  in  a  monastery,  where 
he  translated  the  Psalms  of  David  into 
Latin.  When  set  at  liberty  he  embarked 
for  England,  and  then  returned  to  France, 
where,  in  1554,  the  elegant  dedication  of 
his  tragedy  of  Jephtha  procured  him  the 
friendship  of  marshal  de  Cossi,  who  made 
him  for  five  years  preceptor  to  his  son.  In 
1566,  he  was  made  principal  of  St.  Leo- 
nard's college,  St.  Andrews,  and  invited 
by  Mary  of  Scots  to  be  the  future  precep" 
tor  to  her  son  ;  but  he  forgot  his  gratitude 
in  the  misfortunes  of  that  unhappy  prin- 
cess, and  in  his  "  Detection"  severely  ar- 
raigned her  character  in  favour  of  his  old 
pupil  Moray.  The  appointment  which 
Mary  destined  for  him  was  confirmed  by 
the  states,  and  from  him  James  VI.  derived 
much  of  the  knowledge  of  literature  and 
the  critical  taste  which  he  afterwards  dis- 
31] 


BUG 


BUD 


played  on  the  throne.  In  the  thirteen  last 
years  of  his  life,  Buchanan  was  engaged  in 
writing  the  history  of  his  country,  but 
though  nervous,  elegant,  and  perspicuous, 
it  is  occasionally  deficient  in  fidelity  and 
accuracy.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  28th 
February,  1582.  His  character  is  painted 
in  various  and  opposite  colours,  according 
to  the  partiality  of  the  protestants  and  the 
odium  of  the  catholics,  but  posterity  views 
him  as  an  able  scholar,  whose  mind  was 
stored  with  all  the  fire,  the  elegance,  and 
the  graces  of  ancient  literature,  and  who, 
in  a  barbarous  age,  revived  the  beauties 
and  the  sublimities  of  the  Roman  muse. 
His  works  were  published  together,  Edin- 
burgh, 2  vols.  fol.  1714. 

Buchanan,  Claudius,  a  divine,  was  born 
at  Cambuslang,  near  Glasgow,  in  1766. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  school  of 
Inverary,  and  when  only  fourteen  became 
a  tutor  in  a  private  family.  In  1782  he  en- 
tered the  college  of  Glasgow,  where  he  re- 
mained about  a  year  and  a  half,  and  then 
went  to  live  as  tutor  in  another  family  ; 
but  in  1787  he  quitted  Scotland,  and  visited 
London,  where  he  officiated  as  clerk  to  an 
attorney.  On  becoming  acquainted  with 
the  Rev.  John  Newton,  that  gentleman  re- 
commended him  to  Mr.  Thornton,  of  Clap- 
ham,  who  sent  him  to  Queen's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
bachelor  of  arts.  In  1798  he  was  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  chaplains  to  the  East  India 
company  at  Bengal ;  and  when  the  mar- 
quis Wellesley  founded  a  college  at  Fort 
William,  he  was  nominated  vice-provost, 
and  classical  professor  of  that  institution. 
In  1805  he  was  honoured  with  the  degree 
of  doctor  in  divinity  by  the  university  of 
Glasgow ;  and  the  year  following  he  re- 
turned to  England,  when  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  in  return  for  his  donation  of 
some  valuable  manuscripts,  presented  him 
with  the  same  degree.  Having  lost  his 
first  wife  in  the  East,  he  married,  in  1809, 
Miss  Thomson,  a  lady  of  fortune  in  York- 
shire, who  four  years  afterwards  departed 
this  life,  to  the  grief  of  her  husband.  Dr. 
Buchanan  was  employed  in  superintending 
an  impression  of  the  Syriac  Testament,  for 
the  Eastern  Christians,  when  he  died  at 
Broxbourne,  Feb.  9,  1815.  While  at  the 
head  of  the  college  at  Fort-William,  he 
gave  premiums  to  the  universities  of  Ox- 
ford, Cambridge,  and  Glasgow,  for  ser- 
mons and  prize-essays  on  the  propagation 
of  learning  and  religion  in  the  East.  His 
works  are — 1.  The  first  four  years  of  the 
college  of  Fort-William,  4to. — 2.  Memoir 
on  the  expediency  of  an  ecclesiastical  esta- 
blishment in  India,  4to. — 3.  The  Star  in 
the  East,  a  sermon,  8vo. — i.  Three  ser- 
mons, on  the  Jubilee,  8vo. — 5.  The  Light 
of  the  World,  a  sermon,  8vo. — 6.  Christian 
Researches  in  Asia,  8vo. — 7.  The  three 
312 


Eras  of  Light,  two  discourses  at  Cam- 
bridge, 8vo. — 8.  The  Healing  Waters  of 
Bethesda,  a  sermon  at  Buxton,  8vo. — 9. 
Sermons  on  interesting  subjects,  Svo. — 10. 
A  brief  View  of  the  state  of  the  colonies 
of  Great  Britain  and  her  Asiatic  empire, 
in  respect  to  religious  instruction,  4vo. — • 
11.  A  letter  to  the  East  India  company,  in 
reply  to  the  statements  of  Mr.  Buller,  con- 
cerning the  idol  Jaggernaut,  Svo. — 12.  An 
apology  for  promoting  Christianity  in  In- 
dia, 8vo. — 13.  Address  delivered  at  a  spe- 
cial meeting  of  the  Church  Missionary 
Society  to  four  ministers  destined  for  Cey- 
lon and  Tranquebav,  8vo. —  W.  B. 

Buchner,  Augustus,  a  native  of  Dresden, 
professor  of  poetry  and  eloquence  at  Wit- 
temberg,  where  he  died  1661,  aged  70.  He 
wrote  precepts  of  literature,  &c. 

Bucholtzer,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Sko- 
naw,  near  Wittemberg,  who  died  at  Freis- 
tadt,  where  he  was  pastor,  1584,  aged  55. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  index  chronologicus 
utriusque  testamenti,  1616,  Svo.  often  re- 
published. 

Buckeldius,  William,  a  native  of  Voi- 
der, who  died  at  Biervliet  in  1449.  He 
was  publicly  honoured  with  a  superb  mo- 
nument by  the  Dutch,  who  gratefully  re- 
membered his  ingenious  invention  of  the 
mode  of  curing  herrings  with  salt. 

Buckeridge,  John,  was  born  at  Dray- 
cot,  near  Marlborough.  His  worth,  learn- 
ing, and  eloquence,  recommended  him  to 
king  James,  before  whom  he  preached  at 
Hampton  court,  to  bring  the  Melvins  and 
other  Scotch  presbyterians  to  a  true  know- 
ledge of  the  doctrines  of  the  English 
church.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Roches-* 
ter  in  1611,  and  of  Ely  in  1628,  and  died 
three  years  after.  He  wrote  some  ser- 
mons, but  his  chief  work  is  de  potestate 
papa;,  &c.  adversus  Bellarminum. 

Buckhold,  John,  a  butcher  of  Leyden, 
who  headed  the  fanatical  mob  of  anabap- 
tists at  Munster,  over  whom  he  had  the  art 
to  make  himself  king.  After  an  obstinate 
siege  Munster  was  taken,  and  the  seditious 
leader  ignominiously  put  to  death,  1536. 

Buckingham.     Vid.  Villiers. 

Bucquet,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  phy- 
sician, born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1780, 
aged  34,  a  victim  to  excessive  application. 
He  was  early  noticed  for  his  abilities  in 
every  branch  of  medical  knowledge,  and 
made  professor  of  chymistry,  and  member 
of  the  academy  of  sciences.  His  lectures 
were  very  popular,  and  particularly  inter- 
esting. Several  of  his  treatises  are  pub- 
lished in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy. 

BudjEus,  William,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1467.  As  he  was  of  a  noble  family,  and 
heir  to  a  splendid  fortune,  he  was  early  in- 
troduced in  the  schools  of  Paris  and  the 
university  of  Orleans,  but  the  expectations 
of  hrs  friends  were  disappointed.     He  was 


BUD 


BUF 


Jegardless  of  study,  and  totally  attaclied  to 
every  species  of  extravagance  and  dissipa- 
tion, till  at  last  the  follies  of  youth  subsi- 
ded, and  from  the  most  debauched,  he 
became  the  most  studious,  regular,  and 
virtuous  man  of  his  age.  He  not  only 
cultivated  literature,  but  patronised  it  with 
all  the  warmth  of  friendship  and  interest  in 
others,  and  to  his  advice  and  influence  with 
Francis  I.  France  is  indebted  for  the  foun- 
dation of  her  royal  college.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  king  as  ambassador  to  Leo  X. 
and  died  at  Paris,  1540,  leaving  four  sons 
and  two  daughters.  His  works,  which  are 
valuable,  were  printed  at  Basil,  1557,  in 
four  vols.  fol.  Budaeus  was  the  frequent 
correspondent  of  Erasmus,  but  the  emi- 
nence of  these  two  men  rendered  them 
jealous  of  each  other's  reputation. 

Buddjecs,  John  Francis,  was  born  at 
Anclan  in  Pomerania,  and  was  successive- 
ly professor  at  the  university  of  Cobourg, 
Halle,  and  Jena.  He  was  learned  and  in- 
defatigable in  his  studies,  and  as  a  profes- 
sor popular  and  eminent  for  clearness, 
judgment,  and  taste.  He  died  at  Jena, 
1729,  aged  62.  He  wrote  elementa  philo- 
sophias,  &c.  three  vols.  8vo. — a  system  of 
theology,  two  vols.  4to. — a  German  histo- 
rical dictionary,  two  vols.  fol.  and  several 
other  works. 

Budgell,  Eustace,  descended  from  a 
respectable  family  in  Devonshire,  was  born 
at  St.  Thomas  near  Exeter,  and  educated 
at  Christ  church,  Oxford,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  the  Inner  Temple.  Instead, 
however,  of  studying  for  celebrity  in  the 
law,  he  cultivated  polite  literature,  and  be- 
came the  associate  of  persons  of  rank  and 
of  fashion.  When  Addison,  who  was 
cousin  to  his  mother,  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  lord  Wharton  the  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, Budgell  was  prevailed  onto  accompany 
him,  1710,  in  the  humbler  occupation  of 
one  the  clerks  of  his  office.  About  this 
time  he  began  his  literary  career,  and  with 
Steele  and  Addison  divided  the  public  fa- 
vour, as  a  writer  in  the  Spectator,  where 
his  numbers  were  marked  with  the  letter 
X.  He  also  afterwards  contributed  largely 
to  the  Guardian,  where  his  papers  are  de- 
signated with  an  asterisk.  The  elevation 
of  Addison  to  higher  offices  in  the  state  was 
shared  by  his  friend,  who  now  became  an 
active  and  eloquent  member  of  the  Irish 
parliament,  and  was  appointed  accomptant 
general  of  the  kingdom.  An  unfortunate 
dispute  however  with  Webster,  the  secreta- 
ry of  the  duke  of  Bolton,  the  succeeding 
viceroy,  destroyed  the  future  prospects  of 
Budgell,  who  retorted  against  his  antago- 
nist with  great  severity,  and  did  not  even 
spare  the  character  of  his  patron.  The 
lampoons  were  too  scurrilous  to  be  for- 
given, Budgell,  by  the  influence  of  the 
duke,  was  removed  from  his  office,  and  by 

Vol.  I.  40 


his  intemperate  conduct  in  publishing  hia 
vindication,  he  drew  upon  himself  not  only 
the  ridicule  and  the  odium  of  the  public, 
but  the  strongest  though  disregarded  repre- 
hensions of  his  friend  and  kinsman  Addi- 
son. To  this  ruined  state  of  public  charac- 
ter, and  to  other  disappointments,  Budgell 
had  to  add,  in  1720,  the  failure  of  the 
South  Sea  scheme,  in  which  he  lost  above 
20,000/.  and  his  discomfiture  in  his  at- 
tempts to  gain  a  seat  in  parliament,  which 
cost  him  more  than  5000/.  Thus  baffled 
in  his  pursuits,  and  ruined  in  his  for- 
tunes, he  began  to  look  for  support  in  the 
employment  of  his  pen,  but  his  libellous 
attacks  on  Walpole  and  the  ministry  left 
little  doubt  that  his  senses  were  occasion- 
ally impaired  by  the  misfortunes  and  the 
unkindness  which  he  had  met  in  the  world. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  Craftsman,  and 
afterwards  published  about  100  numbers  of 
a  weekly  pamphlet  called  the  Bee ;  but 
though  the  dutchess  of  Marlborough,  to 
whose  husband  he  was  distantly  related, 
gave  him  1000/.  and  Dr.  Tindal  left  him  by 
his  will  2000/.  yet  he  continued  to  be  a 
prey  to  want,  involved  in  debts  which  he 
could  not  discharge,  and  exposed  to  law- 
suits. To  the  bar,  the  destined  career  of 
his  youth,  he  had  recourse,  but  this  also 
failed,  and  in  the  midst  of  his  despair  and 
distraction,  he  took  a  boat  at  Somerset 
stairs,  after  having  previously  filled  his 
pockets  with  stones,  and  directing  the 
waterman  to  shoot  the  bridge,  he,  when 
under  the  arches,  threw  himself  into  the 
river,  and  never  rose  more.  This  melan- 
choly event  happened  in  1736,  and  might 
have  been  apprehended  from  the  disorder- 
ed state  of  mind  and  conduct  which  for 
some  days  preceded  it.  On  his  table  he 
left  a  paper,  containing  these  words, 

"  What  Cato  did,  and  Addison  approved, 
"  Cannot  be  wrong." 

Budgell,  as  a  writer,  was  ingenious,  lively, 
and  interesting,  scarce  inferior  to  the  ele- 
gant style  of  Addison,  and  rising  above  the 
greater  part  of  English  essayists.  In  his 
conduct  he  was  impetuous,  irascible,  and 
proud,  in  his  opinions  a  skeptic,  in  his  mo- 
rals a  profligate.  Besides  the  works  men- 
tioned, he  wrote  the  life  of  Boyles,  and 
translated  Theophrastus's  characters,  dedi- 
cated to  lord  Halifax,  and  by  some  he  was 
supposed,  but  falsely,  to  be  concerned  in 
Tindal's  Christianity  as  old  as  the  creation. 

Buffalmaco,- Bonamico,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  born  at  Florence.  He 
advised  his  friend  Bruno  to  represent  the 
figures  of  his  paintings  with  labels,  so  as  to 
introduce  a  living  scene.  He  died  1340, 
aged  79. 

Buffet,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  who 
wrote  an  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  wo- 
313 


BtF 


BCL 


men,  besides  observations  on  the  French 
language. 

Buffier,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  born 
in  Poland.  He  died  at  Paris,  1737,  aged 
76.  His  writings  were  ingenious  and  in- 
teresting. His  most  esteemed  work  is  a 
course  of  sciences,  on  principles  new  and 
simple,  to  form  and  engage  the  under- 
standing and  the  heart,  fol.  1732. 

Buffon,  George  Louis  le  Clerc,  count 
de,  a  learned  French  philosopher,  born  at 
Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  7th  September, 
1707.  His  father  destined  him  for  his  own 
profession,  the  law,  but  nature  had  marked 
him  for  the  sublimer  studies  of  philosophy. 
After  travelling  in  Italy,  where  the  works 
of  art  were  disregarded  by  his  inquisitive 
mind  for  the  more  attractive  charms  of  na- 
ture, and  after  visiting  for  three  short 
months  the  English  dominions,  he  fixed  his 
residence  at  home,  and  began  his  career  of 
fame  by  devoting  every  day  fourteen  hours 
to  his  favourite  studies.  At  the  death  of 
his  mother  he  inherited  a  princely  fortune 
of  about  12,000Z.  per  annum,  but  neither 
pleasure  nor  opulence  diverted  the  train  of 
his  learned  occupations.  In  composition 
he  exhibited  the  severest  correctness  ;  his 
works  when  finished  were  set  aside,  and 
some  time  after,  the  author  returned  to  the 
task  with  all  the  impartiality  of  a  stranger, 
but  the  scrutinizing  eye  of  criticism. 
Though  so  strongly  devoted  to  the  sci- 
ences, yet  he  was  fond  of  company ;  his 
table  displayed  hospitality,  and  his  con- 
versation was  easy,  pleasant,  and  void 
of  all  affectation  of  pedantry  and  superior 
knowledge.  His  favourite  authors  were 
Montesquieu,  Fenelon,  and  Richardson. 
He  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  died  16th 
April,  1788,  His  death  was  hastened  by 
the  violence  of  disease ;  56  stones  were 
found  in  his  bladder,  which  his  medical  at- 
tendants declared  they  could  have  removed, 
if  he  had  been  willing  to  submit  to  the 
operation.  His  funeral  was  honourably  at- 
tended by  the  learned  and  the  great,  and 
20,000  spectators  are  said  to  have  assem- 
bled to  view  his  remains  borne  to  the  vault 
of  Montbard,  where  he  wished  to  be  placed 
near  his  wife.  In  the  gardens  of  Mont- 
bard, near  a  high  tower,  was  erected  by  his 
only  son,  asmall  column,  with  these  words: 

Excelsce,  turn 
Humilis  cohimna, 
Parenti  suo 
Fil.  Buffon. 

Buffon  translated  Newton's  fluxions,  and 
Hale's  statics,  but  his  great  and  immortal 
work  is  his  "  Histoire  naturelle,"  35  vols. 
4to.  or  62  12mo.  1749—1765.  Though  his 
writings  are  so  deservedly  entitled  to  cele- 
brity, yet,  like  other  great  men,  he.is  not 
without  his  faults.  Some  critics  have  ex- 
posed to  ridicule  the  system  which,  in  di- 
314 


viding  the  whole  animal  world  into  six 
classes,  ranks  in  the  same  order  men  and 
quadrupeds,  the  lion  with  the  bat,  the  horse 
with  the  hog,  as  beasts  of  burden,  and  the 
crab  and  the  oyster  as  insects  with  lice 
and  fleas,  and  the  shell-fish  as  a  worm. 
De  la  Cepede  has  written  a  warm  eulogium 
on  his  friend,  and  with  equal  truth  and 
flattery  he  suspends  in  the  temple  of  genius 
the  four  lamps  of  Montesquieu,  Voltaire, 
Rousseau,  and  Buffon.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter Buffon  was  a  libertine,  occasionally 
vain  and  puerile.  The  works  of  men  of 
genius,  he  would  exclaim,  are  few,  only 
those  of  Newton,  Montesquieu,  Leibnitz, 
and  my  own.  His  son  suffered  during  the 
reign  of  Terror,  and  was  guillotined  in  1793, 
exclaiming  triumphantly  on  the  scaffold, 
"  citizens,  my  name  is  Buffon." 

Bugenhagen,  John,  a  native  of  Wollin, 
in  Pomerania,  the  adversary,  and  after- 
wards the  friend  and  missionary  of  Luther. 
He  preached  the  new  tenets  over  Germany 
with  great  success,  and  died  at  Wittemberg 
1558,  aged  73.  He  wrote  commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,  &c. 

Bugiardini,  Juliano,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1556,  aged  75.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  by  Michael  Angelo,  and 
excelled  chiefly  in  historical  paintings,  and 
in  landscapes. 

Buister,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Brussels, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1688,  aged  93.  His 
statues  adorn  Versailles  and  Paris. 

Bukertop,  Henry  de,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  Louvain  27th  May, 
1716.  He  wrote  various  works  of  contro^ 
versy,  &c. 

Bulklet,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Con- 
cord, Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Woodhill, 
England,  in  1583,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
ministry  in  his  native  place,  and  laboured 
there  twenty  years,  when  he  was  silenced 
for  nonconformity,  and  came  to  New-Eng- 
land. He  settled  with  a  number  of  plan- 
ters at  Concord  in  1636,  and  there  formed 
the  twelfth  church  that  was  established  in 
the  colony.  He  was  distinguished  for  his 
talents,  learning,  beneficence,  and  useful- 
ness as  a  minister,  and  gained  a  high  repu-< 
tation  by  his  writings  both  as  a  theologian 
and    a  poet.     He  died  in  1659. 

0°L. 
Bull,  John,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
admitted  1586  bachelor  of  music  at  Ox- 
ford, and  doctor  at  Cambridge.  He  was 
so  skilful  in  music  that  he  was  appointed 
organist  to  the  Queen's  chapel,  and  on  the 
establishment  of  Gresham  college,  he  was 
elected  professor  of  music,  and  permitted 
to  deliver  his  lectures  in  English.  He 
travelled  afterwards  in  Germany  and 
France,  and  at  last  went  to  reside  in  the 
Netherlands,  where  the  archduke  patron- 
ised him.    He  died  at  Lubec,  or  according 


ELL 


ULL 


10  Wood,  at  Hamburgh,  about  the  year 
1615,  aged  little  more  than  50.  His  com- 
positions in  the  collection  entitled  "  Par- 
thenie,"  show  him  to  have  had  great  pow- 
ers of  execution  on  the  harpsicord. 

Bull,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
was  born  at  Wells,  25th  March,  1634.  Af- 
ter being  at  school  at  Wells  and  Tiverton, 
he  entered  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  in 
1648  ;  but  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  al- 
legiance to  the  commonwealth,  the  next 
year  he  left  the  university,  and  retired  into 
Somersetshire,  where  the  good  sense  and 
pious  disposition  of  oneof  his  sisters  removed 
every  appearance  of  levity,  which  the  inex- 
perience of  youth,  or  the  turbulence  of  the 
times,  might  have  drawn  over  his  character. 
Under  the  care  of  William  Thomas,  a  pu- 
ritan of  extensive  learning  and  amiable 
manners,  he  made  progress  in  divinity,  and 
at  the  age  of  21,  he  was  ordained  by  Skin- 
ner, the  ejected  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  soon 
after  was  appointed  minister  of  St. 
George's,  near  Bristol.  In  this  capacity 
he  gained  the  esteem  and  reverence  of  his 
parishioners,  and  by  an  extempore  use  of 
the  prayers  of  the  liturgy,  which  were  at 
this  time  publicly  forbidden,  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  the  good  opinion  of  all  par- 
ties. He  married  in  1658,  and  was  made 
rector  of  Suddington  in  Gloucestershire  ; 
ajid  during  the  27  years  of  his  residence  in 
this  parish  he  composed  the  greatest  part  of 
his  valuable  works.  His  excellent  defence  of 
the  Nicene  creed  procured  him,  in  1685, 
the  honourable  degree  of  D.D.  from  the 
gratitude  of  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  and 
after  passing  through  the  several  prefer- 
ments of  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  rector 
of  Avening,  Gloucestershire,  and  archdea- 
con of  Landaff,  he  was  at  last  elevated  to 
the  See  of  St.  David's  in  1705,  where  he 
resided  in  pastoral  dignity,  and  died  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1709.  Of  eleven  children  by  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Gregory,  minister  of  Ci- 
rencester, only  two  survived  him.  His 
chief  works,  besides  the  Defensio  fidei  Ni- 
cenae,  are  his  harmonia  apostolica — exa- 
men  censurae — judicium  ecclesiae  catholicae, 
a  work  for  which  he  was  thanked  by  Bos- 
suet  and  other  French  ecclesiastics — primi- 
tiva  apostolica  traditio  de  J.  C.  divinatione, 
besides  various  discourses,  published  by 
Nelson,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  His  character  was 
great  and  amiable  in  private  as  well  as  in 
public  life.  His  learning,  as  his  judicious 
editor,  Nelson,  observes,  was  tempered 
with  that  modest  and  humble  opinion  of  it 
that  made  it  shine  with  greater  lustre.  He 
not  only  inculcated,  but  in  his  conduct  dis- 
played, all  the  meek  and  endearing  virtues 
of  benignity,  humility,  prudence,  piety, 
and  purity  of  the  primitive  ages  of  Chris- 
tianity ;  and  in  his  last  moments  exhibited 
that  mild  resignation  which  was  the  best 
proof  of  bis  hopes  and  reliance  on  the 


great  truths  of  the  gospel.  His  Latin  workd 
were  edited  by  Dr.  Grabe,  one  vol.  folio. 

Bull,  William,  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  South  Carolina  previous  to  and  after 
the  revolution  of  1719,  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  province  in 
1738,  and  continued  at  the  head  of  the 
administration  until  the  arrival  of  gover- 
nor Glen  in  1743.  He  was  also  several 
years  speaker  of  the  assembly."  He  was 
a  son  of  Stephen  Bull,  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Carolina,  who  was  surveyor 
general.  Lieut,  governor  Bull  died  in 
March,  1755,  aged  72.  Q3=  L. 

Bull,  William,  M.D.  son  of  the  honour- 
able William  Bull,  lieutenant-governor  of 
South  Carolina  in  1738,  was  the  first  white 
person  born  in  South  Carolina,  and  it  is 
supposed  the  first  American  who  obtained 
a  degree  in  Medicine.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Boerhaave,  and  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine  and  literature.  After 
returning  from  Europe  to  his  native  state» 
he  was  elected  successively  a  member  of 
the  council,  speaker  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  in  1764  lieutenant-governor, 
which  office  he  held  for  many  years.  On 
the  removal  of  the  British  troops  from  South 
Carolina,  in  1782,  he  accompanied  them  to 
England,  and  died  in  London  in  1791. 

inr  l. 

Bullef,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  de- 
scended from  a  respectable  family,  long  set- 
tled in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  From 
Westminster  school  he  entered  at  the  Tem- 
ple, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1763.  As 
a  special  pleader,  and  at  the  bar  he  soon 
acquired  reputation  ;  and  by  his  marriage 
alliance  with  lord  Bathurst,  he  obtained 
the  dignity  of  Welsh  judge,  and  soon  after 
that  of  justice  in  the  king's  bench.  His 
abilities,  his  knowledge,  and  his  integrity, 
ensured  him  here  the  friendship  of  lord 
Mansfield,  who  wished  him  to  be  his  suc- 
cessor, but  the  interest  of  lord  Kcnyon  pre- 
vailed over  his  recommendation  ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  sir  Francis,  who  was 
made  a  baronet,  removed  to  the  common 
pleas.  He  died  suddenly,  June  4,  1800, 
universally  respected  as  a  good  lawyer  and 
an  impartial  judge.  He  published,  in 
1772,  an  introduction  to  the  law  of  nisi 
prius,  a  work  of  acknowledged  merit  among 
lawyers. 

Bullet,  John  Baptist,  died  6th  Septem- 
ber, 1775,  aged  76,  at  Besancon,  where  he 
was  dean  of  the  university.  He  publish- 
ed a  history  of  the  establishment  of  Chris- 
tianity, taken  from  Jewish  and  pagan  au- 
thors, in  4to. — the  existence  of  God  de- 
monstrated from  nature — dissertation  on 
the  history  of  France,  8vo. — answers  to 
unbelievers — memoirs  on^the  Celtic  tongue, 
3  vols.  fol.  &c.  He  possessed  a  most  reten- 
tive memory  ;  but  though  his  works  arc 
learned,  and  useful,  they  do  not  displav 
315 


BUL 


DUN 


either  grace   of  diction,  or  elegance    of 
style. 

Bulleyn,  William,  an  English  physician, 
born  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  and  educated  both 
at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  according  to  his- 
torians. He  travelled  on  the  continent 
for  his  improvement  in  the  knowledge  of 
medicine  and  botany,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Durham,  where  he  practised  with  great  re- 
putation and  success.  Tanner  reports  that 
ne  was  a  clergyman,  as  well  as  a  physician, 
and  that  he  was  for  four  years  rector  of 
Blaxall  in  Suffolk.  He  published  several 
medical  works,  which  are  no  lunger  in  re- 
pute ;  and  was  universally  esteemed  as  a 
polished  scholar  and  as  a  man  of  probity, 
benevolence,  and  piety.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don 1576,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Giles, 
Cripplegate,  in  the  same  grave  where  his 
brother,  Richard,  a  divine,  had,  thirteen 
years  before,  been  deposited.  He  was 
falsely  accused  of  murdering  Thomas  Hil- 
ton, his  patient,  who  died  of  a  malignant 
fever  ;  and  though  honourably  acquitted, 
his  prosecutors  imprisoned  him  for  debt. 
His  portrait  appears  in  his  government  of 
health,  and  in  the  bulwark  of  defence. 

Bullialdus,  Ismael,  an  astronomer, 
born  at  Laon,  in  the  isle  of  France.  He 
travelled  in  his  youth  in  pursuit  of  know- 
ledge, and  in  a  more  advanced  period  he 
visited  the  famous  Hevelius  at  Dantzic, 
whose  works,  like  his  own,  had  commanded 
the  applause  of  mankind.  He  died  at 
Paris  1694,  aged  89.  His  works  were  de 
natura  lucis — Philolaus,  in  four  books,  with 
tables  of  the  system,  revived  by  Coperni- 
cus— opus  novum  ad  arithmeticam  infini- 
torum — treatise  on  spiral  lines — and  astro- 
nomia;  etphilol.  fundamenta,  against  Ward, 
the  learned  bishop  of  Sarum. 

Bulliard,  N.  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, author  of  Flora  Parisiensis,  8vo. — 
the  herbal  of  France,  13  vols.  fol.  1780 
— dictionaire  elementaire  de  botanique,  fol. 
— history  of  poisonous  plants  in  France, 
fol. — histoire  des  champignons  de  France. 
He  died  at  Paris  1793,  aged  41. 

Bullinger,  Henry,  was  born  at  Bengar- 
ten  near  Zurich,  and  educated  at  Cologne. 
In  his  studies  in  theology,  he  inclined  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  Carthusians  ;  but  the 
spirited  writings  of  Melancthon  fixed  his 
faith,  and,  instead  of  supporting  the  errors 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  lie  became  a  warm 
advocate  for  the  tenets  of  the  protestants. 
In  1529  he  settled  as  protestant  minister 
in  his  native  town,  where,  by  his  wife,  who 
died  in  1564,  he  had  six  sons  and  five 
daughters.  He  was  the  friend  and  the 
pupil  of  Zuinglius,  and  after  the  death  of 
that  famous  reformer,  who  was  slain  in  a 
battle  fought  in  1521,  in  consequence  of 
the  religious  differences  of  the  cantons,  he 
succeeded  him  as  pastor  of  Zurich, 
where  he  had  taken  refuge  with  his  af- 
316 


frighted  family.  He  died  17th  September, 
1575.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  all 
on  polemical  subjects,  in  10  vols.  His 
kindness  to  the  English  divines  who  fled  to 
Switzerland  from  the  persecutions  of  Mary, 
deserves  to  be  recorded  with  every  com- 
mendation. He  ably  confuted  the  pope's 
bull  which  excommunicated  queen  Eliza- 
beth, of  which  a  translation  has  been  pub- 
lished. In  his  capacity  of  minister  of  Zu- 
rich, he  exerted  himself  much  and  success- 
fully for  the  benefit  of  the  poor,  and  for  the 
moral  and  religious  education  of  his  pa- 
rishioners. 

Bullock,  Archibald,  one  of  theleaders  of 
the  republican  party  in  Georgia,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  American  revolution,  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress  in  1775,  and 
1776.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  formed  the  constitution  of  that 
state  in  1777,  and  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  administration  as  president  of  the 
council,  but  died  before  the  close  of  the 
year.  ILT  L. 

Bulteau,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
■who  succeeded  his  uncle  as  secretary  to 
the  French  king,  and  afterwards  became  a 
Benedictine  monk  of  St.  Maur.  He  wrote 
an  abridgment  of  the  history  of  the 
Benedictine  order — essay  on  the  monastic 
history  of  the  east — besides  a  translation  of 
St.  Gregory's  dialogues.  He  died  1693, 
aged  78. 

Bulwer,  John,  an  English  physician, 
author  of  several  works  on  physiognomy 
— the  language  of  the  hand — and  instruc- 
tions to  the  deaf  and  dumb.  His  most 
curious  book  is  Anthropometamorphosis,  in 
which  he  mentions  what  various  shapes  and 
dresses  men  have  assumed  in  the  different 
ages  of  the  world.  He  wrote  also  Patho- 
myoamia,  or  dissection  of  the  significative 
muscles  of  the  affections  of  the  mind.  He 
lived  in  the  16th  century. 

Bunel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  correct 
writer  of  the  Latin  language.  He  im- 
proved himself  by  travelling  in  Italy,  and 
was  patronised  by  the  French  ambassador 
at  Venice.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  Turin  in 
1546,  aged  47,  as  he  was  making  the  tour 
of  Italy  as  tutor  to  the  son  of  his  friend  de 
Faur.  The  magistrates  of  Toulouse  erect- 
ed a  marble  statue  to  his  memory,  as  a 
tribute  to  his  great  abilities,  and  the  un- 
blemished respectability  of  his  private 
character.  His  epistles  were  publish- 
ed by  Stevens  1581,  and  also  at  Toulouse 
1687. 

Bunel,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  1558, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was  brought  up 
under  Zucchero,  and  executed,  among 
other  things,  that  finished  piece  represent- 
ing the  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  pre- 
served at  Rome  in  the  church  of  the  Augus- 
tines. 


BUO 


BUG 


Bunel,  William,  a  physician  of  Tou- 
louse, who  published,  in  1513,  a  treatise  on 
the  plague. 

Bunnick,  John,  a  Flemish  painter,  born 
at  Utrecht,  who  chiefly  excelled  in  histori- 
cal pieces.  He  died  1727,  aged  73  His 
brother  Jacob  was  equally  eminent  in  the 
representation  of  sea  battles.  He  died 
1725. 

Bunon,  Robert,  an  eminent  dentist  at 
Paris,  who  published  some  learned  treatises 
on  his  art.     He  died  1748,  aged  46. 

Bunyan,  John,  son  of  a  tinker,  was  born 
at  Elstow,  near  Bedford.  The  trifling  in- 
struction which  he  received  was  quickly 
forgotten,  by  the  indulgence  of  every  vicious 
propensity  ;  but  his  career  of  vice  was  stop- 
ped by  the  sudden  darting  of  a  voice  from 
heaven  into  his  soul,  say  his  biographers, 
which  bade  him  either  to  leave  his  sins,  or 
follow  them  and  perish  in  hell.  From  this 
circumstance,  his  mode  of  life  was  altered, 
and,  after  being  for  a  little  time  a  soldier  in 
the  parliament  army,  where  he  behaved 
bravely  at  the  siege  of  Leicester,  he  es- 
tablished himself  as  a  Baptist  preacher  at 
Bedford;  but,  as  the  holder  of  a  conventi- 
cle, he  was  adjudged  to  be  imprisoned  for 
life.  During  his  confinement,  he  wrote 
several  of  his  works,  and  maintained  him- 
self by  making  long  tagged  thread  laces,  till 
after  more  than  twelve  long  years'  imprison- 
ment, he  was  liberated  by  the  compassionate 
interference  of  Barlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
When  restored  to  liberty,  he  travelled 
through  England  to  visit  and  comfort  the 
brethren  of  his  persuasion  ;  and  on  the  pub- 
lication of  the  act  of  toleration  by  James 
II.  he  built  a  meeting-house  at  Bedford, 
where  his  doctrines  became  popular.  He 
died  of  a  fever,  in  London,  in  1633,  aged 
60,  leaving  four  children,  one  of  whom, 
Mary,  was  born  blind.  His  works  were 
collected  and  published  in  two  vols,  folio, 
1736 — 7.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
compositions  is  his  Pilgrim's  progress,  a 
work  which,  under  an  allegorical  form, 
conveys  and  recommends  the  sublimest 
truths  and  purest  virtues  of  morality  and  re- 
ligion. It  was  written  during  his  imprison- 
ment, and  has  passed  through  more  than 
fifty  editions,  and  been  translated  into  va- 
rious languages. 

Buommatei,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  Florence,  and  chiefly  known  for  his 
work  on  the  Tuscan  language,  in  which  he 
gives  very  useful  rules  for  the  writing  of 
Italian.     He  died  1647. 

Buonacorsi,  Philip,  a  native  of  Tus- 
cany, who,  after  the  fashion  of  the  times, 
called  himself  by  the  new  name  of  Callima- 
co  Esperiente.  He  removed  from  Rome 
upon  being  suspected  of  forming  a  conspi- 
racy against  Paul  II.  and  settled  in  Poland 
as  tutor  to  Albert  the  son  of  king  Casimir. 
His  abilities  were  also  employed  in  several 


honourable  embassies  and  as  prime  minis- 
ter. He  died  at  Cracow  1496,  aged  59. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Attila — of  Ladislaus 
king  of  Poland  before  Casimir,  besides 
other  works,  highly  esteemed. 

Buonacorsi,  or  Perrin  Del  Vago, 
a  painter  of  Tuscany,  suckled  by  a  she- 
goat.  Though  originally  poor,  and  en- 
gaged in  painting  church  candles,  yet  his 
genius  raised  him  to  eminence,  and,  after 
studying  at  Rome  and  Florence,  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  perfect  master  in  finish- 
ing the  finest  works  of  decoration.  He 
died  suddenly  1547,  in  his  47th  year, 
when  engaged  in  the  ceiling  of  the  hall  of 
kings  at  the  Vatican. 

Buonafede,  Appiano,  a  native  of  Coma- 
cio,  better  known  under  the  names  of 
Appio  ameo  de  faba,  and  Agapisto  Croma- 
zanio.  He  was  well  known  as  a  poet  and 
elegant  writer,  and  was  abbot  of  the  Ce- 
lestines.  The  best  of  his  poems  is  the 
poetical  iconology  of  great  men,  in  Italian, 
often  edited  ;  and  the  best  prose  perform- 
ance is  the  history  and  spirit  of  every  sort 
of  philosophy,  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at 
Rome  1792. 

Buonamici,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Bas- 
sano,  educated  at  Padua.  He  was  tutor  in 
the  Campeggi  family,  and  afterwards  be- 
came professor  of  belles  lettres  in  the  Sa- 
pienza  college  at  Rome.  At  the  sacking  of 
that  city,  1527,  he  escaped  with  difficulty, 
and  with  the  loss  of  all  his  property,  and 
three  years  after  went  to  Padua,  where  he 
read  lectures  on  rhetoric  with  great  ap- 
plause. His  letters  and  poems  were  pub- 
lished at  Venice  1572.  He  died  1552,  aged 
73. 

Buonamici,  Castrucio,  a  native  of  Luc- 
ca, who  studied  at  Rome,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  the  clerical  profession.  Not 
meeting,  however,  with  the  encouragement 
which  he  expected,  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  military  life,  and  bore  arms  with 
courage  and  distinction  in  the  service  of 
the  king  of  Naples.  He  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  study,  and  published  the  history 
of  the  war  of  Velletri,  in  4to.  1746,  and 
four  years  after,  the  history  of  the  last  war 
of  Italy,  in  3  vols.  4to.  which  procured  him 
from  the  duke  of  Parma,  the  hereditary  title 
of  count,  and  from  the  king  the  rank  of 
commissary-general,  and  a  pension.  These 
works  are  highly  esteemed,  for  the  purity 
of  the  Latinity,  and  the  accuracy  of  the  nar- 
ration. The  author  died  in  his  native  city 
in  1761,  in  his  50th  year. 

Buonaparte,  Napoleon,  emperor  of 
France,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  a  small  town 
in  Corsica,  August  15th,  1769.  He  enter- 
ed the  Royal  Military  School  at  Brienne,  in 
Champagne,  in  1779,  where  he  continued 
till  1784,  when  the  extraordinary  military 
talents  which  he  discovered  procured  his 
election  to  the  military  school  at  Paris.  In 
317 


BUO 


iiLU 


17S5,  he  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  artil- 
lery, but  soon  quitted  the  corps,  and  return- 
ed to  Corsica,  where  he  employed  himself 
in  writing  a  history  of  that  island.  In  1791, 
he  obtained  a  captaincy  in  the  artillery,  and 
in  1793,  was  intrusted  with  the  direction  of 
the  artillery  at  the  siege  of  Toulon,  and 
there  first  distinguished  himself.  He  had 
the  direction  of  the  artillery  also  in  the 
battle  at  Paris  between  the  factions  on  the 
5th  October,  179J,  and  his  important  ser- 
vices on  those  occasions,  procured  his  ap- 
pointment, in  the  beginning  of  1796,  to  the 
command  of  the  army  of  Italy,  with  which 
he  gained  a  series  of  victories  and  con- 
quests which  astonished  the  world,  and 
gave  him  the  highest  reputation  as  a  com- 
mander. His  chief  battles  were  at  Lodi, 
Areola,  and  Mantua.  In  the  spring  he  ad- 
vanced from  Italy  into  the  Austrian  terri- 
tory, and  after  a  succession  of  victories,  pro- 
ceeded within  sixty  miles  of  Vienna,  where 
a  peace  was  concluded.  He  embarked  May 
10th,  1798,  with  40,000  men  for  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt,  and  having  taken  Malta, 
while  on  the  way,  landed  at  Alexandria  on 
the  2d  of  July,  and  soon  after,  having 
fought  several  successful  battles,  and  con- 
quered Lower  Egypt,  proceeded  to  Syria. 
Being  repulsed  by  the  British  at  Acre,  he 
returned  to  Cairo,  and  soon  after  left  his 
army,  and  in  August,  1799,  embarked  for 
France.  In  Nov.  he  was  appointed  First 
Consul.  In  the  following  year,  he  com- 
manded in  the  campaigne  in  Italy,  and 
fought  the  memorable  battle  of  Marengo  on 
the  14th  June,  in  which  he  was  victorious. 
He  was  elected  president  for  ten  years  of 
the  Cisalpine  republic  in  January,  1802, 
and  was  crowned  emperor  of  France  on 
December  2d,  1S04.  He  commanded  in 
the  campaign  of  1905,  in  Austria,  and 
having  captured  the  army  under  general 
Mack,  and  taken  Vienna,  fought  the  battle 
of  Austerlitz  on  the  2d  December,  and  in 
the  war  with  Prussia  the  following  year,  on 
the  14th  October,  gained  the  battle  of  Jena, 
and  on  the  26th,  that  of  Pultush.  The 
battle  of  Eylau  with  the  Russians  took 
place  on  the  7th  and  8th  of  February, 
1807,  and  that  of  Friedland  on  the  14th  of 
June,  which  led  to  the  peace  of  Tilsit.  He 
soon  after  conquered  Portugal,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1808,  seized  the  royal  family  of 
Spain,  and  deposing  Ferdinand,  confer- 
red the  sovereignty  on  his  brother  Joseph. 
In  the  war  with  Austria  in  1809,  he  took 
Vienna  the  second  time,  and  fought,  on  the 
22d  of  May,  and  the  5th  of  June,  the 
battles  of  Essling  and  Wagram,  which  led 
to  the  peace  of  Vienna.  In  1810,  he  repu- 
diated the  empress  Josephine,  and  on  the 
11th  of  March,  received  the  hand  of  Maria 
Louisa,  archdutchess  of  Austria,  and  the 
birth  of  his  son  took  place  the  following 
vear.  In  June,  1812,  he  invaded  Russia 
318 


with  an  army  of  400,000  men,  and  aftci 
taking  Smolenski,  and  gaining  the  battle  of 
Borodino  on  the  7th  September,  he  on  the 
14th,  advanced  to  Moscow,  which  the  Rus- 
sians had  laid  in  ruins.  He  was  compelled 
by  the  destruction  of  that  city  to  commence 
a  retreat  on  the  19th  of  October,  during 
which,  by  the  severity  of  the  climate  and 
a  succession  of  defeats,  his  forces  were 
reduced  to  5*0,000.  Immediately  after 
his  return  to  Paris,  a  new  army  was 
organized,  and  the  campaign  of  1813 
commenced  in  April,  during  which  were 
fought  the  battles  of  Lutzen,  on  the 
2d  of  May,  of  Dresden  on  the  17th  of 
August,  in  which  he  was  victorious,  and  of 
Leipsic  on  the  18th  of  October,  in  which 
he  was  defeated,  and  compelled  to  retire 
into  France.  The  campaign  of  1814  ter- 
minated on  the  14th  of  June,  by  the  sur- 
render of  Paris  to  the  Allies.  Buonaparte 
abdicated  the  French  throne  on  the  11th  of 
April,  and  was  invested  with  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  Isle  of  Elba,  to  which  he 
immediately  retired.  A  conspiracy  was 
soon  after  formed  to  replace  him  on  the 
throne  of  France,  and  on  the  1st  of  March, 
1815,  he  landed  at  Cannes  in  Provence, 
and  immediately  proceeded  towards  Paris. 
His  old  troops  joined  him  wherever  he  met 
them,  and  on  the  19th  he  entered  the  capi- 
tal at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  and  re- 
sumed the  government.  The  operations 
against  the  Allies  commenced  on  the  15th 
of  June,  and  terminated  on  the  18th  in  the 
memorable  battle  of  Waterloo,  when  his 
army  was  overthrown  and  his  political 
career  terminated.  He  abdicated  the 
throne  on  the  23d,  in  favour  of  his  son, 
and  left  Paris  on  the  29th,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  proceeding  to  the  United  States,  but 
on  his  arrival  at  Rochefort  surrendered 
himself  to  the  British  fleet,  July  15th,  with 
the  hope  of  being  allowed  a  residence  in 
England,  but  it  being  resolved  to  convey 
him  to  St.  Helena,  he  was  landed  on  that 
island  on  the  17th  October,  1815,  with  a 
small  suite,  and  continued  there,  guarded 
by  a  body  of  British  troops,  until  his  death, 
which  took  place  on  the  6th  of  May,  1821, 
in  consequence  of  an  internal  cancerous 
affection,  by  which  his  health  had  for  some 
time  previous  been  impaired.  He  was  bu- 
ried on  that  island  on  the  10th  of  May, 
under  the  shade  of  a  willow-tree,  near  a 
spring  of  water  at  the  head  of  Rupert's 
valley.  ID    L. 

Buonarotti,  or  Buonarota,  Michael 
Angelo,  a  celebrated  painter.  Vid.  An- 
gelo. 

Buondelmonte,  a  young  Florentine, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  who 
had  promised  to  marry  a  daughter  of  the 
family  of  the  Amidei,  but  afterwards  es- 
poused the  more  beautiful  daughter  of  the 
Donati.  This  conduct  provoked  the  resent- 


BUR 


BUR 


jaent  of  the  sligbted  fair  and  ber  relations, 
and  by  their  intrigues  the  youthful  bride- 
groom was  assassinated.  The  report  of 
this  murder  was  no  sooner  known,  than  the 
whole  city  was  in  commotion.  The  nobi- 
lity was  divided  into  two  parts,  and  the 
quarrel  became  general,  so  that  the  friends 
of  Buondelmonte  took  the  name  ol  Guelfs, 
and  supported  the  power  of  the  pope,  and 
their  opponents  that  of  Gibelins,  who  were 
attached  to  the  interests  of  the  emperor. 
The  animosity  thus  excited  lasted  for  many 
centuries,  and  caused  bloodshed  and  de- 
vastation in  the  city  of  Florence. 

Buonfiglio,  Joseph  Constant,  a  Nea- 
politan, known  as  the  learned  author  of 
two  excellent  books,  the  ancient  and  mo- 
dern history  of  Sicily  and  Venice,  2  vols. 
4to.  1604 — and  the  history  of  Messina, 
1606,  4to. 

Buontalenti,  Bernardo,  surnamed  Gir- 
rondile,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  architecture,  of  sculpture,  of 
hydraulics,  and  also  for  his  miniatures  and 
historical  pieces.  His  madonnas  were 
greatly  adnCired.  When  an  infant,  the  house 
of  his  father  on  the  Arno,  fell  down,  and 
destroyed  all  the  inhabitants  except  himself. 
His  distress  was  made  known  to  the  duke 
of  Florence,  who  nobly  supported  and  pa- 
tronised him,  and  thus  enabled  him  to 
become  the  honour  of  his  country.  He 
died  1608,  aged  61. 

Bupalus,  a  sculptor  of  antiquity,  B.  C. 
540.  His  deformed  statue  of  Hipponax 
the  poet,  was  noticed  with  such  severity  of 
satire  by  the  angry  bard,  that  the  sculptor 
and  his  brother  Athenis  hanged  themselves 
in  despair. 

Burch,  Edward,  an  English  artist. 
His  early  life  was  spent  in  obscurity  ;  but 
his  genius  was  discovered  by  the  drawings 
of  the  human  figure,  which  he  exhibited  to 
the  original  academy  in  St.  Martin's-lane. 
He  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  gem- 
engraving,  in  which  line  he  attained  supe- 
rior eminence  ;  and  there  is  scarcely  a 
royal  cabinet  in  Europe  but  possesses  some 
of  his  beautiful  performances.  On  the 
demise  of  Richard  Wilson  he  was  elected 
librarian  to  the  Royal  Academy,  which  si- 
tuation he  held  to  his  death  in  February, 
1814,  aged  84.—  W.  B. 

Burchard,  tutor  of  Conrad  the  em- 
peror, was  made  bishop  of  Worms,  and 
died  1026.  His  canons  or  decrees  were 
published  at  Cologne  1548. 

Burchello,  Dominico,  a  barber  at 
Florence,  whose  wit  and  genius  rendered 
him  the  favourite  of  his  countrymen.  He 
wrote  sonnets  and  lighter  pieces,  which 
have  gained  the  admiration  of  critics,  and 
rank  him  high  among  Italian  poets.  Occa- 
sionally obscure,  and  sometimes  enigmati- 
cal, he  is  censurable  for  the  little  respect 
which  he  paid  to  good  manners,    He  died 


at  Rome  1448,  aged  68.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  poems  is  that  of  Florence,  8vo. 
1568. 

Burckhardt,  John  Lewis,  was  born  at 
Lausanne  in  1784,  and  educated  at  Leipsic, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Gottingen.  In 
1S06,  the  troubles  of  Germany,  and  the 
ravages  of  the  French,  induced  him  to  visit 
England,  where  he  offered  his  services  to 
the  African  Association,  which  offer  was 
readily  accepted.  He  accordingly  went  to 
Cambridge  to  study  the  Arabic  language, 
after  which  he  applied  to  physic  and  sur- 
gery, and  such  sciences  as  might  qualify 
him  to  travel  in  Africa.  In  March,  1809, 
he  sailed  for  Malta,  from  whence  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Aleppo  in  the  character  of  an 
Indian  Mohammedan,  and  under  the  name 
of  Ibrahim.  He  remained  two  years  and 
a  half  in  Syria  to  acquire  a  readiness  in  the 
vulgar  Arabic.  At  the  beginning  of  1813, 
he  made  his  first  journey  through  Nubia, 
and  afterwards  travelled  along  the  Arabian 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  He  next  crossed 
the  Desert,  visited  Mecca  and  Medina, 
from  which  last  place  he  descended  to  the 
sea-coast,  and  after  undergoing  great  hard- 
ships arrived  at  Cairo  in  June,  1815.  The 
next  spring  he  set  out  for  Mount  Sinai, 
after  which  he  was  preparing  for  further 
researches,  when  he  was  carried  off  by  a 
dysentery. —  W.  B. 

Burdon,  William,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  born  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  1764. 
He  was  educated  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
arts,  and  obtained  a  fellowship,  which  he 
resigned  because  he  would  not  enter  into 
orders.  He  died  in  London,  May  30, 
1818.  His  works  are — 1.  Three  Letters  to 
the  bishop  of  Landaff.  2.  Examination  of 
the  Pursuits  of  Literature,  8vo.  3.  A, 
Vindication  of  Pope  and  Grattan.  4. 
Thoughts  on  Politics,  Morality,  and  Lite- 
rature, 8vo.  5.  Materials  for  Thinking, 
2  vols.  8vo.  6.  Life  and  Character  of 
Buonaparte.  7.  Letters  on  the  Affairs  of 
Spain.  8.  Treatise  on  the  Privileges  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  &c. — W.  B. 

Bure,  William  de,  a  bookseller  at  Paris, 
known  for  his  great  knowledge  of  old,  cu- 
rious, and  valuable  books.  His  biographic 
instructive,  7  vols.  8vo. — and  museum  ty- 
pographicum,  12mo.  are  much  esteemed. 
He  died  1782,  July  15. 

Bure,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady  of  Swe- 
den, whose  Latin  correspondence  with  ano- 
ther Swedish  lady,  Vandela  Skylte,  has 
been  printed,  and  displays  elegance  of  lan- 
guage, correctness  of  style,  and  delicacy  of 
expression.     She  died  1679,  aged  77. 

Burette,  Peter  John,  a  physician  of 
Paris,  who  died  there  1747,  aged  82.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  musician,  and  played  with 
his  father  before  Lewis  XIV.;  but  at  the  age 
of  18  he  qvitted  the  profession  for  litera- 
319 


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tare.  He  became  an  elegant  and  polished 
scholar ;  and  besides  his  many  valuable 
contributions  to  the  memoirs  of  the  acade- 
my, on  the  games  of  the  ancients,  and 
other  curious  subjects,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  journal  des  savans.  His  treatise  on  the 
symphony  of  the  ancients  is  much  admired. 
He  was  also  an  able  orientalist,  and  as  a 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  royal  college, 
and  a  reader  on  the  Materia  Medica,  he 
acquired  great  applause.  The  catalogue  of 
his  iibrary  is  contained  in  3  vols.  12mo. 

Burger,  Godfred  Augustus,  a  native  of 
Wolmerswende  in  Germany,  who  studied 
divinity  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  applied 
to  the  profession  of  law  at  Gottingen. 
Poetry,  however,  was  his  favourite  pursuit, 
and  the  production,  of  Shakspeare  gave 
him  more  real  pleasure  than  any  other 
employment.  He  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged in  the  periodical  publication  of  the 
almanac  of  the  muses  from  1770  to  1775, 
and  of  the  German  museum,  and  translated 
with  great  spirit  the  tragedy  of  Macbeth, 
which  was  acted  at  Hamburgh.  His  Leo- 
nora, so  wild  and  terrific,  is  well  known  in 
England.  Burger,  who  was  fickle  in  his 
pursuits,  was  for  some  years  engaged  as  a 
steward  to  baron  Uslar,  and  as  a  farmer  ; 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  life  he  was  pro- 
fessor at  Gottingen.  He  was  three  times 
married,  and  was  divorced  from  his  third 
wife,  who  was  herself  a  poetess,  but  of  an 
immoral  character.  He  died  of  a  consump- 
tion 1794,  aged  46. 

Burges,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  but,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  wars,  he  sided  with  the  parliament, 
and  enriched  himself  by  the  plunder  of  that 
church,  which  it  was  his  duty  to  support. 
At  the  restoration,  his  ill-gotten  wealth 
was  torn  with  difficulty  from  his  grasp. 
He  died  1665.  Some  of  his  sermons  and 
other  tracts  have  been  printed. 

Burgh,  Click  de,  marquis  of  Clanri- 
carde,  was  known  for  his  courtesy  and  loy- 
alty, and  was  author  of  memoirs  relative  to 
the  Irish  rebellion,  published  8vo.  1722, 
and  improved  1757,  in  fol.  a  work  instruc- 
tive and  interesting,  from  the  character 
which  judge  Lindsey  has  given  to  the 
writer.     He  died  1657. 

Burgh,  James,  a  popular  writer,  born 
at  Madderty  in  Perthshire.  After  studying 
a  little  time  at  St.  Andrew's  for  the  clerical 
profession,  which  his  health  did  not  permit 
him  to  pursue,  he  engaged  in  the  linen  trade 
and  was  unsuccessful.  Disappointed  at 
home,  he  came  to  England,  where  for  one 
year  he  was  engaged  in  correcting  the 
press,  in  the  house  of  an  eminent  printer, 
and  from  thence  he  went  as  assistant  in  the 
grammar-school  at  Marlow,  where  he  pub- 
lished, 1746,  Britain's  remembrancer,  a 
320 


book  universally  read  and  admired,  anal 
considered  as  the  finished  production  of 
some  of  the  bishops.  On  leaving  Marlow 
he  was  engaged  in  the  same  laborious  em- 
ployment at  Enfield,  and  afterwards,  in 
1747,  he  opened  a  school  on  his  own  ac- 
count at  Stoke  Newington,  and  three 
years  after  he  removed  to  Newington 
Green,  where  for  19  years,  with  great  re- 
putation and  success,  he  trained  many  res- 
pectable pupils  to  the  knowledge  of 
literature,  and  the  practice  of  virtue  and 
morality.  In  1771,  he  retired  to  the  en- 
joyment of  competence  and  tranquillity  at 
Islington  ;  but  great  is  the  uncertainty  of 
life,  and  so  fleeting  its  pleasures,  that  he 
found  himself  grievously  attacked  by  a 
stone  in  his  bladder,  which  while  it  exposed 
him  to  exquisite  pain,  enabled  him  to  dis- 
play the  greatest  patience  and  resignation, 
till  he  was  happily  released,  26th  Aug. 
1775,  in  his  61st  year.  His  other  writings 
were,  thoughts  on  education — political  dis- 
quisitions, 3  vols. — Crito  or  essays,  12 
vols. — the  dignity  of  human  nature,  &c. 
one  vol.  4to,  or  two  vols.  8vo. — the  art  of 
speaking,  8vo. — besides  other  treatises. 
His  answer  to  Lindsey's  apology  for  resign- 
ing his  living  at  Catterick,  was  considered 
so  popular  and  masterly,  that  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  honourably  presented  him 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws. 

Burgotne,  John,  a  general  in  the  army, 
known  for  his  defence  of  Portugal  in  1762, 
against  the  invading  Spaniards,  for  his 
brave  seizure  of  Ticonderoga,  and  for  the 
fatal  day  of  Saratoga,  17th  October,  1777, 
in  which,  after  two  battles,  he  surrendered 
the  British  army  to  general  Gates.  He 
was  supposed  to  be  the  natural  son  of  lord 
Bingley.  He  was  author  of  four  dramatic 
pieces,  of  which  the  Maid  of  the  Oak,  a 
comic  opera — Bon  ton,  an  entertainment — 
and  the  Heiress,  a  comedy,  written  in 
sprightly  and  elegant  dialogue,  were  re- 
ceived with  great  applause  on  the  public 
theatres.  He  wrote  besides  several  epi- 
logues, and  some  fugitive  pieces.  He  died 
4th  Aug.  1792,  and  nine  days  after  was 
privately  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  West- 
minster abbey. 

Buridan,  John,  a  French  philosopher  of 
Bethune  in  Artois,  in  the  14th  century. 
He  was  professor  and  afterwards  rector  of 
the  university  of  Paris,  from  which,  being 
expelled  by  the  realists  in  opposition  to 
the  nominalists,  he  retired  to  Germany, 
where  he  founded  the  university  of  Vienna. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle's 
logic,  ethics,  &c.  Buridan's  ass  standing 
between  two  bushels  of  wheat  was  pro- 
verbial in  the  schools  for  a  long  time,  but 
of  this  the  origin  is  little  known. 

Burignt,  Levesque  de,  a  native  of 
Rheims,  who  died  at  Paris,  8th  Oct.  1785, 
aged  94.     He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  au- 


BUR 


BUR 


thority  of  the  pope,  four  vols.  12mo.  1720 
• — a  learned  history  of  pagan  philosophy, 
1724 — general  history  of  Sicily,  two  vols. 
4to.  1745 — revolution  of  Constantinople, 
three  vols.  12mo.  1750 — Porphyry  on  ab- 
stinence— life  of  Grotius,  of  Erasmus,  of 
Bossuet,  of  Perron. 

Burke,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, son  of  a  respectable  attorney,  born 
at  Carlow  in  Ireland,  1st  Jan.  1730,  and 
educated  at  Ballytore,  under  Abraham 
Shackleton,  a  quaker,  and  afterwards  at 
Trinity-college,  Dublin,  where,  after  three 
y«ars  residence,  he  took  his  bachelor's 
degree,  1749.  He  afterwards  applied  for 
the  logic  professorship  at  Glasgow,  and 
when  his  solicitations  were  unsuccessful, 
he  came  to  London,  and  in  1753  entered 
at  the  Middle  Temple.  But  though  pos- 
sessed of  great  powers  of  elocution,  he  paid 
no  serious  attention  to  the  law,  but  con- 
sidered literature  and  politics  as  the  field 
most  favourable  for  the  exertion  of  his 
genius.  For  some  time  he  subsisted  on 
the  labours  of  his  pen,  and  the  remunera- 
tion of  the  booksellers  ;  and  his  vindication 
of  natural  society,  or  a  view  of  the  mise- 
ries and  evils  arising  to  mankind,  from 
every  species  of  artificial  society,  in  a  letter 

to  lord by  a  late  noble  writer,  gained 

him  reputation,  for  the  general  admiration 
which  regarded  Bolingbroke  as  the  author, 
soon  redounded  to  the  honour  of  the  ano- 
nymous writer.  His  essay  on  the  sublime 
in  1757,  increased  his  literary  fame,  and 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
great  and  the  learned,  especially  Johnson. 
In  1758  Dodsley  began  at  his  suggestion 
the  annual  register,  which  owed  much  of 
its  celebrity  to  his  pen.  In  1761  he  visited 
Ireland,  as  a  companion  of  his  friend  Sin- 
glespeech  Hamilton,  by  whose  interest  he 
procured  a  pension  of  3001.  on  the  Irish 
establishment,  and  on  hjs  return  he  was 
introduced  by  Mr.  Fitzherbert  to  the  notice 
of  lord  Rockingham,  first  lord  of  the  trea- 
sury, who  made  him  his  secretary,  and  had 
him  returned  to  parliament  for  Wendover. 
Though  the  Rockingham  administration 
was  of  short  existence,  Burke  retained  his 
attachment  to  his  friends,  and  during  the 
American  war  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  warm  advocate  for  the  liberties  of  his 
fellow-subjects  beyond  the  Atlantic.  He 
was  in  1774  honourably,  without  expense, 
elected  member  for  Bristol ;  but  popularity 
rests  on  a  fickle  foundation,  and  an  un- 
lucky opinion  in  favour  of  the  commerce 
of  Ireland,  and  in  favour  of  the  Roman 
Catholics,  brought  the  orator  into  disgrace 
with  his  constituents,  at  the  election  of 
1780.  He  was  afterwards  member  for 
Maldon,  and  during  the  little  time  that 
lord  Rockingham  succeeded  lord  North  in 
1782,  he  was  made  pay  master  general,  and 
held  a  seat  in  the  privy  council,  and  after- 

VOL.  I.  A  I 


wards  in  the  coalition  he  was  admitted  to 
share  the  triumphs  and  the  disgrace  of  his 
friends.  Thus  driven  from  power,  he  con- 
tinued a  zealous  and  active  opponent  to 
Mr.  Pitt's  administration,  and  particularly 
attacked  his  conduct  during  the  debates  on 
the  regency  bill.  The  destruction  of  the 
French  monarchy,  however,  which  caused 
such  satisfaction  among  his  friends,  created 
uneasiness  and  distrust  in  Mr.  Burke,  and 
with  a  prophetic  voice  he  proclaimed  aloud* 
the  miseries,  and  misfortunes  which  awaited 
his  country,  if  they  followed  the  examples 
of  her  ferocious  neighbours,  in  attempts  to 
alter  or  new  model  her  constitution.  So 
determined  an  opposition  to  the  then  popu- 
lar opinion,  produced  a  separation  between 
Mr.  Burke  and  his  former  associates,  and 
the  publication  of  his  famous  reflections  on 
the  French  revolution,  roused  the  feelings 
and  divided  the  sentiments  of  the  nation. 
While  the  author  and  his  adherents  in- 
veighed with  becoming  severity  against  the 
disorders  and  mischiefs  of  anarchy,  Paine 
in  his  answer,  in  the  Rights  of  Man,  and 
other  insidious  writers,  attempted  to  ren- 
der palatable  to  the  public,  doctrines,  which 
tended  to  establish  republicanism  over  the 
ruins  of  rank,  of  property,  of  subordina- 
tion, of  happiness  and  domestic  virtue. 
These  literary  services,  aided  by  the  most 
eloquent  language  in  Parliament,  reconciled 
Mr.  Burke  to  the  Pitt  administration,  and 
a  pension  was  honourably  bestowed  upon 
him  by  the  king,  which,  though  it  drew 
upon  him  the  sarcasms  and  reproaches  of 
party,  was  applauded  by  every  friend  of 
virtue  and  true  loyalty.  Thus  animated 
by  a  spirit  of  enthusiasm,  which  electrified 
the  whole  nation,  and  as  the  advocate  for 
the  war,  he  was  considered  by  many  as  the 
oracle  and  the  bulwark  of  the  country, 
whilst  others  attributed  his  zeal  to  the 
effects  of  a  frantic  and  heated  imagination . 
Some  time  before  his  death,  Mr.  Burke 
retired  from  public  life  ;  but  though  ho- 
noured with  the  esteem  of  the  great  and 
good,  he  sunk  three  years  after  a  melan- 
choly victim  to  the  recent  loss  of  his  only 
and  favourite  son,  and  expired  at  his  seat, 
near  Beaconsfield,  July  8th,  1797,  aged  67. 
As  an  author  Mr.  Burke  distinguished  him- 
self; his  essay  on  the  sublime  and  beautiful 
is  considered  as  a  valuable  performance — 
and  his  vindication  of  natural  society,  is  a 
happy  imitation  of  the  great  Bolingbroke. 
For  some  time  he  was  engaged  for  Dodsley 
in  writing  in  the  annual  register,  and  gave 
to  that  publication,  by  the  animated  lan- 
guage and  elegant  diction  of  his  pen,  a  va- 
lue which  it  has  since  lost.  His  "  reflec- 
tions" were  so  iuteresting  in  the  public 
opinion,  that  in  a  few  weeks  18,000  copies 
were  sold.  Dr.  Parr  in  his  Bellendenus  ha? 
paid  a  handsome  and  deserved  complimenl 
»o  the  merits  and  virtues  of  the  venerable 
321 


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senator,  whose  character  will  always  stand 
high,  notwithstanding  the  blemish  which 
impartiality  views  with  sorrow,  in  his  ran- 
corous conduct  in  the  accusation  of  Mr. 
Hastings.  His  other  writings  were, 
thoughts  on  the  causes  of  the  present 
discontents — a  letter  to  a  member  of  the 
national  assembly — an  appeal  from  the  new 
whigs  to  the  old — letters  to  a  noble  lord  on 
the  subjects  in  discussion  with  the  duke  of 
Bedford — thoughts  on  a  regicide  peace — 
letter  to  a  noble  lord,  in  which  he  sarcastical- 
ly inveighed  against  the  duke  of  Bedford,  for 
his  remarks  on  having  accepted  a  pension, 
&c.  In  his  last  moments,  it  is  said,  that  he 
caused  Addison's  paper,  from  the  Spectator, 
on  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  to  be  read  to 
him.  Burke  had  the  good  fortune  to  rise  from 
an  inferior  station  to  eminence  in  public  life, 
and  had  the  merit  to  support  his  elevation 
by  the  most  affable  conduct,  by  benevolence 
of  heart,  dignified  manners,  and  the  most 
correct  notions,  and  exemplary  practice  of 
moral  and  religious  duties. 

Burkitt,  William,  was  born  at  Hitcham, 
Northamptonshire,  25th  July,  1650,  and 
educated  at  Stowmarket-school  and  Pem- 
broke-hall, Cambridge.  He  was  made  vicar 
of  Dedham  in  Essex,  where,  as  before  at 
Milden  in  Suffolk,  where  he  was  curate,  he 
adorned  his  office  by  a  pious  and  practical 
•  locution,  and  by  a  friendly  and  charitable 
demeanour.  He  died  Oct.  1703.  He  wrote 
some  books,  the  best  known  of  which  is 
his  commentary  on  the  New  Testament, 
which  continues  to  be  a  popular  work. 

Burlamao_ui,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  professor  of  civil  law  there,  and 
afterwards  tutor  to  the  prince  of  Hesse 
Cassel.  He  was  made  counsellor  of  state 
on  his  return  to  Geneva,  and  died  there 
1748,  aged  54.  His  principles  of  natural 
law,  and  of  political  law,  three  vols.  12mo. 
are  two  popular  works,  which  show  him  to 
have  been  well  acquainted  with  his  subject, 
and  all  the  arguments  of  Grotius,  Puffen- 
dorf,  and  Barbeyrac. 

Burleigh.     Vid.  Cecil. 

Burley,  Walter,  an  English  priest,  who 
left  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  &c. — a 
book  de  vita  et  moribus  philosophorum, 
printed  Cologne,  1472. 

Burman,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Utrecht,  where  he 
died,  1679,  aged  51.  He  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  the  Pentateuch,  and  the  historical 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  in  Dutch — an 

abridgment  of    theology exercitationes 

theologicae,  two  vols.  4to. — and  other 
works. 

Burman,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  like  him  professor  at  Utrecht,  and  died 
1719,  aged  58.  He  wrote  on  the  persecu- 
tion of  Dioclesian,  &c. 

Burman,  Peter,  also  son  of  Francis, 
(va<=  born  at  Utrecht,  and  became  professor 
322 


of  history  and  eloquence,  and  also  rector 
of  the  university  of  Leyden.  He  was  in 
his  temper  so  quarrelsome,  and  in  his  man- 
ners so  intemperate  and  immoral,  that  his 
contemporaries  regarded  him  with  con- 
tempt, and  at  his  death,  in  1740,  no  one 
was  found  who  could  honour  his  memory 
with  the  usual  respect  of  a  common  eu- 
logy. His  chief  attacks  of  rancour,  of 
severity,  and  ridicule,  were  directed  against 
Le  Clerc.  Bentley  thought  highly  of  his 
abilities.  He  wrote  a  book  on  Roman 
taxes,  and  edited  with  skill  and  judgment 
the  works  of  Virgil,  Ovid,  Petronius,  Quin- 
tilian,  Suetonius,  Justin,  Velleius,  Phaedrus, 
Valerius  Flaccus,  Lucan,  &c. 

Burman,  John,  of  the  same  family,  was 
professor  of  botany  and  medicine  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  published  two  curious  and 
valuable  books — rariorum  Afric.  plantarum 
decades  x.  4to.  with  plates  in  4to.  1739 — 
thesaurus  Zeylanicus,  4to.  1737. 

Burn,  Richard,  was  born  at  Kirby  Ste- 
phen, near  Winton,  Westmoreland,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
in  1762.  He  died  at  Orton,  where  he  had 
been  vicar  49  years,  20th  November,  1789. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  and  justice 
of  the  peace  for  Westmoreland  and  Cum- 
berland, and  distinguished  himself  as  the 
author  of  the  office  of  justice  of  peace,  and 
on  the  ecclesiastical  laws,  two  works  of 
great  repute  and  respectability,  besides  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland. 

Burn,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
educated  to  the  law,  but  did  not  practise 
though  he  possessed  great  abilities.  He  is 
known  as  the  editor  of  his  father's  works, 
which  he  improved  with  valuable  additions. 
He  died  1802,  aged  58. 

Burnaby,  Andrew,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  in  1732,  at  Asfordby,  in  Leices- 
tershire, of  which  parish  his  father,  grand- 
father, and  great-grandfather,  were  succes- 
sively rectors.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster-school, from  whence  he  removed  to 
Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  master's  degree  in  1757,  soon  after 
which  he  went  to  America.  In  1761,  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  factory  at 
Leghorn,  where  also  he  acted  as  proconsul. 
In  1769,  he  was  presented  to  the  vicarage 
of  Greenwich,  and  in  1786,  being  then  doc- 
tor in  divinity,  he  was  preferred  to  the 
archdeaconry  of  Leicester.  He  died  in 
1812.  He  published— 1.  Travels  in  North 
America,  4to.  2.  Sermons  and  Charges 
on  different  occasions,  in  1  vol.  Svo.  3.  A 
Journal  of  a  Tour  to  Corsica,  in  1766,  Svo. 
W.  B. 

Burnet,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
was  born  of  a  respectable  and  ancient  fa- 
mily at  Edinburgh,  18th  September,  1743. 
He  was  educated  in  the  collese  of  Aber* 


KLU 


BLR 


Accn,  ami  under  the  watchful  eye  ot'  his 
father  he  early  acquired  habits  of  industry 
and  application  which  attended  him  through 
life,  and  never,  till  the  infirmities  of  age 
compelled  him,  discontinued  the  custom  of 
rising  every  morning  at  four  o'clock  to  pro- 
secute his  studies  with  ardour  and  effect. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  was  admitted 
expectant  preacher,  but  he  refused  the 
offer  of  a  benefice,  and  in  1663,  two  years 
after  his  father's  death,  he  visited  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  for  six  months,  and  soon 
after  passed  over  into  Holland,  where  he 
applied  to  the  study  of  Hebrew,  and  by  an 
indiscriminate  and  friendly  intercourse 
with  men  of  every  religious  persuasion,  he 
fixed  his  principles  of  universal  benevo- 
lence and  toleration,  without  regard  to 
tribe  or  sect.  On  his  return  to  Scotland, 
in  1665,  he  was  ordained,  and  afterwards 
appointed  divinity  professor  at  Glasgow  ; 
but  his  benevolent  attempts  to  reconcile  the 
contending  parties  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
rendered  him  unpopular  and  suspected. 
He  afterwards  engaged  himself  to  write 
the  history  of  the  dukes  of  Hamilton,  and 
recommended  himself  so  much  to  the  earl 
of  Lauderdale  and  to  the  king's  ministers 
in  London,  by  his  moderation  and  superior 
abilities,  that  he  was  several  times  offered 
a  Scotch  bishopric,  which  he  as  often  de- 
clined. His  interest  with  the  court,  how- 
ever, was  of  short  duration  ;  he  became 
suspected,  and  was  treated  with  harshness 
by  the  king,  who  ordered  his  name  to  be 
erased  from  the  list  of  chaplains.  To 
avoid  the  enmity  of  Lauderdale,  he  deter- 
mined to  settle  in  London,  where  he  was 
appointed  preacher  of  the  Rolls'  chapel, 
and  lecturer  of  St.  Clements.  His  two 
first  volumes  of  the  History  of  the  Refor- 
mation about  this  time  commanded  the 
public  admiration,  and  received  as  an 
honourable  testimony  of  its  merits  the 
thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament. 
About  this  time  likewise  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  profligate  Rochester,  and 
by  his  conversation  he  reclaimed  him,  and 
had  the  happiness  to  see  him  atone  for  his 
deb.  icheries  by  a  most  penitential  death. 
Upon  the  change  of  administration  in  1682, 
Burnet's  conduct  gave  offence,  and  his  at- 
tendance on  lord  Russel  at  his  trial  created 
so  much  indignation  at  court,  that  he  was 
by  the  king's  command  discharged  from  his 
offices  at  the  Rolls'  chapel,  and  at  St.  Cle- 
ments. His  character  was  so  well  esta- 
blished, that,  in  his  travels  in  France  and 
Italy,  he  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
attention  and  respect  by  the  French  king, 
and  by  pope  Innocent  II.  The  accession  of 
James  II.  to  the  throne  formed  a  new  era  in 
the  life  of  Burnet.  Unwilling  to  return  to 
his  native  country,  he  resolved  to  settle  in 
Holland,  and  the  attention  which  was  paid 
to  him  hv  the  prince  and  princess  of  Orange, 


proved  so  offensive  to  the  English  m«- 
narch,  that  he  caused  his  ambassador  to 
demand  his  banishment  from  the  states,  a 
tyrannical  interference  which  was  rejected, 
as  he  was  under  the  protection  of  the  law* 
as  a  naturalized  subject  and  the  husband  of 
a  Dutch  lady.  Some  time  after  he  accom- 
panied as  chaplain  the  prince  on  his  inva- 
sion of  England,  and  so  zealously  active 
did  he  show  himself  in  his  cause,  both  by 
his  pamphlets  and  his  pulpit  eloquence,  that 
William,  a  few  days  after  he  was  seated  on 
the  throne,  advanced  him  to  the  see  of 
Salisbury.  In  his  new  office  he  was  mo- 
derate but  dignified,  though  his  assertions 
in  a  pastoral  letter  that  William's  title  to 
the  crown  was  founded  on  conquest,  proved 
highly  disagreeable  to  both  houses,  and  the 
offensive  paper  was  publicly  burnt  by  the 
hands  of  the  hangman.  He  resided  in  his 
diocess  the  best  part  of  his  time,  and  though 
he  was  engaged  as  preceptor  to  the  duke  of 
Gloucester,  yet  he  devoted  himself  as  much 
to  improve  the  comforts  of  his  clergy,  by 
augmenting  poor  livings,  as  to  advance  the 
interests  of  religion  by  his  writings.  He 
died  17th  March,  1715,  in  his  72d  year,  and 
was  buried  at  St.  James's,  Clerkenwell. 
He  was  thrice  married,  first  to  lady  Mar- 
garet Kennedy,  daughter  of  earl  Cassilis, 
about  1670  ;  secondly  to  a  Dutch  lady  of 
family  and  fortune,  who  died  of  the  small- 
pox, 1698,  and  thirdly,  in  the  same  year, 
to  Mrs.  Berkeley,  a  woman  of  excellent 
character.  Besides  his  works  already 
mentioned,  and  a  third  volume  of  the  Re- 
formation, &c.  he  wrote  the  History  of  his 
own  times — an  excellent  treatise  on  the 
pastoral  care — an  exposition  of  the  39 
articles — and  sermons.  His  son,  Thomas 
Burnet,  published  an  account  of  his  life 
annexed  to  the  history  of  his  own  times, 
and  the  marquis  of  Halifax  has  drawn  his 
character  with  great  judgment  and  impar- 
tiality. Of  his  three  sons,  the  eldest, 
William,  died  1729,  governor  of  New-Eng- 
land— the  second,  Gilbert,  was  chaplain  to 
the  king,  and  warmly  engaged  in  the  Ban- 
gorian  controversy  as  the  champion  of 
Hoadly — and  Thomas  became  a  judge  of 
the  common  pleas,  and  died  1753. 

Burnet,  Elizabeth,  third  wife  of  bishop 
Burnet,  was  the  daughter  of  Sir  Richard 
Blake,  knight,  and  was  born  in  London, 
1661.  At  the  age  of  18  she  married 
Robert  Berkeley,  esquire,  with  whom  she 
went  to  reside  in  Holland  till  the  revolu- 
tion, and  after  being  a  widow  seven  years, 
she,  in  1700,  married  the  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury. The  fortune  which  she  possessed 
was  employed  to  the  most  benevolent  pur- 
poses, and  the  goodness  of  her  heart  was 
displayed  in  her  maternal  attention  to  the 
children  of  her  last  husband.  She  publish- 
ed a  method  of  devotion ,  a  book  of  merit, 
which  showed  her  great  knowledge  of  re- 
383 


BUR 


HUH 


ligion,  and  which  was  again  reprinted  four 
years  after  her  death.     She  died  1709. 

Burnet,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  writer  of  emi- 
nence, born   at  Croft  in  Yorkshire,  and 
educated  at   North  Allerton   school,  and 
Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  under  the  care  of 
Tillotson,  and  the  patronage  of  Cudworth. 
Great  abilities  and  a  cultivated  understand- 
ing recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
powerful :  and  as   tutor  to  the  son  of  the 
marquis  of  Winchester,  and  afterwards  to 
lord  Ossory,  grandson  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
mond,  he  gained  the  esteem  and  the  attach- 
ment of  men  of  rank  and  political  influence. 
By  means  of  his  noble  friends  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1685,  to  the  mastership  of  the 
charter-house,  and  in  that  situation  he  dis- 
played great  firmness,  and  a  conscientious 
regard  for  the  statutes  of  the  society  over 
which  he  presided,  by  refusing  to  admit  one 
Popham  to  be  a  pensioner  of  the  house, 
without  his  taking  the   oaths,   in   conse- 
quence of  the  dispensation  granted  him  by 
James  II.     The  revolution  seemed  to  open 
♦he  road  for  future   preferment,  but  the 
publication  of  his  "  Archaeologiae  philoso- 
phies, &c."  drew  upon  him  public  censure, 
and  his  attempt  to  allegorize  the  Scripture 
account  of  the  fall  of  Adam,  exposed  him 
to  the  indignation  of  his  ecclesiastical  read- 
ers,  who   thought  they  viewed   in  him  a 
bkeptical  and  infidel  writer.     Every  endea- 
vour to  vindicate  himself  appeared  unsatis- 
factory ;  he  was  removed  from  his  appoint- 
ment of  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,  and 
it  is  said,  by  that  unfortunate  book,  lost 
the  see  of  Canterbury  on  the  death  of  his 
respected    friend    and    patron    Tillotson. 
Thus  banished  from  royal  favour,  and  re- 
gardless of  the  frowns  of  the    world,    he 
retired   to   his   favourite   pursuits   in    the 
tranquillity  of  the  charter-house,  where  he 
died,  27th  September,  1715,  aged  about  80. 
His  chief  work  is  his  theory  of  the  earth, 
which  he  published  originally  in  Latin,  and 
afterwards  greatly  improved  in  an  English 
dress,  at  the  recommendation  of  Charles  II. 
The  celebrity  which   this   book   acquired, 
directed   the   inquiries  of  philosophers   to 
examine  its  merits,  and  though  it  is  proved 
fully  by  the  criticisms  of  Flamstead,  War- 
ren, and  particularly  of  Keill,  to  be  a  sys- 
tem built  on  wrong  data,   and  more  the 
effort  of  fanciful   invention   than  of  deep 
reflection  and  mathematical  precision,  yet 
it  is  popular,   and  will  be  admired,  as  it 
possesses  uncommon  beauties,  elegant  dic- 
tion,  and  interesting  details.     He   wrote 
besides   two   other  learned   and   valuable 
Latin  works — de  fide  et  officiis  christiano- 
vum — and  de  statu  mortuorum,  et  resurgen- 
tium — besides  other  pieces,  in  which    he 
questions   the   eternity  of   future  punish- 
ments, and   adopts   the   doctrines   of  the 
millennium.    These  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English. 
324' 


Burnet,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, of  whose  birth,  life,  and  death,  no- 
thing is  recorded  except  what  is  mentioned 
in  the  title  of  his  books.  He  was  member 
of  the  medical  college  of  Edinburgh,  and 
wrote — thesaurus  medicinae  practical, 
1673,  4to.  London,  and  enlarged,  1698 — 
Hippocrates  contractus,  &c.  Edinburgh 
1685,  8vo.  and  London  1743,  in  12mo. 

Burnet,  William,  governor  of  New- 
York,  New-Jersey,  Massachusetts,  and 
New-Hampshire,  was  the  son  of  Gilbert 
Burnet,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  born  at 
the  Hague,  in  1638,  after  having  held  the 
office  of  comptroller  of  the  customs  in 
England,  he  was  in  1720,  appointed  gover- 
nor of  New- York  and  New-Jersey,  and 
entered  on  the  duties  of  the  office  in  Sep- 
tember of  that  year.  He  introduced  a 
judicious  system  of  measures  for  the  pur- 
pose of  guarding  the  province  against  the 
encroachments  of  the  French,  but  it  ex- 
cited the  clamour  of  the  merchants,  and 
rendered  him  so  unpopular  that  in  1728,  he 
was  superseded.  He  was  then  appointed 
to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  and 
New-Hampshire.  His  administration 
there  was  rendered  unpleasant  by  a  con- 
troversy with  the  assembly  respecting  his 
salary.  He  died  at  Boston,  September 
7th,  1729.  He  was  a  man  of  superior 
talents  and  learning,  and  published  several 
philosophical  and  theological  works  of  re- 
putation. (U3  L. 

Burnet,  Charles,  a  musical  writer,  was 
born  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1726.  He  received 
his  education  at  the  grammar-school  of  his 
native  town,  after  which  he  was  placed 
under  Mr.  Baker,  the  organist  of  Chester 
cathedral.  In  1741,  he  returned  to  Shrews- 
bury, and  in  1744,  came  to  London,  where 
he  was  chosen  organist  of  St.  Dionis, 
Back-church,  but  afterwards  removed  to 
Lynn,  where  he  continued  nine  years.  In 
1760,  he  returned  to  the  metropolis,  and  in 
1769,  obtained  the  honorary  degree  of  doc- 
tor in  music  at  Oxford.  The  year  follow- 
ing, he  travelled  through  France  and  Italy, 
of  which  tour  he  published  an  interesting 
account  in  1771.  The  next  year  he  travel- 
led through  the  Netherlands,  Germany, 
and  Holland,  of  which  journey  he  also  pub- 
lished an  account  in  2  vols.  In  1776  ap- 
peared the  first  volume  of  his  History  of 
Music ;  and  the  remaining  four  volumes 
came  out  at  different  intervals,  the  last 
being  published  in  1789.  The  next  work 
of  importance  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Burney, 
was  a  History  of  the  Musical  Festival  in 
commemoration  of  Handel,  in  1785,  4to. 
In  1796,  he  published  the  life  of  Metasta- 
sio,  in  3  vols.  Svo.  Besides  these  produc- 
tions he  wrote  "The  Cunning  Man;" 
"  An  Essay  towards  a  History  of  Comets  ;■ 
the  "  Plan  of  a  Musical  School ;"  and"  An 
Account  of  Little  Crotch,  the  Infant  Musi-. 


BUR 


B'UK 


tian."  The  doctor  lived  some  time  in  the 
house  that  had  been  occupied  by  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  near  Leicester-square,  but,  on 
being  appointed  organist  of  Chelsea-college, 
he  removed  thither,  and  died  there  in  May, 
1814.  He  had  a  numerous  family,  among 
whom  were — 1.  James  Burney,  a  captain  in 
the  navy,  and  the  companion  of  Cook.  He 
has  published  some  valuable  works.  2. 
Charles  Burney,  of  whom  see  the  following 
article.  3.  Frances,  who  married  a  French 
officer,  named  D'Arblay.  She  is  known  by 
Eveline,  Cecilia,  Camilla,  and  the  Wan- 
derer. 4.  Sarah  Harriet,  the  author  of 
some  novels  of  merit. — W.  B. 

Burney,  Charles,  an  eminent  scholar 
and  divine,  was  the  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  born  at  Lynn,  in  1757.  He  was 
educated  at  the  charter-house,  after  which 
he  removed  to  Caius  college,  Cambridge, 
and  from  thence  to  King's  college,  Aber- 
deen, where  he  took  his  master's  degree,  in 
1731.  The  next  year  he  became  assistant 
in  an  academy  at  Highgate,  and  soon  after- 
wards, in  that  of  Dr.  Rose,  at  Chiswick. 
While  here,  he  wrote  some  criticisms  in 
the  Monthly  Review,  particularly  on  the 
Monostrophics  of  Mr.  Huntingford,  now 
bishop  of  Hereford.  About  this  time  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Rose,  and  in 
1786,  opened  a  school  at  Hammersmith, 
from  whence,  in  1793,  he  removed  to 
Greenwich.  The  year  before  this  he  had 
obtained  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from 
Aberdeen  and  Glasgow.  Having  conduct- 
ed his  school  with  the  highest  reputation 
many  years,  he  took  orders,  on  which  oc- 
casion the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  in 
divinity.  He  was  also  presented  to  the 
living  of  St.  Paul,  Deptford,  the  rectory  of 
Cliffe,  a  prebend  in  Lincoln  cathedral,  and 
made  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king.  He 
died  Dec.  28th,  1817.  His  library  was 
purchased  by  parliament,  and  presented  to 
the  British  Museum.  His  publications  are 
— 1.  Appendix  ad  Lexicon  Graeco-Latinum 
a  Joad.  Scapulam,  1789.  2.  Remarks  on 
the  Greek  verses  of  Milton,  1791.  3. 
Richardi  Bentleii  et  doctorum  virorum  epis- 
tolae,  4to.  1807.  4.  Tentamen  de  metris 
ab  jEschylo  in  opericis  cantibus  adhibitis, 
8vo.  1809.  5.  Bishop  Pearson's  Exposition 
of  the  Creed  abridged,  12mo.  6.  Philemo- 
nis  Lexicon  Graece,  4to.  7.  A  Sermon  at 
the  anniversary  of  the  sons  of  the  clergy 
at  St.  Paul's,  4to.  1813.— W.  B. 

Burns,  Robert,  a  Scotch  poet  of  great 
merit,  born  29th  January,  1759,  at  Ayr. 
Though  originally  a  ploughman,  and  hum- 
bly educated,  he  rose  to  high  poetical  fame 
by  the  untutored  powers  of  his  genius. 
His  writings  are  all  in  the  Scotch  dialect, 
which  undoubtedly  lessens  their  merit, 
though  they  possess  uncommon  beauty  and 
an  elegant  simplicity,    which  cannot  be 


sufficiently  admired.  Burns  no  sooner  if  - 
peared  in  print  than  he  was  noticed,  and 
drawn  from  the  plough  to  associate  with 
men  of  letters  and  opulence.  By  the  ex- 
ertions of  his  friends,  and  Dr.  Blacklock  of 
Edinburgh  in  particular,  a  handsome  sub- 
scription of  nearly  1100L  was  raised  for 
him,  and  a  place  in  the  excise  was  obtain- 
ed, and  a  farm  rented,  where  he  might 
exercise  his  genius  in  noble  independence, 
while  he  maintained  his  family.  These 
generous  efforts,  however,  were  unavailing ; 
Burns,  transplanted  from  the  plough,  was 
a  withered  plant ;  he  contracted  bad  habits, 
which,  added  to  a  natural  propensity  for 
licentious  pleasures,  shattered  bis  existence, 
and  he  sunk  into  an  untimely  grave,  in 
1796.  He  left  behind  him  a  widow  and 
four  children,  towards  whom  the  hand  of 
benevolence,  guided  by  the  kind  interfer- 
ence of  Dr.  Currie  of  Liverpool,  who 
edited  his  poems  and  letters  in  four  vols. 
8vo.  1800,  has  been  humanely  extended  to 
raise  them  above  the  miseries  of  low  and 
often  vicious  indigence,  and  the  handsome 
sum  of  1000J.  has  been  obtained  as  the 
profit  of  the  publication. 

Burr,  Peter,  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Connecticut,  was  a  grand- 
son of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Burr,  of  Dorches- 
ter, and  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1690.  He  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  in  1711,  and  continued  in 
the  office  until  1717.  In  1722,  he  was 
again  appointed  a  judge,  and  the  following 
year  chief  justice.  Mr.  Law  succeeded 
him  in  1725.  (LT  L. 

Burr,  Aaron,  president  of  the  college  at 
Princeton,  New-Jersey,  was  born  at  Fair- 
field, Connecticut,  in  1714,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  college,  in  1735.  In  1742,  he  was 
invested  with  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  at  Newark,  New-Jer- 
sey, where  he  became  so  conspicuous  by 
his  talents  and  learning,  that  in  1748,  he 
was  elected  the  successor  of  Mr.  Dickin- 
son to  the  presidency  of  the  college  then 
at  Elizabethtown,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Newark,  and  thence  to  Prince- 
ton. He  discharged  the  duties  of  that 
station  with  great  dignity,  popularity,  and 
usefulness  till  his  death,  in  September 
1757.  He  was  unrivalled  by  his  cotempo- 
raries  in  force  and  elegance  of  mind,  in 
learning,  eloquence,  and  excellence  as  a 
preacher,  in  piety,  public  spirit,  and  popu- 
larity, in  the  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
in  polish  of  manners,  and  facility  of  com- 
municating knowledge.  His  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards 
of  Northhampton,  and  possessed  superior 
endowments,  knowledge,  and  piety. 

(LT  L- 

Burrhus,  Afranius,  a  famous  Roman, 
commander  under  Claudius  and  Nero.    He 
attempted  in  vain  to  check  the  vicious  con- 
325 


BUR 


BUR 


duct  of  Nero,  who  was  his  pupil,  and  died 
universally  regretted,  A.D.  62. 

Burrington,  George, governor  of  North 
Carolina  under  the  proprietors,  was  ap- 
pointed in  1723,  and  rendered  himself  so 
infamous  by  folly  and  vice,  that  before  the 
close  of  the  second  year  he  was  removed 
from  office  and  absconded.  He  was  again 
appointed  in  1730,  but  was  equally  unpopu- 
lar, and  returned  to  England  in  1734, 
where  he  was  not  long  after  murdered. 
ET   L. 

Burrough,  Edward,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, who  from  a  churchman  became 
a  Presbyterian,  and  afterwards  a  Quaker. 
As  a  preacher  he  displayed  great  intrepi- 
dity, and  even  reprehended  Cromwell  for 
his  severities.  He  obtained  from  Charles 
II.  the  suspension  of  the  persecution 
against  the  Quakers  of  New-England.  He 
was  at  last  imprisoned  by  an  alderman  of 
London,  for  his  violent  preaching,  and  died 
of  a  jail  distemper  in  Newgate,  1663,  aged 
29.  His  tracts,  &c.  were  collected  in  one 
vol.  folio. 

Burroughs,  George,  who  suffered  death 
for  the  alleged  crime  of  witchcraft,  during 
the  delusion  respecting  that  subject  in 
Massachusetts,  in  1692,  was  a  graduate  at 
Harvard  college,  and  settled  in  the  ministry 
at  Salem,  in  1681.  He  afterwards  preach- 
ed some  time  at  Falmouth,  Maine.  In 
1692,  he  was  arraigned  at  Salem,  on  a 
charge  of  having  by  the  arts  of  witchcraft, 
"  tortured,  afflicted,  pined,  consumed, 
wasted,  and  tormented,"  one  Mary  Wol- 
cott,  and  also  of  performing  several  feats 
of  extraordinary  strength.  These  accusa- 
tions were  sustained  chiefly  by  persons  who 
professed  to  be  witches,  or  victims  of  their 
malignant  influence.  He  was  executed  on 
ihe  19th  of  August.  [LT  L. 

Burroughes,  Jeremiah,  a  nonconform- 
ist, educated  at  Cambridge,  which  he  left 
on  account  of  his  tenets.  After  being  shel- 
tered in  the  house  of  lord  Warwick,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  and  during  the  civil  wars 
he  returned  to  London,  and  became  preach- 
er of  Stepney  and  Cripplegate  churches. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  piety,  considerable 
learning,  and  of  irreproachable  manners. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  Hosea — ser- 
mons on  contentment  and  resignation — 
Irenicum,  or  in  favour  of  Christian  peace, 
&c.    He  died  in  London,  1646,  Nov.  14th. 

Burrow,  James,  master  of  the  crown 
office,  was  elected  1772,  president  of  the 
Royal  Society,  which  he  resigned  the  next 
year  to  sir  John  Pringle,  and  was  at  that 
lime  knighted,  when  the  society  presented 
an  address  to  the  king.  He  published  four 
vols,  cf  reports,  besides  decisions  of  the 
«:ourt  of  king's  bench — an  essay  on  punc- 
tuation— anecdotes  of  Oliver  Cromwell  and 
his  family,  &c.  Sir  James  died  5th  No- 
vember, 1782. 
32fi 


Burton,  Henry,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Birsali,  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  degrees  in  arts.  He  was  made  B.  D. 
at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  introduced  into 
the  family  of  lord  Carey,  created  in  1625 
earl  of  Monmouth,  to  whose  sons  he  was 
tutor.  He  was  next  clerk  of  the  closet  to 
prince  Henry,  and  after  his  death  to 
Charles,  who  on  his  accession  to  the  throne 
discarded  him  from  his  favour.  This  af- 
front, whether  merited  or  not,  was  highly 
resented  by  Burton,  who  was  now  inflamed 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times,  and  railed  with 
vehemence  against  the  episcopal  bench,  es- 
pecially Neil  and  Laud.  In  his  office  of 
rector  of  St.  Matthew's,  in  Friday-street, 
he  preached  and  published  two  sermons, 
which  were  considered  as  libellous  and  se- 
ditious, and  for  them  he  was  summoned 
before  the  star-chamber,  and  condemned 
to  pay  a  fine  of  5000Z.  to  be  exposed  on 
the  pillory,  to  have  his  ears  cut  off,  to  be 
degraded  from  his  ecclesiastical  honours, 
and  be  imprisoned  for  life,  without  the 
permission  of  seeing  his  wife  or  relations. 
After  enduring  this  severe  punishment  for 
12  weeks  in  Lancaster  jail,  he  was  for 
greater  security  removed,  from  the  com- 
miseration of  the  populace,  to  Cornet  cas- 
tle, in  Guernsey,  in  October,  1637,  from 
which,  three  years  after,  he  was  liberated 
by  the  interference  of  parliament.  His 
sufferings  were  rewarded  by  the  compas- 
sion of  Parliament,  who  voted  to  him 
6000L  which,  in  consequence  of  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  times,  he  never  received,  and 
he  was  restored  to  his  living  and  his  de- 
grees, and  by  embracing  the  prevalent 
opinions  of  the  puritans  and  independents 
he  continued  to  retain  his  popularity  till 
his  death  in  1648,  aged  69.  His  writings 
were  all  controversial,  and  generally  full  of 
invectives. 

Burton,  William,  an  antiquarian,  bom 
at  Lindley,  in  Leicestershire,  and  educated 
at  Sutton  Coldfield  school,  and  Brazen- 
nose  college,  Oxford.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
was  barrister  and  reporter  in  the  court  of 
common  pleas.  The  law,  however,  did 
not  long  engage  his  attention  ;  his  favour- 
ite studies  were  genealogy,  heraldry,  and 
antiquities,  and  under  the  patronage  of 
Villars,  marquis  of  Buckingham,  and  with 
the  assistance  of  his  friends,  John  Beau- 
mont and  Augustus  Vincent,  he  published 
his  great  work  on  the  history  of  his  native 
county,  in  fol.  1622.  This  composition  is 
valuable  on  account  of  its  antiquity,  though 
it  is  not  free  from  errors,  and  though  it  is 
often  too  overloaded  with  long  genealogies 
and  useless  digressions.  Burton  was  a 
man  of  property,  as  well  as  of  education, 
but  he  was  a  sufferer  by  the  civil  wars. 
He   chieflv  lived   at    his    favourite   sent. 


BUR 


BUR 


I'alde,  near  Tutbury,  Staffordshire,  and 
was  intimate  with  sir  Robert  Cotton,  with 
Somner,  Michael  Drayton,  and  sir  William 
Dugdale.  He  died  at  Falde,  sixth  April, 
1645,  aged  70.  His  son,  Cassibelan,  in- 
herited his  virtues  and  learning.  He  pub- 
lished a  poetical  translation  of  Martial  in 
1658,  and  died  February  23th,  1681,  aged 
72.  He  left  his  father's  valuable  collection 
of  antiquities  to  the  learned  Walter  Chet- 
wynd,  of  Staffordshire. 

Burton,  Robert,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  8th  February,  1576,  and 
educated  at  the  same  school  and  college. 
He  became  afterwards  student  of  Christ 
church,  and  obtained  the  livings  of  St. 
Thomas,  Oxford,  and  Segrave  in  Leices- 
tershire, which  with  some  difficulty  in 
those  turbulent  times  he  retained  till  his 
death  in  Jan.  1639.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive learning,  but  of  a  melancholy  turn 
of  mind,  and  extravagantly  addicted  to 
astrology.  His  anatomy  of  melancholy, 
by  Democritus  junior,  as  he  calls  himself, 
fully  established  his  character  for  erudition 
and  eccentricity.  The  work  continued,  in 
a  4to.  and  octavo  form,  long  a  favourite  of 
the  public,  and  his  bookseller,  it  is  said, 
gained  a  handsome  estate  by  the  sale  of  it. 
As  Burton  died  about  the  time  which  he 
had  predicted  by  calculating  his  nativity, 
some  foolishly  suspected  that  to  give  cele- 
brity to  the  accuracy  of  his  art  he  destroy- 
ed himself.  He  was  buried  in  the  cloisters 
of  Christ  church  cathedral.  Sterne  is  said 
to  have  borrowed  much  from  his  writings. 
Burton,  Ezekias,  fellow  of  Magdalen 
college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  pre- 
bendary of  Norwich,  was  eminent  for  his 
learning  and  piety.  He  was  a  strenuous 
advocate  for  toleration  in  support  of  the 
plans  of  his  patron  lord-keeper  Bridgeman. 
He  died  of  a  malignant  fever,  1681.  His 
discourses  were  published  by  Tillotson,  in 
two  vols.  He  wrote  also  the  preface  to 
bishop  Cumberland's  laws  of  natui'e. 

Burton,  William,  was  born  in  Austin- 
friars,  London,  educated  at  Gloucester-hall, 
Oxford,  and  after  being  usher  to  the  well- 
known  Thomas  Farnaby,  he  was  made 
master  of  the  grammar-school  of  Kingston 
on  Thames.  He  was  eminent  as  a  uni- 
versal scholar,  a  judicious  critic,  and  an 
able  antiquary.  He  was  intimate  with 
many  learned  men,  especially  Usher.  He 
died  1657.  He  wrote  Graecae  linguae  his- 
toria — Veteris  linguae  Persicae  historia, 
published  with  the  preceding — a  commen- 
tary on  Antoninus's  Itinerary,  relating  to 
Britain,  in  folio. 

Burton,  William,  born  at  Rippon,  in 
Yorkshire,  was  educated  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
With  difficulty  he  was  dissuaded  by  his 
friends  from  joining  the  pretender  at  Man- 
'•hcster,  in  1745.     He  practised  with  great 


reputation  as  a  physician,  and  wrote  the 
history  of  Yorkshire,  in  two  vols.  fol.  He 
died  at  York,  1759,  aged  62. 

Burton,  John,  D.  D.  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Weinbworth,  Devonshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Okehampton  and  Ely  schools.  He 
entered  afterwards  at  Corpus  Christi  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  soon  became  Greek 
lecturer,  and  for  near  1.  years  a  respectable 
and  indefatigable  tutor.  His  abilities  were 
exerted  not  only  to  render  his  pupils  learn- 
ed, and  the  university  regular  and  correct 
in  discipline,  but  he  endeavoured  to  smooth 
the  difficulties  which  attend  the  publication 
of  learned  and  important  works,  and  drew 
contributions  and  exemptions  for  such 
books  as  issued  from  the  Clarendon  press. 
In  1733,  he  was  honourably  elected  to  a 
fellowship  of  Eton  college,  and  about  the 
same  time  succeeded  Dr.  Littleton  as  vicar 
of  Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire.  When  he 
came  to  reside  on  his  living  he  found  his 
predecessor's  widow  and  her  three  infant 
daughters  in  a  helpless  unprotected  state, 
and  the  benevolence  with  which  he  treated 
the  mother  soon  created  more  than  com- 
mon friendship,  and  at  last  ended  in  mar- 
riage. His  retirement  here  was  employed 
in  improving  and  embellishing  his  neigh- 
bourhood, and  in  suggesting  hints  for  the 
removing  of  obstructions  in  the  navigation 
of  the  Thames.  The  death  of  his  wife  in 
1748,  greatly  affected  him ;  he  honoured 
her  memory  by  the  tender,  affectionate, 
and  liberal  treatment  which  he  showed  to 
her  orphan  daughters,  and  afterwards 
chiefly  spent  his  time  at  Eton,  where  he 
was  revered  and  loved  by  the  pupils  of  that 
respectable  foundation.  At  an  advanced 
period  of  life,  when  his  eyesight  began  to 
fail,  he  published  his  scattered  pieces  called 
opuscula  miscellanea  ;  but  soon  after  a 
severe  attack  of  an  erysipelous  fever  de- 
stroyed his  faculties,  and  rendered  him  a 
melancholy  monument  of  fallen  greatness. 
This  worthy  and  truly  amiable  man  died 
11th  February,  1771,  aged  76,  and  was 
buried  at  the  entrance  of  Eton  chapel. 
Besides  the  preferments  mentioned,  he 
was  made  rector  of  Worplesdon,  in  Sur- 
rey, 1766. 

Bury,  Arthur,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1648,  after  a 
residence  of  10  years,  by  the  parliamenta- 
ry visiters.  At  the  restoration  he  obtained 
a  prebend  of  Exeter,  and  in  1665  was 
made  rector  of  Exeter  college,  and  chap- 
lain to  the  king.  His  "  Naked  Gospel," 
in  which  he  defended  and  avowed  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Socinians,  caused  his  ejection 
from  his  preferment,  and  the  work  was 
burnt  by  order  of  the  university  of  Oxford. 
He  vindicated  his  conduct  in  some  pam- 
phlets, and  died  about  the  end  of  the  17th 
centurv,  near  Exeter. 

327 


BUS 


BUS 


Burt,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Captain 
Lawrence,  was  born  at  Linton,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  married  Mr.  Lloyd,  of  Hunting- 
donshire, and  after  his  death  Samuel  Bury, 
a  dissenting  minister  of  Bristol.  She  was 
a  respectable  woman  in  private  life,  and 
particularly  excelled  in  her  knowledge  of 
divinity,  of  mathematics,  and  of  the  learned 
languages,  especially  Hebrew.  Her  life 
and  diary  were  published  by  her  last  hus- 
band, and  Dr.  Watts  honoured  her  virtues 
with  an  elegant  elegy.  She  died  at  Bris- 
tol, 1720,  aged  76. 

Burzuie,  a  learned  Persian  philosopher 
and  physician,  in  the  reign  of  Chosroes, 
surnamed  Nuschirvan  the  just,  by  whom 
he  was  employed  to  obtain  a  copy  of  a  fa- 
mous book  among  the  Indians,  called  the 
wisdom  of  all  ages.  He  with  some  diffi- 
culty obtained  the  valuable  composition, 
and  after  translating  it,  dedicated  it  to  his 
royal  master.  The  translation,  which  is 
descended  to  the  present  times,  is  greatly 
altered  from  the  original. 

Bus,  Caesar  de,  a  native  of  Cavillon,  who 
atoned  for  the  irregularities  of  youth,  by  a 
pious  life,  which  he  devoted  to  the  refor- 
mation of  the  clergy.  His  labours  were 
approved  by  the  pope,  he  was  made  gene- 
ral of  his  new  order,  which  he  called  the 
fathers  of  the  Christian  doctrine,  and  he 
obtained  a  canonry  for  his  services.  He 
wrote  familiar  instruction  on  the  Christian 
doctrine,  once  very  popular,  and  died  1607, 
aged  63. 

Busbeqdics,  Auger  Gislen,  a  natural 
son  of  the  lord  of  Busbec,  was  born  at 
Commines,  in  Flanders.  He  was  educated 
with  the  greatest  care  by  his  father,  who 
perceived  in  him  the  prominent  features  of 
a  man  of  genius  and  talents.  He  visited 
London  in  the  suite  of  the  imperial  ambas- 
sador, and  in  1554  went  himself  at  the 
head  of  an  embassy  to  the  capital  of  Tur- 
key, where,  besides  examining  with  the 
eyes  of  a  statesman,  the  character  and  ge- 
nius of  the  inhabitants,  he  made  a  curious 
and  valuable  collection  of  coins,  manu- 
scripts, and  inscriptions.  He  published 
an  interesting  account  of  his  travels,  print- 
ed by  Elzevir,  Ley  den,  1633,  which  is 
highly  commended  by  Thuanus  ;  and  so 
respectable  and  useful  were  his  abilities 
considered,  that  he  was  drawn  from  the 
privacy  of  retirement  to  attend  Elizabeth 
when  she  espoused  Charles  IX.  of  France, 
and  to  remain  at  the  French  court  as  im- 
perial ambassador.  He  died  October,  1592, 
aged  70. 

Busby,  Richard,  a  celebrated  school- 
master, born  at  Lutton,  in  Lincolnshire, 
22d  Sept.  1606,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster-school, of  which,  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Christ  church,  Oxford,  and  be- 
ing promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Wells,  and 
Uie  living  of  Cudworth,  Somersetshire,  he 


was  appointed  master  13th  December, 
1640.  For  55  years  he  presided  over  that 
respectable  institution,  and  had  the  happi- 
ness to  see  many  of  his  pupils  fill  the  high- 
est offices  of  the  church  and  state,  with 
credit  and  ability.  After  the  restoration 
he  was  made  prebendary  of  Westminster 
by  Charles  II.  and  in  the  same  year  he 
took  his  degree  of  D.D.  He  died  sixth 
April,  1695,  in  his  89th  year,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where  a  fine 
monument  is  erected  to  his  memory,  with 
a  Latin  inscription,  to  commemorate  the 
great  abilities,  useful  services,  and  ho- 
nourable conduct  of  this  eminent  scholar. 
The  great  opulence  which  in  a  laborious 
office  he  acquired  was  liberally  dispersed 
for  the  promotion  of  piety  and  learning,  or 
for  the  relief  of  virtuous  and  suffering  in- 
digence. He  wrote  some  books  for  the 
use  of  his  school,  where  they  are  still  re- 
tained as  a  monument  of  his  erudition,  and 
critical  discernment. 

Buschetto  da  Dalichio,  an  eminent 
architect  and  mechanic  of  the  11th  centu- 
ry. The  cathedral  of  Pisa,  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  buildings  of  Italy,  is  a  lasting 
monument  of  his  great  abilities,  in  a  bar- 
barous and  ignorant  age. 

Busching,  Dr.  Anthony  Frederic,  a  na- 
tive of  Stadhagen  in  Prussia,  educated  at 
Halle,  and  made  pastor  of  the  Lutheran 
church  at  Presburg.  He  was  author  of  a 
new  treatise  on  geography  in  German,  two 
vols.  1754.  This  work  was  liberally  re- 
warded on  the  continent,  and  its  merits 
were  made  known  to  the  English  in  a  trans- 
lation in  six  vols.  4to.  176&1779.  Dr. 
Busching  died  1793,  aged  69/^  Berlin, 
where  Frederic  II.  had  placed  him  as  direc- 
tor of  the  college. 

Bdschius,  Herman,  a  German  scholar, 
known  for  some  commentaries  which  he 
wrote  on  classical  authors  and  for  some 
Latin  poems.  He  contributed  much  to 
the  restoration  of  learning  in  Europe,  and 
ably  seconded  the  doctrines  of  Luther  1534, 
aged  66. 

Bushell,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Worces- 
tershire, educated  at  Baliol  college.  He 
was  afterwards  in  the  service  of  Bacon 
the  chancellor,  and  upon  his  disgrace  he 
retired  to  Oxfordshire,  to  reside  on  his 
estate.  He  was  in  his  principles  a  strong 
royalist,  and  had  the  honour  to  receive 
Charles  I.  and  his  queen  at  his  seat,  and 
for  his  attachment  to  his  cause  he  was 
made  master  of  the  royal  mines  in  Wales. 
In  this  new  appointment  he  established  a 
mint,  and  coined  money,  which  he  sent  to 
the  monarch  at  Oxford.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  permitted  by  an  act  of  parlia- 
ment to  work  and  improve  the  lead  mines 
of  Mendip  in  Somersetshire.  He  died 
1674,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  abbey.      He  [wrote 


BUT 


BUT 


Speeches  and  songs  at  the  presentment  of 
the  rock  at  Euston  to  the  queen,  4to.  1636, 
■ — a  remonstrance  of  his  majesty's  mines  in 
Wales,  1642,  4to. — extract  of  Bacon's  phi- 
losophical theory  of  mineral  productions, 
4to.  1660. 

Busleiden,  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  who  employed  him 
in  various  embassies.  He  was  a  learned 
man  and  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  sir  Taos. 
More,  4*c.  and  he  founded,  in  Louvain,  the 
college  of  the  three  tongues,  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  Latin.  One  of  his  letters  ap- 
pears in  More's  Utopia.     He  died  1517. 

Bussiere,  John  de,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  France,  2  vols.  4to. 
■ — an  abridgment  of  universal  history — 
Scanderberg,  a  Latin  heroic  poem  in  eight 
books — and  other  poems.  He  died  1678, 
aged  71. 

Bussv,  Roger  Rabutin  count  of,  a  French 
writer,  born  3d  April,  1618,  in  Normandy. 
He  devoted  himself  to  a  military  life  for 
some  time,  and  rose  to  high  rank,  but  his 
publication  of  les  amours  des  Gaules 
proved  so  offensive  on  account  of  the  liber- 
ty which  he  took  with  the  character  of  the 
French  ladies,  that  he  was  deprived  of  all 
his  honours,  and  thrust  into  the  Bastile, 
1665.  The  following  year  he  was  libera- 
ted, but  on  condition  of  living  in  exile  on 
his  estate  in  Burgundy.  As  a  writer  he  is 
eminent  for  his  wit,  the  fire  and  elegance 
of  his  diction,  and  the  interesting  manner 
of  his  narratives.  He  wrote  besides 
memoirs, — abridged  history  of  Lewis  the 
great, — letters,  in  seven  vols. — poems,  &c. 
He  died  1693. 

»  Butler,  William,  a  physician,  born  at 
Ipswich,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He 
practised  at  Cambridge  without  a  degree, 
but  the  oddity  of  his  manners,  and  the  bold 
and  irregular  method  in  which  he  treated 
his  patients,  and  often  successfully,  render- 
ed him  a  favourite  in  his  profession.  Some 
anecdotes  of  him  are  recorded,  which  ex- 
hibit him  more  as  a  capricious  and  obstinate 
boy,  or  a  madman,  than  as  a  man  of  sound 
aense  and  sagacious  conduct.  He  died 
29th  Jan.  1618,  aged  82,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Mary's  church,  Cambridge.  He  left  no 
writings  behind  him. 

Butler,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hamp- 
shire, author  of  a  popular  book  on  bees, 
called  the  feminine  monarchy,  and  of  a 
treatise  on  music.  He  was  master  of  Ba- 
singstoke-school,  and  vicar  of  Lawrence 
Wotton,  and  died  1647. 

Butler,  Samuel,  the  poet,  was  born  at 
Strensham  in  Worcestershire.  After  be- 
ing educated  at  Worcester  grammar-school 
his  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  sent  him  to 
Cambridge,  where,  however,  he  never  was 
matriculated,  and  after  staying  six  or  seven 
years  there,  he  became  the  cterk  of  Mr. 
Vol.  I.  42 


Jeffreys   a  justice  of  the  peace.     In  th« 
employment  he  devoted  himself  to  poetry 
and  other  literary   pursuits,  as  well  as  to 
music   and   painting.     Afterwards  he  was 
in   the  family  of    the  countess  of    Kent, 
where  he  not  only  had  access  to  a  valuable 
library,  but  familiarly  conversed  with  the 
great  Selden,  whose  amanuensis  he  occa- 
sionally was.     For  some  time  after  he  was 
in   Bedfordshire   in   the   house  of    sir   Sa- 
muel Luke,  one  of  Cromwell's  officers.     In 
this    situation    no  doubt  he  planned,  if  he 
did  not  write,  his  Hudibras,   as  the  knight 
was  intended   for  the  hero   of   the  poem. 
Upon  the  restoration  he  became  secretary 
to  lord  Carbery,  by  whom  he  was  appointed 
steward  of   Ludlow  castle,  and  some  time 
after  married   Mrs.  Herbert,  a  lady  whose 
fortune  was  lost  to  the  poet  by  being  laid 
out  in  bad  securities.     In  1663  Butler  ap- 
peared in  a  new  character,  by  the  publica- 
tion of  the   first  part  of  his   Hudibras   in 
three  cantos,  and  the  merit  of  the  poem  was 
no  sooner  known  at  court  by  the  influence  of 
the  earl  of  Dorset,   than  the  king,  and  the 
whole  of  the  royalist  party  received  it  with 
enthusiastic  applause.     The  next  year  the 
second  part  was  published,  and  a  third  in 
1678;  but  the  golden  dreams  of  the  poet 
were  disappointed  ;  and  though  the  nation 
expected  it,  and  the  merit  of  the  poem  had 
the  strongest  claim  to  royal  patronage  and 
public   remuneration,   yet  Butler  sunk  in 
want  and  obscurity.     In  vain  his  friends 
interested    themselves   in  his   favour,    the 
monarch  enjoyed  the  wit  of  Hudibras,  but 
forgot  his  merit3  and  his  necessities,  in  the 
midst  of  his  flatterers  and  concubines,  and 
though  it  is  said  that  the  poet  once  received 
300  guineas  fiom  the  royal  purse,  his  gene- 
ral treatment  denies  the  assertion.     From 
this  shameful  neglect  of  pining  virtue,   we 
are  to  lament  the  discontinuation  of  Hu- 
dibras.    Butler,  who  did  more  by  the  sar- 
castic powers  of  his  muse,  to  expose  to  ridi- 
cule the  fanatical  supporters  of  republican- 
ism, than  all  the  courtiers  who  shared   the 
smiles  of  Charles,  refused  to  write  more  for 
the  amusement  of   an  ungrateful    nation, 
the  author  was  unrewarded,  and  the  poem 
remained   unfinished.       Eutler   soon  after 
died,  25th  Sept.   1630,  and  was  buried  in 
Convent    garden  churchyard,   at  the  ex- 
pense of  his  friend   Mr.  Longueville,   who 
had  in  vain  solicited  a  subscription  for  his 
decent  interment  in   Westminster  abbey. 
Sixty  years  after,  the  memory  of  the  poet 
was  rescued  from  sepulchral  oblivion,  and 
a  monument  was  erected  to  him  in  West- 
minster abbey  by  Mr.  Barber,  a  printer, 
mayor  of  London,   who,  from  his  respect 
to  departed  genius,  deserves  to  lie  recorded 
as  the  best  and    most  disinterested   friend 
of  the   unfortunate  poet.      Mr.  Thyer  of 
Manchester  published  some  time  after  But- 
ler's death,  three  vols,  of  his  posthumous 
320 


BUT 


BUT 


m  orks,  and  afterwards  two  ;  but  tuej  throw 
no  light  upon  the  history  of  the  life  and 
sufferings  of  the  poet.  The  best  edition 
of  his  Hudibras,  is  by  Dr.  Zachary  Grey, 
2  vols.  8vo. 

Butler,  Joseph,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Wantage  in  1692.  His  father, 
who  was  a  respectable  tradesman,  but  a 
presbyterian,  intending  him  for  the  minis- 
try of  his  own  persuasion,  placed  him  at 
the  school  of  Jeremiah  Jones  of  Tcwks- 
bury,  in  Gloucestershire,  where  he  had  the 
famous  Isaac  Watts  for  his  schoolfellow. 
Before  he  left  this  place,  he,  though  young, 
wrote  some  remarks  on  Dr.  Samuel  Clark's 
first  sermon  at  Boyle's  lecture,  which  are 
annexed  to  the  treatise  on  the  being  of 
God.  The  principles  of  the  dissenters 
were  now  examined  with  soberness  by  this 
youthful  but  able  scholar,  and,  after  ma- 
ture deliberation,  rejected,  for  the  more 
genuine  doctrines  of  the  established  church; 
and  Butler,  pursuing  his  plan,  entered  at 
Oriel  college,  where  he  formed  an  honour- 
able and  lasting  intimacy  with  Edward  Tal- 
bot, the  son  of  the  bishop  of  Durham.  In 
consequence  of  this  respectable  connexion, 
and  by  the  recommendation  of  his  own 
great  abilities,  he  was  appointed  preacher  at 
the  Rolls,  and  made  rector  of  Haughton 
and  Stanhope,  and  prebendary  of  Roches- 
ter. In  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk  of 
the  closet  to  queen  Caroline,  and,  two 
years  after,  nominated  to  the  see  of  Bristol 
and  deanery  of  St.  Paul's.  In  1746  he 
was  made  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king, 
and,  four  years  after,  he  was  translated  to 
Durham,  a  dignity  which  he  did  not  long 
enjoy,  as  he  died  at  Bath  16th  June,  1752. 
He  was  buried  in  Bristol  cathedral,  where 
a  monument  is  erected  to  his  memory.  This 
prelate  was  respectable  in  private  as  well 
as  in  public  life.  The  powers  of  his  mind 
were  great,  clear,  and  comprehensive,  and 
from  his  deep  learning,  and  pious  regard 
for  virtue  and  religion,  arose  that  excellent 
and  immortal  publication,  entitled,  The 
analogy  of  religion,  natural  and  revealed, 
to  the  constitution  and  course  of  nature, 
in  8vo.  1736.  This  valuable  work  has  been 
ably  analyzed  by  Dr.  Halifax,  and  the  ob- 
jections raised  against  the  bishop,  and  the 
imputation  of  popery,  have  been  satisfac- 
torily removed.  He  published  also  some 
sermons,  and  an  excellent  charge  to  the 
clergy  of  his  diocess,  on  external  religion, 
for  which  he  was  attacked,  but  ably  defend- 
ed by  Seeker. 

Butler,  James,  the  duke  of  Ormond,  an 
able  statesman,  born  19th  October,  1610, 
at  Clerkenwcll,  London.  He  succeeded 
his  grandfather  as  earl  in  1632,  and  early 
distinguished  himself  against  the  rebels  of 
Ireland,  for  which  services  he  was  created 
a  marquis.  During  the  civil  wars  he  was 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  ;  but  upon  the  inva- 
33D 


sion  of  the  island  by  Cromwell,  he  retired 
to  France,  where  he  was  honourably  re- 
ceived by  the  French  nobility,  and  after- 
wards employed  by  Charles  II.  in  various 
negotiations  with  the  royalists  in  England. 
On  the  restoration,  to  which  he  had  so  much 
contributed  by  his  counsels  and  his  abili- 
ties, he  was,  with  other  honourable  appoint- 
ments, created  a  duke,  and  nominated  vice- 
roy of  Ireland.  In  this  office  he,  by  his 
vigilance,  prevented  Blood  from  seizing  his 
person  and  the  castle  of  Dublin  ;  and  some 
years  after  he  again  with  difficulty  escaped, 
by  the  interference  of  his  servants,  from 
the  violence  of  the  same  assassin,  who 
dragged  him  from  his  coach  in  St.  James's 
street,  with  the  intention  of  hanging  him 
at  Tyburn.  The  duke  died  21st  July,  1688, 
in  his  78th  year,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbey,  respected  not  more  as  a 
soldier  than  as  a  humane  and  benevolent 
man. 

Butler,  Thomas,  earl  of  Ossory,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Kilkenny, 
9th  July,  1634.  He  was  confined  in  the 
tower  for  eight  months  by  Cromwell ;  and 
upon  his  liberation  he  went  over  to  Flan- 
ders. He  accompanied  Charles  on  his 
restoration,  and  was  made  a  lieutenant-ge- 
neral in  Ireland,  and  in  1666  raised  to  the  ho- 
nour of  an  English  peerage,  as  lord  Butler  of 
Moor-park.  He  served  as  a  volunteer 
against  the  Dutch,  and  shared  the  glories 
of  lord  Albemarle's  victory,  and  further 
contributed  to  the  honour  of  his  country  in 
the  engagement  of  Southwold  bay.  In 
consequence  of  these  services  he  was 
promoted  in  the  navy,  and  in  1673  was 
made  admiral  of  the  whole  fleet,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  prince  Rupert.  In  1677  he  com- 
manded the  English  in  the  service  of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  at  the  battle  of  Mons 
he  gathered  fresh  laurels  against  the  French. 
In  the  senate  he  vindicated  his  father  so 
ably  against  lord  Shaftesbury,  that  the  vete- 
ran orator  was  confounded  and  abashed  at 
the  exertion  of  his  powers.  He  died  30th 
July,  1680,  aged  46.  His  father  said  he 
would  not  exchange  his  dead  son  for  any 
living  son  in  Christendom,  so  respectable 
and  popular  was  his  character. 

Butler,  Alban,  a  Roman  Catholic,  born 
at  London,  and  educated  at  Doway.  He 
was  director  of  the  English  college  at  St. 
Omer's,  and  wrote  the  lives  of  the  fathers, 
saints,  and  martyrs,  in  English,  with  valu- 
able notes.     He  died  1782. 

Butler,  Richard,  a  brave  officer,  who, 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  American  Re- 
volution held  a  colonelcy  in  the  American 
army,  and  distinguished  himself  on  several 
occasions.  In  the  battle  of  general  St.  Clair 
with  the  Indians,  near  the  Miami  villages, 
Nov.  4th,  1791,  he  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  the  army,  with  the  rank  of  general, 
and  lost  hr?  hYe.  O*  L« 


BUT 


BL\ 


Butler,  Thomas,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, entered  the  army  in  1776,  as  a 
subaltern,  and  during  the  war  rose  to  a 
captaincy,  and  was  much  respected  for  his 
bravery  and  skill.  He  commanded  a  bat- 
talion at  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair  in  1791,  and 
in  1794,  defended  the  fort  at  Pittsburgh 
against  the  insurgents.  In  1797,  he  was 
sent  with  an  armed  force,  to  expel  those 
who  had  illegally  taken  possession  of  the 
Indian  lands  in  Tennessee.  On  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  army  in  1802,  he  was  assigned 
a  colonelcy,  which  he  continued  to  hold 
till  his  death  in  1805,  in  the  52d  year  of 
his  age.  O*  L. 

Butt,  George,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Litchfield,  26th  December,  1741. 
From  Stafford  school  he  was  removed  to 
Westminster,  and  in  1760,  he  was  chosen 
student  of  Christ  church,  Oxford.  In  1765, 
he  took  orders,  and  by  the  kindness  of  his 
friend,  Sir  Edward  Winnington,  he  was,  in 
1771,  presented  to  the  livings  of  Stanford 
and  Clifton,  Worcestershire,  and  in  1787, 
he  obtained  from  lord  Foley  the  valuable 
vicarage  of  Kidderminster.  He  was  attack- 
ed by  a  paralytic  stroke  in  June,  1795,  and 
yielded  with  serenity  and  composure  to  a 
gradual  decay,  which  proved  fatal  the  30th 
Sept.  following.  He  was  buried  in  Stan- 
ford church,  where  a  short  inscription  in 
modest  language,  records  his  merits.  Dr. 
Butt  was  distinguished  as  a  preacher,  ar- 
dent yet  meek,  pathetic  yet  unaffected,  di- 
recting all  the  powers  of  his  eloquence  with 
the  pure  spirit  of  devotion,  and  the  mild 
graces  of  benevolence  and  Christian  cha- 
rity. As  a  poet,  he  possessed  originality, 
force,  and  sublimity,  and  what  the  muse 
inspired  was  expressed  with  all  the  fire  and 
energy  of  true  genius.  In  private  life  he 
was  deservedly  admired  for  the  urbanity  of 
his  manners,  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and 
the  fervour  and  steadiness  of  his  friendship. 
His  conversation  was  easy  and  cheerful, 
often  sparkling  with  wit,  but  never  offen- 
sive for  illiberality  of  reflection,  or  coarse- 
ness of  ideas.  He  published  a  volume  of 
sermons,  and  in  1784,  he  dedicated  to  the 
king  his  versification  of  Isaiah,  and  in  1793, 
he  collected  and  published  his  poems  in  2 
vols.  8vo.  An  interesting  and  well-written 
account  of  his  life  has  appeared  from  the 
classical  pen  of  his  friend  Dr.  Valpy. 

Butts,  Sir  William,  a  physician  to 
Henry  VIII.  educated  at  Gonvil-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
He  favoured  the  reformation,  and  was  the 
friend  of  Cranmer.  He  was  knighted  by 
the  king,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  royal  college  of  physicians,  where  his 
name  is  mentioned  with  high  commenda- 
tion. He  is  introduced  by  Shakspeare  in 
his  Henry  VIII.  as  the  great  friend  of 
Cranmer.  He  died  1545,  and  was  buried 
in  Fulham  church. 


Buxton,  Jedediah,  an  extraordinary  cal 
culator,  born  at  Elmeton,  near  Chesterfield, 
in  Derbyshire.  Though  the  son  of  a  school- 
master, and  the  grandson  of  a  clergymen, 
he  was  shamefully  neglected,  and  knew 
neither  to  write  nor  read.  His  powers  of 
meditation,  and  his  command  of  thought, 
were  so  astonishing,  that,  in  the  midst  of 
the  greatest  multitudes  and  the  most  con- 
fused noises,  he  would  reply  with  quick- 
ness and  accuracy  to  the  most  difficult 
questions.  He  was  accidentally  asked  by 
a  stranger  how  many  cubical  eighths  of  an 
inch  there  were  in  a  body,  whose  three 
sides  were  23,145,789  yards,  5,642,732 
yards,  and  54,965  yards  ;  and  though  sur- 
rounded by  a  hundred  labourers,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  intricate  calculation,  and,  in 
five  hours,  gave  a  correct  answer  to  the  as- 
tonished inquirer.  Other  instances  are 
mentioned  of  his  powerfully  retentive  me- 
mory ;  and  it  is  said,  that,  by  walking,  he 
could  measure  any  piece  of  land  with  as 
much  exactness  as  if  he  had  marked  it  with 
a  chain.  The  great  object  of  his  heart, 
next  to  figures,  was  to  see  the  royal  family; 
and  to  gratify  this  strong  propensity,  he 
walked  to  London,  in  1754,  but  returned  in 
disappointment.  While  in  the  capital  he 
was  introduced  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  he 
visited  Drury-lane  at  the  representation  of 
Richard  III.  where  it  was  expected  the  no- 
velty of  the  scene  and  splendour  of  the 
exhibition  would  please  and  engage  his  at- 
tention. Nothing,  however,  struck  him  ;  but 
he  employed  himself  in  numbering  the  steps 
of  the  dancers,  and  in  counting  with  great 
nicety,  all  the  words  which  Garrick  had 
uttered  during  the  performance.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  70,  about  the  year  1774,  and 
left  behind  him  several  children. 

Buxtorff,  John,  a  learned  Hebrean, 
born  at  Caden  in  Westphalia,  professor  at 
Basil,  where  he  died  of  the  plague  1629, 
aged  65.  He  displayed  his  extensive  know- 
ledge of  rabbinical  learning  as  the  author  of 
some  valuable  books,  especially  a  Hebrew 
grammar — a  lexicon  Chaldaicum  talmudicum 
et  rabbinicum,  1639,  folio — a  Hebrew  Bible 
— synagoga  Judaica,  or  the  religious  cere- 
monies of  the  Jews — a  small  Hebrew  and 
Chaldaic  lexicon,  12mo. — institutio  epistol. 
Judaica — a  rabbinical  commentary — the — 
saurus  lingua  Hebraicaj,  2  vols.  8vo.  &c. 
Buxtorff,  John,  son  and  successor  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Basil,  where  he  died 
in  1664,  aged  65.  He  translated  the  moreh 
nevochim  of  Maimonides — the  book  called 
Cosri — a  valuable  Hebrew  concordance — 
a  defence  of  the  points  and  vowels  of  the 
Hebrew  text  against  Lewis  Capellus — anti- 
critica,  likewise  against  Capellus — besides 
some  dissertations  on  Jewish  history  and 
literature.  Like  his  father,  he  gained  the 
esteem  and  veneration  of  the  learned  for 
his  extensive  erudition.  Both  indeed  re- 
531 


BYL 


BVN 


ceiicd,  as  they  merited,  the  most  flattering 
marks  of  respect  from  Gerard  Vossius,  Jo- 
seph Scaliger,  and  Isaac  Casaubon. 

Buxtorff,  John,  was  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  and  succeeded  him  in  the  orien- 
tal chair  at  Basil,  an  honour  which  four  of 
the  family  enjoyed  during  a  whole  century. 
He,  like  his  predecessors,  ably  vindicated 
the  use  of  vowels  and  points,  and  published 
several  learned  dissertations  on  the  He- 
brew language,  besides  verses,  sermons, 
&.e.  He  died  in  1732,  leaving  a  son  who 
has  not  degenerated  from  the  learning  of 
his  family. 

But  de  Mornas,  Claude,  born  at  Ly- 
ons, died  at  Paris,  1783.  He  is  author  of 
a  valuable  atlas  of  geography  and  history, 
4  vols.  4to.  1762 — 1770,  and  cosmography, 
in  8vo.  1770.  He  was  for  some  time  geo- 
graphical tutor  to  the  royal  family. 

Buzanval,  Nicholas  Choart  de,  a  French 
prelate,  born  at  Paris,  1611.  He  quitted 
the  law  and  its  honours  for  the  church, 
and  was  made  bishop  of  Beauvais  1652. 
He  was  an  excellent  diocesan,  and  con- 
stantly resided  among  his  people,  beloved 
and  respected.     He  died  1 679. 

Buzot,  Francis  Nicholas  Leonard,  one 
of  the  heroes  of  the  French  revolution,  was 
born  at  Evrcux,  March  1760.  He  was 
member  of  the  national  assembly  and  of 
the  convention,  where  he  was  surnamed 
the  evil  prophet,  because  he  constantly  in- 
veighed against  pretended  plots,  and  sus- 
pected machinations.  Regardless  of  the 
cries  of  faction,  he  had  the  courage  to  at- 
tack the  Orleans  party,  and  particularly 
Danton  and  Robespierre,  in  consequence 
of  which  his  destruction  was  decreed.  He 
was  proscribed  31st  May,  1 793,  but  escaped, 
and  wandered  poor,  wretched,  ana  des- 
titute in  the  department  of  Calvados,  where 
he  was  at  last  found  dead  by  the  side  of  his 
friend  Pethion.  Some  have  attributed  his 
death  to  assassination,  and  others  to  sui- 
cide. His  enemies,  the  Jacobins,  to  render 
him  more  odious,  called  him  king  Buzot. 

Btfield,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. When  admitted  into  orders  he  set- 
tled at  Chester,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Isleworth,  where  he  died,  1622.  In  his 
principles  he  was  a  strong  Calvinist  and  Sab- 
batarian, and  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts 
on  divinity.  His  son  Adoniram  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  parliament  in  the  civil 
wars,  and  was  clerk  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines at  Westminster. 

Biles,  Mather,  D.D.  congregational 
minister  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  in  that  town  in  1706.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  in  1725,  and  in 
1733,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Hollis-street.  He  held  a  high  rank  among 
those  of  his  profession  in  talents  and  use- 
fulness, and  was  pre-eminently  distinguish- 
ed for  the  keenness  and  exuberance  of  his 
33-? 


wit.  He  was  a  popular  writer,  and  possessed 
talents  for  poetry.  His  literary  merits  pro- 
cured him  an  acquaintance  with  many  of 
the  first  characters  in  Europe.  Pope  and 
Watts  were  among  his  correspondents. 
He  continued  happily  with  his  people  until 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  when 
on  account  of  his  friendliness  to  the  royal 
cause,  he  was  separated  from  them, 
arraigned  before  a  court,  and  sentenced  to 
transportation  to  England  ;  in  place  of 
which,  however,  he  was  only  confined  to 
his  house,  and  for  several  weeks  subjected 
to  the  care  of  a  guard,  and  occasionally  for 
short  periods  afterwards  ;  in  reference  to 
which  he  remarked  that  "  he  was  guarded, 
regarded,  and  disregarded."  He  died  in 
1783.  EF  L. 

Byn^us,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
the  pupil  of  Gra^vius,  and  well  skilled  in 
classical  and  historical  learning.  He  wrote 
de  calceis  Hebrasorum — Christus  crucifixus 
— explicatio  historian  evangelicae  de  nativ. 
Christi,  &.c.  and  died  at  Deventer,  169S, 
aged  44. 

Btng,  George,  lord  Torrington,  was 
born  1663,  and  at  the  early  age  of  13  en- 
gaged in  the  naval  service  of  his  country. 
He  gradually  rose  by  merit,  and  in  1704, 
with  the  rank  of  rear  admiral  of  the  red, 
he  greatly  contributed  to  the  capture  of 
Gibraltar,  under  Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel. 
Fo'  his  services  at  the  battle  of  Malaga  he 
was  knighted,  and  after  bravely  protecting 
the  borders  of  Scotland  against  the  pre- 
tender, and  maintaining  the  honour  of  his 
country  in  the  Baltic,  he  was  in  1718,  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  of  the  fleet  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  he  bravely  pro- 
tected the  coasts  of  Italy  against  the  inva- 
sion of  the  Spanish  arms,  and  defeated 
some  of  the  ir  formidable  armaments.  His 
merits  were  gratefully  acknowledged  by 
the  queen  of  Denmark,  and  by  the  emperor 
Charles  VI  who  complimented  him  on  his 
valour,  and  presented  him  with  his  picture 
set  in  diamonds.  On  his  return  home 
George  I.  acknowledged,  in  the  handsomest 
manner,  the  length  and  value  of  his  servi- 
ces, made  him  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and 
rear  admiral  of  England,  and  raised  him  to 
the  honours  of  a  viscount,  and  in  1727 
George  II.  made  him  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty, a  place  which  he  filled  with  honour 
to  his  country  till  his  death,  17th  Jan.  1733. 
He  was  buried  at  Southhill,  Bedfordshire. 

Btng,  John,  son  of  the  above,  served  in 
the  glorious  expeditions  of  his  father,  and 
by  his  merits,  as  well  as  the  influence  of 
his  name,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admi- 
ral. His  attempts  to  relieve  Fort  St.  Philip 
in  Minorca,  when  blockaded  by  a  French 
fleet  under  la  Galissoniere,  proved  abortive, 
and  his  hesitation  in  engaging  the  enemy, 
when  a  bold  attack  might  have  perhaps 
gained  him  the  victory,  drew  the  clamours, 
of  the  nation  against  him.     The   ministrv. 


BVR 


BZO 


who  wished  to  avert  the  public  odium  from 
their  unsuccessful  measures,  beheld  with 
seeming  satisfaction  the  unpopularity  of 
the  admiral,  and  when  he  was  condemned 
by  a  court-martial,  they  suffered  him, 
though  recommended  to  mercy,  to  be  sacri- 
ficed to  the  general  indignation,  and  he  was 
shot  at  Portsmouth,  14th  March,  1757, 
meeting  his  death  with  calm  resignation. 

Bynkershoek,  Cornelius  Van,  a  native 
of  Middleburg,  who  studied  the  law  at 
Franeker,  and  became  president  of  the 
council  in  Holland,  and  law  professor  at 
Leyden.  He  is  author  of  observations  on 
the  Roman  laws — an  admired  treatise  on 
the  right  of  ambassadors — besides  other 
valuable  works.     He  died  1743,  aged  80. 

Byrge,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mathema- 
tical instrument  maker  in  France.  The 
invention  of  logarithms,  and  of  the  com- 
pass of  proportion,  is  attributed  to  him, 
but  certainly  on  very  indefensible  ground. 
He  flourished  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Btrne,  William,  an  engraver,  was  born 
in  London  in  1742,  and  educated  under  an 
uncle,  who  engraved  heraldry  on  plate  ;  but 
having  succeeded  in  a  landscape  after  Wil- 
son, which  obtained  a  premium  from  the 
Society  for  the  encouragement  of  Arts,  it 
was  regarded  as  the  precursor  of  superior 
talent,  and  he  was  sent  to  Paris  for  im- 
provement. After  studying  under  Alict.uct 
and  Wille,  he  returned  to  England,  where 
he  found  Woollett  at  the  height  of  his  pro- 
fession. Byrne,  however,  struck  out  a 
style  of  his  own,  and  engraved  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Britain,  Views  of  the  Lakes,  and 
Smith's  scenery  of  Italy.  He  excelled  in 
aerial  perspective,  and  the  general  effect  of 
his  chiaro  oscuro.  He  died  in.  1305. — W.B. 

By  rom,  John,  a  poet,  and  the  inventor  of 
a  system  of  short-hand  writing,  was  born 
at  Kersal  near  Manchester,  and  after  being 
educated  at  the  Charter-house,  he  entered 
at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a  fellow,  under  the  patronage  and 
friendship  of  Bentley.  His  talents  for  poe- 
try were  displayed  while  in  the  university, 
by  the  publication  of  his  beautiful  pastoral 
of  Colin  to  Phcebe,  which  appeared  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  Spectator,  as  well  as  two 
ingenious  essays  on  dreams.  As  he  did 
not  take  orders  he  soon  lost  his  fellow- 
ship, and  with  it  the  comforts  of  indepen- 
dence. He  afterwards  went  to  Montpellier 
for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  but  an  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  the  writings  of 
Malebranche,  Bourignon,  and  Behmen 
shook  his  religious  principles,  and  made  him 
imbibe  the  tenets  of  wild  and  visionary  en- 
thusiasm. On  his  return  to  London  he 
wished  to  apply  himself  to  physic,  but  he 
had  not  sufficient  resolution,  and  the  sight 
of  one  of  his  cousins  soon  engaged  him  in 
thoughts  towards  matrimonial  happiness. 
Though  he  was  successful  in  his  appeals  to 


the  lady,  her  obdurate  parents  refused  to 
consent  to  a  union  with  an  indigent  man, 
and  abandoned  their  daughter,  who  at  last 
had  given  her  hand  to  her  unfortunate 
lover.  Byrom's  little  property  was  soon 
consumed,  and  to  maintain  himself  he  be- 
gan to  teach  at  Manchester  a  new  method 
of  short-hand  writing,  which  be  had  invent- 
ed at  Cambridge,  and  he  afterwards  re- 
moved to  London,  accompanied  by  his  wife. 
His  industry  was  rewarded,  he  obtained  a 
handsome  competence,  and  regularly  spent 
his  summers  with  his  increasing  family  at 
Manchester,  till  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  without  issue,  and  his  succession 
to  his  estate,  restored  him  to  his  long 
wished  for  independence.  He  spent  in 
domestic  retirement,  in  the  company  of  his 
worthy  wife,  the  remaining  years  of  his 
life,  in  writing  a  variety  of  pieces  of  poetry, 
which  he  composed  with  great  ease  and 
fluency,  and  which  very  injudiciously  he 
employed  on  all  subjects,  either  religious 
or  classical.  He  died  at  Manchester,  28th 
Sept.  1763,  aged  72,  leaving  behind  him 
the  character  of  an  inoffensive  man,  %vho, 
to  considerable  learning  and  poetical  ge- 
nius, united  mild  and  amiable  manners. 
His  pen  was  never  dipped  in  the  gall  of 
satire  or  ridicule.  He  was  made  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  1724. 

Bythnek,  Victorinus,  a  native  of  Poland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Hebrew.  He 
came  very  young  to  Oxford,  and  read  lec- 
tures in  Hebrew,  and  afterwards  removed 
to  Cambridge,  and  then  into  Cornwall, 
where  he  began  to  practise  physic.  His 
best  known  work  is  Lyra  prophetica  Davi- 
dis  regis,  sive  analysis  criticopractica  psal- 
morum,  4to.     He  died  1664. 

Bzovius,  Abraham,  a  learned  Polander, 
educated  first  at  Prosovitz,  and  afterwards 
at  Cracow.  He  visited  Italy,  and  gave 
lectures  of  Philosophy  at  Milan,  and  of  di- 
vinity at  Bologna,  and  as  his  writings 
tended  to  support  the  authorities  of  the  ec- 
clesiastical states,  he  was  received  with 
great  distinction  when  he  was  introduced 
to  the  pope,  and  lodged  in  the  Vatican.  He 
afterwards  left  this  residence,  being  terri- 
fied by  the  murder  of  one  of  his  servants, 
and  retired  to  the  convent  of  Minerva, 
where  he  died  1617,  aged  70.  His  works 
are  represented  as  so  numerous  that  it 
would  require  some  pages  to  enumerate 
them,  but  the  chief  are  the  Continuation  of 
Baronius's  annals  of  the  church,  in  9  vols, 
fol.  from  the  year  1118 — and  lives  of  the 
popes,  3  vols. — He  was  of  the  Dominican 
order,  and  was  for  some  time  principal  of  a 
college  of  Dominicans  at  Cracow.  His  at- 
tack on  the  emperor  Lewis  of  Bavaria  was 
severely  resented  by  the  duke  of  that  house, 
and  he  was  obliged  not  only  to  retract,  but 
to  submit  to  the  imputation  of  a  malevolent, 
feeble,  injudicious,  and  illiberal  historian. 
333 


CAB 

/"^AB,  Ben  Zohair,  an  Arabian  poet,  who 
^  died  in  the  first  year  "of  the  hegira. 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  opponent,  and 
after iv  ards  as  the  friend  of  Mahomet, 
whom  he  assisted  in  the  propagation  of  his 
religion,  and  in  the  composition  of  the 
Koran. 

Cabades  or  Cobad,  king  of  Persia  after 
his  brother  Baiasch,  was  deposed  for  his 
improper  conduct,  but  recovered  his  power, 
which  he  left,  after  a  successful  war  with 
the  Romans,  to  his  son  Chosroes,  531. 

Cabanis,  Peter  John  George,  a  French 
physician,  was  born  about  1756.  He  be- 
came connected  with  Mirabeau,  and  was 
one  of  the  council  of  five  hundred  in  the 
Revolution.  He  died  in  180S.  His  works 
are — 1.  Observations  surles  Hopitaux,  8vo. 
2.  Journal  de  la  maladie  et  de  la  mort  de 
Mirabeau,  8vo.  3.  Melanges  de  Littera- 
ture  Allemande.  4.  Du  degre  de  certitude 
de  la  Medicine,  8vo.  5.  Quelques  consi- 
derations sur  l'organization  sociale  en  ge- 
nerate, 12mo.  6.  Des  rapports  du  phy- 
sique et  du  morale  de  l'Homme,  2  vols. 
8vo.  7.  Coup  d'oeil  sur  les  Revolutions  et 
la  Reforme  de  la  Medicine,  8vo.  8.  Ob- 
servations sur  les  affections  Catarrhales. 
8yo.—W.  B. 

Cabasilas,  Nilus,  archbishop  of  Thes- 
salonica,  wrote  against  the  claims  of  the 
bishop  of  Rome  to  universal  supremacy, 
and  to  infallibility.  He  wrote  also  an  ex- 
position of  the  liturgy,  &c.  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  nephew  Nicholas,  in  the  14th 
century. 

Cabassole,  Philip  de,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  queen  of  Sicily,  was 
made  a  cardinal  by  Urban  V.  He  died 
1372,  metropolitan  of  Constantinople,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  life  and  mira- 
cles of  Mary  Magdalen,  and  de  nugis  curi- 
alium.  He  corresponded  with  the  poet 
Petrarch. 

Cabassut,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  was  born  at  Aix,  and  died 
1685,  aged  81.  He  is  author  of  juris  ca- 
nonici  theoria  et  praxis,  fol,  1638 — noti- 
tia  ecclesiast.  consiliorum,  canonum  vete- 
rumque  eccles.  rituum,  1670,  in  fol. 

Cabel,  Adrian  Vander,  a  native  of  Rys- 
wick,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  landscapes, 
eattle,  &c.     He  died  1695,  aged  64. 

Cabestan  or  Cabestaing,  William  de, 
a  Provencal  poet  in  the  service  of  Tricline 
Carbonal,  wife  of  Raymond  de  Scillans. 
He  gained  so  much  the  affection  of  his 
mistress  that  the  husband,  jealous  of  the 
favour,  murdered  him,  and  dressed  his 
heart,  which  he  placed  on  the  table  before 
his  guilty  wife. — She  ate  of  the  horrid  food, 
and  when  informed  of  it  died  of  grief, 
1213. 


CAB 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  son  of  John  Cabot,  a 
Venetian,  was  born  at  Bristol  1467.  Under 
the  eye  of  his  father  he  learnt  mathema- 
tics and  cosmography,  and  by  accompany- 
ing him  in  several  voyages,  he  became,  even 
before  he  was  20  years  old,  very  eminent 
in  the  art  of  navigation.     In  1497  he  was 
engaged  with  his  father  by  Henry  VII.  for 
the  discovery  of   a  northwest  passage  to 
India,  and  after  touching  at  Prima  Vista 
and  St.  John's  island,  they  sailed  as  far  as 
Cape   Florida    before    their  return   home. 
Succeeding  voyages  completed  the  discove- 
ries thus  begun  ;  a  settlement  was  made  on 
the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  and  Sebastian, 
by  being  the  first  among  Europeans   who 
touched  the  new  continent,  established  a 
greater  claim  to  give  his  name  to  those  un- 
known regions  than  either  Americus  Ves- 
pucius  or   even   Columbus   himself. — The 
next  exertions  of    Sebastian  were  under 
Henry  VIII.  to  penetrate  to  the  East  Indies 
by  the  south,  but  the  want  of  support  on 
the  part  of  sir  Thomas  Pert,  vice-admiral 
of  England,  disappointed  his  hopes,  and 
he  returned  home  after  penetrating  only  as 
far  as  the  Brazils  and  visiting  Hispaniola 
and  Porto  Rico.     In  1524  Cabot  was  em- 
ployed by  the  king  of  Spain,  and  in  the 
character  of  chief  pilot  of  Spain,  to  sail  to 
the  Moluccas  by  the  straits  of  Magellan, 
but  the  mutinous  spirit  of  his  crew  check- 
ed his  progress,  and  be  stopped  at  Para- 
guay,  from  whence,   after  five  years  resi- 
dence, he  returned  to  Europe,  and  though 
he  exhibited  the  most  flattering  proofs  of 
the  fertility  and  opulence  of  the  countries 
he  had  visited,   he  was  treated  with   cold- 
ness by  the   court  and  by  the  mercantile 
companies,  whose  avaricious  hope  he  had 
iri  vain  endeavoured  to  realize.    Disgusted 
with  the  ingratitude  of  the  Spaniards,  Ca- 
bot returned  and  settled  at  Bristol,  where 
his  great  merits  soon  recommended  him  to 
Edward  VI.  and  Somerset  the  protector, 
and  from  his  experience  and  great  know- 
ledge he  was  now  consulted  as  an  oracle 
on  commercial  affairs,  and  with   a  liberal 
pension  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
company  of  the  merchant  adventurers.    In 
1552  he  planned  a  voyag".  for  the  discovery 
of  the  northern  parts  of  the  world,  and  to 
him  therefore  England  owes  her  first  mer- 
cantile connexion  with  Russia,  by  the  es- 
tablishment of   the  Russia    company,    of 
which    Cabot    was    honourably   appointed 
governor  for  life  by  the  charter  of  Philip 
and  Mary.     After  a  very  active  and  most 
useful  life,  this  worthy  and  patriotic  man 
died,   aged  about  70.     It  is  remarked  of 
him,  that  he  first   observed  the  variation  of 
the  needle.     His  directions  with  respect  to 
an  intended  voyage  to  Cathay  are  found  in 


CAB 


CAD 


Hakluyt's  voyages.  He  published  a  map 
of  the  world,  besides  an  account  of  his 
voyages  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  world, 
printed  Venice,  1583,  folio. 

Cabot,  Vincent,  author  of  "les  poli- 
tiques,"  a  work  in  four  vols,  dedicated  to 
Richelieu,  and  finished  by  Capistron  the 
poet,  and  his  executor,  was  a  learned  civi- 
lian of  Toulouse  in  the  16th  century. 

Cabot,  George,  a  distinguished  states- 
man, was  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
and  employed  the  early  part  of  his  life  in 
foreign  commerce.  Possessing  a  vigorous, 
inquisitive,  and  contemplative  mind  ;  he 
made  his  voyages  to  other  countries  the 
means  of  gaining  varied  and  extensive 
knowledge,  particularly  of  obtaining  cor- 
rect and  enlarged  views  of  human  nature 
and  society.  Before  he  was  26  years  old, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  provincial 
congress  of  Massachusetts,  which  met  to 
establish  a  maximum  in  the  prices  of  pro- 
visions, and  displayed  his  good  sense  by 
opposing  that  measure,  and  advocating 
those  correct  principles  of  political  econo- 
my, for  the  profound  knowledge  and  able 
support  of  which  he  afterwards  became 
distinguished.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  Massachusetts,  which  form- 
ed the  constitution  of  that  state,  and  also 
of  that  which  ratified  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  to  promote  which,  he 
made  the  most  strenuous  exertions.  In 
1790  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate 
of  the  United  States,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  members  of  that  body, 
and  one  of  the  confidential  friends  of 
Washington  and  Hamilton,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  rendered  the  most  important  as- 
sistance in  forming  his  financial  system. 
In  1808  he  became  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  Massachusetts,  and  in  1814  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
met  at  Hartford,  and  was  chosen  president 
of  that  body.  He  after  that  period  retired 
from  public  life,  and  died  at  Boston,  April 
18th,  1823,  aged  72.  He  possessed  a  mind 
of  great  force  and  penetration,  was  a  sa- 
gacious statesman,  and  excelled  particu- 
larly in  the  science  of  political  economy, 
was  a  vigorous  and  persuasive  speaker, 
and  was  greatly  distinguished  for  the  sim- 
plicity of  his  manners,  the  disinterested- 
ness of  his  patriotism,  and  his  uprightness, 
amiability,  and  benevolence.  DCT  L. 

Cabral,  or  Cabrera,  Pedro  Alvares,  a 
Portuguese,  sent  in  1 500  by  king  Emanuel 
with  a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.  A  storm 
drove  him  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  where  he 
called  the  place  where  he  landed  Santa 
Cruz,  and  he  afterwards  reached  his  desti- 
nation, and  compelled  the  chief  of  Calicut 
to  submit  to  his  arms.  He  returned  to  Eu- 
rope in  1501,  loaded  with  the  treasures  and 
curiosities  of  the  east.     An  account  of  his 


voyage  was  published  in  a  collection  by 
Ramusio,  Venice. 

Cadalocs,  a  bishop  of  Parma,  made  pope 
under  the  title  of  Honorius  II.  He  was 
deposed  by  the  council  of  Mantua,  and  died 
some  time  after,  1064. 

Cadamosto,  Lewis,  a  famous  Venetian 
navigator,  born  1422.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  service  of  Henry  of  Portugal, and  in  1455 
he  proceeded  to  Madeira,  and  visited  the 
Canaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa  as  far  as 
the  mouth  of  the  Gambia.  The  following 
year  he  prosecuted  his  discoveries  as  far  as 
the  river  St.  Dominic,  and  on  his  return  to 
Portugal,  he  was  received  with  great  ho- 
nour, and  during  his  residence  at  Lagos 
treated  with  every  mark  of  respect  and 
gratitude  by  the  inhabitants.  He  returned 
to  Venice,  where  he  died  1464,  and  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyages  was  afterwards  pub- 
lished and  translated  into  French  by  Redo- 
ner  in  the  16th  century. 

Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Thebes,  came 
to  Europe  about  1493  B.  C.  and  introduced 
the  knowledge  and  the  use  of  the  alphabet. 

Cadmus,  a  Milesian,  the  author  of  a 
history  of  Ionia.  Another,  who  wrote  a 
history  of  Athens. 

Cadog,  son  of  Brychan,  was  founder  of 
some  churches  in  Wales  in  the  fifth  centu- 
ry, and  died  in  France. 

Cadog,  a  bard  of  the  sixth  century  called 
the  wise.  He  first  collected  British  pro- 
verbs together. 

Cadogan,  William  Bromley,  second  son 
of  lord  Cadogan  by  Frances  daughter  of 
lord  Montfort.  From  Westminster,  where 
his  abilities  were  rewarded  with  several 
prizes,  he  went  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford^ 
and  afterwards  was  presented  to  the  livings 
of  St.  Giles',  Reading,  and  St.  Luke's,  Chel- 
sea. In  the  discharge  of  his  religious  and 
ecclesiastical  duties,  he  was  indefatigably 
zealous  and  ardent,  and  inclined  strongly 
to  the  tenets  of  the  Methodists,  though  he 
retained  the  forms  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land. Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  pub- 
lished. He  died  18th  Jan uary,  1797,  aged 
46,  and  his  parishioners  at  Reading,  in  re- 
spect to  his  memory,  all  put  on  mourning. 

Cadwaladyr,  king  of  Britain  in  660, 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  kingdom 
overrun  by  the  Saxons,  and  its  indepen- 
dence destroyed.  He  died  at  Rome  703, 
and  was  the  last  king  of  the  Britons.  He 
is  called  one  of  the  three  blessed  kings,  for 
his  benevolence  in  the  relief  of  the  Chris- 
tians. 

Cadwaladyr  Cesail,  a  Welch  bard  of 
some  merit  in  the  16th  century,  whose 
works  are  still  preserved  in  MS. — There 
was  also  another  of  the  same  name  and  in 
the  same  age. 

Cadwallader,  John,  was  appointed  by 
the  American  Congress  a  brigadier  general 
335 


CJE 


GAG 


in  the  army,  in  February,  1777.  He  was  a 
man  of  indexible  patriotism  and  undoubted 
bravery.  He  fought  a  duel  with  general 
Conway,  in  consequence  of  the  intrigue  in 
which  Conway  waj  engaged  for  placing 
Gates  at  the  head  of  the  army.  After  the 
war,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  of 
Maryland,  and  died   February  iOth,   1786. 

L. 

Cadwallon,  son  of  Cadwan,  was  prince 
of  North  Wales,  and  fled  to  Ireland,  on  be- 
ing defeated  by  Edwin  of  England  620. 
On  his  return  he  took  the  name  of  king, 
and  was  engaged  in  perpetual  war  with  the 
Saxons.  His  memory  has  been  highly  ho- 
noured by  the  bards,  whom  he  paUonised. 

Cadwgan,  a  prince  of  South  Wales. 
The  iil  conduct  of  his  son  Owen  in  carry- 
ing away  Nest,  the  wife  of  Gerald,  proved 
the  ruin  of  bis  family.  He  fled  to  Ireland, 
but  on  his  return  was  assassinated  by  his 
nephew  1110. 

CjEcimanus,  bishop  of  Carthage  311, 
was  expelled  from  his  office  by  a  council 
of  Numidia,  which  declared  his  election 
void. 

Cecilius  Statius,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Ennius. 

Celius,  Aurelianus,  an  African  physi- 
cian, whose  age  is  unknown.  His  works 
are  extant. 

Cjesar,  C.  Jul.  a  Roman  general,  famous 
for  his  learning,  his  intrigues,  his  ambition, 
his  valour,  his  military  successes,  and  his 
tragical  death.  He  conquered  Gaul,  and 
was  the  first  Roman  who  invaded  Britain, 
which  he  twice  reduced  to  apparent  sub- 
mission. His  arms  were  equally  success- 
ful in  Africa,  in  Egypt,  and  in  Asia,  and 
divided  the  world  with  two  other  triumvirs, 
after  whose  death  he  grasped  at  the  sove- 
reign power  of  Rome  under  the  title  of 
emperor.  'is  ambitious  views  were  de- 
feated by  the  jealousy  of  his  enemies  as 
well  as  of  his  friends,  and  he  was  stabbed 
in  the  senate-house  B.  C.  43,  in  the  56th 
year  of  his  age. 

Cesar,  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
at  Tottenham  1557,  and  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford.  He  took  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  the  civil  law  at  Paris  1581, 
and  four  years  after  became  doctor  of  the 
canon  law  at  Oxford.  He  was  master  of 
the  court  of  requests  under  Elizabeth, 
judge  of  the  admiralty,  and  master  of  St. 
Catherine's  near  the  Tower,  and  under 
James  I.  he  was  knighted,  and  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  an  office  which 
he  resigned  on  succeeding  to  the  master- 
ship of  the  rolls  1614.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning  and  integrity,  charitable  and 
benevolent.  He  died  28th  April,  1636,  and 
was  buried  in  Great  St.  Helen's  church, 
Bishopsgate,  London.  His  manuscripts, 
which  were  very  valuable,  were  sold  by 
Patterson  the  auctioneer  in  1757,  for  more 
336 


than  300J.  and  they  now  adorn  the  marquis 
of  Landsown's  library. 

Cesaralpinus,  Andreas,  a  philosopher 
of  Arezzo,  physician  to  pope  Clement  VIII. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and  from 
some  passages  in  his  writings  it  has  been 
conjectured  that  he  was  acquainted  with 
the  circulation  of  the  blood.  He  was  also 
well  skilled  in  botany,  but  the  regular  dis-. 
tribution  which  he  makes  of  plants  was  not 
adopted  till  100  years  after,  by  Robert 
M  orison,  professor  ol  botany  at  Oxford. 
He  published  a  treatise  de  plantis,  and  qu»s- 
tiones  peripatetica:,  and  died  at  Rome  23d 
F  bruary,  1603,  aged  54. 

Caffa,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Malta, 
whose  abilities  in  sculpture  were  usefully 
employed  in  adorning  the  churches  of 
Rome  and  Italy.  He  was  compared  for 
excellence  and  genius  to  Bernini.  He  died 
at  Rome  16S7,  aged  56. 

Caffarelli  du  Falga,  N.  a  French 
officer  employed  in  the  armies  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  afterwards  in  Italy,  and  in 
Egypt.  He  died  1801,  much  respected  for 
his  merit  and  courage. 

Caffiaox,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Valen- 
ciennes, who  died  at  St.  Germain  des  pres 
1777,  aged  65.  He  was  a  Benedictine  of 
the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  and  wrote 
an  essay  towards  a  history  of  music,  4to. — 
the  history  of  Picardy,  with  the  assistance 
of  Gamier — and  the  genealogical  treasure, 
a  valuable  and  interesting  work. 

Caffieri,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Rome, 
born  1634,  invited  to  France  by  Mazarin, 
and  made  by  Colbert  inspector  of  the 
marine  at  Dunkirk.  His  son  James  was 
equally  eminent.  His  busts  in  bronze 
were  much  admired.  He  died  1755,  and 
his  son  John  James  followed  his  profession 
with  equal  success. 

Cagliari,  Paul,  a  native  of  Verona,  son 
of  a  sculptor,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
Paul  Veronese.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  a  painter  ,  and  for  his  admirable  execu- 
tion, and  the  majesty  of  his  compositions, 
he  was  generally  called  by  the  Italians 
"  the  happy  painter."  His  first  pieces  were 
drawn  at  Mantua,  but  after  adorning  many 
of  the  cities  of  Italy  with  the  fine  execu- 
tions of  his  pencil,  he  settled  at  Venice, 
where  he  entertained  greater  hopes  of  ce- 
lebrity. In  his  conduct  Paul  Veronese  was 
respectable,  he  not  only  recommended  him- 
self to  the  good  opinion  of  his  countrymen 
and  competitors,  but  received  the  most 
flattering  compliments  from  several  crown- 
ed heads,  who  urgently  inviied  him  to  set- 
tle in  their  dominions,  a  distinction  which 
he  rejected  with  all  the  firmness  of  a  man 
attached  to  his  country,  and  eager  to  pro- 
mote her  glory  and  her  fame.  Paul  died 
of  a  fever  at  Venice  in  1588,  aged  56,  and 
had  a  tomb  and  brazen  statue  erected  to 
his  honour  in  the  church  of  St.  Sebastian. 


CA11 


CAI 


His  two  sons,  Gabriel  and  Charles,  were 
likewise  painters,  and  to  the  genius  of  their 
father  joined  an  unusual  degree  of  frater- 
nal affection.  Charles  died  1596,  when  26 
years  old,  and  Gabriel  fell  a  victim  to  the 
plague  1631,  aged  63.  Paul  had  also  a 
brother  Benedict,  eminent  as  a  sculptor 
and  painter.  He  assisted  his  nephews  in 
completing  their  father's  unfinished  pic- 
tures, and  as  his  style  resembled  that  of 
his  brother,  the  pieces  of  Benedict,  often 
pass  for  the  more  celebrated  compositions 
of  Paul.  Benedict  more  frequently  prac- 
tised in  fresco,  and  chiaro-obscuro,  and  to 
the  merits  of  a  painter  he  added  the  learn- 
ing and  genius  of  a  poet  and  satirist.  He 
died  1593,  aged  66. 

Cagliostro,  Count  Alexander,  an  im- 
postor of  some  celebrity,  born  at  Palermo, 
8th  of  June,  1743.  His  real  name  was 
Joseph  Balsamo.  He  was  of  mean  pa- 
rentage, and  the  early  death  of  his  father 
devolved  the  care  of  his  infant  years  to  his 
mother's  relations,  by  whom  he  was  placed 
at  the  seminary  at  St.  Roche  in  his  native 
town.  At  the  age  of  13  he  became  a  novice 
to  the  friars  of  mercy  at  Cartagirone,  where 
his  many  irregularities  and  a  constant  dis- 
position to  mischief  exposed  him  so  much 
to  severe  chastisement  that  he  threw  off 
the  cowl.  A  series  of  frauds,  of  impos- 
tures, of  villany,  and  it  is  even  said  of 
murder,  obliged  him  at  last  to  fly  from  Pa- 
lermo, and  after  practising  some  of  his 
stratagems  at  Rome  and  Messina,  we  find 
him  visiting  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago 
and  Alexandria,  and  afterwards  exhibiting 
his  artful  impostures  in  almost  every  city 
of  Europe.  He  was  at  last  arrested  for 
some  enormities  at  Rome,  and  died  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  1794.  A  compendium  of  his  life  from 
the  documents  produced  against  him  has 
been  published  by  the  apostolical  chamber 
at  Rome,  and  contains  a  curious  account 
of  a  man  who,  by  a  versatile  genius,  a  su- 
perficial knowledge  of  philosophy  and  chy- 
mistry,  and  a  pretended  intercourse  with 
supernatural  agents,  imposed  upon  the 
credulity  not  only  of  the  vulgar,  but  of  the 
great,  the  learned,  and  opulent,  and  ac- 
quired to  himself  celebrity  and  an  indepen- 
dent fortune. 

Cagnaci,  called  Gaulassi  from  his  defor- 
mity, was  an  Italian  painter  of  the  15th 
century,  disciple  to  Guido.  He  died  at 
Vienna,  aged  80. 

Cagnati,  Marsilio,  a  physician  of  Ve- 
rona, who  studied  at  Padua,  and  settled  at 
Rome,  under  the  patronage  of  Clement 
VIII.  and  Paul  V.  as  professor  of  philoso- 
phy and  medicine.  He  wrote  variarum 
observationum,  8vo. — de  sanitate  tuenda, 
4to. — de  aeris  Romani  salubritate,  &c.  4to. 
opuscula  varia,  4to.  1603. 

Cahagnes,  James,  professor  of  medicine 

Voi .  I  43 


at  Caen,  died  1612,  aged  64.  He  wrote 
Latin  treatises  on  fevers,  and  on  the  disor- 
ders of  the  head,  1618 — besides  centurie 
des  eloges  des  hommes  celebres  de  Caen, 
1609,  8vo. 

Cahusac,  Lewis  de,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Montauban,  where  he  resided  for 
some  time  as  secretary  of  the  intendance. 
On  publishing  his  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  a 
piece  which,  though  offensive  against  histo- 
rical truth,  had  great  success,  he  came  to 
Paris,  and  became  secretary  to  count  de 
Clermont,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
campaigns  of  1743.  He  wrote  some  ro- 
mances, besides  several  operas,  which  were 
received  with  great  applause.  The  poet, 
who  possessed  abilities,  was  in  his  manners 
arrogant,  and  so  tender  of  his  reputation, 
that  it  is  said  his  sensibility  turned  his 
head.     He  died  at  Paris,  June,  1759. 

Caiaphas,  the  high-priest  of  the  Jews, 
before  whom  our  Saviour  was  carried,  and 
by  whom  he  was  condemned.  He  destroy- 
ed himself  when  dismissed  from  his  office 
by  Vitellius. 

Caiet,  Peter  Victor  Palma,  a  native  of 
Montrichard  in  Touraine,  who  from  a  Cal- 
vinist  became  a  catholic,  and  died  1610, 
aged  85,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  He- 
brew professor  in  the  royal  college.  He 
was  so  respected  for  his  learning,  that  he 
was  highly  favoured  by  Catharine  of  Bour- 
bon, and  Henry  IV.  admitted  him  to  court, 
notwithstanding  the  slovenly  appearance  of 
his  dress.  He  was  for  some  time  foolishly 
employed,  as  many  of  the  learned  men  of 
the  times,  in  searching  for  the  philosopher's 
stone,  and  he  was  severely  attacked  by  the 
Calvinists,  whose  tenets  he  had  abjured. 
Most  of  his  works  are  controversial,  but  his 
chronologie  septennaire  in  8vo.  from  the 
peace  of  Vervins  1598  to  1604,  and  his 
chronologie  novennaire,  from  1589  to  1598, 
in  three  vols,  are  valuable  and  interesting 
compositions. 

Caietan,  a  cardinal,  born  at  Caieta  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  1469.  His  proper 
name  was  Thomas  de  Vio.  He  was  of  the 
order  of  the  Dominicans,  and  displayed 
bis  great  talents  as  professor  of  philosophy 
and  divinity  at  Paris  and  Rome,  till  his 
book  in  support  of  the  power  of  the  pope, 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  and  to 
the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Palermo.  He 
was  employed  by  the  pope  in  several  im- 
portant negotiations,  but  especially  in  op- 
posing the  doctrines  of  Luther,  which  he 
found  it  impossible  either  to  silence  or 
check.  He  died  1534,  aged  65.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  as  a  logician,  and 
philosopher,  and  divine.  Besides  some 
commentaries  on  Aristotle's  philosophy, 
and  Thomas  Aquinas's  theology,  he  pub- 
lished a  literal  translation  of  the  greatest 
part  of  the  books  of  the  old  and  new  testa- 
ments, which  his  death  prevented  him  frotp 
337 


CAI 


C'AL 


completing.  He  has  been  attacked  by  car- 
dinal Pallavicini  for  his  translation,  but  he 
has  been  ably  defended  by  father  Simon. 

Caietan,  Constantine,  a  Benedictine, 
who  died  at  Rome,  17th  Sept.  1650,  aged 
85.  He  edited  the  works  of  Peter  Darien, 
four  vols,  fob — and  wrote  some  treatises 
to  prove  "  the  imitations  of  Jesus  Christ," 
to  have  been  written  by  a  Benedictine,  &c. 
Cailler,  Nicholas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at  Ru- 
migny,  1714,  and  educated  at  the  college 
of  Lisieux  at  Paris.  He  became  the  friend 
and  disciple  of  Cassini,  and  with  de  Thury 
projected  the  meridian  line,  which  extend- 
ed from  the  observatory  to  the  extremities 
of  France.  In  1739,  he  was  named  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  of  the  college  of 
Mazarin,  and  for  his  great  knowledge  was 
elected  honorary  member  of  most  of  the 
learned  academies  of  Europe.  In  1750  he 
went  under  the  royal  patronage  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  see  the  stars  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  of  10,000  of 
which  in  the  course  of  two  years,  he  de- 
termined the  exact  position.  The  whole 
of  his  time  was  usefully  employed  in  the 
service  of  astronomy,  mathematics,  and 
navigation,  but  unfortunately  a  malignant 
fever  terminated  his  labours  in  176.',  in  his 
48th  year.  He  possesses  the  great  charac- 
ter of  clearness,,  accuracy,  and  precision. 
His  works  contain  several  volumes  in  4to. 
and  8vo.  besides  detached  papers  in  the 
collection  of  the  academy. 

Cain,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  devoted 
himself  to  agriculture,  but  finding  the  ob- 
lations of  his  brother  Abel  more  propitiously 
received  than  his  own,  he  slew  him  in  the 
year  130  after  the  creation.  He  was 
cursed  for  his  cruelty,  and  wandered  to- 
wards the  east  of  Eden,  and  built  a  city, 
to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  his  son 
Enoch.  According  to  Jewish  traditions  he 
was  killed  by  Lamech.  In  the  second  cen- 
tury there  arose  a  sect  of  Cainites  or  Gnos- 
tics, who  paid  particular  respect  to  Cain's 
memory. 

Cairo,  Francisco,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
born  1598,  who  studied  at  Rome  and  Ve- 
nice. Amadeus  of  Savoy  knighted  him, 
and  greatly  patronised  him.  His  pictures 
are  on  religious  subjects,  and  are  consi- 
dered as  of  superior  excellence. 

Caius  or  Kates,  Dr.  John,  a  physician, 
born  at  Norwich,  6th  October,  1510,  edu- 
cated at  Norwich-school,  and  Gonvil-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow, 
1533.  To  improve  himself  he  visited 
France,  Flanders,  and  Germany,  and  after 
studying  at  Padua  under  Montanus,  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  1541,  and  three 
years  after  returned  to  England.  His  great 
knowledge  of  medicine  rendered  him  popu- 
lar, he  became  physician  to  Edward  VI. 
and  to  his  two  sisters,  till  a  suspicion  of 
338 


favouring  the  catholics  discarded  him  fronr 
royal  patronage,  1568.  He  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1573,  and  by  the  munificent  dona- 
tion of  some  estates,  he  erected  his  hall 
into  a  college,  now  called  Gonvil  and  Caius 
college.  His  monument  is  in  the  chapel 
with  these  two  words,  "  Fui  Caius."  He 
wrote  the  history  of  Cambridge,  and  some 
other  learned  works. 

Caius,  John,  a  poet  laureat  to  Edward 
IV.  He  travelled  into  Italy,  and  transla- 
ted the  history  of  the  siege  of  Rhodes. 

Caius,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire, 
educated  at  All-souls,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  fellow.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
bendary of  Sarum,  and  master  of  Universi- 
ty college,  where  he  died  May  1572.  He 
was  a  man,  as  Anthony  Wood  says,  emi- 
nent in  the  knowledge  of  the  learned  lan- 
guages, in  poetry,  and  all  kinds  of  worth. 
At  the  request  of  Catherine  Parr,  he  trans- 
lated Erasmus's  paraphrase  on  St.  Mark, 
and  published  also  a  book  on  the  antiquity 
of  the  university  of  Oxford,  to  which  Caius 
of  Cambridge  replied — besides  a  translation 
of  Aristotle's  de  mirabilibus  mundi — Euripi- 
des's  tragedies,  &c. 

Caius,  a  Roman  saint,  made  bishop  of 
Rome  283.  He  is  said  to  have  been  rela- 
ted to  the  emperor  Dioclesian,  and  to  have 
died  296. 

Calaber,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author 
of  the  paralipomena,  or  supplement  to  Ho- 
mer's Iliad. 

Calabrois,  Matthias  Preti,  a  painter  of 
Calabria,  the  pupil  of  Lanfranc.  His  works 
are  preserved  at  Modena,  Naples,  and  Mal- 
ta.    He  died  1699  at  Malta. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  a  presby terian  divine, 
born  at  London,  February,  1600,  and  educa- 
ted at  Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
failed  obtaining  a  fellowship  on  account  of 
his  attachment  to  anti-arminianism.  Dr. 
Felton,  bishop  of  Ely,  made  him  one  of  his 
chaplains,  and  gave  him  the  vicarage  of  St. 
Mary's,  SwafTham-prior,  Cambridgeshire, 
which  he  resigned  on  being  appointed  lec- 
turer of  Bury,  Suffolk,  where  he  continued 
ten  years.  Though  here  he  conformed  to 
the  church  of  England,  he  soon  embraced 
the  popular  party,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
publication  of  the  famous  treatise  against 
episcopacy,  called  Smectymnuus,  from  the 
initials  of  the  five  persons  engaged  in  the 
work,  Stephen  Marshal,  Edward  Calamy, 
Thomas  Young,  Matthew  Newcomen,  and 
William  Spurstow.  He  was  an  active 
member  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  and  in 
his  sermons  before  the  parliament,  and  the 
citizens  of  London,  he  displayed  the  cha- 
racter of  an  eloquent  preacher  and  a  zea- 
lous partisan.  He  however  resisted  the 
usurpation  of  Cromwell,  and  promoted  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  with  such  ear- 
nestness and  loyalty,  that  he  was  offered 
the  bishopric  of  Lichfield,  which  he  strenu- 


CAL 


CAL 


ously  declined.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners at  the  conference  at  the  Savoy, 
and  was  soon  after  ejected  from  his  living 
of  St.  Mary  Aldermanbury  for  nonconfor- 
mity, though  the  king  seemed  to  interest 
himself  in  his  favour.  An  occasional  ser- 
mon in  his  late  parish  church,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  then  vicar,  in  1662,  so  offended 
his  hearers,  that  he  was  sent  to  Newgate 
by  the  lord  mayor,  but  in  a  few  days  dis- 
charged by  the  king.  The  sight  of  the 
conflagration  of  London  is  said  to  have 
broke  his  heart.  He  died  29th  October, 
1666.  He  was  twice  married.  By  his 
first  wife  he  had  a  son  and  daughter,  and 
by  the  second  seven  children.  He  was  a 
man  of  a  bold  undaunted  spirit,  who  possess- 
ed all  the  bluntness  and  puritanical  pride 
of  the  times.  He  published  some  single 
sermons,  besides  controversial  treatises. 

Calamt,  Benjamin,  son  of  the  preceding 
by  his  second  wife,  from  St.  Paul's  school, 
entered  at  Catharine-hall,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  He 
was  made  minister  of  St.  Mary  Alderman- 
bury in  1677,  chaplain  to  the  king,  and 
three  years  after  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1683  he  published  a  sermon  which  he 
had  preached  in  his  parish  church,  for  which 
he  was  severely  attacked  by  Delaune,  a 
warm  nonconformist,  whom,  for  his  viru- 
lence, government  seized  and  sent  to  New- 
gate. Dr.  Calamy  interfered  with  Jeffries 
the  chancellor  for  the  unhappy  libeller  ;  but 
all  applications  were  unavailing,  and 
Delaune,  fined  a  sum  which  he  could  not 
discharge,  died  a  victim  to  the  oppressive 
measures  of  the  times,  and  his  wife  and 
children  shared  the  same  fate  in  the  same 
confinement.  After  the  resignation  of  St. 
Mary  Aldermanbury,  Dr.  Calamy  succeed- 
ed to  other  more  valuable  livings,  and  the 
prebend  of  Harleston,  in  the  cathedral  of 
St.  Paul  ;  but  his  happiness  was  interrupted 
by  the  severe  sufferings  of  his  friend  alder- 
man Cornish,  who  was  tried  and  executed 
for  high  treason.  The  repeated  applica- 
tions of  friendship  for  mercy,  could  not 
influence  the  inexorable  Jeffries  ;  and  the 
execution  of  Cornish,  it  is  said,  broke  the 
heart  of  his  surviving  friend,  who  died  in 
January,  1G86.  His  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  Dr.  William  Sherlock,  after- 
wards dean  of  St.  Paul's.  He  published 
seven  sermons  in  his  lifetime,  and  thirteen 
more  were  given  to  the  world  after  his 
death. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine 
among  the  nonconformists.  He  was  grand- 
son to  Edmund  Calamy,  by  his  son  Ed- 
mund, and  was  born  5th  April,  1671.  He 
was  educated  at  Merchant-tailors',  where 
an  intimate  friendship  was  bea;un  with 
Dawes,  afterwards  archbishop  of  York,  and 
Boulter,  primate  of  Ireland  ;  and  after  stu- 
dying logic   and   philosophical  knowledge 


under    Mr.  Craddock   at  Wickam-brGoik, 
Suffolk,  he  passed  over  to  Utrecht.     Here 
he  devoted  himself  with  unusual  application 
to  the  study  of  civil   law  and  philosophy, 
and  acquired  such  a  character  for   abilities 
that  a  professor's  chair  at  Edinburgh  was 
offered  to  him.     On  his  return  to  England, 
he  brought  letters   of  recommendation   to 
Drs.  Pocock  and  Bernard,  two  celebrated 
scholars  of  Oxford,  by  whose  influence  he 
was  permitted  admittance  to  the  valuable 
treasures  of  the  Bodleian  library.     His  stu- 
dies were  now  directed  to  divinity,  and  as 
he  inclined  to  the  nonconformists,  he  soon 
became  an  active  minister  in  the  meeting- 
houses of  London,  and  succeeded,  in  170S, 
Vincent  Alsop  at  Westminster.  He  abridged 
Baxter's  history  of  his  life  and  times,  and  af- 
terwards, in  future  editions,  continued  the 
work  by  a  copious  account  of  such  minis- 
ters as  were  ejected  for  their  religious  opi- 
nions after  the  restoration  to  the  time  of 
queen  Anne.     The  book  was  attacked  by 
Hoadly,  afterwards  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  a  controversy  between  the  two   oppo- 
nents, which  continued  for  some  time,  and 
produced  on  both  sides  replies  full  of  much 
learning,  not  however  without  the  bitter- 
ness of  party  zeal.     In  1709,    Calamy  was 
honoured,  on  his  visit  to  Scotland,  with  the 
degree  of  D.D.  by  the  three  universities  of 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and   Aberdeen.     He 
published,   in  1718,   a  vindication  of   his 
grandfather  and  others  against   the  reflec- 
tions of  Echard  in  his  history  of  England. 
Calamy  died  3d  June,  1732.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  remarkable  for  the  can- 
dour and  benevolence  of  his  disposition,  and 
the  moderation   of  his  religious  opinions. 
Besides  the  persons  mentioned,  he  was  in- 
timate with    Henry  Dodwell,   the   earl    of 
Sunderland,  and  Trimnell,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester.    His  writings  were  mostly  contro- 
versial, besides  2  vols,   of  sermons,  and  4 
of  Baxter's  history.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  was  the  father  of  thirteen  children. 

Calandrucci,  Giacintho,  a  painter  at 
Rome,  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti.  Many  of 
his  pieces  adorned  the  churches  of  Rome. 
He  died  1707. 

Calanus,  an  Indian  brahmin,  who  burn- 
ed himself  in  the  presence  of  Alexander 
and  his  army,  who  were  astonished  at  his 
resolution  and  composure,  B.C.  325. 

Calas,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant 
of  Toulouse,  of  the  protestant  religion. 
When  his  son,  Mark  Anthony,  who  had 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  catholics,  had, 
in  a  moment  of  gloomy  melancholy,  com- 
mitted suicide,  the  father  was  seized  by  the 
suspicious  government  as  guilty  of  tho 
murder.  No  proof  could  be  brought 
against  him,  bin  the  jealousy  entertained 
against  his  religion  ;  and  though  the  impro- 
bability of  a  father,  an  old  man  of  the  age 
of  65,  murdering  his  own  son,  a  robuse 
330 


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>  oung  man  aged  29,  and  in  a  house  where 
his  family  were  then  resident,  was  self-evi- 
dent, yet  he  was  condemned,  and  broke 
on  the  wheel,  9th  March,  1762.  This 
treatment  was  reported  to  the  French  king 
by  the  agonizing  widow  and  her  family  ; 
but  the  wishes  of  the  monarch  were  frus- 
trated by  the  jealousy  of  ministers,  who 
thought  that  they  granted  too  much  to  the 
protestants  if  they  allowed  the  revisal  of 
the  bloody  sentence  of  the  tribunal  of  Tou- 
louse. His  widow  died  in  1792,  aged  94. 
His  son  Lewis  practised  for  some  time 
in  London  as  surgeon,  and  returned  to 
France  1793. 

Calasio,  Marius,  a  Franciscan  at  Rome, 
professor  of  Hebrew.  He  published  a 
valuable  concordance  of  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
in  4  large  vols,  in  fo.1. 1621.  It  was  repub? 
lished  in  London  in  4  vols.  1747,  by  Ro- 
maine,  Mores,  and  Lutzena,  but  with  no 
great  degree  of  accuracy. 

Calcagnini,  Celio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
employed  by  the  emperor  in  embassies  as 
well  as  in  military  affairs.  He  died  at 
Ferrara,  professor  of  belles  lettres,  1540, 
aged  61.  He  was  eminent  for  his  erudition 
and  classical  knowledge  ;  and  it  is  said  that 
he  supported  the  rotation  of  the  earth  be- 
fore Copernicus  published  his  famous  sys- 
tem. 

Calcar,  John  de,  was  born  in  the  dutchy 
of  Cleves,  and  died  young,  at  Naples,  1546. 
Hewasveiy  eminent  as  a  painter,  and 
took  for  his  models  the  finished  pieces  of 
his  master  Titian,  and  of  Raphael.  His 
nativity  was  so  admired  by  Rubens,  that 
he  never  would  part  with  it.  To  Calcar 
we  owe  the  anatomical  figures  of  the  book 
of  Vesal,  and  the  portraits  of  painters. 

Calderini,  Domizzio,  a  native  of  To- 
ris,  in  the  Veronese  territory.  He  was 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Rome,  where 
be  died  1478,  aged  32,  and  so  sincerely  re- 
gretted that  his  scholars  attended  his  fune- 
ral in  deep  mourning.  He  published  a 
translation  of  Pausanias's  two  first  books 
into  Latin,  besides  some  commentaries  on 
the  Latin  poets,  and  some  original  poetry. 

Calderoni  de  la  Barca,  don  Pedro, 
a  Spanish  poet,  who  from  a  soldier  became 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  canon  of  Toledo.  His 
dramatical  pieces  were  published,  9  vols. 
4to.  1689,  Madrid.  They  possess  all  the 
extravagances  of  Shakspeare's  muse,  with 
occasionally  sublime  and  pathetic  passages, 
but  all  throughout  devoid  of  correctness 
and  regularity.     He  flourished  1640. 

Calderwood,  David,  a  Scotch  divine. 
He  applied  himself  with  uncommon  dili- 
gence to  the  study  of  divinity  and  of  the 
writings  of  the  fathers,  and  became  an  ac- 
tive, zealous,  and  determined  opposer  of 
episcopacy  in  Scotland.  He  was  minister 
of  Crelling,  near  Jedburgh,  in  1604  ;  but 
his  violent  resistance  to  the  attempt  of 
3.40 


James  I.  to  unite  the  churches  of  England 
and  Scotland  drew  down  upon  him  the 
suspicions  of  the  court ;  and  when  he 
headed  a  party,  and  protested  against  the 
measures  pursued  by  parliament  and  the 
ecclesiastical  convocation  for  the  manage- 
ment and  external  policy  of  the  church,  he 
was  summoned  to  answer  for  his  rebellious 
and  seditious  conduct.  His  obstinate  re- 
fusal to  submit  to  the  interrogatories  of 
James  occasioned  his  imprisonment,  and 
afterwards  his  banishment  from  the  king- 
dom. He  retired  to  Holland,  where  he 
published  his  celebrated  treatise,  Altare 
Damascenum,  feu  ecclesae  Anglicanae  poli- 
tia,  &c.  1623.  He  afterwards  returned 
privately  to  Scotland,  where  he  employed 
his  time  in  collecting  memorials  of  the 
ecclesiastical  affairs  of  Scotland  from  the 
reformation  to  James's  death  ;  a  valuable 
collection,  still  preserved  in  the  university 
of  Glasgow.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
precisely  known.  He  is  represented  in  the 
preface  to  the  last  edition  of  the  Altare  as 
being  minister  of  Pentcaitland,  near  Edin- 
burgh, in  1638.  He  was  a  man  of  quick 
parts,  of  a  great  and  comprehensive  mind, 
and  of  deep  erudition,  and  much  esteemed 
as  a  minister  by  the  nonconformists. 

Caldwall,  Richard,  a  physician,  born 
in  Staffordshire  about  1513,  and  educated 
at  Brazen-nose,  of  which  he  became  fellow. 
He  was  so  eminent  in  the  knowledge  and 
practice  of  medicine,  that  he  was  elected 
censor,  and  afterwards  president  of  the 
college  of  physicians,  where  he  founded  a 
chirurgical  lecture  with  a  handsome  salary. 
He  wrote,  according  to  Wood,  several  trea- 
tises on  physic,  besides  a  translation  of  the 
table  of  surgery  by  Horatio  More  of  Flo- 
rence. He  died  1585,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Bennet's  church,  near  Paul's  wharf. 

Caleb,  a  Hebrew,  sent  by  Moses,  with 
Joshua,  to  examine  the  land  of  Canaan. 
He  brought  back  a  faithful  and  encoura- 
ging account,  and  was  permitted  in  conse- 
quence to  share  the  victories  of  his  nation, 
and  to  obtain  the  land  of  Hebron.  He  died 
aged  114. 

Caled,  or  Khaled,  one  of  Mahomet's 
friends,  called  from  his  courage  the  sword 
of  God.  In  the  spreading  of  the  doctrines 
of  the  koran,  and  the  dominion  of  the  pro- 
phet, he  committed  atrocious  cruelties,  and 
even  put  to  death  the  garrison  of  Damas- 
cus, after  he  had  granted  them  their  liberty. 
He  was  cut  off  by  the  plague  639. 

Calendario,  Philip,  an  architect  and 
sculptor,  celebrated  for  the  beautiful  porti- 
cos which  he  erected  round  the  palace  of 
St.  Mark,  at  Ver.lce,  about  1354. 

Calentius,  Elisius,  a  native  of  Naples, 
preceptor  to  Frederic,  son  of  Ferdinand  II. 
king  of  Naples.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
talents  as  a  poet  and  philosopher,  and  in 
his  manners  he  was  mild,  humane,  and  be- 


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CAL 


nevolent.  His  imitation  of  the  battle  of 
the  mice  and  frogs  by  Homer  was  reprinted 
at  Rouen,  in  1738.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Rome,  in  folio,  1503,  the  year  af- 
ter his  death. 

Calepino,  or  da  Calepio,  Ambrose, 
a  noble  native  of  Bergamo,  who  entered 
among  the  Augustines.  His  vocabulary  of 
the  Latin  tongue  first  appeared  1503,  and 
with  such  celebrity,  that  it  has  been  often 
reprinted  and  improved,  and  enlarged  to  2 
vols.  fol.  16S1.     He  died  blind  1511. 

Caliaviri,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Udino.  He  died  1715,  aged  50. 
He  excelled  in  representing  sea  views, 
landscapes,  and  sea-port  towns. 

Caligula,  Caius  Caesar,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, son  of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina. 
He  succeeded  Tiberius  A.D.  37,  and  after 
the  promising  virtues  of  a  happy  reign  dis- 
played the  most  ferocious  and  dissipated 
character,  till  the  conspiracy  of  Chcerea  cut 
him  off,  A.D.  41,  in  his  29th  year. 

Callard,  John  Baptiste,  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  university  of  Caen,  where 
he  died  1718.  He  established  a  botanical 
garden  there.  His  great  work  is,  lexicon 
medicum  etymologicum,  1693,  12mo.  of 
which  he  was  preparing  an  improved  folio 
edition  when  he  died. 

Calliach,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Candia, 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Padua,  where 
he  died  1707,  aged  62.  He  wrote  de  ludis 
ecenicis,  in  4to. 

Callicratidas,  a  Spartan  general,  who 
succeeded  Lysander  in  Asia.  He  defeated 
Conon,  and  afterwards  perished  in  a  naval 
battle,  B.C.  405. 

Callieres,  Francis  de,  an  eminent 
statesman,  born  at  Torigni,  near  Bayeux. 
He  was  engaged  in  several  embassies  un- 
der Lewis  XIV.  and  was  honourably  re- 
warded for  his  services.  He  published 
some  poetical  tracts,  &c.  and  died  1717, 
aged  72. 

Callimachus,  a  Greek  poet  in  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  Euergetes.  His  works  have 
been  translated  into  English  by  Dodd. 

Callimachus,  an  architect,  inventor  of 
the  Corinthian  capital,  from  seeing  an  acan- 
thus spreading  its  branches  most  gracefully 
over  the  monument  of  a  Corinthian  lady, 
B.  C.  540. 

Callisthenes,  a  philosopher,  who  at- 
tended Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  expedition, 
and  was  cruelly  mangled  by  him  on  suspi- 
cion of  a  conspiracy.  He  took  poison  given 
him  by  Lysimachus,  and  thus  put  an  end 
to  his  misery,  B.C.  328. 

Callistus,  Johannes  Andronicus,  a  na- 
tive of  Thessalonica,  and  professor  of 
peripatetic  philosophy  at  Constantinople 
when  that  city  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1453.  Like  the  rest  of  the  learned  men, 
he  fled  from  the  fury  of  the  enemy,  and 
contributed  to  the  revival  of  learning  in  the 


west  of  Europe,  he  first  settled  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  at  Florence,  where  his  pu- 
pils were  numerous  and  respectable.  In 
his  old  age  he  went  to  France  ;  but  died 
there  soon  after  his  arrival.  Some  manu- 
scripts are  now  preserved  which  are 
ascribed  to  him. 

Callixtus  I.  was  pope  after  Zephyri- 
nus,  209,  and  suffered  martyrdom  four  years 
after. 

Callixtus  II.  Guy,  son  of  the  count  of 
Burgundy,  was  archbishop  of  Vienne  1083, 
and  made  pope  1119,  and  held  the  first  La- 
teran  council.     He  died  1124. 

Calixtus  HI.  a  Spaniard  of  Xativa, 
elected  pope  1455.  He  wished  to  stir  up 
the  princes  of  Europe  against  the  Turks, 
but  without  success.  He  was  learned, 
pious,  and  good,  and  died  1458. 

Callixtus,  George,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  Middleburg,  in  Holstein.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Hemstadt,  and 
died  1656,  aged  70.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
against  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  4to.  1631 
— antimoguntinus,  1644,  in  4to. — and  other 
inferior  works  ;  and  was  the  founder  of  a 
sect  among  the  Lutherans,  which  was  call- 
ed Callixtins,  whose  object  was  to  recon- 
cile the  discordant  opinions  of  all  the  pro- 
testants. 

Callot,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  born 
at  Nancy,  1593,  of  a  noble  family.  His  de- 
sire to  see  the  capital  of  Italy,  and  her  va- 
luable monuments,  tempted  him  twice  to 
elope  from  his  family,  at  the  age  of  12,  and 
two  years  after,  when  at  last  permitted  by 
his  father  to  reside  at  Rome,  he  applied 
himself  with  such  assiduity  to  the  arts  of 
designing  and  engraving,  that  he  soon  be- 
came celebrated  for  the  boldness,  beauty, 
and  execution  of  his  pieces.  He  was  for 
some  time  at  Florence,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  great  duke,  after  whose  death  he  re- 
sided at  the  court  of  Lorrain,  and  in  1628 
visited  France,  where  the  munificence  of 
Lewis  XIII.  invited  him  to  design  and  en- 
grave the  siege  of  Rochelle  and  the  isle  of 
Rhe.  When  Nancy  was  reduced  by  the 
arms  of  France,  Callot  refused  to  employ 
his  pencil  to  perpetuate  the  misfortune  of 
his  country,  and  Lewis,  who  admired  his 
superior  abilities,  respected  a  patriotic  re- 
luctance, which  neither  bribes  nor  promises 
could  conquer.  He  died  28th  March,  1636, 
aged  34,  when  he  was  preparing  to  leave 
Nancy  for  his  more  classical  residence  at 
Florence.  It  is  said  that  he  left  not  less  than 
1380  of  his  pieces  ;  an  astonishing  number 
for  the  short  period  of  his  life.  He  is  de- 
servedly commended  for  the  sublimity  of 
his  pieces,  not  only  in  miniature  but  in  the 
great. 

Caliwet,  Augustin,   a  learned   French- 
man of  the  order  of  the  Benedictines,  made 
abbot  of  St.  Lepold  de  Nanci,  and  after- 
wards  of  Senones.    where  he  died   1757, 
541 


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CAL 


aged  85.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
oriental  languages,  and  he  published  seve- 
ral learned  works,  which  at  the  desire  of 
his  friends  appeared  in  French  rather  than 
Latin.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the 
books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  22 
vols.  4to. — dissertations  on  the  commenta- 
ries, 3  vols.  4to. — history  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,  4  vols.  4to. — historical, 
critical,  &c.  dictionary  of  the  Bible — uni- 
versal history,  sacred  and  profane,  15  vols. 
4to.  of  which  only  eight  were  printed — 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  history  of  Lorrain, 
3  vols.  fol.  &c. 

Calmo,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as 
an  actor  and  a  comic  writer.  The  best  of 
his  comedies  is  Rodiana.  A  volume  of  his 
letters  %vas  for  some  time  very  popular. 
He  died  at  Venice  1571,  aged  about  61. 

Calo,  John  or  Johannitz,  a  Bulgarian, 
raised  by  Innocent  III.  to  the  title  of  inde- 
pendent king.  In  1205  he  conquered  and 
put  to  death  the  emperor  Baldwin,  and 
after  dreadful  ravages  over  Greece  he  was 
himself  assassinated. 

Calonne,  Charles  Alexander  de,  an  il- 
lustrious French  statesman,  born  at  Douay 
1734,  of  noble  parents.  He  was  educated 
at  Paris,  and  intended  for  the  bar,  but  af- 
terwards he  was  made  solicitor  general  to 
the  parliament  of  his  native  town,  master 
of  requests,  intendant  of  Metz,  and  in  1783 
he  succeeded  Necker  as  comptroller  gene- 
ral of  the  finances.  This  last  oflice  required 
great  abilities  and  undaunted  firmness,  and 
the  new  minister  possessed  them  ;  and 
though  when  he  came  into  power  he  found 
an  empty  treasury,  and  the  nation  discon- 
tented with  the  extravagance  of  the  court, 
he  adopted  such  vigorous  measures  as 
restored  credit  to  the  state,  and  rendered 
the  expenditure  subservient  to  the  resour- 
ces of  the  country.  To  carry  his  schemes 
of  reform,  and  to  exonerate  the  people 
of  some  burdens,  by  suppressing  some  of 
the  abusive  privileges  of  the  higher  orders, 
lie  advised  the  king  to  convene  the  nota- 
bles of  the  kingdom,  whose  authority  and 
consent  might  give  weight  and  importance 
to  his  measures.  The  plan  was  grand,  and 
might  have  been  happily  productive  of  good 
in  another  age,  but  unfortunately  the  no- 
bles and  the  clergy  were  alarmed  at  the 
thought  of  losing  their  privileges,  and  the 
minister,  opposed  by  the  great,  and  not 
ably  supported  by  the  timid  monarch,  yield- 
ed to  the  storm,  and  took  refuge  in  Eng- 
land, where  he  composed  his  rcqucte  au 
roi,  and  his  reponse  a  l'ecrit  de  M.  Neck- 
er, which  proved  him  to  be  a  good  scholar, 
an  acute  politician,  and  a  loyal  subject. 
At  the  end  of  the  revolution  he  visited  his 
country,  and  died  at  Paris  1802.  He  wrote, 
besides  an  essay  on  agriculture,  12mo, — 
observations  sur  plusicurs  matieres  de  droit 
tivil  et  coutumier,  4to. — de  l'etat  de  la 
342 


France  present  et  a  venir,  1790,  8vo.  a 
work  of  great  merit — de  finances  publiques 
de  la  France,  8vo. — lettre  a  l'auteur  des 
considerations  sur  l'etat  des  affaires  pub- 
liques, 1798,  8vo.  &c. 

Calovius,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Mo- 
rungen,  in  Brunswick,  divinity  professor 
at  Radstock,  which  he  quitted  for  Dantzic, 
and  afterwards  for  Wittemberg.  He  was 
a  strong  Lutheran,  and  opposed  with  great 
warmth  the  union  of  the  protestant 
church,  in  consequence  of  which  his  fol- 
lowers were  called  Calovians.  He  wrote 
several  controversial  tracts,  and  died  1686, 
aged  74. 

Calprenede,  Gautier  de  la,  a  gentle- 
man in  ordinary  to  the  French  king,  who 
wrote,  it  is  said,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
prince  of  Conde,  some  curious  romances 
now  forgotten,  such  as  Cassandra,  Cleo- 
patra, Pharamond,  &c.  He  died  in  1663, 
aged  51. 

Calpcrnius,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the  third 
century,  author  of  seven  eclogues,  &c. 

Calvart,  Denys,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  opened  a  school  at  Bologna,  and  had 
Guido,  Albano,  and  Dominichino  among 
his  pupils.  His  pictures,  admired  for  dig- 
nity, taste,  and  colouring,  are  preserved  at 
Bologna,  Rome,  and  Reggio.  He  died  at 
Bologna  1619,  aged  67. 

Calvert,  George,  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  was  born  at  Kipling,  in  York- 
shire, 1585.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  his  return  from 
the  tour  of  Europe,  he  became  secretary 
to  Robert  Cecil.  In  1605  he  attended 
James  I.  on  his  visit  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  and  was  there,  with  other  respect- 
able characters,  made  M.A.  and  after- 
wards he  was  made  clerk  to  the  privy  coun- 
cil, was  knighted  by  the  king  in  1617,  and 
in  1619  made  secretary  of  state,  and  the 
next  year  honoured  with  a  pension  of 
1000/.  out  of  the  customs.  In  1624  he  re- 
signed the  seals  to  the  king,  confessing 
himself  to  be  of  the  Roman  Catholic  per- 
suasion, but  notwithstanding  this,  he  con- 
tinued in  favour  with  the  monarch,  and 
was  created  lord  Baltimore  in  1625.  He 
twice  visited  Newfoundland,  where  the 
king  had  granted  him  a  large  tract  of  land, 
but  finding  that  his  property  in  that  remote 
part  of  the  globe  was  exposed  to  the  plun- 
der of  French  vessels,  he  abandoned  it 
for  the  neighbourhood  of  Virginia,  when 
Charles  I.  granted  him  a  patent  for  Mary- 
land. He  died  at  London,  15th  April, 
1632,  and  his  son,  who  inherited  his  enter- 
prising spirit,  planted  there  a  colony  of 
about  200  families,  which  bore  the  name  of 
Baltimore. 

Calvert,  James,  a  nonconformist,  born 
at  York,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, at  the  time  of  Tillotson.  After  be- 
ins  silenced  at  Topcliff  by  the  act  ofuni- 


CAL 


CAL 


formity,  Ue  removed  to  York,  where  in  re- 
tirement he  composed  his  learned  work 
called  Naphthali,  seu  collectatio  theologica 
de  reditu  decern  tribuum  conversione  Ju- 
daeorum  et  Ezekiel,  4to.  He  also  for  some 
time  employed  himself  in  the  education  of 
some  of  his  opulent  neighbours,  and  died 
December,  1698. 

Calvert,  Leonard,  the  first  governor  of 
Maryland,  was  sent  out  in  1633,  by  his 
brother  Cecilius  (Lord  Baltimore,)  the 
proprietor,  at  the  head  of  the  colony  which 
first  settled  there.  He  reached  the  Chesa- 
peak  early  the  next  year,  and  succeeding 
in  conciliating  the  friendship  of  the  natives 
purchased  their  lands,  and  settled  the  colo- 
ny, which  consisted  of  200  Roman  Catho- 
lic families,  at  St.  Mary's.  Entire  security 
of  property  and  freedom  of  religion  were 
granted  to  the  inhabitants,  and  afterwards 
when  the  episcopalians  of  Virginia,  and  the 
puritans  of*  New-England  passed  severe 
laws  against  those  whose  creeds  or  forms  of 
worship  differed  from  their  own,  a  full 
toleration  to  all  was  granted  in  Maryland. 
Governor  Calvert  continued  to  superintend 
the  colony  till  the  civil  war  in  England, 
when  the  parliament  thought  proper  to 
appoint  a  protestant  governor,  Cecilius  the 
proprietor  recovered  the  province  at  the 
restoration  in  1660.  ID"  L. 

Calvert,  Philip,  was  appointed  govern- 
or of  Maryland  on  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.  in  1660,  when  lord  Baltimore 
was  reinstated  in  the  possession  of  that 
province.      He  continued  in   office    until 

1662.  irr  l. 

Calvert,  Charles,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, succeeded  Philip  Calvert  in  1662.  He 
visited  England  in  1667,  but  returned  and 
resumed  the  government  in  1681.  In  1692, 
king  William  and  queen  Mary  assumed  the 
jurisdiction.  He  succeeded  his  father 
Cecilius  in  the  title  of  baron  of  Baltimore, 
on  his  death  in  1676.  (LT  L. 

Calvert,  Charles,  governor  of  Mary- 
land from  1720  to  1727,  was  afterwards 
president  of  the  council,  and  in  1730,  ap- 
pointed commissary  general.  He  died  at 
Annapolis,  February  5th,  1734.      0=  L. 

Calvert,  Frederick,  Baron  of  Baltimore, 
and  proprietor  of  Maryland,  succeeded 
Charles,  lord  Baltimore,  in  1751.  He  was 
a  man  of  wit  and  learning,  a  correspondent 
of  Linnaeus,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  The  letters  which  passed  between 
him  and  Linnaeus  were  in  Latin,  and 
were  published.  He  published  "  A  Tour 
in  the  East  in  the  years  1763  and  1764, 
with  remarks  on  the  city  of  Constantino- 
ple and  the  Turks,"  and  a  volume  of  his 
works,  prose  and  poetical,  entitled  "Gaudia 
Poetica,  Latina,  Anglica,  et  Gallica  lingua 
composita."  He  married  a  sister  of  the 
duke  of  Bridgewater,  and  died  at  Naples, 
September  30,  1771,  leaving  his  interests 


in   Maryland  to  his  son   the   Right  Hon. 
Henry  Harford.  lL)    L. 

Calvert,  Benedict  Leonard,  governor 
of  Maryland  from  1727  to  1732,  when  he 
resigned  on  account  of  ill  health.  He  mar- 
ried Charlotte,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Lichfield,  and  sister  of  the  wife  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Edward  Young,  and  died  on 
his  passage  to  England,  June  1st,  1732. 
Edward  Henry  Calvert,  his  brother,  was 
appointed  in  1728,  commissary  general  of 
the  province.  He  was  also  president  of 
the  council,  and  died  at  Annapolis,  April 
24,  1730,  aged  28.  H?  L. 

Calvi,  Lazaro,  a  famous  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, in  the  16th  century. 

Calvin,  John,  a  celebrated  reformer, 
born  at  Noyon  in  Picardy,  10th  July,  1 509. 
He  studied  grammar  under  Cordelius  at 
Paris,  and  in  consequence  of  the  many  ex- 
traordinary marks  of  his  early  piety  he  was 
intended  by  his  father  for  the  church,  and 
in  1527,  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Marteville,  which  two  years  after  he  resign- 
ed for  Pont  l'Eveque  near  Noyon.  His  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  the  holy  Scriptures 
soon  disgusted  him  with  the  superstitions 
of  the  Romish  church,  and  with  the  appro- 
bation of  his  father  he  resigned  his  eccle- 
siastical honours,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  law.  Under  Peter  de 
l'Etoile  and  Alciat,  he  made  great  progress 
in  that  science,  and  further  improved  his 
knowledge  of  divinity.  Eager  to  defend 
the  tenets  of  the  reformation,  he  displayed 
his  zeal  against  the  Sorbonne  at  Paris,  and 
with  difficulty  escaped  from  the  vengeance 
of  the  catholics.  From  France  he  retired 
to  Basil,  and  in  his  obscurity  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  world,  by  his  celebrated 
dedication  to  Francis  I.  in  his  apology  for 
the  reformers,  a  composition  which  divides 
the  applauses  of  the  learned  with  that  of 
Thuanus  to  his  history,  and  that  of  Casau- 
bon  to  Polybius.  When  the  malevolence 
of  persecution  had  ceased,  Calvin,  after 
visiting  Italy  and  France,  settled  at  Gene- 
va, and  yielding  to  the  strong  and  awful 
solicitation  of  Farel,  and  the  choice  of  the 
consistory  and  magistrates  of  the  city,  he 
consented  to  become,  in  1536,  their  minis- 
ter, and  professor  of  divinity.  The  speedy 
check,  however,  which  he  wished  to  impose 
upon  the  immoralities  of  the  people,  and 
their  domestic  dissension  soon  rendered  him 
unpopular,  and  when  he  refused  to  admi- 
nister the  sacrament  indiscriminately,  the 
public  indignation  was  so  violently  raised 
against  him,  that  he  was  desired  to  leave 
Geneva  in  two  days.  He  retired  to  Stras- 
burg,  where  he  established  a  French  re- 
formed church,  and  two  years  after  he  ap- 
peared with  Bucer  at  the  diet  of  Worms 
and  Ratisbon  for  the  protestants,  and  had  a 
long  and  friendly  conference  with  the  cele- 
brated Melancthon.  But  though  flattrro'l, 
34  3. 


UAL 


CAM 


and  admired  in  Germany,  Calvin  had  a  se- 
cret affection  for  the  church  of  Geneva, 
and  no  sooner  did  the  people  earnestly 
solicit  a  reconciliation  than  he  returned,  in 
1541,  and  prevailed  upon  them  to  establish 
a  church  discipline,  and  a  consistorial  juris- 
diction with  the  power  of  inflicting  censures 
and  canonical  punishments.  The  power 
thus  bestowed  into  the  hand  of  Calvin  was 
great,  and  it  unfortunately  was  abused. 
The  reformer,  who  so  loudly  exclaimed 
against  the  tyranny  of  Rome,  directed  the 
whole  torrent  of  his  persecution  against 
Servetus,  a  physician,  who  had  in  an  am- 
biguous style,  written  upon  the  trinity ; 
and  his  vengeance  was  not  appeased  till 
the  unfortunate  heretic  had  expired  in  the 
flames.  This  severity  raised  many  enemies 
to  Calvin,  but  his  ardour  was  undaunted, 
and  in  the  midst  of  his  avocations  and  the 
distractions  of  Geneva,  he  directed  by  his 
letters  the  many  churches  of  Germany, 
France,  England,  and  Poland,  which  looked 
up  to  him  as  their  head  and  supreme  go- 
vernor. Disinterested  in  his  conduct, 
zealous  only  in  the  cause  of  reformation, 
possessed  of  a  clear  understanding,  sound 
judgment,  and  happy  memory,  he  exer- 
cised his  great  and  extensive  talents  in  the 
support  of  truth,  and  in  the  propagation  of 
the  genuine  precepts  of  the  gospel.  His 
creed,  however,  was  either,  from  singula- 
rity or  opposition,  contrary  to  the  tenets 
of  the  other  protestants,  and  the  untenable 
doctrines  which  he  propagated  about  an 
absolute  predestination,  have  tended  to 
render  his  followers,  not  only  during  his 
age,  but  in  succeeding  times,  gloomy,  pre- 
sumptuous, obstinate,  and  uncharitable. 
He  died  May  26,  1564,  and  though  he  had 
long  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  and  exer- 
cised an  unbounded  authority,  he  left  only 
300  crowns  to  his  heirs,  including  his 
library,  the  books  of  which  sold  afterwards 
at  a  great  price.  By  the  advice  of  his 
friend  Bucer,  Calvin  married,  at  Strasburg, 
Idolette  de  Bure,  widow  of  an  anabaptist 
whom  he  had  converted,  and  by  her  he 
had  a  son  who  died  in  his  infancy.  The 
death  of  his  wife,  which  happened  in 
1549,  afflicted  him  greatly.  The  works  of 
Calvin  were  printed  in  12  vols.  fol.  Geneva, 
and  in  nine  at  Amsterdam,  in  1667.  They 
are  chiefly  on  theological  and  controversial 
subjects,  but  they  display  his  great  erudi- 
tion ;  and  Joseph  Scaliger  has  properly 
observed  that  no  commentator  has  better 
hit  the  sense  of  the  prophets  than  he  ;  and 
he  commends  him  farther  for  not  attempt- 
ing the  explanation  of  the  book  of  Reve- 
lation. 

Calvisius,  Sethus,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Grosleb  in  Thuringia  in  1559.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  learned  and 
accurate  chronologer.  His  elenchus  ca- 
kndarii  a  papa  Gregorio  XIII.  comprobati. 
344 


was  published  in  1611  ;  and  in  1620,  three 
years  after  his  death,  appeared  his  im- 
proved chronology ;  a  work  in  which  he 
had  employed  twenty  long  years  of  labo- 
rious study. 

Calza,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter  in 
the  17th  century,  pupil  to  Carlo  Cignani 
at  Rome,  whose  pieces  he  judiciously 
imitated. 

Camargo,  Mary  Ann  Cupi  de,  a  cele- 
brated stage  dancer,  born  at  Brussels,  1710. 
Her  great  powers  were  exhibited  at  Brus- 
sels and  at  Paris,  and  it  is  said  that  she 
maintained  a  respectable  character.  She 
died  28th  April,  1770. 

Camassei  or  Camace,  Andrew,  an 
Italian  painter  of  Bevagna.  He  studied 
under  Dominichino  and  Andrew  Sacchi, 
and  died  in  1657.  His  historical  paintings 
are  preserved  at  Rome,  but  one  of  his 
pieces,  Venus  and  the  Graces,  is  to  be 
seen  at  Wilton. 

Cambaceres,  N.  a  native  of  Montpel- 
lier,  whose  eloquence  as  a  preacher  was 
much  admired  at  court,  and  was  at  last 
rewarded  by  the  archbishopric  of  Rouen. 
He  died  Nov.  6th,  1808,  aged  80.  His 
nephew  was  the  second  consul  with  Buo- 
naparte, after  the  abolition  of  the  di- 
rectory. 

Cambert,  a  French  musician  in  the 
service  of  Ann  of  Austria.  He  first  intro- 
duced with  Perrin  operas  in  France,  but 
when  his  labours  were  eclipsed  by  the  more 
successful  performances  of  Lulli,  he  came 
over  to  England  in  1672,  where  Charles 
made  him  master  of  his  band.  He  died 
1677.  Besides  his  operas  and  musical 
pieces,  he  is  chiefly  known  for  his  great 
skill  and  exquisite  taste  in  touching  the 
organ. 

Cambis-velleron,  Joseph  Lewis  Do- 
minic, marquis  de,  a  French  nobleman, 
born  at  Avignon,  1706.  He  was  learned 
and  polite,  and  served  some  time  in  the 
army  as  a  captain  of  dragoons  and  a 
colonel.  He  died  1772.  He  published  a 
valuable  catalogue  raisonne  of  the  MSS. 
in  his  cabinet,  two  vols.  8vo. — memoires 
historiques  de  la  vie  de  Roger  de  St.  Lary 
de  Bellegarde,  12mo.  1767.  His  library 
was  very  valuable  and  select,  and  he  had 
collected  some  important  materials  for  the 
history  of  his  province. 

Cambridge,  Richard  Owen,  a  learned 
Englishman,  born  in  London,  14th  Feb. 
1714,  and  educated  at  Eton-school  and 
Oxford.  After  three  years'  residence  in 
the  university,  he  in  1737,  entered  at  Lin- 
coln's-inn,  and  in  1741,  married  Miss 
Trenchard,  with  whom  he  settled  at 
Whitminster,  Gloucestershire.  He  pub- 
lished the  Scribleriad,  a  poem,  1744 — and 
in  1761,  a  history  of  the  war  on  the  coast 
of  Coromandel,  and  contributed  sonic 
valuable  papers  to  the  World.     His  works' 


CAM 


CAM 


were  collected  and  printed  together  by  his 
son  G.  0.  Cambridge,  M.A.  with  his  life, 
two  vols.  4to.  1803.  He  died  much  res- 
pected in  private  life,  as  a  cheerful  com- 
panion, exemplary  in  his  conduct,  and 
virtuous  and  benevolent  in  practice,  17th 
Sept.  1802.  He  was  inventor  of  a  curious 
double  boat,  which  is  said  to  possess  great 
swiftness  in  sailing  with  equal  safety.  It 
was  formed  with  two  distinct  boats,  50  feet 
long,  though  but  18  inches  wide,  connect- 
ed together  by  a  deck  at  the  distance  of 
12  feet. 

Cambtses,  king  of  Persia,  after  his 
father  Cyrus,  B.  C.  529,  made  war  against 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  which  he  had  accident- 
ally given  himself  in  the  eighth  year  of  his 
reign.  He  was  cruel  and  vindictive  in  the 
extreme. 

Camden,  William,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
ry, was  born  at  London,  2d  May,  1551. 
After  studying  at  Christ's  hospital  and  St. 
Paul's  school,  he  entered  at  15  as  a  servitor 
at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  Broadgate-hall,  now  Pem- 
broke college,  and  two  years  and  a  half  after 
to  Christ  church  with  his  tutor  and  friend 
Dr.  Thomas  Thornton,  on  his  promotion  to 
a  canonry.  The  prejudices  of  these  po- 
pish days  prevented  him  not  only  from 
obtaining  fellowship  at  All-souls,  but  from 
being  admitted  to  his  first  degree  in  arts, 
and  it  was  not  till  1573,  that  he  was  made 
B.  A.  an  honour  long  due  to  his  learning 
and  application.  By  the  friendship  of  Dr. 
Goodman,  dean  of  Westminster,  he  was 
appointed  in  1575,  second  master  of  West- 
minster-school, and  it  was  during  his 
relaxation  from  the  labours  of  this  impor- 
tant office,  that  he  applied  himself  to  the 
compilation  of  his  valuable  work  the  Bri- 
tannia, or  history  of  the  ancient  Britons, 
their  origin,  manners,  and  laws,  which  ap- 
peared in  Latin,  1586,  and  passed  rapidly 
through  several  editions.  His  abilities 
were  now  so  universally  acknowledged, 
that  Piers  bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  1588,  con- 
ferred on  him  the  prebend  of  Iffarcomb, 
though  he  never  was  in  holy  orders,  and 
the  same  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree 
of  M.A.  In  1593,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Grant  in  the  headship  of  Westminster- 
school,  and  four  years  after  he  published  a 
Greek  grammar,  which  though  judiciously 
digested,  and  long  popular,  must  be  consi- 
dered rather  as  an  epitome  of  the  grammar 
of  his  predecessors,  than  as  an  original 
work.  In  1597,  Camden  was  removed 
from  his  laborious  office,  upon  being  ap- 
pointed Clerencieux  king  of  arms,  an 
employment  more  congenial  to  his  taste 
and  his  pursuits.  In  1600  he  published  an 
account  of  the  monuments  of  the  kings, 
queens,  and  nobles  in  Westminster  abbey, 
and  three  years  after  at  Frankfort,  a  col- 

Vol.  I.  44 


lection  of  our  ancient  historians,  called 
"  Anglica,  Normanica,  Hibernica,  Cam- 
brica,  a  veteribus  descripta,"  &c.  In  the 
following  year  he  published  remains  of  a 
greater  work  concerning  Britain,  &c.  the 
materials  of  which  had  been  communicated 
to  him  when  he  wrote  his  Britannia.  He 
published  in  1607,  a  complete  edition  of 
his  Britannia  in  folio,  greatly  enlarged  and 
adorned  with  cuts,  of  which  an  able  trans- 
lation was  given  to  the  world  in  1695,  by 
Dr.  Gibson,  afterwards  bishop  of  London, 
and  in  1617,  appeared  his  Annates  rerum 
Anglicanarum,  during  queen  Elizabeth's 
reign,  the  continuation  of  which  was 
finished  in  1617,  but  not  made  public  in 
his  lifetime.  Camden  died  at  Cbisselhurst 
in  Kent,  9th  November,  1623,  and  though 
he  had  directed  to  be  buried  where  he  died, 
his  remains  where  deposited  in  great  pomp 
in  Westminister  abbey  opposite  Chaucer, 
where  on  a  white  marble  monument  his 
effigies  is  represented  as  holding  a  book,  on 
the  leaves  of  which  are  inscribed  Britannia. 
Camden  was  respected  as  a  man  not  only 
of  great  and  extensive  learning,  and  just 
taste,  but  of  amiable  manners,  easy  and 
candid  in  his  conversation,  and  the  friend 
of  learned  men,  and  eminent  scholars.  His 
reputation  was  so  well  established  on  the 
continent,  that  foreigners  considered  their 
travels  incomplete,  if  not  permitted  to  see 
and  converse  with  the  author  of  the  Bri- 
tannia, and  it  is  said  that  not  less  than 
six  German  nobles  in  one  day  visited  him, 
and  requested  him  to  write  his  lemma  in 
their  book.  Camden  founded  a  lectureship 
on  history  at  Oxford,  a  noble  and  munifi- 
cent donation,  which  while  it  reflects  the 
highest  honour  on  his  memory,  enables  a 
learned  body  to  remunerate  its  deserving 
members  with  a  respectable  appointment. 
His  books  and  papers  he  bequeathed  to 
Sir  Robert  Cotton  of  Conington,  but  the 
greatest  part  of  them  are  supposed  to  have 
been  destroyed  during  the  civil  wars. 

Camerarius,  Joachimus,  a  German, 
born  at  Bamberg  in  1500,  and  educated  at 
Leipsic.  His  great  application  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  Grecian  and  Roman  literature 
soon  made  him  known  to  the  literati  of  the 
age,  and  in  those  days  of  theological  dissen- 
sion, he  became  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  and 
also  of  Melancthon,  whose  life  he  wrote  in 
a  very  copious  manner.  During  the  politi- 
cal troubles  of  Germany  in  1525,  Camera- 
rius visited  Prussia,  and  soon  after  was 
made  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Nurem- 
berg. In  1527,  he  married  a  woman  of 
very  respectable  connexions,  with  whom  he 
lived  46  years,  and  by  whom  he  had  five 
sons  and  four  daughters,  who  all  grew  up 
to  be  an  honour  to  their  family.  He  was 
in  1536  drawn  from  his  loved  retirement 
by  Ulric  prince  of  Wirtemburg,  who  em- 
ployed him  to  restore  the  ancient  discipline 
345 


CAM 


CAM 


ef  the  university  of  Tubingen,  and  some 
time  after,  at  the  request  of  Henry  and 
Maurice  of  Saxony,  he  assisted  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Leipsic  university.  Du- 
ring the  various  religious  disputes  which 
took  place  in  consequence  of  the  reforma- 
tion, Camerarius  was  consulted,  and  his 
opinion  respected,  especially  in  the  diets  of 
Nuremberg  and  Ratisbon.  He  died  at 
Leipsic,  17th  April,  1575,  lull  of  years  and 
honour,  surviving  his  wile  not  quite  a  \  ear. 
Besides  Melancthon,  he  was  intimate  with 
Carlowitch,  Turnebus,  Victorius,  Wolfius, 
Baumgartner,  and  indeed  every  man  of 
learning  and  consequence  in  his  age.  His 
literary  labours  were  very  great,  as  he  trans- 
lated Herodotus,  Demosthenes,  Euclid, 
Xenophon,  Homer,  Theocritus,  Sophocles, 
Lucian,  Theodoret,  Nicephorus,  and  others, 
and  he  deservedly  was  called  by  Vossius 
the  phoenix  of  Germany.  Erasmus,  how- 
ever, has  spoken  of  him  with  some  degree 
of  indifference,  by  saying  that  Camerarius 
showed  more  industry  than  genius  in  what 
he  wrote. 

Camerarius,  Joachim,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, devoted  himself  particularly  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  botany,  and  chymistry, 
and  refused  for  his  favourite  pursuits  the 
flattering  and  advantageous  offers  of 
princes,  who  solicited  to  have  him  about 
their  person.  He  wrote  some  treatises 
on  botany,  and  died  1598,  aged  68,  at  Nu- 
remberg. 

Cameron,  John,  a  Scotchman,  professor 
of  Greek  at  Glasgow,  and  afterwards  divi- 
nity lecturer  at  Montauban,  where  he 
died  1625,  in  consequence  of  some  severe 
blows  which  he  had  received  in  the  streets 
from  some  zealot  whom  he  had  offended. 
He  published  "  defence  of  grace,"  1624,  a 
work  which  some  imagined  was  too  favoura- 
ble to  the  catholics,  besides  myrothecium 
evangelicum.  All  his  works  appeared  in 
three  vols.  4to.  1677,  at  Saumur,  and  in 
one  vol.  fol.  Geneva. 

Camilla,  daughter  of  king  Metabus, 
and  the  ally  of  Turnus,  is  celebrated  by 
Virgil,  for  the  valour  she  displayed  against 
j£neas  in  Italy. 

Camillus,  Marcus  Fucius,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  banished  by  his  countrymen  on 
suspicion  of  peculation.  His  services  and 
character  were  remembered  when  Rome 
was  taken  by  the  Gauls,  and  he  issued  from 
his  banishment  to  defeat  the  enemies  of  his 
country.     He  died  B.  C.  365. 

Camoens,  Lewis,  a  Portuguese  poet,  de- 
servedly called  the  Virgil  of  his  country. 
He  was  born  at  Lisbon,  1527,  and  studied 
at  Coimbra,  from  whence  he  went  in  the 
service  of  his  country  to  Ceuta,  where  he 
lost  one  of  his  eyes  in  a  campaign  against 
the  Moors.  He  afterwards  passed  to  the 
East  Indies,  in  hopes  of  bettering  his  for- 
tunes, where  he  began  the  composition  of 
346 


his  celebrated  Lusiad,  but  on  his  return  hft 
had  the  misfortune  to  be  shipwrecked,  and 
with  difficulty  saved  his  life,  swimming  with 
his  right  hand,  and  supporting  his  poem 
with  his  left.  When  restored  to  Portugal 
in  1569,  he  finished  his  poem,  and  dedica- 
ted it  to  king  Sebastian,  but  his  hopes  of 
patronage  and  of  honourable  remuneration 
were  cruelly  disappointed.  The  merits  of 
the  poet  were  neglected  by  the  monarch 
and  his  courtiers,  and  Camoens,  feeling  all 
the  miseries  of  indigent  and  despised  vir- 
tue, expired  in  the  midst  of  his  ungrateful 
countrymen,  a  prey  to  poverty  and  the 
deepest  wretchedness;  1579.  Admired  for 
the  boldness  of  his  descriptions,  the  unaf- 
fected display  of  his  learning,  and  the  hap- 
piest flights  of  a  sublime  imagination,  Ca- 
moens is  yet  censured  for  the  obscurity  of 
some  of  his  verses,  and  for  an  injudicious 
mixture  of  heathen  mythology  and  Chris- 
tian truths.  The  Lusiad  however  will 
always  rank  high  in  the  list  of  heroic  po- 
ems. It  has  been  translated  into  French 
once,  twice  into  Italian,  four  times  into 
Spanish,  and  into  English  by  Fanshaw, 
besides  the  elegant  version  in  which  Mr. 
Mickle  has  immortalized  his  name  with  the 
fame  of  his  favourite  author. 

Campanella,  Thomas,  an  Italian  philo- 
sopher belonging  to  the  Dominican  order, 
born  at  Stilo  in  Calabria,  September  5th, 
1568.  His  great  and  extensive  knowledge 
of  the  ancient  classics  soon  enabled  him  to 
examine  with  accuracy  the  tenets  of  the 
peripatetic  philosophy,  and  to  prove  them 
built  upon  false  and  untenable  foundations. 
The  superior  information  and  brilliant  elo- 
quence which  he  displayed  in  his  disputa- 
tions on  theology  with  professors  of  long 
established  reputation,  increased  with  his 
fame  the  number  of  his  rivals  and  enemies, 
and  he  was  accused  before  the  inquisition, 
of  having  obtained  by  magic  that  vast  ex- 
tent of  learning  which  he  possessed.  He 
fled  upon  this  from  Naples  to  Rome,  and 
afterwards  to  Florence,  and  on  his  way  to 
Bologna  his  papers  were  seized,  but  his 
person  remained  unmolested.  Some  ex- 
pressions however  which  he  dropped  some 
years  after,  against  the  Spaniards,  procured 
his  arrest.  He  appeared  in  1599  at  Na- 
ples as  a  criminal  against  the  state,  and  was 
seven  times  put  to  the  rack  and  condemned 
to  perpetual  imprisonment.  The  weight 
of  his  sufferings  was  at  last  lessened  by  the 
interference  of  the  pope  with  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain  in  1626,  but  when  restored  to  liber- 
ty, to  avoid  the  further  persecutions  of  the 
Spaniards,  he  retired  secretly  to  France, 
where  the  friendship  of  Richelieu  and  the  fa- 
vour of  Lewis  XIII.  procured  him  a  pen- 
sion of  2000  livres.  He  died  in  the  mo- 
nastery of  the  Dominicans,  21st  March, 
1639.  His  writings  were  numerous,  the 
best  known  of  which  are  de  recta  ratione 


CAJtf 


CAM 


studendi, — aphorismata  politica, — de  mo- 
narchic Hispanica. 

Campako,  John  Antonio,  a  native  of 
Campania,  of  obscure  origin.  While  tend- 
ing sheep  he  was  noticed  by  a  priest  who 
admired  his  promising  appearance,  and 
who  kindly  instructed  him  in  the  learned 
languages,  and  enabled  him  to  become  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  Perugia.  He  was 
raised  to  a  bishopric  by  pope  Pius  II.  and 
engaged  at  the  congress  of  Ratisbon,  and 
made  governor  of  Citta  de  Castello  by  Six- 
tus  IV.  His  opposition  to  some  of  the 
measures  of  the  court  of  Rome  rendered 
him  unpopular  with  the  pope,  and  he  re- 
moved to  his  see  of  Terrano,  where  he  died 
1477,  aged  48.  He  wrote  the  life  of  the 
famous  commander  Andrew  Braccio,  be- 
sides orations,  letters,  Latin  poems,  moral 
and  political  treatises,  &.c.  published  toge- 
ther 1707  and  1734  at  Leipsic. 

Campano,  Novarese,  an  Italian  ecclesi- 
astic in  the  13th  century,  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  Euclid,  and  several  treatises 
on  astronomy  still  preserved  in  MS. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Argyle,  was  born  in  1598,  and  became 
known  for  his  strong  partiality  to  the  cove- 
nanters, though  he  retained  all  his  attach- 
ment to  Charles  I.  by  whom  he  was  created 
a  marquis.  He  opposed  Cromwell's  inva- 
sion of  Scotland,  and  placed  the  crown  on 
the  head  of  Charles  II.  when  his  corona- 
tion took  place  at  Scone  in  1651.  But 
notwithstanding  his  attachment  to  the  king, 
and  the  display  of  an  undaunted  character 
in  political  life,  he  was  seized  in  London 
when  he  came  to  congratulate  Charles  on 
his  restoration,  and  upon  being  condemned 
as  guilty  of  high  treason,  was  beheaded  as 
a  traitor  at  Edinburgh  cross,  27th  May, 
1661.  He  wrote  instructions  to  a  son,  and 
defences  against  the  grand  indictment  of 
high  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  earl  of  Argyle, 
son  of  the  preceding,  distinguished  himself 
so  much  by  his  bravery  at  the  battle  of 
Dunbar,  and  on  other  occasions,  that 
Cromwell  exempted  him  from  the  general 
pardon  granted  in  1654.  In  consequence 
of  the  interception  of  one  of  his  letters,  in 
which  he  spoke  of  the  ingratitude  of  courts, 
he  was  tried  before  the  parliament  of  Scot- 
land, for  leasing,  making,  or  sowing  dis- 
sensions between  the  king  and  the  subject 
by  false  information.  He  was  condemned 
to  lose  his  head,  and  the  sentence  would 
have  been  executed  had  not  the  great  Cla- 
rendon interfered  with  the  king.  Argyle 
was  afterwards  restored  to  royal  favour, 
and  made  privy  counsellor,  and  one  of  the 
lords  of  the  treasury,  but  he  was  afterwards 
again  exposed  to  persecution  and  most  ini- 
quitously  condemned  to  suffer  death.  He 
escaped  from  confinement,  and  after  con- 
cealing himself  in  London,  he  went  to  Hol- 


land, and  soon  returned  to  Scotland,  w 
support  the  rebellion  of  Monmouth.  The 
plans  which  he  pursued  were  not  however 
well  concerted,  he  was  abandoned  by  those 
who  ought  to  have  shared  his  dangers,  and 
he  was  taken  and  carried  to  Edinburgh, 
where  he  suffered  in  pursuance  of  his  former 
sentence.  He  was  beheaded  30th  June, 
16S5. 

Campbell,  George,  D.D.  was  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's,  and  was  promoted  to  a 
small  living  in  the  Highlands.  He  was 
made  professor  of  church  history  at  St. 
Andrew's,  1728,  and  published  a  discourse 
on  miracles,  besides  a  vindication  of  the 
Christian  religion,  8vo.  and  a  treatise  on 
moral  virtue.     He  died  1757,  aged  61. 

Campbell,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
born  at  Aberdeen.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Marischal  college,  of  which  he  became 
a  principal  in  1759,  and  professor  of  divi- 
nity in  1771.  He  died  1796,  aged  77,  a 
little  time  after  resigning  his  office.  Among 
his  works  his  translation  of  the  four  gos- 
pels are  particularly  entitled  to  commenda- 
tion. His  answer  to  Hume  on  the  mira- 
cles was  much  admired ;  but  in  his  eccle- 
siastical history,  a  posthumous  work,  he  is 
censured  as  partial  and  bigoted  in  favour 
of  the  presbyterians. 

Campbell,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architect, 
author  of  Vitruvius  Britannicus,  3  vols, 
folio,  and  surveyor  of  the  works  of  Green- 
wich hospital.  He  gave  among  other  thing3 
the  designs  of  Wanstead-house,  the  Rolls, 
and  Mereworth  in  Kent,  and  died  1734. 

Campbell,  John,  an  eminent  writer  on 
biography,  history,  and  politics,  born  at 
Edinburgh,  8th  March,  1708.  At  the  age 
of  five  he  left  Scotland,  which  he  never  saw 
again,  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Windsor; 
and  he  was  placed  as  clerk  to  an  attorney 
at  the  usual  age,  but  the  occupation  was 
irksome  to  his  feelings,  and  he  relinquished 
it  for  the  more  laborious  life  of  an  author. 
In  his  30th  year  he  first  appeared  before 
the  public  in  the  military  life  of  prince  Eu- 
gene and  of  Marlborough,  in  2  vols.  fol.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  ancient 
universal  history,  and  in  1739,  published 
the  travels  of  Edward  Brown,  Esquire, 
and  the  memoirs  of  Ripperda,  and  two 
years  after,  the  concise  history  of  Spanish 
America.  In  1742  the  two  first  volumes 
of  his  history  of  English  admirals  appear- 
ed, to  which  two  years  after  two  volumes 
more  were  added,  a  work  of  great  merit 
and  established  reputation,  and  which,  after 
passing  through  three  editions  in  the  au- 
thor's lifetime,  has  been  edited  with  im- 
provements by  Dr.  Berkenhout.  He  pub- 
lished in  1743  Hermippus  revived,  which 
six  years  after  was  more  fully  improved, 
and  in  1744  appeared  his  "  voyages  and 
travels,"  on  the  plan  of  Dr.  Harris.  Be- 
sides other  popular  publications,  he  was 
347 


CAM 


CAM 


engaged  in  the  Biograpbia  Britannica, 
which  first  appeared  in  weekly  numbers  in 
1745,  and  to  which  he  contributed  some  of 
the  most  interesting  and  best  written  ar- 
ticles. In  1750  he  published  his  present 
state  of  Europe,  a  work  extremely  popular 
by  the  rapid  sale  of  six  large  editions,  and 
afterwards  he  was  employed  in  the  modern 
universal  history,  which  appeared  in  de- 
tached parts  in  16  vols.  fol.  His  last  work 
was  "  a  political  survey  of  Britain,"  in  2 
vols.  4to.  1774,  in  which  be  displayed  ex- 
traordinary labour,  great  judgment,  and  ex- 
tensive knowledge.  These  great  literary 
performances  did  not  pass  unrewarded  with 
the  applause  of  the  learned,  the  author  was 
honoured  in  1754  by  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  and  in  1774 
the  empress  of  Russia,  who  never  failed  to 
distinguish  merit  in  every  nation,  presented 
him,  in  testimony  of  her  regard  for  his 
great  abilities,  with  her  picture.  In  1736 
our  author  married  Miss  Vobe,  of  Leomin- 
ster, with  whom  he  lived  happily  40  years, 
and  by  whom  he  had  seven  children,  one 
only  of  whom  with  their  mother  survived 
him.  He  lived  in  the  indulgence  of  his 
literary  pursuits  so  retired  that  few  had  the 
happiness  of  his  acquaintance,  but  those 
that  visited  him  found  him  amiable  in  his 
manners,  instructive  in  his  conversation, 
and  in  his  general  conduct  mild,  humane, 
and  religious.  He  was  appointed  in  1765 
king's  agent  for  the  province  of  Georgia, 
an  office  which  he  held  till  his  death,  a  me- 
lancholy event,  which  was  hastened  by  his 
sedentary  mode  of  life,  and  his  intense 
application.  He  died  of  a  decline  at  his 
house,  Queen-square,  Ormond-street,  28th 
December,  1775,  aged  nearly  68,  and  his 
remains  were  deposited  in  the  new  burying 
ground  behind  the  new  Foundling  belong- 
ing to  St.  John  the  Martyr.  Besides  the 
larger  works  enumerated  above,  Dr.  Camp- 
bell wrote  other  smaller  publications,  which 
Dr.  Kippis  has  mentioned  in  the  Biographia 
Britannica,  and  which  prove  further  the 
great  erudition,  the  comprehensive  know- 
ledge, and  indefatigable  application  of  the 
author. 

Campbell,  John,  2d  duke  of  Argyle,  and 
duke  of  Greenwich,  was  son  of  Archibald, 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  Elizabeth  Tollemache. 
He  early  devoted  himself  to  a  military  life, 
and  served  under  the  great  Marlborough. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Ramilies,  of  Oudenarde,  and  Malplaquet, 
and  assisted  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  and  of 
Ghent.  Such  services  were  honourably 
rewarded  by  the  king,  he  was  made  knight 
of  the  garter  in  1710,  and  the  following 
year,  sent  ambassador  to  Charles  III.  of 
Spain,  with  the  command  of  the  English 
forces  in  that  kingdom.  His  support  of 
the  union  with  Scotland,  rendered  him  for 
a  while  unpopular  amon?  his  countrymen, 
•MS 


but  his  merits  were  acknowledged  by  all 
parties.  George  I.  on  his  accession,  re- 
stored him  to  the  command  of  Scotland,  of 
which  he  had  been  before  capriciously  de- 
prived, and  in  1715,  he  bravely  attacked 
lord  Mar's  army  at  Dumblane,  and  obliged 
the  Pretender  to  retire  from  the  kingdom. 
In  1718,  he  was  made  duke  of  Greenwich, 
but  the  opposition  which  he  showed  to  the 
measures  of  Walpoie  procured  his  dismissal 
from  all  the  offices  of  honour  and  profit 
which  he  held,  though  he  was  afterwards 
restored  on  the  minister's  disgrace.  He 
died  1743,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey,  where  a  handsome  monument  re- 
cords his  virtues. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  a  Scotch  prelate 
of  the  noble  family  of  the  Campbells, 
made  in  1721,  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  which 
he  resigned  in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  intimate  with  the  most 
famous  men  of  his  time,  with  bishop  Bull, 
Hickes,  Grabe,  Nelson,  and  others.  He 
died  16th  June,  1744,  author  of  the  doc- 
trine of  a  middle  state  between  death  and 
the  resurrection,  fol.  1721,  a  work  curious 
and  interesting,  full  of  great  learning,  and 
profound  observations. 

Campbell,  lord  William,  the  last  royal 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  was  governor 
of  Nova  Scotia  from  1766  to  1773.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of  Caro- 
lina the  preceding  year,  but  did  not  enter  in 
the  administration  till  1775.  When  the 
public  military  stores  were  taken  possession 
of  by  the  people,  he  fled  on  board  a  frigate, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  in  June,  1776, 
in  the  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island.  UZT  L. 
Campeggio,  Lorenzo,  a  Roman  cardi- 
nal, born  at  Milan,  1474.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Bologna  for  several 
years,  and  married,  but  on  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  pro- 
fession, and  in  1512,  was  made  a  bishop, 
and  afterwards  created  a  cardinal  by  Leo 
X.  He  came  to  England  1519,  as  nuncio, 
to  settle  the  tenths  for  the  crusade  against 
Turkey,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
and  in  1524,  passed  into  Germany,  to  at- 
tempt to  resist  the  torrent  of  the  reforma- 
tion. He  afterwards  returned  to  England 
to  settle  the  affairs  about  the  divorce  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Catherine  of  Arragon, 
and  when  recalled  in  1529,  by  the  pope,  he 
went  to  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  again  to  op- 
pose the  progress  of  Lutheranism.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1539.  He  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  deep  political  knowledge,  and 
acquainted  with  Erasmus,  and  most  other 
learned  men  in  Europe.  Some  of  his  let- 
ters are  published  in  the  collection  of  Basil 
1550.  He  had  a  brother  Thomas,  who  was 
also  a  bishop,  and  author  of  several  learned 
works  on  the  canon  law.     He  died  1564. 

Camper,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physician, 
and  naturalist.     He  was  born  at  Leyden, 


CAM 

and  carefully  educated  by  his  father,  who 
was  a  protestant  divine,  and  under  Boer- 
haave,  Muschenbroek,  Gravesande,  and 
other  famous  professors,  he  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  knowledge  in  which  he  be- 
came so  eminent.  He  travelled  at  the  age 
of  26,  over  England,  France,  and  Germany, 
where  he  was  received  by  the  learned  with 
the  respect  due  to  rising  merit,  and  in 
Berlin,  he  was  particularly  noticed  by 
Frederic  the  great.  His  \vorks  were  on 
philosophy  and  natural  history,  in  6  vols. 
8vo.  with  100  folio  plates  beautifully  en- 
graved. He  wrote,  besides  a  treatise  on 
the  physiognomies  of  men  of  different 
countries,  a  work  of  great  erudition  but 
occasionally  fanciful.  He  had  also  a  taste 
for  the  tine  arts,  and  excelled  in  the  use  of 
the  pencil.     He  died  1789,  highly  respected. 

Camphuysen,  Dirk,  a  painter,  born  at 
Dorcurn,  1386.  He  is  eminent  in  his  land- 
scapes and  moonlight  pieces. 

Campi,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  painter  of 
eminence,  author  of  an  interesting  book  on 
his  art,  called  parere  sopra  la  pittura, 
printed  at  Cremona,  in  4to.  1580.  He  died 
1584,  aged  62. 

Campi,  Galeazzo,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  excelled  in  miniatures  and  in  history. 
He  was  born  at  Cremona,  and  died  1536. 

Campian,  Edmund,  a  learned  writer, 
born  in  London,  1540,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  where  he  delivered  an 
oration  before  queen  Mary  at  her  acces- 
sion. He  was  afterwards  elected  to  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  by  White  the  foun- 
der, and  received  great  applause  for  an 
oration  which  he  spoke  before  queen  Eliza- 
beth, when  she  visited  the  university.  In 
1568,  he  went  to  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  country  in  two  books,  but  the 
suspicion  of  favouring  the  catholic  tenets 
rendered  him  unpopular,  and  he  fled  to  the 
Low  Countries.  Here  he  renounced  Pro- 
testantism and  entered  into  the  body  of 
the  Jesuits  at  Douay,  and  from  thence 
passed  to  Rome,  where  he  was  received  as 
a  true  and  useful  convert.  He  wrote  a 
tragedy  called  Nectar  and  Ambrosia  which 
was  acted  before  the  emperor  at  Vienna, 
and  for  six  years  he  taught  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  at  Prague,  till  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  to  pass  over 
to  England  in  1580.  In  this  delicate  em- 
ployment he  used  all  the  arts  of  cunning 
and  insinuation,  but  though  he  seems  to 
have  challenged  the  English  clergy  to  a 
trial  of  skill,  yet  he  discovered  too  much 
vehemence  and  impetuosity,  and  when  dis- 
covered by  the  emissaries  of  Walsiiigham, 
he  was  dragged  to  the  Tower,  and  being 
found  guilty  of  high  treason  for  adhering 
to  the  pope,  the  queen's  enemy,  he  war- 
hanged  and  quartered  at  Tyburn,  first  De- 
'•embcr,   1581.     He  was  a  man  of  great 


CAM 

learning,  an  eloquent  orator,  and  a  subtile 
disputant.  His  writings  were  on  contro- 
versial subjects,  and  are  now  forgotten. 
His  chronologia  universalis  is,  however,  a 
learned  work. 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Toulouse,  in  1615.  He  be- 
came tlie  secretary  and  the  friend  of  the 
duke  of  >  endonie,  and  merited  to  be  rank- 
ed little  inferior  to  Racine  in  the  merit  of 
his  dramatic  compositions.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy,  11th  May,  1723,  at  the  age  of 
6/.  His  plays,  three  vols.  12mo.  first  pub- 
lished in  1750,  have  passed  through  many 
editions. 

Campo,  Antonio,  an  Italian  author,  born 
at  Cremona,  of  which  he  wrote  an  interest- 
ing history  in  folio,  1585.  It  is  in  high 
esteem  on  account  of  the  plates  by  Augus- 
tine Carachi. 

Campra,  Andrew,  a  musician  of  Aix, 
born  4th  December,  1660.  He  was  greatly 
admired  for  bis  superior  knowledge  of  mu- 
sic, and  for  the  many  popular  ballets  and 
tragic  operas  which  he  composed.  He 
died  at  Versailles,  2c>th  July,  1744,  aged  84. 

Camps,  Francois  de,  a  native  of  Amiens, 
patronised  by  Ferroni  bishop  of  Mende, 
anJ  made  abbot  of  Signy.  He  wrote  dis- 
sertations on  Medals — on  the  history  of 
France,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris,  1723,  aged 
81,  and  by  his  iabours  contributed  to  the 
more  easy  elucidation  of  history. 

Campson,  Gauri,  an  able  and  humane 
suitan  of  Egypt,  raised  to  that  dignity  by 
the  Mamelukes,  1  »04.  He  was  slain  in  a 
battle  fought  against  the  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  1516,  aged  70. 

Camus,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate, 
Iff  .it  Paris.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Beliay  by  Henry  IV.  and  consecrated  by  St. 
Francis  de  Sales  1609.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  particularly  eioquent,  but  at  the  same 
time  indulged  an  ironical  turn,  especially 
against  the  monks,  which  caused  them  to 
complain  of  his  conduct  to  Richelieu.  He 
resigned  bis  see  after  an  enjoyment  of  20 
years,  and  though  ottered  two  others  after- 
wards he  preferred  the  retirement  of  a 
monastery,  and  died  in  the  hospital  of  in- 
curables at  Paris,  1652,  aged  70.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are  mentioned,  pious 
romances  to  suppress  the  licentious  pro- 
ductions of  his  age. 

Camus,  Stephen  la,  a  native  of  Paris, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  1650,  and  bishop 
of  Grenoble  1571.  He  was  an  exemplary 
prelate,  attentive  to  his  episcopal  duties, 
and  in  his  private  conduct  \ery  austere, 
always  sleeping  on  straw,  and  wearing  a 
hair  shirt.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
pope  Innocent  II.  1686,  and  died  1707, 
aged  75,  leaving  his  property  to  the  poor, 
and  to  some  schools  which  he  had  founded. 
He  was  author  of  some  pastoral  letters, — 
349 


CAN 


CAN 


a  treatise  on  the  perpetual  virginity  of  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Camus,  Antoine  le,  a  physician,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died,  1772,  at  the  age  of 
50.  In  the  midst  of  a  respectable  practice, 
he  found  time  to  write  physic  for  the  mind, 
2  vols.  12mo. — Abdeker,  the  art  of  preserv- 
ing beauty,  a  romance,  4  vols.  12mo.  on 
various  subjects  of  medicine,  &.c. 

Camus,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learned 
French  mathematician,  who  died  1763, 
aged  58.  He  was  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  and  of  the 
Royal  London  Society,  and  wrote  a  course 
on  mathematics,  4  vols.  8vo. — besides  trea- 
tises on  arithmetic,  &c. 

Camusat,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man of  Troyes,  of  which  he  was  canon. 
He  died  1655,  aged  80.  He  wrote  historia 
Albigensium,  1615 — Melanges  historiques, 
1619 — promptuarium  sacrarum  antiquit. 
Tricassinae  diocesis,  8vo.  1610 — and  other 
works. 

Canani,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Fer- 
rara,  professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy 
there,  and  physician  to  the  duke.  He 
wrote  humani  corporis  picturata  dissectio, 
now  very  rare,  and  is  said  to  have  disco- 
vered the  valves  of  the  veins.  He  died 
1590,  aged  75. 

Canate,  Philip  sieur  du  Fresne,  a  native 
of  Paris,  who  published  an  account  of  a 
journey  to  Constantinople.  He  was  after- 
wards employed  by  Henry  IV.  in  several 
embassies,  and  from  a  Calvinist  became  a 
Roman  catholic,  at  the  conference  of  du 
Perron  and  de  Plessis  Mornay.  He  died 
1610,  aged  61.  He  wrote  besides  an  ac- 
count of  his  embassies,  3  vols.  fol. 

Candaules,  king  of  Lydia,  was  murder- 
ed by  Gyges,  who  ascended  his  throne, 
B.  C  718. 

Candiac,  John  Lewis  Eliz.  de  Mont- 
calm, a  child  of  astonishing  powers,  brother 
to  the  marquis  of  Montcalm.  At  the  age 
of  four  he  learned  Latin,  and  when  six  he 
could  read  Greek  and  Hebrew  to  the  asto- 
nishment of  the  learned.  Thi-  prodigy  of 
premature  superiority  in  the  knowledge  of 
literature  and  of  science,  was  cut  off  by  a 
complication  of  diseases  at  Paris,  8th  Octo- 
ber, 1726,  aged  seven  years. 

Candito,  Peter,  a  historical  painter, 
born  at  Bruges  1548.  His  real  name  was 
said  to  be  White. 

Caneah,  or  Canghah,  an  Indian  phi- 
losopher, physician,  and  astronomer.  He 
wrote  on  the  secret  of  nativities — the  con- 
junction of  planets — a  manual  of  medicine 
— physiognomy,  de  mar^onibus  lunse,  &.c. 

Cange,  Charles  du  Fresne  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  and  made 
treasurer  of  France.  He  early  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  ancient  and  modern 
history,  and  published  some  valuable  works. 
Jin  died  1688,  aged  78.  Lewis  XIV.  pre- 
350 


sented  a  pension  to  his  children,  in  memory 
of  their  father's  learning  and  his  services 
to  literature.  The  most  valuable  of  his 
works  are  history  of  the  eastern  empire  un- 
der the  French  emperors  of  Constantinople, 
fol. — Latin  Glossary.  3  vols.  fol. — a  Greek 
glossary  of  the  middle  ages,  2  vols.  fol. — 
annals  of  Zonaras,  &c. — historia  Byzantina 
illustrata,  in  fol.  &c. 

Cangiago  or  Cambisi,  Lewis,  a  painter 
of  Genoa,  whose  works  were  in  high  repute 
in  Spain  and  Italy.  He  became  enamoured 
of  his  deceased  wife's  sister,  and  solicited 
in  vain  a  papal  dispensation  to  marry  her, 
and  died  of  melancholy  in  Spain,  1585, 
aged  58. 

Canini,  Angelo,  a  learned  Italian,  author 
of  observations  on  the  Greek  tongue — in- 
stitutiones  Lingua?  Syriacae  Assyr. — Thai- 
mud.  iEthiop.  Arab,  collatione,  died  1557. 

Canisius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Nimeguen, 
professor  of  canon  law  at  Ingolstadt,  died 
in  1609.  He  left  some  learned  works  on 
his  profession,  and  on  antiquities. — His 
uncle  Peter  was  a  learned  Jesuit,  author  of 
some  theological  works.  He  died  1597, 
aged  77. 

Canitz,  Baron  of,  a  German  poet  and 
statesman,  born  at  Berlin,  1654,  five  months 
after  his  father's  death.  He  travelled 
through  Europe,  and  was  engaged  in  impor- 
tant negotiations  by  the  king  of  Prussia. 
He  took  Horace  for  his  model  in  his  Ger- 
man compositions,  and  was  so  popular  a 
poet  that  his  works  were  published  for  the 
10th  time  in  1750  in  8vo.  He  died  at  Ber- 
lin, 1699,  aged  45. 

Cann,  John,  an  Englishman  of  original- 
ly humble  occupation,  who  fled  to  Amster- 
dam at  the  restoration,  and  became  a  great 
leader  among  the  Brownists.  He  published 
a  Bible  with  marginal  notes,  which  was  well 
received  by  the  public,  and  passed  through 
several  editions. 

Cannamares,  John,  a  peasant  of  Catalo- 
nia, who  in  a  fit  of  insanity  attacked  king 
Ferdinand,  and  nearly  killed  him.  He  was 
seized,  and  though  the  monarch  wished  to 
pardon  him  he  was  strangled  in  prison 
1492. 

Cano,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  Grenada,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Olivares, 
and  made  director  general  of  the  king's 
works  at  Madrid,  and  preceptor  to  the 
prince  Balthazar  Carlos.  The  palaces  and 
church"*  of  Madrid  were  adorned  with  the 
elegant  labours  of  his  chisel,  as  well  as  of 
his  pencil.  He  had  the  singular  misfortune 
of  finding  on  his  return  home  one  evening 
his  house  plundered,  his  wife  murdered, 
and  his  Italian  servant  fled  ;  and  while  he 
had  reason  to  suspect  the  treachery  of  his 
domestic,  in  consequence  of  his  jealous  and 
resentful  temper,  he  was  himself  seized  as 
a  perpetrator  of  the  horrid  deed,   and  tor- 


CAN 


CAM 


tured,  but  no  punishment  could  force  him 
to  confess  a  crime  of  which  he  was  not 
guilty.  He  afterwards  entered  into  the 
church  to  escape  further  persecution,  and 
died,  676,  aged  76. 

Cano  or  Canus,  Melchior,  a  native  of 
Tarancon,  in  the  diocess  of  Toledo.  Hfl 
was  of  the  Dominican  order,  and  professor 
of  theology  at  Salamanca,  and  in  1552,  he 
became  bishop  of  the  Canaries,  which  he 
resigned  to  enjoy  the  favours  of  the  court 
of  Philip  II.  He  died  at  Toledo  1560,  au- 
thor of  some  works,  especially  locorum 
theologicorum,  &c. 

Canova,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  sculptor, 
was  born  in  1757,  at  Passango,  in  the  Vene- 
tian States.  He  early  exhibited  an  extra- 
ordinary talent  for  sculpture,  and  was 
patronised  by  Sir  William  Hamilton,  and 
several  other  English  gentlemen,  by  whose 
aid  he  was  enabled  to  pursue  his  studies 
with  success.  His  'works  are  astonishingly 
numerous,  and  superior  to  any  other  pro- 
ductions of  modern,  and  scarcely  excelled 
by  any  of  ancient  art.  His  chief  statues  of 
modern  personages  were  one  of  Washing- 
ton, several  of  Buonaparte,  one  of  the  mo- 
ther of  Buonaparte,  of  the  Empress  Marie 
Louisa,  of  the  princes  Esterhazy,  and  of  Fer- 
dinand IV.  of  Naples.  The  most  valuable  of 
his  works  have  been  purchased  by  English 
noblemen.  His  character  through  life  was 
marked  by  great  liberality  and  benevolence, 
and  his  unrivalled  talents  procured  him  the 
most  distinguished  honours  from  the  pa- 
trons of  art  in  Italy,  and  throughout  Europe. 
He  died  at  Venice,  October  12th,  1822,  in 
the  64th  year  of  his  age.  II       L. 

Ca.vtacuzenus,  Johannes,  a  Byzantine 
historian,  born  at  Constantinople,  and 
nearly  related  to  the  imperial  family.  His 
knowledge  in  literature  and  in  arms  was 
so  great,  that  he  became  the  favourite  of 
the  court  and  people,  and  was  made  first 
lord  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  emperor 
Andronicus.  He  retained  his  offices  under 
his  grandson  of  the  same  name,  who  made 
him  generalissimo  of  his  forces,  and  would 
have  admitted  him  to  the  throne,  if  he  had 
been  willing  to  consent.  At  his  death  the 
emperor  left  the  guardianship  of  his  son 
John  Palajologus  to  the  integrity  of  Canta- 
cuzenus  ;  but  the  jealousy  of  the  empress 
and  of  her  favourites,  thwarted  his  benevo- 
lent schemes,  till  at  last  he  assumed  him- 
self the  imperial  purple,  at  the  request  of 
the  nobles  at  Adrianople,  1342.  The  new 
monarch  was  victorious  over  his  enemies, 
and  with  unparalleled  moderation,  he  adopt- 
ed the  conquered  Palaeologus  for  his  asso- 
ciate on  the  throne,  and  gave  him  his 
daughter  Helen  in  marriage  to  cement 
their  reconciliation.  Jealousy,  however, 
still  prevailed,  and  Cantacuzenus,  wearied 
with  the  troubles  of  sovereignty,  retired  to 
a  monastery  accompanied  by  his  wife.     In 


that  tranquil  retreat  he  devoted  himself  to 
study,  and  wrote  a  history  in  Greek  of 
his  own  times,  in  four  books,  from  1 320  to 
to  1355.  This  work  is  very  valuable.  He 
wrote  besides  some  theological  works. 
The.  history  was  translated  into  Latin  at 
Ingolstadt,  in  1603,  by  Pontanus,  and  in 
1645,  the  original  Greek  was  splendidly 
edited  at  Paris  in  3  vols.  fol.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown,  though  it  is  supposed 
that  he  lived  till  about  the  year  1411,  and 
reached  his  100th  year.  He  wrote  also  a 
defence  of  Christianity  against  the  Mahome- 
tans. 

Cantarini,  Simon,  a  painter,  born  at  Pe- 
zaro,  and  thence  surnamed  Pezare«e.  He 
was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Guido,  whose 
excellence  he  so  successfully  imitated,  that 
his  pieces  were  often  ascribed  to  his  mas- 
ter.    He  died  at  Verona  1648,  aged  36. 

Cantel,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Caux, 
whose  extraordinary  application  to  litera- 
ture shortened  his  days  at  the  age  of  35, 
1579.  He  wrote  de  Romana  republica, 
12mo.  1707 — metropolitarum  urbium  his- 
torian civil,  et  ecclesiast.  primus — besides 
editions  of  Justin  and  Valerius  Maximus. 

CantemIr,  Demetrius,  a  Tartar  of  illus- 
trious birth.  He  visited  Constantinople 
early  in  life,  and  promised  himself  to  suc- 
ceed his  father  as  governor  of  Moldavia  ; 
but  he  was  supplanted  by  a  rival ;  and  when 
at  last  sent  to  defend  the  province  against 
the  Russians,  he  betrayed  it  to  the  Czar 
Peter,  whose  fortunes  he  followed,  and  by 
whom  he  was  amply  rewarded.  From 
Moldavia,  over  which  he  presided,  he  reti- 
red to  Ukraine,  where  he  died,  much  la- 
mented, 1723,  aged  50.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
history  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Ottoman 
empire  in  Russia,  dedicated  to  the  Czar — 
the  system  of  Mahomet's  religion — the  state 
of  Moldavia,  in  Latin,  with  a  map  of  the 
country. 

Cantemir,  Antiochus,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, displayed  the  advantages  of  a  well- 
finished  education  in  several  embassies  at 
London  and  Paris.  On  his  return  to 
Petersburg,  he  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, and  was  the  first  who  introduced  the 
graces  of  poetry  among  the  Russians.  He 
was  author  of  some  odes,  satires,  and 
fables,  besides  a  translation  of  Anacreon 
and  of  the  epistles  of  Horace.  His  life 
was  written  by  Guasco.  He  died  1744, 
aged  34. 

Canterus,  William,  an  eminent  scholar, 
born  at  Utrecht,  1542,  and  educated  chiefly 
at  Louvain,  under  Cornel.  Valerius,  and 
afterwards  at  Paris,  under  Auratus.  The 
civil  wars  of  France  afforded  him  an  oppor- 
tunity to  visit  Germany,  Italy,  and  Venice, 
where  he  purchased  some  valuable  manu- 
scripts ;  and  on  his  return  to  Louvain  he 
devoted  himself  with  indefatigable  diligence 
to  bis  favourite  studies.  An  application  so 
351 


CAN 


CAN 


i  ntense,  which  regularly  began  at  7  in  the 
morning,  and  continued  till  midnight,  with 
the  intervention  of  scarce  four  hours  for 
exercise  and  refreshment,  was  not  calcula- 
ted to  ensure  longevity,  and  consequently 
Canterus  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  studious  re- 
tirement, and  died  in  his  33d  year,  1575. 
His  mind  was  stored  with  vast  erudition, 
and  from  his  familiar  acquaintance  with  six 
languages,  besides  that  of  his  country,  viz. 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French,  Italian, 
and  German,  the  greatest  expectations,  as 
Thuanus  observes,  might  have  been  formed 
from  him.  His  works  were  purely  philo- 
logical, such  as  novarurn  lectionum  libri 
octo — syntagma  de  ratione  emendandi 
Graces  auetores — notae,  scholia,  &c.  in 
Euripid.  Sophocl.  iEschyl.  Cic.  Propert. 
Auson.  Arnob. — besides  various  readings  on 
some  of  the  Septuagint  MSS.  and  transla- 
tions of  several  Greek  authors. 

Canton,  John,  an  ingenious  philosopher, 
born  at  Stroud,  in  Gloucestershire,  3lst 
July,  1718.  He  was  early  initiated  in  the 
knowledge  of  mathematics,  in  which  sci- 
ence he  displayed  astonishing  powers  ;  but 
soon  after  he  became  engaged  in  the  busi- 
ness of  his  father  as  a  broadcloth  weaver. 
His  leisure  hours  were,  however,  devoted 
to  his  favourite  pursuits,  and  he  eluded, 
with  successful  perseverance,  the  vigilance 
of  his  father,  who  forbade  him  to  study  by 
candlelight ;  and  at  last  constructed,  in  se- 
crecy, and  by  the  help  of  a  common  knife 
alone,  a  stone  dial,  which  besides  the  hours 
of  the  day,  showed  the  sun's  rising,  and  his 
place  in  the  ecliptic,  with  other  particulars. 
The  ingenuity  of  the  son  thus  procured  the 
encouragement  of  the  father,  who  placed 
on  the  front  of  his  house  the  favourite  dial. 
This  was  seen  and  admired  by  the  curious 
and  the  learned  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  and 
Canton  was  invited  to  the  undisturbed  use 
of  some  valuable  libraries.  Martin's  gram- 
mar, and  a  pair  of  globes,  then  first  seen  by 
the  untutored  youth,  raised  his  genius  to 
noble  exertions.  He  was  invited  to  Lon- 
don by  Dr.  Miles  of  Tooting,  and  he  en- 
gaged himself  with  Mr.  Watkins  at  an  aca- 
demy in  Spital-square.  In  this  situation, 
with  all  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
a  comfortable  independence,  he  pursued  his 
studies,  and  at  last  succeeded  Watkins  in 
the  management  of  his  school  ;  and,  in 
1744,  married  Penelope,  the  daughter  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Colbrooke.  In  1745,  the  dis- 
covery of  the  Leyden  phial  in  electricity 
attracted  his  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  a  science  for  which  he  had  always  shown 
great  partiality.  In  1750  he  was  elected 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  for  his  method 
of  making  artificial  magnets,  for  which  he 
was  honourably  rewarded  with  the  gold 
medal.  He  was  also  honoured  with  a  de- 
gree by  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and 
chosen,  in  1751,  one  of  the  council  of  the 
352 


Royal  Society.  He  was  the  first  person  in 
England,  who,  on  July  20,  1752,  ascertain- 
ed the  truth  of  Dr.  Franklin's  hypothesis 
of  the  similarity  of  lightning  and  electrici- 
ty, by  attracting  fire  from  the  clouds  ;  and 
this  circumstance  recommended  him  strong- 
ly to  the  notice  and  friendship  of  the  Ame- 
rican philosopher.  His  discoveries  and 
improvements  in  philosophy  continued  to 
be  great  and  important,  and  his  opinions 
were  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  in 
various  papers,  on  the  shooting  of  the 
stars,  the  electrical  properties  of  the  tour- 
malin, the  variation  of  the  needle,  the 
transit  of  Venus  in  1761,  the  compressibi- 
lity of  water,  the  making  of  phosphorus, 
the  fixing  of  electrical  conductors  on  build- 
ings, the  luminousness  of  the  sea  occasion- 
ed by  the  putrefaction  of  its  animal  sub- 
stances, &c.  Besides  these  different  sub- 
jects, he  treated  of  some  others,  not  only 
in  the  transactions  of  the  society,  but  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  with  a  laudable 
zeal  for  experimental  knowledge,  and  the 
establishment  of  truth.  He  died  of  a  drop- 
sy in  his  chest,  22d  March,  1772,  in  his 
54th  year.  In  private  life  he  was  an  ami- 
able and  sensible  man,  mild  in  his  manners, 
and  affable  in  his  conduct.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded in  his  school  by  his  eldest  son,  Wil- 
liam, who  inherited  much  of  his  love  for 
science.  His  wife  survived  him,  and  seven 
children. 

Cantwell,  Andrew,  a  physician  of  Tip- 
perary,  who  died  11th  July,  1764.  He  ac- 
quired celebrity  by  his  practice,  and  more 
by  his  publications.  He  wrote  Latin  dis- 
sertations on  medicine,  fevers,  and  secre- 
tions— new  experiments  on  Mr.  Stephens's 
remedies — history  of  remedy  for  weakness 
of  the  eyes — account  of  the  smallpox — 
dissertation  on  inoculation,  &c. 

Canus,  or  Cano,  Sebastian,  a  Spaniard, 
who  accompanied  Magellan  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world,  and  after  his  death,  pur- 
sued his  course  to  Sunda,  and  round  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He  returned  to 
Spain  1522,  after  sailing  round  the  world 
in  three  years  and  four  weeks.  There 
was  another  Canus,  James,  a  Portuguese, 
who  discovered  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  in 
1484. 

Canute,  a  king  of  Denmark  and  Nor- 
way, sovereign  also  of  England.  He  re- 
signed his  crown,  and  retired  to  a  monas- 
tery, where  he  died  1026. 

Canute,  or  Knud,  surnamed  the  Great, 
succeeded  his  father  Sweyn  as  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  afterwards  undertook  an  expe- 
dition against  England.  He  attacked  Ed- 
mund Ironside  with  such  boldness  and  suc- 
cess, that  the  two  rivals  agreed  to  divide 
the  country  between  them,  and  while  Ed- 
mund was  satisfied  with  the  land  at  the. 
south  of  the  Thames,  his  opponent  claimed 
the  north  as  his  own.     When  Edmund  was. 


CAP 


CAP 


murdered  by  Edric,  1017,  Canute  seized 
the  whole  kingdom,  and  endeavoured  to 
establish  himself  by  the  punishment  of 
Edric  and  of  the  nobles,  and  by  the  laying 
of  a  heavy  tax  on  the  people.  His  reign, 
though  severe,  was  impartial,  and  he  re- 
garded both  nations  equally  as  his  subjects, 
and  distributed  justice  without  favour.  He 
showed  himself  also  superior  to  the  flat- 
tery of  his  courtiers,  on  the  sea-shore  at 
Southampton,  and  whilst  they  wished  to 
extol  him  as  more  than  a  mortal,  he  show- 
ed them,  that  as  the  sea  refused  to  obey 
his  summons,  and  retreat  back  at  his  word, 
so  is  every  thing  on  earth  subservient  to 
the  will  of  him  whom  the  winds  and  the 
sea  obey.  He  repressed  the  invasion  of 
the  Swedes,  and  killed  their  king  in  battle  ; 
and  afterwards  in  his  old  age,  he  made  a 
pilgrimage  to  Home.  He  died  at  Shaftes- 
bury, 1035. 

Canute  IV.  king  of  Denmark  after 
Harold,  10S0,  was  surnamed  the  Pious. 
His  great  partiality  and  liberal  donations 
to  the  church  raised  an  insurrection  against 
him  in  which  he  was  slain  by  one  of  his 
subjects,  1087.  He  was  canonized  by 
pope  Alexander  III.  in  1164. 

Canuti,  Dominico,  an  Italian  painter  of 
eminence,  instructed  by  the  sole  powers  of 
his  genius.  His  pieces  are  preserved  at 
Rome  and  Bologna.  He  died  167S,  aged 
55   years. 

Capaccio,  Julio  Caesare,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian, author  of  a  history  of  Naples,  and 
other  works.  He  was  tutor  to  princeUrbino, 
and  secretary  to  the  city  of  Naples ;  and 
died  1631. 

Capasso,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Fratta, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Naples.  He. was  eminent  as  a  poet, 
and  he  spent,  it  is  ?nid,  more  than  twenty 
years  in  translating  Homer  into  the  Neapo- 
litan patois ;  a  work  much  esteemed  by 
judges  of  this  vulgar  idiom.  His  poetical 
pieces  were  printed  at  Naples  1780,  1  vol. 
4to.  and  possess  merit.  His  prose  compo- 
sitions are  not  much  esteemed.  He  died  at 
Naples  1743,  aged  75. 

Capecio,  Scipio,  a  Neapolitan  Latin  poet 
of  the  16th  century,  who  successfully  imita- 
ted Lucretius'sbookde  rerum  naturfi,  print- 
ed 1542,  and  elegantly  1754.  He  wrote 
besides  elegies,  epigrams,  &c.  highly  es- 
teemed.    He  was  law  professor  at  Naples. 

Capel,  Arthur  lord,  a  virtuous  noble- 
man, whose  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  proved  fatal  to  him.  At  first 
he  favoured  the  parliament,  and  voted  for 
the  death  of  Strafford,  of  which  he  sincere- 
ly repented  ;  and  when  he  saw  the  violent 
measures  of  the  republican  chiefs,  he  sided 
with  the  king,  and  was  created  lord  Capel 
of  Hadham.  He,  with  lord  Norwich  and 
sir  Charles  Lucas,  boldly  defended  Col- 
chester ;   but  upon  the  surrender,  he,  in 

Vol.  I.  45 


violation  of  a  solemn  promise  of  quarter, 
was  beheaded  on  the  scaffold,  March  9, 
1649.  While  in  prison,  he  wrote  some 
beautiful  and  elegant  verses,  which  have 
frequently  appeared  before  the  public. 

Capel,  Arthur,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  earl  of  Essex  by  Charles  II.  and  em- 
ployed as  ambassador  to  Denmark,  and  as 
viceroy  of  Ireland.  He  was  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  1679,  and  supported  the  exclu- 
sion singly  of  the  duke  of  York,  for  which, 
though  his  former  services  were  acknow- 
ledged, and  the  merits  of  his  family  known, 
he  was  dishonourably  struck  off  the  list  of 
privy  counsellors,  and  in  1683  accused  by 
lord  Howard  as  an  accomplice  in  the  Rye- 
house  plot.  He  was  soon  after  found  with 
his  throat  cut  with  a  razor,  but  though  it 
was  evident  that  he  was  murdered,  the 
coroner's  jury  pronounced  a  verdict  of  felo 
de  se. 

Capell,  Edward,  was  born  at  Troston, 
near  Bury,  Suffolk,  11th  June,  1713,  and 
educated  at  Bury  school.  Upon  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  office  of  inspector  of 
plays,  by  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of 
Grafton,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to  an  im- 
maculate edition  of  Shakspeare's  plays. 
Three  and  twenty  years  were  employed  in 
searching  old  manuscripts,  and  in  examin- 
ing various  readings,  before  the  publication 
appeared  ;  but  after  all,  the  public  were  dis- 
appointed in  their  expectation  of  illustra- 
tive notes  and  commentaries  to  adorn  an  edi- 
tion of  10  vols.  8vo.  The  labours  of  Ma- 
lone,  Steevens,  Farmer,  Percy,  and  others, 
checked  the  ardour  of  Capell  to  finish  what 
he  had  so  long  promised,  and,  after  forty 
years,  the  annotations  appea;  _ad  as  posthu- 
mous, under  the  care  of  Mr.  Collins,  the 
editor,  in  3  vols.  4to.  This  publication  is 
in  itself  valuable,  and  throws  great  light 
on  the  characters  of  Shakspeare,  and  the 
various  sources  from  whence  the  fables 
were  derived.  Capell  died  24th  January, 
1781.  He  wrote  besides  Prolusions,  &c. 
and  his  altered  play  of  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra was  acted  at  Drury-lane  1758. 

Capella,  Marcianus  Minius  Felix,  a 
Latin  poet  in  the  5th  century,  whose  poem 
de  nuptiis  Philologia?  et  Mercurii  has  been 
published. 

Capello,  Bianca,  a  Venetian  lady,  who, 
after  marrying  a  person  of  inferior  rank, 
retired  to  Florence,  where  she  had  the  im- 
prudence to  become  the  mistress  of  Francis 
the  grand  duke  Cosmo's  son.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  she  had  the  art  to 
prevail  upon  her  lover  to  marry  her,  and 
she  was  formally  recognised,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  embassy  to  the  Venetian 
states,  as  a  true  daughter  of  Venice. 
Though  possessed  of  great  powers  of  mind 
and  strong  resolutions,  she  showed  herself 
odious  and  tyrannical  at  Florence,  so  that 
her  memory  is  still  held  there  in  abhor- 
353 


(At" 


CAP 


rencs.  The  sudden  death  of  her  husband 
and  of  herself,  within  a  few  days  of  each 
other,  in  October  1587,  was  justly  attri- 
buted to  poison  administered,  it  is  said,  by 
cardinal  Ferdinand,  their  brother. 

Capellus,  Lewis,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Sedan,  and  professor  of 
divinity  and  oriental  languages  at  Saumur. 
He  was  engaged  in  a  long  and  learned  con- 
troversy with  the  younger  Buxtorff  con- 
cerning the  antiquity  of  the  Hebrew  points  ; 
and  whilst  his  adversary  maintained,  that 
they  were  coeval  with  the  language,  he 
supported,  that  they  were  unknown  before 
the  dispersion  of  the  Jews,  and  that  they 
were  invented  by  the  Masoreth  rabbis  of 
Tiberias,  about  600  years  after  Christ. 
The  learned  were  on  this  occasion  divided. 
The  Germans  supported  the  opinion  of 
their  favourites  the  BuxtorfTs,  while  Ca- 
pellus was  seconded  by  all  the  powers  and 
abilities  of  the  protestants,  by  Luther, 
Calvin,  Zuinglius,  and  afterwards,  by  Scali- 
ger,  the  Casaubons,  the  Heinsii,  Grotius, 
Erpenius,  Salmasius,  and  others.  Besides 
his  controversial  books,  he  wrote  critica 
sacra,  in  which  he  was  engaged  for  thirty- 
six  years ;  a  work  of  merit,  but  such  as 
displeased  some  of  the  protestants  for  the 
liberty  of  his  criticisms  on  the  Bible.  Ca- 
pellus died  at  Saumur  1658,  aged  nearly  80. 
He  wrote  some  account  of  himself  in  his 
"  de  gente  Capellorum." 

Capilupus,  Camillus,  an  Italian  writer, 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles 
IX.  against  the  Hugonots,  with  an  account 
of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

Capilupus,  Lslius,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  some  Latin  poems, 
preserved  in  the  deliciae  poetarum  Italico- 
rum.  He  died  1560,  aged  62.  His  bro- 
ther Julio  was  equally  distinguished  as  a 
man  of  letters ;  and  Hippolito,  another 
brother,  became  bishop  of  Fano,  and  died 
at  Rome,  1680. 

Capistran,  John,  a  famous  preacher  in 
the  Romish  church.  He  declaimed  against 
the  Turks  and  Infidels,  and  was  so  success- 
ful in  a  discourse  against  gaming,  at  Nurem- 
berg, that  his  auditors,  with  eager  zeal,  burnt 
all  their  cards  and  dice  in  his  presence.  He 
headed  a  crusade  against  the  Hussites,  and 
for  his  services  to  the  church  was  canon- 
ized in  1690,  234  years  after  his  death. 
His  writings  have  long  since  sunk  into 
oblivion. 

Capisucchi,  Blasius,  marquis  of  Mon- 
terio,  was  in  the  service  of  the  pope,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Poic- 
tiers  against  the  Hugonots,  1569. 

Capisucchi,  Paul,  a  canon  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  bishop  of  Neocastro,  employed  by 
the  pope  in  several  embassies,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  celebrated  divorce  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  Catherine  of  Arragon.  He  died 
at  Rome,  1539,  aged  60. 
364 


Cafito,  Wolfgang,  a  German  Protestant 
divine,  author  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  and 
other  works.  He  died  of  the  plague  in  his 
native  city  Haguenau,  in  1542. 

Capitolinus,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian 
in  the  3d  century,  author  of  the  lives  of  the 
emperors,  &c. 

Capmany,  Don  Antonio  de,  a  Spanish 
writer,  was  born  in  Catalonia,  in  1754,  and 
died  at  Madrid,  in  1810.  His  principal 
works  are — 1.  The  Art  of  translating  the 
French  into  the  Spanish  language,  4to. 
2.  The  Philosophy  of  Eloquence,  8vo.  3. 
History  of  the  Marine,  Commerce,  and 
Arts  of  Barcelona,  4  vols.  4to.  4.  Histori- 
cal and  Critical  Theatre  of  Spanish  Elo- 
quence, 5  vols.  4to.  5.  Questiones  criticas 
sobre  varios  puntos  de  historia  Economics, 
Politica  y  Militar,  4to.-^W.  B. 

Caporali,  Caesar,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  at  Perugia.  He  was  governor  of  Atri, 
and  died  at  Castiglione,  in  1601.  He  pos- 
sessed great  vivacity,  and  an  inexhaustible 
fund  of  genuine  wit.  He  wrote  two  come- 
dies, besides  the  life  of  Mecaenas,  and  some 
burlesque  poems,  in  12mo.  1656. 

Cappe,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister, 
who  died  1S01,  at  York,  where  he  was  set- 
tled. He  was  a  native  of  Leeds,  and  was 
educated  under  Doddridge  and  Leechman. 
He  was  author  of  some  sermons  on  the 
government  and  providence  of  God,  8vo. 
1795 — illustrations  of  some  Scripture  pas- 
sages, &c. 

Cappello,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Ve- 
nice, banished  from  his  country  for  the 
freedom  with  which  he  expressed  his  senti- 
ments on  the  affairs  of  the  state.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Bembo,  and  was  eminent  as  a 
poet. 

Capperonier,  Claude,  a  learned  French- 
man of  Montdidier  in  Picardy.  Though 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  tanner,  he 
devoted  himself  earnestly  to  the  study  of 
the  learned  languages,  and  made  such  a 
proficiency  that  he  was  offered  the  chair  of 
professor  of  the  Greek  language  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Basil.  He  died  at  Paris,  in 
1744,  aged  73,  in  the  house  of  M.  Crozat, 
whose  three  sons  he  had  educated.  He 
published  an  edition  of  Quintilian ;  and  after 
his  death  his  edition  of  ancient  Latin  rheto- 
ricians was  made  public  at  Strasburg,  4to. 
His  relation,  John,  succeeded  him  as  pro- 
fessor, and  published  editions  of  Caesar  and 
Plautus,  and  died  1774. 

Capranica,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Italian, 
made  secretary  to  pope  Martin  V.  and 
raised  to  a  bishopric,  and  to  the  rank  of 
cardinal.  This  last  honour,  however,  was 
not  confirmed,  in  consequence  of  the 
death  of  the  pope  ;  and  Capranica,  refused 
a  seat  in  the  conclave,  and  plundered  of  his 
property  by  Eugenius  IV.  applied  to  the 
council  of  Basil,  which  confirmed  all  his 
claims.    He  was  afterwards  employed  by 


CAE 


t'AK. 


Eugenius  in  various  embassies,  and  com- 
manded the  Roman  army  against  Francis 
Sforza,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
wounded.  He  directed,  by  his  will,  that 
his  palace  at  Rome  should  be  turned  into  a 
college.     He  died  1458,  aged  58. 

Capriata,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  affairs  of  Italy 
during  his  time,  from  1613  to  1660. 

Caracalla,  Marcus  Aurel.  Antonin.,  a 
Roman  emperor  after  his  father  Severus, 
211.  He  disgraced  himself  by  wantonness 
and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
one  of  the  guards  at  Edessa,  217. 

Caracci,  Lewis  Augustine,  and  Hanni- 
bal, celebrated  painters  of  the  Lombard 
school,  all  natives  of  Bologna.  The  two 
last  were  brothers,  sons  of  a  tailor,  and 
Lewis  was  their  cousin,  and  son  of  a 
butcher.  Lewis,  discouraged  at  first  in  his 
profession,  yet  persevered  by  the  advice  of 
Tintoret,  and  by  studying  the  pieces  of  the 
greatest  masters,  he  soon  excelled  in  design 
and  colouring,  and  infused  grace  and  ele- 
gance into  his  figures.  He  had  the  satis- 
faction of  having  his  two  cousins  in  the 
number  of  his  friends  and  pupils,  and  with 
them  he  united  in  laying  the  foundation  of 
that  school,  which  has  become  so  celebra- 
ted for  the  great  genius  of  its  students.  A 
choice  collection  was  made  of  antique  sta- 
tues, and  valuable  books  on  the  profession, 
and  a  skilful  anatomist  exerted  his  talents 
in  describing  and  explaining  the  motions 
and  the  power  of  the  muscles  and  the 
limbs  of  the  human  frame.  The  fame  of 
the  Caracci  soon  spread  through  Italy,  and 
Hannibal,  whose  powers  of  memory  were 
so  retentive  that  he  never  failed  to  recol- 
lect what  he  once  saw,  was  liberally  invited 
by  cardinal  Farnese  to  paint  and  adorn  the 
gallery  of  his  palace.  He  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  Augustine,  but  on  an  unexpected 
quarrel  between  the  brothers,  Augustine 
retired  to  the  court  of  Parma,  where,  after 
some  years  spent  in  dissipation  and  in  con- 
sequent remorse,  he  died  1602,  aged  45. 
The  labours  of  Hannibal,  however,  which 
render  the  Farnese  gallery  such  an  object 
of  delight  and  admiration  to  the  curious, 
were  unhandsomely  rewarded  by  his  em- 
ployer, and  for  the  immortal  executions 
of  his  pencil,  during  eight  long  years  he 
received  a  sum  scarcely  equivalent  to  200/. 
This  ill  treatment  quite  overpowered  his 
faculties,  and  in  his  agony  of  rage  and 
despair,  he  vowed  never  to  touch  again  his 
pencil,  a  resolution  which  his  wants  made 
him  violate.  Though  occasionally  deprived 
of  his  senses,  yet  he  proved  licentious  in 
his  morals,  and  hastened  his  own  death  by 
his  debaucheries,  at  Naples,  1609,  in  his 
49th  year.  While  Hannibal  was  engaged 
at  Rome,  Lewis  remained  at  Bologna,  ad- 
mired by  the  neighbouring  clergy,  whose 
churches  he  adorned  by  his  pieces  and  de- 


signs. He  died  at  Bologna  in  1619,  aged 
63.  The  most  admired  piece  of  Augustine, 
is  the  communion  of  St.  Jerome,  in  Bo- 
logna. The  works  of  Hannibal  are  chiefly 
admired  as  possessing  all  the  sweetness  and 
purity,  the  judicious  distribution  of  colour- 
ing, and  the  delicate  correctness  of  the 
most  approved  masters.  He  had  so  much 
veneration  for  the  labours  of  Raphael,  that 
he  ordered  himself  to  be  buried  in  the  same 
tomb,  and  his  remains  were  accordingly 
deposited  in  the  rotunda  at  Rome.  Au- 
gustine had  a  natural  son  Antonio,  who 
studied  under  Hannibal,  and  who  displayed 
such  taste  and  judgment  in  his  pieces,  that 
had  he  lived  he  might  have  surpassed  the 
fame  of  his  immortal  relation.  He  died 
1618,  at  the  age  of  35. — From  the  school 
of  the  Caracci  sprung  those  illustrious 
painters,  who  have  done  so  much  for  their 
own  glory,  and  the  reputation  of  their  in- 
structed, Guido,  Dominichino,  Lanfran- 
cho,  &c. 

Caraccio,  Anthony,  a  Roman  nobleman 
of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  tragedies, 
besides  an  admired  epic  poem,  40  cantos, 
called  Imperio  Vindicato,  in  1690,  in  4to. 
— This  work,  though  praised  by  many,  is 
yet  far  inferior  to  the  finished  poems  of 
Ariosto  and  Tasso.  His  tragedy  II  Corra- 
dino  is  admired. 

Caraccioli,  John,  the  secretary  and  fa- 
vourite of  Joan  II.  queen  of  Naples.  She 
raised  him  to  great  honours,  and  afterwards 
caused  him  to  be  assassinated. 

Caraccioli,  Robert,  a  noble  ecclesiastic 
patronised  by  Calixtus  III.  and  Sixtus  V. 
and  made  bishop  of  Aquino,  and  afterwards 
of  Lecce.  He  was  eloquent  as  a  preacher 
and  eminent  as  a  politician.  His  sermons 
appeared  at  Lyons  1503.  He  died  1495, 
aged  70. 

Caraccioli,  Lewis  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Paris,  of  a  noble  family.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  the  army  in  the  service  of  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  on  his  return  to  France  de- 
voted himself  to  literature,  and  died  1803; 
aged  80.  He  published  letters  4  vols. 
12mo.  which  were  imposed  upon  the  world 
as  the  correspondence  of  Ganganelli,  pope 
Clement  XIV.  A  nearer  examination  how- 
ever proved  the  deceit,  when  Ganganelli 
was  represented  as  speaking'  of  Hercula- 
neum,  before  it  was  discovered,  and  of  the 
writings  of  Gesner  before  they  were  pub- 
lished. These  letters  possess,  notwith- 
standing, merit,  and  are  written  in  an  ele- 
gant style,  and  abound  with  morality,  and 
pleasing  historical  relations. 

Caractaccs,  a  king  of  Britain,  celebra- 
ted for  his  heroic  conduct  and  his  firmness 
when  carried  before  the  Emperor  Claudius, 
A.D.  52. 

Caradog,  a  British  historian  who  wrote 
the  chronicle  of  Wales,  from  686  to  his  own 
times,  which  has  been  continued  to  1106. 
395 


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and  by  another  hand  to  12S0,  still  in  MS. 
He  died  1156. 

Carafi,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  who  died 
the  year  684  of  the  hegira.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  books  in  defence  of  his 
religion,  and  on  other  subjects. 

Caramuel  de  Lobkovitsh,  John,  a 
native  of  Madrid,  who,  from  a  monk  and 
bishop,  became  a  soldier  and  a  general, 
and  again  exchanged  military  honours  for 
the  crosier.  He  died  at  Vigevano  1682, 
aged  76. — He  was  possessed  of  great  pow- 
ers of  mind,  and  was  said  to  be  endowed 
with  genius  to  the  eighth  degree,  with 
eloquence  to  the  fifth,  and  with  judgment  to 
the  second.  His  works,  all  on  controversial 
subjects,   were  published  in  seven  vols.  fol. 

Caravagio,  Michael  Angelo  Amerigi 
da,  son  of  a  mason  at  Caravagio,  in  the 
Milanese,  was  born  1569.  Without  the 
assistance  of  a  master,  he  acquired  deserved 
celebrity  as  a  painter,  but  his  temper  was 
so  quarrelsome,  that  he  found  few  friends, 
many  rivals,  and  more  enemies.  After  a 
life  of  misfortunes  increased  by  licentious- 
ness of  conduct,  in  the  midst  of  poverty 
and  persecution,  he  at  last  expired  on  the 
common  road  1609,  in  his  40th  year.  From 
his  servile  and  correct  adherence  to  nature, 
he  was  surnamed  the  naturalist ;  but 
though  Rubens  himself  acknowledged  him 
as  his  superior  in  the  clear-obscure,  yet  he 
failed  in  large  compositions,  and  represent- 
ed his  figures  all  on  the  same  plan  without 
gradation,  and  perspective.  When  once 
shown  a  fine  collection  of  antique  figures, 
he  pointed  to  the  living  forms  about  him 
as  superior  models,  and  immediately  paint- 
ed a  gipsy  in  the  street  with  such  exact- 
ness of  delineation  that  criticism  was 
silent.  Unable  once  to  pay  his  reckoning 
at  an  ale-house,  he  painted  the  sign  afresh, 
and  so  highly  finished  was  the  piece  that 
afterwards  it  brought  the  owner  a  very 
considerable  sum. 

Carausius,  a  native  of  Flanders,  em- 
ployed by  the  emperor  Probus  and  his  suc- 
cessor, to  protect  the  coast  of  Gaul  against 
the  invasion  of  the  Saxons.  He  acquired 
in  this  office  such  skill  and  popularity,  and 
so  much  property,  that  when  threatened  by 
the  emperor  Maximian,  he  fled  into  Bri- 
tain, where  he  proclaimed  himself  indepen- 
dent emperor  2S7.  All  attempts  to  reduce 
him  to  obedience  proved  unavailing,  and 
after  an  arbitrary  reign  he  was  at  last 
assassinated  by  one  of  his  soldiers  named 
Allectus  293.  Some  of  his  coins  are  still 
preserved. 

Cardan,  Jerome,  an  Italian  of  extraor- 
dinary character,  natural  son  of  an  advo- 
cate of  Milan,  and  born  at  Pavia  24th  Sep- 
tember, 1501.  He  was  born  after  three 
days  labour,  when  out  from  his  mother, 
who  had  taken  some  potion  to  procure  an 
abortion,  and  he  came  into  the  world  with 
356 


his  head  covered  with  black  curled  hair". 
He  studied  at  Pavia,  and  after  taking  his 
degree  of  M.D.  at  Padua,  he  was  engaged 
as  a  professor  of  medicine  and  of  mathema- 
tics in  several  universities  of  Italy.  In 
1552,  he  visited  Scotland  at  the  request  of 
the  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  whom  he 
cured  of  a  violent  asthma  that  had  baffled 
the  skill  of  the  most  expert  physicians. 
He  afterwards  travelled  through  London, 
where  he  calculated  the  nativity  of  Edward 
VI.  and  passing  through  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, France,  and  Germany,  he  returned 
after  an  absence  of  ten  months  to  Mi- 
lan. Here  and  at  Pavia  he  continued  his 
lectures,  but  some  offence  procured  his 
imprisonment  at  Bologna,  1571,  from 
which  he  extricated  himself  with  difficulty, 
and  passed  to  Rome,  where  he  lived  in  pri- 
vate retirement,  and  where  he  died  21st 
September,  1575.  Cardan  was  in  his  conduct 
fickle  and  eccentric,  when  free  from  pain, 
he  usually  excited  the  most  disagreeable 
sensations  by  biting  his  lips,  squeezing  his 
fingers,  or  whipping  his  legs,  that  thus 
he  might  obtain  relief  from  those  violent 
sallies  of  the  imagination  and  lively  impres- 
sions on  the  brain  which  disturbed  the  tran- 
quillity and  the  serene  composure  of  his 
mind.  Though  poor  he  never  disgraced 
himself  by  any  mean  or  immoral  action, 
but  he  was  too  often  pleased  to  speak  on 
subjects  which  might  give  uneasiness  to  his 
hearers,  and  he  was  immoderately  attach- 
ed to  gaming.  When  he  had  cast  his 
nativity  and  fixed  on  the  day  of  his  death, 
it  is  said  that  he  abstained  from  food,  and 
thus  he  destroyed  nature  that  he  might 
exactly  fulfil  his  prophecy.  He  wrote 
various  things  which  displayed  the  eccen- 
tricity of  his  character  and  the  wildness  of 
his  opinions.  His  works  were  printed  at 
Lyons  1663,  in  10  vols,  folio. 

Cardi,  Ludovici,  a  painter  born  at  Ci- 
goli,  the  disciple  of  Andrew  del  Sarto  and 
Corregio.  He  died  1613,  aged  54.  His 
Ecce  homo,  and  a  dead  Christ  with  the 
Virgin  and  Nicodemus,  in  the  Pitti  palace 
at  Florence,  are  much  admired. 

Cardonne,  Dionis  Dominic  de,  a 
Frenchman,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the 
royal  library  of  Paris,  and  professor  of  the 
Turkish  and  Persian  languages  in  the  roy- 
al college,  died  December,  1783.  His 
works  were  a  history  of  Africa  and  Spain 
under  the  Arabs,  three  vols.  12mo. — mis- 
cellanies of  oriental  literature,  four  vols. 
12mo. — Indian  tales  and  fables,  8vo. — &c. 

Carew,  George,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Broadgate-hall,  Oxford.  He, 
however,  abandoned  his  literary  pursuits 
for  a  military  life,  and  behaved  with  great 
spirit  in  Ireland,  and  in  the  voyage  to  Ca- 
diz. He  was  made  president  of  Munster 
by  Elizabeth,  and  James  appointed  him 
governor  of  Guernsey,  and  created  him 


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baron  Carew  of  Clopton,  Charles  raised  him 
afterwards  to  the  dignity  of  earl  Totness. 
He  died  in  the  Savoy,  1629,  aged  72,  and 
was  buried  at  Stratford-upon-Avon.  He 
was  universally  esteemed  as  a  man  of 
worth,  the  favourite  of  the  prince  and  the 
friend  of  the  people.  He  wrote  the  history 
of  the  late  wars  in  Ireland,  published  folio, 
London  1633. 

Carew,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gloucester- 
shire, educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford. 
His  wit  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
not  only  of  Ben  Jonson  and  Davenant,  but 
of  Charles  I.  who  made  him  a  gentleman 
of  his  privy  chamber  and  sewer  in  ordi- 
nary. He  died  about  1639,  leaving  several 
poems,  and  a  masque  called  Coelum  Bri- 
tannicum,  performed  at  Whitehall  by  the 
king  and  some  of  his  favourites,  in  1633. 

Carew,  Richard,  author  of  the  survey  of 
Cornwall,  was  born  at  Anthony,  in  Corn- 
wall, and  educated  at  Christ  church,  Ox- 
ford. From  thence  he  removed  to  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  after  travelling  abroad 
he  settled  in  his  native  county,  where  he 
became  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  high 
sheriff  in  1686.  In  his  retirement  he  de- 
voted himself  to  antiquarian  pursuits,  and 
was  intimate  with  some  of  the  learned  men 
of  his  time,  especially  sir  Henry  Spelman. 
He  died  November  sixth,  1620,  aged  65, 
and  an  extravagant  inscription  on  his  tomb 
described  him  as  another  Livy,  another 
Maro,  another  Papirian.  His  survey, 
though  praised  by  Camden,  is  not.  regarded 
by  Gough  as  a  valuable  performance.  It 
was  reprinted  in  1723,  and  next  in  1769. 

Carew,  George,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  after 
being  called  to  the  bar  became  secretary  to 
chancellor  Hatton.  Elizabeth,  who  knew 
bis  merits,  knighted  him,  and  appointed 
him  as  her  ambassador  to  Poland.  In  the 
following  reign  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms, 
and  afterwards  he  resided  as  ambassador 
in  the  French  court  for  four  years,  where 
he  gained  the  friendship  of  Thuanus,  and 
furnished  him  with  some  useful  informa- 
tion for  the  completion  of  the  121st  book  of 
his  history.  On  his  return  from  France, 
he  was  made  master  of  the  court  of  wards, 
an  honourable  situation,  which  he  did  not 
long  enjoy,  as  he  died  1613.  He  wrote  a 
relation  of  the  state  of  France,  with  the 
characters  of  Henry  IV,  and  of  the  princi- 
pal persons  of  the  court,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  which  long  remained  in  MS.  till  Dr. 
Birch  gave  it  to  the  world  in  1749.  Sir 
George  Carew  had  two  sons  and  three 
daughters  by  his  wife  Thomasina,  daughter 
of  Sir  Francis  Godolphin. 

Carew,  Bampfylde  Moore,  an  eccentric 
character,  son  of  a  clergyman  at  Bickley, 
Devon.  He  was  educated  at  Tiverton- 
school,  but  he  disappointed  the  expecta- 


tions of  his  parents  by  withdrawing  himself 
from  their  protection,  and  associating  with 
gipsies.  A  wandering  life  and  all  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  mendicant  had  greater  charms 
than  all  the  splendours  of  polished  society, 
and  Carew,  the  friend,  the  companion,  the 
hero  of  the  gipsies,  was  unanimously  elect- 
ed their  king,  an  honour  which  he  continued 
to  deserve  the  whole  of  his  life.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  twice  transported  from  Exeter 
to  North  America,  for  enticing  dogs  to  fol- 
low him,  but  so  artful  were  his  expedients 
that  he  both  times  returned  before  the  ship 
which  conveyed  him  from  Europe.  In  his 
wanderings  with  his  associates  it  was  his 
glory  to  extort  charity  under  various  as- 
sumed characters,  either  as  the  shattered 
sailor,  the  unfortunate  tradesman,  the  bro- 
ken soldier,  or  the  distressed  and  ruined 
clergyman,  so  versatile  and  imposing  were 
his  talents,  whether  disguised  as  a  beggar  or 
a  gentleman.  He  died  about  1770,  aged  77. 

Carew,  sir  Alexander,  a  Cornish  gentle- 
man, member  for  his  county  in  1640.  He 
voted  for  the  death  of  Strafford,  and  for 
his  attachment  to  the  cause  of  the  repub- 
licans he  was  made  governor  of  St.  Nicho- 
las's island  and  fort,  at  Plymouth.  In  this 
office,  either  through  disaffection  or  the  fear 
of  seeing  his  estates  plundered  by  the  roy- 
alists, he  made  overtures  to  deliver  up  the 
garrison,  but  his  intentions  were  discover- 
ed, and  he  was  dragged  to  London,  and  by 
the  sentence  of  a  court  martial  beheaded 
on  Tower-hill,  1644. 

Caret,  Henry,  a  man  who,  to  poetical 
and  musical  talents,  joined  the  more  dan- 
gerous power  of  wit  and  malevolent  satire. 
He  wrote  some  dramas  for  Goodmanfields 
theatre,  and  ridiculed  the  bombast  of  mo- 
dern tragedies  in  his  chrononhotontholo- 
gos  in  1 734.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  the 
Italian  operas  and  Italian  singers,  and  dis- 
tinguished his  zeal  and  loyalty  by  the  com- 
position of  the  popular  song  of  "  God  save 
great  George  our  king."  His  satirical  vein 
procured  him  enemies,  and  like  most  men 
of  genius,  he  was  persecuted  by  indigence, 
which  unfortunately  aided  by  melancholy 
dejection,  incited  him  to  commit  suicide. 
He  destroyed  himself  in  1744.  His  songs 
were  published  by  him  in  1740,  and  his 
dramatic  pieces  in  1743.  Though  the 
author  of  so  many  ballads,  it  is  remarkable 
that  none  offend  against  morality  and  vir- 
tue, a  strong  proof  of  the  goodness  and  in- 
tegrity of  his  heart.  His  son,  George  Sa- 
ville,  who  at  one  time  was  on  the  Covent 
Garden  stage,  wrote,  besides  a  lecture  on 
mimicry,  some  light  dramatic  pieces. 

Caret,  George  Saville,  was  bred  a  print- 
er, but  quitted  that  business  for  the  stage, 
where  he  had  little  or  no  success.  He  then 
became  an  itinerant  lecturer  upon  heads, 
and  the  writer  and  singer  of  popular  songs  ; 
besides  which,  he  was  the  author  of  some 
357 


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farces,    and  the  following  publications — 

1.  Anecdotes  in  prose  and  verse,  2  vols. — 

2.  A  lecture  on  mimicry — 3.  A  rural  ram- 
ble— 4.  Balnea,  or  sketches  of  the  water- 
ing places  in  England.     He  died  in  1807. 

W.  B. 

Caribert,  or  Charibert,  king  of  Pa- 
ris, after  his  father  Clotaire  I.  561,  was  a 
mild  monarch,  and  in  his  government  popu- 
lar and  just.  He  was,  however,  licentious 
in  his  manners  ;  and,  after  putting  away 
his  queen,  he  married  two  of  her  servants, 
who  were  of  the  meanest  condition,  daugh- 
ters of  wool-combers,  and  the  third  was  the 
daughter  of  a  shepherd.  During  his  reign 
the  mayors  of  the  palace  acquired  that 
great  power  which  afterwards  proved  so 
fetal  to  the  monarchy.  He  left  only  daugh- 
ters behind  him,  and  died  567. 

Carinus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  son  of  the 
emperor  Carus,  was  invested  with  the  pur- 
ple by  his  father,  and  three  years  after  was 
slain  by  a  tribune. 

Carleton,  sir  Dudley,  was  born  at  Bal- 
don  Brightwell,  in  Oxfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Christ  Church.  When  he  had 
finished  his  travels,  he  attended  sir  Ralph 
Winwood,  as  his  secretary,  into  the  Low 
Countries,  and  soon  after  he  was  himself 
employed  as  ambassador,  and  for  twenty 
years  served  his  sovereign  at  Venice,  Sa- 
voy, France,  and  the  United  Provinces. 
Charles  rewarded  the  fidelity  of  his  ser- 
vices by  creating  him  baron  Imbercourt, 
viscount  Dorchester.  He  died  secretary  of 
state  1631,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  In  those  days  of  po- 
litical skepticism,  and  approaching  revolu- 
tion, he  used  to  say,  that  there  will  be  mis- 
takes in  divinity  while  men  preach,  and 
errors  in  government  while  men  govern. 
He  wrote  various  pamphlets,  besides  letters 
from  Holland  during  his  embassy,  from 
1616  to  1620,  which  were  printed  at  lord 
Hardvvicke's  expense  in  1757,  and  again  in 
1775,  in  4to. 

Carleton,  George,  a  native  of  Nor- 
ham,  Northumberland,  maintained  at  Ed- 
mund-hall, Oxford,  by  the  northern  apos- 
tle, Bernard  Gilpin.  In  1580  he  was  elect- 
ed fellow  of  Merton,  and  in  1617  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Llandaff.  He  was  sent 
by  James,  with  three  other  divines,  to  the 
synod  of  Dort,  where  he  ably  maintained 
the  cause  of  episcopacy.  On  his  return  he 
was  translated  to  Chichester,  and  died  nine 
years  after,  1628,  aged  69.  He  wrote 
several  theological  tracts,  besides  the  life 
of  his  patron  Gilpin  ;  and  in  his  character 
he  displayed  a  great  aversion  to  popery, 
whilst  he  strictly  supported  the  rigid  tenets 
of  the  Calvinists. 

Carleton,  sir  Guy,  lord  Dorchester, 
was  born  at  Newry,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  in  Ireland,  in  1724.  Having  enter- 
ed upon  the  military  life,  he  rose  to  be 
35S 


lieutenant  colonel  in  the  guards,  in  174S. 
He  served  afterwards  with  general  Am- 
herst, in  America,  and  in  1762  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  taking  of  the  Havanna, 
where  he  was  wounded.  In  1772  he  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  major  general,  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  Quebec,  which  he 
successfully  defended  against  the  Ameri- 
cans. By  his  exertions  afterwards  he 
saved  the  whole  of  Canada,  for  which  he 
was  made  knight  of  the  bath  in  1776.  The 
next  year  he  became  a  lieutenant  general, 
and  in  1781  he  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  in  America,  where  he  remained  till 
the  termination  of  the  war.  In  1786  he 
was  again  nominated  governor  of  Quebec, 
and  at  the  same  time  created  lord  Dorches- 
ter. He  died  in  1808,  and  was  succeeded 
in  his  titles  by  his  grandson. — W.  B. 

Carlini,  Agostino,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
who  settled  early  in  England,  and  became 
keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  London. 
He  was  an  artist  of  celebrity,  and  was 
chiefly  admired  for  his  draperies.  He  died 
14th  August,  1790. 

Carloman,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Mar- 
tel,  succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Aus- 
trasia,  741.  After  defeating  the  Germans 
with  great  slaughter,  he  retired  from  the 
helm  of  government  to  the  obscurity  of  a 
cloister,  and  died  at  Vienne,  in  Dauphine, 

17th    August,    755. Another,    son    of 

Lewis  the  German,  who  shared  the  king- 
dom of  Bavaria  with  his  brothers  Lewis 
and  Charles,  and  became  king  of  Italy  and 

emperor.    He  died  880,  without  issue. 

Another,  son  of  Pepin,  and  brother  of 
Charlemagne,  was  king  of  Austrasia  and 
Burgundy.  At  his  death,  in  771,  his  bro- 
ther Charlemagne  became  king  of  the  whole 

French  monarchy. Another,  brother  of 

Lewis  III.  who  obtained  Aquitain  and  Bur- 
gundy as  his  portion.  On  his  brother's 
death,  in  882,  he  became  sole  king  of 
France,  and  died  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  received  from  a  wild  boar  in  hunt- 
ing, 6th  December,  884. 

Carlone,  John,  a  Genoese  painter,  who 
excelled  in  the  art  of  foreshortening.  He 
died  at  the  early  age  of  40,  in  1630,  and  his 
imperfect  pieces  were  finished  by  his  bro- 
ther, John  Baptiste.  The  family  were  long 
eminent  as  sculptors  and  painters. 

Carlos,  don,  son  of  Philip,  king  of 
Spain,  was  deformed  in  his  person,  and 
violent  and  irrascible  in  his  temper.  He 
showed  himself  rudely  disobedient  to  his 
father,  and  attempted  to  excite  in  Holland 
an  insurrection,  that  he  might  place  him- 
self at  the  head  of  it.  The  violence  of  his 
conduct,  and  his  determined  opposition  to 
the  measures  of  his  father,  at  last  proved 
his  ruin,  and  Philip,  incensed  by  the  ingra- 
titude of  his  son,  caused  him  to  be  seized, 
and  thrust  into  a  prison,  where  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.     He  died   24th  July, 


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156S,  it  is  supposed  by  poison,  or,  accord-    tern  of  moral  philosophy,  which  be  did  not 

ing  to  others,   by  being  strangled,   or  by     live  to  complete 

opening  his  veins  in  a  bath.    It  is  imagined 

by  some  authors,  that  Philip  treated  him 

with  all  this  cruelty  from  jealous  motives, 

because  he  attempted  to  gain  the  affections 

of  his  mother-in-law,  Elizabeth  of  France, 

whom  formerly  he  had  courted,  but  whom 

Philip  had  himself  married. 

Carlyle,    Joseph    Dacres,    a   learned 
orientalist,  born  at  Carlisle,  where  his  fa- 
ther practised  as  a  physician  of  eminence. 
He  was  educated  at  Carlisle  school  and 
Christ  college,  Cambridge,  and  in  1777  ob- 
tained a  fellowship   at   Queen's.     At  the 
university  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  Arabic  and  the  oriental  languages,  in 
which  he  made  great  progress,  with  the 
assistance  of  David  Zabio,  a  native  of  Bag- 
dad, who  was  resident  at  Cambridge.     Af- 
ter ten  years'  residence  at  college,  he  mar- 
ried, and  settled  at  Carlisle,  and  in  1794 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Craven  as  Arabic  profes- 
sor, and  in   1795  was  made  chancellor  of 
Carlisle.     In  1799  he  went  to  Constantino- 
ple in  lord  Elgin's  embassy,  and  not  only 
obtained   admission    into    the    libraries  of 
that  celebrated  city,  but  he  made  excur- 
sions into  Asia  Minor,  examined  the  site 
of  Troy,  visited  Egypt,  Syria,  and  the  Holy 
Land,    and  after    examining   every  thing 
with  the  eye  of  a  divine,  a  philosopher, 
and  an  antiquarian,  returned  by  Constanti- 
nople,  through   Italy   and    Germany,  and 
reached  England  in  September,  1801.    The 
services  which  he  had  rendered  to  litera- 
ture and  oriental  science  were  not,  happily, 
forgotten.     He  was  made  rector  of  the  va- 
luable living  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  ;  but 
while   he   promised    himself  long   life,  his 
constitution,  undermined  by  the  severities 
of  travel  in  foreign  climates,  hastened  to  a 
rapid    decay,   and  he   expired,   deservedly 
and  universally  lamented,  12th  April,  1804. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  employed 
in  the  publication  of  a  Bible  in  Arabic, 
and  in  completing  his  observations  on  the 
Troad,  and  the  various  places  which  he  had 
visited  in  the  east ,  a  valuable  performance, 
which   will   be   gratefully  received  by  the 
public  from  the  hands  of  his  friends. 

Carmath,  an  impostor,  who  in  the  year 
891  began  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Ma- 
homet, and  by  his  austerity  gained  nu- 
merous adherents.  He  declared  that  God 
had  commanded  him  to  pray,  not  five  times 
a  day,  as  the  Mussulmans,  but  fifty  times. 
His  sect  declined  by  degrees,  when  no 
longer  supported  by  his  eloquence,  and  is 
now  unknown. 

Carmichael,  Gershom,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  educated  at  the  university  there, 
in  which  he  became  a  professor  of  moral 
philosophy.  He  died  1738,  aged  56.  He 
wrote  notes  on  Puffendorf,  besides  a  svs- 


Carmichael,  Frederick,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  be- 
came at  last  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  died  of  a  fever  1751,  aged  45, 
He  published  one  volume  of  sermons, 
much  admired  for  their  elegance  and  neat- 
ness. 

Carneades,  founder  of  the  third  aca- 
demy, was  an  African.  He  was  at  Rome 
as  ambassador  from  Athens,  and  died  B.C. 
128. 

Caro,  Hannibal,  an  Italian  poet  and  ora- 
tor of  Civita  Nuova,  who  served  the  duke 
of  Parma  and  Cardinal  Farnese,  as  secre- 
tary, and  afterwards  was  made  knight  of 
Malta.  He  translated  the  jEneid,  in  blank 
verse,  2  vols.  4to.  1765,  published  at  Paris, 
with  so  much  spirit,  that  some  judges  have 
declared  the  composition  scarcely  inferior 
to  the  original.  His  poems  and  sonnets 
were  much  admired,  and  appeared  at  Ve- 
nice 1564,  4to.  He  published  also  letters, 
printed,  Padua,  1749,  3  vols.  8vo. — a  trans- 
lation of  Aristotle's  rhetoric — and  orations 
of  Gregory  Nazianzen.  He  died  at  Rome, 
1566,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Lawrence  of  Damascus. 

Caroline,  daughter  of  John  Frederic, 
margrave  of  Brandenburg  Anspach,  by 
Eleanor  Louisa  his  second  wife,  was  bora 
1st  March,  1682.  Her  hand  was  solicited 
by  Charles  III.  of  Spain,  afterwards  em- 
peror ;  but  she  refused  him,  and  soon  after 
in  1705,  married  the  son  of  the  elector  of 
Hanover,  by  whom  she  had  four  sons  and 
five  daughters.  She  was  crowned  queen  of 
England,  11th  October,  1727  ;  and  during 
the  reign  of  her  husband  displayed  great 
dignity,  moderation,  and  sagacity,  as  re- 
gent of  the  kingdom,  and  as  the  patroness 
of  learning  and  learned  men.  She  died 
20th  November,  1737.  Her  character  is 
drawn  in  flattering  terms  by  Dr.  Clarke,  in 
his  correspondence  with  Leibnitz. 

Caroline  Amelia  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
England,  and  consort  of  George  IV.  was 
the  daughter  of  Charles  William  Ferdi- 
nand, prince  of  Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle, 
and  was  born  May  17th,  1768.  Her  mar- 
riage with  the  prince  of  Wales  took  place 
on  the  8th  of  April,  1795,  and  the  birth  of 
her  daughter,  the  princess  Charlotte  of 
Saxe  Cobourg,  on  the  7th  of  January, 
1796.  Dissensions  arose  between  herself 
and  the  prince,  which  led  to  their  separa- 
tion in  May  following,  after  which  she  re- 
sided at  Blackhcath.  In  1806,  being  ac- 
cused of  some  irregularity,  an  examination 
of  witnesses  took  place,  which  resulted  in 
her  vindication.  In  August,  1814,  she 
embarked  for  the  continent,  and  resided 
chiefly  in  Italy  until  June,  1821,  when  she 
returned  to  England.  A  bill  was  soon  after 
introduced  into  the  House  of  Lords  to  de- 
359 


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prive  her  of  her  title  and  prerogatives  as 
queen,  on  the  charge  of  infidelity  to  her 
husband,  which,  after  a  laborious  trial,  was 
lost.  In  June,  1822,  she  addressed  a  memo- 
rial to  the  king,  requesting  to  participate  in 
the  honours  of  the  coronation,  but  was  de- 
nied. Her  death  took  place  suddenly  on 
the  7th  of  August,  1822.  She  was  con- 
veyed to  Brunswick,  and  buried  with  her 
ancestors.  L. 

Carolostadt,  or  Carlostadius,  An- 
dreiv  Bodenstein,  a  native  of  Carlostadt, 
in  Franconia,  made  dean  of  Wittemberg, 
1512,  in  the  year  when  Luther  took  his 
doctor's  degree.  He  espoused  all  the  great 
reformer's  tenets  ;  but  a  dispute  unfortu- 
nately led  him  into  extremes,  so  that  he 
ventured  to  deny  transubstantiation.  He 
was  professor  of  divinity  and  minister  of 
Basil  ;  and  was  the  first  protestant  divine 
who  married.     He  died  at  Basil  1541. 

Caroto,  John  Francis,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, who  died  1546,  aged  76.  He  was  dis- 
ciple to  Andrew  Mantigna. 

Caroto,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the 
preceding,  settled  at  Venice.  Paul  Vero- 
nese and  Anselmo  Canneri  were  in  the 
number  of  his  pupils. 

Carpenter,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of 
Hatherleigh  in  Devon,  educated  at  Ed- 
mund-hall, Oxford,  and  Exeter  college,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow,  1607.  He  was 
afterwards  promoted  to  a  deanery  in  Ire- 
land, and  died  at  Dublin,  1635.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  learning,  particularly  his 
knowledge  of  mathematics  ;  and  he  ably 
opposed  the  Aristotelian  philosophy.  He 
wrote  geography,  in  2  books,  besides  Ar- 
chitophel,  or  the  wicked  politician,  and 
philosophia  libera,  &c. 

Carpenter,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  born 
at  Charleville.  He  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  and  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
glossary  of  Ducange,  in  6  vols,  folio,  and 
wrote,  besides,  alphabetumtyronianum,  fol. 
1747.  He  was  patronised  by  the  French 
ministry,  and  was  of  the  order  of  Cluni. 
He  died  at  Paris,  December,  1767,  aged  70. 

Carpentier,  N.  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
esteemed  as  a  calculator,  and  agreat  arith- 
metician. He  wrote  some  valuable  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  died  1778. 

Carpi,  Ugo  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for 
the  discovery  of  painting  in  cbiaro-obscu- 
ro.  This  he  performed  by  means  of  two 
pieces  of  waxwork,  one  of  which  delinea- 
ted the  outlines  and  shadows,  and  the  other 
impressed  the  colours.     He  died  1500. 

Carpi,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Ferrara,  who  died  1556,  aged  55.  He  imi- 
tated Corregio's  manner  with  great  success. 

Carpone,  Julio,    a    Venetian    painter, 
who  died  1674,  aged  63.     He  was  admired 
for  the  great  correctness  of  his  bacchanals, 
triumphs,  and  sacrifice?. 
360 


Carpocrates,  a  heretic  of  Alexandria, 
about  the  year  130.  He  revived  and  im- 
proved the  gnostic  heresy  and  the  antino- 
mian  doctrines,  that  actions  are  indifTerent, 
as  the  passions  are  implanted  in  us  by  the 
divinity.  His  son,  Epiphanius,  followed 
and  supported  his  opinions. 

Carpzovius,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Bran- 
denburg, known  as  an  able  professor  of  law 
at  Wittemberg.  He  died  1624,  aged  59, 
and  left  four  sons  ;  Conrad,  his  successor 
in  the  university  of  Wittemberg  ;  Benedict, 
an  able  professor  of  law,  and  afterwards  of 
divinity,  who  died  atLeipsic,  in  1666,  aged 
71 ;  David  Benedict,  a  Lutheran,  author  of  a 
dissertation  on  the  dress  of  the  Hebrews  ; 
John  Benedict,  a  Lutheran  also,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  where  he  died  1657, 
author  of  the  penitence  of  the  Ninevites, 
and  of  some  controversial  tracts,  &c. 
John  Benedict  had  a  son  of  the  same  name, 
who  died  at  Leipsic,  1699,  aged  60,  author 
of  some  dissertations  on  the  Scripture, 
besides  translations  from  rabbinical  books. 
His  brother,  Frederic  Benedict,  was  a 
learned  counsellor  of  Leipsic,  where  he 
died,  1699,  aged  50.  The  famous  journal 
Acta  Eruditorum,  begun  1682,  was  greatly 
enriched  by  contributions  from  his  pen. 

Carr,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  first  intro- 
duced to  the  notice  of  James  I.  in  1609. 
The  monarch  condescended  to  teach  Latin 
to  his  favourite,  and  raised  him  to  the 
honours  of  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  duke 
of  Somerset ;  but  though  he  saved  him 
afterwards  from  the  punishment  he  deserved 
for  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury, 
he  discarded  him  from  his  favour,  so  that  he 
died  forgotten  and  abandoned,  1638. 

Carra,  John,  an  eminent  schoolmaster, 
was  born  at  Muggleswick,  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  in  1732.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  school  in  London,  for  the  master- 
ship of  which  he  became  candidate,  but  with- 
out success.  He  was  at  first  usher,  and 
next  master,  of  that  at  Hertford  ;  and  by 
the  interest  of  Dr.  Beattie,  obtained  his 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from  the  Maris- 
chal  college  of  Aberdeen.  He  died  in  1807. 
Dr.  Carr  is  known  as  the  translator  of 
Lucian,  in  five  vols.  8vo.  He  also  wrote 
some  poetical  and  other  pieces,  but  of  no 
peculiar  merit. — W.  B. 

Carra,  John  Lewis,  a  French  dema- 
gogue, born  at  ponte  de  Vesles,  in  1743, 
and  brought  up  to  the  law.  He  afterwards 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  was  also 
secretary  to  the  hospodar  of  Moldavia. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he 
came  to  Paris,  where  he  published  les 
annates  politiques  et  literaires,  a  popular 
journal  ;  and  in  consequence  of  his  services 
in  the  cause  of  the  republic  he  was  made 
keeper  of  the  national  library,  and  member 


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of  the  convention.  Restless  and  ambitious 
in  this  assembly  of  blood,  he  favoured  the 
cause  of  the  Girondists,  and  for  some  time 
was  employed  as  commissioner  with  the 
army  ;  but  the  clamours  of  his  enemies  at 
last  prevailed  against  him.  He  was  ac- 
cused of  being  in  the  pay  of  England,  and 
of  plotting  the  exclusion  of  the  Bourbons, 
with  the  intention  of  raising  the  duke  of 
York  to  the  throne.  When  his  party  was 
proscribed  by  Robespierre,  he  was  with 
them  hurried  to  the  guillotine,  31st 
October,  1793.  He  was  author  of  new 
principles  of  philosophy,  2  vols.  4to. — a 
history  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  12mo. 
— an  essay  on  aerial  navigation — examina- 
tions of  animal  magnetism — historical  me* 
rnoirs  of  the  Bastile,  &c. 

Carracci.   lid.  Caracci. 

Carranza,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican priest,  who  accompanied  Philip 
when  he  married  Mary  of  England.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  council  of 
Trent,  and  was  made  archbishop  of  Toledo. 
He  was  accused  of  heresy  afterwards,  and 
sent  to  Rome,  where,  after  experiencing 
great  harshness  of  treatment,  he  died  in 
the  convent  of  Minerva,  1576.  He  was 
very  respectable  for  his  learning,  as  well 
as  for  his  private  life,  and  the  innocence  of 
his  conduct.  He  wrote  a  collection  of 
councils,  some  theological  tracts,  &c. 

Carre,  Lewis,  a  member  of  the  French 
academy  of  sciences,  the  disciple  and  par- 
tisan of  Malebrancbe.  He  died  1711, 
aged  48.  He  wrote  some  mathematical 
treatises — on  measuring  surfaces  and  solids 
—on  finding  the  centre  of  gravitation,  per- 
cussion, and  oscillation — besides  papers  in 
the  memoirs  of  the  academy. 

Carrbra,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Sicily,  au- 
thor of  an  ingenious  treatise  on  chess,  a 
game  in  which  he  was  very  expert,  in  4to. 
1617.  He  died  at  Messina,  1647,  aged  76. 
He  wrote,  besides,  a  history  of  Catana,  2 
vols.  fol. 

Carrier,  John  Baptist,  an  infamous  re- 
publican, born  near  Aurillac,  1756.  He 
was  bred  up  to  the  law,  and  at  last  was 
chosen  deputy  to  the  national  convention, 
by  which  he  was  sent  as  an  able  missionary 
to  la  Vendee,  with  a  number  of  assassins. 
In  this  office  he  became  known  for  his  re- 
fined cruelty.  At  Nantes,  the  scene  of  his 
barbarities,  he  often  in  one  day  caused 
twenty-four  persons  to  be  put  to  death, 
though  young  and  innocent,  and,  by  a  new 
mode  of  torment,  placed  them,  male  and 
female  together,  in  the  most  indecent  pos- 
ture, in  barges,  on  the  Loire,  and  then 
sunk  the  vessels  in  the  middle  of  the  river. 
After  perpetrating  every  crime  of  cruelty, 
lust,  and  tyrannical  avarice,  he  was  recall- 
ed, on  the  fall  of  his  friends  of  the  moun- 
tain ;  and  when  the  public  indignation 
tailed  for  vengeance  onhishead,  he  was  con- 
Vol,  I,  46 


demned  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal  to  a. 
deserved  death,  and  was  guillotined  15th 
December,  1794. 

Carriera,  Rosa  Alba,  a  Venetian  por- 
trait painter  in  crayons.  Her  father  was  a 
drawing-master :  and  she  acquired  by  the 
labours  of  her  pencil  deserved  celebrity  in 
Italy,  and  afterwards  came  to  Paris,  where 
she  was  admitted  member  of  the  academy 
of  painting,  1720.  After  painting  the 
royal  family,  she  went  to  Vienna,  and  died 
at  Venice,  1761. 

Carrieres,  Lewis  de,  a  priest,  who  died 
at  Paris  in  1717,  in  an  advanced  age.  He 
published  a  French  commentary  on  the 
Bible,  24  vols.  12mo.  1716. 

Carrington,  Edward,  a  valuable  officer 
in  the  American  revolution,  was  some  time 
quartermaster-general  of  the  army  under 
general  Greene,  in  the  south,  and  by  his 
judicious  counsels  and  unremitted  exertions 
in  supplying  the  army,  greatly  contributed 
to  the  advantages  gained  over  the  enemy. 
He  afterwards  was  attached  to  the  army  in 
the  north,  but,  previously  to  the  evacuation 
of  Charleston,  resumed  his  former  station. 
After  the  peace  he  was  a  representative  in 
congress  from  Virginia.  When  Aaron  Burr 
was  tried  for  high  treason,  he  was  foreman 
of  the  jury.  He  was  born  February  llthr 
1749,  and  died  October  2Sth,  1810. 

[ET  L. 

Carrouages,  an  ingenious  clockmaker 
of  Pavia.  He  made  for  Aiciat  a  clock, 
whose  hammer  in  striking,  kindled  a  fire, 
by  means  of  a  flint,  and  lighted  a  lamp. 

Carstares,  William,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow.  He 
was  educated  at  Utrecht,  and  became  the 
confidential  friend  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
before  his  invasion  of  Britain.  At  the 
revolution,  William  appointed  him  his  chap- 
lain for  Scotland,  and  consulted  him  with- 
out reserve  on  every  occasion  with  respect 
to  the  political  affairs  of  that  kingdom. 
Queen  Anne,  on  her  accession,  continued 
him  chaplain  for  Scotland  ;  but  he  soon 
retired  from  court,  and  was  elected  princi- 
pal of  the  college  of  Edinburgh,  and  one 
of  the  ministers  of  the  city.  He  died  uni- 
versally respected,  in  1715.  His  state 
papers,  letters,  &c.  were  published  in  1774, 
in  a  4to.  vol.  by  Dr.  M'Cormick.  He  was 
in  his  character  benevolent  and  patriotic, 
liberal  and  humane.  He  supported  the 
union,  but  he  also  opposed  the  bill  for  the 
tolerating  of  the  episcopal  clergy  in  Scot- 
land. 

Carsughi,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit  of  Citeme 
in  Tuscany,  who  died  provincial  of  his 
order,  1709,  aged  62.  He  is  known  for  an 
elegant  poem,  in  Latin,  on  the  art  of  wri* 
ting  well,  printed  at  Rome,  8vc  1709. 

Carte,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  his 
torian,  born  at  Clifton,  Warwickshire,  April 
1686.     He  was  educated  at  Univcrsitv  col* 
361 


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lege,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  first  de- 
gree, but  afterwards  proceeded  M.  A.  at 
Cambridge.  He  then  took  orders,  and  offi- 
ciated as  reader  of  the  abbey  church  Bath, 
where,  in  a  sermon,  he  ably  vindicated  the 
memory  of  Charles  I.  and  there  published 
his  first  composition,  the  Irish  massacre  set 
in  a  clear  light.  On  George's  accession,  as 
he  refused  to  take  the  oaths,  and  as  he  as- 
sumed the  lay  habit,  he  has  been  accused 
of  being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  1715. 
He,  however,  continued  his  attachment  to 
the  Stuarts,  and  became  secretary  to  bishop 
Atterbury,  a  circumstance  which  rendered 
him  suspected  to  government,  so  that,  on 
the  imprisonment  of  the  prelate,  1000/. 
were  offered  for  the  apprehension  of  Carte, 
who  escaped  by  flying  into  France.  Here 
he  remained  in  exile,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Phillips,  for  six  or  seven  years, 
sedulously  employed  in  literary  pursuits, 
till  queen  Caroline,  who  knew  and  respected 
his  merit,  procured  his  recall.  Soon  after 
his  return  he  published  his  history  of  James 
duke  of  Ormond,  in  3  vols,  folio,  1735  and 
1736.  In  1738,  he  issued  proposals  for  a 
new  history  of  England,  and  whilst  he 
was  employed  in  collecting  materials  in 
public  and  private  libraries,  so  great  was 
the  popularity  of  his  name,  that  subscrip- 
tions upon  subscriptions  appeared  for  his 
encouragement  to  the  amount  of  6001.  a 
year.  Not  only  individuals,  but  many  of 
the  public  companies  of  London,  and  the 
city  itself,  honourably  appeared  to  support 
and  animate  the  labours  of  the  national 
historian.  The  first  vol.  was  published  in 
1747,  the  second  in  1750,  the  third  in 
1752,  and  the  fourth,  which  extends  the 
history  to  the  year  1654,  and  which  was 
posthumous,  in  1755.  The  work  is  a  com- 
position of  great  merit,  which  displays  the 
author's  abilities  in  a  very  respectable  view. 
That  there  are  prejudices  and  partialities 
in  the  narrative  cannot  be  denied  :  but  the 
history  is  valuable  for  information  on  many 
curious,  important,  and  interesting  facts.  It 
ki  worth  while  to  remark  the  temper  of  the 
times,  for  no  sooner  did  the  first  volume 
appear  than  a  violent  outcry  was  raised 
against  the  author,  for  inserting,  in  a  note, 
that  a  certain  Christopher  Lovel  had  been 
healed  of  the  evil  at  Avignon  by  the  holy 
touch  of  the  pretender,  and  even  the  cor- 
poration of  London,  yielding  to  the  general 
prejudice,  hastily  withdrew  their  very 
liberal  subscription.  Carte  died  at  Calce- 
dot-house,  near  Abingdon,  Berks,  2d  April, 
1754.  His  papers  were  left  to  his  widow, 
who  afterwards  married  a  catholic  of  the 
name  of  Jernegan,  and  they  were  deposit- 
ed in  the  Bodleian  library,  in  1778,  for  a 
valuable  consideration.  These  manuscripts 
were  esteemed  so  important,  that  lord 
Hardwick  obtained  the  perusal  of  them  for 
•ifW.  and  Mr.  M'Pherson  for  300/.  Br- 
?62 


sides  the  works  already  mentioned,  Carte 
wrote  the  history  of  the  revolutions  of 
Portugal — a  collection  of  original  letters 
and  papers  on  the  affairs  of  England,  2  vols. 
8vo — catalogue  des  rolles  Gascons,  &c. — 
and  other  historical  pieces.  In  manners 
Carte  was  friendly  and  convivial,  and  in 
his  conversation  easy  and  entertaining. 

Carteil,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer,  in 
the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  born 
in  Cornwall.  He  commanded  a  fleet 
which  sailed  from  Holland  to  Muscovy, 
and  he  was  sent  by  queen  Elizabeth  in 
company  with  Drake  to  the  West  Indies, 
where  he  displayed  courage  and  intrepidity, 
at  the  taking  of  St.  Jago,  Carthagena,  and 
St.  Augustin.  He  died  in  London,  1592, 
aged  43. 

Carter,  Francis,  an  English  writer,  who 
died  first  August,  1783.  He  published  a 
journey  from  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,  2  vols. 
8vo.  with  plates,  1776,  reprinted  1778, 
valuable  for  the  engraved  coins  it  contains, 
collected  from  the  cabinet  of  the  Spanish 
medallist  Flores.  He  began  an  interesting 
account  of  the  earliest  printed  Spanish 
books,  and  as  he  unfortunately  died  as 
soon  as  the  first  sheet  was  printed,  the 
work  must  ever  remain  incomplete. 

Carter,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady  of 
learned  celebrity,  born  at  Deal,  where  her 
father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Carter,  was  minister. 
The  superior  talents  which  she  early  dis- 
played were  ardently  cultivated  by  her 
father,  who  instructed  her  in  the  learned 
languages,  and  stored  her  mind  with  the 
choicest  treasures  of  ancient  literature. 
As  a  specimen  of  her  extensive  erudition, 
she  published  all  the  works  of  Epictetus 
with  an  elegant  translation,  and  with  notes 
and  a  learned  introduction  ;  a  performance 
which  was  received  in  the  most  flattering 
manner  by  the  learned  world,  and  has  since 
been  reprinted.  Her  poems  on  several 
occasions  were  published  in  1762,  and  ap- 
peared under  the  recommendation  of  lord 
Bath,  and  lord  Littleton.  She  also  contri- 
buted two  papers  to  the  Rambler,  Nos.  44, 
on  religion  and  superstition,  and  100,  on 
modish  pleasure,  in  which  she  shows  her- 
self a  worthy  coadjutor  of  the  great  moral- 
ist. She  wrote,  besides  some  scattered 
pieces,  an  ode  to  wisdom  inserted  in  Rich- 
ardson's Clarissa,  &c.  and  as  a  poetess  she 
displayed  great  simplicity  of  sentiment, 
mingled  with  melodious  sweetness  of  ex- 
pression, sublime  ideas,  and  the  purest 
morality.  Mrs.  Carter  was  never  married. 
She  died  in  very  good  circumstances,  and 
respected  by  a  very  numerous  circle  of 
friends,  in  Clarges-street,  Piccadilly,  19th 
February,  1806,  aged  89. 

Carter,  John,  an  antiquary  and  drafts- 
man, was  born  in  Piccadilly,  London,  and 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  builder, 
but  without  anv  education.     By  assiduous 


CAR 


CAR 


triplication,  however,  he  became  well 
versed  in  the  principles  of  architecture,  and 
designed,  among  other  places,  the  Sessions- 
house  on  Clerkenwcll-green.  He  was  a 
devoted  admirer  of  the  old  cathedrals,  and 
consequently  a  determined  enemy  to  all 
improvements  of  them.  He  wrote  a  series 
of  papers  on  this  subject  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  besides  which,  he  published 
"  Specimens  of  Ancient  Sculpture  and 
Painting  in  England,"  in  2  folio  volumes, 
and  Views  in  England,  in  7  vols.  12mo., 
the  plates  being  engraved  by  himself.  He 
next  engaged  in  a  work  on  the  ancient 
architecture  of  England,  of  which  only 
thirty-eight  numbers  were  published.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Antiquarian  Society, 
and  died  Sept.  4th,  1817,  aged  70. 

Carteret,  John,  earl  of  Granville,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  George  Lord  Carteret,  at 
the  age  of  5,  and,  after  a  respectable  edu- 
cation at  Westminster  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of 
lords  1711.  The  zeal  and  activity  which 
he  displayed  in  supporting  the  Hanoverian 
succession  recommended  him  to  George  I. 
by  whom  he  was  employed  in  various  offices, 
and  in  1719,  sent  to  Sweden,  where  he 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between  the 
kings  of  Sweden  and  Denmark.  In  1721 
he  was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  went 
In  1724  to  Ireland  as  viceroy,  and  again 
filled  the  same  high  appointment  with  equal 
credit  and  honour  at  the  accession  of 
George  II.  till  1730.  He  warmly  opposed 
Walpole,  and  on  his  removal  from  office,  he 
obtained  the  place  of  secretary  of  state, 
1742;  and  though  before  he  had  blamed 
continental  alliances,  he  pursued  them  with 
the  same  alacrity  as  his  predecessor.  In 
1744  he  succeeded,  on  his  mother's  death, 
to  the  title  of  viscount,  and  earl  Granville, 
and  died  1763,  much  respected  as  a  man  of 
learning,  and  the  friend  and  patron  of 
learned  men. 

Carteret,  Philip,  governor  of  New- 
Jersey,  commenced  his  administration  by 
the  appointment  of  the  proprietors  in  1665. 
About  1672,  there  was  an  insurrection  of 
the  people,  by  which  he  was  expelled  from 
the  government,  and  James  Carteret  sub- 
stituted in  his  place.  But  he  returned 
in  1674,  and  resumed  his  authority,  soon 
after  a  division  of  the  proprietary  took 
place,  which  occasioned  great  confusion  of 
jurisdiction  and  uncertainty  of  property, 
and  finally  annihilated  the  rule  of  the  pro- 
prietors. He  continued  in  the  government 
of  East-Jersey,  excepting  the  short  period 
of  the  usurpation  of  Sir  Edmund  Andross, 
until  his  death  in  November,  1682.  It?  L. 
Carteromaco,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Pis- 
toia,  who  studied  Greek  under  Politian, 
and  was  made  Greek  professor  at  Venice. 
He  died  at  Rome,  1513,  much  respected  as 
a  scholar  and  as  a  man.     Besides  an  edition 


of  Ptolemy's  geography,  he  published  a 
Latin  oration  of  Aristides's  Greek  oration 
in  praise  of  Rome — a  Latin  oration  in 
praise  of  Greek  learning,  1504,  &c. 

Cartes,  Renedes,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  born  at  la  Haye  in  Touraine, 
31st  March,  1596,  and  educated  by  the  Je- 
suists  of  la  Fleche.  His  father,  who  was 
of  a  noble  family,  urged  him  early  to  pur- 
sue a  military  life,  and  he  at  last  complied 
by  entering  into  the  service  of  the  prince 
of  Orange  1616.  Literature  and  philoso- 
phy, however,  still  continued  his  favourite 
pursuits  amidst  the  dissipation  and  bustle 
of  the  camp,  and  during  the  truce  between 
the  Spaniards  and  the  Dutch,  whilst  in  the 
garrison  at  Drcda,  he  displayed  his  great 
superiority  of  mathematical  knowledge, 
and  published  a  Latin  treatise  on  music, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  future  works. 
In  1619  he  entered  into  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Bavaria,  and  two  years  after,  upon 
the  death  of  his  general,  count  Bucquoy, 
in  the  Hungarian  campaign,  he  quitted  the 
army,  and  travelled  through  the  various 
countries  on  the  borders  of  the  Baltic. 
Upon  his  return  to  Paris,  and  after  visiting 
Switzerland  and  Italy,  he  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  philosophy  with  uncommon 
ardour,  but  he  seemed  to  be  in  an  unsettled 
wavering  state  by  frequently  changing  his 
habitation,  and  fixing  his  residence  some- 
times at  Amsterdam,  sometimes  near  Fra- 
neker,  and  sometimes  at  Deventer.  In 
1637  appeared  his  four  treatises  concern- 
ing method,  dioptrics,  meteors,  and  geome- 
try, and  about  this  time  he  received  a 
friendly  and  pressing  invitation  from  sir 
Charles  Cavendish,  to  come  and  settle  in 
England,  which  a  few  years  before  he  had 
visited,  but  the  troubles  of  the  times,  and 
the  approaching  civil  wars  prevented  his 
wishes.  The  invitations  of  Louis  XIII. 
were  not  more  successful,  and  Des  Cartes 
refused  to  quit  his  retirement,  though  the 
French  monarch  liberally  settled  upon  him 
a  pension  of  3000  livres.  His  reputation  was 
now  so  well  established  that  princes  were 
anxious  to  court  his  good  opinion,  and  to 
refer  their  literary  disputes  to  his  arbitra- 
tion. He  corresponded  in  a  friendly  man- 
ner with  Elizabeth,  the  daughter  of  the 
elector  palatine,  king  of  Bohemia ;  and 
Christina,  the  celebrated  queen  of  S.wedei), 
not  only  paid  the  most  flattering  testimony 
to  his  abilities,  but  pressed  him  in  the  most 
earnest  terms  to  settle  in  her  dominions. 
Des  Cartes  did  not  refuse  the  liberal  invite- 
tion,  he  came  to  Stockholm  in  October, 
1648,  and  was  admitted  to  the  confidence 
of  the  queen,  whom  he  attended  every 
morning  at  five  o'clock,  to  instruct  her  m 
philosophical  knowledge.  Sensible  of  the 
merit  of  the  learned  stranger,  Christina 
formed  the  most  generous  plans  for  the  in- 
struction anH  improvement  of  her  subjects, 
363 


OAK 


CAR 


and  in  rewarding  the  philosopher  with  a 
handsome  estate,  and  an  annual  pension  of 
3000  crowns,  she  meditated  the  establish- 
ment of  a  learned  academy  under  his  gui- 
dance as  director,  but  death  prevented 
these  magnificent  intentions.  Des  Cartes 
died  11th  February,  1650,  aged  54.  His 
body  was  interred  at  Stockholm,  but  17 
years  after  it  was  removed  to  Paris  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  Genevieve  du 
Mont.  He  never  was  married,  but  by  a 
woman  who  cohabited  with  him  he  had  one 
daughter,  who  died  when  five  years  old. 
Des  Cartes  is  deservedly  esteemed  as  a  man 
of  genius,  well  acquainted  with  mathema- 
tics and  philosophy,  possessed  of  a  strong 
mind,  capable  of  profound  meditation,  of 
patient  inquiry,  but  not  devoid  of  great 
warmth  of  imagination.  His  treatise  of 
the  world  is  an  ingenious  performance,  but 
the  doctrine  of  vortices  cannot  stand  the 
examination  of  truth  and  the  clear  demon- 
strations of  the  Newtonian  philosophy. 
He  advanced  far  beyond  his  predecessors, 
and  if  he  had  done  nothing  besides  intro- 
ducing a  spirit  of  inquiry  and  a  wish  of  ex- 
amining the  mysterious  operations  of  na- 
ture, he  would  have  laboured  much  for  the 
benefit  of  mankind.  Besides  the  works 
mentioned  already,  he  published  a  trea- 
tise on  mechanics,  besides  letters,  &c. 
For  some  of  his  improvements  in  algebra 
and  geometry,  he  is  said  to  be  indebted  to 
Thomas  Harriot's  artis  analyticse  praxis. 

Cartier,  James,  a  French  navigator, 
born  at  St.  Maloes,  who  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Francis  I.  discovered  in  1534  the 
best  part  of  Canada,  of  which  he  published 
an  accurate  account. 

Cartismandca,  queen  of  the  Brigantes 
in  Britain,  is  known  in  history  for  treach- 
erously betraying  Caractacus  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  for  discarding  her  husband  Ve- 
rtusius  to  marry  his  armour-bearer  Veloca- 
tus.  When  her  subjects  revolted  against 
her,  she  solicited  the  assistance  of  the  Ro- 
mans, who  thus  obtained  possession  of  the 
whole  country. 

Cartwright,  Christopher,  an  English 
divine  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  was 
born  at  York,  and  died  1652,  aged  50  years. 
He  wrote  Electra  Rabbinica  in  Genesim  et 
Exodum,  8vo.  1648  and  1653. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  puritan  of 
eminence,  born  in  Hertfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
devoted  himself  so  rigorously  to  study  that 
he  did  not  allow  himself  more  than  five 
hours'  sleep  in  the  night,  a  custom  from 
which  he  never  departed  through  life. 
About  1553  he  left  Cambridge,  to  be  arti- 
cled as  a  clerk  to  a  counsellor,  but  in  1560 
he  again  returned  to  the  seat  of  the,  muses, 
and  became  fellow  of  his  own  college,  and 
afterwards  of  Trinity.  When  queen  Eliza- 
beth visited  the  universifv,  Cartwright  was 
"64 


among  the  few  men  of  learning  and  elo- 
quence who  were  selected  to  dispute  before 
their  sovereign,  but  his  popularity  as  a 
preacher  and  a  scholar  was  soon  assailed 
when  he  ventured  to  inveigh  against  the 
ecclesiastical  government  of  the  church. 
The  chancellor  of  the  university,  sir  Wil- 
liam Cecil,  was  directed  by  archbishop 
Grindal  to  proceed  against  him,  and  he  was 
not  only  forbidden  to  propagate  his  doc- 
trines, but  deprived  of  the  divinity  Mar- 
garet professorship  which  he  held,  and  of 
his  fellowship  at  Trinity.  Thus  disgraced 
and  exiled  he  travelled  into  Germany,  and 
after  establishing  a  correspondence  with 
some  of  the  learned  men  of  the  times,  he 
was  chosen  minister  of  the  English  mer- 
chants at  Antwerp,  and  afterwards  at  Mid- 
dleburg.  About  two  years  after  he  return- 
ed to  England  by  the  solicitations  of  his 
friends,  and  he  boldly  undertook  the  de- 
fence of  the  puritans,  by  publishing  admo- 
nitions to  the  parliament.  This  pamphlet 
became  popular,  and  received  a  spirited  re- 
ply from  Dr.  Whitgift ;  but  after  a  paper 
war  continued  with  more  acrimony  than 
moderation,  Cartwright  found  it  safer  to 
leave  the  kingdom,  whilst  his  victorious 
opponent  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Worces- 
ter. During  the  five  years  of  his  absence, 
he  officiated  as  minister  to  the  English  fac- 
tories, and  he  received  a  strong  invitation 
from  James  VI.  of  Scotland  to  fill  a  profes- 
sorship at  St.  Andrew's,  which  he  declined. 
When  he  ventured  to  return  to  his  country 
he  was  sent  to  prison,  but  liberated  by  the 
interference  of  lord  Burleigh  and  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  the  last  of  whom  made 
him  master  of  his  newly  founded  hospital 
at  Warwick.  After  many  persecutions  on 
account  of  his  tenets,  and  repeated  impri- 
sonments, which  James  of  Scotland  en- 
deavoured in  vain  to  alleviate  by  applica- 
tion to  Elizabeth,  Cartwright  died  27th 
Dec.  1603,  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  and  was 
buried  in  the  hospital  at  Warwick.  His 
publications  were  mostly  theological,  and 
displayed  his  character  as  a  man  of  great 
perseverance,  extensive  learning,  genuine 
piety,  great  eloquence,  and  of  a  generous, 
disinterested,  and  benevolent  spirit.  His 
practical  commentary  on  the  four  gospels, 
and  his  commentary  on  the  Proverbs,  were 
much  esteemed. 

Cartwright,  William,  a  native  of 
Northway  near  Tewkesbury,  educated  at 
Cirencester  and  Westminster  schools,  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent and  popular  preacher,  and  was  pa- 
tronised by  bishop  Duppa.  He  was  esteem- 
ed by  Ben  Jonson  and  the  wits  of  the 
times.  He  wrote  4  plays — besides  poems 
— sermons,  &c.     He  died  1644,  aged  33. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  prelate,  born 
at  Northampton,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  %vb.ere  he  obtained  a  feU 


CAR 


CAR 


lawskip.  At  the  restoration  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  and  was  made  chaplain  to 
the  king,  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
on  Pierson's  death  raised  to  the  See  of 
Chester.  He  greatly  favoured  the  pro- 
ceedings of  James  II.  whom  he  accom- 
panied on  his  flight  to  France,  and  after- 
wards to  Ireland.  He  died  at  Dublin  1689, 
aged  55,  and  was  buried  in  great  pomp  in 
Christ  church  there.  His  sermons,  &c. 
have  been  published. 

Carvajal,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spaniard, 
who  wrote  the  life  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella, in  whose  court  he  was  counsellor. 

Carvalho  d'acosta,  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
mathematics,  hydrography,  and  astrono- 
my ;  but  more  as  the  author  of  a  topogra- 
phical description  of  Portugal,  in  3  vols, 
folio.  To  give  accuracy  to  his  work,  he 
climbed  mountains,  traced  the  sources  of 
rivers,  and  exhibited  every  thing  with  dis- 
criminating judgment.  He  wrote  besides 
a  complete  compendium  of  geography,  and 
a  method  of  studying  astronomy.  He 
died  1715,  aged  65,  so  poor  that  his  fune- 
ral expenses  were  publicly  defrayed. 

Carver,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  New- 
England,  who  during  the  American  war 
had  the  command  of  an  independent  com- 
pany of  provincials  in  the  attack  against 
Canada.  Before  that  time  he  had  visited 
the  interior  parts  of  North  America,  of 
which  he  published  an  interesting  account 
in  London,  1776.  He  was,  however,  aban- 
doned by  his  friends,  because  he  lent  his 
name  to  a  certain  compilation,  and  for 
some  time  supported  himself  and  his  family 
in  the  humble  appointment  of  clerk  to  the 
lottery.  He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the 
culture  of  tobacco.  He  died  in  1780,  it  is 
said,  for  want  of  the  common  necessaries 
of  life,  aged  48. 

Carver,  John,  the  first  governor  of  the 
colony  of  Plymouth,  New-England,  was  a 
native  of  England,  and  belonged  to  the 
ehurch  of  Mr.  Robinson,  which  emigrated 
to  Leyden.  Having  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Cushman  obtained  a  patent  of  the 
\irginia  company  for  a  territory  within 
their  limits,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, in  1620,  with  one  hundred  emigrants, 
and  happening  to  strike  the  coast  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cape  Cod,  instead  of  proceed- 
ing to  Virginia,  as  had  been  designed,  land- 
ed at  Plymouth,  and  commenced  the  set- 
tlement of  New-England.  As  they 
were  without  the  limits  of  their  charter, 
they  organized  a  government,  and  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Carver  their  governor  for 
the  first  year.  He  died  in  April  the  next 
year.  He  was  distinguished  for  decision, 
prudence,  and  piety,  and  made  great  exer- 
tions to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
colony.  in?"  L. 


Carus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  the  death  of  Probus,  283.  Ho 
defeated  the  Persians  and  Sarmasians,  and 
was  killed  in  his  tent  by  lightning,  or,  as 
some  assert,  his  tent  was  set  on  fire  by  his 
servants. 

Cart,  Robert,  was  born  at  Cookington, 
Devon,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
became  LL.D.  1644.  He  was  presented 
to  the  living  of  Portlemouth  in  Devonshire, 
and  for  some  time  inclined  to  the  tenets  of 
the  Presbyterians,  of  whose  provincial 
meetings  he  was  chosen  moderator.  Upon 
the  restoration  he  congratulated  Charles 
II.  and  was  made  archdeacon  of  Exeter; 
but  he  was  ejected  in  1664,  by  the  influence 
or  intrigues  of  some  of  his  enemies,  and 
continued  afterwards  in  retirement  at  his 
rectory,  where  he  died  in  1688,  aged  73. 
He  published  a  chronological  account  of 
ancient  times,  in  fol.  1677. 

Cary,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry,  first 
viscount  Falkland,  was  born  at  Rurford, 
Oxfordshire,  1610,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  St.  John's, 
Cambridge.  After  visiting  the  continent 
he  settled  within  ten  miles  of  Oxford ;  but 
though  master  of  a  most  ample  fortune  by 
the  liberality  of  his  grandfather,  he  did  not 
devote  his  time  to  frivolous  or  intemperate 
pursuits  :  but  to  improve  the  powers  of  his 
mind,  he  courted  the  company  and  the  con- 
versation of  the  most  learned  men  of  the 
university.  So  laborious  were  his  studies 
that  before  he  reached  his  23d  year,  he 
had  read  all  the  Greek  and  Latin  fathers. 
He  did  not,  however,  neglect  public  affairs, 
he  served  in  the  army  of  Essex  as  a  volun- 
teer against  the  Scots,  and  in  1640  was 
chosen  member  of  parliament  for  New- 
port, Hants,  a  place  which  he  again  repre- 
sented in  the  next  parliament.  In  this 
new  scene  the  candour  of  the  commons 
seemed  so  fair  and  plausible,  that  the  un- 
suspecting Falkland  inveighed  against  the 
arbitrary  measures  of  the  court,  and  de- 
clared himself  a  warm  advocate  for  the 
prosecution  of  Strafford,  and  of  Finch, 
and  for  the  exclusion  of  the  bishops  from 
the  house  of  peers.  But  reflection  wrought 
a  change  in  his  political  sentiments,  and 
the  next  time  that  the  disqualification  of 
the  bishops  was  mentioned  in  the  house, 
he  opposed  it  with  firmness  and  dignity. 
On  this  occasion  indeed  his  sincerity  was 
suspected,  but  the  goodness  of  his  heart 
forbad  the  aspersion  of  his  character,  and 
when  he  received  with  indifference  the 
compliments  of  the  court  to  his  loyalty, 
and  manfully  rejected  the  honours  and 
offices  which  the  sovereign  proposed  to 
confer  upon  him,  it  then  became  evident 
that  his  conduct  was  the  effect  of  principle 
and  not  of  party.  To  repeated  solicita- 
tions he  at  last  however  yielded,  and  be- 
came secretary  to  the  king ;  but  in  this 
365 


CAR 


CAR 


high  office  he  refused  to  follow  the  prac- 
tice of  his  predecessors,  in  encouraging  and 
maintaining   spies,   and   in   opening    sus- 
pected letters.     Eager  to  support  the  cause 
of  loyalty,  he  not  only  signed  with  other 
lords  a  declaration,  that  the  king's  inten- 
tions %vere  friendly  to  the  parliament,  but 
he  levied   some    soldiers    for  his   service. 
When  he  was  at  Oxford   with   the  king, 
he  accompanied  him  to  the  public  library, 
and  Charles,  desirous  to  make  a  trial  of 
his  fortune  by  the  Sortes  Virgilianae,  open- 
ed a  Virgil,  where    he   read  that   passage 
in   the   615th  and   following  lines  of  the 
4th  book   of   the  iEneid,  which    contains 
the  dreadful  imprecation  of    Dido  against 
iEneas.     The  words  were  so    awfully  stri- 
king, and  painted  the  king's  fate   so  pa- 
thetically, that  he  felt  the  application,  and 
Falkland,  to  divert  his  attention,  expressed 
his  wish  to  try  his   fortune   too,  and  show 
how  puerile  it  would  be  to  dwell  too  much 
upon  such  accidental  things.     The  passage 
upon  which  he  fixed  his  eyes  began  at  the 
152d  line  of  the  11th  #meid,  and  in  the 
lamentations  of  Evander  on  the   untimely 
fall  of  his  favourite  son  Pallas,  was  remark- 
ably   prophetic    of   the   melancholy    fate 
which  awaited  him.     The  kindling  of  the 
civil  wars  and  the  violence  of  party  seemed 
to  operate  powerfully  upon  his  mind  ;  in- 
stead of  a  serene,  placid,  and  lively  coun- 
tenance, he  now  betrayed  gloominess,  in- 
ward   sorrow,    and     dejection.      Reserve 
succeeded   to   an   affable    behaviour  ;    the 
negligence   of  his   dress   and  person   fully 
evinced  the  great  perturbation  of  his  soul, 
and  often  in  the  midst  of  the  deepest  silence 
he  would   in   agonizing   accents   exclaim 
peace,  peace  !  Though  obliged  by  his  office 
,to   be  near  the  king's  person,  yet  he  fre- 
quently exposed  himself  in  the  thickest  of 
the  battle,  and  observed  to  his  friends,  who 
wished  to  check  his  ardour,  that  his  impa- 
tience for  peace  proceeded  not  from  pusil- 
lanimity.    In  the   morning  of  the  battle  of 
Newbury,  it  is   said,   that  with  a  cheerful 
countenance  he  assured  his  followers,  that, 
weary   of    the    times,   he  probably  would 
leave  them  before  night.     He  dressed  him- 
self in  a  clean  shirt,  observing  that  should 
he  be  slain,   his  body  should  not  be  found 
in   foul  linen  ;  then  putting  himself  in  the 
first  ranks  of    lord   Byron's  regiment,  he 
rushed  on   the  enemy,  and  was  soon  after 
thot  with   a  musket  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  belly,  and  falling  from  his  horse  remain- 
ed under  heaps  of  slain  till  the  next  morn- 
ing.     This  illustrious  character,  who  thus 
fell  in  his  34th  year  in  the  defence  of  his 
king,   was  universally  respected  as  one  of 
the  brightest  ornaments  of  the  age.     His 
mind  was  amply  stored  with  all  the  riches 
of  ancient  and  modern  literature,  and  the 
goodness  of  his  heart  was  equal  to  the  vast 
resources  of  his  mind.     Mild  and  sen'le  in 
366 


his  manners,  pious,  virtuous,  charitable, 
and  religious  in  his  conduct,  he  was  ad- 
mired even  by  his  enemies.  He  was  so 
attached  to  justice  and  probity,  that  like 
Epaminondas,  he  turned  with  abhorrence 
from  every  appearance  of  deceit  and 
falsehood,  and  so  constant  and  pertina- 
cious in  his  purposes  that  neither  threats 
nor  entreaties  could  change  him  from 
what  he  considered  as  becoming  his  dig- 
nity and  the  cause  which  from  conviction 
he  had  espoused.  In  his  person  he  was 
small,  and  of  no  great  strength,  his  hair 
was  blackish,  and  somewhat  flaggy,  and  his 
eye  black  and  lively.  He  was  buried  in 
great  Tew  church,  Oxfordshire.  His  say- 
ing was,  that  he  pitied  unlearned  gentle- 
men in  a  rainy  day.  He  is  the  author  of 
some  poems — speeches  in  parliament — a 
discourse  on  episcopacy — on  the  infallibi- 
lity of  the  church  of  Rome — and  other 
pieces. 

Cart,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth,  grand- 
son to  lord  Hunsdon,  was  cousin-german 
to  Elizabeth,  and  was  educated  with  Charles 
I.  He  suffered  greatly  by  the  civil  wars. 
He  translated  from  various  authors  seven 
folios,  two  octavos,  and  a  12mo.  and  died 
13th  June,  1661,  aged  65. 

Cart,  Felix,  a  learned  French  writer,  of 
the  academy  of  Marseilles.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  P/Iarseilles,  of  Thrace,  and 
the  Bosphorus  by  medals.  He  died  1754, 
aged  55. 

Cart,  Thomas,  deputy  governor  of 
North  Carolina  for  the  proprietors,  and 
collector  of  their  quit  rents,  succeeded 
Daniel  in  the  administration  of  the  pro- 
vince, but  was  removed  from  his  offices  in 
1709,  for  neglecting  to  account  to  his  em- 
ployers. He  continued  to  sit  in  the  coun- 
cil, and  the  next  year  attempted  to  resume 
the  reins  of  government  by  force,  in  order 
that  he  might  retain  the  treasures  which 
were  in  his  hands.  He  armed  a  band  of 
insurgents,  but  was  at  length  repulsed  and 
his  followers  dispersed.  He  was  carried 
to  England  for  punishment,  but  was  never 
tried.  Q~r  L. 

Cartl,  Joseph,,  a  learned  nonconformist, 
who  wrote  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job,  in 
three  vols.  4to.  He  was  for  some  time 
member  of  Exeter  college,  and  was  a  po- 
pular preacher  at  Lincoln's-inn,  and  some 
years  after  at  St.  Magnus,  London-bridge. 
He  was  in  favour  with  Cromwell,  whom  he 
attended  as  chaplain  in  Scotland,  with  Dr. 
Owen.  He  published  several  sermons,  and 
died  1673. 

Cartll,  John,  a  Roman  catholic,  proba- 
bly born  in  Sussex.  He  was  secretary  to 
Mary,  queen  of  James  II.  and  he  followed 
the  fortunes  of  his  fugitive  master,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted,  and  created  enrl 
Caryll,  baron  Dartford.  He  was  in  Eng- 
land in  the  rei^n  of  queen  Anne,  and  was 


CAS 


CAS 


intimate  with  Pope,  to  whom  he  recom- 
mended the  subject  of  the  Rape  of  the 
Lock,  a  poem  which  the  poet  inscribed  to 
his  catholic  friend.  He  wrote  two  plays, 
besides  a  translation  of  the  Psalms  of 
David,  &c.     He  was  living  in  1717. 

Casa,  John  de,  an  Italian  writer  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Florence.  He  was 
engaged  in  various  negotiations  under  the 
popes,  at  Venice  and  other  places,  and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Benevento  1544.  His 
works,  in  Latin  and  Italian,  were  much 
esteemed,  and  particularly  among  these  his 
— Galateus,  seu  de  morum  elegantifi,  a 
poem  printed  at  Hanover  with  notes  in  8vo. 
1603.  He  wrote  besides  some  beautiful 
Italian  poems,  the  lives  of  cardinals  Conta- 
rini  and  Bembo,  and  various  other  works, 
collected  together  at  Venice  in  5  vols.  4to. 
1728.  Though  a  cardinal  he  was  dissolute 
in  his  manners,  and  had  a  natural  son 
whom  he  called  Quirino.  He  was  suspected 
of  being  concerned  with  cardinal  Farnese, 
for  which  he  was  disgraced  by  pope  Julius 
III.  but  afterwards  restored  to  favour  by 
Paul  IV.  and  made  secretary  of  state.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1556,  aged  53. 

Casanova,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin  poet 
of  Rome,  who  in  his  imitations  of  Martial 
displayed  great  keenness  of  satire,  and  se- 
verity of  wit.  He  also  imitated  Catullus 
in  the  illustrious  characters  of  ancient 
Rome.  His  poems  are  in  the  Delicioe  poe- 
tarum  Italorum.     He  died  1527. 

Casas,  Bartholomew  de  las,  a  native  of 
Seville,  who  at  the  age  of  19  accompanied 
his  father  in  the  expedition  of  Columbus  to 
the  West-Indies,  in  1493.  On  his  return 
to  Europe  he  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
in  his  future  appointments  in  Cuba,  he  be- 
gan to  display  that  humanity  and  those  be- 
nevolent feelings  which  do  so  much  honour 
to  his  heart  as  the  friend  and  advocate 
of  the  poor  Indians  whom  the  cruelty  of 
his  countrymen  oppressed  and  murdered. 
More  fully  to  plead  their  cause  he  appear- 
ed before  Charles  V.  and  unfolded  such  a 
tale  of  misery  and  persecution,  that  the 
commiserating  monarch  made  severe  or- 
dinances to  punish  the  cruelty  of  his  go- 
vernors, and  protect  the  innocence  of  his 
Indian  subjects.  These  scenes  of  horrors 
however  were  too  far  removed  from  Eu- 
rope, to  be  effectually  checked,  and  in  spite 
of  the  remonstrances  of  Las  Casas,  and  the 
decrees  of  Charles,  the  Indians  were  tortu- 
red, plundered,  and  wantonly  put  to  death. 
Even  a  doctor,  Sepulvedo,  was  found  to  de- 
fend the  conduct  of  the  Spaniards,  by  the  ex- 
ample of  the  Israelites  towards  the  people 
of  Canaan.  But  this  horrible  book,  though 
printed  at  Rome,  was  proscribed  in  Spain, 
and  ably  refuted  by  Las  Casas,  now  made 
bishop  of  Chiapa.  Soto,  the  king's  con- 
fessor, was  at  last  appointed  to  examine 
fhe  allegations   of  Las   Casas  against  the 


Spaniards,  but  multiplicity  of  affairs  pre- 
vented Charles  from  adopting  that  system 
of  humanity  which  becomes  the  father  and 
guardian  of  a  people.  After  more  than  50 
years  spent  in  alleviating  the  distresses  of 
the  Indians,  Las  Casas  at  last,  worn  out 
with  infirmities,  left  America  in  1551,  and 
returned  to  Madrid,  where  he  died  1566. 
This  benevolent  and  truly  good  Christian 
did  not  escape  the  jealousy  and  persecution 
of  his  ungrateful  country  ;  though  engaged 
at  all  times  in  every  act  of  charity,  he  was 
represented  in  odious  colours  to  the  court, 
by  the  malice  of  those  tyrannical  governors 
whose  cruelties  he  exposed  to  public  view. 
His  "  destruction  of  the  Indians"  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  to- 
gether with  his  rights  of  sovereigns  and 
subjects,  and  his  other  writings,  it  shows 
him  to  have  been  a  most  pious  and  amiable 
character. 

Casati,  Paul,  a  native  of  Placentia,  who 
died  at  Parma,  1 707,  aged  90.  He  was 
one  of  the  Jesuits,  and  his  great  learning 
recommended  him  to  queen  Christina  of 
Sweden,  whom  he  persuaded  to  abjure  her 
religion  and  turn  catholic.  His  writings 
are  mostly  on  mathematical  subjects,  be- 
sides a  valuable  treatise  on  optics,  which 
he  wrote  when  88  years  old,  and  blind. 

Casaubon,  Isaac,  a  learned  critic,  born  at 
Geneva,  1 8th  February,  1559.  He  studied 
at  Geneva,  and  displayed  such  powers  of 
mind  that,  at  the  age  of  23,  he  succeeded 
his  master  Portius  in  the  chair  of  Greek 
professor.  He  published  in  1583,  his  notes 
on  Diogenes  Laertius,  which  he  dedicated 
to  his  father,  and  the  next  year  appeared 
his  lectures  on  Theocritus,  inscribed  to 
Henry  Stephens  the  printer,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  married  in  1586.  In  1587  he  pub- 
lished his  commentary  on  Strabo,  and  his 
New  Testament ;  the  next  year  his  notes 
on  Dionysius  Halicarnassus  ;  and  the  next 
year  notes  on  Polysnus  ;  and  the  year  after 
his  edition  of  Aristotle.  The  following 
years  were  equally  prolific  in  learned  la- 
bours, till  in  1596,  he  exchanged  his  situa- 
tion for  a  professorship  at  Montpelier,  but 
here  he  was  disappointed,  till  after  visiting 
Paris,  and  being  introduced  to  Henry  IV. 
he  was  promised  patronage  from  the  court. 
The  monarch  however  was  thwarted  in  his 
wishes  to  provide  for  Casaubon,  by  the 
jealousy  of  the  literati  of  Paris,  and  unable 
to  give  him  a  professorship,  he  appointed 
him  one  of  the  protestant  judges  at  the 
conference  between  bishop  Perron  and  Du 
Plessis  Mornay.  Some  time  after  he  was 
made  librarian  to  the  king,  with  a  liberal 
pension,  and  while  he  employed  himself  in 
writing  annotations  on  the  classics,  he  de- 
voted some  of  his  time  to  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage, and  acquired  such  proficiency  that 
he  completed  a  dictionary,  and  translated 
some  of  the  authors  into  Latin.  Henrv. 
367 


CAS 


CAS 


who  admired  the  learning  of  Casaubon, 
wished  him  to  become  a  catholic,  and  re- 
commended him  to  hold  a  conference  with 
Perron,  which,  instead  of  shaking,  esta- 
blished more  firmly  his  faith  as  a  protestant. 
Casaubon,  who  had  published  at  Lyons  his 
Athenosus  under  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
De  Vicq,  now  gave  to  the  world  his  Polv- 
bius  in  1609,  with  a  dedication  to  the  king, 
much  admired  as  a  masterpiece  of  its  kind. 
The  death  of  his  patron,  from  whom  he 
expected  a  more  liberal  remuneration,  and 
at  the  same  time  his  religion,  induced  him 
to  abandon  France  for  a  residence  in  Eng- 
land. His  reputation  preceded  him ;  he 
reached  England  in  October,  1610,  and 
was  honourably  received  by  James,  who 
admitted  him  to  his  table,  granted  him  a 
pension  of  300/.  and  made  him  prebendary 
of  Westminster  and  of  Canterbury.  He 
did  not  long  enjoy  these  marks  of  royal 
favour,  he  fell  a  victim  to  a  violent  disor- 
der in  the  bladder,  July  1st,  1614,  in  his 
55th  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.  He  was  father  of  20  children  by 
his  wife. 

Casaubon,  Meric,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Geneva,  14th  August,  1599. 
He  was  educated  first  at  Sedan,  and  after- 
wards, when  his  father  came  to  England, 
at  Christ  church,  where  he  became  student, 
and  took  his  degrees.  His  defence  of  his 
father  against  the  catholics  in  1621,  made 
him  known  to  king  James,  and  some  time  af- 
ter he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Bledon, 
in  Somersetshire  by  bishop  Andrews,  and  in 
1628  to  a  prebend  of  Canterbury,  and  af- 
terwards to  other  benefices  by  the  patro- 
nage of  his  friend  Laud.  The  violence  of 
the  civil  wars,  however,  robbed  him  of  all 
his  preferment,  and  he  was  not  only  perse- 
cuted as  a  suspicious  person,  but  impri- 
soned. Cromwell,  who  knew  his  abilities, 
wished  to  engage  him  to  write  an  account 
of  the  civil  wars,  but  though  he  was  poor 
and  distressed,  he  not  only  refused  the  em- 
ployment, but  rejected  with  disdain  the 
offers  of  a  present,  and  the  promise  of  a 
liberal  pension.  He  was  also  solicited  by 
Christina  of  Sweden  to  come  and  preside 
over  her  universities,  with  a  handsome  sa- 
lary, but  he  declined  the  honourable  offer, 
and  chose  rather  to  live  in  England,  though 
without  the  prospect  of  future  independ- 
ence. At  the  restoration,  Casaubon  was 
reinstituted  in  all  his  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments, which  he  enjoyed  till  his  death,  July 
4th,  1671,  in  his  72d  year.  He  had  seve- 
ral children,  but  none  of  them  became 
known  in  tbe  world.  His  talents  were 
very  great  as  a  scholar  and  a  critic,  as  his 
editions  of  the  classics  and  his  many  other 
publications  fully  prove.  It  is  however 
singular  that  he  should  defend  the  exist- 
ence of  witches,  in  a  relation  of  what  pass- 
ed between  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some  spirits. 
368 


Caschi,  a  learned  Mahometan,  known 
as  an  eloquent  preacher  at  Medina,  and  as 
the  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

Caschiri,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the 
lives  of  mussulman  saints,  and  some  inge* 
nious  fictions  and  spiritual  allegories — 
There  is  another  of  the  same  name,  who 
died  in  the  year  of  the  hegira  261. 

Case,  Thomas,  A.M.  a  nonconformist, 
during  the  civil  wars,  who  wrote  and 
preached  against  the  royalists.  He  was 
born  at  Boxley  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Christ  church.  He  was  at  one  time  minis- 
ter of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Milk-street, 
and  afterwards  of  St.  Giles's  in  the  fields, 
and  was  imprisoned  six  months  in  the 
tower  for  conspiring  in  Love's  plot  against 
the  independent  government.  He  waited 
with  other  ministers  on  Charles  in  1660,  at 
the  Hague,  and  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners at  the  Savoy.  He  died  30th  May, 
1682,  aged  S4  years.  His  works  are 
chiefly  sermons. 

Case,  John,  a  native  of  Lyme,  in  Dor- 
setshire, known  as  an  empiric  and  astrolo- 
ger, and  as  the  successor  of  Lilly.  He 
wrote  the  angelical  guide,  showing  men  and 
women  their  lot  and  chance  in  this  elemen- 
tary life,  1697,  8vo.  But  his  celebrity 
arose  from  the  success  of  his  pills,  which 
were  recommended  to  his  customers  with 
this  elegant  distich  : 

"  Here's  fourteen  pills  for  thirteen  pence, 
"  Enough  in  any  man's  own  conscience." 

His  door  was  pointed  out  to  the  inquiring 
patients  by  these  two  lines,  which  are  said 
to  have  procured  more  money  than  all  the 
verses  which  Dryden  ever  wrote  : 

"  Within  this  place 
"  Lives  doctor  Case." 

Once  at  a  tavern  doctor  Ratcliffe  in  a  jocu- 
lar mood  pledged  him  with  "  here,  brother 
Case,  I  drink  to  all  the  fools  your  patients." 
"  Thank  you,"  replied  the  empiric,  "  let 
me  have  all  the  fools,  and  you  may  take 
the  rest." 

Casel,  John,  a  native  of  Gottingen,  the 
pupil  of  Melancthon  and  Camerarius.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Pisa,  and  was  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  at  Helmstadt, 
where  he  died  1613.  He  wrote  some  learn- 
ed works.  His  collection  of  letters  ap- 
peared at  Frankfort,  1687,  8vo. 

Caseneuve,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
who  died  there  1652,  aged  61v  He  wrote 
in  French  the  life  and  miracles  of  Edmund 
king  of  England,  4to. — French  etymolo- 
gies— Le  Franc  Aleu  de  Languedoc,  8  vols, 
fol.  &c. 

Cases,  Peter  James,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  in  June,  1754,  aged 
79.  His  genius  and  the  correctness  of  his 
style,  and  excellence  of  his  draperies,  make 


c.vs 


CAS 


liim  rank  as  one  of  the  first  painters  of  the 
French  school.  Some  of  his  works  are 
preserved  in  Notre-Dame  church,  in  the  Je- 
suits' college,  abbey  St.  Martin,  and  parti- 
cularly in  St.  Germain  des  Pies. 

Casimir  Matthias  Sarbieuski,  a  Jesuit 
of  Poland,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Wilna,  whose  Latin  odes, 
epodes,  and  epigrams,  are  little  inferior  to 
the  delicate  and  elegant  productions  of  the 
best  poets  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Grotius 
and  others  have  indeed  set  his  fame  above 
that  of  Horace,  but  many  critics,  though 
fully  sensible  of  his  great  merit,  do  not  ele- 
vate his  compositions  to  so  high  a  rank.  He 
was  preacher  to  king  Ladislaus  V.  and 
died  at  Warsaw,  second  April,  1640, 
aged  45,  and  unfortunately  before  he  had 
completed  his  Lesciade,  a  heroic  poem  in 
12  books,  in  imitation  of  Virgil.  His 
poems  have  been  frequently  edited.  The 
best  edition  is  Barbou's,  1759,  l2mo. 

Casimir  I.  a  king  of  Poland,  son  and 
successor  of  Micislas,  1034.  The  revolt  of 
the  Poles  disgusted  him,  and  he  privately 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Paris,  from  which 
he  was  at  last,  by  the  affection  of  the  Poles, 
drawn  to  civilize  his  country,  and  improve 
his  kingdom.  He  married,  with  a  dispen- 
sation from  the  pope,  the  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Russia,  and  died  1058,  in  the  24th 
year  of  his  reign. 

Casimir  II.  king  of  Poland,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Boleslaus  HI.  and  deserved 
the  surname  of  the  Just,  by  his  humanity 
towards  the  peasants,  whom  he  in  some 
degree  delivered  from  the  oppression  and 
violence  of  their  masters.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Mieczlaus,  when  deposed  for 
cruelty,  1177,  and  died  1194,  aged  77. 

Casimir  III.  surnamed  Great,  succeed- 
ed Ladislaus  1333.  He  was  a  humane 
monarch  as  well  as  a  great  warrior.  He 
defeated  John  of  Bohemia,  and  conquered 
Russia.  It  is  said  that  he  was  too  much 
addicted  to  wine  and  women.  He  died  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse  1370. 

Casimir  IV.  son  of  Jagellon,  was  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania,  and  raised  to  the  Polish 
throne  1447.  He  made  war  with  success 
against  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  against 
the  vaivode  of  Wallachia,  and  by  an  edict 
commanded  that  the  Latin  tongue  should 
become  the  vernacular  language  of  the 
kingdom,  which  continues  to  be  observed 
to  this  day.     He  died  1492. 

Casimir,  John,  son  of  Sigismund  III. 
from  a  cardinal  became  a  king,  and  married 
the  widow  of  his  brother  and  predecessor 
Ladislaus  VII.  He  was  defeated  by  Charles 
Gustavus  of  Sweden,  whom  afterwards 
with  the  assistance  of  Leopold  of  Germany 
he  conquered.  He  also  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians in  Lithuania,  but  the  ingratitude  of 
his   subjects  made  him  resisn  the  crown, 

Voi ..  I,  4? 


and  retire  to  Trance,  where  he  died  at  Ne- 
vers  1672. 

Caslon,  William,  an  eminent  letter 
founder,  born  in  1692,  at  Hales  Owen  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  originally  apprentice 
to  an  engraver  of  ornaments  on  gun-barrels, 
a  business  which  he  carried  on  in  Vine- 
street,  near  theMinories,  and  to  which  he 
added  the  making  of  tools  for  bookbinders, 
and  for  chasing  of  silver  plate.  The  neat 
lettering  of  a  book  exposed  to  sale  in  a 
bookseller's  shop,  accidentally  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  friendship  of  Mr.  Bowyer,  who 
not  only  encouraged  him  in  undertaking  a 
letter  foundery,  but  liberally  with  two  others 
lent  him  500/.  to  make  a  respectable  begin- 
ning. His  ingenuity  soon  procured  a  large 
and  increasing  concern,  he  was  engaged  to 
cut  the  fount  for  the  printing  of  the  New 
Testament  in  Arabic,  for  the  use  of  the 
poorer  Christians  in  the  east,  and  he  execu- 
ted his  fount  of  English  letters  with  such 
neatness  and  elegance  that  types  were  no 
longer  imported  from  Holland,  but  by  ex- 
ceeding the  productions  of  the  best  artifi- 
cers, large  demands  for  exportation  to  the 
continent,  evinced  the  great  superiority  of 
English  workmanship.  After  residing  for 
some  time  in  Helmet-row,  Old-street,  Un- 
settled in  1735  in  Chiswell-street,  where 
his  foundery  became  the  largest  in  the 
known  world.  He  retired  from  business, 
and  settled  at  Bethnal-green,  where  he 
died  23d  June,  1766,  aged  74.  He  was 
buried  in  St.  Luke's  churchyard,  Middle- 
sex. His  eldest  son,  William,  succeeded 
him  in  his  business.  Sir  John  Hawkins 
has  celebrated  his  hospitality  and  the  good- 
ness of  his  heart. 

Casnodyn,  a  Welch  poet  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century. 

Cassagnes,  James,  abbe  de,  a  French 
poet,  made  librarian  to  the  king,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy  by  the  patronage 
of  Colbert.  His  wish  to  distinguish  him- 
self as  a  pulpit  orator,  it  is  said,  was  so 
fatally  checked  by  Boileau,  who  in  the  same 
line  associated  him  with  Cotin,  one  of  the 
most  unpopular  and  ineloquent  preachers 
of  the  age,  that  he  fell  into  a  melancholy 
delirium,  and  actually  died  in  a  mad-house 
1679.  He  translated  Sallust  and  some  of 
Cicero's  works  into  French,  but  his  poetical 
pieces  are  now  deservedly  forgotten. 

Cassan,  a  Christian  who  renounced  his 
religion  to  become  king  of  Persia.  He  was 
warlike,  and  conquered  Syria,  and  defeated 
the  sultan  of  Egypt.  He  afterwards  profes- 
sed again  Christianity,  and  died  1304. 

Cassana,  Nicholo,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice.  His  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  con- 
taining nine  figures  as  large  as  life,  and  his 
portrait  of  his  patroness  queen  Anne,  are 
greatly  admired.  He  died  in  London  171.T, 
a£ed  54„ 


GAS 


CAS 


Cassana,  Giovani  Agostino,  brother  to 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  1664,  and  was 
eminent  in  drawing  beasts,  birds,  &c.  He 
died  poor  at  Genoa. 

Cassandek,  king  of  Macedonia,  after 
Alexander,  was  severe  against  the  Greeks, 
and  died  of  a  dropsy  B.  C.  304. 

Cassander,  George,  an  eminent  divine 
born  near  Bruges,  who  was  long  engaged  in 
the  fruitless  labour  of  reconciling  the 
catholics  and  protestants.  He  died  1566, 
aged  53.  His  works  were  printed  at  Paris 
1616,  folio. 

Cassander,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
was  an  able  translator  of  the  Greek  and  La- 
tin classics.     He  died  poor  in  1695. 

Cassandra  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady 
who  was  well  acquainted  with  the  learned 
languages  and  philosophy.  Her  letters  and 
discourses  were  published  at  Padua  by  To- 
masini.  She  was  respected  by  the  popes 
•Tulius  II.  and  Leo  X.  She  died  1567,  aged 
102. 

Cassentino,  Jacobo  di,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, the  founder  of  the  Florentine  academy. 
He  died  1356,  aged  80.  His  pieces,  scat- 
tered about  Italy,  were  deservedly  admired. 

Casserio,  Julio,  a  native  of  Placentia. 
Though  of  poor  parentage,  his  employment 
as  domestic  in  the  family  of  Fabricius  ab 
aqua-pendente  proved  the  beginning  of  his 
fame.  He  was  instructed  by  his  master, 
and  proved  so  able  an  assistant  that  he  af- 
terwards succeeded  him  as  professor  of 
anatomy  and  medicine  at  Padua.  He 
wrote  de  vocis  auditusque  organis  historia, 
fol.  1600 — anatomical  tables, — and  other 
works,  and  died  1616. 

Cassian,  a  monk  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifth  century.  He  founded  a  monastery 
near  Marseilles,  and  was  the  author  of  the 
sect  of  the  semipelagians,  whose  tenets 
were  severely  censured  by  some  synods. 
He  wrote  institutio  monachorum,  &c. 

Cassibelan,  or  Cassivelaunus,  a  king 
of  Britain  at  the  invasion  of  J.  Caesar.  It 
is  said  that  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Veru- 
lam,  now  called  St.  Alban's. 

Cassini,  Johannes  Dominicus,  a  cele- 
brated astronomer,  born  in  Piedmont  8th 
June,  1635.  He  studied  at  Genoa,  and  dis- 
played such  poetical  powers,  that  some  of 
his  pieces  were  published  when  he  was  only 
1 1  years  old.  He  accidentally  met  a  book 
on  astronomy,  and  he  devoted  himself  with 
such  application  and  success  to  that  science, 
that  at  the  age  of  15  he  was  invited  by  the 
senate  to  teach  mathematics  at  Bologna. 
The  appearance  of  a  comet  in  1652  enabled 
him  to  make  observations  on  those  eccen- 
tric bodies,  and  to  establish  the  doctrine 
that  they  were  not  meteors,  but  governed 
by  regular  laws  like  the  planets.  He  after- 
wards determined  the  apogee  and-eccentri- 
~itv  of  a  planet    from   its   true  and  mean 

aw 


place,  a  problem  which  Kepler  and  Bullial- 
dus  are  said  to  have  given  up  as  insolvable. 
His  reputation  became  now  so  great  that  he 
was  employed  in  settling  differences  that  had 
arisen  in  consequence  of  the  inundations  of 
the  Po,  and  he  was  appointed  inspector  ge- 
neral of  the  fortifications  of  the  castle  of 
Urbino,  and  of  all  the  rivers  in  the  ecclesias- 
tical states.  But  still  devoted  to  astronomy, 
he  made  various  important  discoveries  con- 
cerning the  planets,  and  he  settled  the  theo- 
ry of  Jupiter's  satellites,  which  he  published 
at  Rome  1666.  So  high  an  opinion  was  en- 
tertained of  his  abilities  by  the  French 
academicians,  that  Lewis  XIV.  obtained 
the  pope's  permission  to  allow  him  to  absent 
himself  for  six  years  from  his  offices  at 
Rome  and  Bologna.  He  visited  in  conse- 
quence the  capital  of  France  in  1669,  and 
was  made  royal  astronomer,  but  when  his 
six  years  were  expired,  the  pope  made  him 
forfeit  all  his  emoluments  as  he  did  not  re- 
turn ;  and  Colbert,  who  knew  the  greatness 
of  his  powers,  therefore  prevailed  upon  him 
to  become  a  naturalized  subject  of  France. 
As  the  first  occupier  of  the  new-built  ob- 
servatory at  Paris,  patronised  by  the  king, 
and  admired  by  the  nation,  he  proceeded 
with  rapid  strides  in  his  accurate  examina- 
tion of  the  heavens.  The  revolution  of  Jupiter 
round  its  axis  was  determined,  four  satellites 
more  were  added  to  Saturn,  and  the  meri- 
dian line  in  1695  was  proved  not  to  have  va- 
ried since  it  had  been  fixed  40  years  before, 
at  Bologna.  This  great  man,  and  incompara- 
ble astronomer,  after  continuing  the  meri- 
dian line  through  France,  and  enriching 
science  with  a  thousand  discoveries,  died 
14th  September,  1712,  and  was  succeeded 
in  the  observatory  by  his  son  John  James. 

Cassini,  John  James,  son  and  successor 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
educated  in  the  Mazarin  college  under 
Vai  ;gnon.  He  inherited  the  talents  of  his 
father,  and  described  with  great  labour  the 
perpendicular  of  the  meridian  of  France, 
from  St.  Maloes  through  Paris  to  Stras- 
burg.  He  asserted,  contrary  to  Newton's 
opinion,  that  the  earth  was  an  oblong  sphe- 
roid ;  an  opinion  which  was  proved  to  be 
false  by  the  report  of  the  mathematicians 
who  were  sent  by  the  French  king  to  mea- 
sure a  degree  of  the  meridian  at  the  equa- 
tor, and  at  the  polar  circle.  He  also  turned 
his  thoughts  to  electricity,  in  which  he 
made  some  curious  experiments.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  84,  in  1756,  at  Thuri  near 
Clermont.  His  works,  greatly  esteemed, 
were  elements  of  astronomy,  with  astrono- 
mical tables,  two  vols.  4to. — magnitude 
and  figure  of  the  earth. 

Cassini  de  Thurt,  Caesar  Francis,  se- 
cond son  and  successor  of  John  James,  was 
born  at  Paris,  17th  June,  1714.  His  pro- 
gress in  science  wn=  so   rapid,  that  at   * Jt *=- 


CAS 


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age  of  ten  he  calculated  the  phases  of  the 
sun  in  a  total  eclipse.  He  was  engaged 
afterwards  in  the  verification  of  the  meridi- 
an passing  through  the  observatory  at  Paris, 
and  he  with  great  assiduity  devoted  himself 
to  the  completion  of  a  geometrical  descrip- 
tion of  France,  with  very  minute  and  exact 
particulars.  His  labours  were  warmly 
supported  by  the  assistance  of  the  learned, 
and  the  munificence  of  the  court.  He  died 
of  the  smallpox,  4th  Sept.  1784,  leaving 
behind  him  an  amiable  and  respected  cha- 
racter. He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  John 
Dominic.  Several  of  his  pieces  are  in'  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences. 

Cassiodorus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  an  Ita- 
lian author,  who  died  577,  aged  96.  He 
was  noticed  at  the  court  of  Theodoric  king 
of  the  Goths,  and  employed  in  some  offices 
as  governor  of  Sicily,  and  as  a  privy  coun- 
sellor. He  afterwards  retired  to  solitude, 
and  built  a  monastery  in  Calabria,  where 
he  in  the  midst  of  religious  devotion  amu- 
sed himself  in  making  sun-dials,  water- 
clocks,  &c.  He  wrote  commentaries  on 
Scripture,  &c.  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  that  of  Rouen,  two  vols.  fol.  1679. 

Cassius,  Caius,  brother-in-law  of  Bru- 
tus, was  one  of  Caesar's  murderers,  though 
his  life  had  been  spared  at  Pharsalia  by  the 
dictator.  At  the  battle  of  Philippi  he  caused 
one  of  his  slaves  to  run  him  through,  not 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  42  B.  C. 

Cassius,  Longinus  Lucius,  a  Roman 
magistrate  of  great  integrity,  B.C.  115. 

Cassius,  Avidius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der M.  Antoninus.  He  conquered  the  Par- 
thians,  Syrians,  and  Egyptians,  and  after- 
wards proclaimed  himself  emperor.  He 
was  soon  after  assassinated  by  one  of  his 
soldiers. 

Cassius,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  poet,  said 
to  have  been  a  conspirator  against  J.  Caesar. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Augustus. 

Cassius,  Severus  Titus,  a  Roman  orator 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  eloquent,  but  violent 
in  his  accusations  against  individuals. 

Castagno,  Andrew  del,  a  painter  of  Tus- 
cany. He  obtained  the  secret  of  painting 
in  oil  from  Dominico  de  Venise,  and  after- 
wards conceived  such  hatred  against  him, 
that  one  evening  he  assassinated  him.  Do- 
minico, who  knew  not  his  murderer,  has- 
tened to  the  house  of  his  perfidious  friend, 
and  expired  in  his  arms.  The  bloody  deed 
remained  undiscovered,  till  Castagno  re- 
vealed it  on  his  death-bed,  and  drew  upon 
his  memory  the  execration  of  his  country. 
He  finished  in  1478,  at  the  request  of  the 
Florentine  republic,  the  execution  of  the 
conspirators  against  the  Medicis. 

Castaldi,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Feltri, 
eminent  as  a  poet.  He  executed  with  suc- 
cess an  embassy  to  the  republic  of  Venice, 
and  founded  a  college  at  Padua,  where  he 


died  1537,  aged  57.  His  poems,  consisting 
of  Latin  and  Italian  pieces,  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  were  edited  by  abbe  Conti  in 
1757,  in  4to. 

Castalio,  Sebastian,  born  at  Chatillon 
on  the  Rhone,  was  the  friend  of  Calvin,  by 
whose  influence  he  became  regent  in  the 
college  of  Geneva.  He  translated  the 
Bible  into  elegant  Latin,  and  displayed  his 
various  and  extensive  knowledge  of  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  by  several  other  publica- 
tions. His  opinions  with  respect  to  Solo- 
mon's song  and  Christ's  descent  into  hell, 
and  about  predestination  and  grace,  procured 
him  many  enemies  ;  and  at  last  he  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  Calvin  and  of  Theodore 
Beza,  who  reviled  him  as  a  papist.  He 
was  very  poor,  and  his  circumstances  were 
still  more  uncomfortable  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  wife  and  eight  children.  His 
colloquia  sacra,  in  elegant  Latin,  appeared 
in  four  vols.  12mo. 

Casteels,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  died  at  Richmond  in  Surrey,  1749, 
aged  65.  He  was  settled  at  Tooting,  and 
he  published  in  1726,  twelve  plates  of 
birds  designed  and  etched  by  himself. 

Castel,  Lewis  Bertrand,  a  Jesuit  and 
geometrician  of  Montpellier,  who,  through 
his  abilities,  became  the  friend  of  Fonte- 
nelle,  and  other  learned  men.  He  published 
some  very  ingenious  works,  but  his  vrai 
system  de  physique  generate  de  Newton, 
in  4to.  1743,  gained  him  universal  and  de- 
served reputation  as  a  philosopher  and  a 
man  of  science.  His  optic  of  colours, 
12mo. — his  treatise  on  gravity,  2  vols. 
12mo. — and  his  system  of  mathematics, 
4to.  were  also  much  esteemed.  He  died 
757,  aged  69. 

Castell,  Edmund,  D.  D.  a  learned  di- 
vine, born  in  1606,  at  Hatley,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  educated  at  Emanuel  college. 
He  was  afterwards  removed  to  St.  John's 
for  the  convenience  of  the  library  in  the 
compilation  of  his  Lexicon  Heptaglotton,  a 
valuable  work,  in  the  completion  of  which 
he  was  assiduously  engaged  17  years,  and 
upon  which  he  expended  upwards  ofl2,000! . 
Such  sacrifices  in  the  cause  of  learning  de- 
served high  and  liberal  patronage,  but  his 
preferment  was  at  first  only  the  smalt 
vicarage  of  Hatfield  Paverell  in  Essex, 
afterwards  the  rectory  of  Wodeham  Wal- 
ter, and  then  that  of  Higham  Gobion, 
Bedfordshire.  Some  time  after  he  be- 
came king's  chaplain,  professor  of  Arabic 
at  Cambridge,  and  prebendary  of  Canter- 
bury. The  lexicon  was  published  1669, 
but  the  work,  though  much  commended, 
remained  almost  entirely  unsold  upon  his 
hands.  Though  thus  discouraged,  he  yet 
devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation  of  orien- 
tal literature,  and  assisted  in  a  very  exten- 
sive degree  the  labours  of  Dr.  Walton,  in 
371 


CAS 


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the  publication  of  his  Polyglott  Bible.  Dr. 
Castell  died  1685,  aged  79,  and  was  buried 
in  his  parish  church,  Higham  Gobion, 
where  he  had  previously  erected  a  monu- 
ment. He  bequeathed  his  oriental  manu- 
scripts to  the  public  library  of  Cambridge, 
and  several  of  his  books  to  some  of  the  col- 
leges, and  to  particular  friends. 

Castelli,  Bernard,  a  Genoese  painter, 
who  died  1629,  aged  72.  Besides  painting 
the  portraits  of  eminent  poets,  he  engraved 
some  of  the  plates  for  Tasso's  Jerusalem. 
Castelli,  Valerio,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  in  1659,  aged  34.  He  was 
particularly  eminent  in  painting  battles. 

Castelli,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Bres- 
cia, who  became  a  Benedictine,  and  assist- 
ed Galileo  in  the  progress  of  his  astro- 
nomical observations.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Pisa,  and  then 
at  Rome,  and  died  1644. 

Castei.nau,  Michael,  a  Frenchman,  en- 
gaged as  ambassador  in  the  service  of 
Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  He  was  five 
times  in  England.  He  died  1592.  The 
memoirs  of  his  embassies  were  printed  in 
2  vols,  folio,  1669,  and  again  Brussels, 
1731 ,  in  three  vols,  folio. 

Castelnac,  Henriette  Julia  de,  wife  of 
count  de  Murat,  wrote  in  an  elegant  and 
pleasing  style,  les  lutrins  de  Kernosi,  12mo. 
— des  contes  de  fees,  two  vols. — le  voyage 
de  Campagne,  two  vols.  12mo.  She  died 
1716,  aged  45. 

Castelvetro,  Lewis,  a  learned  Italian 
of  Modena.  It  is  said  that  he  was  engaged 
the  half  of  his  life  in  his  commentary  on 
Aristotle's  poetics.  As  he  had  travelled  in 
Germany  he  was  suspected  of  having  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  Jaeing 
brought  before  the  inquisition  at  Rome,  he 
made  his  escape  from  the  punishment 
which  awaited  him,  and  fled  to  Basil, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and 
died  20th  Feb.  1571,  aged  66. 

Casti,  l'abbe,  an  Italian  poet  of  consider- 
able merit.  His  chief  poem  is  gli  animali 
parlanti,  or  speaking  animals,  He  wrote 
various  other  poems,  and  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  1803. 

Castiglione,  Joseph,  a  native  of  An- 
eona,  made  governor  of  Corneto  1598,  and 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  critic.  He 
was  author  of  a  history  of  his  own  times 
in  Latin  verse,  and  wrote  besides  variae 
kctiones  et  opuscula,  1694,  4to.  &r.  He 
died  1616. 

Castiglione,  Balthazar,  an  Italian  no- 
bleman, born  Dec.  6th,  1479,  at  Casatico 
in  the  dutchy  of  Mantua.  After  receiving  a 
very  liberal  education,  he  served  in  the 
army,  under  Sforza  duke  of  Milan,  and 
afterwards  was  engaged  by  duke  Urbino, 
as  his  ambassador  to  pope  Julius-  II.  and 
qftern-ards  to  Lewis  XII.  of  France,  and 
",72 


Henry  VII.  of  England.  He  published  afc 
Rome  1516,  his  celebrated  "  Courtier,"  a 
work  highly  admired  for  its  moral  and 
political  instructions,  and  for  the  elegance 
of  the  Italian.  He  married  in  his  36th 
year  the  daughter  of  the  famous  Bentivog- 
lio,  who  died  four  years  after,  leaving  him  a 
son  and  two  daughters.  The  abilities  of 
Castiglione  proved  very  serviceable  to  the 
holy  see,  and  were  employed  in  several 
negotiations  with  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. 
He  died  at  Toledo,  2d  Feb.  1529,  and  by 
order  of  Charles  V.  who  admired  and  res- 
pected him,  his  funeral  was  solemnized 
with  the  greatest  pomp.  Sisteen  months 
after  the  body  was  removed  by  his  mother 
from  Toledo,  to  a  church  at  Mantua,  which 
he  himself  had  built,  and  an  epitaph  was  in- 
scribed on  a  sumptuous  monument  by 
cardinal  Bembo. — Besides  the  Courtier, 
Castiglione  wrote  some  very  elegant  Latin 
and  Tuscan  poems,  inserted  in  the  deliciae 
poet.  Ital.  His  letters  appeared  at  Padua, 
in  2  vols.  1769. 

Castiglione,  Giovani  Benedetto,  an 
Italian  painter  of  Genoa,  who  died  1670, 
aged  54.  He  was  very  great  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  landscapes  and  cattle. 

Castiglione,  Francisco,  son  and  pupil 
to  the  preceding,  was  equally  respectable  in 
the  execution  of  his  pieces. 

Castille,  Alphonsus  X.  of.  Vid.  Al- 
phonsus. 

Castillo,  Ferdinand  de,  a  Dominican  of 
Spain,  who  wrote  an  account  of  his  order, 
2  vols.  fol.  1584.     He  died  1593. 

Castillo-t-saavedra,  Anthony  del,  a 
Spanish  painter  of  Cordova,  where  he  died 
1667,  aged  64.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  his- 
torical and  landscape  painting  ;  but  his  co- 
louring is  deficient  in  grace  and  in  taste. 
It  is  said  that  he  died  of  grief,  for  being 
surpassed  by  the  pencil  of  Murillo. 

Castries,  N.  Marshal  de,  an  able 
French  general,  who  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  seven  years  war.  He  was  called 
to  the  assembly  of  the  notables  in  1787, 
but  disapproved  of  the  violent  conduct 
of  his  colleagues,  and  left  France.  He 
died  at  Wolfenbuttel  in  Brunswick,  Jan. 
1800. 

Castro,  Alphonso  de,  a  Spanish  Fran- 
ciscan friar,  who  came  into  England  with 
Philip  II.  and  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Compostella,  very  soon  after  which  he  died 
at  Brussels,  1558.  He  was  an  able 
preacher,  and  wrote  a  popular  book  against 
heresies. 

Castro,  John  de,  a  native  of  Lisbon, 
who,  after  serving  against  the  Moors,  went 
with  Gama  to  the  east,  and  published  a 
description  of  the  Red  Sea.  When  he 
returned  to  Europe  he  was  appointed  over 
a  fleet,  and  went  with  Charles  V.  against 
Tunis,   and  afterwards  was  sent  ns  gover* 


CAS 


CAT 


noi' of  the  East  Indies' by  the  Portuguese 
government.  He  died  at  Diu,  which  he 
had  rendered  almost  impregnable,  1548, 
aged  48. 

Castro,  Paul  de,  a  native  of  Castro, 
professor  of  law  at  Florence,  Bologna, 
Sienna,  and  Padua.  His  works  possessed 
great  merit,  and  were  edited  in  8  vols.  fol. 
He  died  1437.  It  became  proverbial  to  say 
of  him  after  the  words  of  Cujas,  qui  non 
habct  Paulum  de  Castro,  tunicam  vendat  et 
emat. 

Castrucio,  Castraeani,  a  celebrated  ge- 
neral, who  was  a  foundling,  discovered  by 
the  monk  Antonio,  and  his  sister  Dianora, 
in  a  heap  of  leaves  in  a  vineyard,  at  Lucca 
in  Tuscany,  in  1284.  He  was  tenderly 
brought  up  by  the  humanity  of  his  preser- 
vers, and  intended  for  the  church  ;  but  his 
fondness  for  bold  exertions  and  military 
exercises  made  bim  prefer  the  profession  of 
arms.  He  entered  in  his  18th  year  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  army  of  the  Ghibelins,  whom 
the  party  of  the  Guelfs  had  just  driven 
from  Pavia.  The  valour  and  coolness 
which  he  displayed  recommended  him  to 
the  good  opinion  of  Guinigi  the  general, 
and  he  soon  rose,  though  opposed  and  even 
imprisoned  by  his  enemies,  to  the  highest 
honour,  and  was  at  last  declared  by  the 
people  of  Lucca  their  sovereign  prince. 
Beloved  at  home  and  respected  abroad,  he 
now  meditated  the  extension  of  his  power 
over  the  neighbouring  states,  and  though 
flattered  by  the  pope  he  did  not  dissolve 
into  effeminate  luxury,  or  betray  tyranni- 
cal oppression.  The  Florentines,  how- 
ever, viewed  his  elevation  with  jealous 
enmity;  and  30,000  foot,  and  10,000  horse 
appeared  in  the  field,  22,000  of  which  the 
active  general  destroyed,  with  the  loss  of 
only  1600  of  his  own  men.  But  here  for- 
tune checked  the  career  of  his  greatness, 
fatigued  after  the  bloody  contest,  and  re- 
gardless of  a  chill  north  wind  which  blew 
upon  him,  he  was  seized  with  an  ague, 
which  carried  him  off  in  a  few  days,  when 
he  expected  to  rise  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Italy.  He  died  in  his  44th  year  1328, 
admired  in  his  lifetime,  and  regretted 
after  his  death.  Machiavel  has  written 
his  life,  and  represented  him  as  a  most 
extraordinary  character,  of  great  presence 
of  mind,  benevolence  of  temper,  and  un- 
daunted firmness,  not  less  in  prosperity 
than  adversity.  He  always  went  bare- 
headed in  rain  or  hail,  as  well  as  in  the 
most  serene  sky. 

Caswell,  Richard,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  was  educated  a  lawyer,  and 
elected  by  that  state  a  member  of  the 
congress  in  1774.  In  1776,  he  commanded 
a  regiment  opposed  to  a  body  of  loyalists 
under  general  M'Donald,  over  whose 
forces   be    gained   an    important    victory. 


He  was  chosen  president  of  the  conven- 
tion, which  in  1776  formed  the  constitution 
of  North  Carolina,  and  was  repeatedly 
afterwards  governor  of  the  state.  He  died 
at  Fayetteville  in  1789.  He  was  highly 
amiable  in  disposition,  distinguished  for 
humanity,  and  rendered  important  services 
to  his  country.  tr  L. 

Cat,  Claude  Nicholas  le,  a  native  of 
Bleraucourt  in  Picardy,  intended  for  the 
church,  but  finally  educated  as  a  surgeon. 
In  1725,  he  published  a  letter  on  the  aurora 
borealis  of  that  year,  and  in  1731,  he  be- 
came the  surgeon  of  the  hotel  Dieu  at 
Rouen,  where  five  years  after,  he  formed 
a  public  school  of  anatomy,  and  a  literary 
society  of  which  he  became  the  secretary. 
He  was  pensioned  with  2000  livres  by  the 
French  king  in  1759,  and  seven  years  after 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility.  He  wrote 
on  the  theory  of  hearing  1758,  8vo. — on  the 
nervous  fluid,  1765,  8vo. — on  astrology, 
1767,  8vo. — on  the  senses,  2  vols.  12mo. 
&c.  and  died  1768,  aged  68. 

Catel,  William,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
counsellor  of  the  city,  and  author  of  a 
history  of  the  courts  of  Toulouse,  fol. — 
and  of  memoirs  of  the  province  of  Langue- 
doc,  fol.     He  died  1626,  aged  57. 

Catellan,  Maria  Claire  Priscilla  Mar- 
guerite de,  a  lady  of  Narbonne,  who  died 
at  Toulouse  1745,  aged  83.  Her  odes 
were  admired  by  the  French,  and  were 
crowned  by  the  Toulouse  academicians. 

Catesbt,  Mark,  F.R.S.  was  born  in 
England  in  1679.  He  had  an  early  and 
strong  propensity  to  the  study  of  natural 
history  ;  and  having  some  relations  in  Vir- 
ginia, determined  to  gratify  his  taste  for 
inquiries  of  this  nature,  by  exploring  a 
part  of  the  new  world.  He  visited  that 
colony  in  1712,  where  he  staid  seven  years, 
collecting  and  describing  the  productions  of 
the  country.  During  this  period  he  made 
numerous  botanical  communications  to  his 
friends  in  Great  Britain.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1719 ;  but  soon  afterwards, 
encouraged  by  sir  Hans  Sloane,  Dr.  She- 
rard,  and  some  other  naturalists,  deter- 
mined to  make  another  visit  to  America, 
and  accordingly  embarked  for  South  Caro- 
lina, where  he  arrived  in  May  1722.  He 
now  remained  four  years  in  the  country, 
exploring  Carolina,  Georgia,  the  Florida's, 
and  the  Bahama  Islands.  Returning  to 
England  in  1726,  he  employed  himself  for 
a  number  of  years  in  preparing  for  publi- 
cation his  great  work,  entitled  "  The  Na- 
tural History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the 
Bahama  Islands."  The  first  part  of  this 
work  appeared  in  1730,  and  the  last  in 
1748,  making  in  the  whole  two  volumes 
large  folio.  At  the  time  of  its  appearance 
it  was  the  most  splendid  work  on  Natural 
History  that  had  ever  issued  from  the  press 
373 


GAT 

in  Great  Britain,  and  had  scarcely  a  rival 
in  magnificence  in  the  world.  Many  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  useful  plants  were 
in  his  work,  for  the  first  time  exhibited  in 
their  true  proportions,  and  natural  colours. 
It  includes  also  a  number  of  admirable  and 
original  descriptions  in  Zoology  as  well  as 
in  Botany.  Catesby  died  in  London  in  1 749. 
The  celebrated  Gronovius  of  Leyden,  with 
whom  he  corresponded,  and  who  highly 
esteemed  him,  called  a  shrub  of  the  tetran- 
drous  class  Catesbea  after  him.      iO  L. 

Catharine,  a  daughter  of  Charles  VI. 
of  France,  who  married  Henry  V.  of 
England,  and  after  his  death  Owen  Tu- 
dor, a  Welchman,  by  whom  she  had  Ed- 
mund, the  father  of  Henry  VII.  She  died 
143S. 

Catharine  of  Arragon,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  V.  of  Castile,  married  Arthur, 
son  of  Henry  VII.  in  1501,  and  on  his 
death,  five  months  after,  Henry,  afterwards 
the  VIHth.  Her  conduct  as  a  wife  was 
most  exemplary,  and  her  many  virtues 
place  her  character  in  the  most  amiable 
point  of  view.  Her  divorce  from  Henry, 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  Anne  Boleyn, 
produced  the  reformation  of  England.  She 
wrote  some  religious  pieces,  and  died  at 
Kimbolton,  universally  respected. 

Catharine  de  Medicis,  queen  of 
France,  daughter  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis, 
duke  of  Urbino,  married,  in  1534,  Henry 
duke  of  Orleans,  son  of  Francis  I.  Though 
at  first  she  had  no  children,  afterwards  she 
had  ten,  three  of  whom  became  successively 
kings  of  France,  and  a  daughter,  queen  of 
Navarre.  Her  husband  died  1559 ;  and 
during  the  short  reign  of  her  son  Francis, 
she  obtained  no  influence  in  the  cabinet, 
from  the  superior  power  of  the  Guises  ; 
but  on  the  elevation  of  Charles  IX.  then 
only  11  years  of  age,  the  queen-mother 
became  the  regent,  and  showed  the  infa- 
mous features  of  her  mind  by  the  dreadful 
murders  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Despised 
for  her  cruelties  and  perfidy,  and  the  slave 
of  lust,  this  worthless  and  too  powerful 
woman  died  1589,  aged  70. 

Catharine  of  Sienna,  a  Romish  saint, 
who,  at  the  age  of  8,  is  said  to  have  vowed 
perpetual  celibacy.  As  a  pretended  pro- 
phetess, acquainted  with  futurity,  she  ad- 
vised Pope  Gregory  to  remove  the  seat  of 
the  ecclesiastical  government  from  Avignon 
to  Rome,  for  a  continuance  of  seventy-six 
years  :  for  which  concession,  however,  the 
pope  expressed  sorrow  on  his  death-bed. 
She  wrote  several  things  in  a  fanatical  style. 
Her  letters  have  been  printed.  She  died 
1380,  aged  33,  and  was  canonized  1461. — 
Another  saint  of  the  same  name  founded  a 
convent  in  her  native  town  of  Bologna,  and 
died  1463.  She  wrote  also  some  theolo- 
gical books  of  little  value. 
374 


•GAT 

Catharine  of  Portugal,  was  daughter 
of  John  IV.  and  wife  of  Charles  II.  of  Eng- 
land, whom  she  married  1661.  She  was 
treated  with  unkindness  by  the  licentious 
Charles,  and  after  his  death  she  returned 
to  Portugal,  where  she  was  made  regent 
during  the  imbecile  state  of  her  brother 
Peter.  She  conquered  the  Spaniards,  and 
died  1705,  aged  67. 

Catharine  of  Bourbon,  sister  of  Henry 
IV.  married,  1599,  Henry  of  Lorraine, 
duke  de  Bar.  This  union,  as  being  poli- 
tical, was  not  productive  of  much  happi- 
ness. She  died  without  children,  at  Nanci, 
13th  February,  1604,  aged  46. 

Catharine  Alexievna,  empress  of  Rus- 
sia, a  native  of  Ringen,  in  Livonia,  born  of 
obscure  parents.  She  was  early  instructed 
in  the  house  of  a  Lutheran  clergyman  ;  but 
his  death,  and  that  of  her  mother,  left  her 
destitute,  and  she  retired  to  Marienburg. 
There,  in  1701,  she  espoused  a  dragoon  of 
the  Swedish  fortress  in  that  city  ;  but,  on 
the  day  of  her  nuptials,  and  before  their 
consummation,  the  unhappy  bridegroom 
fell  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  the  captive 
Catharine  became  the  property  of  general 
Bauer,  who  saw  and  admired  her  beauty. 
She  was  afterwards  in  the  service  of  prince 
Mentshicof,  and  in  her  17th  year,  she  be- 
came the  mistress  of  Peter  the  Great,  and 
so  much  captivated  him  that,  on  the  29th 
of  May,  1711,  he  privately  married  her, 
and  on  the  12th  of  the  following  February 
announced  her  as  his  empress  in  his  capi- 
tal. On  his  death,  in  1725,  she  was  pro- 
claimed as  sovereign  of  all  the  Russias  ; 
and  she  deserved  the  high  dignity.  The 
grand  designs  of  the  czar  were  completed 
by  her  extraordinary  genius,  and  a  mild 
system  of  government  ensured  her  the 
affection  and  respect  of  her  subjects.  She 
died  17th  May,  1727,  aged  38.  Notwith- 
standing the  noble  qualities  of  her  charac- 
ter, and  the  great  services  which  she  ren- 
dered to  her  husband,  especially  at  the 
affair  of  Pruth,  she  was  suspected  of  being 
faithless  to  his  bed,  and  a  French  favourite, 
de  la  Croix,  the  chamberlain  of  the  court, 
was  beheaded  by  the  irritated  husband,  and 
his  body  exposed  to  public  view  with  great 
ignominy. 

Catharine  II.  empress  of  Russia,  was 
daughter  of  Christian  Augustus  of  Anhalt- 
Zerbst,  in  upper  Saxony,  and  at  the  age  of 
14,  she  married  the  duke  of  Holstein,  after- 
wards Peter  III.  After  some  years  she 
became  the  mother  of  a  son  and  daughter  ; 
but  the  mental  imbecility  of  her  husband 
rendered  Catharine  dissatisfied  and  faith- 
less, and  on  the  death  of  the  empress,  in 
1762,  the  young  monarch  soon  found  an 
ambitious  rival,  instead  of  a  submissive 
consort.  By  a  well-managed  plot  she 
seized  her   husband,   July  14,    1762,   and 


CAT 


CAT 


after  three  days'  confinement  he  expired 
in  the  castle  of  Robscha,  whilst  his  mur- 
deress proclaimed  herself  as  sole  sovereign 
empress,  and  ensured  the  stability  of  her 
government  by  tbe  wisest  and  most  popular 
measures.  To  remove  every  obstacle, 
prince  Iwan,  grandson  of  Peter,  an  inof- 
fensive youth,  was  secretly  cut  off ;  and 
the  empress,  sure  of  the  tranquillity  of  her 
dominions,  imposed  on  Poland  her  favour- 
ite, prince  Poniatowski,  as  king,  by  the 
name  of  Stanislaus  Augustus,  in  1764. 
Great  as  a  sovereign,  but  dissolute  as  a 
woman,  Catharine  was  engaged  for  ten 
years  in  a  Turkish  war,  and  lastly  with 
the  Swedes,  whilst  at  home  she  indulged 
herself  in  the  most  sensual  gratifications, 
in  the  company  of  favourites,  whom,  how- 
ever, she  rewarded  with  profuse  liberality. 
Tbe  patronage  which  she  extended  to  ge- 
nius and  literature,  and  the  benevolent 
motives  which  influenced  her  government 
in  all  internal  affairs,  will  always  appear 
as  illustrious  features  in  the  character  of 
Catharine.  The  bloody  capture  of  Ismael, 
however,  and  the  partition  of  Poland,  must 
excite  indignation  against  her  conduct,  as 
proceeding  from  the  same  corrupted  heart 
which  waded  to  the  throne  over  the  carcass 
of  a  murdered  husband.  She  died  suddenly 
of  an  apoplectic  fit  10th  November,  1797, 
and  was  succeeded  by  her  son  Paul,  who  in 
1800  was  succeeded  by  Alexander.  Catha- 
rine introduced  inoculation  into  Russia, 
and,  to  recommend  it  to  her  subjects,  she 
herself  first  submitted  to  the  operation,  and 
most  liberally  rewarded  the  English  physi- 
cian who  attended  her. 

Catharinus,  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Si- 
enna, who  attended  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  attacked  Luther  and  Ochinus.  He 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Minori,  and  after- 
wards to  that  of  Canza,  and  died  1553, 
aged  66. 

Catilina,  Lucius  Sergius,  a  noble  Ro- 
man, famous  for  his  debaucheries,  his  in- 
trigues, and  the  dangerous  conspiracy 
which  he  formed  against  the  happiness  and 
the  existence  of  his  country.  Cicero,  who 
was  then  consul,  happily  discovered  the 
whole  plot ;  and  Catiline,  mad  with  re- 
venge, left  Rome,  and  repaired  to  the  army, 
which  was  assembling  under  his  auspices. 
This  was  soon  attacked  and  defeated,  by 
the  consular  forces ;  and  Catiline  fell  in 
the  number  of  the  slain,  B.C.  62. 

Catinat,  Nicholas,  was  born  at  Paris 
first  September,  1637  ;  and  left  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  for  a  military  life.  He  soon 
distinguished  himself  in  this  new  career, 
and  at  Maestricht,  Besancon,  Scnef,  Cam- 
bray,  Valenciennes,  St.  Omer,  Ghent,  and 
Ypres,  he  displayed  such  acts  of  bravery, 
that  he  was  promoted  to  the  highest  offices. 
\s  lieutenant  general  lie  defeated  the  duke 


of  Savoy  in  1688,  and  took  the  best  part 
of  his  dominions,  and  at  Ath  in  Flanders, 
he  gathered  fresh  laurels  against  the  Ger- 
mans. In  the  war  of  1701,  he  was  put  at 
the  head  of  the  French  army  to  oppose 
Eugene,  who  commanded  the  Germans  in 
Italy.  The  highest  expectations  were 
formed  from  his  generalship,  and  even  Eu- 
gene bore  testimony  to  his  greatness  by 
saying,  on  the  indecision  of  the  French 
court,  in  appointing  either  Catinat,  or  Ven- 
dome,  or  Villeroi,  "  If  Villeroi  commands, 
I  shall  beat  him  ;  if  Vendome,  the  struggle 
will  be  great ;  but  if  it  be  Catinat,  I  shall 
be  beaten."  Misfortunes,  however,  attended 
this  campaign,  the  army  was  not  well  sup- 
ported, disunion  reigned  among  the  gene- 
rals, and  Catinat  to  this  probably  owed 
his  ill  success.  He  was  wounded  at  Chiari, 
and  retreated  behind  the  Oglio,  and  in  dis- 
grace but  with  great  composure  submitted 
to  serve  as  second  to  Villeroi.  After  being 
mareschal  of  France,  and  esteemed  by  the 
king,  this  great  general  died  at  his  estate 
at  St.  Gratian,  25th  February,  1712,  aged 
74,  leaving  behind  him  a  most  respectable 
character  for  coolness  in  the  day  of  battle, 
presence  of  mind,  and  benevolence  of 
heart. 

Catinf.au,  N.  a  native  of  Beaupreau, 
who  in  the  revolution  boldly  took  up  arms, 
and  headed  the  Vendeans  in  1793.  He 
afterwards  resigned  the  command  to  Bon- 
champ,  and  soon  after  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Nantes. 

Cato,  Marcus  Portius  Censorius,  an 
illustrious  Roman,  known  for  his  temper- 
ance, virtue,  and  valour.  He  served  his 
country  in  various  provinces  and  in  various 
oflices,  and  displayed  his  hatred  against 
Carthage,  by  the  fatal  exclamation  of  "de- 
lenda  est  Carthago."  He  was  distinguished 
not  only  as  a  soldier,  but  as  an  historian, 
and  died  about  150  years  B.C. 

Cato,  Marcus  Portius  Uticensis,  was 
great-grandson  of  the  censor,  and  pos- 
sessed the  same  integrity,  the  same  heroic 
firmness,  and  the  same  attachment  to 
his  country.  He  boldly  opposed  the  con- 
spiracy of  Catiline,  and  the  ambition  of 
Caesar,  and  moved  the  thanks  of  the  senate 
with  the  appellation  of  father  of  his  coun- 
try, to  Cicero  for  his  public  services.  De- 
feated with  the  republicans  at  Pharsalia, 
he  fled  to  Africa,  and  rather  than  fall  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemy  Caesar,  whose 
power  he  could  no  longer  oppose,  he 
destroyed  himself  at  Utica,  after  reading 
Plato's  treatise  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  B.C.  45. 

Cato,  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age 
of  Sylla.  His  Dira;  is  the  only  one  of  hi^ 
poems  extant.     He  died  B.C.  30. 

Catrou",  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit  born 


CA\ 


CAN 


at  Paris  1659,  and  died  1737.  Besides  his 
translation  of  Virgil,  and  a  share  in  the 
journal  de  trevoux,  and  a  history  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  he  wrote  a  history  of  the 
fanaticism  of  the  protestants,  quakers,  &c. 
and  a  Roman  history  with  notes  continued 
by  Rouille. 

Cattho,  Angelo,  a  native  of  Tarentum, 
in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
and  of  Lewis  XI.  as  astrologer  and  phy- 
sician. He  pretended  to  foretell  future 
events,  some  of  which,  it  is  said,  were 
truly  fulfilled.  He  died  at  Beneventum 
1497. 

Catullus,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman 
poet  of  \erona,  who  died  about  40  B.C. 
His  poems  are  elegant,  but  occasionally 
licentious. 

Catz,  James,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
known  as  a  politician,  but  more  as  a  poet. 
During  Cromwell's  usurpation  his  abilities 
were  employed  by  his  countrymen  as  am- 
bassador to  London.  On  his  return  he 
retired  to  his  favourite  studies  in  one  of  his 
country  houses,  where  he  died  1660,  aged 
83.  His  poems,  which  are  in  Dutch,  are 
highly  esteemed  by  his  countrymen.  The 
last  edition  was  in  1756,  2  vols.  fol. 

Cayalcanti,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
who  served  pope  Paul  III.  in  a  military  as 
well  as  a  political  capacity,  and  died  at 
Padua  1562,  aged  59.  He  wrote  excellent 
treatises  on  rhetoric,  and  on  the  best  forms 
of  a  republic.  Another  Italian  of  the  same 
name,  wrote  some  poems  of  merit,  printed 
1527.  He  was  of  Florence,  and  lived  in 
the  13th  century. 

Cavalier,  John,  son  of  a  peasant  at 
Cevennes,  is  famous  for  his  bravery  in  the 
wars  of  the  Camissards,  or  protestant  in- 
surgents against  Lewis  XIV.  At  the  head 
of  an  enthusiastic  multitude  he  defeated 
the  bravest  of  the  king's  troops,  though 
commanded  by  the  greatest  generals.  Vil- 
lars  at  last  concluded  a  truce  with  him,  and 
he  was  received  into  the  pay  and  protection 
of  the  king,  but  fearing  treachery,  he  quit- 
ted France,  and  went  to  England.  He 
greatly  distinguished  himself  afterwards  in 
Spain,  especially  at  the  battle  of  Almanza, 
and  was  made  governor  of  Jersey,  where  it 
js  supposed  that  he  died  about  1705. 

Cavalieri,  Bonaventure,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  disciple  to  Galileo,  and 
professor  at  Bologna,  where  he  died  1647. 
He  wrote  on  geometry,  logarithms,  trigo- 
nometry, conic  sections,  &c. 

Cavallini,  Pietro,  a  painter,  born  at 
Rome.  His  pieces,  which  were  in  high  es- 
teem, and  were  on  religious  subjects,  are 
chiefly  preserved  at  Rome.  His  mosaic 
over  the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  is  much  ad- 
mired, as  well  as  the  Virgin  and  child  in 
one  of  the  churches  of  Rome.  He  died 
■\7C 


1364,  aged  85.  He  was  the  disciple  ol 
Giotto. 

Cavallo,  Tiberius,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, was  the  son  of  a  physician  at  Naples, 
and  born  there  in  1749.  Being  intended 
for  trade  he  was  sent  to  England  in  1771, 
but  the  study  of  philosophy  superseded  that 
of  commerce,  and  he  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  scientific  pursuits.  In  1779  he 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Neapolitan 
Academy,  and  he  was  also  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  to  whose  transactions  he 
communicated  a  number  of  valuable  papers. 
His  separate  works  are — 1.  A  complete 
treatise  of  Electricity,  1777,  8vo. ;  enlarged 
to  3  vols,  in  1795. — 2.  An  essay  on  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Medical  Electricity, 
8vo. — 3.  A  treatise  on  the  nature  and  pro- 
perties of  Air,  with  an  introduction  to  Chy- 
mistry,  4to.— -4.  The  history  and  practice 
of  Aerostation,  Svo. — 5.  Mineralogical  Ta- 
bles, fol. — 6.  A  treatise  on  Magnetism, 
8vo. — 7.  Description  of  the  Micrometer 
invented  by  him,  8vo. — 8.  An  essay  on  the 
medicinal  properties  of  Factitious  Airs, 
8vo.    He  died  in  London  in  1809.— IT.  25. 

Cavanilles,  Antonio  Joseph,  a  Spanish 
botanist,  was  born  at  Valencia  in  1745. 
He  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  be- 
came an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  appointed 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  duke  de  l'Infantado, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Paris,  where  he 
resided  twelve  years,  and  became  associa- 
ted with  Jussieu.  In  1801  he  was  in- 
trusted with  the  care  of  the  royal  garden 
at  Madrid,  where  he  died  in  1804.  He 
published — 1.  Observations  sur  Particle 
Espagne,  de  le  nouvelle  Encyclopedic — 2. 
Dissertation  upon  Monadelphous  Plants, 
4to.  in  Latin. — 3.  Icones  et  descriptiones 
Plantarum  quae  aut  sponte  in  Hispania 
crescunt,  aut  in  hortis  hospitantur,  6  vols, 
fol. — 4.  History  of  the  kingdom  of  Valen- 
cia, 2  vols.  fol.  He  has  also  many  valua- 
ble papers  in  the  work  entitled  "  Annales 
de  Ciencias  Naturales,"  published  at  Ma- 
drid.— W.  B. 

Cave,  Dr.  William,  was  born  in  1637, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge.  He 
was  successively  minister  of  Hasely,  Ox- 
fordshire, Great  Alhallows,  and  Islington, 
near  London,  and  afterwards  chaplain  to 
Charles  II.  and  in  16S4  canon  of  Windsor. 
Among  his  works  were  a  history  of  the 
lives,  acts,  deaths,  &c.  of  the  Christian  fa- 
thers during  the  three  first  centuries  of  the 
church,  and  his  historia  literaria,  published 
in  1688,  containing  an  account  of  all  wri- 
ters either  against  or  in  favour  of  Chris- 
tianity to  the  14th  century,  two  works 
which  engaged  him  in  a  controversial  and 
important  dispute  with  Le  Clerc.  He  died 
1713,  and  was  buried  at  Islington. 

Cave,  Edward,  known  as  the  first  editor 
of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  was  born  ft- 


CAV 


CAV 


Newton  in  Warwickshire,  1691,  and  edu- 
cated at  Rugby,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Holyock.  In  this  seminary  he  gained  at 
first  the  good  opinion  of  his  master  by  his 
abilities,  but  when  the  mischievous  follies 
of  his  school-fellows,  more  wealthy,  and 
therefore  more  independent  than  himself, 
were  unhandsomely  attributed  to  his  un- 
submissive disposition,  he  left  Rugby,  and 
after  being  in  the  employment  of  a  collec- 
tor of  excise,  and  of  a  timber  merchant,  he 
became  apprentice  to  Mr.  Collins,  a  respect- 
able printer.  By  his  assiduity  he  soon 
rose  to  consequence  in  his  profession,  and 
by  the  interest  of  his  wife's  relations  he 
obtained  a  small  place  in  the  post-office, 
whilst  still  he  continued  to  print  pamphlets, 
or  contributed  to  the  popularity  of  journals 
and  newspapers.  He  was  engaged  also  by 
the  stationers  to  correct  the  gradus  ad  par- 
nassum,  and  was  handsomely  rewarded  for 
his  trouble,  and  gained  some  addition  to 
his  income  by  editing  a  criminal  calendar, 
and  other  periodical  publications.  As  clerk 
of  the  franks  in  the  post-office,  he  used  his 
privileges  of  examining  the  right  of  frank- 
ing with  more  freedom  than  pleased  the 
members,  and  he  was  cited  before  the 
house,  and  afterwards  discharged,  though 
nothing  was  ever  advanced  against  his 
honour  or  integrity.  In  1733  he  began 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  a  publication 
which  by  great  and  unexpected  success, 
contributed  to  the  independence  of  his  for- 
tune, and  which  still  maintains  its  reputa- 
tion as  a  valuable  repository  of  whatever  is 
curious  in  antiquities,  in  history,  or  biogra- 
phy. He  died  10th  January,  1754.  He 
had  lost  his  wife  three  years  before  by  an 
asthma.  He  was  a  man  of  great  perse- 
verance and  application,  but  in  his  manners 
he  was  cold  and  reserved  ;  his  heart,  how- 
ever, was  warm  and  charitable,  and  the 
money  which  his  diligence  had  laboriously 
procured  was  liberally  imparted  to  the  ne- 
cessitous. He  was  buried  in  St.  James's 
church,  ClerkenTvell,  and  an  inscription  is 
erected  to  his  honour  in  the  church  of  Rug- 
by, by  the  pen  of  Dr.  Hawkesworth.  Dr. 
Johnson,  who  shared  his  friendship  and 
patronage,  has  given  a  short  but  entertain- 
ing account  of  his  life. 

Cavedone,  Jacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  misfortunes,  it  is  said,  overpowered 
his  intellects,  so  that  he  died  poor,  in  a 
stable,  at  Bologna,  1660,  aged  80.  His 
pieces  are  said  to  be  equal  to  those  of  his 
master,  Annibal  Caracci. 

Cavendish,  Thomas  was  born  at  Frim- 
ly,  in  Suftblk,  and  allied  to  a  noble  family. 
He  determined  to  repair,  at  the  expense  of 
the  Spaniards,  his  fortune,  which  youthful 
extravagance  had  ruined,  and  with  two 
ships  which  he  built,  one  of  120  and  the 
other  of  60  tons,  with  a  bark  of  40  tons,  he 
sailed   from    Plymouth    21st  July,   1586. 

Vol.  I.  48 


After  crossing  the  straits  of  Magellan,  he 
began  to  enrich  himself  by  the  many  prizes 
which  he  made  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
especially  by  an  Acapulco  ship,  which  he 
burned,  after  taking  60,000*.  of  gold  from 
her  cargo.  Having  thus  surrounded  the 
globe,  he  returned  to  Plymouth  on  the  9th 
September,  1588 ;  but  the  many  riches 
which  he  brought  home  were  soon  quickly 
wasted  away,  and  three  years  after  he 
again  embarked  in  pursuit  of  new  adven- 
tures and  fresh  prizes.  He  reached  the 
straits  of  Magellan  April  8,  1592,  but  the 
tempestuous  weather  obliged  him  to  return, 
and  the  ill  success  of  his  expedition  so 
preyed  upon  his  heart  that  he  died  of  grief 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

Cavendish,  sir  William,  a  gentleman  of 
Suffolk,  known  as  gentleman  usher  in  the 
splendid  establishment  of  cardinal  Wolsey's 
household.  His  attachment  to  his  patron 
was  so  sincere,  that  he  refused  to  abandon 
him  even  in  his  disgrace  ;  and  this  proof  of 
fidelity  was  observed  by  Henry  VIII.  who 
took  him  under  his  protection,  knighted 
him,  and  conferred  upon  him  several  im- 
portant and  lucrative  offices.  He  conti- 
nued in  favour  at  the  court  of  Edward  VI. 
and  with  his  successor  Mary,  and  died 
1557,  aged  about  52.  He  was  three  times 
married,  and  by  his  last  wife,  who  was  a. 
widow,  he  left  three  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters. This  last  wife  was  a  lady  of  great 
character,  and  deservedly  esteemed  as  the 
most  famous  woman  of  her  times.  She 
was  four  times  married,  and  happily,  and 
died  a  widow,  13th  February,  1607,  leaving 
issue  by  one  husband  only.  Sir  William 
was  the  progenitor  of  the  dukes  of  Devon- 
shire and  Newcastle.  He  published  a  life 
of  his  patron  Wolsey,  in  which  he  extols 
him  as  a  great  and  perfect  character.  It 
was  printed  in  1667,  and  again  in  1706. 

Cavendish,  William,  duke  of  Newcas- 
tle, grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1592.  His  person  and  elegant  manners 
recommended  him  to  the  favour  of  James 
I.  by  whom  he  was  made  knight  of  the 
bath,  and  baron  Ogle,  and  viscount  Mans- 
field. Charles  I.  likewise  patronised  him, 
and  created  him  earl  of  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  and  appointed  him  governor  to  the 
prince  of  Wales.  Buckingham  envied, 
but  could  not  prevent,  the  king's  partiality, 
for  Cavendish  displayed  not  only  the  cour- 
tier but  the  loyal  subject ;  and  he  not  only 
entertained  Charles  at  Welbeck,  on  his 
march  against  the  Scots,  but  he  presented 
him  with  10,000*.  and  a  body  of  200 
knights,  serving  at  their  own  charges,  and 
commanded  by  himself.  The  disastrous 
event  of  the  royal  cause  at  last  alarmed 
Cavendish,  and  after  the  battle  of  Marston- 
moor  he  fled  to  Scarborough,  from  whence 
he  passed  to  Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  to 
Amsterdam  and  Paris.  Though  an  exile, 
377 


CAV 


CAV 


he  early  foresaw  the  fall  of  the  common- 
wealth ;  and  he  returned  with  the  king,  by 
whom  lie  was  created  dulce  of  Newcastle. 
He  died  on  Christmas-day,  1676,  aged  84. 
Besides  a  treatise  on  government,  &c.  writ- 
ten while  in  exile,  he  published  several 
plays  and  poems,  and  a  celebrated  treatise 
on  horsemanship,  of  which  an  elegant  edi- 
tion was  some  years  ago  printed.  His 
second  wife,  Margaret,  sister  to  lord  Lucas, 
was  a  woman  of  great  wit,  and  many  liter- 
ary accomplishments.  She  wrote  the  life 
of  her  husband,  besides  various  poems  and 
plays,  and  she  was  buried  in  the  same  vault 
in  Westminster-abbey.  The  title  became 
extinct  in  1691,  by  the  death  of  Henry,  the 
son  of  the  first  duke,  without  issue. 

Cavendish,  William,  first  duke  of  De- 
vonshire, was  born  25th  January,  1640.  He 
sat,  when  of  age,  in  the  long  parliament, 
for  Derbyshire,  and  in  1665  he  accom- 
panied the  duke  of  York  as  a  volunteer  in 
the  fleet.  Four  years  after  he  was  in  the 
suite  of  Montague,  the  ambassador  to 
France  ;  and  when  at  the  opera  at  Paris, 
he  was  rudely  insulted,  and  severely  wound- 
ed by  three  of  the  king's  officers  ;  a  heinous 
offence,  which  was  pardoned  only  by  his 
earnest  intercession  for  the  culprits.  In 
his  conduct  in  parliament,  Cavendish  was 
bold,  manly,  and  patriotic  ;  he  promoted 
the  inquiry  into  the  murder  of  sir  Edmon- 
bury  Godfrey  ;  he  supported  the  impeach- 
ment of  Danby  and  of  Scraggs  ;  and  not 
only  appeared  at  the  trial  of  lord  Russel 
personally,  to  vindicate  his  character,  but, 
after  his  condemnation,  he  offered  to  ex- 
change clothes  with  him  ;  a  proposal  which 
was  generously  refused.  In  the  arbitrary 
reign  of  James  he  preserved  the  same  un- 
yielding spirit ;  and  when  personally  in- 
sulted by  colonel  Culpepper,  the  favourite 
of  the  king,  he,  though  in  the  presence 
chamber,  took  him  by  the  nose,  and  drag- 
ged him  out  of  the  room.  This  insult  of- 
fered to  the  royal  residence  was  denounced 
in  the  king's  bench,  and  the  offender  was 
fined  30,000J.  and,  though  a  peer,  imprison- 
ed till  the  mulct  was  discharged.  He, 
however,  escaped  to  Chatsworth ;  and 
when  seized  by  the  sheriff  of  the  county, 
he  gave  him  for  the  faithful  payment  a 
bond,  which  William  HI.  afterwards  can- 
celled. The  tyranny  of  James  now  in- 
duced Cavendish,  with  other  peers,  to  in- 
vite the  prince  of  Orange  to  invade  the 
kingdom  ;  and  on  his  landing,  he  joined 
him  with  a  respectable  number  of  follow- 
ers, and  ever  after  deserved  and  enjoyed  his 
fullest  confidence.  At  the  coronation  of 
William  and  Mary  he  acted  as  lord  high 
steward ;  and,  1691,  he  attended  the  mo- 
narch to  the  Hague,  where,  with  all  the 
magnificence  of  an  English  nobleman,  he 
entertained  several  sovereign  princes  at  his 
table.  In  1694  he  was  created  duke  of 
378 


Devonshire,  and,  during  the  king's  absence, 
he  was  always  nominated  one  of  the  lords 
justices.  Under  Anne,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  settlement  of  the  act  of  union  with 
Scotland.  He  died  18th  August,  1707, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  the  marquis 
of  Hartington.  Cavendish  was  an  elegant 
scholar,  as  well  as  an  able  statesman  ;  and 
Chatsworth  remains  a  noble  specimen  of 
his  taste  and  genius.  He  wrote  poetry 
with  great  ease,  and  his  ode  on  the  death 
of  queen  Mary,  and  his  allusion  to  the 
archbishop  of  Cambray's  supplement  to 
Homer,  are  still  deservedly  commended. 

Cavendish,  lord  John,  son  of  the  fourth 
duke  of  Devonshire,  was  distinguished  as 
an  able  politician,  and  as  the  friend  of  lord 
Rockingham,  and  the  determined  opponent 
of  lord  North's  measures  in  the  American 
war.  He  was  twice  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. He  died  19th  December,  1796, 
of  an  apoplectic  stroke. 

Cavendish,  lord  Frederic,  of  the  noble 
family  of  Devonshire,  was  born  1729.  He 
chose  a  military  life,  and  by  gradual  steps 
rose  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal.  He  was 
representative  for  Derbyshire,  and  after- 
wards for  Derby,  in  several  parliaments, 
till  he  retired  from  public  life.  In  the  ac- 
tion of  St.  Cas,  on  the  French  coast,  Sep- 
tember, 1758,  he  was  taken  prisoner  ;  and 
when  permitted,  with  the  other  officers,  to 
return  to  his  country,  on  his  parole,  by  the 
duke  d'Aiguillon,  he  at  first  refused  him, 
lest  his  voting  in  the  house  of  commons 
should  be  considered  as  a  violation  of  his 
parole.  He  was  one  of  those  officers  who, 
with  Wolfe,  Monkton,  and  Keppel,  united 
in  an  agreement  together,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  seven  years'  war,  not  to  marry  till 
the  return  of  peaee,  that  their  military  ca- 
reer might  not  be  interrupted  by  domestic 
concerns.  He  died  at  Twickenham,  21et 
October,  1803. 

Cavendish,  hon.  Henry,  son  of  lord 
Charles,  (who  was  brother  to  the  third  duke 
of  Devonshire)  and  the  lady  Anne  Grey, 
third  daughter  of  Henry  duke  of  Kent,  was 
born  at  Nice  in  1731.  He  received  his 
education  first  under  Dr.  Newcome,  at 
Hackney,  and  next  at  Cambridge,  where 
he  applied  solely  to  scientific  pursuits,  par- 
ticularly chymistry  and  natural  philosophy. 
In  1760  he  ascertained  the  extreme  levity 
of  inflammable  air,  now  called  hydrogen 
gas,  which  discovery  has  given  rise  to  many 
experiments,  particularly  in  aerial  naviga- 
tion. He  also  made  the  important  dis- 
covery of  the  composition  of  water  by  the 
union  of  two  airs,  which  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  modern  system  of  chymistry. 
He  was  also  an  excellent  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  as  his  valuable  papers  in 
the  philosophical  transactions  abundantly 
prove.  He  was  a  man  of  extreme  modesty, 
and  reserved  even  to  his  own  relations  j 


LAW 


CAZ 


so  that  by  living  a  recluse  life,  and  never 
marrying,  his  property  accumulated  to  the 
sum  of  one  million  two  hundred  thousand 
pounds.  He  died  at  his  house  on  Clapham 
Common,  February  24,  1810.— FT.  B. 

Caulet,  Francis  Stephen  de,  a  French 
prelate,  who  strongly  opposed  the  regale, 
or  the  right  assumed  by  the  king  of  dispo- 
sing of  vacant  ecclesiastical  benefices,  for 
which  he  was  dismissed  from  his  see.  He 
died  1680,  universally  respected  as  a  good, 
benevolent,  and  virtuous  prelate. 

Cauuac,  Guy  de,  a  French  anatomist  of 
Montpellier,  physician  to  the  popes  Cle- 
ment VI.  and  Urban  V.  His  system  of 
surgery  was  published  at  Venice,  1490. 
He  wrote  also  a  compendium  of  surgery. 

Cavote,  Lewis,  marquis  de,  a  French 
military  officer,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  Holland,  by  bravely  removing  an  Eng- 
lish fireship,  which  threatened  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  whole  fleet ;  for  which  he  was 
honourably  rewarded.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Turenne,  of  Racine,  Genest,  and  other 
learned  men  ;  and  died  1716,  aged  76. 

Cacssin,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Troyes,  counsellor  to  Lewis  XIII.  He 
opposed  Richelieu,  by  whom  he  was  dis- 
missed from  attendance  on  the  king's  per- 
son, and  banished  to  a  town  of  Lower  Bri- 
tany.  He  was  permitted  to  return  to 
Paris  after  the  cardinal's  death  ;  and  he 
died  in  the  Jesuits'  convent,  July,  1651, 
aged  71.  He  published  several  works  in 
French  and  Latin.  His  book  de  sacra  et 
profana  eloquentia,  is  well  known  in  Eng- 
land, and  his  "court  sainte"  has  been 
translated  into  almost  every  language  of 
Europe. 

Cawdret,  Daniel,  a  nonconformist, 
educated  at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  and 
ejected  from  his  living  of  Dilling,  North- 
amptonshire. He  was  a  member  of  the 
Westminster  assembly  of  divines,  and 
wrote,  besides  sermons  and  treatises,  some 
strong  pieces  against  the  established  church. 
He  died  1664. 

Cawton,  Thomas,  born  at  Colchester, 
was  educated  at  Rotterdam  and  Utrecht, 
and  afterwards  at  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
and  declaring  himself  a  nonconformist,  he 
began  to  preach  to  a  dissenting  congrega- 
tion at  Westminster.  He  died  of  a  con- 
sumption in  1677,  aged  about  40.  He  was 
a  good  Hebrew  scholar,  on  which  language 
he  wrote  a  dissertation,  besides  a  treatise 
on  divine  providence — a  discourse  on  the 
Syriac  version — and  the  life  of  his  father, 
who  was  minister  of  St.  Bartholomew,  be- 
hind the  Exchange,  who  had  been  accused 
of  being  concerned  in  Love's  plot  against 
Cromwell,  and  who  had  therefore  fled  to 
Holland,  where  he  died,  at  Rotterdam, 
1659.  The  father,  who  bore  the  same 
■name,  was  a  good  Hebraist,  and  gave  as- 


sistance to  the  compilation  of  the  Polyglott 
Bible,  and  to  Castell's  Polyglott  Lexicon. 

Caxton,    William,    the    first     English 
printer,  was  born  at  Weald,  in  Kent ;  and 
after  receiving  the  common   education  of 
the  times,  he  was  bound  to  Mr.  Robert 
Large,  a  mercer,  afterwards  lord  mayor  of 
London.     His  conduct  was  so  commenda- 
ble, that  his  master  at  his  death  left  him  a 
handsome  legacy.     He  afterwards  went  as 
agent  to   the  mercers'    company  into  Hol- 
land, and  was  empowered  by  Edward  IV. 
to  make  a  treaty  of  commerce  with  the 
duke  of  Burgundy.     During  his  residence 
abroad  he   became,   with    some   expense, 
acquainted  with  the  newly  discovered  art 
of  printing  ;  and  at  the  request  of  Marga- 
ret of  Yovk,  dutchess  of  Burgundy,  from 
whom  he  received  a  pension,  he  published 
his  "  recuyell  of  the  history  of  Troye,"  the 
first  book  ever  printed  in  English,  transla- 
ted by  himself,  1471.     In  1474  he  publish- 
ed, in  English,  his  game  of  chess  ;  a  work 
which,  for  its  curiosity,  was  purchased  for 
40  guineas,  by  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  of  Mr. 
Granger.     In  1477  he  published  the  dictes 
and  sayengis  of  the  philosophers,  transla- 
ted out  of  French  by  Antone  erle  Ry  vyres, 
lord  Seerles,  &c.     His  last  work  was,  "  the 
holy  lives  of  the  fathers  hermites  living  in 
the  deserts,"  1491,  in  which  year  he  died, 
leaving  behind  him  the  respectable  charac- 
ter of  an  industrious,  honest,  worthy  man, 
eager  to  promote  learning  and    religion 
among  his  countrymen. 

Catlus,  Anne  Claude,  count  de,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  Paris,  1692.  Dis- 
tinguished as  a  soldier  in  Catalonia  and  at 
Friburg,  he  left  the  army  at  the  peace  of 
Rastadt,  and  travelled  to  Italy  and  the  Le- 
vant. His  "  relics"  of  Egyptian  and  other 
antiquities,  in  7  vols.  4to.  1752 — 67,  is  a 
most  valuable  work.  He  wrote  also,  be- 
sides a  description  of  the  gems  in  the  royal 
cabinet,  the  lives  of  celebrated  painters  and 
engravers  of  the  French  academy  ;  and, 
from  a  passage  in  Pliny,  discovered  the  an- 
eient  mode  of  encaustic  painting,  and  of 
tinging  marble.     He  died  1765. 

Cazes,  Peter  James,  a  French  painter, 
who  studied  under  Houasse  and  Boullogne, 
and,  for  his  great  excellence,  was  honoura- 
bly admitted  into  the  academy,  1703.  His 
woman  with  an  issue  of  blood,  in  the 
church  of  Notre-Dame,  is  regarded  as  a 
most  perfect  and  valuable  piece.  This  in- 
genious artist,  whose  works  are  numerous, 
and  in  high  esteem,  died  1754,  aged  78. 

Cazotte,  James,  a  native  of  Dijon,  mayor 
of  Pierre,  near  Epernay.  He  was  for  his 
loyalty  to  the  king  dragged  to  the  abbaye 
prison,  in  1792  ;  and  when  the  fatal  month 
of  September  came,  his  daughter,  aged  17, 
who  had  shared  his  confinement  and  mis- 
fortunes, accompanied  him  to  the  bloody 
tribunal,  where  assassins  mocked  the  forms 
379 


CEC 


CEL 


of  justice.  The  blows  aimed  at  the  father 
were  repelled  by  the  heroic  daughter,  and 
with  such  effect,  that  the  murderers,  asto- 
nished at  her  conduct,  permitted  her  and 
her  trembling  parent  to  escape.  A  few 
days  after,  however,  Cazotte  was  again 
arrested,  on  suspicion,  and  condemned  to 
die.  He  was  guillotined  25th  September, 
1792,  aged  72.  He  wrote  some  things  in 
prose  and  verse,  which  have  appeared  in  6 
vols.  12mo.  and  2  vols.  8vo- 
■  Ceba,  Ansaldo,  a  Genoese,  who  acquired 
reputation  as  a  politician,  historian,  orator, 
and  poet.  His  treatise  on  epic  poetry  is 
more  valued  than  his  poems.  He  died 
1623,  aged  53.  He  wrote  also  Esther  and 
Camilla,  two  heroic  poems,  besides  Aleippo 
and  Gemalla  Capoane,  two  tragedies,  and 
a  history  of  Rome,  &e. 

Cebes,  a  Theban  philosopher,  pupil  to 
Socrates.  He  wrote  the  table  of  human, 
life. 

Cecco  de  Ascoli,  or  Francis  de  Gli  Sta- 
bili  of  Ascoli,  professor  of  astrology  and 
philosophy  at  Bologna,  from  which,  on  an 
accusation  of  magic,  he  removed  to  Flo- 
rence, where  he  became  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria.  His  knowledge  here 
again  exposed  him  to  the  suspicion  of  ma- 
gic, and  he  was  seized  by  the  inquisition, 
and  condemned  to  be  burnt.  This  eruel 
sentence  was  executed  1327.  His  poem 
called  l'acerta  was  for  some  time  popular. 

Cecil,  William,  lord  Burleigh,  was  born 
at  Bourn,  Lincolnshire,  1521,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
married  the  sister  of  sir  John  Cheek,  tutor 
of  Edward  VI.  From  Cambridge  he  re- 
moved to  Gray's  Inn,  and  applied  himself 
with  such  great  assiduity,  that  he  soon  be- 
came distinguished  at  the  bar.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  wife,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
sir  Anthony  Cooke,  a  lady  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  so  far  advanced  his  reputation  and 
his  fortunes  by  his  matrimonial  connexions, 
that  he  was  made  master  of  requests  by  the 
protector  Somerset,  and,  by  gradual  ad- 
vancement, knighted,  and  created  secretary 
of  state,  and  chancellor  of  the  garter.  In 
Mary's  reign,  his  abilities  were  respected, 
and  though  he  had  favoured  the  cause  of 
Jane  Gray,  yet  the  queen  often  consulted 
him,  though  not  in  office,  and  he  retained 
the  good  opinion  of  her  ministers.  Under 
Elizabeth,  he  became  again  secretary,  be- 
sides master  of  the  court  of  wards,  and 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1571  was 
created  lord  Burleigh.  He  died  August, 
1598,  aged  78,  leaving  a  son  by  each  of  his 
wives.  Though  twenty-seven  years  high 
treasurer  of  England,  he  yet  died  not  opu- 
lent, and  while  he  managed  with  honest 
frugality  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom,  he, 
with  inflexible  integrity,  disdained  to  en- 
rich himself  by  base  and  dishonourable 
means.  Besides  Latin  poems  or.  the  death 
380 


of  Lady  Nevil,  and  on  sir  Thomas  Chalo- 
ner,  he  wrote  some  pamphlets  in  defence 
of  the  queen  and  of  her  government,  and 
other  treatises.  His  state  papers  were 
published  by  Haynes,  1740,  and  a  continu- 
ation by  Murdin,  1760. 

Cecil,  Robert,  earl  of  Salisbury.  Vid. 
Salisbury. 

Cecil,  Richard,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  England,  was  the  son  of  a  silk-dier  in 
London,  and  born  in  1748.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
proceeded  to  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  on 
taking  orders  obtained  two  small  livings  in 
Sussex.  Afterwards  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, became  lecturer  of  Christ-church, 
Spitalfields,  and  minister  of  Orange-street 
chapel,  next  of  that  in  Long-Acre,  and 
lastly  of  one  belonging  to  the  parish  of  St. 
Andrew,  Holborn,  in  Bedford-Row.  In 
1800  he  was  presented  to  the  livings  of 
Chobham  and  Bisley  in  Surrey.  He  died 
in  1810.  Mr.  Cecil  published  several  ser- 
mons, and  the  lives  of  Mr.  John  Bacon, 
the  sculptor,  and  the  Rev.  William  Cado- 
gan.  All  his  works  were  published  after 
his  death  in  4  vols.  8vo.  with  his  memoirs 
prefixed. —  W.  B. 

Cecrops,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the 
Athenian  monarchy,  about  1556  B.  C. 

Cedrenus,  George,  a  Grecian  monk  of 
the  11th  century,  author  of  an  abridged 
history  from  the  creation  to  the  year  of 
Christ  1057  ;  a  work  collected  from  various 
authors,  and  entitled  to  little  esteem.  It 
was  printed  at  Paris  1647,  with  the  Latin 
version  of  Xylander. 

Celesti,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
who  died  1706,  aged  69.  His  views  about 
Venice  are  highly  admired. 

Celestin  I.  pope,  after  Boniface  II. 
condemned  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and 
died  432,  after  filling  the  chair  ten  years. 

Celestin  II.  pope,  after  Innocent  II. 
died  1143,  after  being  elected  only  five 
months. 

Celestin  III.  succeeded  Clement  III. 
1191,  and  died  seven  years  after.  He 
claimed  the  kingdoms  of  Sicily  and  Naples 
as  appendages  to  the  holy  see,  and  gave 
the  former  to  Frederic,  son  of  the  emperor 
Henry  VI.  on  his  paying  regular  tribute  to 
the  holy  see. 

Celestin  IV.  was  pope  only  eighteen 
days,  and  died  1241. 

Celestin  V.  was  elected  pope  1294, 
but  with  difficulty  could  be  prevailed  upon 
to  leave  his  humble  cell  for  a  throne.  He 
was  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Celestin, 
suppressed  in  France  1778.  Celestin  re- 
signed the  tiara,  by  the  insinuations  of  Ca- 
jetan,  who  succeeded  him,  by  the  title  of 
Boniface  VIII.  He  was  imprisoned  by  his 
artful  successor  in  a  castle  in  Campania, 
and  died  there  1296.  He  was  canonized 
in  1313  by  Clement  V. 


CEL 


CEL 


Cellarius,  Christopher,  a  learned  man, 
born  at   Malcalde   in  Franconia.     He  ap- 
plied himself  to  classical  learning  and  the 
oriental  languages  at  the  university  of  Jena, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1666.  The 
following  year,  he  became  professo:  of  He- 
brew and  moral  philosophy  at  Weissenfels, 
and  in  1673  he  was  appointed  rector  of  Wei- 
mar college,  and  three  years  after  removed 
to  Zeits,  and  in  1678  he  accepted  the  rectory 
of  Mersbourg  roliege,  where  his  fame  soon 
drew  around  him  a  respectable  number  of 
students.     Though    extremely    partial    to 
Mersbourg,    yet   he  was   prevailed   upon 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  become  professor 
of  eloquence  and  history  in    the    newly 
founded   college  of  Halle,   in    1693,  and 
here  he    composed   the    best   part   of  his 
works,  till  unceasing  application  hastened 
the  imbecilities  of  old  age,  and  carried  him 
off  in    1703,  aged   69.      His  works   were 
very  numerous  and  valuable,  and  chiefly  on 
geography,     history,    grammar,     and    the 
orienta!    languages,    besides  learned    edi- 
tions of  more  than  twenty  Latin  and  Greek 
authors.  The  best  known  of  his  works  are, 
atlas  ccelestis,  fol. — notitia  orbis  antiqua, 
2  vols.  4to. — historia  antiqua,  12mo. — de 
Latinitate,  &c. 

Cellier,  Remi,  a  Benedictine  of  Bar 
le  due.  He  wrote  a  general  history  of  sa- 
cred and  ecclesiastical  authors,  23  vols.  4to. 
— an  apology  for  the  morality  of  the 
fathers,  against  the  Barbeyrac,  &c.  and 
died  1761,  aged  73. 

Cellini,  Benevento,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor and  engraver  of  Florence.  He  was 
originally  apprenticed  to  a  jeweller  and 
goldsmith,  and  besides  a  great  taste  for 
drawing  and  designing,  he  was  an  excel- 
lent musician,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  became  the  favourite  of  pope  Clement 
VII.  as  his  goldsmith  and  musician,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  great  ingenuity 
in  making  medals  and  rings.  The  pope 
had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  valour,  that 
he  intrusted  to  his  care  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo,  when  Rome  was  besieged  by  the 
duke  of  Bourbon,  and  Cellini  supported 
the  character  of  an  able  general,  and 
yielded  to  his  assailant  only  after  a  vigo- 
rous resistance,  and  by  an  honourable  capi- 
tulation. The  temper  of  Cellini  did  not, 
however,  accord  with  his  other  great  qua- 
lities. Fickle  and  capricious,  he  was  ever 
embroiled  in  quarrels ;  and  dissatisfied 
with  his  country,  he  travelled  tlrough 
Padua,  Switzerland,  Geneva,  and  Lyons, 
to  Paris,  to  seek  employment  and  patro- 
nage under  the  auspices  of  Francis  I.  but 
soon  returned  to  Italy.  From  Rome, 
where  he  was  for  some  time  imprisoned, 
on  a  charge  of  having  formerly  robbed  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  he  wished  to  revisit 
Paris ;  but  upon  some  unexpected  disgrace, 


he  determined  to  travel  on  a  pilgrimage  to 
Jerusalem,  till  the  large  promises  of  the 
French  king  altered  his  purpose,  and 
engaged  him  to  settle  in  his  capital. 
Flattered  and  liberally  patronised  at  Paris, 
Cellini  was  offended  with  madame  d'Es- 
tampes,  the  king's  favourite,  and  abandoned 
the  kingdom,  for  the  protection  of  Cosmo 
de  Medici,  at  Florence  ;  where  a  fresh 
insult  dismissed  him,  but  again,  after  a 
short  absence,  to  return.  tte  died  at 
Florence,  1570.  His  life,  with  curious 
anecdotes,  %vas  translated  from  the  Tus- 
can language  into  English,  in  2  vols.  8vo, 
1771. 

Celsus,  Aurelius  Cornel,  a  physician  at 
Rome,  under  Tiberius,  author  of  books  on 
medicine,  besides  tracts  on  agriculture, 
rhetoric,  &c. 

Celscs,  an  Epicurean  philosopher, 
known  in  the  2d  century,  for  his  treatise 
against  Christianity,  which  was  refuted  by 
Origen. 

Celtes,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet  of  Swein- 
furt,  near  Wertzburg,  died  at  Vienna  1 508, 
aged  49,  after  having  obtained  the  honour 
of  the  poetic  laurel.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  emperor  Maximilian.  His  works  are 
elegiac  verses,  odes,  epigrams,  besides  an 
account  of  the  city  of  Nuremburg,  publish- 
ed 1513,  and  a  poem  on  the  manners  of  the 
Germans.  His  style  is  not  inelegant,  nor 
devoid  of  wit ;  though  from  the  age  in 
which  he  lived,  he  is  not  to  be  expected  to 
be  a  correct  writer. 

Censorinus,  Appius  Claudius,  a  Roman 
senator,  raised  to  the  imperial  purple  by 
his  soldiers,  who  seven  days  after  assassi- 
nated him,  270. 

Censorinus,  a  Roman  grammarian,  in 
the  3d  century,  author  of  a  work  de  die 
natali. 

Centlivre,  Susannah,  a  celebrated 
comic  writer,  born  at  Holberch,  in  Lincoln- 
shire. Her  maiden  name  was  Freeman. 
To  a  handsome  person  she  united  the 
powers  of  great  genius  and  a  creative 
fancy  ;  and  though  some  anecdotes  are 
related  concerning  the  imprudent  gayeties 
of  her  youth,  as  the  mistress  of  Anthony 
Hammond,  with  whom  she  lived  at  Cam- 
bridge disguised  in  men's  clothes,  yet  her 
mind  was  elegantly  cultivated  and  impro- 
ved. She  wrote  fifteen  plays,  besides  little 
poems,  &c.  which  procured  her,  with  the 
approbation  of  the  public,  the  protection  of 
some  high  and  respectable  patrons.  Her 
plots  and  incidents  are  peculiarly  happy, 
and  the  "  busy-body,"  and  "  a  bold  stroke 
for  a  wife,"  have  long  continued  to  com- 
mand the  applause  of  every  liberal  and 
discerning  audience.  She  was  married 
three  times ;  first  to  the  nephew  of  Sir 
Stephen  Fox,  who  died  soon  after ;  and 
secondly  to  an  officer,  who  fell  in  a  duel 
381 


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CER 


two  years  after.  Her  last  husband  was 
eook  to  queen  Anne,  and  fell  in  love  with 
her  as  she  was  performing  Alexander  the 
Great  at  Windsor,  1706.  She  died  in 
very  respectable  circumstances,  1st  De- 
cember, 1723,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  St.  Martin-in-the-fields.  She  had  been 
for  many  years  the  correspondent  of  the 
wits  of  the  times  ;  of  Steele,  Rowe,  Bud- 
gell,  Sewell,  etc.  and  she  was  honoured 
with  a  place  in  Pope's  Dunciad.  Her 
dramatic  pieces  have  appealed  in  3  vols. 
12mo. 

Centorio,  Ascanius,  a  native  of  Milan, 
in  the  16th  century,  eminent  as  a  soldier 
and  philosopher.  He  published  some 
valuable  military  and  historical  memoirs  of 
the  wars  of  his  own  time,  and  those  of 
Transylvania,  in  2  vols.  4o.  1569. 

Ceratinus,  James,  or  Teyng,  of  Horn, 
in  Holland,  a  name  which  he  rendered  into 
Greek,  for  his  own  appellation.  He  ob- 
tained the  Greek  professorship  by  means  of 
his  friend  Erasmus,  and  died  at  Louvain 
1530.  He  published  a  translation  of 
Chrysostom  on  the  priesthood,  into  Latin, 
and  a  Graeco-Latin  lexicon,  besides  a  trea- 
tise de  sono  literarum  Graecarum. 

Cerceau,  John  Anthony  du,  a  Jesuit, 
born  at  Paris,  who  became  known  as  a 
Latin  poet.  His  Latin  poems  were  pub- 
lished in  1705,  and  gained  him  reputation  ; 
but  his  French  verses  in  imitation  of 
Marot,  were  little  above  mediocrity.  He 
died  at  Veret,  near  Tours,  1730,  aged  60. 
He  wrote  also  some  comedies  for  the  pupils 
of  the  college  of  Lewis  le  grand. 

Cerda,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Spanish  Je- 
suit of  Toledo,  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  great  candour.  His  commentaries  on 
Virgil  are  very  valuable  ;  but  those  on  Ter- 
tullian  do  not  possess  great  merit.  He 
wrote  also  adversa  sacra,  fol.  1626.  He 
died  in  1643,  aged  above  80. 

Cerdon,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century, 
who  asserted  that  Christ  had  not  a  real 
body,  and  that  there  were  two  principles, 
one  good,  creator  of  heaven,  the  other  bad, 
creator  of  the  earth.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  and  considered  only  a 
part  of  the  New  as  authentic. 

Cereta,  Laura,  a  lady  born  at  Brescia, 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy 
and  of  the  learned  languages.  She  became 
a  widow  early  in  life,  and  then  devoted  her- 
self entirely  to  literary  labours.  Her  Latin 
letters  appeared  at  Padua  in  1680.  She 
died  1498,  aged  29. 

Cerini,  Giovanni  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter  of  Perugia,  disciple  of  Guido  and 
Dominichino.  He  died  1681,  aged  75.  His 
historical  pieces  are  esteemed. 

Cerinthus,    disciple  of  Simon .  Magus, 

about  54  A.  D.  was  a  heretic,  who  attacked 

the  divinity  of  Christ.     It  is  reported  that 

St,  John,  once  going  to  the  bath,  saw  Cerin- 

382 


thus,  and  retired  from  his  neighbourhood 
with  the  strongest  indignation. 

Cerisantes,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  of 
a  Scotch  physician,  settled  at  Saumur,  was 
preceptor  to  the  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Vigean,  and,  by  his  address  and  learning, 
gained  the  notice  of  Richelieu,  who  sent 
him  ambassador  to  Constantinople,  and 
afterwards  to  Sweden,  from  which,  through 
his  ill  conduct  and  quarrelsome  temper  in 
challenging  a  French  nobleman,  he  was 
recalled.  From  Paris  be  went  to  Naples, 
and  assisted  the  duke  of  Guise  in  the  sup- 
port of  the  Neapolitan  insurgents.  He 
died  during  the  siege  of  Naples  1648.  He 
wrote  a  Latin  account  of  his  journey  to 
Constantinople,  and  two  Latin  odes  by  him 
are  also  preserved  in  the  Menagiana. 

Cermenati,  John  de,  an  Italian  histo- 
rian, who  published  in  Latin  an  elegant  ac- 
count of  his  native  city  Milan,  from  1307 
to  1313,  printed  in  Muratori's  collection  of 
Italian  historians,  1726. 

Cerrato,  Paul,  a  native  of  Alba  in 
Montserrat,  1485.  He  wrote  a  Latin  poem 
in  three  books,  de  virginitate,  and  other 
poems  preserved  in  the  delicias  poet.  Ita- 
lorum. 

Ceruti,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Verona, 
brought  up  by  the  friendship  of  the  bishop 
of  Agen  to  the  church.  This  profession, 
however,  did  not  agree  with  his  feelings, 
he  left  France  and  his  nation,  and  settled  at 
Verona,  where  he  married  and  took  pupils. 
He  died  1579,  aged  38.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  dialogue  on  comedy, — another  de  rectal 
adolescentulorum  institutione,  besides  po- 
ems, letters,  &c. — and  a  paraphrase  of 
Horace,  Juvenal,  and  Persius. 

Ceruiti,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a 
native  of  Turin,  educated  by  the  Jesuits, 
of  whose  society  he  became  a  member,  and 
also  a  professor  at  Lyons.  His  abilities  as 
a  scholar  were  very  respectable,  and  when 
young,  he  obtained  two  prizes  from  the 
academies  of  Dijon  and  Toulouse.  When 
his  order  was  abolished  he  wrote  an  apolo- 
gy for  the  Jesuits,  but  on  such  terms  as 
offended  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  make  a  public  recantation. 
He  afterwards  lived  for  15  years  under  the 
protection  of  the  dutchess  des  Brancas,  and 
at  the  revolution,  through  the  interest  of 
Mirabeau,  obtained  a  seat  in  the  national 
assembly.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  Feuille 
Villageoise  a  revolutionary  paper,  and  the 
year  after  his  death,  which  happened  in 
1792,  his  pieces  and  miscellaneous  works 
were  published  in  one  vol. 

Cervantes.   Vid.  Saavedra. 

Cervetto,  father  to  the  violoncello  per- 
former of  that  name,  came  late  in  life  to 
England,  and  was  engaged  to  play  the 
bass  at  Drury-lane.  He  died  14th  June, 
1783,  aged  103.  When  once  Garrick 
was  performing  Sir  John  Brute,  and  the 


C£S 


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audience  in  the  most  profound  silence 
fixing  their  eyes  on  the  incomparable  actor, 
poor  Cervetto  from  the  ochestra  uttered  a 
loud  yawn,  which  by  its  suddenness  and 
oddity  excited  a  violent  laughter  through  the 
house.  Garrick,  offended,  sent  for  the 
musician,  who  assuaged  the  rage  of  the 
hero,  by  saying  with  a  shrug,  '  1  beg  ten 
thousand  pardons,  but  I  always  do  so  ven 
I  am  ver  much  please." 

Cesalpinus,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician born  at  Arezzo,  about  the  year 
1159. 

Cesarini,  Julian,  a  Roman  ecclesiastic 
employed  by  Martin  V.  as  a  nuncio,  and 
raised  by  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  1426, 
and  sent  to  oppose  the  Hussites,  in  Bohe- 
mia. Under  the  succeeding  pope,  Euge- 
nius,  he  was  sent  to  the  council  of  Basil, 
and  afterwards  to  that  of  Ferrara,  where 
his  abilities  were  advantageously  displayed 
against  the  Greek  schismatics.  He  went 
afterwards  to  Hungary,  and  by  his  persua- 
sion the  king  Ladislaus  broke  his  treaty 
with  the  Turks,  and  in  consequence  of  it 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Varna  1444,  where  the 
cardinal  was  also  slain.  Some  of  his  ora- 
tions and  letters  have  been  published. 

Cesarini,  Virginio,  a  learned  Roman, 
made  chamberlain  to  Urban  VIII.  His 
learning  was  so  great,  and  his  abilities  so 
respectable,  that  a  medal  was  struck 
to  his  honour,  on  which  he  appeared  with 
Pico  de  Mirandula  crowned  with  laurel. 
His  poems,  in  Italian  and  in  Latin, 
are  much  admired  tor  their  elegance  and 
vivacity.  He  died  when  Urban  medi- 
tated his  elevation  to  the  rank  of  cardinal, 
1624,  aged  29. 

Cesarotti,  Melchior,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  born  at  Padua  in  1730.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  academy  of  his  native  city, 
where  he  obtained  the  professorship  of 
rhetoric,  and  afterwards  of  Greek  and 
Hebrew.  He  died  there  in  1808.  The 
abbate  Cesarotti  is  better  known  as  a 
translator  than  an  original  writer.  His 
version  of  the  Iliad,  however,  is  considered 
as  too  paraphrastic  and  modernised  ;  but 
that  of  Ossian  is  very  spirited  and  faithful. 
It  was  published  first  in  1763,  in  two  vols. 
8vo.,  and  subsequently  in  4  vols.  He 
wrote  besides  a  Course  of  Greek  Literature; 
Essays  on  the  Sources  of  the  pleasure 
derived  from  Tragedy ;  on  the  Origin  and 
Progress  of  the  Poetic  Art ;  the  Philosophy 
of  Language  and  the  Philosophy  of  Taste. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  pub- 
lished at  Padua  in  1810.  He  was  perpetual 
secretary  of  the  academy  established  at 
that  place,  and  bis  reports  of  the  proceed- 
ings are  extremely  interesting. — W.  B. 

Cespedes,  Paul,  a  Spanish  painter, 
known  also  as  a  writer.  His  treatise  on 
ancient  and  modern  painting  possesses 
merit,  and  his  last  supper  in  the  cathedral 


of  Cordova  has  long  been  admired.     He- 
died  1608,  aged  above  70. 

Cezeli,  Constance  de,  wife  of  Barride 
St.  Aunez,.  governor  of  Leucate  under 
Henry  IV.  is  distinguished  (or  her  bravery. 
Her  husband  being  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Spaniards  1570,  she  put  herself  at  the  head 
of  her  brave  neighbours,  and  though  the 
besieging  enemy  threatened  to  put  to  death 
her  husband,  she  heroically  refused  to  give 
up  the  garrison.  The  cowardly  Spaniards, 
irritated  with  her  opposition,  put  her  hus- 
band to  death  and  raised  the  siege  ;  but 
when  the  indignant  garrison  wished  to 
make  reprisals  on  some  Spanish  captives, 
the  courageous  widow  stepped  as  an 
advocate  for  their  lives,  and  they  were 
spared.  She  was  honoured  for  her  con- 
duct by  Henry  IV.  as  well  as  by  the  whole 
nation. 

Chabanes,  James  de,  a  Frenchman, 
who  displayed  great  bravery  under  Charles 
VIII.  and  Lewis  XII.  After  signalizing 
himself  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain,  he  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  1525. 

Chabanon,  N.  de,  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  belles  lettres,  died  at  Paris  1792, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  a  translation  of  Pindar, 
praised  by  Voltaire,  and  of  Theocritus — 
besides  a  dissertation  on  Homer — the  life 
of  Dante — a  treatise  on  music,  two  vols. 
8vo. — eulogies  of  Rameau,  &c. — his  own 
life — dramatic  pieces,  &c. — His  brother 
de  Mangris  wrote  Alexis  and  Daphne,  an 
opera,  and  other  dramatic  pieces,  and  died 
1780. 

Chabot,  Francis,  a  capuchin,  who  at 
the  revolution  became  a  violent  jacobin, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  convention 
as  a  bold  innovator,  cruel  in  his  sentiments^ 
and  sanguinary  in  his  measures.  He  was 
guillotined  on  the  accusation  of  being  an 
accomplice  of  Danton,  5th  April  1794,  aged 
35. 

Chabrias,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
fought  against  Agesilaus  and  took  Cyprus 
for  the  king  of  Egypt.  He  died  about  355 
B.  C. 

Chabrit,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  who  died  1785.  He  wrote 
a  book  called  "  of  the  French  monarchy, 
and  its  laws,"  2  vols.  12mo.  1785,  in  which 
he  displays  great  erudition,  but  copies  close- 
ly the  style  and  manner  of  Montesquieu. 
He  was  recommended  to  the  empress  of 
Russia  by  Diderot,  but  died  before  her  de- 
termination was  known. 

Chabrt,  Mark,  a  painter  and  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Lyons  1727,  aged  67.  He  was 
sculptor  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  his  statue  of 
that  monarch  at  Lyons,  with  other  speci- 
mens of  his  art,  perished  during  the  revo- 
lution. His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
equally  eminent  as  a  sculptor,  and  his 
works  also  perished  during  the  revolution. 

Chais,   Charles,   was  born  at  Geneva 
383 


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1701,  and  educated  for  the  church.  He 
possessed  such  eloquence  that  he  was  cho- 
sen pastor  at  the  Hague  1728,  where  he 
exerted  himself  by  unceasing  diligence  and 
great  purity  of  life  in  the  defence  and  sup- 
port of  religion.  He  died  there  1786, 
aged  85,  leaving  behind  the  character  of  a 
benevolent  man,  a  zealous  preacher,  and 
an  elegant  scholar.  Besides  publishing 
the  Bible  with  a  valuable  commentary  in 
6  vols.  4to.  he  wrote  some  divinity  tracts, 
an  apology  for  inoculation,  and  assisted  in 
the  publication  of  Hainault's  history  of 
France,  and  the  bibliotheque  historique. 

Chaise,  Father  de  la,  a  French  Jesuit, 
born  at  Forez  near  Lyons.  He  was  early 
patronised  by  cardinal  Mazarin,  and  re- 
commenced to  Lewis  XIV.  whose  confessor 
and  faourite  he  soon  became.  After  the 
cardina's  4eath,  he  increased  and  support- 
ed with  great  dexterity  his  influence  with 
the  king,  and  not  only  prevailed  upon  him 
to  marry  Madame  de  Maintenon,  but  ad- 
vised him  in  the  management  of  his  affairs 
in  church  and  state.  In  spite  of  the  in- 
trigues of  the  court,  he  maintained  his 
situation  of  favourite  to  the  last,  and  was 
even  consulted  on  his  death-bed  by  the 
king  about  the  choice  of  his  successor.  He 
died  January  1709,  aged  83. 

Chalcidius,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  au- 
thor of  a  commentary  on  the  Timaeus  of 
Plato,  kc   in  the  third  century. 

Chalcondtles,  Demetrius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  disciple  to  Theodore  Gaza.  At 
the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks, 
he  escaped  into  Italy,  and  at  Florence,  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  Medicis,  and  at 
Milan  under  Lewis  Sforza,  he  established 
his  reputation  by  teaching  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. He  died  at  Milan  1510,  aajed  above 
80.  Besides  a  learned  edition  of  Suidas, 
Florence,  1499,  he  published  a  Greek  gram- 
mar and  other  tracts. 

Chalcondtles,  Laonicus,  a  native  of 
Athens,  in  the  15th  century,  author  of  a 
Greek  history  of  the  Turks,  in  10  books, 
from  1298  to  1462.  It  was  published  with 
a  Latin  translatian  1650,  folio,  and  it  was 
translated  into  French  by  Vigenere,  and 
continued  by  Mezerai  1662,  two  vols.  fol. 

Chales,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a  native 
of  Chamberi,  brought  up  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  made  royal  professor  of  hydrography 
at  Marseilles,  and  of  mathematics  at  Ly- 
ons. He  was  afterwards  professor  of 
theology,  for  which  he  was  little  calcula- 
ted, and  then  removed  by  Emanuel  of 
Savoy  to  the  mathematical  chair.  He  was 
author  of  a  complete  course  of  mathema- 
tics, 4  vols.  8vo. — a  treatise  on  navigation 
and  researches  on  the  centre  of  gravity — 
a  history  of  mathematics  from  Thales  to 
1680— and  died  at  Turin  1678,  aged  57. 

Chalier,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  revo- 
lutionist,   born  in   1747,  at  Beautard   in 

r-84 


Dauphine.  From  an  ecclesiastic  he  became 
a  traveller,  and  at  last  settled  at  Lyons  as 
a  merchant.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revo- 
lution he  admired  the  sanguinary  conduct 
of  Marat,  and  determined  to  imitate  it  at 
Lyons,  by  sacrificing  to  suspicion  every 
man  of  probity,  virtue,  and  opulence.  At 
the  head  of  the  jacobins  he  proposed  to 
erect  a  guillotine  for  the  destruction  of  900 
persons,  whom  he  had  marked  for  slaugh- 
ter, and  he  himself  was  accused  and  guillo- 
tined 17th  July,  1793.  When  Lyons  was 
taken  by  the  jacobins  from  the  royalists, 
the  body  of  the  bloody  incendiary  was  dug 
up,  and  his  ashes  placed  in  a  silver  urn, 
and  carried  in  triumph  to  the  convention. 

Challe,  Charles  Michael  Angelo,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Paris  academy  of  painting, 
was  ennobled  for  his  great  abilities,  and  had 
the  patriotism  to  prefer  his  native  country 
to  the  liberal  invitations  of  the  king  of 
Prussia  and  of  the  empress  of  Russia.  He 
was  a  successful  imitator  of  Guido  and  Sal- 
vator  Rosa,  and  translated  the  works  of 
Piranese,  and  travelled  into  Italy.  He  died 
1778,  aged  60. 

Chalmers,  Lionel,  M.D.  a  physician 
eminent  for  learning,  was  a  native  of  Great 
Britain,  and  came  to  South  Carolina,  the 
former  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
published  several  valuable  works  ;  the  chief 
of  which  were  an  essay  on  fevers,  and  a 
description  of  the  climate  and  diseases  of 
South  Carolina.  EF  L. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas,  was  born  in 
London  1515,  and  educated  at  Cambridge, 
He  was  in  the  suite  of  Sir  Henry  Knevet 
as  ambassador  to  Charles  V.  of  Germany, 
and  he  was  so  pleased  with  the  character 
of  the  emperor  that  he  attended  him  in  the 
fatal  expedition  to  Algiers,  1541,  where  he 
was  shipwrecked,  and  with  difficulty  saved 
his  life  by  clinging  to  a  cable.  On  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  was  made  clerk  to  the 
council,  and  from  his  valour  he  was  knight- 
ed by  Somerset,  on  the  field  of  the  battle 
of  Musselburg.  Elizabeth,  who  knew  his 
abilities,  employed  him  as  her  ambassador 
in  Germany,  and  afterwards  at  the  court  of 
Spain,  where  he  conducted  himself  with 
singular  address  between  the  opposite  fac- 
tions of  Gomez  and  of  the  duke  of  Alva. 
He  died  soon  after  his  return  to  London, 
October  7th,  1565,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
poems,  besides  a  translation  of  Moriae  en- 
comium by  Erasmus — de  republica  Anglo- 
rum  instauranda,  lOlibr.  &c.  and  he  was 
the  friend  and  admirer  of  Sir  William 
Cecil. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  above, 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford. 
On  his  return  from  his  travels,  he  married 
the  daughter  of  Sir  W.  Fleetwood,  recorder 
of  London,  and  in  1591,  was  knighted,  and 
afterwards  appointed  tutor  to  Henry  prince 


CIIA 


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of  Wales  till  the  death  of  that  promising 
person.  On  his  estate  at  Gisborough, 
Yorkshire,  he  discovered  alum  mines,  the 
first  known  in  England,  which  were  seized 
by  the  crown,  but  during  the  civil  wars  re- 
stored to  his  family.  He  died  1615,  and 
his  son  was  created  a  baronet  1621,  but  the 
title  became  extinct  in  1680. 

Chaloner,  James,  son  of  Sir  Thomas, 
was  born  in  London  and  educated  at  Bra- 
zen-nose, Oxford.  He  studied  at  one  of 
the  inns  of  court,  but  in  the  rebellion  he 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  was  even  appointed  one  of  the 
unfortunate  king's  judges.  He  was  after- 
wards made  governor  of  Peel-castle  in  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  at  the  restoration  he  poi- 
soned himself  when  he  found  that  his  per- 
son was  going  to  be  arrested.  He  was 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Isle  of  Man, 
generally  joined  to  King's  Vale  Royal  of 
Cheshire,  fol.  1656.  His  brother  Thomas 
was  also  one  of  the  king's  judges,  and  fled 
to  Middleburgh  in  Holland  at  the  restora- 
tion, where  he  died  1661.  He  was  author 
of  a  treatise  in  which  he  pretended  to  have 
discovered  the. tomb  of  Moses  on  mount 
Nebo,  1657,  in  8vo.  which  for  awhile  as- 
tonished the  rabbies  and  presbyterians, 
says  Wood,  but  was  soon  proved  to  be  an 
imposition. 

Chaloner,  Edward,  fellow  of  All-souls 
in  1611,  became  head  of  Alban-hall,  Ox- 
ford, and  distinguished  himself  as  a  good 
preacher,  an  able  disputant,  and  a  learned 
divine.  He  died  of  the  plague  at  Oxford, 
July  25th,  1625,  aged  35,  and  was  buried 
at  Chiswick.  His  sermons,  13  in  number, 
were  greatly  admired. 

Chalotais,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeue  de  la, 
author  of  a  spirited  work  on  the  Jesuits,  2 
vols.  1762,  was  attorney  in  the  parliament 
of  Rennes,  and  was  afterwards  imprisoned 
for  his  opposition  to  the  measures  pursued 
by  the  commandant  of  the  province.  He 
died  1715,  author  of  an  essay  on  national 
education,  8vo.  His  son  and  successor  in 
his  offices  was  guillotined  at  Paris  1794. 

Chamberlaine,  Robert,  a  native  of  Lan- 
cashire, educated  at  Exeter  college.  He 
wrote  besides  nocturnal  lucubrations  or 
meditations  divine  and  moral,  with  epi- 
grams and  epitaphs,  12mo.  1631 — the  swag- 
gering damsel,  4to. — a  comedy,  1640 — 
Sicelides  a  pastoral,  and  died  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century. 

Chamberlatne,  Edward,  born  at  Oding- 
ton,  Gloucestershire,  was  educated  at  Glou- 
cester school,  and  Edmund-hall,  Oxford. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe,  and  after  the  restoration  he  accom- 
panied lord  Carlisle  as  secretary  to  Stock- 
holm, and  afterwards  became  the  tutor  of 
Henry  duke  of  Grafton,  Charles's  natural 
son,  and  some  time  after  of  George  prince 
of  Denmark.     Though  he  took  his  degrees 

Vot.  I.  40 


in  arts  at  Oxford,  he  was  complimented  ai 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
died  at  Chelsea  1703,  aged  87,  and  at  his 
death  ordered  some  of  his  books  to  be  co- 
vered with  wax  and  deposited  in  his  grave, 
that  they  might  be  useful  to  future  ages. 
Of  the  six  books  which  his  monumental  in- 
scription by  Dr.  Harris  has  mentioned,  the 
best  known  is  Anglia;  Notitia,  or  the  pre- 
sent state  of  England,  which  has  passed 
through  34  editions. 

Chamberlatne,  John,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Oxford,  and  continued  his  father's  Present 
State  of  England.  He  wrote  besides  vari- 
ous other  books,  but  though  reported  to  be 
well  skilled  in  16  languages,  and  a  man  of 
great  excellence  of  character,  he  never  rose 
higher  than  to  the  office  of  gentleman  usher 
to  prince  George  of  Denmark.  He  died 
1724,  highly  respected  as  a  good  Christian 
in  profession  and  in  practice.  He  also 
translated  Nieuwentyt's  religious  philoso- 
pher, &c. 

Chambers,  Ephraim,  author  of  a  valua- 
ble dictionary,  was  born  at  Milton  in  West- 
moreland. His  parents  were  presbyterian 
dissenters,  and  his  education  was  intended 
to  prepare  him  for  trade,  and  accordingly 
he  was  placed  as  an  apprentice  with  Mr. 
Senex  the  globe-maker.  In  the  house  of 
this  ingenious  mechanic  Chambers  applied 
himself  to  literary  pursuits,  and  formed  the 
whole  plan  of  his  dictionary,  which  after 
many  years'  labour  made  its  appearance  in 
1728,  in  2  vols,  folio.  Long  before  that 
time  he  had  retired  to  chambers  in  Gray's 
inn.  The  work  was  published  for  four  gui- 
neas, with  a  most  respectable  list  of  sub- 
scribers, and  so  flattering  was  the  recep- 
tion, that  the  author  was  honourably 
elected  F.R.S.  In  ten  years  another 
edition  was  called  for  by  the  public,  and  in 
the  next  year  1739  the  third  edition  ap- 
peared, the  fourth  in  1741,  and  the  fifth 
five  years  after.  So  rapid  a  sale  of  so 
voluminous  a  work,  is  a  very  striking  proof 
of  its  utility,  and  the  abilities  displayed  in 
the  execution.  Besides  the  Cyclopaedia, 
Chambers  wrote  some  of  the  pieces  in  the 
Literary  Magazine,  and  he  was  engaged 
with  Mr.  J.  Martin,  to  abridge  and  trans- 
late the  philosophical  memoirs  of  the 
French  academy  of  sciences,  a  work  which 
appeared  in  5  vols.  8vo.  1742.  When  in 
declining  health,  in  consequence  of  close 
application,  Chambers  passed  to  the  south 
of  France,  and  died  on  his  return  to  Canou- 
bury-house,  Islington,  15th  May,  1740. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey, 
where  an  inscription,  written  by  himself, 
marks  his  grave  on  the  north  side  of  the 
cloisters.  The  Cyclopaedia  after  the  au- 
thor's death,  was  enriched  with  two  sup- 
plementary folio  volumes  by  Mr.  Scott  am! 
Dr.  Hill,  and  afterwards  the  whole  wa^ 
3a.i 


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tUsgested  into  an  alphabetical  form,  with 
new  improvements  by  Dr.  Rees,  in  four 
vols.  fol. 

Chambers,  Sir  William,  F.R.A.S.S.  an 
eminent  architect,  who  became  surveyor 
general  of  the  board  of  works,  treasurer  of 
the  royal  academy,  and  knigbt  of  the  polar 
star  in  Sweden.  He  was  of  Scotch  extrac- 
tion, and  was  born  at  Stockholm,  where 
his  father  was  resident  for  some  years.  He 
went  at  the  age  of  18  to  the  East  Indies, 
in  the  service  of  Sweden,  and  brought  back 
to  Europe  that  taste  for  Chinese  and  Asiatic 
architecture,  which  under  the  king's  patron- 
age became  so  popular  in  England.  He 
settled  in  this  country,  and  as  an  architect 
planned  the  magnificent  buildings  of  So- 
merset-house, which  display  his  genius  and 
taste  to  great  advantage.  His  staircases, 
and  his  designs  for  the  interior  ornaments 
of  buildings,  are  said  to  be  particularly  ad- 
mired. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  civil  archi- 
tecture much  applauded,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, 5th  March,  1796. 

Chambers,  sir  Robert,  a  learned  judge, 
born  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  1737.  From 
the  school  of  Mr.  Moyses  in  his  native 
town,  where  he  had  the  two  Scots  for  school- 
fellows, he  removed  in  1754  to  Lincoln  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  afterwards  became  fellow 
of  University  college.  In  1766  he  succeed- 
ed sir  William  Blackstone  as  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor, and  as  head  of  New-Inn  hall,  and 
in  1773  he  was  appointed  second  judge  in 
the  Bengal  supreme  court  of  judicature. 
He  was  knighted  by  the  king  in  1778,  and 
in  1791  he  became  chief  justice  on  the  re- 
signation of  Sir  Elijah  Impey,  and  in  1797 
was  elected  president  of  the  Asiatic  socie- 
ty. He  returned  two  years  after  to  Eng- 
land, but  the  climate  proved  too  rigorous 
for  his  delicate  constitution,  and  the  latter 
end  of  1802,  he  passed  on  the  continent 
for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  died  at 
Paris  9th  May,  1803.  His  remains  were 
conveyed  to  England,  and  deposited  in  the 
Temple  church.  Before  his  departure  for 
India  in  1773  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Mr.  Wilton  the  statuary.  As  a  judge,  a 
scholar,  and  a  man,  sir  Robert  was  highly 
respected.  That  integrity  which  should 
mark  the  public  character  was  particularly 
eminent  in  him,  and  the  benevolence  of 
his  heart  ennobled  all  his  other  virtues.  He 
was  a  zealous  friend  to  the  religious  esta- 
blishment of  his  country,  and  blended  a  deep 
sense  of  religion,  and  of  a  retribution  to 
come,  in  all  the  actions  of  his  life.  He 
wrote  little,  though  he  possessed  powers 
which  might  have  instructed  and  impoved 
mankind  in  the  walks  of  literature.  The 
Latin  epitaph  which  adorns  the  monument 
of  sir  William  Jones  at  All-souls,  Oxford, 
reflects  high  honour  on  his  feelings',  as  the 
long-tried  friend  of  the  deceased,  and  on 
bis  taste  as  a  classical  scholar.  The  col- 
388 


lection  of  oriental  books  and  MSS.  which 
he  made  was  very  valuable,  and  was  dis- 
posed of  after  his  death. 

Chamier,  Daniel,  a  protestant  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Montelimar  in  Dauphine. 
He  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Montauban, 
where  he  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  the 
place  by  a  cannon-ball  1621.  He  was  a 
warm  advocate  for  the  protestants,  and  ac- 
cording to  Varillas,  it  was  he  that  drew  up 
the  famous  edict  of  Nantes.  As  a  writer 
his  defence  of  the  reformed  church  against 
the  attacks  of  Bellarmine,  in  four  vols,  folio, 
is  much  esteemed,  besides  his  epistolae 
Jesuitical — his  treatise  de  oecumenico  pon- 
tific,  &c. 

Chamillard,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Bourges,  eminent  as  a  scholar  and  anti- 
quary. He  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  70. 
He  published  an  edition  of  Prudentius  for 
the  use  of  the  Dauphin — besides  disserta- 
tions on  medals,  gems,  &c.  4to.  1711.  His 
conjectures  in  medals  carried  him  often  be- 
yond probability,  and  exposed  him  to  cen- 
sure and  to  ridicule. 

Chamillart,  Michael  de,  a  native  of 
Caen.  His  father  was  master  of  requests, 
and  he  himself  became  counsellor  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  was  accidentally 
introduced  to  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  excellent 
billiard  player.  The  monarch,  who  was 
partial  to  this  game,  made  Chamillart  his 
favourite,  and  appointed  him  comptroller 
general  of  the  finances,  and  minister  at 
war.  Though  an  excellent  character,  the 
new  minister  was  unfit  for  these  difficult 
employments,  and  had  the  good  sense  to 
resign  them  1709.  He  died  1721,  aged 
70,  and  universally  esteemed  for  his  face- 
tiousness,  goodness  of  heart,  and  gene- 
rosity. 

Chamousset,  Charles  Humbert  Pierron 
de,  was  born  in  Paris,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  judge  in  the  parliament  of  the 
city.  Universal  benevolence  was  the 
prominent  feature  of  his  character.  That 
he  might  be  serviceable  to  the  poor,  he 
studied  medicine,  and  liberally  gave  his  ad- 
vice without  the  expectation  of  reward. 
He  wrote  a  plan  of  reform  for  the  great 
hospital  of  Paris,  called  Hotel-Dieu,  and  in 
the  pursuit  of  his  humane  schemes,  he  was 
recommended  to  Choiseul,  who  procured 
him  the  appointment  of  intendant-general 
of  the  military  hospitals  of  France,  with 
the  approbation  and  good  wishes  of  the 
king.  He  suggested  the  establishment  of 
a  penny-post  office  at  Paris,  besides  plans 
for  the  abolition  of  beggars,  the  bringing 
of  good  water  to  Paris,  the  association  for 
a  subscription  among  the  poor,  by  which 
they  might  be  supported  during  illness, 
&c.  this  worthy  and  amiable  man  died  1773, 
at  the  early  age  of  56. 

Champagne,  Philip  de,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Brussels  1602.     He  wa» 


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the  friend  of  Poussin,  and  du  Chesne,  and 
succeeded  the  latter  as  a  painter  to  Mary 
of  Medicis  queen  of  France,  with  a  hand- 
some salary,  and  apartments  in  the  palace 
of  Luxemburg,-.  His  works  were  nume- 
rous, and  decorated  the  churches  and 
palaces  of  Paris  ;  but  perhaps  his  best 
piece  is  the  ceiling  of  the  king's  apartment 
at  Vincennes.  Champagne  was  a  man  of 
great  integrity,  without  ambition  and  jea- 
lousy, and  he  refused  to  quit  the  service 
of  his  royal  mistress  for  a  more  lucrative 
appointment  under  Richelieu.  He  died 
1674. 

Champagne,  John  Baptiste  de,  nephew 
to  the  preceding,  under  whom  he  studied, 
and  by  whom  he  was  patronised.  He  was 
born  at  Brussels,  and  died  at  Paris  1688, 
aged  42,  where  he  was  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting. 

Champeaux,  William  de,  or  Campel- 
lensis,  a  native  of  Champeaux,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Brie,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Paris,  where  he  had  Abelard  among  his 
pupils,  and  afterwards  as  his  rival.  He 
was  in  1113  made  bishop  of  Chalons,  and 
died  eight  years  after.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  origin  of  the  soul. 

Champfort,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  at 
first  clerk  to  an  attorney,  and  afterwards 
tutor  in  the  family  of  Vaneck,  a  rich  citi- 
zen of  Liege.  He  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, and  published  the  journal  encyclopedi- 
que,  and  the  elogies  of  Moliere  and  la  Fon- 
taine, which  were  rewarded  with  the  prize 
at  the  French  academy,  and  at  Marseilles. 
Thus  raised  to  notice  under  the  patronage 
of  the  duke  de  Choiseul,  and  Mad.  Helve- 
tius,  he  applied  himself  to  the  completion 
of  the  French  vocabulary,  and  the  diction- 
ary of  the  theatres,  and  this  last  work  in- 
duced him  to  turn  his  thoughts  to  dramatic 
composition,  in  which  he  happily  succeed- 
ed. His  Mustapha  and  Zeangir,  a  trage- 
dy, and  his  young  Indian,  and  his  mer- 
chant of  Smyrna,  two  comedies,  obtained 
deserved  applause,  and  his  fables,  epistles, 
stories,  and  lighter  pieces  of  poetry  were 
all  equally  admired.  His  labours  were 
praised  by  Voltaire,  and  procured  him  the 
friendship  of  Mirabeau,  whom  he  assisted 
in  his  treatise  on  the  order  of  Cincinnatus. 
He  was  like  other  literary  men,  the  friend 
of  the  revolution ;  but  when  he  saw  him- 
self imprisoned  by  Robespierre,  and  with 
difficulty  liberated,  and  again  threatened, 
he  in  a  fit  of  melancholy  destroyed  himself, 
April  1794.  His  works  were  published  to- 
gether, in  4  vols.  8vo.  Paris  1795. 

Champier,  Symphorien,  Camperius,  or 
Campegnis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  educated 
at  Pavia.  He  was  physician  to  Anthony 
duke  of  Lorraine,  and  was  knighted  for 
his  military  courage  in  the  wars  of  Italy. 
He  wrote  various  works  on  his  profession, 
and  was  the  founder  of  the  college,  of  phy- 


sicians at  Lyons.  He  died  about  1540. 
His  son  Claude  at  the  age  of  18  wrote  a 
curious  book  on  the  singularities  of  the 
Gauls.  His  cousin  John  was  also  a  phy- 
sician at  Lyons,  and  published  soirie  medi- 
cal tracts. 

Champion,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Chat- 
ham, 1709,  eminent  as  a  penman.  He 
kept  a  boarding-school  in  St.  Paul's  church- 
yard, and  afterwards  in  Bedford-street, 
where  his  pupils  were  numerous  and  re- 
spectable. His  works  are  practical  arith- 
metic, 1733 — tutor's  assistant  with  40  plates 
— comparative  penmanship,  24  folio  plates, 
a  curious  performance — besides  alphabets 
in  various  languages  and  characters,  copy 
books,  &c.  The  exact  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  a  native  of 
Saintonge,  sent  by  Henry  IV.  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery  to  America.  He  established 
a  colony  in  Canada,  and  built  the  town  of 
Quebec,  of  which  he  was  the  first  governor. 
One  of  the  American  lakes  bears  his  name. 
He  died  about  1635.  He  wrote  voyages 
de  la  Nouvelle  France,  or  Canada,  4to. 
1632. 

Champmesle,  Mary  Desmares  de,  a 
French  actress,  born  at  Rouen.  From  the 
obscurity  of  a  strolling  company,  she  rose 
to  be  a  popular  actress  at  Paris,  and  gained 
the  friendship  of  Racine,  who  instructed 
her  in  the  character  of  some  of  his  trage- 
dies. She  died  greatly  respected  1698, 
aged  54.  Her  husband  was  also  an  actor, 
and  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  which 
were  published  in  two  vols.  12mo.  1742. 
He  died  1701. 

Chancellor,  Richard,  an  English  na- 
vigator. He  was  engaged  in  sir  Hugh 
Willoughby's  voyage  to  discover  a  north- 
west passage  to  China  in  1553,  under  the 
direction  of  Sebastian  Cabot;  but  whilst  his 
companions,  with  sir  Hugh,  unfortunate- 
ly perished  on  the  coast  of  Lapland,  where 
they  had  stopped  to  winter,  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  reach  the  Russian  shores, 
where  by  means  of  the  letters  of  introduc- 
tion in  various  languages  which  he  had 
with  him,  the  grand  duke  John  Basilovitz 
received  him  with  kindness,  and  permitted 
him  a  free  trade  with  the  inhabitants  of 
the  country.  On  his  return  to  England, 
Chancellor  found  his  patron  Edward  dead  ; 
but  Mary  the  next  successor  was  sensible 
of  the  advantages  of  commerce,  and  a 
company  was  established  with  the  most 
liberal  patronage,  and  the  lucky  adventurer 
again  permitted  to  revisit  Russia.  He  was 
again  successful,  but  on  his  return,  ac- 
companied by  a  Russian  ambassador,  he 
unfortunately  was  wrecked  on  the  coast 
of  Norway,  and  while  he  endeavoured  to 
provide  for  the  safety  of  the  illustrious 
foreigners  with  him,  he  had  the  misfortune 
to  fall  a  victim  to  the  severity  of  the  climate. 
3«7 


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The  Russians  safely  reached  London,  1557, 
and  brought  the  sad  tidings  of  their  com- 
panion's fate. 

Chandler,  Mary,  an  English  poetess, 
born  at  Malmsbury  1687.  She  was  brought 
up  to  the  business  of  a  milliner,  which  she 
carried  on  at  Bath,  but  her  mind  was  na- 
turally stored  with  the  treasures  of  poetry, 
and  she  derived  pleasure  and  assistance 
from  the  perusal  of  the  best  poets  of  the 
nation.  She  preferred  Horace  to  Virgil  or 
Homer,  as  being  more  natural  and  less 
overloaded  with  fables.  Her  poem  on  the 
Bath,  was  particularly  applauded  by  Pope. 
She  was  deformed,  but  her  countenance 
was  pleasing.  She  never  was  married, 
though  she  had  suiters.  She  died  11th 
Sept.  1745,  aged  57. 

Chandler,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Hungerford,  Berks,  1693.  As 
he  discovered  great  partiality  for  learning, 
he  was  educated  at  Bridgewater,  and  after- 
wards at  Gloucester  and  Tewkesbury,  with 
an  intention  of  entering  upon  the  ministry. 
In  this  last  residence  under  the  great  care 
of  Mr.  Jones,  he  made  himself  perfectly 
acquainted  with  the  classics,  and  with 
oriental  literature,  and  had  the  singular 
felicity  of  having  as  his  fellow-pupils,  But- 
ler, afterwards  bishop  of  Durham,  and 
Seeker  the  primate.  In  1716  he  was  cho- 
sen minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
at  Peckham,  and  soon  acquired  popularity 
by  his  pulpit  eloquence  ;  but  unfortunately 
his  circumstances  were  reduced  to  the 
lowest  ebb  by  the  south  sea  scheme,  which 
swallowed  up  the  whole  of  his  wife's  pro- 
perty, and  obliged  him  to  maintain  himself 
lor  two  or  three  years  as  a  bookseller  in 
the  Poultry.  In  1725  he  published  his  vin- 
dication of  the  Christian  religion,  which 
in  a  series  of  discourses  he  had  delivered 
in  the  pulpit  at  the  Old  Jewry.  This  work 
was  applauded  by  Seeker,  and  not  a  little 
increased  the  reputation  of  the  author. 
Some  time  after,  when  on  a  visit  in  Scot- 
land, he  was  complimented  with  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  by  the  universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow,  and  afterwards  he  was 
elected  F.R.  and  A.S.S.  The  death  of 
George  II.  brought  him  again  before  the 
public,  in  a  sermon,  in  which  he  compared 
that  king  to  David,  a  comparison  which 
procured  a  severe  attack  upon  him  in  a 
pamphlet  called  The  history  of  the  man  of 
God's  own  heart.  Dr.  Chandler,  in  de- 
fence of  his  discourse,  wrote  an  elaborate 
work,  which  was  swelled  to  two  volumes 
8vo.  containing  a  critical  account  of  Da- 
vid's life,  and  a  refutation  of  his  opponent's 
sentiments.  He  died  May  8th,  1766,  aged 
73,  and  was  buried  in  Bunhill-fields  bury- 
ing-ground. — Chandler  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  uni- 
versally respected,  not  only  by  people  of 
his  own  persuasion,  but  bv  many  of  the 
388 


established  church.  He  was-  instrument 
tal  in  establishing  a  fund  for  the  widows 
of  dissenting  ministers.  Heawrote  besides 
commentaries  on  Joel, — history  of  the  per- 
secution and  vindication  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment,— &c.  His  sermons  were  printed  in 
4  vols.  8vo. 

Chandler,  Edward,  an  English  prelate, 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
In  1693,  he  was  chaplain  to  Lloyd,  bishop 
of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  his  see,  1717,  and  13  years  after 
he  was  translated  to  Durham,  where  he 
died,  1750,  aged  about  80.  He  published  a 
chronological  dissertation  prefixed  to  Ar- 
nold's commentary  on  Ecclesiasticus — a 
biographical  preface  to  Cudworth's  treatise 
on  morality — single  sermons,  &c. — but  his 
best  work  is  his  defence  of  Christianity 
from  the  prophecies  of  the  Old  Testament, 
with  a  refutation  of  objections,  &c.  which 
passed  rapidly  through  three  editions. 

Chandler,  Richard,  a  divine  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  in  1738,  and  educated  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtain- 
ed a  fellowship,  and  proceeded  to  his  degree 
of  D.D.  in  1773,  after  which  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Worldlyham,  in 
Hampshire,  and  next  to  that  of  Tilehurst, 
in  Berkshire.  His  first  publication  was  the 
Marmora  Oxoniensia,  printed  at  the  Cla- 
rendon press,  in  folio,  1763.  The  year 
following  he  went  out,  at  the  expense  of  the 
Dilletanti  Society,  to  make  observations  in 
Greece  and  Asia,  the  result  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1769,  in  an  imperial  folio,  entitled 
"  Ionian  Antiquities."  In  1774,  Dr. 
Chandler  published  at  Oxford  "  Inscrip- 
tions antique,  plersque  nondum  editas,  in 
Asia  Minora  et  Grascia,  praesertim  Athenis 
collectae,"  folio.  The  next  year  came  out 
his  "  Travels  in  Asia  Minor,"  4to.;  which 
volume  was  followed  by  his  Travels  in 
Greece,  1770,  4to.  In  1802  he  published 
"  The  history  of  Ilium,  or  Troy."  His  last 
work  was  the  life  of  William  of  Waynflete, 
but  this  was  not  published  till  the  year 
after  his  death,  which  happened  at  Tile- 
hurst, Feb.  9th,  1S10.— IV.  B. 

Chandler,  Thomas  Bradbury,  D.D.  a 
distinguished  episcopal  minister,  and  writer, 
was  born  at  Woodstock,  Connecticut,  and 
educated  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1745.  Embracing  episcopacy 
in  1748,  he  went  to  England  for  ordination, 
and  on  his  return,  settled  at  Elizabeth- 
town,  New-Jersey,  where  he  resided  till 
his  death  in  1790.  He  held  a  high  rank  in 
talents  and  learning,  and  was  honoured 
with  a  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  university 
of  Oxford.  He  published  a  number  of 
tracts  chiefly  controversial  and  relating  to 
episcopacy.  0°  L. 

Chantereau  le  Fevre,  Lewis,  a  native 
of  Paris,  author  of  a  history  of  the  dutchies 


CHA 


CHA 


«f  Bar  and  Lorraine,  of  which  he  was  the 
intendant.     He  died  1658,  aged  70. 

Chanut,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden, 
and  afterwards  to  Holland.  He  died  1662, 
and  his  memoirs  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Chapelain,  John,  a  French  poet,  who 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  22d  Feb. 
1674,  aged  79.  As  the  successor  of  Mal- 
herbe  in  epic  poetry,  he  was  respected  by 
his  countrymen  ;  but  his  Pucelle,  a  heroic 
poem,  disappointed  the  warmest  expecta- 
tions of  his  friends,  who  in  vain  sought  for 
the  display  of  those  abilities  which  they 
had  ranked  with  Virgil  himself.  He  was 
very  rich,  but  lived  as  a  most  sordid  miser, 
and  neither  the  refinements  of  learning, 
nor  the  friendship  and  flattery  of  Balzac, 
Menage,  and  Richelieu,  could  banish  that 
avarice  which  so  much  disgraced  the  man. 

Chapelle,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullier,  a 
French  poet.  He  studied  philosophy  under 
Gassendus,  but  he  seemed  born  for  the 
muses.  He  was  intimate  with  Moliere, 
and  some  have  not  scrupled  to  attribute 
the  finest  parts  of  his  comedies  to  the  re- 
fined taste  of  his  friend.  Flattered  as  a 
man  of  genius,  and  admired  not  only  by 
the  wits  of  the  age,  but  the  king,  Chapelle 
was  voluptuous  and  extravagant,  and  more 
given  to  intoxication  than  became  his  cha- 
racter or  fortune.  He  died  1686,  aged  65. 
He  wrote  besides  poems  that  ingenious 
work  called  Voyage  de  Bachaumont.  His 
works  were  reprinted  with  additions  at 
Amsterdam,  1708. 

Chapelle,  John  de  la,  a  native  of  Bour- 
ges,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti.  Besides 
the  life  of  his  patron,  he  wrote  plays  and 
other  pieces,  and  died  1723,  aged  68. 

Chapellier,  Isaac  Rene  Guy  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Rennes,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  constituent  assembly  as  a  zealous 
advocate  for  the  liberty  and  the  privileges 
of  the  people.  He  became  too  late  sensi- 
ble of  his  precipitate  measures  in  pulling 
down  all  the  bulwarks  of  the  monarchy, 
and  when  he  attempted  to  repair  by  modera- 
tion the  injuries  which  his  measures  had 
caused,  he  was  accused,  and  guillotined  22d 
April,  1792,  aged  39. 

Chapman,  George,  an  English  poet,  who 
after  receiving  a  university  education  set- 
tled in  London,  where  the  great  luminaries 
of  the  times,  Shakspeare,  Jonson,  Sidney, 
Spenser,  and  Daniel,  became  his  familiar 
friends.  He  expected  preferment  from  the 
patronage  of  the  Walsinghams,  and  of 
Somerset,  and  prince  Henry  ;  but  all  his 
hopes  ended  in  disappointment.  Besides 
seventeen  dramatic  pieces,  one  of  which 
was  the  famous  mask  called  the  Temple, 
he  translated  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
and  attempted  Hesiod  and  Musanis.  Pope' 


who  has  borrowed  much  from  him  without 
acknowledgment,  calls  him  an  enthusiast 
in  poetry,  but  the  remark  is  invidious,  as 
Chapman  possessed  respectable  poetical 
powers,  and  was  a  man  of  some  genius. 
He  died  1634,  aged  77,  and  was  buried  at 
St.  Giles's  in  the  fields,  where  a  monument 
was  erected  over  him  by  his  beloved  friend 
Inigo  Jones. 

Chapman,  John,  D.D.  a  learned  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college,. 
Cambridge,  for  the  provostship  of  which  he 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate.  He  ob- 
tained the  livings  of  Mersham  and  Adling- 
ton,  Kent,  from  archbishop  Potter,  to  whom 
he  was  chaplain,  and  at  the  death  of  this 
prelate,  as  his  executor  he  presented  him- 
self, as  one  of  the  primate's  options,  to  the 
precentorship  of.Lincoln,  an  appointment 
which  was  confirmed  by  chancellor  Henley, 
but  set  aside  by  the  house  of  lords.  He 
died  14th  October,  1784,  in  his  80th  year. 
In  compliment  to  his  abilities  the  university 
of  Oxford  presented  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.  His  writings  were  remarks  on  Dr. 
Middleton's  letter  to  Waterland — Eusebius, 
two  vols.  8vo.  in  which  he  defended  Chris- 
tianity against  Morgan  and  Tindal — His- 
tory of  ancient  Hebrews  vindicated — two 
tracts  relating  to  Phlegon  in  answer  to  Dr. 
Skyes — besides  sermons  and  other  things, 
and  a  joint  edition  of  Cicero  de  officiis 
with  bishop  Pearce. 

Chapman,  George,  a  schoolmaster,  was 
born  at  Alvah,  in  the  shire  of  Banff,  in 
1723.  He  was  educated  at  the  grammar- 
school  of  Banff,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  King's  college,  Aberdeen,  after  which  he 
was  appointed  master  of  the  school  of 
Alvah.  In  1741  he  took  his  degree  of  mas- 
ter of  arts,  and  removed  to  the  school  of 
Dalkeith.  In  1747  he  became  joint  master 
of  that  of  Dumfries,  of  which  he  had  after- 
wards the  sole  charge,  but  resigned  the 
situation  in  1774.  He  then  retired  to  a 
farm  near  Banff,  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws  from  the  Marischal  col- 
lege of  Aberdeen,  after  which  he  went  and 
settled  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  died,  in 
1806.  His  works  are— 1.  A  Treatise  on 
Education,  of  which  there  have  been  five 
editions.  2.  Hints  on  the  Education  of 
the  lower  Ranks.  3.  Advantages  of  a  clas- 
sical Education.  4.  Abridgment  of  Ruddi- 
man's  Rudiments  and  Grammar.  5.  Col- 
legium Bengalense,  a  Latin  poem,  written 
for  Dr.  Buchanp.n's  prize. — W.  B. 

Chapone,  Mrs.  Sarah,  an  English  wri- 
ter, born  of  respectable  parents  in  North- 
amptonshire, of  the  name  of  Mulso.  Her 
marriage  proved  unhappy,  but  the  comforts 
which  she  was  denied  in  domestic  life,  she 
acquired  in  the  cultivation  of  literature. 
One  of  her  first  productions  was  Fidelia,  a 
simple  interesting  story  in  the  Adventurer, 
and  afterwards  she  rose  to  deserved  cele- 
383 


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brity  by  a  poem  prefixed  to  Mrs.  Carter's 
Epictetus,  and  by  her  valuable  letters  on 
the  imprisonment  of  the  mind,  addressed 
to  a  young  lady,  1775.  She  wrote  also 
miscellanies  in  prose  and  verse,  essays,  &c. 
and  died  at  Hadley,  in  Middlesex,  Decem- 
ber 25th,  1801,  aged  75.  She  was  noticed 
by  the  learned  and  great,  and  among  her 
friends  once  reckoned  Richardson,  John- 
son, &c. 

Chappe     d'Auteroche,    John.       Vid. 

AUTEROCHE. 

Chappel,  William,  a  learned  divine, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Lexington  Notts. 
10th  December,  1572,  and  educated  at 
Mansfield  grammar-school,  and  Christ 
church  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow,  1607.  When  James  visited 
the  university  in  1624,  Chappel  disputed 
before  him,  and  when  he  had  defeated  his 
opponent  Dr.  Roberts,  the  monarch,  who 
attempted  to  supply  his  place,  was  equally 
discomfited.  In  1633,  he  was  made  dean 
of  Cashel,  by  the  influence  of  his  friend 
Laud,  who  insisted  soon  after  on  his  be- 
coming provost  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
an  arduous  office  which  he  in  vain  declined. 
In  1638,  he  was  elevated  to  the  bishoprics 
of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross,  and  two  years 
after  he  resigned  the  provostship  of  the 
college.  His  situation,  however,  was  now 
exposed  to  the  malice  and  persecution  of 
those  troublous  times  ;  he  was  impeached 
in  the  commons,  on  pretence  of  perjury 
and  treason,  and  for  favouring  the  catholic 
cause,  though  when  at  Cambridge,  he  was 
accused  of  puritanism.  He  escaped  from 
the  impending  storm  by  obtaining  leave  to 
cross  to  Wales,  but  here  he  was  seized  as 
a  fugitive  culprit,  and  imprisoned  for  seven 
weeks  by  the  mayor  of  Pembroke.  Libe- 
rated with  difficulty  by  the  friendship  of  Sir 
Hugh  Owen,  he  went  to  Bristol,  and 
thence  to  Derby,  where  he  ended  his  days 
in  innocent  but  studious  retirement.  He 
died  Whitsunday,  1649.  He  was  the  au- 
i'uor  of  Methodus  concionandi,  which  was 
translated  into  English,  and  became  very 
popular,  besides  memoirs  of  his  own  life. 
The  whole  duty  of  man  has  also  been 
attributed  to  him. 

Chapuzeac,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, preceptor  to  William  III.  of  England. 
He  died  at  Zell,  1701,  governor  of  the 
pages  to  George  duke  of  Brunswick-Lu- 
nenburg. He  wrote  a  description  of 
Lyons,  an  account  of  Savoy,  besides  the 
political  state  of  Europe,  and  an  edition  of 
Tavernier's  travels. 

C haras,  Moses,  a  native  of  Usez,  who 
practised  in  the  medical  line  at  Paris.  He 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  treatise  on  treacle, 
and  by  his  pharmacopoeia,  in  2  vols.  4to. 
which  had  been  partly  delivered  in  a  course 
of  lectures,  and  which  was  translated  not 
only  into  the  languages  of  Europe,  but  into 
390 


the  Chinese.  At  the  revocation  of  thr 
edict  of  Nantes,  Charas  left  France,  and 
came  to  England,  and  afterwards  visited 
Spain,  to  administer  to  the  infirmities  of 
Charles  II.  Here  his  religion  was  made 
the  object  of  persecution,  and  in  the  hands 
of  the  inquisition,  Charas  soon  changed  his 
creed  at  the  age  of  72,  and  now  become  a 
zealous  catholic,  he  returned  to  Paris, 
where  he  died,  1698,  aged  80. 

Chardin,  Sir  John,  son  of  a  jeweller, 
was  born  at  Paris,  but  cum  to  England 
upon  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 
Charles  II.  knighted  him.  He  travelled 
into  Persia,  and  the  East  Indies,  not  only 
as  a  merchant  in  jewels,  but  as  an  inquisi- 
tive observer  of  the  customs  and  manners 
of  mankind.  His  voyages,  which  have 
been  translated  into  English,  German,  and 
Flemish,  are  much  esteemed.  He  died  at 
London,  1719,  aged  70. 

Chardon,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  who  in  1697 
went  as  a  missionary  among  the  Indians 
around  lake  Michigan.  He  laboured  there 
near  30  years,  and  became  acquainted  with 
the  languages  of  most  of  the  tribes  inhabit- 
ing those  regions.  (LT  L. 

Charenton,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  in  China,  who  after 
fifteen  years'  residence  returned  to  Europe, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1735,  aged  86.  He 
translated  Mariana's  history  of  Spain  into 
French,  with  valuable  notes. 

Chares,  a  Grecian  statuary,  famous  for 
the  raising  of  the  celebrated  Colossus  of 
Rhodes,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Sara- 
cens. 

Charette  de  la  Cointrie,  Francis 
Athanasius  de,  a  French  royalist,  celebra- 
ted for  the  vigorous  and  able  resistance 
which  he  made  in  la  Vendee  against  the 
republican  forces.  He  was  originally  a 
lieutenant  in  the  French  navy,  and  took  up 
arms  at  the  head  of  the  Bretons,  who  like 
himself  resented  the  cruelties  practised 
daily  against  loyalty,  virtue,  and  innocence. 
He  was  so  successful  in  the  struggle,  that 
the  republicans  agreed  on  a  cessation  of 
arms  with  him,  and  he  might  have  been 
persuaded  to  remain  a  peaceful  citizen,  had 
not  his  bloodthirsty  enemies  violated  the 
treaty.  In  a  second  engagement  Charette 
was  overpowered  by  numbers,  and  after 
being  dangerously  wounded  in  the  head 
and  losing  three  of  the  fingers  of  his  left 
hand  with  the  cut  of  a  sabre,  he  escaped 
from  the  field  of  battle,  but  soon  to  perish. 
He  was  seized  in  a  wood,  where  he  had 
concealed  himself,  and  was  dragged  to 
Nantes,  where  he  was  shot  9th  March, 
1796.  When  desired  to  kneel  at  the  fatal 
moment,  he  refused,  but  baring  his  breast, 
gave  with  a  most  firm  voice  the  word  of 
command  to  the  soldiers  to  fire. 

Chariton,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
fourth  century,  author  of  the  loves  of  Cha 


CHA 


CHA 


ras  and  Callirhoe,  a  pleasing  romance,  edit- 
ed by  Reiskc,  1750,  2  vols. 

Charke,  Charlotte,  youngest  daughter 
of  Colley  Cibber,  was  educated  in  a  manner 
more  fitting  the  character  of  a  boy  than  a 
girl.  She  early  married  Richard  Charke,  a 
violin  performer,  whose  debaucheries  soon 
produced  a  separation,  and  threw  a  thought- 
less imprudent  wife  into  the  vortex  of  dissi- 
pation and  poverty.  The  stage  for  a  while 
supported  Mrs.  Charke,  and  from  the  hum- 
ble part  of  Mademoiselle  in  the  Provoked 
Wife,  she  rose  to  the  capital  characters  of 
Alicia  in  Jane  Shore,  and  Andromache  in 
the  Distressed  Mother.  Unfortunately 
however  her  temper  proved  the  source  of 
many  calamities,  she  quarrelled  with  Fleet- 
wood the  manager,  and  though  forgiven  and 
reconciled,  she  again  transgressed,  and  at 
last  had  recourse  for  subsistence  to  the 
scanty  pittance  of  a  heroine  in  a  strolling 
company.  In  1755  she  published  a  narra- 
tive of  her  own  life,  but  perhaps  with  no 
success  sufficient  to  administer  to  her 
indigenee.  She  died  four  years  after  in 
great  distress. 

Charlemagne,  or  Charles  the  Great, 
and  first  king  of  France  and  first  emperor 
of  the  West,  was  son  of  Pepin  and  Ber- 
trade.  He  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  to  some  German  provinces,  and 
after  the  decease  of  his  brother  Carloman, 
741,  he  was  acknowledged  king  of  France. 
The  military  abilities  which  he  possessed 
were  soon  displayed  in  his  war  against  the 
Saxons,  whom  he  defeated  ;  and  after  he 
had  rendered  himself  by  repeated  victories 
master  of  Germany  and  of  Italy,  and  dread- 
ed in  Spain  by  his  conquests  near  Barce- 
lona, he  went  to  Rome,  and  in  the  year 
800  renewed  in  his  person  the  empire  of 
the  Caesars,  and  was  crowned  by  Leo  III. 
emperor  of  the  West.  This  new  and  ex- 
tensive power  was  acknowledged  by  neigh- 
bouring princes,  and  Charles  displayed  his 
pride  and  magnificence  in  his  pompous  re- 
ception of  the  ambassadors  of  Nicephorus 
emperor  of  the  East.  Great  in  war,  he 
became  equally  illustrious  in  peace,  he  pro- 
tected and  encouraged  the  arts,  and  made 
his  palace  the  asylum  of  learned  men.  Be- 
sides monasteries  he  erected  academies  and 
schools  at  Paris  and  in  various  parts  of  his 
dominions,  and  directed  the  powers  of  his 
genius  to  the  establishment  of  salutary 
laws,  and  to  the  promotion  of  commerce 
and  industry  among  his  subjects.  This 
illustrious  prince  died  814,  aged  71,  after 
reigning  47  years  over  France,  and  14 
over  the  Empire,  and  he  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  He  appoint- 
ed his  only  surviving  son  Lewis  emperor 
and  king,  and  bestowed  the  crown  of  Italy 
on  Bernard,  the  illegitimate  son  of  his  son 
Pepin. 

Charles  II.  surnamed  the  bald,  son  of 


Lewis  the  Debonnaire,  succeeded  to  the 
French  crown  840.  He  was  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people  in 
875,  and  he  distinguished  his  reign  by  the 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  his  brother 
Lothaire,  at  Fontenay  in  Burgundy.  Pru- 
dence however  did  not  mark  his  conduct, 
and  he  found  at  last  his  enemies  too  pow- 
erful, and  whilst  he  fled  into  Italy,  he  was 
poisoned  at  Briord,  6th  October,  877,  by 
one  of  his  servants.  The  feudal  govern- 
ment may  be  said  to  have  begun  under  his 
weak  reign. 

Charles  III.  or  simple,  was  born  879, 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  893. 
His  abilities  were  unequal  to  the  arduous 
labour  of  governing  a  kingdom  already  dis- 
tracted by  the  rebellious  spirit  of  the  nobles, 
and  by  the  invasions  of  the  Normans, 
and  instead  of  mounting  the  imperial 
throne,  which  a  little  art  might  have  se- 
cured, he  was  obliged  to  resign  some  of  his 
provinces  to  his  victorious  enemies.  The 
haughty  conduct  of  his  minister  Haganon, 
a  man  of  obscure  birth,  but  of  intriguing 
abilities,  at  last  totally  alienated  the  hearts 
of  his  subjects,  and  soon  an  army,  headed 
by  Robert  of  the  blood  royal,  appeared  in 
the  field.  Charles,  notwithstanding  the 
feebleness  of  his  conduct,  obtained  the  vic- 
tory and  killed  his  rival  ;  but  another  bat- 
tle fought  by  Hugh  the  great,  son  of  the 
fallen  prince,  proved  fatal  to  the  fortunes 
of  Charles.  He  escaped  to  the  palace  of 
the  count  of  Vermandois,  where  he  died 
after  seven  years  of  cruel  confinement  in 
the  castle  of  Peronne,  7th  October,  929, 
aged  50. 

Charles  IV.  the  fair,  was  third  son  of 
Philip  the  fair,  and  succeeded  to  the  French 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Philip 
the  tall,  1322.  His  reign  was  disturbed  by 
quarrels  with  England,  and  peace  was  at 
last  re-established  by  the  intercession  of 
Isabella,  who  had  married  the  English  mo- 
narch, and  by  the  cession  of  Guienne.  He 
died  31st  January,  1328,  aged  34,  after  a 
weak  and  inglorious  reign. 

Charles  V.  or  wise,  was  son  of  John, 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France 
1364.  By  his  abilities  and  courage,  and 
the  successes  of  his  famous  general  dti 
Gueselin,  he  repaired  the  losses  which  the 
monarchy  had  suffered  under  the  feeble 
administration  of  his  father,  and  the  Eng- 
lish were  gradually  dispossessed  of  the 
provinces  which  they  had  before  conquered 
in  France.  After  a  short  reign  of  16  years, 
Charles,  who  had  made  the  happiness  of 
his  people,  and  the  improvements  of  com- 
merce and  naval  affairs,  the  particular 
object  of  his  cares,  died  ]6th  September, 
1380,  aged  43.  He  founded  the  library  of 
Paris,  and  was  the  first  who  bore  the  title 
of  dauphin. 

Charles  VI.  or  well-beloved,  was  son  of 
"91 


CIIA 


CHA 


Charles  V.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1380,  at 
the  age  of  12.  His  inexperience,  and  the 
ambitious  views  of  his  three  uncles  the 
dukes  of  Anjou,  Berri,  and  Britany,  unfor- 
tunately tended  to  disturb  and  weaken  the 
kingdom,  when  unanimity  and  vigour  were 
so  necessary  to  withstand  the  attacks  of 
the  victorious  English.  An  unhappy  deli- 
rium with  which  the  monarch  was  seized, 
followed  by  mental  imbecility,  completed 
the  ruin  of  the-  nation,  while  the  civil  war 
on  one  side  depopulated  the  country,  and 
the  successes  of  the  English,  and  the  glo- 
rious victory  of  Agincourt,  on  the  other, 
left  the  unfortunate  Charles  little  beside 
the  empty  title  of  king.  Henry  V.  of 
England  was  crowned  at  Paris,  and  ruled 
the  kingdom  at  his  pleasure  ;  but  his  death, 
in  1422,  and  that  of  Charles  soon  after, 
on  the  20th  October  of  the  same  year, 
produced  a  change  in  affairs,  and  restored 
to  France  the  benefit  of  her  own  native 
sovereigns. 

Charles  VII.  surnamed  the  victorious, 
succeeded  his  father  Charles  VI.  and  was 
crowned  at  Poictiers  1422.  He  possessed 
great  vigour  and  activity,  and  though  at  first 
a  king  more  in  name  than  in  power,  he 
bravely  resisted  the  inroads  of  his  victo- 
rious enemies,  and  though  conquered,  he 
still  sought  for  more  certain  opportunities 
of  annoying  his  invaders.  Misfortunes 
however  proved  too  great  for  his  resources. 
Orleans,  the  last  important  place  of  his  do- 
minions, was  already  besieged  and  ready 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and 
Charles  in  despair  prepared  to  retire  to 
Provence,  when  Joan  of  Arc,  was  present- 
ed to  him  as  the  future  deliverer  of  his 
country.  Superstition  thus  was  enabled 
to  finish  what  valour  could  not  do,  and 
Joan,  as  the  pretended  missionary  of  Hea- 
ven, quickly  drove  the  English  before  her, 
retook  all  the  conquered  provinces,  and 
saw  her  monarch  crowned  under  her  vic- 
torious standard  in  the  cathedral  of 
Rheims.  Thus  wonderfully  restored  to 
his  dominions  and  supported  by  the  valour 
of  his  generals,  of  Dunois,  Sacritrailles, 
Arthus,  and  Culant,  Charles  too  often  for- 
got his  duties  in  the  arms  of  his  mistress, 
and  suffered  his  people  to  be  plundered  by 
worthless  favourites.  He  died  22d  July, 
1461,  aged  58. 

Charles  VIII.  called  the  affable,  was 
son  of  Lewis  XI.  and  ascended  the  throne 
1483.  He  married  Anne  of  Britany,  but 
while  in  this  union  he  enlarged  his  domi- 
nions,he  determined  to  acquire  military  glo- 
ry by  the  invasion  of  Italy,  and  his  suc- 
cesses were  so  rapid  that  he  found  himself 
almost  all  at  once  master  of  Florence, 
Rome,  Capua,  and  Naples.  Proud  of  his 
successes,  and  flattered  by  the  pope,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  crowned  emperor  of 
Constantinople  and  king  of  Naples  :  but 
392 


the  submissive  princes  of  Italy  rose  against 
their  invader,  and  six  months  after  Charles 
escaped  with  difficulty  into  France,  and 
only  after  the  famous  battle  of  Fouroua,  in 
which  his  army  of  8000  men  routed  a  force 
five  times  more  numerous  than  his  own. 
Whilst  he  meditated  revenge  and  formed 
plans  of  fresh  conquests,  he  was  suddenly 
carried  off  by  an  apoplexy,  at  Amboise,  7th 
April,  1498,  aged  27. 

Charles  IX.  was  born  1550,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne,  after  the  death  of  his 
brother  Francis  II.  1560.  His  minority 
was  guided  by  his  mother  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  but  as  the  kingdom  was  divided 
by  factions,  which  assumed  the  names  of 
Papists,  Lutherans,  and  Huguenots,  no- 
thing for  the  happiness  of  the  people  or 
the  glory  of  the  throne  could  be  expected. 
In  the  midst  of  these  political  struggles  be- 
tween the  leading  men  of  the  times,  the 
Condes,  Colignis,  and  Guises,  Charles 
maintained  a  conduct  full  of  dissimulation 
and  hypocrisy ;  and  while  he  pretended 
friendship  and  protection  to  all  his  subjects, 
he  was  cruelly  meditating  that  fatal  massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572,  which 
leaves  so  indelible  a  stigma  of  barbarous 
cruelty  on  his  name  Though  some  have 
considered  the  bloody  deed  as  the  machi- 
nation of  his  mother  and  of  her  ecclesiasti- 
cal counsellors,  yet  Charles  deeply  parti- 
cipated in  the  crime,  and  the  encourage- 
ment which  he  gave  to  a  band  of  murderers 
in  his  own  palace,  leaves  him  little  claim  to 
the  forgiveness  of  outraged  humanity. 
These  horrid  scenes,  it  is  said,  presented 
themselves  in  dreadful  array  to  his  terrified 
imagination,  and  on  his  death-bed  produced 
the  appalling  exhibition  of  a  tortured  con- 
science and  an  avenging  Heaven.  He  died 
30th  May,  1574,  aged  24. 

Charles,  the  fat,  son  of  Lewis  the  Ger- 
man, was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  empe- 
ror 881.  Though  he  had  the  art  of  ob- 
taining all  the  crowns  which  once  adorned 
the  head  of  Charlemagne,  he  did  not  pos- 
sess sufficient  abilities  to  support  their  glory, 
but  by  the  intrigues  of  his  prime  minister 
Luidward,  whom  he  had  banished  from 
the  court,  and  by  the  invasion  of  Arnold 
duke  of  Carinthia,  he  was  driven  from  his 
throne.  Reduced  to  privacy,  and  depend- 
ent on  the  bounty  of  the  victorious  Ar- 
nold, he  at  last  died  of  grief  near  Con- 
stance, 13th  January,  888. 

Charles  IV.  son  of  John  of  Luxemburg, 
and  grandson  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII. 
ascended  the  imperial  throne  1347.  His 
reign  is  famous  for  the  golden  bull,  enacted 
at  the  diet  of  Nuremberg  1356.  This  cele- 
brated agreement  was  ushered  forth  into 
the  world  with  curious  reasons  drawn  from 
prejudice  and  superstition,  and  while  it 
gave  Germany  a  long  admired  constitution, 
it  proved  the  necessity  of  seven  elector*. 


CHA 


CHA 


by  the  seven  gifts  of  the  holy  ghost,  and 
the  seven  branches  of  the  holy  candle- 
stick. Charles,  who  was  more  fond  of  the 
pomp  of  royalty  than  the  prosperity  of  his 
kingdom,  yet  deserved  the  respect  of  the 
learned  by  the  protection  which  he  extend- 
ed to  literature,  and  the  university  which 
he  established  at  Prague.  He  died  at 
Prague  29th  November,  1378.  He  was  four 
times  married. 

Charles  V.  eldest  son  of  Philip,  arch- 
duke of  Austria,  and  Jane  of  Castile,  was 
born  at  Ghent,  25th  February,  1500.  He 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain,  1516,  and 
two  years  after  elected  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, on  the  death  of  his  grandfather 
Maximilian.  His  elevation  to  the  imperial 
throne  was  disputed  by  the  intrigues  and 
the  gold  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  who  as- 
pired to  the  same  honours,  and  a  fierce 
war  was  consequently  kindled  between  the 
two  powers.  Charles,  supported  by  the  aid 
of  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  by  Adrian  VI. 
by  the  Florentines  and  Venetians,  proved 
successful  in  his  attacks  against  the  French, 
who  were  driven  from  Italy.  Even  Mar- 
seilles was  besieged  by  the  imperial  troops 
under  Bourbon,  and  at  the  fatal  battle  of 
Pavia,  1525,  Francis  fell  into  the  hands  of 
his  enemy.  This  advantageous  conquest 
did  not  improve  the  affairs  of  Charles  ;  in- 
stead of  marching  into  the  heart  of  France, 
he  negotiated  with  his  prisoner,  and  when 
afterwards  the  fate  of  war  placed  Rome 
and  the  pope  in  his  power,  he  found  that 
his  successes  armed  the  princes  of  Europe 
against  him,  and  rendered  his  power  rather 
suspected  than  formidable.  The  peace  of 
Cambrai  in  1529,  put  an  end  to  the  dissen- 
sions of  the  continent ;  but  Charles,  rest- 
less and  ambitious  of  military  glory,  crossed 
in  1535  the  Mediterranean,  to  gather  lau- 
rels on  the  coast  of  Africa.  He  took  Gou- 
letta,  defeated  Barbarossa,  and  after  enter- 
ing victorious  into  Tunis,  and  restoring 
liberty  to  22,000  Christian  slaves,  he  re- 
placed Mulei-Hassen  on  the  throne.  Re- 
turned to  Europe,  Charles,  in  1536,  again 
turned  his  arms  against  Francis  ;  he  ravaged 
Champagne  and  Picardy,  but  ill  success 
obliged  him  soon  to  seek  a  reconciliation, 
and  the  peace  of  Nice,  in  1538,  restored 
tranquillity  between  the  rival  monarchs. 
After  suppressing  an  insurrection  at  Ghent, 
1539,  Charles  in  1541  meditated  the  con- 
quest of  Algiers  ;  but  the  expedition  proved 
unfortunate,  and  a  war  with  France  in  1 542 
seemed  to  promise  more  important  con- 
quests to  his  gigantic  ambition.  But  though 
leagued  with  the  English,  he  found  himself 
disappointed  ;  his  army  was  defeated  at 
Cerisoles,  and  he  made  peace  at  Crepy, 
1545.  His  attempts  against  some  of  the 
German  states  were  equally  unsuccessful, 
and  whilst  he  endeavoured  to  oppose  the 
dissemination  of  the  principles  of  Luther, 
Vol.  I.  50 


he  found  himself  obliged  by  the  power,  the 
intrigues,  and  the  perseverance  of  Maurice 
elector  of  Saxony,  and  Joachim  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  to  sign  the  treaty  of  Passau 
in  1552,  and  to  accord  liberty  of  conscience 
to  the  protectants  of  Germany.  The  de- 
feat of  his  army  before  Metz,  by  the  duke 
of  Guise,  under  Henry  II.  of  France,  after- 
wards tended  to  check  his  pride  ;  and  at 
last,  worn  out  by  infirmities,  dissatisfied 
with  the  world,  and  fully  sensible  of  the 
vanity  of  all  human  grandeur,  he  formed 
the  resolution  of  resigning  his  princely 
honours.  He  placed  the  imperial  crown 
on  the  head  of  his  brother  Ferdinand,  and 
appointed  his  son  Philip  his  successor  as 
king  of  Spain,  25th  October,  1555,  and,  to 
the  astonishment  of  the  world,  retired  to 
the  privacy  of  a  monastic  life.  In  the 
monastery  of  St.  Juste,  on  the  borders  of 
Castile  and  Portugal,  Charles  attempted  to 
forget  the  temptations  of  sovereign  power, 
and  the  cares  of  government ;  but  whilst 
his  hours  were  passed  in  the  cultivation  of 
his  garden,  in  mechanical  pursuits,  in  reli- 
gious duties,  and  monastic  discipline,  some 
have  imagined  that  he  sighed  for  the  dig- 
nities which,  in  a  moment  of  weakness,  he 
had  superstitiously  abandoned.  That,  how- 
ever, he  evinced  his  contempt  of  mortal 
honours,  appears  by  his  celebrating  his 
own  obsequies  in  his  lifetime,  and  wishing 
thus  to  be  forgotten  by  the  world.  This 
farce  of  sepulture  soon  became  real,  the 
following  day  he  was  attacked  by  a  violent 
fever,  which  proved  fatal  the  22d  Septem- 
ber, 1558.  With  some  weaknesses,  Charles 
possessed  great  virtues,  and  his  reign  is 
become '  interesting  in  the  history  of  Eu- 
rope, by  the  schism  which  shook  the  power 
of  Rome,  and  established  the  protestant 
tenets,  and  by  the  revolution  in  commerce, 
science,  and  navigation,  which  the  disco- 
veries of  Columbus  effected. 

Charles  VI.  fifth  son  of  the  emperor 
Leopold,  was  born  1685,  and  proclaimed 
by  his  father,  in  1703,  king  of  Spain,  under 
the  title  of  Charles  III.  Though  bravely 
opposed  by  Philip  V.  he  was  enabled  to 
continue  the  war  of  succession  ;  and  when 
elected  emperor  of  Germany,  1711,  he  still 
maintained  his  claim,  by  the  valour  of  his 
generals  and  the  fidelity  of  the  Barcelonese. 
The  treaties  of  Radstadt  and  Baden,  in 
1714,  at  last  put  an  end  to  the  tumults  of 
the  continent,  and  Charles  had  the  good 
fortune  to  obtain,  in  exchange  for  Spain, 
the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sardinia,  the 
Netherlands,  and  the  dutchies  of  Milan  and 
Mantua.  In  1716  a  new  war  was  under- 
taken against  the  Turks,  and  by  the  abili- 
ties and  successes  of  prince  Eugene,  Bel- 
grade, Temeswar,  and  all  Servia  were 
added  to  the  imperial  dominions.  The  in- 
trigues of  Alberoni,  the  Spanish  minister,  ' 
rekindled  unfortunately  the  war ;  but  the 
393 


(JHA 


CHA 


quadruple  alliance  signed  in  London,  1728, 
between  the  courts  of  Vienna,  England, 
France,  and  the  States  General,  enabled 
the  emperor  to  obtain  an  equivalent  for 
Sardinia,  which  the  Spaniards  had  rapidly 
conquered,  and  at  last,  after  the  disgrace 
of  Alberoni,  Philip  V.  acceded  to  the  terms 
offered  by  his  opponent,  and  abandoned  his 
claims  on  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  By  the 
pragmatic  sanction,  Charles  was  empower- 
ed to  make  his  Austrian  states  descend,  in 
default  of  male  issue,  to  his  daughters ; 
and  he  might  have  closed  his  reign  in  ho- 
nourable peace,  had  he  not  interfered  in 
the  affairs  of  Poland,  and  supported  the 
exclusion  of  Stanislaus  from  the  throne. 
His  territories  were  afterwards  attacked 
by  the  Turks  ;  and  he  had  the  misfortune 
to  see  his  armies  defeated,  and  wasted 
away  by  disease  and  famine  ;  and  at  last 
he  resigned  by  treaty,  1739,  his  preten- 
sions to  Belgrade,  Servia,  Sabach,  and 
Wallachia.  He  died  '20th  September,  1740, 
aged  55,  and  was  the  sixteenth  and  last 
emperor  of  the  house  of  Austria  in  the 
male  line. 

Charles  VII.  son  of  Maximilian  Ema- 
nuel, elector  of  Bavaria,  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector,  1726 ;  and  upon  the 
death  of  Charles  VI.  he  laid  claim  to  Bo- 
hemia, Austria,  and  the  Tyrol,  and  refused 
to  acknowledge  the  pragmatic  sanction, 
and  the  rights  of  Maria  Theresa  to  the 
imperial  throne.  Supported  by  the  arms 
of  Lewis  XV.  he  was  crowned  king  of  Bo 
hernia,  at  Prague,  and  emperor  at  Frank- 
fort, 1742  ;  but  Maria  Theresa,  though  for 
a  moment  stripped  of  her  dominions,  found 
powerful  allies  in  the  English,  and  the 
French  and  Bavarian  forces  were  defeated 
with  great  rapidity,  and  Charles  in  his  turn 
found  himself  possessed  only  of  the  empty 
title  of  emperor.  He  died  soon  after,  20th 
January,  1745,  aged  48. 

Charles  I.  king  of  Spain,  was  Charles 
V.  emperor  of  Germany. 

Charles  II.  son  and  successor  of  Philip 
IV.  as  king  of  Spain,  1665,  was  twice  mar- 
ried, but  had  no  issue.  By  his  last  will, 
made  1698,  he  called  to  the  Spanish  throne 
the  prince  of  Bavaria,  the  nephew  of  his 
queen ;  but,  in  1700,  he  declared  Philip 
duke  of  Anjou  his  successor.  He  died  the 
same  year,  10th  November,  aged  39  ;  and 
the  unsettled  succession  proved  the  source 
of  civil  discord.  Charles  was  the  last  of 
the  eldest  branch  of  the  Austrian  princes 
who  reigned  in  Spain. 

Charles  III.  king  of  Spain,  was  son  of 
Philip  V.  and  on  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Ferdinand  VI.  1759,  he  exchanged  his 
kingdom  of  Sicily  for  the  Spanish  domi- 
nions. He  possessed  abilities  as  a  mo- 
narch, and  virtues  as  a  man  ;  but  his  at- 
tempts to  raise  the  Spaniards  from  their 
natural  indolence  proved  abortive,  and 
394 


though,  in  the  war  with  England,  he  retook 
Minorca,  he  saw  his  commerce  ruined,  and 
his  treasures  at  Havanna  fall  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemies.     He  died  1789. 

Charles  I.  king  of  England,  son  of 
James  I.  and  Anne  of  Denmark,  was  born 
at  Dumferling,  19th  Nov.  1600.  On  his 
father's  accession  to  the  English  throne,  he 
was  created  duke  of  York,  and  on  the 
death  of  his  brother  Henry  he  became 
prince  of  Wales.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  1625,  and  that  year  married  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  Henry  the  great  of  France, 
whom  he  had  seen  and  admired  at  Paris, 
during  the  romantic  excursion  which  he 
took  to  pay  his  addresses  to  the  infanta  of 
Spain,  accompanied  by  his  favourite,  Buck- 
ingham. The  fair  prospects  which  a  new 
reign  and  a  virtuous  monarch  might  pro- 
mise to  the  nation,  were  soon  obscured  by 
the  storms  of  popular  discontent  and  party 
prejudice.  The  Spanish  war  in  which  the 
kingdom  was  engaged,  was  conducted  with 
ill  success  by  Buckingham  ;  and  when  the 
parliament  inveighed  against  the  haughti- 
ness and  maladministration  of  this  hapless 
favourite,  Charles,  instead  of  dismissing, 
resolved  to  support  him.  Another  parlia- 
ment proved  equally  unruly,  and  was  dis- 
solved with  equal  indignation  by  the  offend- 
ed monarch,  who  now  began  to  raise  sup- 
plies by  his  own  authority,  under  the  name 
of  loans,  benevolence,  and  ship  money. 
This,  instead  of  strengthening  his  power, 
rendered  him  more  unpopular  ;  and  when 
Buckingham  failed  in  his  attempt  to  relieve 
the  protestants  of  Rochelle,  in  1627,  the 
clamours  of  the  people  were  loud  and  vio- 
lent, and  the  exhausted  state  of  the  trea- 
sury rendered  the  calling  of  a  new  parlia- 
ment necessary.  From  this  turbulent  as- 
sembly Charles  obtained,  with  difficulty  in- 
deed, some  supplies ;  but,  in  return,  he 
was  attacked  with  representations  of  grie- 
vances, and  was  obliged  to  assent  to  the 
petition  of  right,  which  explained  and  more 
fully  settled  the  rights  of  the  subject.  The 
progress  of  his  favourite's  impeachment 
was  stopped  by  his  assassination  at  Ports- 
mouth, by  the  dagger  of  the  fanatic  Felton  ; 
and  the  conclusion  of  the  war  with  France 
and  Spain  rendered  Charles  less  dependent 
on  his  parliament,  which  he  dissolved,  with 
the  resolution  of  never  calling  another. 
After  Buckingham's  death,  the  king  placed 
his  confidence  on  no  minister  with  equal 
satisfaction  ;  but  whilst  from  his  better 
judgment  more  mild  measures  were  expect- 
ed, the  spirit  of  dissatisfaction  was  kindled 
in  the  most  violent  degree  by  the  raising  of 
ship  money  for  the  defence  of  the  nation. 
The  measure  was  sufficiently  supported  by 
the  practice  of  former  reigns,  and  the 
unanimous  opinion  of  the  judges  ;  but  the 
arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
or  of  Elizabeth,  were  ill  calculated  to  en- 


CHA 


CIIA 


sure  obedience  in  times  when  the  divine 
right  of  kings  was  disputed,  and  the  neces- 
sity of  parliamentary  control  loudly  pro- 
claimed. Hampden  opposed  the  unpopular 
tax  ;  and  though  condemned  by  the  court 
of  exchequer,  he  rejoiced  in  the  struggle 
which  his  single  arm  had  waged  against 
the  oppressive  measures  of  the  government. 
The  attempt  of  Charles  to  enforce  the 
reading  of  the  English  liturgy  in  the 
churches  of  Scotland  excited  the  same  fer- 
ment in  the  north  which  unhappily  pre- 
vailed in  the  south  ;  and  when  the  Scotch 
had  bound  themselves  by  the  oath  of  the 
solemn  league  and  covenant  to  defend  their 
presbyterian  principles,  which  they  de- 
clared to  be  the  cause  of  Christ,  and  had 
assembled  an  army  to  support  their  claims, 
Charles  had  the  weakness  to  propose  a 
negotiation,  instead  of  giving  battle  ;  and, 
while  he  consented  to  withdraw  his  forces, 
he  had  the  mortification  to  observe  that, 
by  the  intrigues  of  Richelieu,  his  enemies, 
instead  of  disbanding  their  followers,  were 
increasing  their  means  of  offence.  In 
1640  another  parliament  was  called,  but, 
from  its  clamours  for  the  redress  of  griev- 
ances, was  as  soon  dissolved  ;  yet  such 
were  the  distresses  of  the  monarch  for 
want  of  money,  that  he  was  again,  the 
same  year,  persuaded  by  his  council  of 
peers,  assembled  at  Rippon,  to  have  re- 
course again  to  a  popular  election.  This 
parliament,  called  the  long  parliament,  met 
in  November,  1640  ;  and  they  did  not  sepa- 
rate till  they  had  effected  the  ruin  of  the 
king  and  of  his  government.  Instead  of 
listening  to  the  representations  of  the  mo- 
narch, they  exclaimed  against  the  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  court ;  and  that  they  might 
strip  the  throne  of  all  its  ornaments,  and 
the  monarch  of  all  the  wisdom  and  inte- 
grity of  faithful  advisers,  impeachment  and 
persecution  were  denounced  against  the 
ministers.  Strafford  was  tried,  and  con- 
demned, though  Charles  opposed  the  un- 
availing shield  of  royalty  to  save  him,  and 
Laud  soon  after,  on  pretences  as  frivolous 
as  they  were  cruel,  was  dragged  to  the 
scaffold.  To  serve  the  king  seemed  now 
to  be  a  crime ;  and  Charles,  stripped  of 
the  assistance  of  his  wisest  ministers,  was 
unable  to  stem  against  the  torrent  of  fana- 
tic zeal  and  popular  fury,  which  decreed 
the  abolition  of  the  court  of  the  star 
ehamber,  the  high  commission,  and  other 
offices  which  were  the  bulwark  of  the  mo- 
narchy. While  faction  thus  prevailed  at 
home,  the  intrigues  of  the  puritans  were 
not  in  vain  in  Ireland,  and  the  most  horrid 
massacres  and  outrages  of  every  kind  were 
perpetrated,  in  the  name  of  religion,  while 
the  unhappy  monarch  was  publicly  branded 
as  the  author  of  national  miseries,  which 
he  could  neither  foresee  nor  prevent.  In 
the  meantime,  the  violence  of  the  presby- 


terian faction  acquired  strength  in  England; 
episcopacy  was  declared  to  be  unnecessary; 
and  the  thirteen  bishops  who  presumed  to 
make  representations  against  the  conduct 
of  their  persecutors  were  sent  in  disgrace  to 
the  Tower,  as  guilty  of  treason.     Instead 
of  conciliating  popularity,  if  indeed  any 
step  of  the  devoted  monarch  could  conci- 
liate popularity,  Charles  increased  the  viru- 
lence of  the  commons,  by  appearing,  agree- 
able to  the  advice  of  some  of  his  counsel- 
lors, in  the  house,  and  from  the  speaker's 
chair    impeaching   five   of   the    members. 
This  bold  step  ought  to  have  been  support- 
ed or  never  adopted  ;  but  Charles,  retiring 
in    disappointment   to   Windsor,    wrote   a 
letter  to  the  parliament  to  excuse  his  con- 
duct, and  thus  to  render  himself  ridiculous 
in  the  eyes  of  the  nation.     The  parliament 
in  the  mean  time  had  called  upon  the  mili- 
tia  of  the   city  for  the  defence  of   their 
privileges,  and   the  king,   who   found  that 
nothing  but  force  could  now  restore  him  to 
his  dignity  and  to  his  consequence  in  the 
nation,    retired    to    Nottingham,    where, 
August  25,    1642,    he   erected  the    royal 
standard.     This  was  a  declaration  of  war, 
which  the  parliament  were  not  backward 
to    acknowledge.       Various   battles   were 
fought  at   Edgehill,    Marston   Moor,  and 
Newbury,  with  various  success,  but  all  the 
advantages  which  the  monarch  had  gained 
by  the  valour  of  his  troops,  and  the  loyalty 
of  his   adherents,    were  unhappily  lost  in 
the  fight  of  Naseby,  4th  June,  1645,  where, 
after  displaying  all  the  coolness,  prudence, 
and    intrepidity    of    the    ablest    general, 
Charles  was  obliged  to  fly  with  the  loss  of 
his  artillery,  his  baggage,  and  his  cabinet  of 
letters,    which    the    republicans  published 
with  every  offensive  remark  of  insolence 
and  vulgarity.    Thus  left  without  resources, 
and  shut  up   at  Oxford,  ignorant  whom  to 
trust,  and  unable  to  increase  the  number  of 
his  adherents,  Charles  formed  the  fatal  re- 
solution  of   throwing   himself   upon    the 
mercy    of   the    Scotch    army.       He    left 
Oxford  in   disguise,   and  after   wandering 
nine  days,  he  appeared  in  the  Scotch  army 
at  Newark,  but  instead  of  being  received  as 
a  monarch,  and  of  finding  his  misfortunes 
respected  as  they  deserved,  he  found  him- 
self a  prisoner,  and  soon  learnt  that  his 
expected  friends  with  unparalleled  barba* 
rity  had  sold  him  to  the  English  parliament 
for  the   sum  of  200,000/.       Charles   was 
conveyed  a  prisoner  to  Holmby  castle,  and 
to    Hampton  court,  but  though   here  he 
could  not,  as  he  hoped,  restore  himself  to 
power  by  interfering  between  the  jarring 
factions  of  the  puritans  and  the  indepen- 
dents, he  had  the  art  to  effect  his  escape  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight.    But  while  he  meditated 
passing  into  France,  he  soon  found  himself 
a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  Hammond  the 
governor    of    Carrisbrooke     castle,    and 
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when  removed  to  Hurst  castle  and  to 
Windsor,  he  unhappily  discovered  that  the 
rudeness  with  which  he  was  treated  was 
the  prelude  to  a  melaheholy  tragedy.  The 
republicans  were  sensible  that  their  power 
could  never  be  consolidated  till  the  king 
was  no  more,  and  therefore  a  universal 
clamour  was  raised  to  pass  sentence  upon 
him.  Brought  before  this  self-created 
high  court  of  justice,  over  which  Bradshaw, 
a  worthless  lawyer,  presided,  Charles  dis- 
played the  usual  independence  of  his  cha- 
racter. While  he  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  authority  of  bis  judges,  he  betrayed  no 
violent  emotions  of  fury  or  bursting  indig- 
nation ;  he  was  the  meek,  the  patient,  the 
resigned  Christian,  who  yielded  with  all 
the  dignity  of  conscious  innocence  to  the 
power  which  usurpation  and  tyranny  had 
erected  for  his  destruction.  He  heard  the 
sentence  of  death  pronounced  against  him 
with  composure,  and  the  three  days  which 
he  was  allowed  to  prepare  for  another 
world,  were  passed  in  the  affectionate 
duties  of  recommending  forgiveness  of 
injuries,  moderation,  and  the  practice  of 
every  virtue  to  his  children,  and  in  the 
becoming  offices  of  a  devout  and  penitent 
Christian.  On  the  scaffold,  which,  probably 
to  insult  him,  was  erected  in  the  front  of 
his  palace  of  Whitehall,  he  preserved  his 
usual  composure,  and  after  conversing 
with  Juxon  bishop  of  London,  who  attend- 
ed him,  and  witnessed  his  heroic  resigna- 
tion, he  gave  the  signal  to  the  masked  execu- 
tioner, who  cut  off  his  head  at  one  blow, 
30th  January,  164S.  The  remains  of  the 
martyred  monarch  were  removed  to  Wind- 
sor, but  were  rudely  interred  by  order  of 
the  parliament  without  the  burial  service 
being  read  over  them.  Though  insulted 
by  republican  malice,  and  though  misrepre- 
sented by  political  opponents,  Charles  must 
be  considered  as  a  great  man  ;  and  whoever 
wishes  to  form  an  accurate  judgment  of  his 
character,  must  view  him  as  the  successor 
to  an  almost  arbitrary  power,  as  the  mo- 
narch of  a  turbulent  nation,  as  the  bulwark 
of  what  he  considered  as  the  constitution 
and  the  happiness  of  his  country,  and  as 
the  steady  and  prudent  opposer  of  bold 
unprincipled  innovators,  whose  conduct 
was  seldom  guided  by  any  but  selfish  and 
personal  views.  As  a  domestic  character, 
he  was  amiable  and  exemplary,  and  as  a 
man  of  letters,  his  abilities  were  respecta- 
ble. In  his  intercourse  with  the  parliament, 
he  often  alone  was  opposed  to  the  insinua- 
ting language  and  sophistical  arguments  of 
numerous  delegates,  but  none  ever  left  his 
presence  without  admiring  his  firmness,  the 
acuteness  of  his  remarks,  the  readiness 
and  propriety  of  his  answers,  and  the 
general  intelligence  and  powerful  elocution 
with  which  he  supported  and  adorned  his 
conversation.  Though  his  enemies  have 
396 


attempted  to  rob  him  of  the  merit  of  wri- 
ting the  Icon  Basilike,  a  pathetic  composi- 
tion which  operated  in  his  favour  like  the 
testament  of  Caesar  at  Rome,  and  which 
required  the  gigantic  abilities  of  Milton  to 
vilify  it,  yet  he  is  now  generally  imagined 
to  be  the  author  of  it,  and  not  Gauden. 
Charles  left  two  sons,  who  succeeded  after 
him  on  the  throne.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  the  duke  of  Orleans,  brother  to 
Louis  XIV.  and  another  the  prince  of 
Orange. 

Charles  II.  king  of  England,  after  his 
father  the  first  Charles,  was  born  29th 
May,  1630.  He  heard  at  the  Hague  of  the 
tragical  death  of  his  father ;  and  soon  after, 
at  the  invitation  of  the  Scotch,  who  wished 
in  this  early  proof  of  loyalty  to  wipe  away 
their  former  treachery  to  his  predecessor, 
he  came  privately  to  Scotland,  and  was 
crowned  at  Scone  in  1651.  Though  with 
the  title  of  king,  Charles  felt  himself  sur- 
rounded by  all  the  jealousy  of  the  republi- 
cans, and  the  fanaticism  of  the  presbyte- 
rians,  and  perhaps  might  rejoice  in  the 
defeat  of  his  followers  at  Dunbar,  as  it  set 
him  free  from  oppressive  and  suspicious 
advisers.  From  Scotland  Charles  pro- 
ceeded to  Worcester,  where  he  was  totally 
defeated  by  the  superior  valour  of  Crom- 
well, and  he  escaped  from  the  field  of  bat- 
tle with  great  difficulty.  After  concealing 
himself  in  the  branches  of  an  oak  in  Bos- 
cobel  wood,  where  he  saw  his  enemies  in 
full  pursuit  of  him,  and  after  disguising 
himself  under  the  various  characters  of  a 
wood-cutter,  a  peasant,  a  servant,  &c.  he 
at  last  reached  Brighton,  and  embarked  for 
France.  The  death  of  Cromwell  and  the 
inabilities  of  his  successor,  paved  the  way 
for  his  return,  and  when  Monk,  at  the 
head  of  the  army  in  Scotland,  had  the 
boldness  and  loyalty  to  declare  in  his 
favour,  he  was  hailed  by  universal  shouts 
of  approbation  from  the  nation  ;  and  on  his 
birthday  1660,  was  restored  to  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors.  But  unhappily,  while  the 
gloom  and  fanaticism  of  the  republicans 
were  deservedly  exposed  to  ridicule,  neither 
virtue  nor  temperance  accompanied  the 
return  of  the  new  monarch.  Charles  did  not 
possess  the  amiable  qualities  which  adorn- 
ed the  character  of  his  father ;  though 
affable  and  good-natured,  he  was  licen- 
tious and  immoral,  and  the  debaucheries 
which  he  had  seen  practised  in  France,  he 
permitted  to  flourish  at  his  own  court. 
The  merits  of  those  who  had  suffered  in 
the  cause  of  his  father  were  disregarded, 
while  infidelity  was  countenanced,  and 
patronage  extended  to  the  worthless  and 
the  profligate.  Though  Charles  had  mar- 
ried, in  1662,  the  princess  of  Portugal,  he 
kept  several  mistresses  by  whom  he  had 
children,  on  whom  he  lavished  the  trea- 
sures and  the  honours  due  onlv  to  the  son 


CHA 


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of  virtue  and  merit.  As  a  monarch  he  was 
little  attached  to  the  interests  or  the  glory 
of  England.  Dunkirk,  so  long  the  pride  of 
the  English,  was  sold  to  France  to  supply 
his  extravagance,  and  war  was  imprudently 
undertaken  in  1663,  against  the  Dutch,  the 
Danes,  and  the  French.  Long  accustomed 
to  victory,  the  English  were  terrified  at  the 
sight  of  a  Dutch  Meet,  which  sailed  up  the 
Medway  ;  and  while  they  reflected  on  the 
weakness  of  their  government,  a  dreadful 
plague  came  to  destroy  thousands  of  the 
inhabitants  of  London,  in  1665,  and  the 
next  year  a  most  tremendous  conflagration 
laid  the  fairest  part  of  their  city  in  ruins. 
Peace  with  the  Dutch,  in  1667,  was  soon 
after  followed  by  the  disgrace  of  the  vir- 
tuous minister  Claicndon,  and  the  eleva- 
tion of  those  unprincipled  favourites  called 
the  cabal  to  power.  Charles,  regardless  of 
the  complaints  of  his  people,  scrupled  not 
to  receive  a  pension  from  the  French  king; 
and,  in  virtue  of  that  disgraceful  alliance, 
he  undertook  a  new  war  against  the  Dutch. 
Whilst  the  peace  of  Nimeguen,  in  1678, 
restored  tranquillity  to  the  continent,  the 
English  were  alarmed  by  rumours  of  trea- 
sonable plots,  and  the  arts  and  malignity 
of  Oates,  Bedloe,  and  others,  were  called 
forth  to  give  popularity  to  the  monarch,  by 
sacrificing  some  innocent  individuals,  Rus- 
sel  and  Sydney,  to  the  f.ries  of  faction.  The 
whole  of  the  reign  of  this  licentious  mo- 
narch contains  little  to  recommend  him  to 
the  respect  of  posterity  ;  though  it  is  to  be 
observed,  that  the  habeas  corpus  act,  and 
the  bill  to  exclude  the  duke  of  York  from 
the  throne,  because  he  was  a  papist, 
were  passed  into  law  by  the  parliament. 
Charles  died  suddenly  of  an  apoplexy,  6th 
February,  1635,  leaving  no  issue  by  his 
queen.  It  is  said,  that  in  his  expiring 
moments  he  received  the  sacrament  from 
the  hands  of  a  popish  priest,  and  thus  con- 
vinced the  world  that  in  supporting  the 
church  of  England  he  had  acted  the  part  of 
a  false  and  hypocritical  friend. 

Charles  Gustavus  X.  king  of  Swe- 
den, was  son  of  John  Casimir,  count  Pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  and  born  at  Upsal  1622. 
On  the  abdication  of  Christina,  he  ascend- 
ed the  Swedish  throne  1654,  and  showed 
himself  prudent  and  warlike.  He  attacked 
the  Poles,  and,  in  consequence  of  his 
famous  victory  at  Warsaw,  he  found  him- 
self master  of  the  whole  country,  from 
Dantzic  to  Cracow.  Fortune,  however, 
proved  inconstant,  and  Casimir  king  of 
Poland,  with  the  assistance  of  the  emperor 
Leopold,  was  soon  enabled  to  recover  all 
his  lost  provinces,  and  to  drive  his  enemy 
back  to  Sweden.  Charles,  expelled  from 
Poland,  turned  his  arms  against  the  Danes, 
and  marched  to  the  gates  of  Copenhagen  ; 
but  soon  after  found  his  victories  checked 
by  the  misfortunes  which  befell  his  flag. 


He  died  at  Gottenburg  13th  February, 
1660,  aged  only  37.  An  account  of  his 
life  has  been  written  by  Puflendorf,  two 
vols.  fol. 

Charles  XL  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  25th  December,  1655, 
The  war  with  Denmark,  which  was  ended 
soon  after  his  accession,  was  renewed  by 
the  ambition  of  Christiern  V.  in  1674 ; 
but  though  Charles  proved  victorious,  and 
obtained  possession  of  Helmstadt,  Lunden, 
Landscroon,  &.c.  he  lost  his  province  of 
Pomerania ;  which,  however,  the  peace  of 
Nimeuguen  restored  to  him  in  1676.  He 
died  15th  April,  1697,  aged  42,  at  a  time 
when  his  wisdom  had  marked  him  as  the 
mediator  and  umpire  of  the  peace  oi  Rys- 
wick.  He  wisely  reformed  the  abuses  of 
his  courts  of  judicature,  and  enforced  the 
quick  and  impartial  decision  of  all  disputes 
among  his  subjects.  Though  respected  as 
a  good  prince,  he  yet  showed  himself  in 
some  instances  tyrannical,  and  abridged 
the  privileges  of  the  senate  and  of  the 
people. 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  born  27th 
June,  1682.  From  his  earliest  years  he 
glowed  to  imitate  the  heroic  character  of 
Alexander  ;  and,  in  his  eagerness  to  reign, 
he  caused  himself  to  be  declared  king  at  the 
age  of  15,  and  at  his  coronation  boldly 
seized  the  crown  from  the  hands  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  Upsal,  and  set  it  on  his  own  head. 
His  youth  seemed  to  invite  the  attacks  of 
iiis  neighbours,  of  Poland,  Denmark,  and 
Russia :  but  Charles,  unawed  by  the  pros- 
pect of  hostilities,  and  though  scarce  13, 
wisely  determined  to  assail  his  enemies 
one  after  the  other.  He  besieged  Copen- 
hagen, and  by  his  vigorous  measures,  so 
terrified  the  Danish  monarch  that,  in  less 
than  six  weeks,  he  obliged  him  to  sue  for 
peace.  From  humbled  Denmark,  Charles 
marched  against  the  Russians  ;  and  though 
at  the  head  of  only  8000  men,  he  attacked 
the  enemy,  who  were  besieging  Narva 
with  100,000  men.  The  conflict  was 
dreadful,  30,000  were  slain,  20,000  asked 
for  quarter,  and  the  rest  were  taken  or 
destroyed ;  while  the  Swedes  had  only 
1200  killed,  and  800  wounded.  From  Nar- 
va, the  victorious  monarch  advanced  into 
Poland,  defeated  the  Saxons  who  opposed 
his  march,  and  obliged  the  Polish  king,  in 
suing  for  peace,  to  renounce  his  crown,  and 
to  acknowledge  Stanislaus  for  his  successor. 
Had  Charles  been  now  reconciled  to  the 
Russians,  he  might  have  become  a  great 
monarch,  as  he  was  a  successful  warrior  ; 
but  the  hope  of  future  triumphs  flattered 
his  ambition,  and  as  if  determined  to  de- 
throne the  czar,  he  advanced  into  Ukraine, 
whilst  his  enemies  fled  on  every  side  before 
him.  The  battle  of  Pultowa,  however, 
proved  unfortunate,  July,  1709,  Charles, 
defeated  and  wounded,  fled  from  the  field, 
397 


CHA 


CUA 


and  sought  protection  at  Bender  from  the 
Turks.     His  affairs  were  now  desperate, 
the  banished  Augustus  was  restored  to  the 
Polish  throne,  and  the  grand  seignor,  tired 
of  his  guest,   wished   him   to  remove  from 
his  dominions.     Charles  with  only  40  do- 
mestics opposed  for  some  days  a   Turkish 
army,  and  when  obliged  to  submit,  he  sul- 
lenly  feigned   sickness,   and    during    ten 
months  he  lay  in  bed.  At  last  he  left  his  con- 
finement with  only  two  faithful  attendants, 
and  travelling  post  reached  in  eleven  days 
Stralsund,  from  which  he  crossed  to  Swe- 
den.    Untamed  by  misfortunes,  he   imme- 
diately invaded  Norway,  with  an  army  of 
20,000  men,  but  at  the  siege  of  Fredericks- 
hall,   while    visiting    the    works,   he   was 
struck  by  a  cannon   ball,  and  expired  on 
the  spot,  12th  December,  171S.     Charles, 
in  his  imitation   of  Alexander,  converted 
his  firmness   into  ooslinacy,   his   courage 
was  rashness,  and  his  severity  was  cruelty. 
He  possessed  nothing  of  the  great  qualities 
or  the  amiable  virtues  of  the  hero,  though 
he  was  bold  even  to   madness,  and  perse- 
vering even  to  his  ruin.     At  the  battle  of 
Narva,  when  five  of  his  horses  were  shot, 
he  exclaimed  as  he  mounted  a  fresh  char- 
ger,  "  these    people   find    me    exercise." 
When  one  day  dictating  to  his  secretary  at 
Stralsund,  a  bomb  fell  on  the  roof  of  the 
house,  and  crushed  the  room  next  the  place 
where   they  were  sitting.     But   while  the 
secretary  dropped  his  pen,  all  terrified,  the 
monarch  asked  calmly  what  was  the  mat- 
ter: "  The  bomb  !"  replies  the  secretary. 
"  The  bomb  !"  cries  the  monarch,  "  what 
has  the  bomb  to  do  with  what  I  am  dicta- 
ting ?  write  on." 

Charles  I.  king  of  Naples,  was  count 
of  Anjou,  and  brother  to  St.  Lewis,  king 
of  France,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his 
Egyptian  expedition,  where  he  shared  his 
fortunes  and  his  captivity.  On  his  return 
to  Europe,  he,  as  the  husband  of  Beatrix 
the  heiress  of  Provence,  assumed  the  rights 
of  a  sovereign,  and  conquered  Aries,  Mar- 
seilles, and  Avignon,  and  afterwards  at  the 
request  of  pope  Urban  IV.  he  marched 
against  Manfroi  the  Sicilian  usurper.  His 
expedition  was  successful,  Manfroi  was  de- 
feated, 1265,  and  the  year  after  cruelly  put 
to  death,  and  the  conqueror  assumed  the 
title  of  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily.  The 
widow  of  Manfroi  and  his  son  shared  also 
his  untimely  fate,  and  Conradin  duke  of 
Swabia,  grandson  of  the  emperor  Frederic 
II.  who  had  ventured  to  lay  claim  to  the 
Sicilian  crown,  was  seized,  and  after  the 
mockery  of  a  trial,  expired  under  the  hands 
of  the  public  executioner.  Though  success 
followed  the  monarch  in  his  expeditions 
against  Tunis  and  the  Ghibelines,  yet  his 
arbitrary  and  cruel  massacres  excited  the 
indignation  and  the  hatred  of  his  subjects. 
An  insurrection  was  formed,  and  the  rebel- 
SOS 


lious  Sicilians  on  Easter  Monday,  1282, 
sacrificed  8000  Frenchmen  to  their  fury,  on 
the  ringing  of  the  bells  for  the  evening 
service,  which  bloody  catastrophe  is  still 
handed  down  to  execration,  under  the 
name  of  Sicilian  Vespers.  Charles  died 
7th  Jan.  1285,  tortured  by  the  sad  reflec- 
tion, that  his  cruelty  had  occasioned  so  much 
dissatisfaction,  and  such  dreadful  bloodshed. 
Charles,  though  an  arbitrary,  was  an  able 
and  politic  prince,  his  power  was  acknow- 
ledged all  over  the  Mediterranean,  and  to 
his  dominions  in  Italy  and  in  France  he 
added  the  sounding  title  of  king  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Charles  II.  king  of  Naples,  surnamed 
the  Lame,  was  a  prisoner  at  Messina  in  the 
hands  of  the  Sicilians,  who  wished  in  his 
death  to  avenge  the  cruelties  which  his 
father  had  exercised  against  their  favourite 
Conradin.  The  execution  of  the  sentence 
was  stopped  by  the  interference  of  Con- 
stance queen  of  Arragon,  whose  husband 
Peter  III.  had  laid  claim  to  the  Sicilian 
crown,  and  Charles,  thus  saved  from  death, 
directed  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  to  the 
recovery  of  his  father's  dominions.  He 
prevailed  against  his  rivals,  and  was  crown- 
ed king  at  Rome,  and  he  employed  himself 
zealously  in  promoting  the  arts  of  peace  and 
of  commerce,  and  the  practice  of  religion 
among  his  subjects.  He  died  at  Naples, 
1309,  aged  61,  leaving  by  his  wife,  Mary  of 
Hungary,  several  children.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Robert. 

Charles  III.  king  of  Naples,  was  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  and  by  his  marriage 
with  Margaret  the  niece  of  Joan  queen  of 
Naples,  he  obtained  the  kingdom,  1380,  on 
the  excommunication  of  that  princess.  He 
showed  himself  infamous,  by  cruelly  put- 
ting the  deposed  queen  to  death,  and  he 
afterwards  quarrelled  with  the  pope  who 
had  supported  his  claims  to  the  crown.  He 
was  killed  in  his  attempts  to  obtain  the 
crown  of  Hungary,  1386,  aged  41. 

Charles  II.  king  of  Navarre,  son  of 
Philip  count  d'Evereux,  was  surnamed  the 
Bad.  He  was  born  1332,  and  as  the  son 
of  the  daughter  of  Lewis  Hutin  of  France, 
he  on  his  mother's  death,  though  only  18, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Navarre.  Cru- 
elty and  artifice  marked  his  conduct,  he 
caused  to  be  assassinated  Charles  of  Spain, 
constable  of  France,  and  when  arrested  by 
the  order  of  king  John,  his  father-in-law, 
he  not  only  contrived  to  regain  his  liberty, 
but  with  horrid  vengeance  caused  slow 
poison  to  be  administered  to  the  dauphin, 
his  brother-in-law,  after  he  had  seduced 
him  from  his  affection  and  allegiance  to  his 
father.  Unable  to  place  himself  on  the 
throne  of  France,  he  espoused  the  interests 
of  the  English  who  invaded  the  kingdom, 
and  where  he  could  not  succeed  by  open 
force,  he  effected  his  purposes  by  the  in- 


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struments  of  poison  or  assassination.  His 
death,  which  happened  1st  Jan.  1387,  in  his 
55th  year,  was  extraordinary.  His  physi- 
cians had  ordered  him  to  be  wrapped  up  in 
clothes  dipped  in  brandy  and  sulphur,  to 
support  and  revive  a  constitution,  weakened 
by  leprosy  and  by  debauchery,  and  while 
the  operation  was  performing,  his  servant 
dropped  a  taper  on  the  inflammable  linen, 
which  caught  fire  and  consumed  to  the  very 
bones  the  unhappy  man  before  he  could  be 
extricated. 

Charles  Martel,  son  of  Pepin  Heris- 
tal,  by  a  concubine,  obtained  great  power 
as  duke  of  Austrasia,  and  by  defeating 
Childeric  II.  of  France,  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  kingdom.  Instead  of  ascend- 
ing the  throne,  he  remained  satisfied  with 
the  title  of  mayor  of  the  palace,  whilst  the 
government  was  conducted  agreeable  to  his 
will.  He  waged  war  against  the  Saxons  ; 
and  in  a  battle  near  Poictiers  against  the 
Saracens,  in  which  he  slew  Abderam  the 
chief,  it  is  said,  that  not  less  than  375,000 
of  the  enemy  were  destroyed.  So  much 
valour,  accompanied  with  the  most  con- 
summate prudence,  rendered  him  popular, 
and  at  the  death  of  Thierry  the  king,  737, 
Charles  retained  in  his  hands  the  reins  of 
government,  under  the  title  of  the  duke  of 
the  Franks.  He  died  22d  Oct.  741,  re- 
spected as  a  father,  and  a  benevolent  prince. 
His  sons  Carloman  and  Pepin  inherited  his 
dominions,  and  Pepin  thus  became  the  first 
king  of  the  Carlovingian  race. 

Charles,  duke  of  Burgundy,  surnamed 
the  Warrior,  and  the  Rash,  was  son  of  Phi- 
lip the  Good,  and  born  at  Dijon,  1433. 
Early  inured  to  war,  he  conquered  the  peo- 
ple of  Liege  and  Ghent,  and  carried  his  arms 
against  Lewis  XI.  of  France  whom  he  took 
prisoner,  and  obliged  to  make  peace  on  his 
own  terms.  His  attacks  against  the  Low 
Countries,  Guelderland  and  Zutphen,  were 
attended  with  success  ;  but  he  met  a  severe 
check  in  Switzerland,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  repair  his  losses,  another  defeat 
ruined  his  army,  and  drove  him  away  in 
disgrace.  He  was  slain  5th  Jan.  1477,  as 
he  was  endeavouring  to  escape  from  the 
siege  of  Nanci.  He  had  four  wives,  the 
second  of  which  was  Margaret  of  York, 
sister  to  Edward  IV. 

Charles,  count  of  Flanders,  was  son  of 
Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  and  succeeded 
Baldwin,  1119.  By  his  benevolence  and 
virtues,  he  became  popular  among  his  Flem- 
ish subjects  ;  but  the  goodness  of  his  heart 
could  not  avert  the  dagger  of  an  assassin, 
by  which  he  perished,  1124,  while  engaged 
in  devotion  in  a  church  at  Bruges. 

Charles  I.  duke  of  Lorraine,  laid  claim 
to  the  crown  of  France  on  the  death  of  his 
nephew  Lewis  the  indolent ;  but  was  de- 
feated and  taken  prisoner.  He  died  in  the 
4th  year  of  his  confinement,  994,  aged  41 . 


Charles  II.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
duke  John,  was  a  prudent  and  warlike 
prince,  and  died  1430. 

Charles  IV.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
Francis  count  of  Vaudemont,  and  grandson 
of  Charles  III.  was  born  1603.  He  was 
fond  of  military  glory,  and  was  engaged  in 
frequent  disputes  with  Lewis  XIII.  whose 
arms  were  too  powerful  for  him  to  oppose. 
Though  twice  stripped  of  his  dominions  by 
the  French,  his  restless  ambition  refused  to 
enjoy  tranquillity,  and  by  embracing  the 
cause  of  the  Spaniards,  he  exposed  himself 
to  new  troubles.  He  was  seized  by  the 
duke  of  Conde,  and  imprisoned  at  Ant- 
werp and  Toledo,  and  not  restored  to 
liberty  till  the  signing  of  the  Pyrenean 
treaty.  In  1662,  by  the  treaty  of  Mont- 
martre,  he  resigned  his  dominions  to  Lewis 
XIV.  provided  he  was  acknowledged  in 
France  as  prince  of  the  blood  royal ;  but 
afterwards  he  revoked  the  agreement.  De- 
prived again  by  the  fortune  of  war  of  his 
provinces,  he  united  his  forces  to  those  of 
the  emperor,  and  though  defeated  by  Tu- 
renne,  1674,  he  repaired  his  military  repu- 
tation, and  after  routing  the  French,  he 
took  the  marshal  of  Crequi  at  Treves.  He 
died  soon  after  at  Birkenfeld,  1675,  aged 
72.  He  had  married  the  princess  of  Cante- 
croix,  but  before  her  death  he  took  another 
wife,  whom,  however,  the  king  of  France 
confined  in  a  convent. 

Charles  V.  of  Lorraine,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  son  of  duke  Francis,  and 
was  born  at  Vienna,  1643.  He  early  en- 
tered into  the  service  of  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold, and  acquired  great  military  glory  in 
his  campaigns  in  Hungary.  In  1674,  he 
declared  himself  a  candidate  for  the  crown 
of  Poland,  but  neither  his  intrigues  nor  his 
valour  could  secure  his  election.  He  took 
Philipsburgh  in  1676,  and  the  following  year 
married  the  queen  dowager  of  Poland, 
sister  to  the  emperor.  Afterwards  he  was- 
engaged  against  the  Turks  at  the  head  of 
the  imperial  annies,  and  though  partially 
defeated,  he  was  soon  enabled  with  the 
powerful  assistance  of  John  Sobieski,  to 
drive  them  from  before  the  walls  of  Vienna. 
Various  successes  followed  this  glorious' 
campaign,  and  Buda  would  have  fallen  had 
not  the  duke's  progress  been  arrested  by  a 
violent  fever,  but  he  recovered  to  defeat 
the  Turks,  in  the  dreadful  battle  of  Mohatz 
in  1687,  and  to  overrun  all  Transylvania. 
His  services  were  afterwards  employed 
against  the  French  in  Flanders,  but  his 
career  of  glory  was  cut  short  by  death, 
after  taking  Mentz,  1690,  in  his  49th  year. 
Lewis  XIV.  said  of  him  that  he  was  the 
wisest  and  the  most  generous  of  his  ene- 
mies. He  was  father  of  Leopold  the  father 
of  the  emperor  Francis  I. 

Charles    Alexander,     of    Lorraine, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  governor  of 
399 


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the  Low  Countries,  and  general  of  the  im- 
perial armies.  He  was  opposed  to  the  king 
of  Prussia,  and  in  his  campaigns  against  the 
French  in  Bohemia  and  in  Germany,  he 
acquired  great  glory.  Though  defeated  by 
the  king  of  Prussia,  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  rout  his  generals  in  two  engagements. 
He  died  4th  July,  1780,  aged  68,  universally 
respected  as  a  brave  warrior  and  an  amia- 
ble man. 

Charles  Emanuel,  duke  of  Savoy,  sur- 
named  the  great,  was  born  1562.  He  early 
signalized  himself  in  the  battles  of  Vigo , 
Ast,  Chatillon,  &c.  and  not  only  seized 
Provence  and  Dauphine,  but  laid  claims  to 
the  throne  of  France,  on  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry III.  With  the  most  ardent  ambition  he 
next  aspired  to  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus,  to 
the  province  of  Macedonia,  and  at  last  he 
attempted  to  seize,  in  1602,  the  town  of 
Geneva,  in  the  midst  of  a  profound  peace. 
This  violent  measure  was  resented  by  the 
Genevese,  who  hanged  as  public  robbers  a 
few  of  his  wretched  followers  whom  they 
had  taken  prisoners.  He  next  laid  claim 
to  the  dominions  of  Mantua,  on  the  death 
of  the  duke  Francis,  but  to  little  effect,  and 
by  the  insidious  advice  of  the  French,  he 
attacked  Genoa,  but  desisted  through  the 
interference  of  the  Spanish  monarch.  On 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Matthias,  he  be- 
came a  candidate  for  the  imperial  crown, 
and  next  by  attempting  to  seize  Montser- 
rat,  he  drew  upon  himself  the  hostilities  of 
France,  Spain,  and  Germany.  He  died  at 
Savillon  26th  July,  1630,  aged  78,  it  is  said 
of  a  broken  heart,  because  he  had  lost  Pig- 
aerol. 

Charles  Emanuel  II.  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  I.  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of 
Savoy  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Francis, 
1638,  though  only  four  years  old.  The 
weakness  of  his  minority  induced  the  Span- 
iards to  attack  his  dominions,  but  the  inter- 
ference of  the  king  of  France,  and  the 
peace  of  the  Pyrenees,  restored  him  to  all 
his  possessions.  He  was  an  amiable  and 
benevolent  prince,  who  regarded  the  happi- 
ness of  his  people  as  of  greater  value  than 
foreign  conquests.  In  cultivating  the  arts 
of  peace,  and  in  improving  the  commerce 
of  his  subjects,  he  made  a  large  and  com- 
modious road  through  an  arch  of  500  paces 
long  in  a  rock  at  Montevisa,  between  Dau- 
phine and  Savoy,  and  embellished  Turin 
and  other  places  in  his  dominions  with  no- 
ble and  useful  edifices.  The  last  part  of 
his  life  was  unfortunately  imbittered  by  the 
revolt  of  his  protestant  subjects  in  the  Vau- 
dois,  who  complained  of  the  oppression  of 
his  governors.     He  died  1675. 

Charles  Emanuel  III.  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  II.  was  born  1701,  and  succeeded 
on  the  voluntary  abdication  of  his  father, 
1730.  He  ardently  embraced  the  projects 
of  France  and  Spain  to  humble  the  Austri- 
400 


ans,  and  after  the  celebrated  victory  of 
Guastalla,  he  obtained  the  cession  of  some 
valuable  territories  in  the  Milanese.  With 
political  inconsistency  he  afterwards  in 
1742,  joined  his  forces  and  influence  to 
the  queen  of  Hungary  against  his  two  for- 
mer allies,  and  though  he  was  often  unsuc- 
cessful, yet  he  had  the  courage  to  defend 
himself  in  the  field,  even  against  superior 
numbers,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
he  lost  none  of  his  former  possessions.  The 
return  of  peace  now  afforded  him  opportu- 
nities to  display  his  patriotism  and  humani- 
ty. He  was  mild,  prudent,  and  economical 
in  his  administration,  abuses  were  correct- 
ed in  every  department,  salutary  reforms 
were  introduced,  vice  and  luxury  were 
checked,  and  a  new  code  of  laws  more  hu- 
mane and  more  decisive  was  established. 
He  died  20th  February,  1773,  aged  72.  He 
was  three  times  married. 

Charles  Edward,  grandson  of  James 
II.  king  of  England,  is  known  in  history  by 
the  name  of  the  pretender.  In  1745,  at  the 
age  of  25,  when  the  Scotch  seemed  inclined 
to  resist  the  government  of  the  Hanove- 
rian family,  he  landed  in  Scotland,  and 
supported  by  the  adherence  of  some  of  the 
disaffected  nobles  he  proclaimed  his  father 
king,  and  fixed  his  residence  at  Edinburgh, 
with  all  the  pomp  and  parade  of  royalty. 
By  a  sudden  and  masterly  attack,  he  had 
the  good  fortune  to  defeat  at  PrestonpanSj 
the  forces  which  had  marched  to  oppose 
him  under  Sir  John  Cope,  but  by  delaying 
to  take  advantage  of  the  terrors  of  his  ene- 
mies, he  contributed  to  his  own  ruin,  and 
though  he  afterwards  advanced  as  far  as 
Manchester  and  Derby,  he  soon  found  that 
the  people,  recovered  from  their  panic, 
were  unanimous  against  him.  On  his  rapid 
return  to  Scotland,  he  routed  general  Haw- 
ley  at  Falkirk,  but  the  approach  of  the 
duke  of  Cumberland  put  an  end  to  his 
triumph.  He  retreated  before  the  royal 
army,  and  at  last  the  hostile  troops  met  in 
the  field  of  Culloden,  to  decide  the  fate  of 
the  kingdom.  The  Scotch  fought  with  ac- 
customed bravery,  but  the  English  prevail- 
ed, and  the  unfortunate  youth  escaped  with 
difficulty  from  the  battle,  where  he  left  dead 
3000  of  his  misguided  adherents.  Though 
a  large  reward  was  offered  for  the  head  of 
the  illustrious  fugitive,  who  had  thus  to 
combat  against  want  and  temptation,  yet 
the  peasants  of  Scotland  pitied  his  misfor- 
tunes, and  even  those  of  his  enemies,  who 
were  acquainted  with  his  retreat,  kept  in- 
violate the  fatal  secret,  and  while  they  con- 
demned his  ambition,  commiserated  his 
distresses.  He  at  last  escaped  to  St.  Ma- 
loes,  and  never  again  revisited  the  British 
dominions.  He  died  at  Florence  1783. 
He  had  married  a  German  princess  of  the 
house  of  Stolberg  Guendern.  His  brother, 
Henry  Benedict,  cardinal  York,  when  plun- 


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dered  by  the  ravages  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, was  honourably  relieved  by  the  English 
monarch,  and  derived  from  his  bounty  a 
liberal  pension  to  soothe  the  misfortunes 
which  had  overwhelmed  his  old  age. 

Charleton,  Walter,  a  physician  born  at 
Shepton  Mallet,  2d  February,  1619,and  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degrees.  He  became  a  man  of 
eminence  in  his  profession,  published  se- 
veral respectable  works,  and  was  physician 
to  both  the  Charles's.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  royal  society,  and  in 
1689,  became  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians.  As  his  circumstances  were  not 
prosperous,  he  retired  to  Jersey,  where  he 
died  1707,  aged  87.  The  best  known  of 
his  works  is  his  Stonehenge  restored  to  the 
Danes,  4to.  1603. 

Charleval,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey  lord 
of,  a  French  writer  of  great  jfenius  and  of 
amiable  manners.  Though  of  a  very  weak 
constitution,  yet  by  strictly  adhering  to 
the  regimen  prescribed  by  his  medical 
friends,  he  attained  the  extraordinary  age 
of  eighty,  and  died  1693.  His  works  ap- 
peared 1759,  in  12mo.  though  his  nephew 
objected  to  the  publication.  The  epigrams 
and  the  other  poems  are  much  "dmired. 

Charlevoix,  Peter  Fr.  Xavier  de,  a 
learned  Jesuit,  born  at  St.  Quentin,  famous 
for  his  travels,  and  his  authentic  historical 
compositions.  He  died  1761,  aged  78. 
He  wrote  the  history  of  Japan,  2  vols.  4to. 
and  6  vols.  12mo. — History  of  St.  Domin- 
go, 2  vols.  4to. — History  of  New  France,  3 
vols.  4to. — and  of  Paraguay,  6  vols.  12mo. 

In  1720,  he  visited  Canada,  by  order  of 

the  French  King,  and  passing  up  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  through  the  lakes  to  Michil- 
limackinac,  he  descended  through  lake  Mi- 
chigan, and  the  rivers  Illinois  and  Missis- 
sippi, to  New-Orleans.  In  1722,  he  return- 
ed to  France,  and  published  a  valuable 
history  of  Canada,  and  a  journal  of  his 
travels.  0=  L. 

Charmis,  a  physician  at  Rome,  under 
Nero,  whose  celebrity  arose  more  from  the 
singularity  of  his  prescriptions,  than  his 
skill  in  the  profession. 

Charnace,  Hercules  Girard  baron  de, 
a  native  of  Britany,  who  served  in  the  ar- 
my, and  was  afterwards  sent  by  Richelieu 
as  ambassador  to  Sweden,  to  engage  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  to  make  war  against  Ger- 
many. He  was  also  ambassador  at  other 
courts,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Bre- 
da, at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  horse,  1637. 

Charnock,  Stephen,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, and  studied  at  Emanuel,  Cambridge, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Oxford.  He 
became  an  eloquent  presbyterian  preacher 
in  Ireland,  and  was  chaplain  to  Henry 
Cromwell,  but  on  the  restoration,  he  was 
unwilling  to  conform  to  the  articles,  and 
therefore  preached  only  in  private  meet- 
Vol.  I.  51 


ings.  He  died  1680,  aged  52.  His  work' 
are  in  2  vols,  folio.  His  discourse  on  pro- 
vidence is  admired.  * 

Charnois,  N.  Vacheur  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  editor  of  the  journal 
des  theatres,  and  as  the  author  of  some 
popular  romances.  He  afterwards  con- 
ducted the  Moderateur  paper,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  revolution,  and  being  arrested 
on  suspicion,  he  became  one  of  those  un- 
fortunate victims  so  barbarously  murdered 
at  the  Abbaye,  September  2d,  1792. 

Charondas,  a  legislator  born  in  Sicily. 
He  flourished  about  400  years  B.C.  and 
made  a  code  of  laws  for  the  people  of  Thu- 
rium. 

Charpentier,  Francis,  dean  of  the 
French  academy,  was  born  at  Paris,  Feb- 
ruary 1620.  His  learning  and  abilities  re- 
commended him  to  Colbert,  for  whom  he 
wrote  a  discourse  to  prepare  the.  full  esta- 
blishment of  an  East  India  company.  He 
was  afterwards  made  a  member  of  the  new- 
founded  academy  of  medals  and  inscrip- 
tions, and  greatly  contributed  to  the  noble 
series  of  medals  struck  in  the  reign  of 
Lewis  XIV.  He  died  22d  April,  1702,  aged 
82.  Besides  harangues,  and  discourses  de- 
livered on  public  occasions,  he  wrote  some 
poems,  sonnets,  and  odes. 

Charrier,  Mark  Anthony,  a  lawyer, 
member  for  Mende  at  the  States  General  in 
1789.  He  boldly  opposed  all  innovations, 
and  .when  the  convention  decreed  the  abo- 
lition of  royalty,  he  headed  the  insurgents 
of  his  department,  and  at  last  being  taken 
prisoner,  was  condemned  to  death  16th 
July,  1794. 

Charron,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman. 
Though  born  of  humble  parents,  he  was 
well  educated  in  the  universities  of  Orleans 
and  Bourges,  but  after  applying  himself  to 
the  law,  he  found  that  his  abilities  must  re- 
main long  and  perhaps  ever  neglected  and 
unknown,  he  therefore  became  an  ecclesi- 
astic, and  as  an  eloquent  preacher  soon  ac- 
quired fame  and  popularity.  He  was  ad- 
mired by  the  bishops,  listened  to  with 
admiration  by  the  king,  and  made  chaplain 
to  queen  Margaret.  On  his  return  to  Pa- 
ris, he  wished  to  enter  into  some  of  the 
religious  orders,  but  as  he  was  now  48,  his 
applications  were  rejected,  and  therefore 
as  a  secular,  he  continued  his  labours  of 
pulpit  eloquence.  At  Bourdeaux he  became 
acquainted  with  Montaigne,  who  treated 
him  with  great  kindness  and  affectionate 
regard.  His  publication  of  the  three  truths 
in  1594,  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  bishop  of  Cahors,  by  whom  he  was  made 
his  vicar  general,  and  canon  theological. 
He  was  afterwards  presented  to  the  chapter- 
ship  of  the  church  of  the  bishop  of  Condom, 
and  in  1601  he  printed  his  books  "  of  wis- 
dom," which  spread  his  fame  through  the 
kingdom.  In  1 603  he  went  to  reside  at  Bou= 
401 


CHA 


CHA 


logne,  but  the  climate  was  unfavourable  to 
his  constitution,  so  that  he  returned  to 
Paris,  where  he  died  "November  16th  the 
same  year,  of  an  apoplexy.  Of  his  works 
the  best  known  is  "  of  wisdom,"  two  trans- 
lations of  which  have  appeared  in  England, 
the  last  by  Dr.  Stanhope,  1697. 

Chartier,  Alan,  a  native  of  Bayeux, 
secretary  to  Charles  VI.  and  VII.  of 
France.  He  was  employed  in  embassies, 
but  he  acquired  greater  celebrity  as  a  wri- 
ter. He  died  1449.  His  works,  consisting 
of  poetry  and  prose,  appeared  1617.  His 
brother  John  was  a  Benedictine,  author  of 
the  great  chronicles  of  France  from  Phara- 
mond  to  the  death  of  Charles  VII.  in  three 
vols.  fol.  1493 — and  the  history  of  Charles 
VII.  printed  folio,  1661. 

Chartier,  Rene,  a  physician  to  the 
French  king,  and  professor  of  medicine. 
He  edited  the  works  of  Hippocrates  and 
Galen  in  Greek  and  Latin,  in  14  vols,  folio, 
from  1619  to  1679,  when  the  last  vol.  was 
published. 

Chasseneux,  Bartholomew  de,  a  French 
lawyer,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Provence,  who  boldly  opposed  the  pro- 
secution of  the  Vaudois,  a  religious  sect 
who  refused  to  acknowledge  the  authority 
©f  the  pope,  and  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
This  conduct,  which  humanity  and  not 
party  had  dictated,  was  regarded  with  such 
animosity  that  he  was  poisoned  1541.  He 
was  author  of  a  work  on  the  customs  of 
France,  and  of  other  things. 

Chastel,  John,  son  of  a  woollen-draper 
at  Paris,  attempted  the  life  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France,  27th  December,  1594.  He  was 
then  only  19.  The  blow  was  so  sudden  that 
he  nearly  escaped  through  the  crowd,  but 
it  is  said  that  the  wildness  of  his  looks  be- 
trayed him.  He  confessed  that  from  the 
wickedness  of  his  past  life,  he  was  doomed 
to  eternal  torments  in  another  life,  and 
that  to  make  them  more  tolerable,  he  wish- 
ed to  do  some  great  action.  He  was  con- 
demned to  have  the  flesh  of  his  arms  and 
thighs  torn  off  with  red-hotpincers,  his  right 
hand  cut  off,  and  afterwards  his  body  drawn 
and  quartered  byfour  horses  pulling  different 
ways,  and  his  remains  then  burnt  to  ashes. 
This  was  December  29th,  1594,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  Jesuits,  at  whose  instiga- 
tion the  crime  had  been  committed,  were 
banished  for  ever  from  the  kingdom. 

Chastelain,  Claude,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  Paris.  He  drew  up  formularies 
for  the  diocess  of  Paris  at  the  request  of 
the  archbishop,  and  published,  besides  the 
Roman  martyrology, — universal  martyr- 
ology — and  a  journal  of  his  life,  with  cu- 
rious anecdotes  in  MS.  He  was  well  skill- 
ed in  ecclesiastical  history  and  in  antiqui- 
ties, and  died  1712,  aged  73. 

Chastellux,  Francis  John  marquis  de, 
field  marshal  of  France,  is  well  known  by 
402 


his  writings.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  of  several  other 
learned  bodies,  and  died  at  Paris  1788. 
His  chief  works  are  on  public  happiness, 
8vo. — translated  into  English — travels  in 
North  America,  8vo.  also  translated  into 
English.  This  last  work  is  far  from  popu- 
lar in  Amerca,  where  the  author  had  served 
in  the  army  during  the  American  war. 

Chat  de  Rastignac,  Raymond  de, 
a  French  officer  who  opposed  the  league, 
and  behaved  with  great  bravery  in  various 
battles.  He  was  killed  at  la  Fere  26th  Jan. 
1696. 

Chat  de  Rastignac,  Lewis  James  de, 
of  the  same  family  as  the  preceding,  was 
an  ecclesiastic,  who  rose  by  his  merit  to 
the  bishopric  of  Tours,  and  died  universally 
respected  1750,  aged  63.  He  wrote  some 
discourses,  harangues,  &c.  His  benevo- 
lence was  particularly  conspicuous  during 
an  inundation  of  the  Loire,  when  he  was 
the  common  father  of  the  poor,  who  had 
been  driven  from  their  habitations. 

Chateaubriand,  Frances  de  Foix,  wife 
of  the  count  of,  is  known  in  French  history 
as  the  mistress  of  Francis  I.  who  left  her 
for  the  superior  attractions  of  the  dutchess 
d'Etampes.  She  was  a  woman  of  great 
courage  and  of  a  commanding  aspect.  She 
died  1537,  aged  62. 

Chateau  Brun,  John  Baptist  Vivien 
de,  a  native  of  Angouleme,  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  eminent  as  a  drama- 
tic writer.  He  died  1775,  aged  89.  Be- 
sides Philoctetes,  Astyanax,  and  Mahomet 
II.  tragedies,  he  wrote  les  Troyennes,  which 
is  evidently  his  best  play,  and  which  he 
kept  by  him  40  years  before  he  produced 
it  before  the  public. 

Chateaurenard,  Francis  Lewis  Rous- 
selet  count  de,  a  native  of  Touraine,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  naval  officer  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, against  the  Sallee  rovers.  He 
defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  1675,  and  for  his 
eminent  services  was  made  an  admiral 
and  marshal  of  France.  He  died  1716, 
aged  80. 

Chatel,  Tanneguy  de,  a  French  gene- 
ral born  of  respectable  parents  in  Britany. 
He  gained  some  credit  by  an  expedition 
against  the  English  coast,  and  in  1410  he 
had  the  good  success  to  defeat  Ladislaus, 
who  had  usurped  the  crown  of  Naples, 
upon  which  he  was,  in  1414,  made  marshal 
of  Guienne.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Agincourt,  and  supported  the 
Dauphin  against  the  Burgundians  when 
they  attacked  Paris.  He  afterwards  effect- 
ed a  reconciliation  between  both  parties, 
but  had  the  meanness  and  brutality  to  ad- 
vise the  Dauphin  to  assassinate  the  unsus- 
pecting duke  of  Burgundy  1419.  On  the 
Dauphin's  elevation  to  the  throne,  Chatel 
was  made  grand-master  of  the  household, 
and  trusted   with    important   embassies* 


CJLIA 

He  died  1449.  His  nephew,  who  bore  the 
same  name,  is  known  in  French  history  for 
his  attachment  to  the  unhappy  Charles  VII. 
whom  he  attended  with  fidelity  in  his  last 
moments,  and  buried  at  his  own  expense. 

Chatel,  Peter  du,  or  Castellanus,  a 
native  of  Arc,  educated  at  Dijon.  He  was 
so  learned  a  Grecian,  that  he  assisted  Eras- 
mus in  his  translations,  and  for  some  time 
was  press  corrector  to  Frobenius  at  Basil, 
after  which  he  travelled  to  Egypt  and  Syria. 
On  his  return  to  Europe  he  became  private 
reader  to  Francis  I.  who  made  him  bishop 
of  Tulle,  and  afterwards  of  Macon,  from 
which  he  was  translated  by  Henry  II.  to 
Orleans,  where  he  died  1552.  He  wrote 
two  funeral  orations  on  Francis  I.  and  a 
Latin  letter  against  Charles  V.  and  showed 
himself  a  scholar  of  superior  abilities,  and 
a  strong  advocate  for  the  privileges  of  the 
Gallicau  church. 

Chatel,  Francis  du,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
His  best  piece  is  at  Ghent,  representing  the 
Spanish  king  receiving  the  homage  of  the 
Flemings. 

Chatelard,  N.  du,  a  gentleman  of 
Dauphine,  who  became  passionately  fond 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  actually  con- 
cealed himself  in  her  chamber,  when  she 
was  returning  to  Scotland,  after  the  death 
of  her  husband  Francis.  He  was  for  this 
imprudent  conduct,  which  it  is  said  the 
queen  had  countenanced,  condemned  to 
suffer  death. 

Chatelet,  Paul  du  Hay  lord  of,  de- 
scended from  the  Scotch  Hays,  was  born 
in  Britany,  and  became  president  of  the 
court  of  justice  in  the  army  of  Lewis  XIII. 
He  was  also  member  of  the  academy,  and 
wrote  various  pieces  in  verse  and  prose, 
besides  the  history  of  Betrand  du  Guesclin, 
constable  of  France,  folio.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  firmness  and  integrity,  and  boldly 
spoke  to  the  king  in  favour  of  Montmoren- 
cy, who  had  been  condemned  for  high  trea- 
son.    He  died  1636,  aged  44. 

Chatelet,  Gabrielle  Emilie  marchio- 
ness de,  a  learned  French  lady,  daughter 
of  the  baron  de  Breteuil,  born  17th  Decem- 
ber, 1706.  Superior  to  the  trifling  pursuits 
of  her  sex,  she  aspired  to  high  distinction 
in  the  regions  of  science  and  philosophy, 
and  by  her  valuable  works  she  may  be  said 
to  have  rivalled  Leibnitz  and  Newton. 
Her  institutes  of  physic  addressed  to  her 
son  is  a  work  of  very  great  merit.  Her 
intense  application  it  is  said  shortened  her 
life.  She  died  1749,  aged  43.  She  trans- 
lated the  institutes  of  Leibnitz  and  the 
principia  of  Newton. 

Chatterton,  Thomas,  an  extraordina- 
ry youth,  born  at  Bristol,  20th  Nov.  1752. 
He  was  taught  reading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic, at  a  charity-school  on  St.  Augustin's 
Back,  and  at  the  age  of  14  foe  was  articled 


clerk  to  an  attorney  at  Bristol,  with  whom 
he  continued  about  three  years.     His  em- 
ployment however  was  not  congenial  to  his 
turn  of  mind,  he  devoted  himself  more  te 
poetry,   antiquities,  and  heraldry,  than  to 
law  ;  and  early   in  1769  some  of  his  com- 
positions appeared  in  the  periodical  publi- 
cations of    the    times.      In    1770  he  left 
Bristol  and  came  to  London,  with  the  hope 
of  making  bis  fortune  by  his  pen;  but  though 
he  flattered  the  great,  and  espoused  in  po- 
litical pieces  the  cause  both  of  the  ministry 
and  of  opposition,  though  he  was  courte- 
ously treated  by  Beckford  in  the  height  of 
his  popularity,  yet  he  found  his  income  in- 
ferior to  his  wants.     Though  a  liberal  con- 
tributor to  the  Gospel  Magazine,  the  Town 
and  Country,  the  Court  and  City,  the  Lon- 
don, the  Political  Register,  &c.  he  found 
himself  indignantly  dependent  upon   the 
booksellers,  and  a  prey  to  the  severest  indi- 
gence, so  that  in  a  fit  of  despair  he  destroy- 
ed himself  by  poison,  August,1770.  Though 
possessed  of  great  genius,  Chatterton  was 
irrascible,  headstrong,  and  impetuous  in  his 
temper,  and  it  has  been  said  by  his  biogra- 
pher that  he  had  all  the  vices  and  irregu- 
larities of  youth,   and  that  his  profligacy 
was  at  least  as  conspicuous  as  his  abilities. 
His  name  is  known  particularly  in  contro- 
versial history.     He  published  a  number  of 
poems,  which  he  described  as  written  about 
300  years  before  by  Rowley,  a  Bristowyan 
monk,  and  when  pressed  for  the  originals, 
he  refused  to  give  them,  but  declared  that 
he  had  received  them  from  his  father,  whose 
family  had  for  nearly  150  years  been  sex- 
tons of  RedcUft  church  in  Bristol,  and  that 
till  then  they   had   remained  disregarded 
and  buried  in  dust  in  an  old  chest,  in  an 
unfrequented  room  over  the  chapel.     This 
story,  which  Chatterton  always  supported 
as  undeniably  true,  called  forth  the  atten- 
tion of  the  learned,   and  whilst  some  of 
the  critics  beheld  in  the  poems  of  Rowley, 
all  the  marks  of  genuine  antiquity,  others 
considered  them  as  a  literary  forgery  im- 
posed upon  the  credulity  of  the  world,  by 
the  artifice  of  an  ingenious  though  ill  edu- 
cated youth  of  17.      To  Mr.  George  Cat- 
cot  of  Bristol,  the  public  are  indebted  for 
the  best  part  of  the  poems,  who  procured 
them  from   the    unfortunate    Chatterton. 
They  were  published  in  1777,  in  one  vo- 
lume 8vo.  by  Tyrwhitt,  and  republished  in 
1778  ;  and  while  Bryant  and  dean  Milles 
and  others  considered  Rowley  as  the  real 
author  of  the  poems,  Tom  Warton,  Wal- 
pole,  and  others  represented  them  as  the 
authentic  production  of   Chatterton,  whe 
thus  wished  to  disguise  the  first  efforts  of 
his  muse  by  assuming  the  venerable  name, 
of   antiquity.      Chatterton's    works  have 
been  lately  edited  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  a  poet  denominated 
by  Drvden  the  father  of  English  poetrv. 
403 


CHA 


CHA 


He  was  born  in  London  1328,  and  studied 
at  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  at  Oxford, 
and  then  travelled  upon  the  continent. 
On  his  return  he  entered  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  soon  ingratiated  himself  into 
the  friendship  of  persons  of  distinction, 
was  made  page  to  the  king,  and  rewarded 
with  a  pension  of  20  marks.  He  was  af- 
terwards gentleman  of  the  chamber  to 
the  king,  his  salary  was  doubled  in 
1369,  and  after  being  employed  to  ne- 
gotiate with  the  republic  of  Genoa,  for 
ships  for  a  naval  armament,  Edward  repaid 
his  services  by  granting  him  a  pitcher  of 
wine  daily  to  be  delivered  by  the  butler  of 
England.  He  became  afterwards  comptrol- 
ler of  the  customs  of  London  for  wool,  &c. 
and  was  employed  as  commissioner  to  the 
French  court  on  the  violation  of  the  truce. 
These  high  favours,  which  contributed  to 
his  independence,  and  made  his  income  not 
less  than  100(M.  a  year,  were  confirmed  by 
Richard,  Edward's  successor ;  but  Chaucer, 
by  embracing  Wickliffe's  tenets,  became 
obnoxious  to  the  persecution  of  the  clergy, 
and  though  he  escaped  by  flight  for  a  time, 
he  was  imprisoned,  and  liberated  at  last 
with  difficulty.  He  soon  after  removed 
from  the  bustle  and  intrigues  of  public  life, 
and  in  his  retirement  at  Woodstock,  and 
afterwards  at  Donnington,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  cultivation  of  his  muse.  He 
died  25th  October,  1400,  and  was  buried 
in  the  great  south  cross  aisle  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey.  He  left  two  sons,  Thomas, 
who  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons 
in  Henry  IV.'s  reign,  and  Lewis.  His 
wife's  name  was  Philippa  Rouet,  of  Hai- 
nault,  and  as  her  sister  Catharine,  the 
widow  of  Sir  Hugh  Swinford,  was  married 
to  John  of  Ghaunt,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
after  the  death  of  the  princess  Blanche, 
Chaucer  shared  the  favours  of  royalty,  and 
was  indebted  for  some  of  his  honours  to 
the  influence  of  his  princely  brother-in-law. 
The  poetry  of  Chaucer,  though  in  the  idiom 
of  the  14th  century,  is  not  devoid  of  great 
smoothness  and  delicacy,  the  sentiments 
are  bold,  the  characters  are  all  well  sup- 
ported, and  the  genius  of  the  poet  is  every 
where  brilliant,  sprightly,  and  sublime. 
Of  all  his  poems  the  Canterbury  tales  pos- 
sess the  greatest  merit.  They  have  been 
learnedly  edited  by  Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  5  vols. 
Svo.  The  life  of  the  poet  has  been  publish- 
ed by  Godwin,  in  two  ponderous  vols.  4to. 
His  works  altogether  were  published  by 
Urry,  fol.  The  tales  have  been  modernised 
and  imitated  by  Dryden,  Pope,  and  others. 
Chaulieu,  William,  a  native  of  Fonte- 
nay,  in  Normandy,  educated  in  the  college 
of  Navarre,  at  Paris.  The  liveliness  of  his 
genius  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  great  and  the  learned  ;  he  was  courted 
by  the  duke  of  Rochefoucault,  by  Marsil- 
W,  by  the  dutchess  of  Bouillon,  and  by  the 
104 


duke  of  Vendome,  who  gave  him  a  priorate 
in  the  isle  of  Olcron,  with  an  income  of 
28,000  livres,  and  afterwards  the  abbeys  of 
Pouliers,  Rennes,  Aumale,  &c.  In  the 
midst  of  affluence  and  conviviality,  he  gave 
vent  to  the  sallies  of  his  muse,  and  allevi- 
ated the  pains  of  an  obstinate  gout,  by 
composing  epigrams  and  sonnets  for  the 
amusement  of  his  friends,  and  the  derision 
of  his  enemies.  Though  a  perfect  master 
of  all  the  graces  of  poetry,  and  therefore 
deservedly  styled  the  Anacreon  of  France, 
he  had  no  wish  of  presenting  his  poems 
before  the  public,  and  they  remained  scat- 
tered in  the  hands  of  his  friends,  or  in  the 
collection  of  the  curious,  till  collected  by 
the  attention  of  Camusac  and  St.  Mark. 
Besides  letters  in  prose,  and  epistles  in 
verse,  they  contain  elegies,  ballads,  madri- 
gals, airs,  and  all  the  charming  trifles  of  a 
careless,  wanton,  and  sportive  muse.  Chau- 
lieu died  1726,  at  the  great  age  of  81.  The 
best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Paris,  2 
vols.  8vo.  1774. 

Chaumette,  Peter  Gaspard,  son  of  a 
cobler,  was  born  at  Nevers,  24th  May, 
1763.  After  various  low  occupations  he 
appeared  as  one  of  the  boldest  at  the  taking 
of  the  Bastile,  and  displayed  all  the  violence 
of  a  republican  and  the  zeal  of  a  dema- 
gogue. United  with  Hebert,  he  for  a  while 
guided  the  sanguinary  multitude,  and  pro- 
posed, with  the  feasts  of  the  goddess  of  rea- 
son, those  walking  guillotines  which  were 
to  purge  France  of  all  her  royalists,  and 
her  suspected  citizens.  After  being  guilty 
of  the  most  atrocious  cruelties  and  the 
blackest  profligacy,  he  was  sent  before  the 
revolutionary  tribunal  by  Robespierre,  and 
when  on  the  scaffold  prophesied  that  his 
fall  would  soon  be  followed  by  that  of  his 
enemies.  He  was  guillotined  13th  April, 
1794.  A  "  precis  historique"  on  life  is 
attributed  to  him. 

Chaumonot,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Italy, 
was  a  missionary  of  the  Society  of  Jesuits 
for  more  than  half  a  century  among  the 
Indians  of  North  America.  He  entered 
on  his  labours  as  early  as  1642,  among  the 
Hurons,  north  of  lake  Erie,  and  spent  most 
of  his  time  among  them.  He  composed  a 
grammar  of  their  language.  ID"  L. 

Chauncey,  Charles,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine, who  migrated  from  Ware,  Hertford- 
shire, to  America,  where  he  became  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college,  and  died  1671. 
His  son  Isaac  afterwards  came  to  England, 
and  settled  at  Andover  as  a  dissenting 
minister,  but  soon  after  studied  physic,  and 
practised  in  London,  where  he  died  about 
1700.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  Daniel's  pro- 
phecy— the  divine  institution  of  congrega- 
tional churches,  Svo.  &c. He  was  born 

in  Hertfordshire  in  1589,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity. 


CHA 


CHA 


and  afterwards  the  professorships  of  He- 
brew and  Greek.  After  his  ar  wal  in  New- 
England,  he  preached  for  some  time  at 
Scituate.  He  was  appointed  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  college  in  1654,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  the  station  with  great 
reputation  till  his  death.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished for  talents,  was  an  indefatigable 
student,  and  excelled  as  a  scholar.      lJ"  L. 

Chauncet,  Ichabod,  a  nonconformist, 
who  was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Bristol, 
and  then  practised  physic  there,  and  died 
1691,  author  of  some  tracts. 

Chauncet,  Charles,  D.D.  congregational 
minister,  and  a  descendant  of  president 
Chauncey,  was  born  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1705.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1721,  and  was  ordained  pas- 
tor of  the  first  church  in  Boston  in  1727, 
where  he  laboured  till  his  death  in  1787,  in 
the  eighty-third  year  of  his  age.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  his  talents,  learning,  and  love  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  He  rendered 
himself  conspicuous  by  opposing  Mr.  White- 
field,  and  the  extraordinary  religious  ex- 
citement which  prevailed  throughout  New- 
England  in  1743,  and  by  several  publica- 
tions in  favour  of  the  doctrine  of  universal 
salvation,  which  met  with  an  answer  from 
Dr.  Jonathan  Edwards.  O3  L. 

Chauncet,  Maurice,  a  Roman  Catholic 
historian,  was  a  monk  of  the  Charter-house 
in  London,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
reformation,  on  which,  being  imprisoned, 
he  escaped  to  save  his  life,  and  went  over 
to  Flanders  till  the  accession  of  Mary. 
Then  he  and  his  brethren  had  the  monas- 
tery of  Shene,  and  he  became  confessor  to 
the  queen.  On  her  death  he  went  again  to 
Flanders,  and  died  at  Brugn,  1581.  Be- 
sides some  other  works,  he  wrote  "  historia 
aliquot  nostri  saculi  Martyrium,  cum  pia, 
turn  lectu  jucunda,  nunquam — antehac 
typis  excusa,"  4to.  1550.  Anthony  Wood 
says  he  left  behind  him  a  most  celebrated 
name  for  his  rare  piety,  so  that  knowing 
and  moderate  protestants  admit  it  is  wor- 
thy to  be  kept  in  everlasting  remembrance. 

0*L. 

Chauncet,  Charles,  LL.D.  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  was  born  at  Durham,  in  Con- 
necticut, May  30,  1747.  Removing  to 
New-Haven,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
November,  1768,  appointed  secretary  for 
the  state,  1776,  and  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  1789.  In  1793  he  retired  from  puL- 
lic  life.  While  at  the  bar  his  practice  was 
uncommonly  lucrative.  He  was  forty  years 
an  instructer  in  jurisprudence,  and  his  stu- 
dents are  found  in  almost  every  state  in 
the  union,  as  eminent  advocates,  judges, 
and  statesmen.  He  was  president  of  the 
first  agricultural  society  in  Connecticut, 
which  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
founding.  He  was  familiar  with  the  an- 
ient and  modern 'languages,    with   law, 


theology,  and  miscellaneous  literature. 
Superior  native  faculties,  improved  by  in- 
tense study  for  more  than  sixty  years, 
rendered  him  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  the  age,  and  his  house  was  pre-emi- 
nently the  abode  of  science,  hospitality, 
and  religion.  \TT  L. 

Chaunct,  Henry,  was  educated  at  Bishop 
Stortford  school,  and  GonTil  college, 
Cambridge,  and  entered  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Rising 
by  degrees  in  his  profession,  he  was  knight- 
ed by  Charles  II.  1681,  and  seven  years 
after  made  a  sergeant  at  law,  and  appointed 
a  Welch  judge.  He  was  married  three 
times,  and  died  at  Yardley,  1700.  He  is 
the  author  of  the  historical  antiquities  of 
Hertfordshire,  in  one  vol.  folio. 

Chausse,  Michael  Angelo  de  la,  a  learn- 
ed antiquary  of  Paris,  who  went  early  to 
Rome,  where  he  published  his  Musaeum 
Romanum,  fol.  1690,  improved  to  two  vols, 
fol.  in  1746.  He  gave  to  the  world  besides 
receuil  des  pierres  gravees  antiques,  in  4to. 
1707 — and  picture  antiquae  cryptarum  Ro- 
man, et  sepulcri  nasonum,  fol.  1738,  all 
which  display  great  erudition,  and  re- 
markable judgment. 

Chauveau,  Francis,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Paris,  who  died  there  1676,  aged 
63.  His  first  engravings  were  from  the 
pieces  of  la  Hire,  but  he  soon  trusted  to  his 
own  genius,  and  used  the  graver  only  for 
the  delineation  of  his  own  pictures.  Not 
less  than  4000  pieces  are  mentioned  as  en- 
graved by  him,  and  400  executed  from  his 
designs. 

Chauveau,  Rene,  son  of  the  preceding, 
possessed  the  genius  and  followed  the  pro- 
fession of  his  father.  He  distinguished 
himself  particularly  as  a  sculptor.  He  re- 
sided for  some  years  in  Sweden  and  at 
Berlin,  and  died  at  Paris  1722,  aged  59. 

Chauvin,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Nismes, 
who  as  a  protestant  left  France  at  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  went 
to  Rotterdam,  and  afterwards  to  Berlin, 
where  he  became  professor  of  philosophy. 
He  died  1725,  aged  85.  He  published 
Lexicon  philosophicum,  fol.  and  a  new  jour- 
nal des  savans,  begun  at  Rotterdam,  1694. 

Chazelles,  John  Matthew,  a  French 
mathematician,  born  at  Lyons,  1657.  He 
came  to  Paris  in  1675,  and  was  recom- 
mended to  Cassini,  whom  he  assisted  in 
the  measurement  of  the  meridian  line.  In 
1684,  he  instructed  the  duke  of  Mortemar 
in  mathematics,  and  by  his  influence  was 
appointed  hydrography  professor  for  the 
galleys  of  Marseilles,  where  he  made  many 
valuable  observations,  and  drew  a  new  map 
of  the  coast  of  Provence,  besides  plans  of 
various  harbours  and  forts.  His  great  and 
extensive  abilities  were  usefully  employed 
by  the  French  ministry.  His  astronomical 
observation'  were  not  confined  to  Europe. 
405 


CHA 


CHA 


but  he  visited  Greece  and  Egypt,  and  first 
observed  in  his  measurement  of  the  great 
pyramid,  that  its  four  corners  exactly  cor- 
respond to  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
world.  Chazelles,  whose  private  character 
and  virtuous  deportment  was  not  surpassed 
by  the  extent  of  his  genius,  died  January, 
1710.  Besides  his  voyage  in  the  Levant, 
he  contributed  greatly  to  the  improvement 
of  the  Neptune  Francois.  He  was  made 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  inl695. 

Chefontaines,  Christopher  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Britany,  provincial  and  general  of 
the  cordeliers.  He  was  in  1579  made  arch- 
bishop of  Casaria  by  Gregory  XIII.  and 
sent  to  Flanders,  where  his  eloquence  as  a 
preacher  made  many  converts  among  the 
protestants.  He  died  at  Rome  1595,  aged 
63.  He  was  in  his  character  a  most  learn- 
ed man,  an  able  and  judicious  divine,  but 
accused  also  of  heretical  opinions.  His 
work  on  transubstantiation  was  regarded 
as  curious. 

Cheke,  John,  a  learned  Englishman, 
born  at  Cambridge,  16th  June,  1514,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  college.  He  was 
made  professor  of  Greek  in  the  university, 
with  a  stipend  of  401.  a  year,  and  in  1544, 
he  was  appointed  tutor  with  sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  to  prince  Edward.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  his  pupil  to  the  throne,  he  was  re- 
warded with  an  annuity  of  100  marks,  and 
a  grant  of  land,  and  appointed  besides  pro- 
vost of  king's  college.  In  1551  he  was 
knighted,  and  soon  after  rose  to  the  office 
of  secretary  of  state.  On  the  accession  of 
Mary  he  was  stripped  of  his  honours,  and 
permitted  to  travel  abroad,  but  after  sup- 
porting himself  for  some  time  at  Strasburg 
by  teaching  Greek,  he  was  seized  on  his 
return  between  Brussels  and  Antwerp,  by 
Philip  of  Spain,  and  sent  like  a  traitor  to 
London.  His  religion  was  now  the  cause 
of  his  persecution,  but  he  did  not  possess 
the  firmness  of  a  martyr,  and  when  offered 
to  choose  between  the  fagot  and  popery, 
he  abjured  his  faith,  and  was  received  by 
cardinal  Pole  into  the  bosom  of  the  catho- 
lic church.  A  confession  so  violently  ex- 
torted and  so  rashly  given,  preyed  now 
upon  his  spirits,  and  shortened  his  days. 
He  died  of  shame  and  remorse,  13th  Sep- 
tember, 1557,  aged  43.  He  left  three  sons. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  valuable, 
and  they  are  mentioned  by  Strype  in  his 
life.  Those  best  known  are  the  hurt  of 
sedition,  against  the  insurgents  1549 — epis- 
tles on  the  death  of  Bucer — de  pronuncia- 
tion Graeca?  potissimum  linguae  disputa- 
tion es,  1555,  Basil — de  superstitione  ad 
regum  Henricum,  &c.  He  was  deservedly 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  his  age,  but  his  attempts  to  improve  the 
pronunciation  of  Greek  was  regarded  by 
bishop  Gardiner  as  heresy,  and  therefore 
forbidden. 

406 


Chelonis,  a  daughter  of  Leonidas,  who 
married  Cleombrotus,  king  of  Sparta,  and 
proved  a  remarkable  example  of  filial  and 
conjugal  affection. 

Chemin,  Catharine  du,  a  French  lady, 
wife  to  Girardon,  and  eminent  for  painting 
flowers.  She  died  at  Paris,  1698,  and  her 
husband  erected  a  monument  to  her  memo- 
ry in  the  church  of  St.  Landez. 

Cheminais,  Timoleon,  a  native  of  Paris, 
much  respected  as  a  preacher  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  little  inferior  to  Massillon.  He 
died  1690,  aged  38.  Besides  five  volumes 
of  sermons,  he  published  sentiments  of 
piety,  &c. 

Chemnitz,  Martin,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  Britzen  in  Brandenburg.  He 
studied  at  Magdeburg  and  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder,  and  afterwards  taught  a  school  in 
Prussia,  and  became  librarian  to  the  prince. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Wittemberg, 
where  his  friend  Melancthon  lived,  and 
thence  removed  to  Brunswick,  where  he 
died  after  30  years'  residence,  1586,  aged 
64.  His  works  are  Harmonia  evangelio- 
rum — a  treatise  against  the  Jesuits — and 
examen  concilii  Tridentini,  a  valuable 
performance.  His  character  was  highly 
esteemed  by  the  princes  of  Germany,  so 
that  he  is  deservedly  ranked  next  to  Luther, 
on  account  of  the  services  which  he  per- 
formed in  the  establishment  of  the  refor- 
mation. He  was  also  well  versed  in 
astronomy  and  mathematics. 

Chemnitz,  Boreslaus  Philip,  grandson 
of  the  above,  was  born  at  Stettin,  and  died 
1678,  aged  73.  He  served  in  a  military 
capacity  in  the  armies  of  Holland  and 
Sweden,  and  became  counsellor  of  state 
and  historiographer  to  queen  Christina. 
His  history  of  the  Swedish  wars  in  Ger- 
many appeared  in  2  vols.  fol. 

Cherilus,  a  Greek  poet,  intimate  with 
Herodotus.  He  celebrated  the  victories  of 
his  country  over  the  Persians. 

Cheron,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of 
a  painter  at  Meaux,  was  born  at  Paris.  She 
devoted  her  time  to  poetry,  painting,  the 
learned  languages,  and  music,  and  obtained 
great  celebrity  by  her  pencil,  especially  in 
history,  oil  colours,  and  in  miniature.  She 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  painting 
and  sculpture,  and  the  academy  of  Ricovrati 
at  Padua  honoured  her  with  the  appellation 
of  Erato.  She  died  at  Paris,  3d  Sept. 
1711,  aged  63. 

Cheron,  Lewis,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Paris,  and  came  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  executed  some  historical 
pieces,  especially  the  judgment  of  Paris, 
and  the  council  of  the  gods,  for  the  duke 
of  Montague.  He  was  a  protestant,  and 
died  in  London  1713,  aged  53. 

Cherubin,  father,  a  capuchin  friar  of 
Orleans,  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 


CHE 


CHE 


His  book  called  ocular  dioptrics,  on  the 
theory  of  telescopes — and  his  vision  par- 
faite,  2  vols.  fol. — prove  his  abilities  as  a 
mathematician  and  philosopher. 

Cheselden,  William,  an  English  sur- 
geon of  great  eminence,  born  at  Somerby 
in  Leicestershire.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Cowper,  and  also  of  Feme,  the  surgeon  of 
St.  Thomas's  hospital.  He  early  distin- 
guished himself,  and  began  to  read  lectures 
at  the  early  age  of  22,  which  he  continued 
for  upwards  of  20  years.  He  was  success- 
ful in  cutting  for  the  stone,  and  he  immor- 
talized himself  by  giving  sight  to  a  youth 
of  14,  who  had  never  seen,  of  which  he 
published  a  curious  and  interesting  account. 
He  was  now  at  the  head  of  his  profession, 
and  was  appointed  principal  surgeon  to 
queen  Caroline,  and  blessed  with  well-earn- 
ed fame  and  independence.  He  obtained 
also  what  he  chiefly  wished,  the  office  of 
head  surgeon  to  Chelsea-hospital,  which  he 
retained  till  his  death.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy,  April  10th,  1752,  aged  64.  He 
was  intimate  with  Pope,  by  whom  he  was 
greatly  esteemed.  His  anatomy  of  the 
human  body,  published  1713,  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  He  wrote  be- 
sides osteography  in  folio,  1733,  and 
other  anatomical  essays  chiefly  inserted  in 
the  philosophical  transactions.  He  was 
the  first  foreigner  admitted  member  of  the 
French   royal  academy  of  surgery. 

Chesne,  Joseph  du,  physician  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Armagnac.  After 
residing  some  time  in  Germany,  he  settled 
at  Paris,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  by 
his  practice,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  chy- 
mistry,  though  he  was  opposed  and  ridi- 
culed by  other  physicians,  especially  Guy 
Patin.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age  at 
Paris,  1609.  He  wrote  in  verse  the  folly 
of  the  world,  4to. — and  the  great  mirror 
of  the  world,  4to. — besides  some  treatises 
on  chymistry. 

Chesne,  Andre  du,  called  the  father  of 
French  history,  was  born  at  Turenne,  and 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart  as  he  was  re- 
turning from  Paris  to  his  country  house  in 
1640,  in  his  56th  year.  He  wrote  the  his- 
tory of  the  Popes,  2  vols.  fol. — history  of 
England,  4  vols,  fol.— history  of  French 
cardinals — collection  of  French  historians, 
24  vols.  fol.  of  which  only  four  were  pub- 
lished by  him. 

Chester,  John,  colonel  in  the  American 
army,  was  born  at  Weathersfield,  January 
29th,  1749,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
in  1766.  He  joined  the  revolutionary 
army  in  1775,  at  the  head  of  a  company  of 
volunteers,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  He  was  after- 
wards advanced  to  the  rank  of  colonel, 
and  continued  in  the  army  much  respected 
♦ill  1777.  He  was  afterwards,  for  some 
time,  speaker  of  the  legislature  of  Connec- 


ticut, and  a  member  of  the  council.  In 
1791,  he  was  appointed  by  Washington, 
supervisor  of  the  district  of  Connecticut. 
He  also  held  for  some  time  the  office  of 
judge  of  the  county  court  and  of  judge  of 
probate.  He  was  distinguished  for  abili- 
ties, dignity,  and  amiableness  of  manners, 
integrity,  and  usefulness.  He  died  on  the 
4th  of  November,  1S09.  $3*  L. 

Chesterfield,  Philip,  earl  of.  Vid. 
Stanhope. 

Chetwode,  Knightley,  was  born  at 
Coventry,  and  became  fellow  of  King's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was  nominated 
bishop  of  Bristol  on  Trelawney's  transla- 
tion, but  James  abdicated  before  the  election 
could  pass  the  seals,  and  he  lost  the 
see.  He  was  afterwards  chaplain  to  the 
English  forces  in  Holland,  under  Marl- 
borough, became  dean  of  Gloucester,  1707, 
and  died  April  4th,  1720.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides some  poems,  a  life  of  lord  Roscom- 
mon, still  remaining  in  MS.  at  St.  John's, 
Cambridge. 

Chevalier,  Anthony  Rodolph  Ie,  a 
native  of  Montchamps  in  Normandy,  who 
left  France  on  account  of  his  religion,  and 
was  employed  as  teacher  of  the  French 
language  to  Elizabeth,  afterwards  queen  of 
England.  He  left  England  at  the  beginning 
of  Mary's  reign,  and  studied  the  oriental 
languages  under  Tremelius,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  married,  and  then  taught  Hebrew  at 
Strasburg  and  Geneva.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  France,  but  escaped  on  the  dread- 
ful day  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  came  to 
Guernsey,  where  he  died,  1572,  aged  65* 
Besides  the  Jerusalem  Targum  translated 
from  the  Syriac,  he  published  a  Latin  gram- 
mar of  the  rudiments  of  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, 4to.  1574. 

Chevalier,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Touraine, 
who  in  his  youth  entered  among  the  reli- 
gious of  la  Trappe,  but  afterwards,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  austerities  of  the  monastic 
life,  he  applied  himself  to  the  law,  and  ac- 
quired eminence.  His  pleadings  for  the 
canons  of  Rheims  appeared  in  1716.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  and  died  1744, 
aged  81. 

Che  vert,  Francis  de,  a  French  general, 
born  of  obscure  parents  at  Verdun.  He 
rose  from  the  ranks,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  assiduity,  courage,  and  a  great 
knowledge  of  tactics.  After  Bellisle's  re- 
treat from  Prague,  he  defended  the  place 
with  the  most  obstinate  bravery,  and  yield- 
ed only  through  famine,  1742,  and  on 
honourable  terms.  His  valour  greatly  con- 
tributed to  the  victory  of  Hastenback  in 
1757,  and  that  of  Lauterberg.  He  died, 
1769,  aged  74. 

Chevillier,  Andrew,  author  of  the 
origin  of  painting  in  Paris, — of  a  disserta- 
tion on  the  council  of  Chalcedon, — and 
other  works,  was  a  learned  Frenchman, 
407 


CHE 


CHF. 


librarian  to  the  Sorbonne,  and  who  died 
1700,  aged  64. 

Chevreau,  Urban,  a  native  of  Loudun 
in  Poitou,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
assiduity  and  learning,  and  became  secre- 
tary to  Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  whom 
he  had  the  art  to  reconcile  to  the  catholic 
faith.  After  his  return  to  Paris  he  was 
preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Maine,  and  he 
afterwards  retired  to  his  native  place, 
where  he  built  an  elegant  mansion,  and  died 
after  spending  there  20  years  of  ease  and 
literary  seclusion  from  the  world,  1701, 
aged  nearly  88.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the 
world — the  effects  of  fortune,  a  romance — 
and  other  things. 

Chew,  Benjamin,  president  of  the  high 
court  of  appeals  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born 
in  Maryland,  November  29th,  1722,  and 
after  having  received  a  classical  education, 
went  to  England  in  1743,  and  studied  law 
in  the  Temple.  On  his  return,  he  settled 
in  Delaware  with  a  high  reputation  for 
talents,  acquirements,  and  excellence  of 
character.  In  1754,  he  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  soon  became  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  men  in  the  province.  After 
holding  several  inferior  stations,  he  was  in 
1774  appointed  the  chief  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  and  held 
the  office  till  the  dissolution  of  the  colonial 
government  in  1776.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  he  warmly  opposed 
the  encroachments  of  the  British,  but  dis- 
approved of  the  separation  of  the  colonies 
from  the  parent  country.  He  retired  to 
private  life,  enjoying  the  respect  of  his 
fellow-citizens,  and  on  the  organization  of 
the  new  judiciary  department  in  1791,  was 
appointed  president  of  the  high  court  of 
appeals  of  that  state,  and  held  the  station 
till  the  abolition  of  that  tribunal  in  1807. 
He  died  January  20th,  1810,  aged  87.  His 
talents  were  highly  respectable,  his  learn- 
ing extensive,  his  manners  dignified,  and 
his  public  and  private  life  adorned  by  great 
uprightness  and  amiability.  CT  L. 

Cheyne,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  When  30  years  of 
age  he  came  to  London,  and  from  an  ab- 
stemious mode  of  life  became  a  jovial  and 
free-living  companion.  He  grew  so  much 
in  bulk  and  unwieldly  corpulence,  that  the 
smallest  exertions  were  painful  to  him,  and 
all  the  powers  of  medicine  were  unavailing 
to  relieve  him,  till  the  use  of  a  milk  diet 
reduced  him  from  the  enormous  weight  of 
32  stone  to  nearly  one-third,  and  enabled 
him  to  live  to  the  mature  age  of  72.  He 
died  at  Bath,  1743.  He  wrote  an  essay  on 
long  life  and  health — tractatus  de  infirmo- 
rum  sanitate,  &c. — a  treatise  on  nervous 
diseases — fluxionum  methodus — philoso- 
phical principles  of  religion  natural  and 
revealed. 

Chetnel,  Francis,  was  born  andeduca- 
408 


ted  at  Oxford,  and  made  fellow  of  Merton 
in  1629.  During  the  civil  wars  he  em- 
braced the  puritanical  party,  and  as  the  fa- 
vourite of  the  parliament,  he  was  sent  to 
convert  the  university  and  made  visiter, 
and  in  1648,  appointed  Margaret  professor 
there,  and  president  of  St.  John's  college. 
He  was,  however,  incapable  of  filling 
those  places  with  becoming  propriety,  and 
he  retired  to  his  living  of  Petworth,  in  Sus- 
sex, from  which  he  was  ejected  at  the 
restoration.  He  is  much  less  known  for 
his  sermons  and  political  tracts,  than  for 
his  acquaintance  with  the  celebrated  Chil- 
lingworth.  He  attended  him  in  his  last 
moments,  and  when  he  was  buried  at  Chi- 
chester, he  contemptuously  threw  the  book 
which  that  great  author  had  written  against 
the  papists  into  his  grave,  with  every  mark 
of  insolent  zeal  and  fanatical  madness. 
He  died  at  Preston,  in  Sussex,  1665,  leav- 
ing behind  him  several  sons. 

Chiabrera,  Gabriello,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Savone,  where  he  died,  1638,  aged 
86.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and  was  much 
courted  by  the  wits  and  great  men  of  the 
age,  and  particularly  by  pope  Urban  VIII. 
He  wrote  heroic,  dramatic,  pastoral,  and 
lyric  poems,  published  at  Rome,  1718,  in 
8vo. 

Chiari,  Joseph,  a  historical  painter, 
born  at  Rome,  and  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti. 
He  was  attacked  with  the  plague  when  an 
infant,  and  though  he  recovered,  his  con- 
stitution ever  after  felt  the  shock.  His 
pieces  adorned  the  public  buildings  and 
churches  of  his  native  city.  He  died  1727, 
aged  73. 

Chiavistelli,  Jacob,  a  perspective 
painter  of  Florence,  who  died  1698,  aged 
77. 

Chichelt,  Henry,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was  born  at  Higham  Ferrers,  and 
educated  at  Winchester-school,  and  New 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  sent  by  Henry 
IV.  to  congratulate  Gregory  XII.  on  his 
elevation  to  the  papacy,  and  was  appointed 
by  him  bishop  of  the  vacant  see  of  St. 
David's.  In  1409,  he  was  at  the  council 
of  Pisa,  and  five  years  after,  on  the  death 
of  Arundel,  he  was  translated  to  Canter- 
bury. In  this  high  office,  he  supported  his 
power  with  great  firmness,  and  enlarged  the 
privileges  of  the  clergy,  and  boldly  excom- 
municated lord  Strange,  who  had  assaulted 
Sir  John  Trussel  in  St.  Dunstan's  church, 
and  killed  one  of  his  servants.  He  also 
opposed  the  encroachments  of  the  pope, 
and  rendered  himself  popular  by  his  influ- 
ence with  the  clergy,  and  by  promoting  oc- 
casional donations  for  the  support  of  the 
government.  Besides  founding  in  his 
native  town  a  college  for  one  master  and 
eight  fellows  and  other  subordinate  officers, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  that  noble  edifice 
in  Oxford,  called  All  Souls.    This  splendid 


cm 

rjollegc  was  completed  in  1440,  and  the 
chapel  was  with  great  pomp  consecrated  by 
the  founder.  Chichelywas  very  munificent 
in  his  contributions  to  charitable  purposes. 
He  died  12th  April,  1443,  after  being  arch- 
bishop 29  years,  and  he  was  buried  in 
Canterbury  cathedral.  It  is  said  that  when 
80,  he  wished  to  resign  his  exalted  situa- 
tion, which  the  pope  refused. 

Chicherlt,  Sir  Henry,  one  of  the  most 
considerable  planters  in  Virginia,  was  ap- 
pointed in  1674  lieutenant  governor  of  the 
colony,  under  Sir  William  Berkeley.  Colo- 
nel Jeffries  succeeded  Berkeley,  and  dying 
in  1678,  the  administration  devolved  on 
Sir  Henry,  who  was  again  commissioned 
lieutenant  governor.  The  following  year 
Lord  Culpepper  arrived  as  governor  general. 
He  left  Virginia  in  1680,  and  Chicherly 
was  again  placed  at  the  head  of  govern- 
ment. Discontents  prevailed  at  this  time 
among  the  people,  on  account  of  a  law 
passed  in  1680,  prohibiting  masters  of  ships 
to  lade  or  unlade  excepting  at  stated  places. 
The  colony  was  threatened  with  a  second 
rebellion,  and  the  measures  adopted  by  the 
governor,  some  of  which  were  contrary  to 
his  instructions,  and  of  which  he  assumed 
the  sole  responsibility,  gave  evidence  of  his 
prudence  and  decision  of  character.  In 
1682,  Lord  Culpepper  returned  to  his  relief. 
EF  L. 
Chicotneau,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mont- 
pellier,  physician  to  the  French  king.  He 
was  sent  by  the  regent  Orleans  to  stop  the 
plague  at  Marseilles,  and  the  confidence 
with  which  he  entered  a  place,  filled  with 
disease  and  death,  contributed,  with  his 
excellent  prescriptions,  to  reanimate  the 
terrified  inhabitants,  and  dispel  the  distem- 
per. He  was  honourably  rewarded  as  he 
fully  deserved.  He  died  at  Versailles, 
1752,  aged  80.  Of  his  works,  the  most 
curious  is  that  in  which  he  supports  that  the 
plague  is  not  contagious. 

Chicoyneau,  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
was  as  illustrious  as  his  father  in  medicine. 
He  chiefly  excelled,  however,  in  botany, 
and  greatly  improved  and  adorned  the 
royal  garden  at  Montpellier.  He  died  1740, 
aged  38,  professor  and  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Montpellier,  an  honour  which 
four  of  his  family  had  enjoyed  before  him. 
Chiffjlet,  John  James,  a  physician, 
born  at  Besancon.  After  travelling  through 
Europe,  and  being  for  some  time  physician 
to  the  archdutchess  of  the  Low  Countries, 
he  remained  in  the  same  capacity  with 
Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  who  treated  him  with 
great  kindness.  He  died  in  a  good  old  age. 
He  wrote  Vindicue  Hispanica;  against  the 
French,  besides  other  works.  His  son 
.lohn  distinguished  himself  by  his  know- 
ledge of  Hebrew  ;  and  his  son  Julius  was 
eminent  as  a  civilian,  and  was  in  great 
favour  with  the  kinar  of  Spain. 

Voi.,   I.  -,., 


CHI 

Childebert  I.  king  of  France,  after 
his  father  Clovis,  511.  He  assisted  his 
brothers  Clotaire  and  Clodomir  in  the  de- 
feat of  Sigismund  king  of  Burgundy  ;  but 
he  was  afterwards  routed  in  his  attempt  to 
invade  the  Spanish  dominions.  He  died  at 
Paiis,  558. 

Childebert  II.  son  of  Sigcbert  and 
Brunehaut,  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
kingdom  of  Austrasia  575.  He  afterwards 
joined  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  of  Or- 
leans, and  part  of  Paris,  to  his  own  domi- 
nions, after  the  death  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
Soissons,  and  died  by  poison  6%,  aged 
only  26.  During  his  reign  some  excellent 
regulations  were  made  for  the  preservation 
of  good  order  and  subordination. 

Childebert  HI.  brother  of  Clovis  III. 
and  son  of  Thierry,  was  surnamed  the  just. 
He  was  governed  during  the  whole  of  his 
reign  by  Pepin,  the  mayor  of  the  palace, 
and  died  711,  in  the  16th  year  of  his  reign, 
and  aged  2S. 

Childeric  I.  king  of  France  after  his 
father  Merovreus,  456.  He  was  banished 
the  next  year  for  his  ill  conduct,  and  re- 
tired to  Thuringia,  from  which  he  was  re- 
called in  463.  He  afterwards  behaved  with 
great  valour,  and  enlarged  his  kingdom  by 
conquest.     He  died  481,  aged  45. 

Childeric  II.  son  of  Clovis  and  Bathil- 
da,  succeeded  his  brother  Clotaire  III.  670, 
and  for  a  while,  when  governed  by  the  wise 
counsel  of  Leger,  bishop  of  Autun,  he  was 
a  popular  monarch.  He  afterwards  gave 
himself  up  to  every  species  of  licentious- 
ness and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassin- 
ated by  Bodilon,  in  the  forest  of  Livri, 
673.  His  wife  and  his  son  shared  his  fate. 
Childeric  III.  surnamed  the  idiot  and 
the  idle,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  Pepin, 
742.  Some  time  after  he  was  hurled  from 
his  elevation  by  the  same  powerful  minis- 
ter, and  confined  in  a  monastery,  where  ho 
died,  755.  He  was  the  last  of  the  first 
race  of  the  French  kings,  and  was  succeed- 
ed by  Pepin. 

Chillingworth,  William,  a  celebra- 
ted divine,  born  at  Oxford,  October  1602. 
Laud,  then  fellow  of  St.  John's,  was  his 
godfather.  He  entered  at  Trinity,  and 
applied  himself  not  only  to  divinity,  but  to 
the  mathematics  and  poetry,  but  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Fisher  the  celebrated 
Jesuit,  overturned  his  faith,  and  with  more 
zeal  than  judgment  he  embraced  the  tenets 
of  the  catholic  religion.  That  he  might 
pursue  his  studies  with  more  success,  he 
retired  to  Douay  university,  but  the  corres- 
pondence of  Laud,  now  bishop  of  London, 
shook  his  religious  opinions,  and  he  soon 
became  sensible  that  the  pope  of  Rome  is 
not  that  infallible  person  he  had  implicitly 
believed.  Restored  to  the  protectants, 
Chillingworth  returned  to  Oxford,  when: 
be  proposed  to  complete  his  free  induir* 
109 


cm 


CHI 


into  religion.  The  change  of  his  principles, 
however,  drew  upon  him  all  the  virulence 
of  the  catholics,  but  in  several  treatises,  as 
well  as  by  letters  and   conversations,  he 
defended  his  conduct,  and  supported  the 
reasonableness   of  the  protestant    tenets, 
with  such  mildness,    united  with  firmness 
and   candour,    that  even  his  enemies    ap- 
plauded him.    In  1637,  his  book,  called  the 
religion  of  protestants  a  safe  way  to  salva- 
tion, appeared,  and  with  a  modest  and  ele- 
gant dedication  it  was  presented  to  Charles 
I.  and  so  universally  admired  was  it,   that 
it  passed  through  several  editions,  and  will 
remain  a  lasting  monument  of  the  author's 
superior  abilities,  and  of  sound  reason,  and 
pure   religion.      Though  admired  and  re- 
spected as   a    divine,    Chillingworth    yet 
started  objections  against  the  thirty- nine 
articles,    and   refused  to    assent    to    the 
damnatory  clauses  of  the  Athanasian  creed. 
His  scruples,  however,  gradually  removed, 
and  he  subscribed  the  articles,  considering 
it  as  a  subscription  of  peace  and  union, 
and  not   of  belief  or  assent.     Soon  after 
he  was  promoted  to  the  chancellorship  of 
Salisbury,  with  the  prebend  of  Brixworth, 
Northamptonshire,  and  the  mastership  of 
Wigston's  hospital,   Leicestershire.      The 
troubles   of  the    times    prevented    higher 
elevation.  Chillingworth,  who  was  zealously 
attached  to  the  king's  cause,  took  up  arms 
against  the  republicans,  and  acted  as  engi- 
neer at  the  siege  of  Gloucester.  At  the  siege 
of  Arundel,  however,  he  was  taken  prisoner 
with  the  garrison  by  Sir  William  Waller, 
and  as  he  then  laboured  under  an  indispo- 
sition,   he   was    removed   to    Chichester, 
where  after  a  short  illness  he  expired  in 
the  bishop's  palace.       His  last  moments 
were  attended  by  the  fanatical  Cheynell, 
who  at  his  funeral  insulted  his  remains  by 
throwing   with   religious  frenzy   into    his 
grave  his  celebrated  book  mentioned  above. 
He  died  about  the  30th  of  January,  1644, 
and   was  buried  in  Chichester  cathedral. 
Clarendon  has  improperly  mentioned  that 
he  died  in  Arundel-castle.     The  fame  of 
Chillingworth   is   firmly  established  as    a 
noble  disputant,   a  perspicuous  reasoner, 
and  a  candid  and  inquisitive  philosopher, 
and  he  is  more  than  entitled  to  the  com- 
mendations   which   not   only  Wood,    but 
Tillotson  and  Locke,  themselves  such  pat- 
terns   of   excellence,    have    passed    upon 
him.  Besides  his  works  already  mentioned, 
and  several  others  in  the  defence  of  religion 
and  of  loyalty,  some  valuable  manuscripts 
are  preserved  in  Lambeth  chapel,  among 
Mr.  H.  Wharton's  MSS. 

Chilmead,  Edmund,  was  born  in  Glou- 
cestershire, and  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  On  being  ejected  from  his  livings 
by  the  republicans  in  1648,  he  subsisted  in 
London  by  teaching  music.  He  died,  1654. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  globes* 
410 


and  published  translations  of  some  Greek 
authors. 

Chilo,  a  philosopher  of  Sparta,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men.  He  died  about  597 
B.C. 

Chilperic  I.  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  I. 
succeeded  on  his  father's  death  to  the  king- 
dom of  Soissons  561.  His  wife  Galasuinta 
was  barbarously  assassinated  as  it  is  suppo- 
sed by  his  mistress  Fredegonde  ;  but  instead 
of  avenging  her  death  he  married  the  sus- 
pected murderess,  and  committed  every 
kind  of  cruelty  to  satisfy  her  vengeance 
and  ambition.  He  lost  part  of  his  domi- 
nions by  the  invasion  of  Sigebert  king  of 
Austrasia,  who  wished  to  punish  the  death 
of  his  sister-in-law  the  murdered  queen, 
and  after  sacrificing  his  sons  Merovaeus 
and  Clovis  to  the  jealousy  of  the  infamous 
Fredegonde,  he  at  last  saw  the  wickedness 
of  his  conduct,  and  became  a  devotee.  He 
was  murdered  as  he  was  returning  from 
hunting  in  584,  and  Fredegonde  and  her 
favourite  Landri  were  universally  suspect- 
ed as  the  assassins. 

Chilperic  II.  son  of  Childeric  II.  suc- 
ceeded Dagobert  HI.  in  715.  He  headed  his 
troops  with  Rainfrai,  the  mayor  of  the  pa- 
lace, against  Charles  Martel,  but  was  soon 
after  defeated,  and  when  in  the  power  of 
the  conqueror  reduced  to  privacy.  He 
died  at  Attigny,  and  was  buried  at  Noy- 
on  in  720. 

Chine  Noung,  emperor  of  China,  about 
2837  years  B.  C.  is  said  to  have  instructed 
his  subjects  in  agriculture,  and  in  extract- 
ing wine  from  rice.  He  was  well  acquaint- 
ed with  mathematics,  physic,  music,  and 
poetry. 

Ching  or  Xi-hoam-ti,  emperor  of 
China,  about  240  B.  C.  is  said  to  nave  built 
the  great  wall  after  the  expulsion  of  the 
Tartars.  He  was  warlike,  but  disgraced 
his  reign  by  burning  all  the  books  which  he 
could  procure. 

Chirac,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French 
king,  was  born  at  Conques  in  Rouergue. 
He  was  professor  of  medicine  at  Montpel- 
lier,  and  was  appointed  physician  to  the 
army  of  Roussillon  by  marshal  Noailles,  in 
which  capacity  his  treatment  of  the  sick 
soldiers  under  a  violent  dysentery  was  par- 
ticularly successful.  He  was  also  very 
successful  during  an  epidemic  distemper  at 
Rochefort,  and  a  pestilence  at  Marseilles. 
He  died  11th  March,  1732,  aged  82.  He 
wrote  dissertations  on  wounds — on  fevers 
— on  the  use  of  the  rust  of  iron  in  the 
incubus — besides  other  medical  tracts. 

Chishull,  Edmund,  was  born  at  Ey- 
worth,  Bedfordshire,  and  educated  at  Cor- 
pus Christi  college,  Oxford.  He  obtained 
a  travelling  fellowship,  and  consequently- 
visited  Turkey  and  the  Levant,  and  was 
chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at  Smyrna. 
He  became  B.  D.  1705,  and  was  presented. 


CHO 


CHE 


by  Mr.  Conyers  to  the  living  of  Waltham- 
stow,  in  Essex,  where  he  died  18th  May, 
1733.  He  wrote  against  Dodwell  on  the 
mortality  of  the  soul,  and  his  travels  in 
Turkey  were  published  in  1747,  by  Mead, 
in  folio. 

Chittenden,  Thomas,  first  governor  of 
Vermont,  was  a  native  of  Guilford,  Conn, 
and  born  in  1730.  He  had  only  a  common 
education,  and  rose  above  those  around 
him  by  the  superiority  of  his  talents.  In 
1774,  he  removed  to  Williston,  Vermont, 
and  in  1777,  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  convention,  which  declared  that  to  be 
an  independent  state.  In  the  following 
year,  he  was  elected  governor,  and  was 
re-chosen  to  the  office  with  the  exception 
of  one  year  till  his  death  in  1797.  He  was 
a  man  of  strong  sense,  keen  discernment, 
great  integrity  and  humanity,  and  an  ex- 
emplary Christian.  ILi'  L. 

Choin,  Mary  Emily  Joly  de,  a  lady  de- 
scended from  a  noble  Savoy  family.  She 
was  about  the  person  of  the  dutchess  of 
Conti,  where  she  was  seen  by  the  dauphin; 
but  no  solicitations  could  prevail  upon  her 
to  deviate  from  the  rules  of  decorum  and 
chastity.  It  is  said  that  the  prince  at  last 
married  her  privately,  and,  in  her  compa- 
ny, reformed  his  conduct,  and  regained  the 
affection  of  the  king.  After  his  death,  in 
1711,  she  retired  to  obscurity,  and  died 
1744,  universally  respected  for  her  private 
virtues. 

Choiseul,  Stephen  Francis  due  de,  a 
French  politician  of  great  abilities.  After 
enjoying  the  confidence  of  Lewis  XV.  and 
serving  his  country  as  an  ambassador  and 
as  minister  at  home,  he  was  disgraced ;  and 
on  his  retirement,  still  retained  popularity 
and  universal  respect.  He  was  a  liberal 
and  munificent  patron  of  arts  and  of 
literature,  and  by  his  political  intrigues,  was 
called  by  the  king  of  Prussia  the  coachman 
of  Europe.     He  died   1785,  aged  66. 

Cuoisi,  Francis  Timoleon  de,  prior  of 
St.  Lo,  and  dean  of  Bayeux,  was  engaged 
by  the  French  government  to  go  as  ambas- 
sador to  the  king  of  Siam,  who  wished,  it 
was  said,  to  become  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. Though  he  had  spent  the  earlier 
part  of  his  life  in  debauchery,  yet  he  re- 
formed his  conduct,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  cultivation  of  literature.  He  died  at 
Paris,  October  2,  1724,  aged  81.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  journey  to  Siam — the 
history  of  France,  during  five  reigns,  5 
vols.  4to. — an  ecclesiastical  history,  11 
vols.  4to. — dialogues  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  &c. 

Chomel,  Peter  John  Baptist,  physician 
to  the  French  king,  died  1740.  He  wrote 
history  of  common  plants,  3  vols.  1761. 
His  son  John  was  also  a  physician,  and  died 
1765.  He  wrote  Essay  on  the  History  of 
Medicine  in  France— the  Life  of  Molin— • 


Eulogy  of  Duret — letters  on  the  maladies 
among  cattle. 

Chopin,  Reno,  a  native  of  Bailleul  in 
Anjou,  distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and 
known  as  the  author  of  a  treatise  de  do- 
mino— de  sacra  politicu  monastics — the 
customs  of  Anjou — the  customs  of  Paris, 
&c.  all  published  in  6  vols.  fol.  He  died 
under  the  operation  of  being  cut  for  the 
stone,  1606,  aged  69. 

Chorier,  Nicholas,  author  of  the  phi- 
losophy of  an  honest  man — the  history  of 
Dauphine — Latin  poems — and  an  indecent 
work  called  Aloysiae  Sigece  Toletanae  Saty- 
ra  Soladica  de  arcanis  amoris  et  Veneris — 
was  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Grenoble,  where  he  died  1692,  aged  83. 

Chosroes  I.  the  Great,  succeeded  Ca- 
bades  as  king  of  Persia  531.  He  made 
war  against  the  Romans,  but  was  defeated 
by  Belisarius,  and  afterwards  by  Tiberius, 
and  died  of  vexation  579.  To  great  virtues 
he  united  unhappily  cruelty,  oppression, 
and  boundless  ambition. 

Chosroes  II.  succeeded  his  father  Hor- 
misdas  as  king  of  Persia  590.  His  cruelties 
excited  the  revolt  of  his  subjects,  but  the 
Romans  supported  him,  and  he  was  enabled 
to  conquer  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Judae.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  by  Heraclius,  and  im- 
prisoned by  his  own  son.  He  died  in  con- 
finement 627. 

Chouet,  John  Robert,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, possessed  of  such  talents,  that  at  the 
age  of  22  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Saumur,  where  he  replaced, 
the  tenets  of  Aristotle  with  the  philosophy 
of  Des  Cartes.  In  1669,  he  returned  to 
Geneva  as  professor,  and  by  his  popularity 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  council  1686.  He 
was  repeatedly  syndic,  and  died  1731,  aged. 
89,  universally  respected  as  a  good  citizen 
and  an  upright  magistrate.  He  wrote  in- 
troduction to  logic — theses  physicae  de 
varia  astrorum  luce — discourses  on  the 
history  of  Geneva — and  other  works. 

Chool,  William  du,  a  French  antiquary 
of  Lyons.  He  travelled  over  Italy,  and 
wrote  a  valuable  treatise,  1556,  on  the  re- 
ligion and  castramentation  of  the  ancient 
Romans,  which  has  been  translated  into 
Latin  and  Italian. 

Christie,  William,  was  educated  at 
Aberdeen,  and  appointed  master  of  the 
grammar-school  at  Montrose,  where  he 
lived  respected  as  a  diligent  and  at- 
tentive master,  and  died  1774,  aged  44. 
His  grammar  and  his  introduction  to  the 
making  of  Latin  are  both  well  spoken  of. 

Christiern  I.  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Thierry  count  of  Oldenburg,  succeeded 
Christopher  of  Bavaria  1448.  He  was  a 
popular  monarch,  benevolent  and  humane. 
He  founded  the  order  of  the  elephant,  and 
died  14&1. 

Christiers  H.  surnamed  the  cruel,  «* 
111 


(FIR 


CUl' 


the  northern  Nero,  suecceeded  on  the 
Danish  throne  his  father  John  1513.  He 
was  elected  king  of  Sweden  1520;  but 
instead  of  proving,  as  he  promised,  the 
father  of  his  people,  he  became  their  tyrant, 
and  massacred  at  a  feast  ninety-four  of  the 
Swedish  nobles  to  whom  he  owed  his 
elevation.  A  series  of  atrocities  rendered 
him  so  unpopular  in  his  new  dominions, 
that  he  was  driven  from  Sweden  by  the 
valour  of  Gustavus  ;'  but  in  Copenhagen 
he  pursued  the  same  ferocious  conduct,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled  from 
his  throne  by  his  indignant  subjects,  and 
escaped  to  Flanders.  Ever  restless  and 
ambitious,  he  gained  the  Dutch  to  espouse 
his  cause  ;  but  he  was  defeated  in  his  at- 
tempt to  recover  his  dominions,  and  died 
in  prison  25th  January  1559,  universally 
abhorred. 

Christiern  III.  nephew  and  successor 
of  Frederic  I.  1534,  deserved  and  obtained 
the  affection  of  his  subjects.  He  embraced 
the  opinions  of  Luther,  and  made  that  the 
established  religion  of  his  kingdom.  He 
died  1st  January,  1559,  aged  56. 

Christiern  IV.  succeeded  as  king  of 
Denmark  his  father  Frederic  II.  15SS.  He 
made  war  against  the  Swedes,  and  was  no- 
minated chief  of  the  protestant  league  for 
the  re-establishment  of  the  prince  Palatine, 
1625.  He  died  28th  February,  1648,  aged 
71,  much  respected  as  an  able  and  benevo- 
lent monarch. 

Christiern  V.  succeeded  his  father 
Frederic  III.  in  1670.  He  formed  a  league 
with  the  German  princes,  and  made  war 
against  Sweden  ,  but,  though  brave  and 
warlike,  he  was  defeated.  He  died  4th 
September  1699,  aged  54. 

Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  daughter 
iaf  Gustavus  Adolphus  the  great,  was  born 
8th  December,  1626,  and  succeeded  her 
father  1633.  After  reigning  with  splendour, 
and  the  character  of  a  great  and  popular 
sovereign,  she  resigned  the  crown  in  1654, 
in  favour  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gustavus. 
She  had  some  time  before  embraced  the  ca- 
tholic religion,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Je- 
suits ;  and  she  retired  to  Rome,  where  she 
continued  to  reside  till  the  death  of  her  cou- 
sin in  1660;  when  she  attempted,  either  by 
ihe  suggestions  of  ambition,  or  the  advice  of 
her  religious  advisers,  to  resume  the  crown, 
which  as  a  catholic  she  could  not  effect. 
She  died  at  Rome  19th  April,  16S9,  aged 
63.  She  was  a  woman  of  great  abilities, 
was  well  acquainted  with  several  langua- 
ges, and  was  not  only  a  frequent  corres- 
pondent with  Grotius,  Salmasius,  Des  Car- 
tes, Vossius,  Bochart,  Huet,  and  other  men 
of  letters,  but  a  liberal  patroness  of  litera- 
ture. Some  circumstances,  however,  are 
mentioned  which  reflect  some  disgrace  upon 
Iter  character  and  manners. 

CHnisToriiERSON,  John,  an  English  pre- 
413 


late,  born  in  Lancashire,  and  educated  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  became 
fellow  and  master  of  Trinity  college,  and 
dean  of  Norwich,  and  in  queen  Mary's 
reign  he  was  made  bishop  of  Chichester. 
He  died  the  year  after  his  elevation,  a  little 
before  the  queen.  He  was  a  firm  Roman- 
ist. He  translated  Philo  Judaeus  into 
Latin,  and  also  the  ecclesiastical  histories 
of  Eusebius,  Sozomen,  Socrates,  Evegrius, 
and  Thcodoret ;  but  as  a  translator  he  is 
neither  faithful,  nor  elegant,  nor  accurate. 

Chrysippus,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Tar- 
sus, said  to  have  written  above  700  books. 
He  died  B.C.  207. 

Chrtsoloras,  Emanuel,  a  learned  Greek, 
born  at  Constantinople  about  1355.  He 
came  into  England  in  the  reign  of  Richard 
II.  as  ambassador  from  John  Palaeologus, 
to  solicit  assistance  against  the  attacks  of 
the  Turks.  After  his  return  to  Constantino- 
ple, he  came  to  Florence,  where  he  taught 
Greek  for  three  years  ;  and  afterwards  he 
became  Greek  professor  in  the  university 
of  Ticinum,  at  the  request  of  the  duke  of 
Milan.  He  afterwards  visited  Venice  and 
Rome;  and,  in  1413,  he  was  sent  by  pope 
Martin  V.  as  ambassador  to  Sigismund  em- 
peror of  Germany,  to  settle  the  place  for  the 
meeting  of  a  general  council.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  his  own  emperor  at  Con- 
stantinople, by  whom  he  was  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  the  council  of  Constance.  He 
died  at  Constance,  a  few  days  after  the 
opening  of  the  council,  15th  April,  1415  ; 
and  a  handsome  monument  was  erected  to 
his  memory  by  the  gratitude  of  his  scholar 
Poggius.  He  wrote,  besides  a  Greek  gram- 
mar, a  parallel  between  ancient  and  mo- 
dern Rome. 

Ciirysostom,  John,  a  native  of  Antioch, 
who  became  bishop  of  Constantinople,  and 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  fathers  of  the 
church.  In  eloquence  and  benevolence  he 
was  equally  known  ;  but  the  divisions  of 
the  age  embittered  in  some  degree  his  hap- 
piness, and  he  was  banished  from  his  see 
by  his  enemies,  though  afterwards  restored. 
He  died  at  Pityus,  on  the  Euxine  Sea,  407, 
aged  53.  His  works  were  edited  by  Mont- 
faucon,  in  13  vols.  fol. 

Chubb,  Thomas,  was  born  at  East  Harn- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  29th  September,  1679. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  15  apprenticed  to  a 
glover  ;  but  when  his  time  was  expired,  as 
his  eyes  were  weak,  he  engaged  in  business 
with  a  tallow  chandler,  but  devoted  his 
hours  of  relaxation  to  the  laborious  study 
of  English  books.  A  strong  retentive  me- 
mory soon  rendered  him  well  versed  with, 
mathematics,  geography,  and  other  scien- 
ces, but  particularly  divinity  ;  and  further 
to  improve  himself,  he  established  a  club  at 
Salisbury,  where  the  members  disputed 
with  freedom  on  all   theological  subjects 


GHU 


CHC 


The  controversy  about  the  Trinity  between 
Clarke  and  Waterland  then  engaged  deeply 
the  public  attention ;  and  Chubb  was  pre- 
vailed on  by  his  theological  friends  to  com- 
mit his  sentiments  to  paper.  He  complied, 
and  his  book  called  "  the  supremacy  of  the 
Father  asserted,  &c."  was  soon  read,  and 
universally  admired.  Now  an  author  by 
profession,  he  was  courted  by  the  learned 
and  the  great.  For  some  years  he  lived  in 
the  house  of  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll,  and  often 
waited  at  table  as  a  servant  out  of  livery, 
but  refused  the  prospects  of  preferment  for 
his  obscurity  at  Salisbury,  where  he  re- 
tried, and  died  1747,  agea  63.  To  the  last 
period  of  life  Chubb  was  attached  to  the 
business  of  a  tallow  chandler,  and  after  the 
deatli  of  his  partner  he  frequently  assisted 
the  nephew,  on  whom  the  concern  devolv- 
ed. After  his  death,  two  volumes,  of  post- 
humous works  were  published,  which  dis- 
played the  author  as  a  violent  opposer  of 
the  Mosaical  and  Christian  dispensations, 
extravagant  and  licentious  in  his  opinions, 
and  shameless  enough  to  deny  a  future 
judgment,  and  almost  a  future  existence, 
the  hopes  and  consolation  of  the  good  man. 
This  publication  greatly  astonished  the 
world,  especially  as  nothing  immoral,  pro- 
fligate, or  licentious,  had  ever  been  obser- 
ved in  his  conduct.  His  principal  works 
are,  the  true  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  assert- 
ed— an  inquiry  into  the  ground  and  founda- 
tion of  religion — four  dissertations  on  sub- 
jects in  the  Old  Testament,  &c. 

Chudleigh,  Mary,  daughter  of  Richard 
Lee  of  Winsloder  in  Devonshire,  was  born 
1656,  and  married  Sir  George  Chudleigh, 
bart.  by  whom  she  had  several  children. 
She  possessed  respectable  poetical  talents, 
and  published  some  poems,  which  passed 
through  a  third  edition  in  1722.  She  wrote 
besides  some  tragedies,  operas,  masques, 
still  preserved  in  her  family,  and  some 
essays  on  philosophical  and  moral  subjects, 
which  displayed,  besides  great  neatness, 
and  purity  of  language,  an  extensive  degree 
of  piety  and  knowledge,  with  resignation 
and  benevolence  of  heart.     She  died  1710. 

Church,  Benjamin,  distinguished  by  his 
exploits  in  the  Indian  wars  of  New  Eng- 
land, was  born  in  Duxbury,  Massachusetts, 
in  1639.  He  commanded  the  party,  by 
which  King  Philip  was  killed,  in  1676,  and 
afterwards  having  the  appointment  of  co- 
lonel, headed  several  expeditions  against 
the  French  and  Indians  in  Nova  Scotia, 
and  Maine.  He  was  a  man  of  great  enter- 
prise and  bravery,  upright  and  pious.  He 
died  in  1718.  O     L. 

Churchill,  Sir  Winston,  was  born  at 
Wootton  Glanville,  Dorsetshire,  1620,  and 
is  known  more  as  the  father  of  the  great 
duke  of  Marlborough  than  as  an  historian. 
He  was  of  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  but 
ihe  troubles  of  the    times  prevented  his 


taking  a  degree,  and  he  engaged  warmly  on 
the  side  of  the  king,  in  consequence  oi' 
which  his  estates  were  forfeited.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Sir  John  Drake  of  Ashe 
in  Devonshire,  at  whose  house  he  took 
shelter  from  the  persecution  of  his  enemies, 
and  at  the  restoration  he  recovered  his 
property,  and  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament. 
He  was  knighted  in  1663,  and  elected  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1675,  a  kind  of  political  essay  on 
the  history  of  England,  in  folio,  which  pos- 
sessed little  merit.  He  died  26th  March, 
1688.  Besides  his  son  above  mentioned, 
and  three  sons  and  three  daughters  who 
died  in  their  infancy,  he  had  Arabella,  who 
was  mistress  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 
The  eldest  of  these  sons  was  the  celebrated 
duke  of  Berwick,  killed  at  the  siege  of  Phi- 
lipsburgh,  1734. 

Churchill,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  prince  of  the  holy  Roman  empire,  was 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Ashe, 
June  24th,  1650.  His  education  was  little 
attended  to  by  his  father,  who  introduced 
him  when  12  years  of  age  to  the  court,  and 
1666,  in  the  first  Dutch  war,  he  was  made 
an  ensign  in  the  guards,  and  soon  after/ 
went  to  Tangier  to  serve  against  the  Moors. 
His  time  here  was  assiduously  devoted  to 
military  science,  he  became  on  his  return  a 
favourite  with  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  in 
whose  regiment  he  was  made  captain,  and 
with  whom  he  served  against  the  Dutch  at 
the  siege  of  Nimeguen.  He  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  his  valour,  that  Turenne 
praised  the  conduct  of  the  handsome  Eng- 
lishman, as  he  denominated  young  Chur- 
chill. At  the  reduction  of  Maestricht  he 
was  equally  entitled  to  universal  praise,  so 
that  the  French  monarch,  whose  auxiliaries 
the  English  then  were,  saw  and  commend- 
ed his  bravery.  This  well-deserved  reputa- 
tion advanced  his  fortunes  at  home  ;  on  his 
return  to  London  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  by  the  king,  and  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chamber,  and  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  duke  of  York,  whom  he  accompanied 
into  the  Low  Countries,  and  into  Scotland. 
About  this  time  Churchill  married  Sarah 
Jennings,  a  lady  who  attended  on  the  prin- 
cess Anne,  afterwards  queen  of  England. 
On  his  return  from  Scotland  with  the  duke, 
he  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast,  east  of 
the  Humber,  but  though  more  than  120 
persons  lost  their  lives,  yet  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  escape.  His  influence  with  the 
duke  was  now  so  great,  that  he  was  crea- 
ted a  Scotch  peer  in  1682,  by  the  title  of 
baron  Eymouth,  and  on  the  death  of 
Charles  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
France,  to  announce  the  elevation  of  his 
patron  to  the  throne,  and  in  1685  he  was 
made  an  English  peer  as  baron  Churchill. 
The  invasion  of  Monmouth  tended  now  to 
413 


CHU 


CHU 


display  his  military  abilities,  he  was  sent 
against  the  unfortunate  duke,  and  in  a  little 
time  repressed  his  rebellion,  and  took  him 
prisoner.  These  meritorious  services  high- 
ly recommended  him  to  James,  yet  though 
he  was  consulted  by  him,  and  even  intrust- 
ted  with  the  command  of  5000  men  on  the 
landing  of  William  of  Orange,  he  was  sus- 
pected of  favouring  the  cause  of  the  inva- 
der, and  accordingly  he  abandoned  him, 
and  fled  to  the  prince,  yet  without  betray- 
ing his  secrets,  or  taking  any  of  his  sol- 
diers with  him.  This  step  rendered  him  a 
favourite  with  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  on 
the  abdication  of  James,  he  was  raised  to 
new  honours,  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
created  earl  of  Marlborough.  In  1689  he 
was  at  the  battle  of  Walcourt,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  that  great  military  fame, 
which  was  soon  to  astonish  the  continent. 
He  was  afterwards  in  Ireland,  where  he 
supported  the  cause  of  William  by  the  re- 
duction of  Cork  ;  but  in  the  midst  of  his 
popularity  he  was  suddenly  checked,  his 
offices  were  taken  from  him,  and  his  person 
confined  in  the  tower  ;  a  violent  measure, 
which  is  secretly  attributed  to  his  partial 
attachment  to  the  interests  of  the  princess 
Anne.  This  was,  however,  a  partial  eclipse 
of  his  greatness,  the  king  knew  his  merits, 
and  soon  restored  him  to  favour,  and 
when,  after  queen  Mary's  death,  he  intrust- 
ed him  with  the  care  of  the  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, he  paid  him  this  handsome  compli- 
ment, "  My  lord,  make  him  what  you  are, 
and  my  nephew  will  be  all  I  wish  to  see 
him."  Fresh  favours  were  now  heaped 
upon  him,  he  was  declared  commander  in 
chief  of  the  troops  sent  over  to  Holland, 
and  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  states, 
and  William  evinced  his  further  confidence 
in  his  attachment,  by  recommending  him 
on  his  death-bed  to  Anne,  as  the  fittest  per- 
son to  protect  the  liberties  of  Europe.  The 
good  opinion  of  William  was  continued  by 
his  successor ;  Marlborough  was  confirmed 
in  his  appointments,  and  elected  by  the  Uni- 
ted States  captain  general  of  all  their  forces, 
with  a  stipend  of  100,000  florins  per  an- 
num. Hostile  to  pusillanimous  delays,  he 
now  prevailed  upon  the  English  ministry  to 
declare  war  against  France  and  Spain  1702, 
and  he  quickly  repaired  to  his  head  quar- 
ters, and  opened  the  campaign  by  reducing 
the  strongest  garrisons  on  the  frontiers, 
and  among  them  Venlo,  Ruremond,  and 
Liege,  which  was  taken  sword  in  hand. 
After  these  brilliant  successes,  he  returned 
to  London,  where  he  was  received  as  a  con- 
quering hero.  The  queen  created  him  a 
duke,  and  granted  him  during  her  life  a 
pension  of  5000/.  from  the  post-office.  The 
next  campaign  was  equally  splendid,  Marl- 
borough defeated  the  allies  at  Schellen- 
burgh,  and  afterwards  at  Hochstet,  where 
Tallajd  the  French  general  was  taken  pri- 
414 


soner,  and  after  thus  serving  the  empire 
and  conquering  all  Bavaria,  he  returned  to 
England,  bringing  with  him  as  trophies  of 
his  conquests  121  standards  and  179  co- 
lours, together  with  the  captive  general, 
and  26  officers  of  high  distinction.  On  this 
occasion  he  received,  as  he  had  done  the 
preceding  year,  the  thanks  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  the  queen  seconding  the  wishes 
of  a  grateful  nation,  settled  on  him  and  his 
heirs  the  manor  of  Woodstock,  and  the 
hundred  of  Wootton.  The  campaign  of 
1705  was  equally  successful ;  but  Marlbo- 
rough distinguished  himself  particularly  as 
a  negotiator  at  the  courts  of  Vienna,  Ber- 
lin, and  Hanover,  and  for  these  great  ser- 
vices merited  and  received  again  on  his 
return,  the  thanks  of  the  parliament, 
though  intrigues  were  made  against  his 
power,  and  attempts  meditated  to  baffle  him 
in  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  In  1706  he 
won  the  famous  battle  of  Ramifies,  after 
exposing  himself  to  great  personal  danger, 
as  colonel  Bingfield,  who  held  the  stirrup  for 
him  to  remount,  had  his  head  carried  off  by 
a  cannon  ball,  and  the  consequence  of  this 
victory  was  the  fall  of  Louvain,  Brussels, 
Ghent,  Antwerp,  Ostend,  Dendermonde, 
and  other  strong  places.  These  successes 
were  received  with  fresh  marks  of  appro- 
bation by  the  English,  he  was  not  only  una- 
nimously thanked  by  both  houses,  but  the 
queen  was  addressed  to  make  his  titles 
hereditary  in  the  male  and  female  lines 
of  his  daughters.  Blenheim  house  was 
built  by  the  nation  to  commemorate  his 
victories,  and  the  5000Z.  from  the  post- 
office  were  now  annexed  to  his  title.  The 
year  1707  was  very  barren  in  military  in- 
cidents, but  Marlborough  on  the  following 
year,  in  conjunction  with  prince  Eugene, 
pushed  his  conquests  so  rapidly  that  the 
French  king  in  1709  made  serious  propo- 
sals for  a  general  peace.  This  was  gene- 
rally understood  to  be  a  manoeuvre  to  dis- 
concert the  plans  of  the  English  and  Dutch, 
but  Marlborough,  as  great  a  negotiator  as 
a  general,  soon  defeated  the  plans  of  the 
enemy,  and  the  French  once  more  appeared 
in  the  field,  headed  by  marshal  Villars,  an 
officer  of  whom  Lewis  XIV.  boastingly 
spoke,  saying,  he  had  never  been  beat. 
Villars  however  was  defeated  at  Malpla- 
quet,  and  Tournay  taken,  and  the  duke  re- 
turned to  London  to  receive  new  congratu- 
lations and  reiterated  applauses.  In  the 
midst  of  his  popularity  however  Marlbo- 
rough began  to  feel  the  secret  machinations 
of  his  political  enemies,  and  though  he 
was  empowered  to  negotiate  for  a  peace  at 
Gertruydenburg,  and  though  on  its  unsuc- 
cessful termination  he  renewed  the  war  with 
his  usual  felicity,  the  queen  was  alienated 
from  him,  and  yielding  to  the  superior  in- 
fluence of  a  new  favourite,  Mrs.  Masham, 
she   withdrew  her  confidence    from   the 


CHU 


CIA 


tlutehess,  and  listened  too  fondly  to  those 
who  accused  the  duke  of  ambitious  views. 
But  though  his  family  were  removed  from 
their  offices,  and  his  friends  discarded,  he 
remained  still  at  the  head  of  the  army,  and 
displayed  against  Villars  those  superior 
manoeuvres  of  generalship  which  always 
ensured  him  success,  and  maintained  his 
high  reputation.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  apparently  well  received  by  the 
queen,  who  soon  after  dismissed  him  from 
his  employments,  and  his  enemies  attacked 
him  in  parliament,  and  while  on  one  hand 
he  was  charged  with  ambitiously  protract- 
ing the  war,  he  was  on  the  other  accused 
of  applying  the  public  money  intrusted  to 
him  to  private  purposes.  The  press  also 
vented  forth  pamphlets  against  the  duke 
whose  great  services  were  forgotten,  and 
therefore  yielding  to  the  bitter  and  acri- 
monious language  of  faction  and  of  persecu- 
tion, he  retired  into  voluntary  banishment, 
and  passed  with  the  dutchess,  November 
14th,  1712,  to  Ostend,  and  remained  for 
nearly  two  years  on  the  continent.  He 
returned  a  few  days  after  the  queen's  death, 
and  became  a  great  favourite  with  George 
I.  who  consulted  him  with  confidence,  and 
by  his  advice  took  those  bold  measures 
which  crushed  the  rebellion  of  1715.  This 
great  man  died  loaded  with  infirmities  16th 
June,  1722,  aged  73,  at  Windsor-lodge,  and 
his  remains  were  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey,  with  the  greatest  solemnity,  August 
9th.  Besides  the  marquis  of  Blandford, 
who  died  at  Cambridge  in  his  18th  year, 
the  duke  had  four  daughters  married  into 
the  most  illustrious  families  of  the  king- 
dom. The  emperor  of  Germany  made  him 
a  prince  of  the  empire,  as  a  reward  for  his 
great  military  services.  Some  of  his  let- 
ters have  been  published,  and  show  him  to 
have  been  a  man  of  consummate  abilities. 
His  dutchess  survived  him  for  some  years. 
She  was  a  woman  of  strong  masculine 
powers  of  mind,  of  boundless  ambition, 
and  as  arbitrary  in  the  cabinet  of  the 
queen,  as  her  husband  was  formidable  in 
the  field. 

Churchill,  Charles,  the  poet,  was  born 
1731,  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Churchill, 
curate  of  St.  John's,  Westminster.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  but  though 
endowed  with  great  natural  abilities,  yet  he 
so  much  neglected  their  improvement  that 
he  was  refused  admission  at  Oxford  for  in- 
capacity, though  it  is  said  this  disgrace 
arose  from  the  contempt  with  which  he 
treated  the  frivolous  questions  proposed  to 
him  by  his  intended  tutor.  He  continued, 
in  consequence  of  this,  at  Westminster, 
and  at  the  early  age  of  17  married,  and 
when  of  proper  age  he  was  ordained  by  the 
bishop  of  London,  and  retired  into  Wales, 
upon  a  curacy  of  301.  a  year.  In  this  re- 
ared situation,  to  improve  his  income  he 


became  a  cider  merchant,  but  his  prospects 
of  independence  ended  in  a  bankruptcy, 
and  he  came  back  to  London,  and  on  the 
death  of  his  father  succeeded  to  his  curacy. 
He  here  added  to  his  resources  by  teaching 
young  ladies  to  read  and  write,  but  as  his 
mode  of  living  was  expensive,  his  debts  in- 
creased, and  he  was  with  difficulty  saved 
from  the  horrors  of  a  jail  by  the  humanity 
of  Mr.  Lloyd,  second  master  of  Westmin- 
ster school,  who  liberally  satisfied  his  cre- 
ditors. The  success  of  "  the  actor"  by 
young  Lloyd  at  this  time  encouraged 
Churchill  to  cultivate  the  muses,  and  he 
published  his  Rosciad,  which  was  so  uni- 
versally admired,  that  Colman,  Thornton, 
and  the  wits  of  the  age,  were  considered 
as  the  authors,  and  not  an  obscure  clergy- 
man. The  popularity  of  this  and  other 
poems,  and  the  emoluments  arising  from 
the  sale,  now  altered  the  manners  and  con- 
duct of  the  poet.  Elevated  with  prosperity, 
he  now  quitted  the  habit  and  the  sobriety  ot" 
a  clergyman,  he  became  a  fashionable  man 
of  the  town,  abandoned  his  wife,  and 
launched  into  all  the  extravagance  of  gay 
and  dissipated  life.  As  the  friend  and  as- 
sociate of  Wilkes  he  crossed  to  Boulogne  in 
October,  1764,  where  some  time  after  a 
fever  attacked  him  and  carried  him  off. 
He  died  5th  November,  1764.  Besides  his 
Rosciad,  he  wrote  the  prophecy  of  famine, 
an  admired  poem, — an  apology  to  the  cri- 
tical reviewers, — night  and  the  ghost,  in 
which  he  ridicules  Dr.  Johnson  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Pomposo, — Gotham  and  indepen- 
dence,— epistle  to  Hogarth,  &c.  The 
poems  after  his  death  were  published  in  2 
vols.  8vo.  and  have  lately  been  re-edited. 
Though  once  popular  and  admired  they  are 
now  little  read.  He  wrote  also  some  ser- 
mons. 

Churchman,  John,  distinguished  for  his 
researches  after  the  cause  of  the  variation 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  was  a  native  of 
Maryland,  and  a  quaker.  He  published, 
besides  several  philosophical  tracts,  a  use- 
ful variation  chart  of  the  globe,  was  a 
member  of  the  Russian  imperial  academy, 
and  was  presented  by  it  with  a  set  of  its 
transactions.  He  died  on  a  passage  from 
Europe,  July  24th,  1805.  0=  L. 

Churchyard,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  al: 
Shrewsbury,  author  of  the  Worthies  of 
Wales.  He  died  about  the  11th  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  1570.  His  epitaph  is  preserved 
by  Camden. 

Chytr^eus,  David,  a  native  Swabia, 
divinity  professor  at  Rostock,  and  author 
of  a  commentary  on  the  Revelation — of  a 
history  of  the  confession  of  Augsburg — 
and  other  works.     He  died  1600,  aged  70. 

Ciaconius,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in  An- 
dalusia, died  at  Rome  1599,  aged  59,  with 
the  title  of  patriarch  of  Alexandria.     He 
was  author  of  vita;  et  gesta  Romanoruri" 
415 


CIB 


C1D 


pontificum  et  cardinalium,  4  vols,  fol — his- 
toria  utriusque  belli  Dacici — bibliotheca 
scriptorum  ad  aim.  1583 — explication  of 
Trajan's  pillar,  fol.  1576. 

Ciaconius,  Peter,  a  critic  of  Toledo, 
who  died  at  Rome  1581,  aged  56.  He  was 
employed  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  correcting 
the  calendar,  and  wrote  learned  notes  on 
Arnobius,  Tertullian,  and  other  Latin  wri- 
ters. 

Ciampelli,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, the  pupil  of  Santi  di  Titi,  and  emi- 
nent as  an  historical  painter.  He  died  1640, 
aged  62.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserv- 
ed at  Rome. 

Ciampini,  John  Justin,  a  learned  Italian, 
who  established  at  Rome  the  academy  of 
ecclesiastical  history,  and  that  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  history.  He  died  169S, 
agedlij.  He  wrote  different  works — on 
the  remains  of  ancient  Rome — on  the 
sacred  edifices  built  by  Constantine,  &c. 

Cibber,  Colley,  poet  laureate  to  George 
II.  was  son  of  Caius  Gabriel  Cibber,  a  na- 
tive of  Holstein,  by  the  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Colley,  Esq.  of  Glaiston,  Rutland- 
shire. He  was  born  in  London,  6th  No- 
vember, 1671,  and  educated  at  Grantham 
school,  Lincolnshire.  He  did  not  succeed 
in  his  application  to  be  admitted  at  Win- 
chester college,  and  his  intention  of  enter- 
ing at  Oxford  was  thwarted  by  the  event 
ef  the  revolution,  which  made  him  a  sol- 
dier in  favour  of  the  prince  of  Orange. 
He  soon  after  exchanged  the  military  life 
for  the  stage,  and  appeared  in  inferior  cha- 
racters, at  the  salary  of  10s.  a  week.  The 
first  character  which  he  performed  with 
success  was  the  chaplain  in  the  Orphan, 
and  the  next  Fondlewife  in  the  Old  Bache- 
lor, till  he  acquired  eminence  and  an  ad- 
vanced salary.  To  add  to  his  income,  he 
now  had  recourse  to  his  pen,  and  wrote 
Love's  last  shift,  in  which  he  himself  bore 
a  part.  His  best  plays  were  the  Careless 
Husband,  acted  in  1704,  and  the  Nonjuror, 
in  1717.  This  last  was  a  party  piece,  and 
was  dedicated  to  the  king,  who  gave  to  the 
poet  2001.  and  the  appointment  of  laureate. 
But  besides  the  malevolent  attacks  of  pe- 
riodical writers,  the  author  was  exposed  to 
the  enmity  and  satire  of  Pope,  who,  with 
more  virulence  than  honour,  made  him  the 
hero  of  his  Dunciad.  In  1730  he  quitted 
the  stage,  though  he  occasionally  appeared 
before  the  public,  especially  when  his  own 

{days  were  represented.  He  died  Decem- 
>er,  1757.  His  plays,  which,  like  his  chil- 
dren, as  he  jocosely  observed,  were  nume- 
rous, were  collected  in  2  vols.  4to.  Though 
lie  never  succeeded  either  as  a  writer  or  ac- 
tor of  tragedy,  nor  as  a  lyric  poet,  yet  it 
must  be  acknowledged,  in  spite  -of  the 
malice  and  venom  of  Pope,  that  his  come- 
dies are  sprightly  and  elegant,  and  his 
character  as  a  man  and  as  an  actor  res- 
416 


pectahle.      His  apology  for  his  life  is  cu- 
rious. 

Cibber,  Theophilus,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  in  1703,  and  educated  for  a 
little  time  at  Winchester  school,  from  which 
he  passed  upon  the  stage.  Aided  not  so 
much  by  the  influence  of  his  father,  who 
was  manager  of  the  theatre  royal,  as  by  his 
own  natural  powers,  he  soon  rose  to  popu- 
larity and  eminence  as  a  favourite  actor  ; 
and  he  might  have  ensured  respectability 
and  independence  if  he  had  possessed  eco- 
nomy, and  paid  attention  to  the  decorum 
and  manners  which  ought  to  mark  every 
private  and  public  character.  Thus  exposed, 
by  his  extravagance  and  follies,  to  dis- 
tresses and  persecution,  he  at  last  embarked 
for  Dublin,  in  October,  1757,  to  assist 
Sheridan  against  the  opposition  of  a  new 
theatre  ;  but  unfortunately  the  ship  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Scotland,  and 
Cibber  and  the  whole  numerous  crew  pe- 
rished. As  a  writer  he  produced  Pattie 
and  Peggy,  a  ballad  opera,  and  he  altered 
The  lover,  a  comedy,  and  Shakspeare's  Ro- 
meo and  Henry  VI.  He  wrote  also  some 
appeals  to  the  public  on  his  own  distressful 
situation.  The  lives  of  the  poets  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  in  5  vols.  12mo.  though 
bearing  his  name,  were  published  by  Ro- 
bert Shields,  an  amanuensis  of  Dr.  John- 
son. 

Cibber,  Susannah  Maria,  sister  to  Dr. 
Arne,  and  daughter  of  an  upholsterer  in  Co- 
vent-garden,  married  Theophilus  Cibber 
in  April,  1734.  Though  this  union  dis- 
pleased old  Cibber,  yet  he  was  reconciled 
to  his  daughter-in-law,  and  soon  had  the 
pleasure  to  see  her  shine  on  the  stage  as  a 
rising  and  popular  actress.  Her  first  at- 
tempt was  in  1736,  as  Zera,  in  Aaron  Hill's 
tragedy  ;  and  her  powers  soon  appeared  so 
great,  that  her  salary  was  raised  from  30s. 
a  week  to  3/.  and  the  highest  characters  in 
tragedy  were  intrusted  to  her  judicious  and 
masterly  representation.  The  conduct  of 
her  husband,  however,  did  not  conduce 
much  to  her  felicity.  His  extravagance 
and  dissipated  manners  revolted  her,  and 
she  soon  found  that,  to  supply  his  necessi- 
ties, he  bartered  her  reputation  and  her  ho- 
nour. The  guilty  addresses  of  a  favourite 
suiter,  recommended  by  the  intrigues  of  a 
worthless  husband,  soon  triumphed  over 
the  scruples  of  a  neglected  and  dishonoured 
wife  ;  but  when  Cibber  sought  reparation  in 
a  court  of  justice,  and  claimed  5000/.  for 
the  violation  of  his  domestic  peace,  the 
scene  of  depravity  displayed  induced  the 
jury  to  return  a  verdict  of  10/.  only.  Mrs. 
Cibber  lived  with  her  seducer  till  her  death, 
which  happened  30th  January,  1766.  She 
was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey.  She 
left  one  natural  child.  She  translated  the 
oracle  of  St.  Foix ;  but  her  great  merit 
arises  from  her  powers  of  acting,  in  which 


£16 


CIO 


she  displayed  with  so  much  success  the 
feelings  of  the  delicate  Celia,  the  haughty 
Hermione,  the  love-sick  Jaliet,  and  the 
abandoned  Alicia. 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  a  celebrated 
orator,  born  at  Arpinum.  His  eloquence 
in  the  Roman  forum  was  so  ardent  as  to 
rival  the  illustrious  fame  of  Demosthenes  ; 
and  in  the  elegance  of  his  writings,  and 
the  clear  and  lucid  arguments  of  his  philo- 
sophy, he  equalled  the  ablest  authors,  and 
the  most  renowned  sages  of  Greece.  He 
had  the  singular  fortune  of  discovering 
and  defeating  the  conspiracy  of  Cataline, 
during  his  consulship,  and  deserved  to  be 
called,  for  his  services,  another  founder  of 
Rome.  In  the  struggles  between  Caesar 
and  the  republic  he  however  betrayed  irre- 
solution, and  probably  to  that  timidity 
which  feared  boldly  to  proclaim  its  senti- 
ments, he  owed  his  downfal.  Augustus, 
in  the  the  establishment  of  his  triumvirate, 
after  flattering  him,  meanly  sacrificed  him 
to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  by  whose  or- 
ders he  was  basely  murdered  as  he  fled  to 
the  sea-coast,  B.  C.  42,  in  his  63d  year. 

Cicero,  Quintus  Tullius,  brother  of  the 
orator,  was  sacrificed  to  the  dagger  of  the 
triumvirs. 

Cid,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  whose  real 
name  was  don  Roderigo  Dias  de  Bivar.  He 
was  knighted  in  consequence  of  the  valour 
he  had  displayed  in  his  very  youth  ;  and, 
in  1063,  marched  with  don  Sancho  of  Cas- 
tile against  Ramiro  king  of  Arragon,  who 
fell  in  battle  ;  after  which  he  went  to  the 
siege  of  Zamora,  %vhere  Sancho,  now  be- 
come king,  was  slain.  On  Sancho's  death, 
his  brother  Alfonso  ascended  the  throne  of 
Castile  ;  but  Roderigo,  instead  of  continu- 
ing the  peaceful  and  obedient  subject,  de- 
clared himself  independent,  and,  after  de- 
populating the  country,  fixed  his  habitation 
at  Pena  de  el  Cid,  the  rock  of  the  Cid,  near 
Saragossa.  He  afterwards  took  Valentia, 
and  maintained  his  independence  till  his 
death,  1099.  The  history  of  this  hero, 
whose  name  Cid  signified  lord,  has  been 
immortalized  in  the  romances  of  the  Spa- 
niards, and  particularly  in  the  popular  tra- 
gedy of  Corneille. 

Cigala,  John  Michael,  an  impostor, 
who,  in  1670,  appeared  at  Paris,  and  pre- 
tended to  be  an  Ottoman  prince  and  king  of 
Jerusalem.  He  visited  Poland,  England, 
and  other  countries,  and  imposed  upon  the 
credulity  of  princes  and  of  subjects,  till 
some  one  who  knew  hi3  obscurity  and  his 
artifice  exposed  him  to  the  contempt  and 
the  derision  of  the  world. 

Cignani,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
educated  in  the  school  of  Albano.  His 
paintings  are  greatly  admired  for  correct- 
ness, gracefulness,  and  a  fertility  of  genius, 
which  was  successfully  displayed  in  ex- 

Vflu,.  I.  53 


pressing  the  passions  of  the  souh  He  died 
at  Forli,  1719,  aged  91. 

Cimabue,  Giovanni,  known  as  the  revi- 
ver of  painting  in  Italy,  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence, 1240.  Under  the  direction  of  Gre- 
cian painters,  who  were  sent  for  by  the  Flo- 
rentines, he  soon  acquired  that  eminence 
which  inventive  genius  and  indefatigable 
application  deserve.  He  painted  for  seve- 
ral of  the  cities  of  Italy,  but  particularly 
for  his  native  city,  where  a  picture  of  the 
Virgin  is  still  seen  and  admired.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  architect,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  building  of  St.  Maria  del  Fior  church 
in  Florence.  His  paintings  were  chiefly  in 
fresco  and  in  distemper,  as  painting  in  oil 
was  noi  yet  discovered.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  CO.  His  reputation,  though  respec- 
table -ould  probably  have  been  higher,  had 
he  not  been  eclipsed  by  his  pupil  and  friend 
Ghiotto.  His  profile  by  Simon  Sancse  is 
still  seen  in  the  chapel-house  of  St.  Maria 
Novella. 

Cimon,  an  Athenian  general,  son  of  the 
great  Miltiades,  famous  for  his  defeat  of  the 
Persians.  He  died  at  the  siege  of  Citium 
in  Cyprus,  449  B.  C. 

Cincinnatus,  Lucius  Quintus,  a  famous 
Roman,  whose  virtues  raised  him  to  the 
dictatorship  from  the  plough.  He  defeated 
the  enemies  of  his  country,  and  quickly  re- 
turned to  the  cultivation  of  his  farm.  He 
lived  about  460  B.  C. 

Cincius  Alimentus,  Lucius,  author  of 
a  history  of  the  wars  of  Annibal,  &c.  is 
often  quoted  by  Livy. 

Cinna,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, whose  union  with  Marius  deluged 
Rome  with  blood,  about  87  B.  C. 

CiNNAMtrs,  John,  a  Greek  writer,  in  the 
service  of  Manuel  Comnenus  the  emperor, 
of  whose  reign,  and  that  of  his  father  John, 
he  composed  a  history,  printed,  Greek  and 
Latin,  Utrecht,  4to.  1652,  and  at  Paris,  by 
Du  Cange,  fol.  1670. 

ClMO     DU   PI3TOIA,    or    DE    SlGIBOLDI,    a 

poet  of  Pistoia,  known  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
senator  of  Rome.  He  was  professor  after- 
wards in  various  universities,  and  dieft 
1336.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  di- 
gest, and  deserved  the  commendation  of 
Dante  for  his  excellent  poetry.  His  works 
were  edited,  Venice,  1589. 

Cinq  mars,  Henry  Coissier,  marquis  of, 
son  of  marquis  D'Effiat,  was  marshal  of 
France,  and  the  favourite  of  Lewis  XIII. 
Though  thus  noticed  by  the  king,  and  pa- 
tronised by  Richelieu,  he  had  the  ingrati- 
tude to  encourage  Gaston  duke  of  Orleans, 
the  king's  brother,  to  rebel  and  to  solicit 
the  assistance  of  Spain  in  his  perfidious 
enterprises.  The  plot  was  discovered  by 
Richelieu,  and  Cinq  Mars  lost  his  head, 
September,  1642,  aged  22. 

Ciopani,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic  of 
Sulmo.  As  a  native  of  the  same  city  vftnch 
4J7 


CIS 


CLA 


gave  Ovid  birth,  he  was  induced  to  under- 
take a  learned  commentary  on  the  works 
of  his  countryman,  to  which  he  prefixed  a 
life,  with  an  account  of  the  country  of 
Sulmo,  published  1 578.  It  possesses  merit, 
and  has  been  published  in  the  edition  of  the 
variorum. 

Cipriani,   Vid.  Ctpriani. 

Cirani,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
eminently  distinguished  as  a  painter. 
Though  she  was  happy  in  tender  and  deli- 
cate subjects,  she  particularly  excelled  in 
the  great  and  terrible. 

Circignano,  Nicolo,  called  Pomeraneio, 
from  his  native  place,  was  a  historical 
painter,  several  of  whose  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Lo- 
retto.  He  died  1588,  aged  72.  His  son 
Antonio,  distinguished  also  as  a  painter, 
died  1620,  aged  60. 

Cirillo,  Dominic,  a  botanist,  born  near 
Naples,  educated  under  the  care  of  his 
uncle  Nicholas,  who  was  professor  of  me- 
dicine at  Naples.  Though  intended  for 
the  profession  of  medicine,  he  showed 
greater  partiality  for  natural  history,  and  he 
obtained  a  professorship  in  botany  at  Na- 
ples, 1760,  where  the  next  year  he  pub- 
lished his  introductio  ad  botanicum.  He 
visited  England,  in  the  company  of  lady 
Walpole ;  and  as  he  spoke  English  with 
great  fluency,  he  derived  much  benefit  from 
the  lectures  of  Dr.  W.  Hunter,  and  the 
conversation  of  the  learned  in  London. 
On  his  return  to  Italy,  he  again  devoted 
himself  to  his  favourite  pursuits ;  but  a 
restless  and  ambitious  disposition  proved 
his  ruin.  He  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
revolutionary  philosophy,  and  when  the 
French  entered  Naples,  he  boldly  espoused 
their  cause,  and  accepted  an  office  under 
them  ;  for  which,  on  the  restoration  of  the 
lawful  sovereign,  he  was  condemned,  and 
executed  as  a  traitor,  1795,  aged  65.  He 
wrote  besides,  nosologia  methodicae  rudi- 
menta,  1780 — de  essentialibus  nonnullarum 
plantarum  characteribus,  1784 — Neapoli- 
tana  Flora,  1793 — Cyperus  Papyrus,  Par- 
mae,  &c. 

Ciroferri,  a  painter  and  architect  of 
Rome,  greatly  honoured  by  the  duke  of 
Tuscany,  and  particularly  by  pope  Alexan- 
der VII.  and  his  three  successors.  He  was 
happy  and  correct  in  his  subjects  ;  but  his 
characters  wanted  animation  and  variety. 
He  died  at  Rome,  1689,  aged  55. 

Cisner,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Mosbach, 
on  the  Neckar,  who  studied  at  Strasburgh, 
under  Bucer,  and  was  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  at  Wittemberg.  He  afterwards 
visited  France  and  Italy,  and  took  his  de- 
grees in  law  at  Padua,  and  settled  at  Hei- 
dleberg,  as  professor,  and  counsellor  to  the 
elector  Palatine.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Frankfort,  1611.  He  died  15S3, 
aged  54. 

41? 


Civilis,  Claudius,  a  Batavian  gene- 
ral in  the  service  of  Rome.  He  was 
suspected  by  the  Romans  of  treachery,  and 
treated  with  harshness  :  in  consequence  of 
which  he  roused  his  countrymen  to  rebel- 
lion, and  expelled  the  Romans.  He  after- 
wards was  reconciled  to  the  emperor  Ves- 
pasian, and  submitted  to  his  power. 

Civoli,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  was  a  native  of 
Cigoli  in  Tuscany,  and  studied  under  Cor- 
regio.  He  also  excelled  in  music  and  po- 
etry ;  but  devoted  himself  assiduously  to 
painting.  His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at 
Florence. 

Clagett,  William,  an  English  divine5 
born  at  Bury,  Suffolk,  where  he  was  educa- 
ted, and  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  D.D.  1683.  He  was  for 
seven  years  a  preacher  in  his  native  town, 
and  afterwards  was  elected  preacher  to  the 
society  of  Gray's-Inn.  He  was  besides 
rector  of  Farnham-royal,  Bucks,  and  lec- 
turer of  St.  Michael  Bassishaw.  He  was 
one  of  those  resolute  divines,  who  opposed 
the  popish  plans  of  James  II.  and  he  de- 
served for  his  learning,  piety,  and  virtues, 
the  high  character  which  bishop  Burnet  and 
Dr.  Sharp  have  given  him.  He  died  of  the 
smallpox,  1688,  aged  42,  and  his  wife  18 
days  after  him.  Four  volumes  of  his  ser- 
mons were  published  after  his  death  by  his 
brother  Nicholas.  He  was  author  of  some 
controversial  pieces. 

Clagett,  Nicholas,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  born  at  Bury,  and  educated 
at  Christ's  church,  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  D.D.  1704.  He  succeeded  his 
brother  as  preacher  at  Bury,  and  continued 
there  46  years,  and  he  was  besides  rector 
of  Thurlow  magna,  and  of  Hitcham,  and 
archdeacon  of  Sudbury.  Besides  his  bro- 
ther's works,  he  published  some  sermons 
and  pamphlets  of  his  own.  He  died  Jan. 
1727,  aged  73  ;  one  of  his  children,  Nicho- 
las, was  afterwards  bishop  of  Exeter. 

Clairault,  Alexis,  a  learned  mathema- 
tician of  the  French  academy  of  sciences. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  visited  the  north, 
to  discover  the  true  form  of  the  earth.  He 
died  1765,  aged  about  52.  He  published 
elements  of  geometry  and  algebra — tables 
of  the  moon — treatise  on  the  figure  of  the 
earth — besides  several  papers  in  the  journal 
des  s<?avans.  His  abilities  were  prema- 
turely displayed,  as,  it  is  said,  that  he 
could  read  and  write  at  the  age  of  4,  he  un- 
derstood algebra  at  9,  and  at  11  wrote  a 
memoir  on  curves,  which  was  honourably 
applauded  in  the  miscellanea  Berolinensia. 

Claiborne,  William  Charles  Cole,  go- 
vernor of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  was 
a  native  of  Virginia,  and  born  in  1773.  He 
was  bred  a  lawyer,  and  settled  in  Tennes- 
see, where  his  talents  early  procured  him 
an  appointment  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
territory.     In  1796  he  was  a  member  of 


CLA 


CLA 


the  convention  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  that  state,  and  the  following  year 
was  elected  a  representative  to  congress. 
On  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  Mississippi  ter- 
ritory, in  the  place  of  governor  Sargent. 
When  Louisiana  was  purchased  he  was 
appointed,  together  with  general  Wilkin- 
son, a  commissioner  for  taking  possession 
of  that  territory  ;  and  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  new  government  was  appoint- 
ed governor  of  the  most  important  section 
of  the  country,  and  discharged  the  duties 
of  the  office  greatly  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  people,  and  to  the  general  government. 
On  the  first  election  of  the  governor  of 
Louisiana  by  the  people,  Mr.  Claiborne 
was  chosen,  and  continued  in  office  until, 
by  the  provisions  of  the  constitution,  he 
was  no  longer  eligible.  In  1816  he  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  but  was  prevented  from  taking  it 
by  sickness.  He  died  at  New-Orleans, 
November  23d,  1817.  ET  L. 

Clairfait,  N.  count  de,  an  Austrian 
general,  greatly  distinguished  against  the 
French  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  a  Walloon  by  birth,  and  was  first 
employed  against  the  Turks.  His  manoeu- 
vres in  the  Netherlands  were  rapid  and 
masterly  ;  but  though  after  taking  Longwy 
and  Stanay,  he  lost  the  famous  battle  of 
Jemappe  by  the  superior  number  and  irre- 
sistible impetuosity  of  the  French,  he  made 
a  most  heroic  retreat  across  the  Rhine. 
Afterwards,  under  the  prince  of  Coburg, 
he  distinguished  himself  at  Altenhoven, 
Quievrain,  Hansen,  and  Famars,  and  de- 
cided the  victory  of  Neerwinden,  and  after- 
wards bravely  opposed  the  progress  of 
Pichegru.  He  defeated,  in  1795,  the 
French  army  near  Mayence,  and  took  many 
prisoners  ;  soon  after  which  he  was  re- 
called, and  received  with  becoming  respect 
by  the  emperor  at  Vienna,  where  he  be- 
came counsellor  of  war,  and  where  he  died 
1798.  As  a  soldier,  he  was  brave  and  in- 
trepid ;  as  a  general,  a  severe  disciplina- 
rian ;  cool  in  the  midst  of  danger,  precise 
in  the  execution  of  his  plans,  formed  after 
mature  deliberation,  and  universally  be- 
loved by  his  army.  The  French  with  truth 
regarded  him  as  one  of  their  ablest  op- 
ponents. 

Clairon,  Clara  Joseph  Hippolyta,  Lewis 
Delatude,  a  native  of  Paris,  who,  from  an 
obscure  origin,  rose  under  the  friendly  di- 
rection of  mademoiselle  Dangeville,  a  well- 
known  actress,  to  high  celebrity  on  the 
French  stage.  At  the  age  of  12  she  ap- 
peared in  the  play  of  the  Isle  of  Slaves, 
and  was  much  applauded,  and  afterwards 
at  Rouen,  and  then  at  Paris,  she  became  a 
favourite  actress.  She  chiefly  excelled  in 
tragedy,  and  at  the  age  of  80  she  surprised 
and  delighted    Kemble,    who  paid  her  a 


complimentary  visit,  with  a  most  energetic 
recitation  of  one  of  the  scenes  of  Phaedra. 
She  died  at  Paris,  31st  Jan.  1803,  aged  80. 

Clancy,  Michael,  M.D.  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  but  unfortunately 
lost  his  sight  before  he  could  practise  as 
physician.  He  was  recommended  by  his 
friend,  the  famous  Montesquieu,  to  lord 
Chesterfield,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  from  whom 
he  obtained  a  pension.  He  obtained  also  the 
Latin  school  of  Kilkenny.  He  wrote,  besides 
some  poems,  the  comedy  of  the  Sharper, 
and  of  Hermon  prince  of  Chorda,  and  he 
appeared  with  applause  as  the  blind  Tire- 
sias,  when  (Edipus  was  performed  for  his 
benefit  at  Drury-lane.  He  wrote  also  me- 
moirs of  his  own  life,  2  vols.  1746. 

Clap,  Thomas,  president  of  Yale  col- 
lege, was  born  at  Scituate,  Massachusetts, 
in  1703.  He  received  his  education  at 
Harvard  college,  and  in  1726  was  settled 
pastor  of  the  congregational  church  in 
Windham,  Connecticut.  He  was  appoint- 
ed president  of  Yale  college  in  1739,  and 
held  the  office  till  September,  1766,  when 
he  resigned,  and  in  January  of  the  follow- 
ing year  died.  He  possessed  strong  pow- 
ers of  mind,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  in  the  country.  He  was  pro- 
foundly versed  in  mathematics,  natural  phi- 
losophy, history,  theology,  and  ethics,  was 
an  impressiye  and  popular  preacher,  and  an 
exemplary  Christian.  He  published  a  his- 
tory of  Yale  college,  and  an  ingenious  tract 
on  the  nature  of  meteors.  He  also  made 
collections  for  a  history  of  Connecticut, 
which  were  plundered  by  the  British  in  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  O"  L. 

Clara,  a  native  of  Assisi,  of  respectable, 
parentage.  She  early  devoted  herself  to  a 
religious  and  recluse  life,  and  her  example 
was  followed  by  her  sister  Agnes,  and  other 
female  friends.  She  obtained  from  St. 
Francis  d' Assisi,  the  church  of  Damain, 
and  became  abbess  of  a  new  order  of  nuns, 
which  she  there  established.  She  died 
1193,  aged  100,  and  was  canonized  by 
Alexander  IV. 

Clario,  Isidore,  an  Italian  bishop,  dis- 
tinguished at  the  council  of  Trent.  He  was 
eloquent  and  learned,  and  died  at  Foligno, 
1555.  His  annotations  on  the  vulgate 
translation  of  the  Bible,  with  corrections 
of  the  text,  &c.  are  inserted  in  the  index 
expurgatorius. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  orien- 
talist, born  at  Brackley,  Northamptonshire, 
and  made  student  of  Merton  college,  Ox- 
ford, in  his  15th  year.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  was  chiefly  resident  at  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  the  place  of  superior 
beadle  of  civil  law,  when  it  became  vacant. 
In  1650  he  was  master  of  a  boarding-school 
at  Islington,  where  he  assisted  Walton  in 
the  correction  and  publication  of  his  poly- 
glott  Bible.  In  1658  he  succeeded  to  the 
419 


T*CA 


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vaaanf  beadleship,  which  he  retained  till  his 
denth,  Dec.  27th,  1669,  aged  46.  He  wrote 
some  very  learned  treatises  on  oriental 
literature,  and  on  the  Hebrew  text,  &c. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  a  nonconformist  under 
Cromwell,  born  at  Woolston,  Warwick- 
shire, and  educated  at  Cirencester,  and 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards minister  of  St.  Benct  Fink,  London. 
He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at  the 
Savoy,  and  died  greatly  esteemed  for  his 
private  and  public  character,  25th  Dec. 
1 682.  He  wrote  lives  of  puritan  divines — 
martyrology — lives  of  eminent  persons — 
ecclesiastical  history,  &c. 

Clarke,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  famous  English 
divine,  son  of  Edward  Clarke,  esq.  alder- 
man of  Norwich,  and  many  years  one  of  its 
representatives  in  parliament,  was  born 
there  11th  Oct.  1675.  After  being  educated 
at  the  grammar  school  in  his  native  town, 
he  entered  at  Caius  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
philosophical  pursuits  of  the  age.  As  Ro- 
hault's  physics,  on  the  principles  of  Des 
Cartes,  were  the  system  publicly  taught  in 
the  university,  Clarke,  who  well  under- 
stood the  tenets  of  Newton's  philosophy, 
republished  the  book  in  a  new  translation, 
with  learned  and  valuable  notes,  though 
only  at  the  age  of  22.  He  afterwards  stu- 
died theology,  and  was  ordained  by  Moore, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  in  whose  household  he 
lived  as  chaplain  for  12  years,  with  all  the 
i'amiliarity  of  a  friend  and  equal,  by  whom 
he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Drayton, 
Norfolk.  In  1704  he  preached  Boyle's 
lectures,  on  the  being  and  attributes  of  a 
God,  and  gave  such  satisfaction,  that  he 
was  again  appointed  the  next  year,  and 
chose  for  his  subject  the  evidences  of  natu- 
ral and  revealed  religion.  These  two 
courses  of  lectures,  when  published,  ex- 
cited some  controversies,  and  tended  to 
spread  the  celebrity  of  the  author.  About 
this  time  he  is  suspected  by  Whiston  to 
have  inclined  to  Arianism,  as  he  declared 
to  him  that  he  never  read  the  Athanasian 
creed  except  once,  which  was  by  mistake, 
and  on  a  day  when  not  directed  by  the 
rubric.  His  letter  to  Dodwell  was  pub- 
lished in  1706,  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  which  subject  gave  rise  to  a  long  con- 
troversial dispute,  and  afforded  him  the 
opportunity  of  displaying  his  great  meta- 
physical and  physical  knowledge.  Not- 
withstanding this  controversy,  he  applied 
himself  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Newton's  optics, 
with  which  the  great  philosopher  was  so 
pleased,  that  he  gave  him  500/.  for  his  five 
daughters.  He  was  at  this  time  made  rec- 
tor of  St.  Bennet's,  Paul's  wharf,  London, 
by  his  patron  Moore,  who  introduced  him 
to  queen  Anne,  who  appointed  him  one  of 
bee  chaplains,  and  gave  him  afterwards  St, 
420 


James's  rectory,  Westminster.  He  now 
took  his  degree  of  D.D.  at  Cambridge,  and 
displayed  such  fluency  and  purity  of  ex- 
pression in  his  academical  exercises  as 
drew  forth  the  astonishment  of  a  respecta- 
ble audience.  He  published,  in  1712,  an 
edition  of  Cssar's  commentaries,  dedicated 
to  the  great  dake  of  Marlborough,  and  in 
the  same  year  appeared  his  book  on  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  in  three  parts, 
which,  though  mentioned  with  commenda- 
tion by  bishop  Hoadly,  yet  roused  the  at- 
tacks of  many  severe  and  acrimonious 
critics,  and  was  even  complained  of  in  the 
lower  house  of  convocation.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  the  work  excited  universal 
attention,  but  Clarke  did  not  shrink  from 
the  threatened  danger,  and  at  last  the  com- 
plaint was  dismissed  by  the  upper  house, 
without  examination  and  censure.  An  ac- 
count of  these  proceedings  was  afterwards 
published,  as  an  apology  for  Dr.  Clarke  ; 
but  the  obnoxious  book  passed  through  two 
large  editions,  and  since  has  been  published 
with  great  additions.  In  1715  and  1716, 
Dr.  Clarke  was  engaged  in  a  dispute  with 
Leibnitz,  with  respect  to  natural  philoso- 
phy and  religion,  in  which,  as  his  friend 
Whiston  says,  "  his  letters  are  among  the 
most  useful  of  his  performances  in  natural 
philosophy."  In  1718  Clarke's  alteration 
in  the  doxo'.ogy  of  the  singing  psalms  gave 
great  offence ;  to  the  words  "  to  God 
through  Christ  his  only  son,  immortal  glory 
be,"  were  substituted  the  following  "  to 
God  through  Christ  his  son  our  Lord,  all 
glory  be  therefore."  This  circumstance 
was  so  resented  by  Robinson,  bishop  of 
London,  that  he  wrote  a  circular  letter  to 
his  clergy,  not  to  use  any  new  forms  of 
doxology,  and  the  dispute  thus  kindled  pro- 
duced various  publications  on  both  sides, 
which  betrayed  great  intemperance  and  un- 
christian spirit.  The  friendship  of  lord 
Lechmere  about  this  time  presented  Clarke 
to  the  mastership  of  Wigston's  hospital  in 
Leicester,  and  in  1724  he  published  17 
sermons.  On  the  death  of  Newton,  in 
1727,  Clarke  was  offered  his  place  of  mas- 
ter of  the  mint,  worth  near  1500/.  a  year, 
which  he  very  disinterestedly  refused  as  in- 
compatible with  his  spiritual  engagements. 
In  1729  he  published  the  12  first  books  of 
the  Iliad  dedicated  to  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, with  a  new  Latin  version,  and  learned 
notes,  and  in  1732  the  other  12  books  were 
published  by  his  son.  He  was  attacked  on 
the  lltb  May,  1729,  as  he  was  going  to 
preach  before  the  judges  at  Serjeant's-Inn, 
with  a  violent  pain  in  his  side,  and  unable 
to  officiate,  he  was  removed  home,  where 
the  symptoms  of  his  disorder  became  more 
alarming,  and  at  last  attacking  his  head, 
robbed  him  of  his  senses,  and  he  expired 
on  the  17th  of  the  same  month,  aged  54. 
The  same  year  were  printed  his  exposition 


CLA 


CLA 


ef  the  church  catechism,  and  10  vols,  of 
sermons  in  8vo.  which  had  mostly  been 
preached  on  Thursday  mornings  at  St. 
James's  church.  Clarke,  though  attacked 
by  various  authors  in  the  walk  of  theology 
and  philosophy,  has  found  great  and  learn- 
ed champions  in  Hare,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
and  Hoadly,  bishop  of  Winchester.  They 
not  only  extol  his  extensive  knowledge  in 
every  branch  of  classical  and  philosophical 
science,  but  they  enlarge  on  the  goodness 
of  his  heart,  and  the  exemplary  piety  of 
his  life.  By  his  death,  says  Hoadly,  the 
world  was  deprived  of  as  bright  a  light  and 
masterly  teacher  of  truth  and  virtue,  as 
ever  yet  appeared  among  us,  and  his 
works  must  last  as  long  as  any  language 
remains  to  convey  them  to  future  times. 

Clarke,  William,  an  English  divine, 
horn  at  Haghmon  abbey,  Shropshire,  1696, 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  school,  and  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow  1717.  He  was  presented  by 
archbishop  Wake  to  the  rectory  of  Buxted, 
Sussex,  and  in  1 738  he  was  made  preben- 
dary of  Chichester,  and  in  1770  chancellor 
of  that  diocess,  and  vicar  of  Amport, 
where  he  died  21st  October,  1771.  His 
great  work  is  the  connexion  of  the  Roman, 
Saxon,  and  English  coins,  4to.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  the  learned  Wootton,  by 
whom  he  had  a  son  and  daughter. 

Clarke,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  fellow  of  St.  John's  college,  and  suc- 
ceeded on  the  resignation  of  his  father  in 
1738,  to  the  rectory  of  Buxted,  Sussex,  be- 
sides which  he  held  Uckfield  and  Wilming- 
ton. He  was  chaplain  to  lord  Bristol's 
embassy  to  Madrid  in  1760  and  61,  and  on 
his  return  he  published  a  4to.  volume  of 
letters  on  the  Spanish  nation.  He  had 
meditated,  with  Mr.  Bowyer,  the  plan  of 
an  enlarged  Latin  dictionary,  but  after 
printing  one  sheet,  the  work  was  laid  aside 
for  want  of  encouragement.  He  also  pro- 
posed to  publish  a  commentary  on  the  New 
Testament  from  his  father's  papers,  and 
the  notes  of  able  commentators,  but  the 
project  was  likewise  abortive.  He  died 
November,  17S6. 

Clarke,  John,  one  of  the  founders  of 
Rhode-Island,  was  an  Englishman,  and 
once  practised  medicine  in  London.  He 
came  to  Massachusetts  soon  after  its  first 
settlement,  and  on  being  with  several 
others,  who  were  Baptists,  driven  from  that 
colony,  settled  at  Newport,  Rhode-Island, 
where  they  organized  a  government.  In 
1644  he  formed  the  second  Baptist  church 
established  in  America,  and  became  its 
pastor.  In  1651  he  was  sent  to  England 
as  an  agent  of  the  colony,  and  resided  there 
till  1663,  when  he  procured  a  charter,  and 
returned  to  his  pastoral  labours.  He  was 
distinguished  for  piety  and  beneficence  , 
and  had  the  honour  of  contributing  much 


towards  the  establishing  first  government 
in  modern  times,  which  gave  to  all  equal 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  He  died  in 
1676.  (D=  L. 

Clarke,  Jeremiah,  was  president  of  the 
colony  of  Rhode-Island  in  1648.    0=  L. 

Clarke,  Walter,  was  governor  of 
Rhode-Island  in  1676,  1686,  1696,  and 
1697.  He  had  been  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Deputies,  and  was  one  of  governor  An- 
dre's council  in  1687.  O*  L. 

Clarke,  George,  governor  of  New- 
York,  assumed  the  administration  as  senior 
counsellor  on  the  death  of  Cosby,  in 
March,  1736,  and  was  appointed  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  October  following.  He  was 
of  an  ancient  family  in  Somersetshire,  and 
was  bred  a  lawyer.  His  administration 
was  agitated,  like  that  of  his  predecessor, 
by  contention  with  the  assembly.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Clinton  in  1743,  and  returned 
to  England.  He  died  at  his  residence  in 
Chester  in  1763.  0=  L. 

Clarke,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  who  maintained  for 
many  years  a  high  reputation  in  South 
Carolina.  He  was  a  native  of  England, 
and  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Charleston 
was  appointed  rector  of  St.  Philip's  church 
in  that  city.  Here  he  was  greatly  admired 
as  a  popular  preacher,  and  highly  respected 
as  an  exemplary,  amiable,  benevolent,  and 
liberal  man.  He  returned  to  England  in 
1759,  and  was  soon  afterwards  appointed  a 
stated  preacher  in  one  of  the  principal 
churches  in  London.  In  this  station  his 
eloquence  and  piety  attracted  a  large  share 
of  public  attention.  His  publications, 
chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  were  nume- 
rous, amounting  to  six  or  seven  octavo 
volumes.  He  lived  to  a  late  period  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  universally  beloved  and 
respected.  iL/~  L. 

Clarke,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  elected  in  18l6,  and  succeeded  by 
Molleston  in  1819.  He  died  at  Smyrna, 
August,  1821.  ID=L. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel,  LL.D.  profes- 
sor of  mineralogy  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, England,  was  educated  in  Jesus 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  master  of  arts  in  1794.  In  1799 
he  commenced  a  tour  through  the  north  of 
Europe,  a  part  of  Tartary,  Circassia,  Asia 
Minor,  Greece,  and  Turkey,  of  which  he 
afterwards  published  a  very  copious  narra- 
tion.    He  died  April  9,  1822.  L. 

Clarke,  Abraham,  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  the  state  of  New-Jersey,  and 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  was  born  in  the  borough  of 
Elizabethtown,  New-Jersey,  February  15 
1726.  He  early  manifested  an  ardent  thirst 
for  knowledge,  and  was  particularly  fond 
of  mathematics  and  of  the  science  of  law. 
He  successively  held  the  offices  of  high 
421 


CLA 


CLA 


sheriff,  commissioner  for  settling  undivided 
lands,  and  clerk  of  the  colonial  assembly. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
continental  congress,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  Jersey  delegation  in  the  memo- 
rable scenes  of  that  year.  He  continued 
to  be  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress  with  lit- 
tle interruption  during  tbe  continuance  of 
the  old  confederation  ;  and  after  the  adop- 
tion of  the  federal  constitution  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives 
of  the  United  States.  Tn  1794  he  retired 
from  all  public  employment,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year  died  in  the  69th  year 
of  his  age.  His  strength  of  mind,  his  un- 
sullied integrity,  his  public  spirit,  his  pa- 
triotism, his  uniform  zeal  in  behalf  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty,  and  his  exemplary 
piety,  rendered  him  one  of  the  most  re- 
spectable and  useful  men  of  his  time  in 
New-Jersey.  U°  L. 

Clarke,  Henry,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  in  1745,  at  Salford,  near  Manchester. 
His  first  situation  was  that  of  assistant  in 
a  school,  after  which  he  became  partner  in 
a  seminary  at  Sedburgh,  but  quitted  that 
profession  for  the  business  of  a  land-sur- 
veyor. When  the  Manchester  Society  was 
formed  he  was  appointed  lecturer  in  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy.  In  1802 
he  became  professor  in  the  royal  military 
college  at  Marlow,  at  which  time  he  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from 
the  university  of  Edinburgh.  He  died  at 
Islington,  April  30, 1818.  His  works  are — 
1.  The  Summatim  of  Series,  translated 
from  the  Latin,  4to. — 2.  Treatise  on 
Perspective,  8vo. — 3.  Treatise  on  Cir- 
culating Numbers,  8vo. — 4.  Treatise  on 
Short-Hand,  12mo. — 5.  Essay  on  the  use- 
fulness of  Mathematical  Learning,  Svo. — 

6.  Tabulae  Linguarum,  or  concise  Gram- 
mars of  the  Latin,  Spanish,  Portuguese, 
Italian,  French,  and  Norman  Languages — 

7.  The  Seaman's  Desiderata,  or  New  and 
Concise  Rules  for  finding  the  Longitude  at 
Sea — 8.  A  New  and  Concise  Operation  for 
clearing  the  Lunar  Distances  from  a  Star, 
or  the  Sun — 9.  Virgil  Revindicated,  in  re- 
ply to  Bishop  Horsley,  4to. — 10.  An  Intro- 
duction to  Geography,  12mo. — W.  B. 

Clarkson,  David  a  native  of  Bradford, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  became  fellow,  and  had 
Tillotson  afterwards  primate  for  his  pupil. 
He  was  ejected  in  1662  from  his  living  of 
Mortlake,  in  Surry,  for  nonconformity,  and 
died  1686,  aged  64.  He  was  a  learned  and 
respectable  character.  He  wrote  no  evi- 
dence for  diocesan  episcopacy  in  primitive 
times,  4to.  1681,  ably  refuted  by  doctor 
Henry  Maurice — sermons,  &c. 

Claude,  a  monk  of  the  Celestine  order 
in  the  15th  century.     He  was  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  errors  of  our  sensations, 
published  by  Oronce  Fine,  1542. 
422 


Claude  of  Lorraine,  a  celebrated  land- 
scape painter,  born  in  1600.  He  was  of 
so  dull  a  disposition  when  at  school,  that 
he  was  placed  early  with  a  pastry-cook,  with 
whom  he  served  his  time,  and  afterwards 
travelling  to  Rome,  he  was  accidently  hired 
by  the  painter  Augustino  Trasso,  as  a  com- 
mon servant  to  pound  his  colours,  and  wait 
upon  him.  The  kindness  of  his  master 
soon  made  him  acquainted  with  the  first 
principles  of  painting,  and  now  genius  be- 
gan to  expand,  and  Claude  retired  to  the 
banks  of  the  Tiber  and  the  striking  scenes 
of  Nature,  where,  in  solitude,  he  copied 
the  beauties  displayed  to  his  view,  with 
success  and  effect.  Thus  assiduity  assisted 
genius,  and  the  humble  Claude,  by  degrees, 
almost  self-taught,  produced  those  noble 
pieces  which  for  their  fine  distribution  of 
light  and  shade,  for  harmony,  and  for  the 
exquisite  delicacy  of  the  tints,  have  pro- 
cured him  deservedly  immortal  fame.  He 
was  scrupulously  attentive  to  the  finishing 
of  his  pieces,  and  he  often  did  and  undid 
the  same  piece  seven  or  eight  times,  till  it 
pleased  him.  Urban  VIII.  and  several 
Italian  princes  patronised  him.  His  per- 
formances in  fresco  and  in  oil  are  chiefly 
commended.  He  died  1682,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Rome. 

Claude,  John,  a  French  protestant, 
born  at  Sauvetat  in  Angenois  1619,  and 
ordained  minister  at  Montauban.  His 
opposition  to  the  catholics  produced  the 
suspension  of  his  ecclesiastical  office,  but 
his  answer  to  Mess,  de  Port  Royal,  who 
wished  to  convert  Turenne  to  the  Romish 
faith,  excited  a  great  controversy  in  the 
kingdom.  Though  opposed  by  Arnold, 
Nouet,  and  other  able  catholics,  Claude 
maintained  his  reputation  by  his  pen,  and 
in  his  treatises  on  the  eucharist,  and  in  de- 
fence of  the  reformed  church,  evinced  the 
abilities  of  a  sound  theologian,  and  a  learn- 
ed disputant.  The  edict  of  Nantes  how- 
ever at  last  terminated  his  labours  in 
France,  he  was  directed,  in  1685,  to  leave 
the  kingdom,  and  he  retired  to  Holland, 
where  he  was  kindly  received  by  the  prince 
of  Orange,  who  allowed  him  a  pension. 
Though  his  voice  was  not  pleasing,  yet  he 
was  greatly  admired  as  an  eloquent  orator, 
and  his  last  sermon  which  was  on  Christ- 
mas day,  1686,  pleased  and  sensibly  affect- 
ed the  princess  of  Orange.  He  died  Jan- 
uary 13,  1687,  carrying  with  him  the  regret 
and  the  affection  of  the  protestant  churches. 
He  had  a  son,  Isaac  Claude,  born  5th 
March,  1653.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
and  became  minister  of  the  Walloon 
church  at  the  Hague,  where  he  died  29th 
July,  1695.  He  published  many  of  his  fa- 
ther's works. 

Claudian,  a  Latin  poet  patronised  by 
Stilicho,  whose  misfortunes  he  shared.  He 
came  to  Rome  395. 


CLA 


CLE 


Claudius  I.  son  of  Drusus,  succeeded 
Caligula  as  emperor  of  Rome.  He  gave 
himself  up  to  dissipation,  and  was  at  last 
poisoned  by  his  wife  Agrippina  to  make 
room  for  her  son  Nero,  A.D.  54,  in  his  63d 
year. 

Claudius  II.  a  Dalmatian,  who  succeed- 
ed Gallienus  as  emperor  of  Rome.  He 
died  after  a  reign  of  two  years,  greatly  la- 
mented, 271. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Sabine  who  settled 
at  Rome,  B.C.  504,  and  became  the  proge- 
nitor of  the  Appian  family. 

Claudius,  Appius,  son  of  the  above, 
was  consul  at  Rome,  but  behaved  with 
such  severity  that  his  soldiers  refused  to 
fight  under  him. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Roman  decem- 
vir, son  of  the  above,  infamous  for  his  at- 
tempt to  violate  Virginia,  for  which  his 
office  was  abolished,  and  he  himself  died  in 
prison. 

Claudius,  Appius,  surnamed  Caecus, 
was  of  the  same  family,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  orator  ami  lawyer.  He  is 
celebrated  for  supplying  Rome  with  water 
by  means  of  an  aqueduct,  and  for  making 
the  well-known  Appian  road,  which  led  as 
far  as  Capua. 

Clav its,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  and  ma- 
thematician, born  at  Bamberg,  Germany, 
1537.  He  was  considered  as  the  Euclid  of 
his  age,  and  he  was,  on  account  of  his 
abilities,  engaged  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  the 
reformation  of  the  calendar,  which  he  ably 
defended  against  Joseph  Sealiger.  His 
works  were  printed,  5  vols.  fol.  He  died 
at  Rome  1612. 

Clayton,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  prelate, 
member  of  the  royal  and  antiquarian  so- 
cieties in  London.  He  was  made  bishop 
of  Killala  1729,  translated  to  Cork  1735, 
and  to  Clogher  1745,  where  he  died  25th 
September,  1758.  He  was  averse  to  the  use 
of  the  Nicene  and  Athanasian  creeds,  and 
unsuccessfully  moved  for  their  rejection 
in  the  Irish  house  of  lords.  He  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Bowyer  the  printer,  and 
other  learned  men.  He  published  an  essay 
on  spirit,  8vo. — chronology  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible  vindicated,  4to. — inquiry  on  the  time 
of  the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  8vo. — vin- 
dication of  the  histories  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  8vo. — journal  from 
Grand  Cairo  to  Sinai,  translated  from  the 
MS.  of  a  prefect  of  Egypt,  4to.  and  8vo. 
— and  other  works. 

Clayton,  John,  a  distinguished  botanist 
and  physician  of  Virginia,  was  born  in 
Kent,  England,  and  came  to  Virginia  in 
1705.  He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent 
practical  botanists  of  his  time,  correspond- 
ed with  Linnaeus,  Gronovius,  and  other 
distinguished  men  abroad,  and  was  elected 
a  member  of  most  of  the  literary  societies 
of  Europe.     He  wrote  several  valuable 


works  on  botany,  among  which  is  the 
"  Flora  Virginica"  published  at  Leyden.  He 
was  for  51  years  prothonotary  of  Glouces- 
ter county.  He  died  in  1773.  He  was 
an  amiable,  upright,  and  exemplary  member 
of  the  Episcopal  church.  lL    L. 

Clayton,  Joshua,  governor  of  Dela- 
ware, was  educated  a  physician,  and  pub- 
lished several  medical  essays.  In  1798  he 
was  elected  to  succeed  Mr.  Vining  in  the 
senate  of  the  United  States.  He  died  in 
1799.  BQ    L. 

Cleanthes,  a  Grecian  philosopher,  dis- 
ciple of  Zeno.  He  starved  himself  to  death 
at  the  age  of  90,  B.  C..240. 

Cleaver,  William,  an  English  prelate, 
was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  who  kept  a 
school  at  Twyford,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
was  born  there  in  1742.  He  went  to  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  ob- 
tained a  fellowship  at  Brazennose,  where 
he  became  tutor  to  the  late  marquis  of 
Buckingham,  by  whose  interest  his  brother, 
Euseby  Cleaver,  was  made  bishop  of  Femes, 
and  finally  archbishop  of  Dublin.  Wil- 
liam Cleaver,  in  1784,  obtained  a  prebend 
in  Westminster,  and  in  1785  was  chosen 
head  of  his  college,  soon  after  which  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree.  In  1787  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Chester,  translated 
to  Bangor  in  1800,  and  to  St.  Asaph  in 
1806.  He  died  in  1815.  He  published — 
1.  De  Rhythmo  Gracorum,  8vo.  2.  Di- 
rection* to  his  clergy  on  the  choice  of 
books,  8vo.  3.  Remarks  on  Marsh's  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Three  First  Gospels.  4. 
Sermons  on  Various  Occasions.  He  was 
also  editor  of  the  splendid  impression  of 
Homer  printed  at  Oxford,  by  the  Grenvillc 
family.—  W.  B. 

Cleeve,  Joseph  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1 536.  His  pieces  were  chiefly  misers 
counting  their  hoarded  treasures.  His 
family  produced  other  respectable  painters. 
Cleghorn,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
born  at  Cranton,  near  Edinburgh,  18th 
December,  1716.  After  studying  belles 
lettres  at  Edinburgh,  he  applied  himself  to 
physic  and  surgery,  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
Monro,  and,  in  1736,  went  as  surgeon  to 
the  22d  regiment  of  foot  to  Minorca,  where 
he  re  ided  thirteen  years.  On  his  return 
to  London,  in  1750,  he  published  his  valu- 
able work  on  the  diseases  of  Minorca. 
The  year  after,  he  settled  at  Dublin,  where 
he  began  to  read  regular  courses  of  ana- 
tomy, and  where  he  became  highly  respect- 
ed for  his  learning  and  his  amiable  man- 
ners. He  died  Dec.  1789.  It  is  not  the 
least  of  his  praise  to  mention,  that  on  his 
brother's  death  he  sent  for  his  widow  and 
nine  children  from  Scotland,  and  settled 
them  in  Dublin,  with  all  the  affection  and 
tender  care  of  a  parent. 

Cleiveland,  John,  Vid.  Cleveland. 
Cleland,  John,  son  of  colonel  Cleland. 
423 


CLE 


CLE 


the  Will  Honeycomb  of  the  Spectator,  was 
early  sent  as  consul  to  Smyrna ;  and  on  his 
return  toEngland  he  went  to  the  Eastlndies. 
His  quarrel,  however,  with  the  presidency 
of  Bombay  prevented  his  advancement, 
and  he  left  the  country.  Poor  and  dissa- 
tisfied, on  his  arrival  in  London,  loaded 
with  debts,  and  exposed  to  the  intrusion  of 
bailiffs,  and  the  horrors  of  a  prison,  he  en- 
deavoured to  extricate  himself  by  writing 
that  infamous  publication,  the  woman  of 
pleasure,  which,  though  it  procured  him 
not  more  than  20  guineas,  yet  brought  into 
the  hands  of  the  licentious  and  mercenary 
bookseller  not  less  than  10,000i.  The  evil 
tendency  of  his  publication  caused  his  ap- 
pearance before  the  privy  council  ;  but 
lord  Granville,  the  president,  admitted  his 
plea  of  poverty,  and,  to  engage  him  no 
longer  to  exercise  his  abilities  in  such  im- 
moral compositions,  he  procured  him  a 
pension  of  10(W.  a  year.  His  memoirs  of 
a  coxcomb,  and  his  man  of  honour,  in 
some  slight  degree  atoned  for  the  depravity 
of  his  former  work.  He  died  23d  January, 
1789,  aged  82. 

Clemancis,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  the 
diocess  of  Chalons,  who  studied  at  Paris, 
under  Gerson,  and  in  1393,  became  rector 
of  the  university.  From  a  letter  which  he 
wrote  to  Charles  VI.  of  Fiance,  exhorting 
him  to  put  an  end  to  the  papal  schism,  he 
was  accused  as  the  author  of  the  bull  of 
excommunication  sent  against  his  sove- 
reign by  Benedict  XIII.  and  he  took  refuge 
in  a  convent.  He  was  afterwards  recon- 
ciled to  the  king,  and  was  preferred.  He 
died  1440.  His  corrupt  state  of  the  church, 
in  which  he  boldly  developes  the  abuses  of 
the  papal  see,  was  published  by  Lydius,  a 
protestant  in  Holland,  1613.  He  wrote 
besides  a  treatise  on  simony,  an  able 
work. 

Clemencet,  Charles,  a  French  Benedic- 
tine, born  at  Painblanc  in  Autun,  taught 
rhetoric  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1778,  aged 
74.  He  possessed  a  happy  memory,  and 
great  industry.  He  wrote  that  valuable 
book  Part  de  verifier  les  dates,  4to.  1750, 
and  fol.  1770 — a  general  history  of  Port 
Royal,  ten  vols.  12mo. — and  other  works. 

Clemens,  Titus  Flavius,  a  father  of  the 
church,  generally  called  Alexandrinus,  be- 
cause born  at  Alexandria,  according  to 
some.  He  succeeded,  191,  Pantsnus,  in 
the  catechetical  school  of  Alexandria, where 
he  died.  The  best  edition  of  his  works 
is  that  of  Potter,  2  vols.  fol.  Oxford,  1715. 

Clemens,  Romanus,  a  father  of  the 
church,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul,  and 
bishop  of  Rome.  He  died  100.  His 
epistle  to  the  Corinthian  church  has  been 
published  1698,  and  translated  by  Wake, 
1705. 

Clement  II.  bishop  of  Bamberg,  was 
elected  pope  by  the  council  of  Sutri  1046, 
494 


and  died  9th  October,  1047.  He  was  a 
Saxon  by  birth,  and  was  distinguished  by 
his  zeal  against  simony. 

Clement  III.  bishop  of  Praeneste,  suc- 
ceeded Gregory  VIII.  as  pope  1187,  and 
died  27th  March,  1191,  after  publishing  a 
crusade  against  the  Saracens. 

Clement  IV.  Guy  de  Foulques,a French- 
man, elected  pope  after  Urban  IV.  at  Pe- 
rouse,  1265.  Before  his  election  he  had 
been  a  soldier,  and  then  a  civilian,  and  on 
the  death  of  his  wife  he  took  orders,  and 
became  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and  a 
cardinal.  He  showed  great  moderation 
and  prudence,  and  refused  to  bestow  his 
favours  indiscriminately  on  his  relations. 
He  died  at  Viterbo  29th  November,  1268. 

Clement  V.  or  Bertrand  de  Goth,  was 
born  at  Villaudran,  near  Bourdeaux.  He 
was  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux  1300,  and  af- 
ter the  death  of  Benedict  XI.  was  elected 
pope  1305.  He  was  crowned  at  Lyons, 
and  removed  the  see  of  Rome  to  Avignon 
1309.  He  abolished  the  templars  at  the 
request  of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  whose 
views  he  blindly  seconded.  He  is  accused 
of  incontinence,  by  his  intercourse  with  the 
countess  of  Perigord  ;  and  he  was  extra- 
vagant in  his  expenses,  though  fond  of  ac- 
quiring money.  He  died  20th  April,  1314, 
at  Roquemaure,  near  Avignon. 

Clement  VI.  Peter  Roger,  a  doctor  of 
Paris  university,  who  succeeded  Benedict 
XII.  on  the  papal  throne  1342.  He  is  re- 
presented by  Petrarch,  whom  he  patron- 
ised, as  a  worthy,  generous,  and  learned 
prelate  ;  but  other  historians  paint  him  as 
debauched,  proud,  and  ambitious.  He 
died  6th  December,  1352,  at  Avignon. 

Clement  VII.  Julius  de  Medicis,  a  na- 
tural son  of  Julian  de  Medicis,  was  de- 
clared legitimate  by  Leo  X.  on  the  testimo- 
ny of  persons  who  said  they  had  witness- 
ed the  marriage  of  his  parents ;  and  he 
was  made  by  him  legate  at  Bologna,  and 
archbishop  of  Narbonne  and  Florence. 
He  was  elected  pope  1523,  on  the  death  of 
Adrian  VI.  Great  as  a  pope,  he  was  weak 
as  a  politician,  and  by  the  holy  league 
which  he  formed  between  Henry  VIII.  of 
England  and  Francis  I.  of  France,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  resentment  of  Charles  V. 
who  took  and  plundered  Rome,  and  be- 
sieged the  holy  pontiff  in  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo.  Though  he  escaped,  he  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  ignominious  terms ;  but 
though  assisted  by  Henry,  he  refused  to 
countenance  his  divorce  from  Catherine  of 
Arragon  ;  and  when  the  English  monarch 
married  Anna  Boleyne,  the  sovereign  pon- 
tiff issued  a  bull  of  excommunication 
against  him,  and  thus  produced  the  sepa- 
ration of  England  from  the  Roman  church. 
He  died  26th  September,  1534. 

Clement  VIII.  Hippolitus  Aldobrandin, 
a  native  of  Florence,   made  cardinal  by 


CLE 


CLE 


Sixtus  V.  and  elected  pope  after  the  death 
of  Innocent  IX.  1592.  He  first  opposed 
the  election  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but 
afterwards  was  reconciled  to  him,  though 
he  severely  resented  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits.  He  was  a  liberal  minded  and  be- 
nevolent prelate  ;  and  died  5th  March, 
1605,  aged  69. 

Clement  IX.  Julius  Rospigliosi,  was 
born  in  Pistoia  in  Tuscany,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily, and  was  elected  1667,  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  VII.  His  reign  was  disturbed 
h«  the  schisms  of  the  Jansenists  ;  but  he 
heard  of  the  loss  of  Candia,  which  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  with  such  sorrow,  that 
he  died  of  grief,  9th  December,  1669, 
aged  71. 

Clement  X.  John  Baptist  Emilius  Al- 
lien, a  Roman,  made  cardinal  by  Clement 
IX.  whom  he  succeeded  1670.  He  was  mild 
and  amiable  in  character ;  and  as  all 
the  business  of  the  papal  see  was  managed 
by  his  nephew,  the  Romans  jocosely  said 
there  were  two  popes,  the  one  in  fact,  the 
other  in  name.  He  died  22d  July,  1676, 
aged  86. 

Clement  XI.  John  Francis  Albani,  son 
of  a  Roman  senator,  was  born  at  Pesaro 
1649,  and  made  a  cardinal  1690,  and  elect- 
ed pope  1700,  on  the  death  of  Innocent 
XII.  He  was  three  days  in  determining 
whether  to  accept  of  the  popedom  or  not. 
He  was  an  able  politician  ;  but  his  reign 
was  disturbed  by  the  schism  of  the  Janse- 
nists ;  and  he  published  a  bull  in  1705, 
against  the  five  famous  propositions.  In 
1713,  he  issued  his  bull  called  unigenitus 
against  101  propositions  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment by  Quesnel ;  a  book  which  he  had  ori- 
ginally approved  and  commended,  but 
which  the  virulence  of  the  times  obliged 
him  to  condemn.  He  gave  a  friendly  recep- 
tion to  the  pretender ;  and  died  at  Rome 
19th  March,  1721,  aged  72.  His  works 
were  edited  at  Rome,  in  2  vols.  fol.  1729. 

Clement  XII.  Laurence  Corsini,  a  na- 
tive of  Rome,  raised  to  the  popedom  1730, 
after  the  death  of  Benedict  XIII.  He  la- 
boured earnestly  in  the  reform  of  abuses, 
and  when  the  cardinals  wished  to  recom- 
mend to  him  particular  ministers,  he  nobly 
replied,  it  is  for  the  cardinals  to  elect  popes, 
but  for  the  pope  to  elect  his  ministers.  He 
died  6th  February,  1740,  aged  near  83  .- 
and  so  popular  was  his  government,  that 
the  Romans  erected  a  brazen  statue  to  his 
honour. 

Clement  XIII.  Charles  Rezzonico,  a 
native  of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  1737,  by 
Clement  XII.  and  raised  to  the  see  of  Pa- 
dua 1743,  where  his  conduct  was  so  amiable 
and  benevolent,  that  on  the  death  of  Bene- 
dict XIV.  he  was  elected  pope  1758. 
During  his  reign  the  Jesuits  were  expelled 
from  France,  Spain,  and  Naples.  He  died 
suddenly,   2d   Febraarv,    1769,  aged    76, 

Vqi.  I.  54 


much  respected,  andjto  his  last  moments 
heavily  afflicted  with  the  dissensions  which 
disturbed  the  church. 

Clement  XIV.  John  Vincent  Anthony 
Ganganelli,  son  of  a  physician  of  St.  Arch- 
angelo  near  Rimini,  was  born  31st  October, 
1705.  When  18  he  entered  among  the 
Franciscans,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
studies  of  philosophy  and  divinity  at  Passa- 
ro,  Recanati,  Fano,  and  Rome,  and  when  at 
the  age  of  35,  ho  became  public  professor  in 
the  college  of  Bonaventure.  He  was 
employed  under  Benedict  XIV.  in  the 
council  of  the  holy  office,  and  the  next 
pope,  Clement  XIII.  who  equally  knew  his 
merit,  raised  him  to  the  purple.  Though 
raised  to  dignity,  he  preserved  the  habit 
and  the  austerity  of  a  poor  ecclesiastic,  but 
in  his  opinions  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  foreign  princes,  and  spoke  boldly  of  the 
necessity  of  expelling  the  Jesuits.  On  the 
death  of  Clement  XIII.  he  was  elected  in  a 
tumultuous  assembly  of  the  conclave,  and 
proclaimed  pope  by  cardinal  de  Bernis, 
The  difficulties  which  surrounded  him  were 
artfully  removed  ;  he  negotiated  with  Por- 
tugal, Spain,  and  France,  who  seemed 
inclined  to  make  deep  inroads  on  the  papal 
power,  and  at  their  pressing  solicitations 
he,  in  1773,  formally  suppressed  the  Je- 
suits. The  violent  spirit  of  the  times,  and 
the  unpopular  measures  which  necessity 
obliged  him  to  adopt,  at  last  wasted  away 
his  strength,  and  produced  such  debility  as 
proved  fatal  22d  September,  1774,  though 
some  have  been  accused  of  hastening  his 
death  by  poison.  In  his  character  he  was 
bold,  upright,  benevolent,  and  mild,  the 
friend  of  literature,  and  an  enemy  to  all 
abuses.  When  desired  to  live  with  greater 
splendour,  he  replied  that  neither  St.  Peter 
nor  St.  Francis  had  taught  him  to  dine 
splendidly.  His  life  has  been  published  by 
Caraccioli,  and  some  letters  have  appeared, 
4  vols.  12mo.  1776,  under  his  name,  though 
they  are  supposed  many  of  them  to  be 
spurious. 

Clement,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Geis- 
mar,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  pastor  of 
a  French  congregation  there,  from  which  he 
removed  to  Brunswick  1736,  and  then  to 
Hanover,  where  he  died  1760.  He  is 
author  of  bibliotheque  curieuse  historique 
de  livres  difficiles  a  trouver,  9  vols.  4to. — - 
Specimen  Bibliothecje  Hispano, — Majen- 
siaj,  sive  Idea  novi  catalogi  scriptorum 
Hispan.  in  bibliotheca'  Greg. — Majens. 
1753,  &c. 

Clement,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze  in 
Burgundy,  member  of  the  congregation  of 
St.  Maur.  He  was  employed  by  his  supe- 
riors at  Paris  to  continue  Rivet's  literary 
history  of  France,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
11th  and  12th  vols.  He  afterwards  com- 
posed the  12th  and  13th  vols,  of  Bouquet's 
collection  of  French  historians,  and  im 
425 


CLE! 


CLE 


proved  Dantine's  art  de  verifier  les  dates, 
published  by  Durand  and  Clemencet  in  4to. 
—and  by  himself,  3  vols.  fol.  1783—1792. 
He  began  l'art  de  verifier  les  dates  avant  J. 
Christ,  but  died  before  its  completion  1793, 
aged  79. 

Clement,  Peter,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who  became  travelling  tutor  to  lord  Walde- 
grave,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  conducted  the  Nouvelles  literaires 
de  France  from  1749  to  1754.  He  wrote 
also  some  poems,  and  Merope  a  tragedy, 
and  George  Barnwell  translated  from  the 
English,  &c.  He  was  not  always  correct 
in  his  character,  but  often  licentious.  He 
died  1767,  aged  60. 

Cleobulus,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece,  who  died  about  560  B.  C. 

Cleombrotus,  two  kings  of  Sparta. 
The  one  fell  at  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  B.  C. 
371,  and  the  other  was  son-in-law  of  Leo- 
nidas,  and  was  banished  afterwards. 

Cleomenes,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  slew 
himself,  B.  C.  491. — Another,  who  suc- 
ceeded Agesipolis  his  brother,  and  reigned 
61  years. — Another  who  was  defeated  by 
the  Achseans,  and  fled  into  Egypt  where 
he  destroyed  himself,  B.  C.  219. 

Cleopatra,  a  queen  of  Egypt,  who  in- 
trigued with  J.  Caesar  to  ensure  the  posses- 
sion of  her  kingdom,  and  afterwards  mar- 
vied  Antony,  whom  she  attended  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Actium.  Not  to  be  led  a  captive  in 
the  triumph  of  the  victorious  Augustus  she 
destroyed  herself  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  B. 
G.  30. 

Cleostratus,  a  Grecian  astronomer, 
who  invented  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  and 
reformed  the  Greek  calendar,  B.  C  536. 

Clerc,  John  le,  a  celebrated  scholar 
born  at  Geneva,  19th  March,  1657.  As  his 
father  was  a  physician  of  eminence,  and  a 
Greek  professor  at  Geneva,  the  greatest  at- 
tention was  paid  to  his  education,  and  after 
studying  belles  lettres  and  the  classics  with 
the  most  indefatigable  earnestness  he  di- 
rected his  thoughts  to  divinity  at  the  age  of 
19,  and  was  at  the  proper  time  admitted 
into  orders.  He  soon  after  embraced  Ar- 
minianism,  and  after  residing  some  time  at 
Saumur,  he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
honoured  with  the  acquaintance  of  many 
learned  and  respectable  characters.  As  he 
totally  differed  from  his  friends  and  con- 
nexions at  Geneva,  with  respect  to  religious 
©pinions,  he  determined  not  to  reside 
among  them,  but  settled  at  Amsterdam 
1683,  where  he  became  popular  as  a 
preacher,  and  particularly  as  professor  of 
philosophy,  Hebrew,  and  polite  literature. 
His  ars  critica,  3  vols.  12mo.  was  published 
in  1696,  and  in  1709  appeared  his  Sulpicius 
Severus,  his  Grotius,  and  also  the. remains 
of  Menander  and  Philemon,  a  collection 
which  drew  upon  him  the  severe  censures 
of  those  able  scholars  Bentlev  and  Burman. 
426 


Le  Clerc  died  8th  Jan.  1736,  in  his  79th 
year,  having  been  afflicted  for  the  last  six 
years  with  great  weakness  of  intellects. 
He  married  at  the  age  of  34,  the  daughter 
of  Gregorio  Leti,  by  whom  he  had  four 
children,  who  all  died  young.  Many  of  his 
works  were  dedicated  to  English  prelates 
and  other  leading  men  in  the  nation  ;  yet  his 
name  was  particularly  unpopular  in  Eng- 
land, and  his  writings  were  severely  cen- 
sured by  some  of  the  clergy,  and  for  this  he 
was  indebted  to  the  Arminian  principles 
which  he  had  imbibed,  and  the  acrimonious 
language  which  be  used  against  episcopacy. 
At  one  time  his  admirers  in  England  were 
desirous  of  fixing  him  in  a  more  independent 
state  here,  than  he  enjoyed  at  Amsterdam, 
but  the  scheme  was  thwarted  by  opposite 
opinions.  Whatever  might  be  the  preju- 
dice of  his  enemies,  he  certainly  deserved 
well  of  literature,  for  his  many  valuable 
writings  in  criticism,  religion,  and  philoso- 
phy, and  he  must  be  respected  as  an  able 
writer  and  sound  divine,  and  an  erudite 
scholar.  His  other  works  are  systems  of 
logic,  entology,  and  pneumatology,  besides 
a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  French,  &c. 
He  also  conducted  the  bibliotheque  choisic 
from  1703  to  1713, 128  vols.  12mo.— biblio- 
theque ancienne  et  moderne  29  vols.  1729 
— and  bibliotheque  universelle  et  historiquc 
to   1693,   25  vols.  l2mo. 

Clerc,  Sebastian  le,  originally  a  helper 
in  the  kitchen  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Arnould 
at  Metz,  displayed  early  proofs  of  genius  as 
a  painter.  The  scraps  of  paper  on  which 
he  had  made  some  rude  delineations  were 
seen  accidentally  by  the  prior  of  the  house, 
who  had  the  kindness  to  encourage  him  and 
favour  his  advancement.  He  studied  geo- 
metry and  perspective,  and  gradually  rose 
to  eminence,  till  distinguished  by  marshal 
de  la  Ferte,  and  made  engraver  to  Lewis 
XIV.  and  knighted  by  Clement  XI.  He 
died  at  Paris  25th  October,  1714,  aged  77. 
He  was  admirable  in  his  landscapes,  archi- 
tecture, and  ornaments,  and  he  has  gained 
credit  as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  archi- 
tecture, 2  vols.  4to. — a  treatise  on  geome- 
try, &c.  8vo. — and  another  on  perspective. 
Not  less  than  3000  pieces  are  mentioned  as 
the  work  of  his  graver,  and  he  had  the  art, 
after  Callot,  of  introducing  five  or  six 
leagues  extent  of  country  in  a  small  space. 

Clerc,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
where  his  father  was  Greek  professor.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  Montpellier, 
and  practised  with  great  reputation  and  suc- 
cess at  Geneva.  He  was  made  member  of 
the  council  of  state  1704,  and  then  quitted 
his  professional  labours,  and  died  1728.  He 
was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  wrote  biblio- 
theca  anatomica,  &c.  2  vols.  fol. — histbire 
de  la  medicine,  Geneva,  8vo.  1696,  trans- 
lated into  English — historia  naturalis  et 
medica  latorum  lumbricorum,  &c. 


ULE 


CLI 


Clerc,  John  Ie,  a  French  painter, 
knighted  at  Venice,  where  he  died  1633, 
aged  46. 

Clerke,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Uppington, 
Rutlandshire,  educated  at  Sidney  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  an  able  Grecian  and  mathematician, 
but  strongly  favouring  the  Socinians,  he 
left  the  university  for  a  small  estate  in 
Northamptonshire,  where  he  died  about 
1695,  aged  69.  He  wrote  an  answer  to 
bishop  Bull's  work  on  the  divine  faith — 
and  a  treatise  on  Oughtred's  clavis  mathe- 
matica,  &c. 

Clermont  Tonnerre,  Stanislaus  count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  in  the  states  gene- 
ral assembled  at  Paris  1789.  He  showed 
himself  an  able  orator,  attached  to  order, 
the  friend  of  limited  monarchy,  and  an  ene- 
my to  popular  tumults.  His  opposition  to 
the  Jacobin  club  sent  him  to  prison,  where 
he  was  massacred  on  the  1st  day  of  Sept. 
1793.  His  opinions  have  been  published  in 
4  vols.  8vo. — and  his  examen  de  la  consti- 
tution, 8vo.  1791. His  father,   the  duke 

of  Clermont,  was  cruelly  guillotined  26th 
July,  1793,  aged  74. 

Cleveland  or  Cleiveland,  John,  a 
poet  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  born  at 
Loughborough  1613,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
and  educated  at  Christ  college,  Cambridge, 
from  which  he  was  removed  to  St.  Johns, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1634.  As 
tutor  he  gained  great  applause  ;  and  as  a 
political  writer,  he  ably  served  the  royal 
cause.  Though  unsuccessfully,  he  opposed 
the  election  of  Oliver  Cromwell  to  be  a 
member  for  the  town  of  Cambridge,  and 
when  he  found  his  place  of  residence  no 
longer  safe,  he  retired  to  Oxford,  where 
the  king  had  fixed  his  head  quarters.  His 
satirical  pieces,  especially  "the  rebel  Scot," 
were  greatly  admired  ;  he  was  rewarded 
for  his  loyalty,  by  the  appointment  of  judge 


poems  is  in  8vo.  1687.  The  subjects  of  his 
muse  were  the  party  politics  of  the  day. 
He  was  one  of  those  metaphysical  poets 
who  abound  with  witty  rather  than  just 
thoughts,  whose  learned  allusions  amuse 
and  glitter  for  a  moment,  and  possess 
nothing  of  the  simplicity  and  genuine 
elegance  which  must  please  and  captivate 
with  equal  charms  every  reader  in  every 
age. 

Clifford,  George,  third  earl  of  Cum- 
berland, was  eminent  as  a  navigator.  He 
was  born  in  1558,  and  was  educated  at  Pe- 
ter-house, Cambridge,  where  Whitgift, 
afterwards  primate,  was  his  tutor.  After 
applying  himself  to  the  study  of  mathema- 
tics, he  was  employed  under  government, 
and  in  1586  sat  as  one  of  the  peers  on  the 
unfortunate  Mary  queen  of  Scots.  He 
was  of  a  genius  bold  and  enterprising,  and 
not  less  than  eleven  expeditions  by  sea 
were  undertaken  by  him,  and  at  his  own 
expense,  either  for  purposes  of  discovery, 
or  for  the  annoyance  of  the  enemies  of 
his  country.  Besides  the  many  valuable 
captures  which  he  made,  he  deserved  the 
favour  of  his  royal  mistress,  who  created 
him  knight  of  the  garter  1591.  In  1601 
he  was  one  of  those  employed  to  reduce 
Essex  to  obedience.  He  died  in  the  Savoy, 
London,  30th  October,  1605,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Kipton  in  Yorkshire.  His  daughter 
was  the  famous  Anne,  countess  of  Dorset, 
Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 

Clifford,  Martin,  an  English  writer, 
educated  at  Westminster  school  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  and  was  made  master 
of  the  Charter-house  after  the  restoration. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  human 
reason,  published  anonymously  1675,  in 
which  he  makes  every  man's  fancy  the 
guide  of  his  religion.  Of  this  book  Lancy 
bishop  of  Ely  declared,  at  a  public  dinner 
at  the  Charter-house,  that  all  ;the  copies 


advocate  of  the  garrison  of  Newark  ;  but  and  the  author  himself  ought  to  be,  burn 
when  this  was  taken  by  the  republicans,  he  ' 
made  his  escape,  destitute  and  poor.  He 
was  seized  at  Norwich,  and  detained  as  a 
person  of  great  abilities  and  averse  to  the 
reigning  government,  and  he  obtained  his 
liberty  by  writing  to  Cromwell  a  letter,  in 
which,  while  he  supplicates  his  enlarge- 
ment, he  boldly  avows  his  principles  and 
defends  his  conduct.  After  his  release,  he 
retired  to  London,  where  he  became  the 
companion  of  the  wits  and  loyalists  of  the 
times,  especially  of  the  author  of  Hudibras. 
He  died  of  an  intermittent  fever,  29th 
April,  1659.  His  remains  were  honoura- 
bly buried  at  St.  Michael  Royal,  College- 
hill,  and  a  sermon  preached  over  him  by 


ed.  He  died  1677,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Charter-house  chapel.  Sprat  dedicated 
his  life  of  Cowley  to  him,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that  he  was  concerned  in  the  Re- 
hearsal. 

Clinton,  Henry,  grandson  of  Francis 
sixth  earl  of  Lincoln,  was  knight  of  the 
Bath,  and  engaged  as  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can war.  He  evacuated  Philadelphia  in 
1778,  and  took  Charleston  in  1780,  for 
which  he  was  thanked  by  the  house  of  com- 
mons. He  returned  to  England  in  1782, 
and  soon  after  published  an  account  of  the 
campaign  in  1781-63,  which  lord  Cornwal- 
lis  answered,  and  to  which  sir  Henry 
made  a  reply.     He  was  governor  of  Gib- 


his  friend  Pierson,   afterwards  bishop   of    raltar,  1795,  and  also  member  for  Newark, 
Chester.  Though  courted  and  admired  as  a     and  died  soon  after. 


poet  in  his  own  age,  and  preferred  before 
Milton  by  his  contemporaries,  he  is  now 
Sunk  into  oblivion.     Th^  last  edition  of  his 


Clinton,  Charles,  the  father  of  James 
and  George  Clinton,  was  a  gentleman  of 
great  respectability  in  the  colony  of  New- 
127 


CLI 


CLI 


York.  His  grandfather,  William  Clinton, 
was  an  adherent  of  Charles  I.  and  an  offi- 
cer in  his  army  ;  after  the  dethronement 
of  that  monarch,  he  took  refuge  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  where  he  remained  a  long 
time  in  exile.  He  afterwards  secretly  visit- 
ed Scotland,  where  he  married,  and  then 
passed  over  for  greater  security  to  the  north 
of  Ireland,  where  he  died,  deprived  of  his 
patrimony,  and  leaving  James  an  orphan 
son  two  years  old.  When  James  arrived 
to  manhood,  he  went  to  England  to  re- 
rover  his  patrimonial  estate,  but  was  not 
successful ;  while  on  this  visit  to  the  country 
of  his  ancestors,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  a  captain  in  Cromwell's  army,  which 
connexion  enabled  him  to  maintain  a  re- 
spectable standing  in  the  country  which  he 
had  selected  for  his  residence.       O3  L. 

Clinton,  Charles,  the  son  of  James 
Clinton,  was  born  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford in  Ireland  in  1690.  He  resolved  in 
1729  to  emigrate  to  British  America,  and 
having  persuaded  a  number  of  his  friends 
and  relatives  to  join  him,  he  chartered  a 
ship  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  his  colony 
to  Philadelphia.  On  the  20th  of  May, 
1729,  the  ship  left  Ireland ;  after  being  at  sea 
for  some  time  it  was  discovered  that  the  cap- 
tain had  formed  a  design  of  starving  his 
passengers  to  death,  either  with  a  view  to 
obtain  their  property  or  to  deter  emigra- 
tion. Several  of  the  passengers  actually 
died,  among  whom  were  a  son  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Clinton.  In  this  awful  situation 
it  was  proposed  by  the  passengers  to  seize 
the  captain  and  commit  the  navigation  of 
the  vessel  to  Mr.  Clinton,  who  was  an  ex- 
cellent mathematician  ;  but  the  officers  of 
the  ship  refusing  to  co-operate  with  them, 
they  were  deterred  from  this  proceeding 
from  the  apprehension  of  incurring  the 
charge  of  piracy.  They  were  finally  com- 
pelled roJ commute  with  the  captain  for 
their  lives  by  paying  a  large  sum  of  money  ; 
who  accordingly  landed  them  at  Cape  Cod 
on  the  4th  of  October.  Mr.  Clinton  and 
his  friends  continued  in  that  part  of  the 
country  until  the  spring  of  1731,  when  he 
removed  to  the  county  of  Ulster  in  the 
colony  of  New- York,  where  he  formed  a 
flourishing  settlement,  and  devoted  himself 
to  agriculture,  and  occasionally  acted  as 
land-surveyor.  He  was  soon  appointed  a 
justice  of  the  peace  and  a  judge  of  the 
county  of  Ulster.  In  1756  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  the  governor,  sir  Charles  Hardy, 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  second  regiment 
of  militia  for  the  county  of  Ulster.  On  the 
24th  March,  1758,  he  was  appointed  a 
lieutenant-colonel  of  one  of  the  battalions 
of  the  regiment  in  the  province  of  New- 
York,  of  which  Oliver  Delancey  was  cojonel. 
In  this  capacity  he  acted  under  the  com- 
mand of  colonel  Bradstreet  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Fort  Frontenac.      When  Ccorse 

4?S 


Clinton,  the  father  of  sir  Henry  Clinton, 
was  installed  governor  in  the  province  in 
1753,  an  intimacy  took  place  between  him 
and  Mr.  Clinton  in  consequence  of  which, 
and  their  distant  consanguinity,  the  latter 
was  earnestly  solicited  by  his  namesake  to 
accept  of  a  lucrative  and  distinguished 
office,  which  overture  he  promptly  declined, 
preferring  the  charms  of  retirement  and  the 
cultivation  of  literature  to  the  cares  of  pub- 
lic life.  Mr.  Clinton  had  four  sons  in 
America,  Alexander,  educated  in  the  col- 
lege at  Princeton,  and  afterwards  a  physi- 
cian ,  Charles  also  an  eminent  physician 
and  a  surgeon  in  the  army  which  took  Ha- 
vanna  in  the  island  of  Cuba  ;  James,  a 
major  general  in  the  revolutionary  army, 
and  George,  governor  of  the  state  of  New- 
York.  He  died  at  his  place  in  Ulster,  now 
Orange  county,  on  the  19th  day  of  Novem- 
ber, 1773,  in  his  83d  year.  0=  L. 

Clinton,  James,  was  the  fourth  son  of 
colonel  Charles  Clinton,  and  was  born  on 
the  9th  day  of  August,  1736,  in  Ulster 
county  in  the  colony  of  New-York.  In 
common  with  his  brother  he  was  favoured 
with  an  excellent  education.  The  study  of 
the  exact  sciences  was  his  favourite  pursuit, 
but  the  predominant  inclination  of  his  mind 
was  for  a  military  life.  After  having  suc- 
cessfully held  several  offices  in  the  militia 
and  provincial  troops,  he  was  on  the  15th 
November,  1763,  appointed  by  lieutenant 
governor  Colden,  captain  commandant  of 
the  four  companies  in  the  pay  of  the  pro- 
vince of  New- York,  raised  for  the  defence 
of  the  western  frontiers  of  the  counties  of 
Ulster  and  Orange  ;  and  on  the  18th  March, 
1774,  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  militia  in 
Ulster  county.  In  the  French  war  of 
1756,  he  was  a  captain  under  colonel  Brad- 
street,  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Frontenac, 
and  rendered  essential  service  in  that  ex- 
pedition in  many  respects,  and  particularly 
by  the  capture  of  a  French  sloop  of  war  on 
lake  Ontario,  which  impeded  the  progress 
of  the  army.  After  the  termination  of 
this  war  he  married  Mary  De  Witt,  a  young 
lady  of  great  merit,  whose  family  emigra- 
ted from  Holland.  He  then  retired  from 
the  camp,  to  the  repose  of  a  domestic  life. 
When  the  American  revolution  was  in  the 
eve  of  its  commencement,  he  was  appoint* 
ed,  on  the  30th  June,  1775,  by  the  continen- 
tal congress,  colonel  of  the  3d  regiment  of 
New- York  forces.  On  the  25th  of  October 
following,  he  was  appointed  by  the  provin- 
cial congress  of  New- York,  colonel  of  the 
regiment  of  militia  foot  in  Ulster  county  : 
on  the  8th  March,  1776,  by  the  continental 
congress,  colonel  of  the  second  battalion 
of  New- York  troops,  and  on  the  9th  of 
August,  1776,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States  :  in  which  sta- 
tion he  continued  during  the  greater  part 
of  the  war,  having  the  command  of  the 


CLI 


CLI 


New-York  line,  or  the  troops  of  that  state, 
and  at  its  close,  he  was  constituted  a  major 
general.     In  1775,  his  regiment  composed 
part  of  the  army  under  general  Montgo- 
mery, which  invaded  Canada.     In  October, 
1777,  he    commanded    at    fort     Clinton, 
which,   together  with  its  neighbour,   fort 
Montgomery,   constituted  the  defence  of 
the  iiudson  river  against  the  ascent  of  an 
enemy.     His  brother   the  governor   com- 
manded in  chief  at  both  forts.     Sir  Henry 
Clinton,   with  a  view  to  effect  a  diversion 
in  favour  of  general  Burgoyne,  moved  up 
the  Hudson  with  an  army  of  4,000  men,  and 
attacked  those  works,  which  were  very  im- 
pc.  aly  fortified,  and   only  defended  by 
five  hundred  men,  composed  principally  of 
militia.     After  a  most  desperate  resistance, 
the  forts  were  carried  by  storm.     General 
Clinton  was  the  last  man  who  left  the  works, 
and  not  until  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
a  bayonet,    pursued   and  fired  at  by  the 
enemy,   and  his  attendant  servants  killed. 
The  irruptions  of  the  Iroquois  or  Six  Na- 
tions on  the  frontier  settlements,  were  such 
that  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  inflict  a 
chastisement  which  would  prevent  a  repe- 
tition  of  their   atrocities  ;    an   expedition 
against  them  was  accordingly  determined 
on,  and  the  chief  command  was  given  to 
general  Sullivan,  who  was  to  proceed  up 
the  Susquehannah  with  the   main  body  of 
the  army,    while  general  Clinton  was  to 
join  him  by  the  way  of  the  Mohawk.    The 
Iroquois  inhabited,  or   occasionally  occu- 
pied, the  region  which  comprises  the  west- 
ern parts  of  New-York,  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  besides  their  own  ravages  from  the 
vicinity  of  their  settlements,  to   the  inha- 
bited parts  of  the  United  States,  they  faci- 
litated the  inroads  of   the  more  remote 
Indians  ;  when  general  Sullivan  was  on  his 
way  to  the   Indian  country  he  was  joined 
by  general  Clinton,  with  upwards  of  1600 
men.     The  latter  had  gone  up  the  Mohawk 
in  batteaux  from  Schenectady ;  and  after 
ascending  that  river  about  fifty-four  miles, 
he  conveyed  his  batteaux  from  Canojoharie 
to  the  head  of  the  Otsego  lake,  one  of  the 
sources  of   the  Susquehannah.      Finding 
the  stream  of  water  in  that  river  too  low  to 
float  his  boats,  he  constructed  a  dam  across 
the  mouth  of  the  lake,  which  soon  rose  to 
the  altitude  of  the  dam.    Having  got  his  bat- 
teaux ready,  he  opened  the  passage  for  the 
water  through  the  dam.     This  raised  the 
river  so  high,  that  he  was  enabled  to  em- 
bark all  his  troops  ;  to  float  them  down  to 
Tioga,  and  to  join  Sullivan  in  good  season. 
The    Indians    collected  their  strength    at 
Newtown  ;     took    possession    of    proper 
ground  and  fortified  it.     They  were  attack- 
ed on  the  29th  August,  1779,  their  works 
were  forced,  and  their  consternation  was 
so  great  that  they  abandoned  all  further 
resistance,  for  as  the  Americans  advanced 


into  their  settlements,  they  retreated  before 
them  without  throwing  any  obstructions  in 
their  way.     The  army  advanced  as  far  west 
as  the  Genessee  river,  and  destroyed  many 
large    Indian     settlements    and    villages. 
The  effect  of  this  expedition  was  greatly  to 
diminish  their  population,  and  to  inflict  an 
irrecoverable  blow  upon  their  resources  of 
aggression.     For  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  war.  general  Clinton  was  stationed  at 
Albany,    where    he    commanded    in    the 
northern  department  of  the  union,  a  place 
of  high  responsibility,  and  requiring  un- 
common vigilance  and  continual  exertion. 
He  was  afterwards  present  at  the  siege  of 
York  Town,  and  the  capture  of  Cornwallis, 
where   he    distinguished    himself   by   his 
usual  intrepidity.     His  last  appearance  in 
arms  was  on  the  evacuation  of  the  city  of 
New- York,  where  he  bid  the  commander- 
in-chief  a  final  and  affectionate  farewell,  and 
retired  to  his  estates.     He  was,  however, 
frequently  called  from  his  retirement  by  the 
unsolicited   voice    of   his   fellow-citizens. 
He  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to  adjust 
the   boundary  line  between  Pennsylvania 
and  New- York,  which  important  measure 
was  amicably  and  successfully  accomplish- 
ed.    He  was  also  selected  by  the  legisla- 
ture for  an  interesting  mission  to  settle 
controversies  respecting  lands  in  the  west, 
which   also   terminated    favourably.      He 
represented  his  native  county  in  the  as- 
sembly, and  in  the  convention  that  adopted 
the  present    constitution   of    the   United 
States.     He  was  elected  without  opposition 
a  senator  from  the  middle  district,  and  a 
delegate  to  the  convention  of  1801,  for  the 
purpose  of  amending  the  state  constitution, 
all  of  which  trusts  he  executed  with  inte- 
grity and  ability,  and  to  the  perfect  satis- 
faction of  his  constituents.     The  temper  of 
general  Clinton  was  mild  and  affectionate  ; 
but  when  roused  by  unprovoked  insult,  or 
unmerited  injury,he  exhibited  extraordinary 
energy.     He  died  on  the  22d  of  December, 
1812,  in  the  76th  year  of  his  age,  and  was 
interred  in  the  family  burial-place  at  Little 
Britain,  in  Orange  county.  ICP  L. 

Clinton,  George,  vice-president  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Ulster,  New- York,  July  26th,  1739,  and 
was  the  youngest  son  of  colonel  Charles 
Clinton.  He  was  bred  a  lawyer,  and  set- 
tled himself  in  the  profession  in  his  native 
county,  where  he  rose  to  eminence.  In 
1768,  he  was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the  colo~ 
nial  assembly,  and  continued  in  it,  and  was 
one  of  its  most  conspicuous  members  till 
the  revolution.  He  was  appointed,  April 
22d,  1775,  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  and  took  his  seat  on  the  15th  of 
May.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  he  was 
present  at  the  declaration  of  Independence, 
and  assented  with  his  usual  energy  to  the 
measure ;  but  having  been  appointed  a 
429 


CXI 


CXt 


brigadier  general  in  the  army,  was  obliged 
to  retire  from  congress  immediately  after 
bis  vote  was  given,  and  before  the  instru- 
ment was  transcribed  for  the  signature  of 
the  members,  for  which  reason  his  name 
does  not  appear  among  the  signers.  In 
April,  1777,  he  was  elected  both  governor, 
and  lieutenant-governor  of  New- York,  and 
was  continued  in  the  former  office  for  eigh- 
teen years.  He  continued  during  the  pro- 
gress of  the  war  to  render  the  most  impor- 
tant services  to  the  military  department. 
It  was  owing  greatly  to  his  aid,  that  the  army 
was  prevented  from  being  disbanded,  and 
to  his  exertions  that  the  southern  and  nor- 
thern states  were  not  separated  by  the  in- 
tervention of  the  British.  On  being 
apprised,  in  October,  1777,  of  the  advance 
of  the  enemy  from  New- York,  up  the  Hud- 
son, to  form  a  junction  with  Burgoyne,  he 
prorogued  the  assembly  and  took  com- 
mand of  fort  Montgomery,  in  which  he 
made  a  most  gallant  defence  against  the 
British,  and  on  being  overpowered  by  their 
superior  numbers,  with  his  brother  James, 
escaped  under  cover  of  the  night.  In 
1801,  he  was  again  chosen  governor,  and 
in  1804,  advanced  to  the  vice-presidency 
of  the  United  States,  and  continued  in  the 
office  till  his  death,  which  took  place  at 
Washington,  April  20th,  1812,  in  the  73d 
year  of  his  age.  He  possessed  a  discri- 
minating intellect,  the  most  undaunted 
courage,  and  great  energy  of  character. 
He  was  distinguished  as  a  soldier,  an  able 
statesman,  and  an  ardent  patriot,  and  filled 
the  several  public  stations  to  which  he  was 
elevated,  with  an  ability,  uprightness,  and 
usefulness,  which  placed  him  both  in  public 
esteem,  and  on  the  pages  of  history  among 
the  most  illustrious  of  the  worthies  of  the 
revolution.  HZF  L. 

Clinton,  George,  one  of  the  colonial 
governors  of  New- York,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  Francis  Clinton  the  6th  Earl  of 
Lincoln.  He  married  Anne  Carle,  (daugh- 
ter of  major  general  Peter  Carle,)  and  had 
by  her  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Henry,  the  only  surviving  son,  was  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  who  commanded  the  British 
armies  in  America  during  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  revolutionary  war.  Being 
a  younger  son,  he  was  destined  for  a 
profession,  and  became  a  vice-admiral  of 
the  Red.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
governor  of  the  colony  of  New-York,  and 
entered  on  the  office  on  the  23d  of  Septem- 
ber, 1743.  He  was  unskilled  in  civil  affairs, 
and  was  peculiarly  exposed  to  the  tumults 
and  commotions  of  colonial  governments. 
When  he  commenced  his  administration, 
James  Delancey,  afterwards  lieutenant-go- 
vernor, was  the  ruling  demagogue  of  the 
province,  and  as  long  as  Mr.  Clinton  sub- 
mitted to  his  dictation,  he  had  few  difficul- 
ties with  the  general  assembly.  A  rupture 
430 


took  place  in  the  course  of  two  years,  but 
not  until  Delancey  had  obtained  from  the 
governor  a  commission  as  chief  justice 
during  good  behaviour.  Vfter  the  quarrel, 
the  administration  of  the  government  was 
a  scene  of  controversy  with  the  general 
assembly,  in  which,  contrary  to  the  usual 
course  of  things,  the  latter  was  generally  in 
the  wrong.  Mr.  Clinton  had,  however, 
powerful  friends  and  advocates.  Mr.  Col- 
den,  afterwards  lieutenant-governor,  held 
the  pen  for  him  in  his  disputes  with  the 
general  assembly,  whilst  the  writer  for  the 
latter  body,  or  rather  for  Mr.  Delancey,  was 
Mr.  Horsemander,  who  was  the  Historian 
of  the  Negro  Plot,  and  whose  infirmities, 
when  chief  justice  of  the  colony,  produced 
that  article  in  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
which  disqualifies  a  judge  after  he  has 
reached  the  age  of  sixty.  Sir  William 
Johnson  was  also  a  favourite  of  governor 
Clinton,  and  at  the  great  Indian  treaty  held 
by  him  in  1746,  at  Albany,  entered  the  city 
at  the  head  of  the  Mohawks,  painted  and 
dressed  like  a  savage.  After  very  turbu- 
lent times  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Dar 
wers  Osborne,  on  the  10th  of  October, 
1753,  who,  two  days  afterwards  com- 
mitted suicide,  in  despair,  as  it  is  supposed, 
of  a  successful  administration  from  the 
experience  of  his  predecessor,  and  from 
the  nature  of  his  instructions  which  placed 
him  in  the  sad  dilemma  of  offending  his 
sovereign  from  whom  he  derived  his  autho- 
rity, or  the  people  whom  he  governed.  Mr- 
Clinton  became,  after  his  retirement  from 
New-York,  governor  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital. IE?  L. 

Clisson,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Britany  ? 
who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Aurai  in  1364, 
by  the  side  of  his  friend  count  Montfort. 
He  afterwards  followed  the  fortunes  of 
Guesclin,  and  succeeded  him  as  constable 
of  France,  1380.  In  1382  he  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Rosebec  ;  but  he 
incurred  the  hatred  of  the  duke  of  Britany, 
who  caused  him  to  be  condemned  to  death 
in  1387,  though  he  escaped,  and  was  after- 
wards reconciled  to  his  persecutors.  The 
mental  disorders  of  Charles  VI.  proved 
fatal  to  his  fortune,  he  was  deprived  of  all 
his  honours,  and  in  consequence  retired  to 
his  seat  in  Britany,  where  he  died,  1407, 
deservedly  respected  for  his  valour,  integ- 
rity, and  humanity. 

Clisthenes,  an  Athenian,  who  intro- 
duced the  law  of  ostracism,  which  proved 
so  fatal  to  many  illustrious  generals.  He 
had  a  share  in  the  banishment  of  the  Pisis- 
tratidae. 

Clitomachtjs,  a  Carthaginian  philoso- 
pher, disciple  of  Carneades.  It  is  said,  that 
he  wrote  above  400  volumes,  and  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  in  his  old  age. 

Clive,  Robert,  a  celebrated  general,  born 
at  Styche,  Moreton  Say,  the  family  seat  of 


CLI 


CLO 


his  ancestors,  near  Market-drayton,  29th 
Sept.  1725.  He  was  placed  at  school  at 
Lostock  in  Cheshire,  and  afterwards  at 
Market-drayton,  then  at  Merchant-tai- 
lors', and  lastly  at  Hemel-Hempstead,  and 
probably  from  the  rapidity  of  these  changes, 
his  education  did  not  receive  that  high 
polish,  which  a  regular  unvaried  system 
might  have  ensured.  In  1743,  he  was  ap- 
pointed writer  to  the  East  India  company, 
but  his  obstinate  inflexible  disposition  often 
exposed  him  to  the  suspicion  and  censure 
of  his  superiors.  In  one  instance  his  con- 
duct to  the  secretary  was  so  reprehensible, 
that  the  governor  insisted  on  his  making  an 
apology.  Clive  made  the  apology  with 
contempt,  and  in  such  ambiguous  terms, 
that  the  secretary  mistook  it  for  a  compli- 
ment, and  invited  him  to  dinner,  '  No  sir,' 
replied  the  unsubdued  Clive,  '  the  governor 
did  not  command  me  to  dine  with  you.' 
In  1747  he  accepted  an  ensigncy  in  the 
military  service,  and  highly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry,  where 
he  received  a  shot  in  his  hat,  and  another 
in  his  coat.  At  the  seige  of  Devi  Cotah 
under  major  Lawrence,  he  volunteer- 
ed to  storm  the  town,  and  he  and  three 
others  only  out  of  34  who  had  undertaken 
this  perilous  attempt,  returned,  but  so  tei-- 
rified  were  the  enemy  that  they  abandoned 
the  town.  On  the  cessation  of  hostilities, 
he  returned  to  his  civil  office,  and  became 
commissary  to  the  troops.  In  1753,  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  his  services  were 
acknowledged  by  the  handsome  present  of 
a  sword  set  with  diamonds,  by  the  court  of 
directors.  He  revisited  India  as  governor 
of  fort  St.  David,  and  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  colonel,  and  he  ably  assisted  ad- 
miral Watson  in  the  conquest  of  the  pirate 
Angria,  and  took  fort  William  in  Bengal. 
At  the  battle  of  Plassey  he  completely 
routed  Surajah  Dowla,  and  settled  Jaffier 
AH  Cawn  on  the  throne  of  Muxadabad. 
He  was  made  an  Irish  peer  on  his  coming 
to  England  in  1760,  and  four  years  after  he 
went  back  as  president,  when  the  vigour  of 
his  counsels,  and  the  boldness  of  his  mea- 
sures, restored  tranquillity  to  the  east,  and 
security  to  the  inhabitants.  In  1767  he 
reached  home,  and  in  1769  was  made 
knight  of  the  Bath.  Though  his  services 
were  so  great  and  so  meritorious,  yet  he 
did  not  escape  the  malevolent  insinuations 
of  his  enemies.  His  fortune  was  im- 
mense, and  his  assistance  in  one  instance 
was  rewarded  by  the  Mogul  by  the  present 
of  a  tract  of  country  producing  a  yearly  re- 
venue of  17,000/.  This  great  opulence, 
therefore,  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of 
some  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, who  in  1773  made  a  motion  that, 
in  the  acquisition  of  his  wealth,  lord  Clive 
had  abused  the  powers  with  which  he  was 
intrusted.     Against  this  charge  he  made  a 


short  but  most  energetic  defence,  and 
the  conclusion  was  that  the  house  voted, 
that  lord  Clive  had  rendered  great  and 
meritorious  services  to  his  country.  His 
abilities  as  a  general  were  universally  ad- 
mired. Mr.  Pitt  called  him  a  heaven-born 
general,  who,  without  experience  and  re- 
gular study,  surpassed  all  the  military  men 
of  his  age.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
American  war,  Clive  was  offered  the  place 
of  commander-in-chief,  which  in  conse- 
quence of  the  ill  state  of  his  health  he  de- 
clined. He  was  from  1760  to  the  day  of 
his  death  representative  for  Shrewsbury. 
His  health,  which  was  dreadfully  shattered 
by  a  severe  nervous  fever  while  at  Madras, 
gradually  declined,  he  seldom  was  without 
an  attendant  about  his  person,  and  his  de- 
pression of  spirits  at  last  became  so  great 
that  in  one  fatal  moment  he  lost  his  reason 
and  destroyed  himself  November  22d, 
1774.  He  was  buried  at  Moreton  Say  the 
place  of  his  birth.  He  married,  in  17533 
Margaret,  sister  of  Dr.  Maskelyne,  the 
learned  astronomer  royal,  by  whom  he  had 
two  sons  and  three  daughters.  He  made  a 
noble  present  of  70,000£.  to  the  invalids  in 
the  company's  service. 

Clive,  Catherine,  an  eminent  actress 
born  in  1711.  She  first  appeared  at  Drury- 
lane  in  boy's  clothes  in  the  character  of  Is- 
menes,  and  continued  to  improve  till  her 
delineation  of  Nell  in  the  Devil  to  pay,  ex- 
hibited her  in  the  possession  of  such  supe- 
rior talents  that  for  30  years  she  remained 
unrivalled  on  the  stage.  In  1732  she  mar- 
ried George  Clive,  a  gentleman  of  the  law, 
brother  to  lord  Clive,  but  their  union  was 
productive  of  no  domestic  happiness,  so 
that  they  separated,  and  never  again  lived 
together.  In  1769,  Mrs.  Clive  following 
the  example  of  Mrs.  Pritchard,  retired  from 
the  stage,  and  lived  at  Strawberry  hill, 
Thwickenham,  where  she  spent  the  rest  of 
her  life  in  comfortable  and  independent 
ease.  She  died  December  6th,  1785,  highly 
respected  in  private  as  well  as  in  public  life. 
Her  powers  of  acting  were  very  great  and 
diversified,  and  she  never  failed  to  please 
and  captivate  either  as  the  capricious  co- 
quette, the  high  bred  lady,  the  jealous  wife, 
the  affected  chambermaid,  or  the  superan- 
nuated beauty. 

Clodius,  Publius,  a  Roman  senator  of 
debauched  character.  He  was  a  great 
enemy  to  Cato  and  Cicero,  and  at  last  was 
killed  in  an  accidental  encounter,  by  Milo, 
B.  C.  53. 

Cloots,  Anacharsis,  a  native  of  Prussia, 
who,  in  the  madness  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, called  himself  the  orator  of  the  hu- 
man race,  and  as  a  member  of  the  national 
convention  he  voted  for  the  king's  death. 
He  was  a  man  of  letters  and  a  nephew  of 
W.  Pauw,  and  published  the  "  republique 
universclle,"  but  he  was  as  profane  in  his 

fin 


CLO 


COB 


religious  as  be  was  licentious  in  his  politi- 
cal tenets.  He  was  guillotined  March 
24th,  1794. 

Clopinel,  or  John  de  Meun,  a  French 
poet,  born  in  1280,  died  about  1364.  He 
was  a  favourite  at  the  court  of  Philip  the 
fair,  and  acquired  some  celebrity  by  con- 
tinuing the  unfinished  poem  of  the  Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose,  by  W.  de  Loris.  He 
translated  Boethius'  consolations.  His  ro- 
mance was  edited  1735,  three  vols.  12mo. 

Closterman,  N.  a  portrait  painter  who 
settled  in  London  from  Hanover  1681.  He 
went  to  Spain  in  1696,  where  he  gained 
much  money  by  his  profession.  He  died 
1713,  of  a  broken  heart,  on  being  robbed 
and  abandoned  by  his  mistress. 

Clotaire  I.  fourth  son  of  Clovis,  and 
Clotilda,  was  king  of  Soissons,  and  after  the 
death  of  Thierry  and  of  Childebert,  he 
united  the  whole  French  monarchy  under 
his  power,  558.  He  distinguished  himself 
against  the  Saxons  and  the  Thuringians, 
and  died  at  Compeigne  561,  in  the  64th 
year  of  his  age  and  the  51st  of  his  reign. 

Clotaire  II.  son  and  successor  of  Chil- 
peric,  in  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,  was  sup- 
ported by  his  mother  Fredegonde  against 
Childebert,  and  though  after  her  death  he 
was  defeated  by  Theodebert  king  of  Aus- 
trasia,  and  Thierry  king  of  Burgundy,  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  unite  that  power  to 
his  own  dominions.  Though  cruel  and 
oppressive  in  his  conduct,  some  rauthors 
have  praised  his  justice  and  the  wisdom  of 
some  part  of  his  government.  He  died 
628,  aged  45,  leaving  two  sons,  Dagobert 
and  Charibert. 

Clotaire  III.  king  of  Burgundy  and 
Neustria,  after  the  death  of  his  father 
Clovis  II.  655,  was  chiefly  governed  by  his 
mother  Batilda.  He  died  670,  without 
children. 

Clovio,  George,  a  Sclavonian,  eminent 
as  an  historical  and  miniature  painter. 
He  died  1578,  aged  80. 

Clovis  I.  the  proper  founder  of  the 
French  monarchy,  was  born  467,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Childeric  481.  He  was 
victorious  against  the  Romans,  but  in  a 
battle  with  the  Germans,  when  he  saw  his 
troops  ready  to  give  way,  he  made  a  vow 
that  he  would  worship  the  God  of  the 
Christians,  as  his  wife  Clotilda  had  advised 
him  to  do,  and  after  obtaining  the  victory, 
he  was  converted  from  the  heathen  reli- 
gion, and  was  baptized  with  3000  of  his 
subjects,  on  Christmas-day,  by  St.  Remi, 
archbishop  of  Rheims.  He  was  victorious 
in  other  battles  against  the  Goths,  and 
though  he  was  checked  in  a  battle  by  Theo- 
doric  near  Aries,  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  subdue  the  best  part  of  Gaul  under  his 
power,  and  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Paris, 
jvliirh  he  made  the  capital  of  his  dominions. 
132 


He  died  511,  aged  45,  in  the  30th  year  of 
his  reign. 

Clovis  II.  succeeded  his  father  Dagobert 
638,  and  was  a  mild  and  benevolent  prince, 
though  accused  of  debauchery  and  coward- 
ice.    He  died  655,  aged  23. 

Clovis  HI.  succeeded  his  father  Thierry 
III.  691.  He  reigned  five  years,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  14.  He  was  governed  by 
Pepin  Heristal,  who,  as  mayor  of  the 
palace,  governed  the  kingdom  at  his 
pleasure. 

Clowes,  William,  a  surgeon  of  eminence 
of  whom  few  particulars  are  known.  He 
was  originally  a  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and 
was  afterwards  surgeon  to  Bartholomew 
and  Christ  hospitals,  London,  and  to 
queen  Elizabeth.  His  last  publication  on 
the  venereal  disease  was  in  1596,  reprinted 
1637. 

Cluentius,  a  Roman  accused  by  his 
mother  of  murdering  his  father.  He  was 
ably  defended  by  Cicero. 

Cluverius,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Dantzic  1580.  He  studied 
law  at  Leyden,  but  his  genius  and  the  ad- 
vice of  Jos.  Scaliger  directed  him  to  geo- 
graphy. He  travelled  to  improve  himself 
through  Germany,  England,  France,  and 
Italy,  and  it  is  said  he  could  talk  with 
fluency  ten  different  languages.  He  died 
at  Leyden  1623,  43  years  old.  He  pub- 
lished de  tribus  Rheni  alveis — Italia — Ger- 
mania  antiqua, — Sicilia  et  Sardinia, — in- 
troductio  ad  geograph.  universalem,  &c. 

Cltmer,  George,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  and  born  in 
1738.  At  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lution he  distinguished  himself  by  his  exer- 
tions in  the  popular  cause.  He  was  one  of 
the  committee  of  correspondence  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  in  1776,  was  chosen  a  member 
of  congress,  and  affixed  his  name  to  the 
declaration  of  independence.  He  was 
superseded  the  next  year,  but  was  after- 
wards elected  again,  and  in  1778,  was  one 
of  the  convention  which  formed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  He  was  for 
some  time  one  of  the  treasurers  of  the 
colonies,  and  in  1791  was  appointed  super- 
visor of  the  excise  in  Pennsylvania.  After 
the  establishment  of  independence  he  ren- 
dered himself  highly  useful  by  his  efforts  to 
promote  the  progress  of  commerce,  and  of 
the  arts  and  sciences.  He  was  president  of 
the  academy  of  fine  arts  in  Philadelphia 
from  its  establishment  to  his  death,  and  a 
distinguished  member  of  several  other 
useful  associations.  He  died  at  Morris- 
ville,  January  23d,  1813,  aged  75. 

[CT  L. 

Cobb,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  poet,  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  hospital,  of  which  he  af- 
terwards  became    master.       He   was    of 


coc 


coc 


Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  died  at 
London,  1713.  He  wrote  observations  on 
Virgil,  and  a  collection  of  poems,  8vo. 
1700.  He  also  assisted  Rowe  in  his  Cal- 
lipaedia,  and  Ozell  in  his  Boileau's  lutrin. 

Cobdbn,  Edward,  D.D.  first  chaplain  to 
Gibson  bishop  of  London,  and  afterwards 
for  22  years  to  George  II.  was  besides 
archdeacon  of  London,  prebendary  of 
Lincoln  and  St.  Paul's,  and  rector  of  Acton, 
and  of  St.  Austin  and  St.  Faith,  London. 
Though  such  a  pluralist,  yet  his  income 
did  not  exceed  350/.  per  annum,  a  sum 
which,  by  moderation  and  contentment,  he 
converted  into  honourable  independence 
and  dignified  enjoyment.  He  published 
"discourses  and  essays,"  1757,  of  which 
only  250  copies  were  printed,  and  also 
poems  for  the  benefit  of  his  curate's  widow. 
He  survived  the  loss  of  his  wife  two  years, 
and  died  22d  April,  1764,  aged  above  80. 

Cocceius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
educated  at  Leyden,  and  made  professor  of 
the  law  of  nature  and  nations  at  Heidel- 
berg, from  which  he  removed  to  Utrecht, 
and  afterwards  to  Frankfort  on  Oder.  In 
1713  he  was  created  a  baron  of  the  empire, 
and  died  1719,  aged  75.  He  is  author  of 
juris  publici  prudentia  compendiose  exhi- 
bita — prodromus  justitiae  gentium — deduc- 
tions consilia,  &c — Theses,  four  vols. 
4to.  &c. 

Cocceius,  Samuel,  a  German  baron,  son 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder.  He  was  in  the  service  of  Frederic 
the  great  of  Prussia,  and,  as  his  grand  chan- 
cellor, he  presided  with  dignity  and  great 
impartiality  over  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice. Besides  the  Frederican  code,  pub- 
lished in  three  vols.  8vo.  1747,  he  edited 
Grotius  de  jure  belli  pacis,  five  vols.  4to. 
He  died  1755. 

Cocceius,  or  Cock,  John,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  Hebrew  professor  there.  He  af- 
terwards removed  to  Franeker,  and  then  to 
Leyden,  where  he  obtained  the  theological 
chair.  He  excited  a  warm  controversy  by 
the  singularity  of  his  opinions.  He  con- 
sidered the  whole  of  the  Old  Testament  as 
a  mystical  representation  of  Christ  and  his 
church,  and  gave  to  every  word  and  sen- 
tence a  metaphorical  interpretation.  He 
was  an  advocate  for  the  millennium,  and 
deeply  studied  the  apocalypse.  His  fol- 
lowers were  called  Cocceians.  He  died  at 
Leyden  1669,  aged  61.  His  works  filled 
10  vols.  fol. 

Cocchi,  Anthony,  professor  of  physic  at 
Florence  and  Pisa,  was  born  at  Mugellano, 
and  died  1758,  aged  62.  He  was  esteemed 
for  his  learning,  and  came  to  England  with 
lord  Huntingdon  to  see  Mead,  Newton, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  was  intimate 
with  Boerhaave.  He  was  antiquary  to  the 
emperor.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  Pythagorean  mode  of  life, 

Vol.  I,  55 


and  other  medical  treatises,  besides  an 
edition  of  Zenophon  Ephesius'  amoribus 
Anthiae  et  Abrocomas. 

Cochin,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, was  born  1668,  and  died  in  1754. 
His  principal  pieces  are  after  Watteau  and 
le  Moine,  and  from  the  paintings  of  the  in- 
valids, in  which  he  was  engaged  10  years. — 
There  was  another  of  the  same  name, 
whose  smaller  pieces  are  greatly  admired^ 
especially  those  after  Vernent.  His  son, 
who  was  equally  eminent,  died  1790,  aged 
75.  He  was  author  of  letters  on  the  pic- 
tures of  Herculaneum — letters  on  the  lives 
of  Slodz  and  Deshays — travels  in  Italy, 
&c. — dissertation  on  the  effect  of  light  and 
shade,  &c. 

Cochin,  Henry,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
studied  the  law,  and  was  as  eminent  at  the 
bar  as  Bourdaloue  was  in  the  pulpit.  He 
pleaded  his  first  cause  before  the  great 
council  when  at  the  age  of  only  22.  His 
memorials,  pleadings,  &c.  appeared  at 
Paris,  in  6  vols.  4to.  1751.  He  died  1747, 
aged  60. 

Cochl^us,  John,  a  catholic  of  Nurem- 
berg, who  warmly  attacked  Luther,  Bucer, 
Osiander,  Melancthon,  Calvin,  and  the 
other  reformers.  He  was  attacked  by  Dr. 
Morrison,  an  Englishman,  for  his  tract  on 
the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  and  he  vio- 
lently defended  himself.  He  died  January 
10,  1552,  aged  72,  at  Breslaw.  His  His- 
toria  Hussitarum,  in  folio,  is  curious.  He 
wrote  besides  de  actis  et  scriptis  Lutheri, 
&c. 

Cochran,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  edu- 
cated at  Padua,  and  employed  by  James 
III.  of  Scotland  as  an  architect  to  erect 
some  public  buildings.  The  favour  which 
he  enjoyed  with  his  sovereign,  and  his 
elevation  to  the  earldom  of  Mar,  so 
offended  the  old  nobility,  that  they  tore  him 
from  the  royal  presence,  and  hanged  him 
over  the  bridge  at  Lauder,  1484. 

Cochran,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
born  December  12,  1738,  at  Strathaven, 
Clydesdale.  After  studying  at  Glasgow, 
he  went  to  Italy,  in  1761,  and  applied  him- 
self under  the  direction  of  Gavin  Hamilton 
at  Rome,  and  on  his  return  home  he  ac- 
quired great  celebrity,  and  some  opulence. 
He  died  October  23, 1785,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cathedral  church  of  Glasgow.  His 
pifCis  are  much  admired,  especially  his 
Dsdalus  and  Icarus,  and  his  Diana  and 
Endymion. 

Cockain,  Sir  Alston,  a  native  of  Ash- 
bourne, in  Derbyshire,  studied  at  Oxford, 
and  was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  a  catholic,  which  circum- 
stance diminished  the  number  of  his 
friends ;  though  his  poetry,  occasionally 
licentious,  was  yet  respectable.  His  ex- 
travagance reduced  him  in  the  latter  part 
433 


COB 


COD 


of  his  life.  He  died  16S4,  aged  78.  He 
"wrote  four  plays,  and  Dianea  a  romance. 
Cockburn,  Catharine,  an  ingenious  lady, 
♦laughter  of  captain  David  Trotter,  of  the 
navy.  From  a  protestant  she  became  a 
catholic,  and  again  was  reconciled  to  the 
protestants.  In  1708,  she  married  Mr. 
Cockburn,  son  of  an  eminent  Scotch  divine, 
■who,  though  at  first  a  nonjuror,  took  the 
oaths,  and  obtained  the  living  of  Long 
Horsley,  Cumberland.  Though  possessed 
with  a  genius  for  poetry,  she  turned  her 
thoughts  to  metaphysics,  and  defended 
Locke  against  Drs.  Burnet  and  Holds- 
worth.  She  survived  her  husband  about 
one  year,  and  died  1749,  aged  70.  Her 
works  were  collected  by  Dr.  Birch,  in  two 
vols.  8vo. 

Cocker,  Edward,  an  ingenious  penman, 
who  died  1677.  He  published  14  copy 
books  engraved  by  his  own  hand,  besides  a 
treatise  on  arithmetic — a  small  English 
dictionary — and  a  book  of  sentences  for 
writing  called  Cocker's  morals. 

Cocles,  Publ.  Horat.  a  Roman  celebra- 
ted for  his  brave  defence  of  a  bridge  across 
the  Tiber,  against  the  whole  army  of  Por- 
sena. 

Coddington,  William,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal founders  of  Rhode  Island,  and  its  first 
governor,  was  a  native  of  Lincolnshire, 
England,  and  came  to  Massachusetts  in 
1630.  He  was  for  some  time  a  magistrate 
in  that  colony,  but  in  1638,  removed  to 
Rhode  Island,  and  was  the  chief  instrument 
of  establishing  a  settlement  there.  In  1640, 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  colony, 
and  held  the  office  till  a  charter  was  ob- 
tained in  1648  ;  and  again  in  1674,  and 
1675.  He  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for 
liberty  of  conscience,  and  had  the  honour 
of  a  chief  agency  in  organising  the  first 
government  in  modern  ages  under  which 
that  blessing  was  fully  enjoyed.  He  died 
in  1678.  O*  L. 

Codrington,  Christopher,  a  gentleman 
of  genius  and  merit,  was  born  at  Barba- 
does,  and  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls, 
in  1689,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  knowledge  of  physic,  modern  and  clas- 
sical literature,  and  divinity.  He  after- 
wards entered  the  army,  without  resigning 
his  fellowship  ;  and  recommended  himself 
to  the  notice  of  king  William  by  his  cou- 
rage in  repelling  the  French  in  their  attack 
on  St.  Christopher,  and  at  the  siege  of  Na- 
mur.  At  the  peace  of  Ryswick  he  was 
made  governor  of  the  Leeward  islands,  in 
which  office  he  conducted  himself  with 
great  propriety.  He  was  at  the  successful 
attack  on  Guadaloupe  in  1703  ;  some  time 
after  which  he  resigned  his  employment, 
and  lived  in  retirement  and  learned  ease. 
He  died  at  Barbadoes  7th  April,  1710,  and 
his  remains  were  brought  to  England,  and 
434 


interred  June  19, 1716,  in  All-souls  ehapel. 
He  left  his  library,  valued  at  6000J.  to  his 
college,  besides  10,000Z.  to  build  a  library. 
He  left  also  two  plantations  to  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts. 
Some  of  his  poems  appear  in  the  Musae 
Anglicanae.  He  was  esteemed  as  very  su- 
perior in  metaphysical  knowledge. 

Codrus,  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who 
nobly  offered  himself  to  death,  that  his 
countrymen  might  obtain  the  vicotry,  ac- 
cording to  the  words  of  an  oracle,  B.  C 
1070. 

Coeffeteau,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican, 
born  at  Calais,  died  1623,  aged  49,  after 
being  nominated  to  the  see  of  Marseilles 
by  Lewis  XIII.  He  translated  Florus,  and 
wrote  a  Roman  history  from  Augustus  to 
Constantine,  in  folio,  besides  other  pieces. 

Coen,  John  Paterson,  a  native  of  Hoorn, 
who  became  governor  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  city 
of  Batavia,  where  he  removed  the  factory 
from  Bantom  1619.  He  came  to  Europe; 
in  1623,  but  four  years  after  returned  to 
Batavia,  which  he  bravely  defended  against 
the  emperor  of  Java.  The  bodies  of  the 
thousands,  however,  of  the  enemy  who  fell 
in  the  siege,  produced  a  pestilence,  of 
which  unfortunately  Coen  died  1629, 
aged  42. 

Coeur,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the 
richest  subject  in  Europe.  His  connexions 
were  so  extensive  that  he  had  300  factors 
in  Italy  and  the  Levant,  and  his  resources 
were  so  great,  that  he  lent  Charles 
7,200,000  crowns  of  gold,  with  which  the 
monarch  conquered  Normandy.  These 
high  services,  however,  were  ill  repaid. 
Though  once  the  favourite  and  friend  of 
the  king,  he  was  basely  imprisoned,  and, 
under  the  false  pretence  that  he  had  poi- 
soned Agnes  Sorel,  the  king's  mistress,  he 
was  tried  and  condemned  to  dishonourable 
concessions,  and  a  fine  of  100,000  crowns. 
His  clerks,  in  his  misfortunes,  showed  their 
gratitude  to  him  ;  they  relieved  his  distress- 
es, and  facilitated  his  escape  from  confine- 
ment. He  fled  to  Rome,  where  pope  Ca- 
lixtus  III.  gave  him  the  command  of  his 
fleet  against  the  Turks.  He  soon  after 
died  at  Chio,  1456. 

Cogan,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Somerset- 
shire, educated  at  Oriel  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  In  1575  he  was  elected 
master  of  Manchester  school,  and  there,  as 
he  had  taken  his  degrees  in  physic,  he 
practised  with  great  success.  He  was 
author  of  the  haven  of  health,  for  the 
comfort  of  students,  4to.  1586 — a  preser- 
vative from  the  pestilence — epistolarum 
familiarum  Ciceronis  epitome,  &c. 

Coggeshalle,  Ralph,  an  English  Cis- 
tercian monk,  who  was  at  the  siege  of  Je- 
rusalem by  Saladin,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
history,  in  a  "  chronical  of  the  holy  land." 


COK 


COK 


published  in  1729.  He  wrote  besides  other 
things.  He  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
the  year  1228. 

Cohausen,  John  Henry,  a  German  phy- 
sician, author  of  a  curious  work,  called 
Hermippus  redivivus,  &c.  translated  into 
English  by  Dr.  John  Campbell,  and  called 
the  Sage's  triumph  over  old  age  and  the 
grave.  In  this  work,  he  pretended  that 
life  might  be  extended  to  115  years  by 
taking  in  the  breath  of  young  women.  He 
died  at  Munster  1750,  aged  85. 

Cohorn,  Memnon,  a  famous  Dutch  en- 
gineer, who  early  displayed  his  genius  for 
military  tactics,  and  the  art  of  fortifica- 
tion. As  engineer  and  lieutenant-general 
in  the  service  of  his  country,  he  skilfully 
fortified  and  ably  defended  the  principal 
towns,  and  supported  the  siege  of  Namur 
against  the  celebrated  Vauban.  He  died 
at  the  Hague  1704,  aged  72.  He  called 
Bergen-op-Zoom  the  masterpiece  of  all 
his  fortifications  which  he  had  erected  in 
the  United  States.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
fortification,  in  the  Flemish  language. 

Coignet,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Antwerp,  accused  of  selling  copies  of  his 
pieces,  drawn  by  his  scholars,  and  re- 
touched by  himself,  as  real  originals.  He 
died  1600,  aged  70. 

Cointe,  Charles  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Troyes,  4th  November,  1611.  He 
was  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the  ora- 
tory, and  for  his  abilities  he  deserved  the 
patronage  of  Colbert,  who  obtained  for 
him  a  pension  of  1000  livres  and  three  years 
after  500  livres  more.  He  wrote  annales 
ecclesiastici  Francorum,  8  vols.  fol.  from 
235  to  835,  the  first  volume  of  which  ap- 
peared 1665,  and  the  last  1679.  The  work, 
though  not  elegant,  is  curious,  and  con- 
tains great  variety  of  matter.  Le  Cointe 
died  at  Paris,  18th  January,  16S1,  aged  70. 

Coiter,  Volcherius,  celebrated  as  a  sur- 
geon, physician,  and  anatomist,  was  born 
at  Groningen.  His  labours  in  anatomy 
were  very  useful,  and  laid  the  foundation 
of  that  eminence  which  modern  industry 
has  produced.  He  wrote  a  system  of 
anatomy,  fol.  1573 — de  cartiliginibus  ta- 
bulae, 1566,  fol.  &c.  and  died  1600,  aged 
about  66. 

Coke,  Edward,  a  celebrated  English 
lawyer,  born  at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  in  1549. 
He  was  educated  at  the  free-school,  Nor- 
wich, and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from 
which,  after  four  years'  residence,  he  re- 
moved to  Clifford's  inn,  and  the  year  after 
to  the  Inner-temple.  After  six  years  he 
was  called  to  the  bar,  and  pleaded  his  first 
cause  in  the  king's  bench  1578.  He  was 
about  this  time  appointed  reader  of  Lyon's 
inn,  where  his  lectures  for  three  years, 
were  numerously  attended,  and  deservedly 
admired.  He  married  soon  after  Bridget 
daughter  of  John  Preston.  Esq.  a  lady  who 


brought  him  30,000J.  and  by  whom  he  had 
ten  children.  He  now  rose  to  consequence 
by  his  abilities,  and  from  his  matrimonial 
connexions,  he  was  elected  recorder  of 
Nottingham  and  Coventry,  member  for 
Norfolk,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, in  the  35th  of  Elizabeth.  He  was 
solicitor  and  afterwards  attorney-general  to 
the  queen,  and  in  that  quality  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  prosecution  of  Essex  and 
Southampton.  He  was  knighted  by  James 
in  1603  ;  but  he  highly  disgraced  himself  by 
the  violence  of  his  conduct  and  the  scur- 
rility of  his  language  in  managing  the  im- 
peachment of  the  unfortunate  Raleigh  ;  a 
circumstance  to  which  Shakspeare  is  sup- 
posed to  have  alluded  in  his  Twelfth  night. 
At  the  trial  of  the  gunpowder  conspirators, 
and  of  the  Jesuit  Garnet,  he  was  greatly 
distinguished  by  his  eloquence,  and  the  two 
speeches  which  were  afterwards  published 
are  deservedly  considered  as  master-pieces 
of  superior  elocution,  and  consummate  ar- 
gumentation. In  1606  he  was  made  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  se- 
ven years  after  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
king's  bench,  and  sworn  of  the  privy  coun- 
cil. In  the  trials  in  consequence  of  Over- 
bury's  murder,  Coke  behaved  with  great 
spirit  and  becoming  impartiality  ;  but  the 
dispute  which  he  had  with  Bacon,  and  the 
secret  intrigues  of  his  enemies,  undermined 
his  power,  and  lessened  his  influence  with 
the  king,  so  that  he  fell  into  disgrace. 
Some  attribute  his  fall  to  the  rising  favour- 
ite Villiers  ;  but  whatever  might  be  the 
causes  of  the  king's  displeasure,  sir  Ed- 
ward did  not  behave  in  his  adversity  with 
the  dignity  and  fortitude  which  conscious 
virtue  and  oppressed  innocence  should  as- 
sume. When  informed  of  his  banishment 
from  office,  he  on  his  knees  acknowledged 
the  royal  mercy  extended  to  him  beyond 
his  merits,  and  deprecated  the  severity  of 
his  sovereign's  displeasure.  Upon  his  dis- 
grace, he  received  a  letter  from  Bacon, 
which  cruelly  upbraided  his  conduct,  and 
insultingly  reflected  upon  his  situation  ;  a 
circumstance  in  itself  humiliating  to  hu- 
man nature  to  observe  the  abilities  of  so 
great  a  man,  and  so  sagacious  a  philoso- 
pher, dishonourably  demeaning  himself  by 
trampling  on  fallen  greatness.  He  after- 
wards was  restored  to  some  degree  of 
favour,  which  he  probably  procured  by 
marrying  his  daughter  to  the  brother  of 
Buckingham.  This  union,  which  was  ne- 
gotiated against  the  consent  of  lady  Coke, 
was  productive  of  serious  consequences, 
in  the  separation  of  sir  Edward  from  his 
wife,  which  nothing  at  last  but  the  king's 
interference  could  repair.  He  was  mem- 
ber in  the  parliament  of  1621  ;  but  though 
restored  to  the  privy  council,  his  conduct 
in  the  house  of  commons  was  too  inde- 
pendent to  please  the  court,  and  his  popu- 
435 


(  OL 


COL 


lar  harangues  against  the  royal  proclama- 
tions were  viewed  with  secret  resentment, 
and  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  house,  he 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  on  pretence 
of  ill  conduct  during  the  trial  of  Overhury. 
Though  soon  after  released  he  yet  was 
again  driven  from  the  privy  council,  and 
emphatically  called  by  James  "  the  fittest 
instrument  for  a  tyrant  that  ever  was  in 
England."  Under  the  next  reign,  though 
some  persecutions  attended  him,  that  he 
might  not  be  elected  to  parliament,  he  was 
made  sheriff  of  Bucks,  and  attended  on 
the  judges  where  he  often  had  presided  as 
chief  justice.  In  162S,  however,  he  was 
elected  for  Eucks,  and  in  the  house  be- 
came a  violent  advocate  for  the  redress 
of  grievances,  and  boldly  declared  Bucking- 
ham as  the  cause  of  all  the  miseries  of  the 
kingdom,  though  before  he  had  pronounced 
him  the  saviour  of  the  nation.  After  the 
dissolution  of  that  parliament  he  retired  to 
his  house  at  Stoke  Pogeys,  Bucks,  where 
he  died  September  3,  1634,  in  his  SGth 
year.  While  on  his  death-bed,  his  papers 
were  seized  by  sir  Francis  Windebank,  to- 
gether with  his  will  ;  and  they  were  not 
recovered  till  seven  years  after,  when  his 
son  moved  in  the  commons  that  the  papers 
seized  might  be  restored.  Sir  Edward  had 
married  for  his  second  wife,  in  1598,  Eli- 
zabeth, daughter  of  lord  Burleigh,  by 
whom  he  had  the  lady,  who  as  mentioned, 
so  unfortunately  produced  such  domestic 
dissensions.  Coke  was  in  his  character  a 
man  of  great  presence  of  mind  and  reso- 
lution, full  of  resources  ;  and  though  in 
his  calamity  dejected,  yet  never  despond- 
ing ;  so  that  James  compared  him  to  a  cat, 
which  always  falls  upon  her  legs.  Cele- 
brated as  an  able  lawyer,  he  is  still  known 
and  respected  as  a  clear  and  luminous  wri- 
ter on  the  constitution  of  his  country.  Of 
his  reports  the  first  volume  appeared  in 
1600,  in  folio,  but  the  last  or  13th  was 
published  only  in  1655.  His  institutes  are 
divided  into  four  parts  ;  the  first  of  which 
is  a  translation  of  Littleton's  tenures ;  the 
second  part  contains  magna  charta  and  other 
statutes  ;  the  third,  the  criminal  laws  of  the 
crown  ;  and  the  fourth  the  jurisdiction  of 
all  the  courts  of  the  kingdom.  There  are  be- 
sides other  works  of  inferior  consequence. 

Colardeau,  Charles  Pierre,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Janville,  Orleannois,  died  7th 
April,  1776,  aged  41.  He  translated  Pope's 
Eloisa  to  Abelard,  with  great  spirit  and 
elegance,  besides  two  of  Young's  night 
thoughts.  He  wrote  two  tragedies,  Astarbe 
and  Calisto,  not  favourably  received  on  the 
French  stage.  He  was  elected  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  but  died  before  his 
inaugural  speech.  His  works  were  collect- 
ed in  2  vols.  8vo.  1779,  Paris. 

Colbert,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Ses- 
436 


nelai,  an  illustrious  statesman.  His  Gu»iiy 
were  originally  of  Rheims,  where  his  grand- 
father was  a  wine  merchant,  and  his  father 
of  the  same  occupation,  but  afterwards  a 
cloth  and  silk  merchant.  As  clerk  to  Tel- 
lier,  a  notary,  young  Colbert  displayed  great, 
diligence  and  ability,  and  was  at  last  recom- 
mended to  cardinal  Mazarin,  whom  he 
faithfully  served  and  by  whom  he  was  high- 
ly patronised.  In  this  office  he  displayed 
so  much  zeal,  and  in  an  embassy  at  Rome 
showed  such  dexterity  and  despatch,  that 
Mazarin  at  his  death  in  1661,  strongly  re- 
commended him  to  the  king  as  a  man  of  in- 
tegrity, and  of  superior  talents.  Colbert 
was  first  intendant  of  finances,  and  in  this 
appointment,  he  settled  on  the  firmest  ba- 
sis, the  trade  of  France  with  the  East  and 
West  Indies.  As  superintendent  of  the 
buildings  in  1664  he  began  to  improve  and 
embellish  the  capital,  and  by  erecting  the 
noble  palaces  of  the  Thuilleries,  Versailles, 
the  Louvre,  Fontainbleau,  &c.  he  contribu- 
ted to  the  comfort  of  the  monarch,  and  to 
the  honour  of  the  nation.  His  influence 
with  the  monarch  procured  also  the  foun- 
dation of  the  academy  for  painting  and 
sculpture,  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  the 
observatory  which  was  first  inhabited  by 
Cassini.  He  likewise  promoted  the  canal 
by  which  the  two  seas  were  united,  and 
which  was  completed  in  1680,  after  14 
years'  labour,  and  he  introduced  a  severe 
reform  in  the  courts  of  justice.  In  1669 
he  was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  three 
years  after  minister  of  state,  which  enabled 
him  more  fully  to  promote  the  interests  of 
his  country,  and  the  glory  of  his  master. 
He  died  September  6th,  1683,  of  the  stone, 
leaving  six  sons  and  three  daughters,  whom 
he  settled  by  alliances  with  the  greatest 
and  most  powerful  families  of  France, 
wisely  considering  that  high  connexions 
are  a  more  permanent  profit  to  a  family 
than  a  momentary  popularity.  He  is  de- 
servedly respected  as  a  minister  who  ably 
restored  the  navy,  the  commerce,  and  the 
finances  of  France,  patronised  learning  and 
science,  and  invigorated  genius  by  his 
mild  and  active  generosity. 

Colbert,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  To- 
rey,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  Sep- 
tember 19th,  1665.  He  was  early  engaged 
in  politics,  and  as  ambassador  in  Portugal, 
Denmark,  and  England,  he  evinced  great 
judgment  and  ability.  He  was  secretary 
of  state  16S6,  director  general  of  the  posts 
1699,  and  counsellor  to  the  regency  in 
Lewis  XV. 's  minority.  He  died  at  Paris 
2d  of  September,  1746,  aged  81 .  Ten  years 
after  his  death  appeared  his  memoirs  of  the 
negotiations  from  the  treaty  of  Ryswick  to 
the  peace  of  Utrecht,  in  four  parts,  3  vols. 
12mo.  written  with  great  purity  and  com- 
mendable impartiality.      He  married  the 


COL 


COL 


daughter  of  de  Pomponne,  minister  of  state, 
by  whom  he  had  several  children. 

Colden,  Cadwallader,  a  distinguished 
scholar  and  civilian,  was  born  at  Dunse, 
Scotland,  in  1688,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  studied  medicine,  and  in  1708 
came  to  Philadelphia,  and  established  him- 
self as  a  physician.  In  1718  he  removed  to 
New- York,  and  was  soon  appointed  sur- 
veyor general,  and  afterwards  master  in 
chancery.  In  1720  he  was  advanced  to  a 
place  in  the  King's  council  of  the  province, 
and  was  for  a  long  time  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  members  of  that  body.  In 
1761  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  governor, 
and  held  the  office  till  his  death  in  1776. 
He  was  a  distinguished  scholar  as  well  as 
a  civilian ;  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the 
knowledge  of  medicine,  botany,  and  astro- 
nomy ;  and  corresponded  with  many  of  the 
most  eminent  scholars  both  in  America  and 
Europe.  Beside  his  publications  relating 
to  mathematics,  botany,  and  medicine,  and 
which  were  highly  respectable,  he  wrote  a 
valuable  history  of  the  five  Indian  nations. 

0=L. 

Cole,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Adderbury,  Oxfordshire,  1626,  and 
educated  at  Merton  college.  He  retired  to 
Butney,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  bota- 
ny. At  the  restoration  he  became  secreta- 
ry to  Duppa,  bishop  of  Winchester,  in  whose 
service  he  died  1662.  He  published,  1656, 
the  art  of  simpling,  or  introduction  to  the 
knowledge  of  gathering  plants,  and  the  next 
year  Adam  in  Eden,  or  Nature's  paradise, 
containing  a  history  of  herbs,  plants,  &c. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister, 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ 
church,  Oxford.  In  1656  he  was  made 
principal  of  St.  Mary-hall,  and  had  the 
great  Locke  among  his  pupils,  but  at  the 
restoration  he  was  ejected  for  nonconfor- 
mity, from  his  preferments,  and  after  keep- 
ing a  school  for  some  time  at  Nettlebed, 
he  settled  in  London,  and  was  lecturer  at 
Pinner's  hall.  He  wrote  a  discourse  on 
regeneration,  faith,  and  repentance,  8vo. — 
a  discourse  on  the  Christian  religion  on 
sundry  points,  8vo. — the  incomprehensi- 
bleness  of  imputed  righteousness  for  justi- 
fication of  human  reason,  and  other  things, 
and  died  1697. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gloucester- 
shire, who  made  a  curious  collection  of 
herbs,  &c.  which,  according  to  Dr.  Pulte- 
ney,  he  afterwards  destroyed  in  a  fit  of  re- 
ligious frenzy,  expressing  his  sorrow  that 
he  had  spent  his  time  in  a  manner  so  little 
conducive  to  the  service  of  God. 

Coles,  Elisha,  author  of  a  Latin  diction- 
ary, was  born  in  Northamptonshire  about 
1640,  and  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, in  1658.  He  left  the  university  with- 
out a  degree,  and  maintained  himself  in 
London,  by  teaching  Latin  and   English. 


He  was  afterwards  usher  at  Merchant  Tai- 
lors', but  left  the  place  for  some  misde- 
meanor, at  present  unknown,  and  retired 
to  Ireland,  where  he  died  about  1680. 
Besides  his  dictionary  in  8vo.  he  wrote  the 
English  schoolmaster — short-hand,  Nolens 
Volens — an  English  dictionary,  &c.  The 
famous  work  on  predestination  was  written 
by  another  Elisha  Coles,  his  uncle,  who 
lived  about  this  period,  and  died  1688. 

Colet,  John,  was  born  in  St.  Antholin's 
parish,  London,  1466,  son  of  the  lord 
mayor,  and  brother  to  21  other  children. 
He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, where   he  took  his   degree  of  D.D. 

1504.  His  knowledge  did  not  extend  to 
Greek,  as  in  those  days  that  language  was 
considered  as  unnecessary,  and  the  learn- 
ing of  it  was  opposed  by  a  set  of  men  who 
called  themselves  Trojans.  From  Oxford 
he  travelled  on  the  continent,  and  became 
acquainted  with  the  learned  of  the  times, 
with  Budaeus,  Erasmus,  Grocyn,  Linacre, 
Lilly,  &c.  and  on  his  return  to  England, 
he  was  courted  and  admired  for  his  learn- 
ing and  eloquence.  After  inferior  prefer- 
ments, he  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in 

1505,  and  in  this  high  office,  he  began  by 
preaching  himself,  and  by  procuring  the  as- 
sistance of  able  divines,  to  encourage  in- 
quiries afte*  the  contents  of  the  holy 
Scriptures.  The  spirit  and  independence 
which  he  showed,  made  him,  however,  ob- 
noxious to  the  clergy,  and  the  bishop  of 
London,  a  bigoted  man,  complained  of 
him  to  Warham,  the  primate,  who  knowing 
the  integrity  of  his  views,  dismissed  the  ac- 
cusation. In  his  eagerness  to  promote 
learning,  Colet  founded  St.  Paul's  school 
in  1512,  of  which  Lilly  was  the  first  mas- 
ter, with  an  ample  provision  to  instruct  153 
boys  gratis,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
mercer's  company.  Whilst  he  meditated 
retirement  to  privacy  and  solitude  from  the 
tumults  of  a  busy  life,  he  was  attacked  by 
the  sweating  sickness,  which  after  a  third 
relapse  carried  him  off  1 6th  September, 
1519,  in  his  53d  year.  He  wa^  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  church,  and  the  elegant  monu- 
ment erected  over  him  perished  with  the 
cathedral  in  1666.  He  wrote  various 
things,  all  of  which  are  mentioned  in  his 
life  by  Knight.  Though  he  did  not  live 
long  enough  to  see  the  reformation,  he  yet 
was  an  able  promoter  of  it,  and  he  was 
inimical  to  the  tenets  of  the  Romish  church, 
not  merely  as  the  friend  of  reformation, 
but  as  an  honest  man  whose  opinions  were 
respectable,  as  proceeding  from  an  exem- 
plary, moderate,  and  religious  character. 
He  is  introduced  under  the  character  of 
Gratianus  Pullus  in  Erasmus'  colloquy  call- 
ed Peregrinatio  religionis  ergo. 

Coley,  Henry,  a  native  of  Oxford,  who 
from  a  tailor  became  an  eminent  astrologi- 
cal writer,  as   the  assistant  of  Lilly,  and 
437 


COL 


CQL 


the  continuator  of  his  ephemeris.  His  pre- 
tended knowledge  of  futurity  rendered 
him  very  popular,  so  that  his  house  in 
Gray's-inn-lane  was  frequented  by  people 
of  all  descriptions,  and  his  opinion  obtain- 
ed by  the  examination  of  urine,  &c.  He 
wrote  a  key  to  the  whole  art  of  astrology, 
and  died  1690. 

Coligni,  Gaspard  de,  admiral  of  France, 
was  born  16th  February,  1516,  at  Chatillon- 
sur-Loing.  He  was  early  inured  to  a  mili- 
tary life,  and  by  his  brave  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  Cerisoles,  and  particularly  of 
Renti,  he  was  made  admiral  of  France. 
At  the  death  of  Henry  II.  he  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  Calvinists  against  the  Guises, 
and  during  the  battles  which  desolated 
France  at  that  melancholy  period  of  civil 
war,  he  greatly  distinguished  himself,  espe- 
cially at  Dreux,  St.  Denys,  Jarnac,  and 
Montcontour.  Peace  at  last  put  an  end  to 
civil  broils,  and  Coligni  appeared  at  court, 
and  was  loaded  with  the  caresses  and  the 
presents  of  Charles  IX.  who  soon  after  per- 
fidiously planned  and  executed  his  murder. 
Coligni  was  the  first  who  fell  on  the  fatal 
day  of  Bartholomew,  24th  August,  1572. 
The  duke  of  Guise  headed  his  train  of  as- 
sassins to  the  house  of  the  aged  hero,  who 
was  stabbed  in  several  places  by  Besme, 
and  thrown  out  of  the  window.  After  the 
body  had  been  exposed  three  days  to  the 
insults  of  the  populace,  the  head  was  cut 
off*  and  sent  by  the  bloody  Catherine  de  Me- 
dicis  as  a  present  to  the  Roman  pontiff. 
The  character  of  this  great,  good,  and  vir- 
tuous man,  has  been  ably  drawn  up  by  the 
abbe  de  Mabli,  who  draws  a  parallel  be- 
tween him  and  Francis  duke  of  Guise.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  Gatien  de  Cour- 
tilz,  16S6,  and  is  also  found  among  the 
"  hommes  illustres  de  France."  His  brother 
Odet  was  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Tou- 
louse, but  on  embracing  the  protestant  te- 
nets, he  was  stripped  of  his  honours,  and 
fled  to  England,  where  he  was  poisoned  by 
one  of  his  servants,  1571. 

Coligni,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Gas- 
pard de  Coligni,  marshal  of  France,  first 
married  Thomas  Hamilton,  a  Scotch  lord, 
and  afterwards  count  de  la  Suze  of  Cham- 
paigne.  This  last  union  proved  very  un- 
fortunate; the  jealousy  and  severities  of  her 
husband  compelled  her  to  embrace  the  Ca- 
tholic religion,  and  at  last  she  was  separa- 
ted from  him,  and  her  marriage  annulled 
by  the  parliament.  She  obtained  celebrity 
by  her  wit  and  the  effusions  of  her  elegiac 
muse,  so  that  the  flatterers  of  her  time, 
ascribed  to  her  the  majesty  of  Juno,  the 
wit  of  Minerva,  and  the  beauty  of  Venus. 
She  died  at  Paris,  10th  March,  1673.  Her 
poetical  works  have  been  printed  with  the 
works  of  Pelisson,  1695  and  1725,  in  two 
volumes  12mo. 

Collado,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
43« 


shipwrecked  1638,  on  his  return  to  Europe 
from  the  Philippines,  where  he  was  super- 
intendent of  the  convents.  He  wrote  ars 
grammatica  Japonicae  linguae — and  dic- 
tionary of  the  Japonese  language,  &c. 

Collange,  Gabriel  de,  of  Tours,  in 
Auvergne,  was  murdered  as  a  Huguenot  at 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  1572, 
though  he  was  a  Catholic.  He  translated 
the  cabalistic  writings  of  Trithemius,  in 
4to.  Paris,  1561,  and  was  besides  well 
skilled  in  mathematics  and  cosmography. 

Collatinus,  Luc.  Tarquinius,  the  hus- 
band of  Lucretia,  went  into  voluntary 
exile,  though  one  of  the  founders  of  Roman 
liberty,  because  the  name  of  Tarquin  was 
so  very  unpopular. 

Colle,  Charles,  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  died  at  Paris,  2d  Nov.  1783,  aged 
75.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  comic 
writer ;  but  though  he  occasionally  pos- 
sesses all  the  vigour  and  elegance  of  genu- 
ine wit,  and  correct  description,  he  yet 
wants  delicacy,  and  that  cautious  regard 
for  morals,  so  essential  in  public  exhibi- 
tions. He  was  of  that  society  of  jovial 
companions  known  under  the  name  of 
Caveau.  His  song  on  the  capture  of  Port- 
mahon  procured  him  a  pension  of  600 
livres.  His  works  are  collected  in  3  vols. 
12mo.  under  the  title  of  theatre  de  societe. 
His  best  plays  are,  Truth  in  wine — Dupius 
and  Desronias — and  Partie  de  chasse  de 
Henri  IV.  from  which  our  Miller  of  Mans- 
field is  borrowed. 

College,  Stephen,  the  protestant  joiner, 
was  condemned  at  Oxford  as  guilty  of  a 
conspiracy  against  Charles  II.  upon  the 
testimony  of  a  worthless  informer,  and  he 
suffered  death,  strongly  asserting  his  inno- 
cence, 1681.  He  was  in  his  character  a 
respectable  man  and  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic, and  his  daughter  was  made  semp- 
stress to  king  William,  with  a  salary  of 
300*.  a  year. 

Colleone,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Bergamo,  descended  from  a  noble  family. 
He  followed  the  fortunes  of  De  Montone, 
and  of  Joan  queen  of  Naples,  and  after- 
wards entered  into  the  service  of  the  Ve- 
netians, and  defeated  Nicolas  Piccinino. 
He  was  next  in  the  service  of  Visconti,  and 
then  of  Francis  Sforza,  for  whom  he  de- 
feated the  French  army  at  the  battle  of 
Frescati.  After  serving  so  many  different 
masters,  and  every  where  carrying  victory 
in  his  train, he  again  entered  into  the  service 
of  the  Venetians.  He  died  1475,  and  his 
memory  was  honoured  with  an  equestrian 
statue,  by  the  gratitude  of  the  senate.  He 
united  to  the  great  merits  of  a  warrior  the 
amiable  character  of  the  patron  of  learning, 
and  the  friend  of  religion  and  virtue. 

Collet,  Peter,  a  French  ecclesiastic  of 
Ternay,  who  died  1770,  aged  73.  He  is 
author  of  fheologia  moralis  universalis,  17 


COL 


COL 


vols.  8vo. — institutiones  theologicae  ad 
usum  seminianor,  7  vols.  12mo. — the  life 
of  Vincent  de  St.  Paul,  2  vols.  4to. — lives 
of  Bourdon  and  De  la  Croix,  &c. 

Collet,  Philibert,  a  French  advocate, 
author  of  treatises  on  excommunications, 
tithes,  usury,  alms,  &c.  a  volume  on  the 
statutes  and  customs  of  Bresse — two  letters 
on  Tournefort's  history  of  plants — and  a 
catalogue  of  the  plants  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Dijon,  &c.     He  died  1718. 

Colletet,  William,  a  French  academi- 
cian, who  died  at  Paris,  10th  Feb.  1659, 
aged  61.  He  was  one  of  the  five  authors 
whom  Richelieu  selected  to  write  for  the 
theatres  ;  but  though  liberally  patronised 
by  him,  he  refused  to  alter  his  verses  ac- 
cording to  his  suggestions.  He  was  four 
times  married  ;  but  his  extravagance  was 
so  great,  that  he  died  in  great  indigence. 
His  works  were  published  in  1653,  in  12mo. 

Colleton,  James,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  succeeded  Morton.  During  his 
administration  the  colony  was  greatly  agi- 
tated, and  the  government  nearly  over- 
thrown, by  the  high  church  party,  who  in 
their  violence  against  the  puritans,  opposed 
all  his  moderate  and  judicious  councils, 
and  in  1690  went  so  far  as  to  procure  a  law 
prohibiting  his  holding  any  office  in  the 
colony.  The  proprietors,  to  please  the 
party,  professed  to  disapprove  of  his  con- 
duct, but  the  law  disqualifying  him  for 
office  was  repealed.  O*  L. 

Collier,  Jeremy,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Stow-Qui,  Cambridgeshire,  23d 
September,  1650.  He  was  educated  under 
his  father,  master  of  Ipswich  school,  and 
afterwards  entered  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.A.  1676.  He  resided  for  six  years 
on  his  rectory  of  Ampton,  near  Bury,  Suf- 
folk, when  he  resigned  it,  and  settled  in 
London,  where  he  became  lecturer  of  Gray 's- 
inn.  At  the  revolution  he  was  for  a  while 
silenced  ;  but  his  attack  on  a  pamphlet 
by  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  drew  upon  him  the 
resentment  of  the  court,  and  he  was  sent 
to  Newgate,  from  which,  however,  he 
was  liberated  without  trial.  He  conti- 
nued still  as  a  writer  to  abuse  the  revo- 
lution, for  which  he  was  again  persecuted, 
and  sent  to  the  king's  bench  prison,  but 
released  by  the  intercession  of  some  of 
his  friends.  In  1696  Collier  attended 
Friend  and  Perkins,  two  persons  who  were 
executed  for  their  concern  in  the  assassi- 
nation plot,  and  by  absolving  them  in  the 
most  solemn  manner,  and  by  his  imposing 
his  hand  upon  them,  he  exposed  himself  to 
the  censures  of  the  clergy,  and  was  accused 
of  insulting  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  go- 
vernment. Instead  of  putting  in  bail,  Col- 
lier absconded,  and  was  outlawed  till  the 
day  of  his  death.  In  his  retirement  he  not 
only  defended  his  conduct,  but  began  to  ac- 


quire greater  celebrity  by  his  pen.  He 
wrote  his  essays  on  moral  subjects,  and 
afterwards  his  view  of  the  immorality  of 
the  English  stage,  a  work  which  engaged 
him  in  perpetual  contention  with  the  wits 
and  poets  of  the  age.  The  severity  of  his 
attack,  and  the  justness  and  force  of  his 
arguments  were  such,  that  a  reformation 
actually  took  place,  in  the  language  of 
pieces  represented  on  the  stage,  and  though 
Vanbrugh  and  Congreve  ridiculed  his  as- 
saults, yet  Dryden  had  the  good  sense  and 
honesty  of  acknowledging  the  propriety  of 
his  remarks,  and  of  publishing  his  own  re- 
pentance for  the  licentiousness  of  his  muse. 
His  historical  dictionary,  chiefly  compiled 
from  Moreri,  made  its  appearance  in  1701, 
and  the  fourth  volume  of  It  in  1721.  He 
afterwards  published  in  2  vols.  fol.  an  ec- 
clesiastical history  of  Great  Britain,  valua- 
ble for  the  various  documents  and  exten- 
sive information  which  it  contains.  In  1713 
Collier  was  consecrated  a  bishop  by  Hickes, 
who  had  himself  been  consecrated  suffragan 
of  Thetford,  by  the  deprived  bishops  of  Nor- 
wich, Ely,  and  Peterborough.  He  was  in 
consequence  of  his  sedentary  life  greatly 
afflicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he  died 
26th  April,  1726,  aged  76.  He  was  buried 
in  St.  Pancras  churchyard.  Besides  the 
works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  several 
treatises  on  controversial  and  ecclesiastical 
subjects,  and  assisted  some  of  his  friends 
in  the  completion  of  their  publications. 
He  was  deservedly  admired  as  a  man  of 
independent  spirit,  as  a  writer  of  great 
learning  and  genius,  and  as  a  divine  of 
genuine  piety. 

Collings,  John,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers at  the  Savoy  conference  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  died  1690,  aged  67.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  critic  and  divine. 
His  weaver's  pocket  book  was  much  ad- 
mired. He  was  ejected  as  a  nonconformist 
from  St.  Stephen's,  Norwich,  where  he  had 
been  minister  44  years.  He  assisted  Poole 
in  his  annotations. 

Collingwood,  Cuthbert,  lord,  an  Eng- 
lish admiral,  was  born  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne  in  1748.  He  was  educated  under 
Mr.  Moises,  at  the  same  time  with  the 
present  chancellor  Eldon.  In  1761  he  en- 
tered into  the  naval  service,  in  which  he 
passed  through  all  the  regular  steps  of  pro- 
motion till  he  was  made  post  captain,  and 
commanded  the  Prince,  admiral  Bowyer's 
flag-ship,  in  the  battle  of  the  1st  of  June, 
1794.  After  this  he  had  the  Hector,  and 
next  the  Excellent,  in  which  he  bore  a  part, 
with  his  old  friend  Nelson,  in  the  action  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  Feb.  14,  1797.  In  1799 
he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral 
of  the  white,  and  in  1801  to  the  red.  In 
1804  he  was  made  vice-admiral  of  the  blue, 
and  served  %vith  Cornwallis  in  the  tedious 
but  important  blockade  of  Brest.  At  length, 
4Jfe 


CUL 


(JUL 


after  a  variety  of  services,  Collingwood  be* 
came  second  to  Nelson  in  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar,  on  which  occasion  his  ship,  the 
Royal  Sovereign,  commenced  the  fight,  in 
such  a  manner  as  drew  from  the  com- 
mander these  expressions  :  "  Look  at  that 
noble  fellow  !  Observe  the  style  in  which 
he  carries  his  ship  into  action  !"  After  the 
loss  of  the  great  hero,  the  command  de- 
volved upon  Collingwood  at  a  critical  pe- 
riod, and  how  well  he  secured  by  his  pru- 
dence what  had  been  so  gloriously  won, 
needs  not  be  here  related.  He  was  now 
advanced  to  be  vice-admiral  of  the  red, 
confirmed  in  the  command  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean fleet,  and  created  a  peer  of  Great 
Britain,  by  the  title  of  baron  Collingwood. 
He  died  off' Minorca,  on  board  the  Ville  de 
Paris,  March  7,  1810,  and  his  body  being 
brought  to  England  was  interred  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.—  W.  B. 

Collins,  John,  an  eminent  accomptant 
and  mathematician,  son  of  a  nonconform- 
ing divine,  was  born  at  Woodeaton,  near 
Oxford,  March,  1624.  He  was  engaged 
with  a  bookseller,  and  afterwards  with 
Mar,  a  clerk  of  the  kitchen  to  Charles, 
prince  of  Wales,  a  man  who  was  particu- 
larly fond  of  mathematics,  and  who  con- 
structed those  sun-dials  which  adorned  the 
prince's  gardens.  Thus  early  initiated  to  the 
knowledge  of  mathematics,  he  further  im- 
proved himself  during  the  seven  years  which 
he  spent  in  the  sea  service,  and  at  his  return 
assumed  the  profession  of  an  accomptant, 
and  published  some  valuable  works  on 
mathematical  and  geometrical  subjects.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  whose 
memoirs  he  enriched  by  many  valuable 
communications.  He  was  made  accomptant 
to  the  royal  fishery  company,  and  was  so 
highly  respected  for  his  knowledge  of 
figures,  that  the  lord  Chancellor  Shaftes- 
bury often  consulted  him,  and  referred  to 
his  final  decision,  the  settlement  of  difficult 
and  intricate  accounts.  He  died  of  a  con- 
sumption, in  consequence  of  drinking,  after 
a  hot  day's  journey,  too  large  a  quantity  of 
cider,  November  10th,  1683.  He  was  the 
intimate  correspondent  of  the  illustrious 
men  of  his  times,  of  Newton,  Wallis,  Bar- 
row, Gregory,  Flamstead,  Leibnitz,  Town- 
ley,  &c.  Twenty-five  years  after  his  death 
his  writings  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  learn- 
ed William  Jones,  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  was  of  a  strong  and  inventive  genius, 
he  first  projected  the  manner  of  dividing 
the  meridian  line  on  the  nautical  chart,  a 
problem  of  the  first  importance  to  naviga- 
tion ;  and  he  began  to  shorten  the  method 
of  computation  by  logarithms,  which  was 
completed  by  Halley.  His  "  commercium 
epistolarum"  appealed  in  4to.  1712. 

Collins,  Anthony,  was  born  at  Helston, 
near  Hounslow,  2lst  June,  1676,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  king's  college,  Cam- 
410 


bridge,  under  the  tuition  of  Hare,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Chichester.  He  entered 
at  the  Temple,  but  disliking  the  study  of 
the  law,  he  applied  himself  to  the  general 
pursuit  of  literature.  He  now  became  the 
friend  of  the  learned,  and  gained  the  con- 
fidence of  Locke,  who  corresponded  with 
him,  and  at  his  death  left  a  letter  for  him, 
full  of  the  warmest  confidence  and  affec- 
tion. He  was  the  best  part  of  his  life  en- 
gaged in  controversies,  which  proved  him 
to  be  more  inclined  to  scepticism  and  infi- 
delity, than  to  support  the  Christian  religion 
as  an  impartial  and  disinterested  inquirer 
after  truth.  His  chief  works  were,  priest- 
craft in  perfection — an  essay  on  the  39 
articles  of  the  church  of  England — vindi- 
cation of  the  divine  attributes — discourse  of 
free  thinking — philosophical  inquiry  con- 
cerning human  liberty — scheme  of  literal 
prophecy — a  discourse  on  the  grounds  and 
reasons  of  the  Christian  religion,  in  two 
parts,  a  work  which  excited  general  atten- 
tion, and  whose  tenets  were  in  a  short 
space  of  time  combated  by  not  less  than 
35  antagonists,  among  whom  appear  the 
respectable  names  of  Whiston,  Chandler, 
Clarke,  Ashley,  Sykes,  and  Sherlock.  Col- 
lins twice  visited  Holland,  but  never  pene- 
trated farther  on  the  continent.  He  retired 
in  1715  to  Essex,  where  he  acted  as  a 
magistrate,  and  deserved  the  public  grati- 
tude, by  the  benevolence  and  integrity  with 
which  he  managed  the  affairs  of  the  county 
as  treasurer  of  its  funds.  He  was  long 
afflicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he  died, 
December  13th,  1729.  He  acknowledged 
in  his  last  moments  that  the  true  catholic 
religion  is  to  love  God  and  to  love  man, 
and  he  earnestly  advised  those  that  stood 
around  him  to  observe  that  as  the  awful 
warning  of  a  dying  man. 

Collins,  Arthur,  a  learned  and  inde- 
fatigable antiquary,  whose  knowledge  of 
genealogy  and  labours  of  research  are  suf- 
ficiently proved  in  his  valuable  work  called 
the  peerage  of  England,  in  8  vols,  which 
has  passed  through  several  editions,  and  has 
been  further  improved  by  Longmate. 

Collins,  Samuel,  an  English  physician, 
who  studied  at  Padua,  and  was  graduated 
at  Oxford,  in  1659.  He  wrote  the  present 
state  of  Russia,  1671,  8vo.  besides  a  book 
of  anatomy,  in  folio.  He  was  censor  of 
the  college  of  physicians  1707. 

Collins,  William,  a  poet  of  great  emi- 
nence, son  of  a  hatter,  born  at  Chichester, 
December  25th,  1720.  He  was  educated 
at  Winchester  school,  but  being  superan- 
nuated, and  thus  prevented  from  entering 
at  New  college,  he  became  a  member  of 
Queen's  college,  and  was  afterwards  elect- 
ed demy  of  Magdalen  1741.  During  his 
residence  at  Oxford,  he  published  his  orien- 
tal eclogues,  which  arc  so  deservedly  ad- 
mired for  simplicity,  richness  of  descrip- 


COL 


(JUL 


ikon,  and  unaffected  tenderness.  In  1744 
he  left  Oxford  and  came  to  London,  pant- 
ing after  fame,  with  few  resources,  and  too 
wavering  in  his  plans  to  execute  any  regu- 
lar work.  At  this  time  he  published  pro- 
posals for  a  history  of  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing, of  which  probably  not  a  single  line  was 
ever  written.  He  was  now  known  to  Dr. 
Johnson,  who  with  his  friendship  shared 
his  poverty,  and  was  privy  to  his  distresses 
and  dangerous  escapes.  The  death  of  his 
uncle,  colonel  Martin,  and  a  legacy  of 
1000J.  soon  however  enabled  bim  to  live 
more  respectably ;  but  the  acquisition  of 
independence  unfortunately  did  not  ad- 
vance the  literary  labours  of  the  poet,  who 
no  sooner  found  himself  enabled  to  study, 
than  he  was  assailed  by  greater  calamities 
than  poverty,  the  calamities  of  disease  and 
insanity.  That  so  able  a  writer,  and  so 
sublime  a  poet,  should  be  incapacitated  to 
give  flow  to  the  pure  streams  of  genius 
and  elegant  conception  is  a  melancholy  loss 
to  mankind.  For  a  time  he  endeavoured 
to  disperse  the  clouds  which  hung  threaten- 
ing over  his  reason  by  travelling  into 
France,  but  he  returned,  and  after  being 
some  time  confined  in  a  house  of  lunatics, 
and  afterwards  attended  by  the  care  of  his 
sister,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  intellectual 
malady  at  Chichester,  in  1756.  When  he 
was  visited  at  Islington  by  Johnson,  he 
was  found  in  his  retirement  with  a  book  in 
his  hand,  which  his  friend  out  of  curiosity 
examined  to  see  what  companion  a  man  of 
letters  had  chosen.  I  have  but  one  book, 
said  Collins,  but  that  is  the  best.  It  was  a 
common  English  Testament,  such  as  chil- 
dren carry  to  school.  In  his  last  illness, 
Collins  expressed  to  his  friend,  Dr.  Whar- 
ton, his  disapprobation  of  his  oriental 
eclogues.  His  odes,  though  very  sublime, 
especially  that  on  the  passions,  are  how- 
ever often  obscure,  his  lines  are  clogged 
with  clusters  of  consonants,  and  he  too 
much  affected  the  obsolete,  when  it  was 
not  worthy  of  revival. 

Collins,  John,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  was  elected  in  1786,  and  was 
three  years  in  office.  He  was  an  active 
revolutionary  character,  and  was  elected 
one  of  the  delegates  from  that  state  to 
congress  in  1778.  Mr.  Fenner  succeeded 
him  as  governor.  He  died  at  Newport, 
March,  1795,  aged  78.  0=  L. 

Collins,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  elected  in  1820,  and  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, April  15,  1822.  Mr.  Rodney,  presi- 
dent of  the  senate,  succeeded  him  in  the 
administration  until  the  following  election. 

(tTL. 

Collinson,  Peter,  an  eminent  botanist, 
born  in  the  parish  of  Stavely,  near  Kendal, 
Westmoreland.  He  had  an  early  and 
strong  partiality  for  natural  history,  and 
great  naturalists  and  manv  literarv  charac- 

^'ol.  I.  56 


ters  of  the  age  were  soon  in  the  number  oi.' 
his  intimate  friends  ;  such  as  Derham, 
Woodward,  Dale,  Sloane,  Lloyd,  and 
others.  In  1728  he  became  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  whose  memoirs  he  greatly 
enriched  by  his  own  inquiries,  and  his 
valuable  correspondence  with  foreigners, 
especially  Benjamin  Franklin,  Cadwallader 
Colden,  and  the  famous  Linnasus.  To  his 
zeal  and  improvements  we  are  indebted 
for  the  many  trees  and  shrubs  transplanted 
from  the  Western  hemisphere  and  other 
countries,  which  adorn  our  gardens  and 
plantations.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
antiquarian  society  in  1737.  In  private 
life  he  was  of  amiable  manners,  very  com- 
municative, and  of  a  very  benevolent  heart. 
He  was  attacked  while  on  a  visit  to  his 
friend  lord  Petre  with  a  retention  of  urine, 
which  medical  assistance  could  not  re- 
move, and  which  shortly  proved  fatal,  11th 
August,  1768,  in  his  75th  year. 

Collius,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Ambro- 
sian  college  at  Milan,  died  in  1640,  at  an 
advanced  age.  He  wrote  a  famous  trea- 
tise, de  animabus  paganorum,  in  two  vols. 
4to.  in  which,  amidst  bold  and  curious  con- 
jectures, he  decrees  salvation  to  the  sages 
of  Greece,  the  midwives  of  Egypt,  Socra- 
tes, &c.  while  he  denounces  damnation  on 
Pythagoras,  Aristotle,  and  others.  His 
book  de  sanguine  Christi  is  equally  curious 
and  singular. 

Collot,  Germain,  a  French  surgeon, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  cutting  for  the  stone. 
He  died  1656. 

Collot  d'Herbois,  J.  M.  a  player, 
who  exhibited  with  little  success  on  the 
theatres  of  Geneva,  the  Hague,  and  Lyons. 
The  hisses  and  disapprobation  which  at- 
tended his  appearance  at  Lyons,  made  him 
vow  vengeance  on  that  unfortunate  city, 
and  as  he  had  represented  the  character  of 
tyrant  on  the  stage  to  the  best  advantage,  he 
was  soon  to  exhibit  it  in  real  life  when  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  convention,  and  sent 
as  deputy  to  punish  its  revolt.  Invested 
with  absolute  power  against  the  devoted 
Lyonese,  he  seemed  determined  to  destroy 
every  vestige  of  their  city,  not  only  the 
walls  were  battered  down  with  cannon 
shot,  but  the  unfortunate  inhabitants  were 
slaughtered  with  insulting  cruelty,  and  not 
less  than  209  perished  in  one  evening. 
Collot,  thus  stained  with  blood,  and  de- 
servedly called  the  tiger,  returned  to  Paris 
to  become  the  worthy  associate  of  Robes- 
pierre. He  voted  for  the  abolition  of  mo- 
narchy, and  the  death  of  Lewis,  because 
that  unfortunate  monarch  had  refused  to  ap- 
point him  his  minister ;  but  when  his  friend 
Robespierre  was  accused,  he  changed  sides, 
and  as  president  of  the  convention,  he  ex- 
erted all  his  influence  to  procure  his  con- 
demnation. This  minister  of  iniquity  was 
afterwards  himself  condemned  1795  to  be 
441 


COL 


COL 


deported  to  Cayenne,  where  be  endeavour- 
ed to  excite  an  insurrection  of  the  blacks. 
He  died  in  confinement,  November,  1796. 
As  an  orator  he  had  some  powers  of  elo- 
quence, which  were  fatally  exerted  in  the 
convention,  and  among  the  Jacobins  ;  but 
as  a  dramatic  writer  he  acquired  little 
celebrity.  The  best  of  his  pieces  is  an 
imitation  of  the  Spanish  play  of  Calderon, 
which  he  called  the  Paysan  magistrat. 

Colluthus,  a  priest  of  Alexandria.  He 
maintained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of 
the  wicked,  nor  of  the  misfortunes  which 
afflict  human  life.  He  usurped  the  epis- 
copal authority,  but  was  condemned  as  a 
heretic  by  the  council  of  Alexandria  324. 

Colman,  George,  an  English  writer, 
born  about  the  year  1733  at  Florence, 
where  his  father  was  British  resident  at 
the  grand  duke's  court.  His  mother  was 
sister  of  Lady  Bath.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  He 
early  displayed  those  shining  talents  which 
promised  future  reputation,  and  ensured 
him  the  friendship  of  the  wits  of  the  time, 
of  Lloyd,  Bonnel,  Thornton,  Churchill,  and 
others.  While  at  Oxford  he  published 
with  Thornton  the  Connoiseur  in  weekly 
numbers,  from  31st  January,  1754  to  Sep- 
tember 30tb,  1756.  He  entered  at  Lin- 
coln's-Inn  under  the  patronage  of  lord 
Bath,  but  though  called  to  the  bar,  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law  was  less  congenial  to 
his  taste  and  feelings  than  the  pursuit  of 
the  muses.  From  writing  fugitive  pieces 
of  poetry,  he  soon  applied  himself  to  dra- 
matic composition.  His  Polly  Honeycomb 
was  acted  at  Drury-lane  in  1760  with  great 
success,  and  the  next  year  his  Jealous 
Wife  divided  the  general  applause  with 
Murphy's  Way  to  keep  him,  and  Macklin's 
Married  Libertine.  The  death  of  lord 
Bath  in  1764  left  him  in  the  independent 
enjoyment  of  a  comfortable  annuity,  and 
his  income  was  further  increased  upon  the 
decease  of  general  Pultney  in  1767.  He 
pin-chased  of  Beard  in  176S,  with  Harris, 
Powel,  and  Rutherford,  the  property  of 
Convent-garden  theatre,  but  he  soon  part- 
ed with  his  share  in  consequence  of  some 
private  dispute  with  his  fellow  patentees. 
Soon  after  he  purchased  of  Foote,  for  an 
annuity,  the  Hay-market  theatre,  and  with 
great  judgment  and  much  advantage  to 
himself  and  to  the  public,  he  continued  the 
management  of  that  house  till  the  time  of 
his^death,  and  thus  introduced  to  the  ad- 
miration and  patronage  of  the  kingdom 
many  actors  of  merit  and  respectability.  In 
1790,116  was  attacked  by  a  stroke  of  the 
palsy,  which  not  only  deprived  him  nearly 
of  the  use  of  one  of  his  sides,  but  brought 
on  alarming  symptoms  of  mental  derange- 
ment. He  was  removed  to  Paddington 
'mder  proper  management,  and  died  14th 
442 


August  1794.  Besides  the  comedies  ~a1  - 
ready  mentioned,  the  best  of  Colman's 
plays  are  the  Clandestine  marriage,  the 
English  merchant,  the  Oxonian  in  town, 
the  Man  of  business,  Epicene,  the  Spanish 
barber,  Suicide,  the  separate  maintenance, 
the  Manager  in  distress,  &c.  He  evinced 
his  abilities  as  a  scholar,  and  as  a  critic,  by 
his  respectable  translation  of  Terence's 
comedies,  and  of  Horace's  art  of  poetry. 

Colmav,  Benjamin,  a  congregational 
minister,  was  born  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1673,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1692.  In  1699  he  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Brattle-street  church  in  Bos- 
ton, then  recently  formed,  and  laboured 
there  with  great  popularity  and  usefulness 
till  his  death  in  1747.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  eminent  among  the  ministers  of  his 
time,  in  talents,  learning,  eloquence  and 
devotedness  to  the  duties  of  his  office. 

(G=L. 

Colocci,  Angelo,  a  native  of  Jesi  in 
Italy,  descended  from  a  noble  family,  who 
assumed  the  learned  name  of  Angelus  Co- 
lotius  Bassus.  He  settled  at  Rome,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  noble  col- 
lection of  books.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Nocera,  by  Leo  X.  and  governor  of  Ascoli 
by  Clement  VII.  He  wrote  Latin  poems 
of  some  merit,  but  his  Italian  verses  ex- 
press little  excellence.  He  died  at  Rome 
1549,  aged  82.  He  was  the  reviver  and 
patron  of  the  Roman  academy. 

Cologne,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
educated  at  Paris  and  at  Geneva,  where  he 
became  the  friend  of  Calvin  and  of  Beza. 
He  went  to  Metz,  and  afterwards  settled 
at  Heidelberg, where  he  died  in  the  earlypart 
of  his  life.  He  vindicated  the  protestants 
against  the  bishop  of  Metz,  and  wrote  also 
on  the  eucharist. 

Colombiere,  Claude  de  la,  a  famous  Je- 
suit, born  near  Lyons.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  and  for  two  years  delivered 
his  discourses  with  great  popularity  and 
effect  before  James  II.  of  England,  but  on 
suspicion  of  conspiracy,  he  was  banished 
from  England,  and  died  at  Parai,  in  the 
Charolois,  15th  February,  1682,  aged  41. 
He  is  particularly  known  as  the  inventor 
of  the  Solemnity  of  the  heart  of  Jesus, 
which  had  however  been  before  introduced 
by  Thomas  Goodwin,  president  of  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford.  The  novelty  of  this 
improper  act  of  devotion  soon  engaged  the 
attention  of  the  pious,  and  under  the  in- 
fluence of  pretended  visions  and  miracles  it 
soon  gained  a  great  number  of  partisans  and 
zealous  apostles.  The  better  sense  of 
mankind,  however,  and  the  return  of  genu- 
ine piety,  soon  dispelled  these  fanatical 
tenets.  The  sermons  of  Colombiere  were 
published  at  Lyons  in  1757,  6  vols.  12mo. 
He  wrote  besides  some  moral  reflections, 
and  spiritual  letters. 


COL 


COL 


Colomies,  or  CoLOMEsirs,  Paul,  a 
Trench  protestant,  born  at  Roehelle  in 
1638.  He  travelled  through  Europe,  and 
at  the  solicitation  of  Isaac  Vossius,  he 
visited  England,  where  he  was  ordained 
and  made  Lambeth  librarian.  He  died  in 
London,  in  1692.  He  wrote  Gallia  Orien- 
talis — Hispania  et  Italia  Orientalis — theo- 
logorum  presbyterianorum  Icon. — biblio- 
theque  choisie,  besides  critical  works,  &c. 

Coloni,  Adam,  and  Adrian,  two  Dutch 
historical  painters,  called  the  old  and  the 
young.  Adam  died  in  London  1685,  and 
his  son  1701,  aged  33. 

Colonna,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  born  at  Na- 
ples 1567.  He  devoted  his  time  not  only 
to  natural  history,  but  to  the  languages,  to 
music,  the  law,  and  all  the  polite  arts.  His 
works,  especially  on  botany,  are  very  valua- 
ble. He  wrote  plantarum  et  piscium  his- 
toria,  4to. — stirpium  rariorum  descriptio, 
4to.  dissertation  on  the  glossopetrae,  4to. 
on  American  plants,  fol. — dissertation  on 
the  porpura,  4to.  He  was  the  first  who 
gave  distinct  names  to  the  petals  and  the 
leaves  of  flowers,  a  judicious  arrangement 
afterwards  adopted  by  Tournefort.  The 
musical  instrument  called  pentachordon  is 
of  his  invention.  He  lived  to  his  eightieth 
year. 

Colonna,  Francisco  Maria  Pompeio,  a 
French  philosopher,  whose  chief  work  is  the 
natural  history  of  the  universe  1734,  4  vols. 
12mo.  He  perished  in  the  fire  which  de- 
stroyed his  house  at  Paris  1726. 

Colonna,  Prospero,  son  of  Anthony 
prince  of  Salerno,  assisted,  in  company 
with  his  relation  Fabricio,  Charles  VIII.  of 
France  in  the  conquest  of  Naples  ,  but  af- 
terwards he  exerted  his  influence  and  his 
military  powers  to  reconquer  it  for  the 
house  of  Arragon.  He  was  made  prisoner 
at  the  battle  of  Villa  Franca  1515;  but 
when  restored  to  liberty  by  the  French,  he 
renewed  the  war  with  astonishing  vigour, 
and  after  gaining  the  battle  of  la  Bicoque, 
he  was  enabled  to  relieve  Milan,  in  1522. 
This  distinguished  warrior  died  1523, 
aged  71. 

Colonna,  Pompeo,  nephew  of  Prospero, 
was  brought  up  to  the  church,  and  made 
bishop  of  Rieti,  and  a  cardinal,  though  his 
inclinations  tended  to  the  military  profes- 
sion. Ever  restless  and  dissatisfied,  he 
raised  an  insurrection  at  Rome  on  the  re- 
ported death  of  Julius  II.  1512,  and,  with 
his  accomplice  Savillo,  he  seized  the  capi- 
tol ;  but,  though  pardoned,  and  restored 
to  his  ecclesiastical  honours,  he  again,  in 
1526,  engaged  in  another  conspiracy  to 
seize  the  chief  power,  and  to  put  the  pope 
to  death.  This  perfidious  conduct,  which 
brought  misery  on  the  Romans,  by  the 
sacking  of  the  city  by  the  constable  Bour- 
bon, was  not  punished  as  it  deserved,  but 
Colonna,    whose    intrigues  assisted    the 


pope's  escape  from  the  castle  of  St.  Ange- 
lo,  was  again  pardoned,  raised  to  new  ho- 
nours, and  made  viceroy  of  Naples.  He 
died  1532,  author  of  a  poem  de  virtutibus 
mulierum. 

Colonna,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  who,  in 
consequence  of  disappointed  love  in  his 
courtship  of  Lucretia  Lelia,  became  author 
of  a  curious  work  called  Hypnerotomachia 
di  Polyphilo,  printed  by  Aldus  1499,  and 
translated  into  French  1561.  He  was  af- 
terwards of  the  order  of  St .  Dominic,  and 
died  1527. 

Colonna,  Victoria,  daughter  of  Fabricio 
duke  of  Paliano,  was  born  at  Marino  1490, 
and  married,  1507,  the  marquis  of  Piscara. 
In  1525,  on  her  husband's  death,  she  retired 
to  a  monastery,  and  died  at  Rome  1547. 
Her  elegant  poems  have  often  been  print- 
ed, and  are  deservedly  admired. 

Colonna,  Mark  Antonio,  duke  of  Pa- 
liano, distinguished  himself  so  much  in  the 
defeat  of  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Lepan- 
to,  1571,  that  the  pope  permitted  him  to 
enter  Rome  in  a  triumphal  procession.  He 
was  afterwards  made  constable  of  Naples, 
and  viceroy  of  Sicily  ;  and  died  1584. 

Colonna,  Ascanio,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  made  a  cardinal,  and  showed  his 
learning  and  the  powers  of  his  eloquence 
in  the  defence  of  the  pope  in  his  dispute 
with  the  Venetians.  He  died  at  Rome  160S. 

Colonna,  John,  a  noble  Italian,  sent  as 
papal  legate  to  the  Christian  army  in  Pales- 
tine. He  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Sara- 
cens, and  cruelly  condemned  to  be  sawn  in 
two  ;  but  the  fortitude  with  which  he  bore 
the  insults  of  his  enemies  disarmed  their 
vengeance,  and  procured  his  liberty.  He 
died  1245. 

Colonna,  Giles,  an  Augustin  monk, 
bishop  of  Bourges.  He  was  a  learned 
man,  and  a  theological  professor,  and  he 
wrote  some  works  on  philosophy  and  divi- 
nity, and  died  at  Avignon  1316. 

Colonna,  Fabricio,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Amalfi,  was  a  celebrated  warrior  against 
the  Ursini.  He  was  constable  of  Naples, 
and  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Ra- 
venna, 1512.  ,  He  died  1520. 

Colquhoun,  Patrick,  an  active  magis- 
trate, was  born  at  Dumbarton  in  Scotland, 
March  14,  1745.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
went  to  America,  in  a  commercial  capacity, 
and  on  his  return  in  1766,  settled  at  Glas- 
gow, where  he  carried  on  business  as  a 
merchant,  and  contributed  to  the  improve- 
ments of  that  city,  of  which  he  became 
lord  provost  and  chairman  of  the  chamber 
of  commerce.  In  1789  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  in  1792  was  appointed  one  of  the 
police  magistrates.  In  1796  he  published 
his  "  Treatise  on  the  Police  of  the  Metro- 
polis ;"  for  which  the  university  of  Glasgow 
conferred  on  him  the  degreeofdoctorof  laws. 
In  1800  came  out  another  work,  "  On  the 
443 


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Police  of  the  River  Thames,"  containing  a 
plan  for  the  protection  of  property  ;  which 
produced  the  establishment  of  a  separate 
office  at  Wapping.  After  a  long  period 
of  public  service,  he  resigned  his  situation 
in  1818  ;  and  died  in  Westminster,  April 
25,  1820.  Besides  the  two  treatises  alrea- 
dy mentioned,  he  published  a  number  of 
tracts,  and  three  works  of  great  merit — 1. 
A  new  and  appropriate  System  of  Edu- 
cation for  the  labouring  People.  2.  A 
Treatise  on  Indigence,  exhibiting  a  gene- 
ral view  of  the  National  Resources  for 
productive  labour.  3.  A  Treatise  on 
the  Population,  Wealth,  Power,  and 
Resources  of  the  British  Empire,  4to. — 
W.  B. 

Colrane,  Henry  Hare,  lord,  born  at 
Blechingly,  in  Surrey,  10th  May,  1693,  was 
educated  at  Enfield,  and  Corpus  Christi, 
Oxford.  He  was  well  skilled  in  the  learn- 
ed languages,  and  displayed  his  poetical 
talents  by  his  musarum  oblatio  ad  reginam, 
a  poem  inserted  in  the  Musae  Anglicanae. 
He  travelled  three  times  through  Europe  , 
and  in  his  second  tour  was  attended  by  the 
well-known  Conyers  Middleton.  He 
made  a  noble  collection  of  prints  and  draw- 
ings of  antiquities  abroad,  which  were  mu- 
nificently presented  after  his  decease  to  his 
college.  He  died  at  Bath  4th  August,  1749, 
and  was  buried  at  Tottenham.  His 
uooks  and  prints  on  English  antiquities 
were  sold  at  his  death,  and  bought  for  the 
antiquarian  society. 

Colston,  Edward,  an  English  philan- 
thropist, born  at  Bristol,  November  2, 
1636.  He  greatly  increased  his  property 
by  his  commercial  connexions  with  Spain  ; 
and  the  produce  of  his  honest  industry  he 
benevolently  disposed  to  charitable  pur- 
poses. He  built  almshouses  in  Bristol, 
which  he  endowed  with  an  income  of  282/. 
and  besides  the  erection  of  a  school  for 
40  boys,  he  founded,  at  the  expense  of 
11,000/.  the  hospital  of  St.  Augustin,  for  a 
master,  usher,  and  100  boys,  for  whose 
maintenance  he  appropriated  an  annual  in- 
come of  above  138/.  Besides  this,  he  gave 
many  other  munificent  donations,  especial- 
ly 6000/.  for  the  improvement  of  sixty 
small  livings.  He  was  not  only  charitable, 
but  he  possessed  great  meekness  of  temper, 
joined  to  exemplary  temperance  and  sin- 
cere piety.  It  was  his  practice  never  to 
bestow  his  charity  on  beggars,  but  rather 
on  poor  house-keepers,  and  on  sick  and 
decayed  persons.  He  died  at  Mortlake,  in 
Surrey,  11th  October,  1721,  aged  85,  and 
was  buried  at  All-saints'  church,  Bristol, 
where  a  monument  records  his  virtues  and 
charitable  benefactions. 

Columbus,    Christopher,    celebrated  as 

the  discoverer  of  a  new  continent,  was  born 

1442,  at  Genoa,  son  of  a  woolcomber.    He 

was  early  inured  to  the  labours  of  the  sea, 

444 


and  in  his  great  fondness  for  navigation,  he 
made  himself  perfect  in  geometry,  astrono- 
my, and  cosmography.  After  trading  in 
various  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  he 
settled  at  Lisbon,  where  his  brother  Bar- 
tholomew was  established ;  and  here  he 
married  the  daughter  of  a  master  of  a  ves- 
sel, who  had  been  engaged  in  plans  of  dis- 
covery, whose  charts  and  observations  he 
perused  ;  and  he  increased  his  knowledge 
of  maritime  affairs  by  several  voyages  to 
the  Canaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa.  Thus 
guided  by  experience,  and  encouraged  by 
the  correspondence  of  Paul  Foscanelli,  a 
learned  Florentine,  he  became  persuaded 
that  a  continent  must  exist  in  the  western 
ocean.  He  presented  his  plans  to  the  Ge- 
noese republic,  and  afterwards  to  the  king 
of  Portugal ;  but  instead  of  patronage  and 
encouragement,  he  met  in  both  applications 
with  coldness  and  indifference.  At  the 
court  of  Spain,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
showed  him  greater  attention  ;  and  after 
many  delays  and  objections,  which  his  zeal 
and  earnestness  successfully  combated  and 
removed,  he  was  at  last  permitted  to  sail 
in  quest  of  unknown  regions.  On  the  6th  of 
September,  1492,  he  left  Gomera  with  three 
small  ships,  and  on  the  12th  of  October, 
after  sailing  in  a  westerly  direction,  he  dis- 
covered some  islands,  and  landed  at  Guana 
bay,  in  the  Lucca  islands.  After  visiting 
and  taking  possession  of  the  islands  of 
Cuba  and  Hispaniola,  he  returned  to  Spain, 
which,  after  a  passage  of  fifty  days,  he 
reached  in  May,  1493.  These  discoveries 
astonished  and  pleased  the  Spanish  mo- 
narch. Columbus  was  declared  admiral  of 
the  Indies,  ennobled,  and  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  the  new  world  with  a  large  fleet. 
In  his  second  voyage  he  discovered  Ja- 
maica and  other  islands  ;  and  on  his  return 
to  Europe,  8th  June,  1496,  he  was  enabled 
to  silence  the  malicious  insinuations  which 
envy  had  spread  concerning  his  views,  and 
the  importance  of  the  new  world.  In 
May,  1498,  he  made  a  third  voyage,  and 
discovered  Paria,  on  the  continent ;  but  so 
violent  were  his  enemies,  that,  in  spite  of 
his  services,  his  rank,  and  authority,  he 
was  sent  to  Spain  in  irons,  in  October, 
1500  ;  but  the  monarch  liberated  him  from 
captivity,  and  from  every  ignominious  im- 
putation. He  again  visited  the  new  world, 
and  died  soon  after  his  return  at  Vallado- 
lid,  20th  May,  1506.  His  remains,  by  the 
king's  command,  were  magnificently  buried 
at  Seville,  where  this  short  epitaph  records 
his  merits  :  "  Columbus  gave  Castile  and 
Leon  a  new  world."  Important  as  the 
services  of  this  great  man  are  to  the  world, 
it  is  melancholy  to  record  the  ingratitude 
of  posterity,  and  to  behold  an  extensive 
continent,  the  discovery  of  which  ought  to 
have  been  immortalized  in  the  appellation 
of  Columbia,  bear  the  insignificant  name  of 


COL 


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Americus  Vespucius,  one  of  those  obscure 
individuals  who  followed,  in  fearful  imita- 
tion, the  tract  of  the  first  heroic  discoverer. 
The  life  of  Columbus  was  written  by  Fer- 
dinand, one  of  his  sons,  who  embraced  the 
ecclesiastical  profession,  and  died  1530, 
leaving  a  valuable  library  to  the  cathedral 
of  Seville. — Another  son,  called  Diego,  in- 
herited all  his  father's  honours. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  brother  to 
Christopher,  was  ingenious  in  his  drawing 
of  spheres  and  sea-charts.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  deputed  by  his  brother  to  come  to 
solicit  the  king  of  England,  but  that  his 
voyage  was  delayed  by  falling  into  the 
hands  of  pirates  ;  and  when  at  last  the 
English  monarch  accepted  his  proposals, 
and  promised  support  and  encouragement 
to  his  brother,  he  found  that  the  plan  had  al- 
ready been  adopted  by  Ferdinand  of  Castile. 
Bartholomew  shared  the  honours  and  the 
dangers  of  his  brother's  discoveries ;  and 
he  was  the  founder  of  the  town  of  St.  Do- 
mingo.    He  died  1514,  very  rich. 

Columbus,  Realdus,  an  Italian  anatomi- 
cal writer,  born  at  Cremona.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1577.  It  is  said  that  his  works  are 
composed  from  the  compositions  of  Vesa- 
lius,  his  master,  and  his  predecessor  in  the 
anatomical  chair  of  Padua,  whose  disco- 
veries he  freely  appropriated  to  himself. 
His  Latin  is  very  elegant.  His  opinions  on 
the  blood  nearly  approached  Harvey's  dis- 
covery of  the  circulation. 

Columella,  a  Spaniard,  who  resided  at 
Rome  under  Claudius,  and  wrote  some 
books  on  trees  and  agriculture. 

Columna,  Guy,  a  native  of  Messina  in 
Sicily,  who  accompanied  Edward  I,  to  Eng- 
land, and  wrote  a  chronicle  in  36  books, 
besides  a  history  of  the  siege  of  Troy,  in 
Latin,  1477,  in  4to.  The  last  edition  is  at 
Naples,  1655. 

Coluthus,  a  Greek,  author  of  a  poem 
on  the  rape  of  Helen,  in  the  6th  century. 

Colvius,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Dort,  who 
went  in  the  suite  of  the  Dutch  ambassador 
to  Venice,  where  he  gained  the  intimacy  of 
Father  Paul,  and  translated  into  Latin 
his  treatise  on  the  Inquisition.  He  wrote 
also  some  elegant  poetry,  and  made  a  valu- 
able collection  of  books  and  curiosities,  of 
which  a  catalogue  was  printed,  1655.  He 
died  1671,  aged  77. — His  son  Nicholas  was 
like  himself  a  learned  and  eloquent  divine. 
He  died  1717. 

Colwill,  Alexander,  was  born  near  St. 
Andrew's,  Fifeshire,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, of  which  he  became  principal,  in 
1662.  Besides  some  tracts,  he  wrote  the 
Scotch  Hudibras,  after  the  manner  of  But- 
ler, a  ludicrous  poem,  which  severely  ridi- 
culed the  presbvterians,  and  which  is  still 
admired  in  Scotland.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh 1676,  aged  58. 

Oombefis,  Francis,  a  Dominican,  known 


as  a  learned  editor  of  several  of  the  Greek 
fathers — of  five  Greek  historians,  as  a  sup- 
plement to  the  Byzantine  history,  &c.  He 
died  1679. 

Comber,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Westerham,  Kent,  1645.  He  was 
educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts, 
and  he  was  created  D.  D.  by  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  He  was  made  dean  of 
Durham  in  the  room  of  Dr.  Granville, 
1691,  and  was  chaplain  to  the  princess 
Anne  of  Denmark  and  to  William  and 
Mary.  He  died  25th  November,  1699, 
and  was  buried  at  Stonegrave,  Yorkshire. 
He  wrote  some  divinity  tracts,  particularly 
discourses  on  baptism,  catechism,  and  con- 
firmation, and  on  the  liturgy  of  the  church 
of  England,  &c. 

Comber,  Thomas,  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  D.  D. 
He  was  born  at  Shermanbury,  Sussex,  and 
educated  at  Horsham  school.  He  was  made 
dean  of  Carlisle  August  1630,  and  master 
of  his  college  the  following  year.  He  was 
in  1642  deprived  of  all  his  preferments, 
and  imprisoned.  He  died  at  Cambridge 
February  1653.  He  wrote  a  vindication  of 
the  divine  right  of  tithes,  against  Selden. 

Comenius,  John  Amos,  a  protestant, 
eminent  as  a  divine  and  grammarian.  He 
was  born  at  Moravia  1592.  After  being- 
pastor  at  Fulnec,  and  also  presiding  over  a 
school  there,  he  fled  upon  the  invasion  of 
his  country  by  the  Spaniards,  and  came  to 
Lesna  in  Poland,  where  he  maintained  him- 
self by  teaching  grammar,  and  where  he 
published  his  Janua  linguarum,  a  small 
book,  which  it  is  said,  acquired  so  much 
celebrity,  that  it  was  translated  into  12 
European  languages.  His  fame  as  a  gram- 
marian was  now  so  universally  spread,  that 
he  was  honourably  invited  by  the  Swedes 
and  by  the  English  parliament  to  reform 
the  public  schools  of  the  kingdom.  In 
compliance  with  these  requests  he  visited 
England  in  1641,  but  the  civil  wars  thwart- 
ed his  expectations,  and  made  his  stay  un- 
necessary. The  next  year  he  accepted  the 
invitations  of  the  Swedes,  by  whom  he  was 
respectfully  treated.  For  four  years  he 
was  engaged  at  Elbing  in  laying  down  plans 
for  the  promotion  of  general  instruction, 
and  his  recommendations  were  publicly  ap- 
proved. He  afterwards  visited  Sigismund 
Ragotzki,  prince  of  Transylvania,  and  gave 
him  rules  for  the  better  regulation  of  the 
schools  of  his  country,  and  on  his  return 
to  Lesna,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  see  the 
city  reduced  to  ashes  by  the  Poles,  and  his 
books  and  manuscripts  destroyed.  From 
Lesna  he  fled  to  Silesia,  thence  to  Bran- 
denburgh,  afterwards  to  Hamburgh,  and 
lastly  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  ended  his 
days,  1671,  aged  80.  Besides  his  Janua, 
he  wrote  Pansophia  prodomus — a  new  me- 
445 


COM 


COM 


ihod  of  teaching — unius  necessarii,  &c. 
The  last  years  of  his  life,  however,  were 
disgraced  by  visionary  schemes,  and  at- 
tempts at  prophecy.  He  pretended  to  fore- 
tell the  beginning  of  the  millennium,  which 
he  placed  in  1672  or  1673,  agross  absurdity, 
which  his  death  prevented  him  from  wit- 
nessing. It  would  have  been  a  happy  cir- 
cumstance if  he  had  been  the  only  sufferer 
in  his  prophetic  dreams  ;  many  of  the  Mo- 
ravians were  weak  enough  to  believe  him, 
and  they  were  severely  persecuted,  after 
the  destruction  of  Lesna,  and  the  protes- 
tants  of  Poland  also  drew  upon  themselves 
the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  the  catholics. 
Comenius,  in  his  last  illness,  was  visited 
by  the  celebrated  madame  Bourignon,  who 
had  embraced  his  tenets,  and  considered 
him  as  more  than  mortal. 

Come  Natalis  or  Natal  Conti,  a  na- 
tive of  Milan,  whose  Greek  and  Latin 
poems  appeared  at  Venice  1550,  and  his 
mythologia,  sive  explicationes  fabularum,  a 
very  useful  mythological  work,  1564.  He 
died  about  1590. 

Comiers,  Claude,  canon  of  Embrun,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  died 
1693.  He  wrote  on  comets,  on  specta- 
cles, on  prophecies,  on  speech,  in  an  ele- 
gant and  interesting  style. 

Comines,  Philip  de,  an  excellent  histo- 
rian of  Flanders.  His  noble  birth  and 
great  acquirements  soon  recommended  him 
to  the  notice  of  Charles  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  afterwards  to  that  of  Lewis  XI. 
of  France.  Patronised  by  the  monarch, 
lie  grew  into  power  and  consequence,  and 
as  ambassador,  he  served  his  court  with 
fidelity  and  despatch.  After  the  death  of 
Lewis,  he  was  stripped  of  his  honours  ; 
the  next  successor,  Charles  VIII.  viewed 
him  with  the  prejudice  and  malevolence 
of  a  foreigner,  and  he  was  imprisoned  at 
Loches  ;  but  though  his  enemies  were  so 
powerful  and  numerous,  that  no  advocate 
would  presume  to  plead  his  cause,  he  de- 
fended himself  with  the  energy  and  effort 
of  innocence,  and  after  addressing  his 
judges  in  an  eloquent  speech  of  two  hours, 
he  was,  after  three  years  confinement,  dis- 
charged. He  died  at  his  house  in  Argenton 
1509,  aged  64,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  the  Augustines  at  Paris.  Comines, 
though  well  acquainted  with  modern  lan- 
guages, was  yet  no  deep  scholar.  The  me- 
moirs of  his  own  times,  however,  which  he 
left,  are  very  valuable  for  the  historical 
details  which  they  give,  during  34  years, 
of  the  affairs  of  the  house  of  Burgundy, 
and  of  Lewis  XI.  and  Charles  VIII.  of 
France,  with  anecdotes  of  the  various 
transactions  which  at  that  time  took  place 
in  England,  and  on  the  continent.  His 
impartiality  is  universally  acknowledged, 
and  the  respect  which  he  shows  to  the 
English  nation,  entitles  him  to  the  praises 
146 


which  Dryden  bestows  upon  him,  in  rank- 
ing him  with  Thucydides  and  Tacitus,  for 
the  acuteness  of  his  judgment,  and  the 
great  knowledge  of  men,  manners,  and  po- 
litics, which  he  has  displayed.  His  works 
were  edited  by  Fresnoy,  4  vols.  4to.  1747, 
and  have  been  translated  by  Uvedale  into 
English,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Commandinos,  Frederic,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  descended  from  a  noble 
family  at  Urbino,  where  he  was  born  1509. 
Besides  great  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
he  was  well  versed  in  Greek  literature,  and 
translated  Archimedes,  Apollonius  Per- 
gaeus,  Ptolemy,  Euclid,  Aristarchus,  &c. 
Besides  some  original  compositions  on  the 
centre  of  gravity,  on  clocks,  &c.  He  was 
greatly  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Urbino, 
and  died  1575. 

Commelin,  Jerome,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  born  at  Douay.  He  settled  at  Ge- 
neva, and  afterwards  at  Heidelberg,  where 
he  died  1698.  He  printed  among  other 
fathers,  the  works  of  Chrysostom,  4  vols, 
fol.  an  excellent  edition.  The  mark  he 
prefixed  to  his  editions,  was  truth  sitting  in 
a  chair. 

Commendone,  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Venice,  who,  at  the  early  age  of  10,  wrote 
Latin  verses,  and  so  recommended  himself 
by  his  learning,  that  he  became  chamber- 
lain to  Julius  III.  and  was  employed  in  va- 
rious embassies,  and  made  bishop  by  Paul 
IV.  Pius  IV.  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  car- 
dinal, and  employed  him  as  his  nuncio 
in  Poland,  and  he  was  afterwards  legate 
at  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  against  the  Lu- 
therans. He  wrote  various  Latin  poems 
and  letters,  and  died  at  Padua.  1584,  aged 
60. 

Commerson,  Philibert,  botanist  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Chatilon  les 
Dombes,  near  Bourg  in  Bresse,  1727. 
When  residing  as  physician  at  Montpel- 
lier,  he  showed  his  fondness  for  botany  to 
so  improper  a  degree,  that  he  plundered 
even  the  king's  garden,  to  enrich  his  col- 
lections. He  was  recommended  by  Lin- 
naeus to  the  queen  of  Sweden  to  complete 
her  collection  of  rarest  fishes,  and  conse- 
quently wrote  his  ichthyology  in  2  vols. 
4to.  He  wrote  besides  a  dictionary  and 
bibliography  on  writers  of  natural  history, 
and  the  martyrology  of  botany,  containing 
the  lives  of  those  who  had  lost  their  life  in 
pursuit  of  natural  curiosities,  to  which  his 
own  life  was  to  be  added.  His  abilities  re- 
commended him  to  the  ministry  as  a  pro- 
per person  to  acompany  Bougainville  round 
the  world,  and  he  embarked  in  1766,  and 
highly  distinguished  himself  by  the  labour 
and  success  of  his  researches.  He  died  at 
the  isle  of  France  in  1773,  leaving  to  the 
king's  cabinet  all  his  collection,  amounting 
to  200  volumes  in  folio,  besides  the  con- 
tents of  32  cases,  containing  great  trea* 


COM 


CON 


suvcs,  selected  during  his  voyage.  He 
mentions  discovering  a  nation  of  dwarfs 
of  3  1-2  feet  high  in  the  interior  parts  of 
Madagascar. 

Commire,  John,  a  Jesuit  born  at  Am- 
boise.  He  wrote  Latin  in  so  elegant  a  style, 
that  his  fables  are  esteemed  equal  to  those 
of  Phaedrus.  He  died  at  Paris  1702,  aged 
77.  His  poems  appeared  in  2  vols.  12mo. 
1754. 

Commodi,  Andrea,  a  Florentine  painter 
who  died  1638,  aged  73.  His  Lucifer  and 
associates  fallen  from  heaven,  painted  for 
Paul  V.  was  much  admired. 

Commodianus  of  Gaza,  a  Christian  poet 
of  the  fourth  century,  author  of  Institu- 
tions, a  sort  of  composition,  neither  ele- 
gant nor  valuable. 

Commodus,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antoninus, 
succeeded  his  father  Antoninus  as  emperor 
of  Rome  180.  After  a  series  of  dissipation, 
cruelty,  and  every  profligacy,  he  was  poi- 
soned by  Marcia  his  concubine  192. 

Comte,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
went  in  1685  to  China  as  a  missionary.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  his  mis- 
sion oh  his  return  to  Europe,  and  died  at 
Bourdeaux  1729. 

Compton,  Spencer,  son  of  the  first  earl 
of  Northampton,  was  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Charles  I. 
and  accompanied  him  to  Spain.  When 
Charles  succeeded  to  the  throne,  Compton 
loyally  supported  his  measures,  and  attend- 
ed him  in  his  expedition  against  the  Scots. 
When  the  royal  standard  was  set  up  at  Not- 
tingham, he  was  among  the  truest  of  his 
friends.  At  the  battle  of  Hopton-heath 
near  Stafford,  March  19th,  1643,  he  was  en- 
compassed by  the  enemy,  and  when  after 
deeds  of  valour,  he  was  offered  quarter,  he 
boldly  declared  he  would  not  receive  it  from 
the  hands  of  rebels  and  rogues,  upon  which 
he  was  slain  with  a  blow  of  an  halbert  on 
the  head.  He  was  buried  in  All-hallows 
church,  Derby.  He  left  six  sons  and  two 
daughters  by  Mary  daughter  of  Sir  Francis 
Beaumont. 

Compton,  Henry,  a  prelate,  youngest 
son  of  Spencer,  just  mentioned.  He  was 
born  in  1632.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  three  years'  resi- 
dence he  set  off,  in  1652,  on  his  travels. 
At  the  restoration  he  obtained  a  cornetcy  in 
a  regiment  of  horse,  but  he  afterwards  stu- 
died divinity  at  Cambridge,  where  he  be- 
came M.  A.  Soon  after  entering  into 
orders  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Cotten- 
ham,  Cambridgeshire,  a  canonry  at  Christ 
Church,  and  the  mastership  of  St.  Cross 
hospital  near  Winchester.  In  1674,  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  the  next  year 
succeeded  to  the  see  of  London.  In  this 
elevated  situation  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  education  of  the  princesses  Mary  and 
Anne,  and  the  strong  attachment  which 


they  showed  to  the  protestant  religion  is 
honourably  attributed  to  the  wholesome 
instructions  of  the  learned  prelate.  He 
laboured  assiduously  to  reconcile  the  dis- 
senters to  the  tenets  of  the  church,  and  he 
most  ably  resisted  the  claims  and  the  doc- 
trines of  the  catholics.  His  zeal  as  a  pro- 
testant prelate  displeased  James  II.  and 
therefore  he  removed  him  from  the  privy 
council,  and  on  his  refusing  to  suspend 
Dr.  Sharp,  rector  of  St.  Giles,  from  his 
ecclesiastical  office,  he  was  summoned  be- 
fore Jeffreys  and  a  commission,  and  arbi- 
trarily deprived  of  all  his  episcopal  func- 
tions. This  violence  on  the  part  of  the 
king  was  noticed  by  Mary  and  by  William 
prince  of  Orange,  and  at  last  James,  afraid 
of  the  consequences  of  his  conduct,  con- 
sented to  restore  the  bishop  to  his  offices. 
Compton,  however,  received  with  sullenness 
the  reparation  offered  to  his  episcopal  dig- 
nity, and  when  the  kingdom  was  invaded 
by  William,  he  warmly  espoused  his  cause, 
and  conducted  the  princess  Anne  to  Not- 
tingham, to  prevent  her  being  conveyed  to 
France.  With  all  the  ardour  of  a  friend, 
and  the  zeal  of  a  partisan,  he  congratulated 
William  on  his  landing,  and  supported  his 
claims  to  the  throne  in  the  house  of  lords, 
and  at  last  consecrated  him,  and  fixed  the 
crown  on  his  head.  Every  step,  however, 
which  he  pursued  was  tinctured  with  mo- 
deration, but  because  he  wished  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  dissenters,  and  opposed  the 
prosecution  of  Sacheverell,  he  has  been 
branded  with  the  epithets  of  a  weak  and 
bigoted  partisan.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
81,  July  7th,  1713,  and  was  buried  at  Ful- 
ham  churchyard.  He  was  an  eminent 
divine  as  well  as  an  able  statesman,  strongly 
attached  to  the  constitution,  and  display- 
ing the  sincerity  of  his  profession  by  a. 
pious  and  exemplary  life.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts,  justly  esteemed  for 
soundness  of  doctrine,  and  for  moderation, 
and  was  a  great  encourager  of  botany,  as 
the  patron  of  Ray,  Plukenet,  and  other 
naturalists.  His  garden  was  much  ad- 
mired for  his  fine  collection  of  exotics. 

Conant,  John,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Yeaterton,  Devon,  18th  Oc- 
tober, 1608,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and 
tutor.  During  the  civil  wars  he  left  the 
university,  but  in  1649,  he  was  unanimously 
elected  rector  of  his  college  ;  he  was  also 
divinity  professor,  and  in  1657,  was  admit- 
ted vice  chancellor.  At  the  restoration  he 
appeared  in  London,  at  the  head  of  the  uni- 
versity, to  congratulate  the  king;  but  though 
he  assisted  at  the  Savoy  as  one  of  the  com- 
missioners, he  refused  to  comply  with  the 
act  of  uniformity,  and  was  consequently  de- 
prived of  all  his  preferments  in  1662.  He 
was  afterwards  re-admitted  into  the  bosom 
of  the  church,  1670,  being  ordained  by 
447 


CON 


CON 


.Reynolds  bishop  of  Norwich,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  had  married,  and  by  whom  he  had 
six  sons  and  six  daughters.  He  was  soon 
after  made  minister  of  St.  Mary,  Alder- 
manbury,  which  he  exchanged  for  All-saints 
in  Northampton,  a  place  to  which  he  was 
strongly  attached.  He  became  archdeacon 
of  Norwich  1675,  and  in  1681,  had  a  pre- 
bend in  the  church  of  Worcester.  In 
1686,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his 
eyesight,  and  died  seven  years  after,  12th 
March,  1693,  and  was  buried  in  his  church, 
Northampton.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
piety,  of  extensive  learning,  and  of  singu- 
lar modesty.  Six  volumes  of  his  sermons 
have  been  published. 

Conca,  Sebastian,  a  painter  born  at  Gae- 
ta.  He  died  1761,  aged  82.  His  pieces 
were  much  esteemed  and  many  of  them 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  king  of  Naples. 

Concanen,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
bred  to  the  law.  He  came  to  London  as  a 
literary  adventurer,  and  he  gained  a  liveli- 
hood and  some  reputation  by  writing  in  sup- 
port of  the  measures  of  the  ministry.  His 
attack  upon  Pope  procured  him  a  respecta- 
ble place  in  the  Dunciad  ;  but  the  patron- 
age of  the  duke  of  Newcastle  advanced  him 
to  the  lucrative  office  of  attorney-general 
for  Jamaica.  In  this  appointment,  for  17 
years,  he  conducted  himself  with  all  the  in- 
tegrity and  honour  of  a  man  of  virtue,  and 
after  acquiring  a  respectable  and  indepen- 
dent fortune,  he  returned  to  England,  with 
the  flattering  intention  of  spending  the  rest 
of  his  life  in  Ireland.  He  fell,  however, 
into  a  rapid  consumption,  and  died  at  Lon- 
don 22d  Jan.  1749.  He  wrote  Wexford- 
wells,  a  play,  besides  some  songs,  in  the 
Musical  miscellany,  and  a  well-known  let- 
ter addressed  to  Warburton. 

Concina,  Daniel,  a  Dominican  of  Ve- 
nice, celebrated  as  an  eloquent  preacher, 
and  as  a  man  of  abilities,  often  consulted 
by  Benedict  XIV.  He  was  author  of  a 
system  of  Christian  theology,  2  vols.  4to. — 
and  other  pieces  on  practical  and  casuisti- 
cal subjects,  and  died  at  Venice  1756, 
aged  70. 

Concini,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
marshal  d'Ancre,  was  a  Florentine,  and 
came  to  France  in  the  suite  of  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis  wife  of  Henry  the  great.  By  his  in- 
trigues and  those  of  his  wife  Eleonora  Gali- 
g;ay,  he  became,  from  a  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chamber,  a  marquis,  and  a  marshal  of 
France.  The  enemies  which  his  elevation 
and  his  pride  procured-,  contrived  his  ruin, 
Lewis  XIII.  was  prevailed  upon  to  get  rid 
of  this  dangerous  favourite,  and  Concini 
was  shot  by  Vitry  and  his  accomplices  on 
the  Louvre  bridge,  24th  April,  1617,  and  his 
body  was  ignominiously  insulted  hy  the 
populace.  His  wife  also  lost  her  head, 
and  his  son  was  declared  incapable  to  hold 
3ny  office  in  the  kingdom.  When  his  wife 
448 


was  accused  of  witchcraft,  in  influencing 
the  mind  of  the  queen,  she  said,  her  magic 
was  only  the  influence  of  a  great  mind  over 
a  weak  one. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  born 
at  Paris  1701,  was  knight  of  St.Lazare,  and 
member  of  several  learned  academies.  He 
early  travelled  to  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
world,  and  in  1736,  he  was  chosen  with  Go- 
din  to  go  to  Peru,  to  determine  the  figure 
of  the  earth  at  the  equator.  On  his  return 
he  visited  Rome,  and  was,  by  the  dispensa- 
tion of  the  pope,  permitted  at  the  age  of 
55,  to  marry  his  niece.  He  died  4th  Feb. 
1774,  in  consequence  of  an  operation  for 
the  removal  of  a  hernia.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  eminence  as  a  mathematician, 
though  his  fondness  of  flattery  rendered  him 
too  often  regardless  of  the  solid  praise 
which  should  belong  to  a  man  of  merit, 
modesty.  He  was  acquainted  with  many 
learned  persons,  and  perhaps  more  from  os- 
tentation than  the  real  wish  to  advance  the 
cause  of  science.  His  works  are,  distance 
of  the  tropics — relation  of  a  voyage  to  Ame- 
rica— observations,  &c.  on  the  inoculation 
of  the  smallpox — on  education — tracts 
through  Italy — measure  of  the  three  first 
degrees  of  the  meridian. 

Conde,  Lewis,  first  duke  of,  son  of 
Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valour  at  the  battle  of 
St.  Qui ii tin,  and  afterwards  by  his  in- 
trigues, as  the  leader  of  the  rebellious  Hu- 
guenots. Active  and  vigilant  during  the 
civil  wars  of  that  period,  he  was  wounded 
at  the  battip  of  Dreux,  and  seven  years 
after  fell  at  that  of  Jarnac  1569,  aged  39. 
His  memoirs  of  his  own  times  appeared 
after  his  death,  and  possess  merit.  The 
best  edition  is  that  of  1743,  6  vols.  4to. 

Conde,  Henry,  prince  of,  was  known  in 
the  court  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  by 
whose  influence  he  became  a  catholic.  He 
was  sent  to  the  Bastile  1616,  and  liberated 
three  years  after.  The  death  of  Lewis 
XIII.  restored  him  to  public  favour, 
he  became  minister  to  the  regent,  and 
displayed  his  valour  and  his  abilities  in 
the  service  of  his  country,  and  died  at 
Paris  1646,  aged  58. 

Conde,  Lewis,  prince  of,  duke  of  Eng- 
hein,  son  of  the  preceding,  deserved  the 
name  of  the  great.  He  was  born  at  Paris 
1621,  and  Richelieu  observed  in  his  earliest 
years  his  promising  abilities,  and  foretold 
his  future  greatness  as  a  general  and  as  a 
man.  Though  but  22  he  defeated  the  Span- 
iards at  the  famous  battle  of  Rocroi,  and 
after  taking  Thionville  and  other  fortified 
towns,  he  entered  Germany  as  a  conqueror. 
His  attempts  afterwards  upon  Lerida  in 
Catalonia  proved  abortive,  but  in  Flanders 
he  acquired  fresh  honours,  by  the  defeat 
of  the  Imperialists,  and  the  submission  of 
an  extensive  tract  of  country.      In  the 


CON 

civil  wars  of  France,  lie  espoused  tke 
cause  of  the  court,  though  afterwards  he 
opposed  the  views  of  Mazarin  and  of  the 
monarchy,  and,  in  the  spirit  of  indignation 
and  unyielding  pride,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  Spaniards  in  Flanders  against 
his  country.  The  peace  of  the  Pyrenees, 
1659,  reconciled  him  to  his  country, 
and  enabled  him  to  atone  for  the  injuries 
which  his  desertion  had  inflicted  on  his  ho- 
nour and  France.  He  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed against  the  prince  of  Orange  :  but 
though  wounded  at  the  passage  of  the 
Rhine,  he  completed  the  conquest  of 
Franche-compte,  and  spread  terror  into 
Germany,  after  the  resignation  of  Tu- 
renne.  He  died  of  the  gout  at  Fontain- 
bleau  1686,  aged  65,  leaving  two  sons  by 
his  wife,  who  was  the  niece  of  cardinal 
Richelieu. 

Conde,  Henry  Julius  de,  prince  of,  son 
of  the  great  Cond6,  distinguished  himself 
under  his  father,  at  the  passage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  at  the  battle  of  Senef.  He  was 
a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters,  and  died 
1709,  aged  66. 

Conder,  John,  D.D.  was  born  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, 1714,  and  was  educated  as  a 
dissenter.  He  was  a  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation at  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
kept  a  school  at  Mile-end,  and  in  1761, 
succeeded  to  the  meeting  on  the  Pavement, 
Moorfields.  He  died  1781,  aged  67.  He 
printed  several  sermons,  besides  an  essay 
on  the  importance  of  the  clerical  charac- 
ter. 

Condillac,  Stephen  Bonnot  de,  of  the 
French  academy,  born  at  Grenoble,  was 
preceptor  to  the  infant  son  of  the  duke  of 
Parma.  He  died  at  Flux,  near  Baugenci, 
2d  Aug.,  1780,  of  a  putrid  fever.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  erudition,  strong  sense,  and 
austere  manners.  He  wrote  in  3  vols. 
12mo.  essay  on  the  origin  of  human  scien- 
ces— on  animals — on  the  sensations,  &c. — 
besides  a  course  of  study  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  his  pupils  in  16  vols.  12mo. — and 
commerce  and  government  considered  in 
their  mutual  relations,  &c.  12mo.  These 
volumes  display  great  philanthropy,  though 
often  they  are  devoid  of  warmth  and  viva- 
city. He  is  accused  by  some  of  favouring 
the  principles  of  the  materialists. 

Condorcet,  John  Anthony  Nicholas 
Caritat,  marquis  of,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  French  republic,  was  born  17th 
Sept.,  1743,  at  Ribemont,  in  Picardy,  of  a 
noble  family.  He  preferred  the  pursuits 
of  literature  to  the  military  profession, 
and  studied  mathematics  and  belles  lettres 
at  the  college  of  Navarre,  and  at  the  age  of 
21,  he  gained  the  applauses  of  the  learned, 
by  his  ingenious  memoir  on  the  calcul  differ- 
entiel,  which  was  received  by  the  academy 
of  Paris  with  marked  approbation.  He 
afterwards  became  the  friend  of  d'Alembert, 

Vol.  I.  57 


CON 

and  of  Voltaire,  and  corresponded  with  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  when  made  secretary 
of  the  acedemy  of  sciences,  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the^spirited  eloges  which  he 
pronounced  on  the  meritorious  services  of 
his  departed  brethren.  In  the  constituent 
assembly  he  was  made  governor  to  the 
dauphin  ;  but  his  zeal  in  favour  of  republi- 
can principles  overpowered  the  respect 
which  he  owed  to  majesty,  and  though 
patronised  by  Lewis  XVI.  he  ventured  to 
recommend  the  abolition  of  monarchy,  and 
the  triumph  of  liberty.  But  though  hos- 
tile to  the"  monarchy,  he  showed  some  com- 
passion for  the  king,  and  opposed  his  vio- 
lent trial ;  but  his  measures  were  viewed 
with  jealousy  by  Robespierre  and  his  party, 
and  he  was  regarded  as  a  hypocrite,  who, 
under  the  mask  of  moderation  and  philoso- 
phy, aspired'at  the  sovereign  power.  He 
was  therefore  condemned  28th  July,  1793, 
as  one  of  the  Girondists,  and  for  a  while 
concealed  himself  at  Paris,  but  afterwards 
sought  refuge  at  the  house  of  a  friend  in 
the  country.  His  friend  unfortunately 
was  absent,  and  he  was  obliged  to  hide 
himself  for  several  nights  in  some  quarries, 
till  hunger  forced  him  to  seek  relief  in  a 
neighbouring  tavern.  His  long  beard, 
squalid  appearance,  and  the  voracious  appe- 
tite with  .vhich  he  devoured  the  bread 
placed  before  him,  rendered  him  suspected, 
he  was  arrested,  and  might  have  escaped 
under  the  character  of  a  distressed  servant, 
but  a  Horace  found  in  his  pocket,  proved 
him  to  be  a  man  of  education,  and  of  con- 
sequence. On  the  morrow  the  jailer  found 
him  dead,  a  sacrifice  either  to  excessive 
fatigue  and  continued  want,  or  to  poison, 
28th  March,  1794.  In  his  character,  Con- 
dorcet was  weak  but  ambitious,  fond  of 
novelty,  and,  in  pursuit  of  imaginary  hap- 
piness, little  attentive  to  the  feelings  of 
humanity,  the  calls  of  virtue,  and  the  pre- 
cepts of  Christianity.  He  was,  according 
to  d'Alembert,  a  volcano  covered  with 
snow.  His  writings  were  respectable. 
Besides  a  sketch  of  the  progress  of  the 
human  mind — a  treatise  on  arithmetic — a 
tract  on  calculation,  and  on  the  problem  of 
the  three  bodies — analytical  affairs,  &c.  he 
wrote  eulogies  on  Bernouilli,  d'Alembert, 
Euler,  Jussieu,  Buffon,  and  others,  which 
possessed  great  merit,  though  that  on  Vol* 
taire  is  considered  as  turgid  and  insignifi- 
cant. His  publications  were  twenty-six  in 
number. 

Condren,  Charles  de,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  priest  of  the  congregation  of 
tlie  oratory,  and  confessor  of  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  is  known  for  his  influence  in  pro- 
ducing a  reconciliation  between  the  king 
and  Orleans.  Satisfied  with  a  life  of  pri- 
vacy, and  the  humble  dignity  of  general  of 
his  order,  he*nobly  refused  a  bishopric  and 
the  hat  of  a  cardinal,  and  died  1641.  His 
149 


CON 


CON 


discourses,  letters,  &c.  have  appeared  in  2 
vols.  12mo. 

Confucius  or  Cong-fu-tze,  a  celebrated 
Chinese  philosopher,  born  at  Chauping,  of 
a  noble  family,  about  550  B.  C.  At"  the 
age  of  three  he  lost  his  father,  but  his  edu- 
cation was  honourably  superintended  by 
the  kind  care  of  his  grandfather,  and  his 
wisdom  and  abilities  displayed  themselves 
with  such  advantage,  that  he  became  the 
prime  minister  of  the  kingdom  of  Lu.  His 
labours  were  ardently  directed  to  the  re- 
formation of  manners,  but  the  dissipation 
of  the  king,  who  attached  himself  to  seve- 
ral concubines,  displeased  him,  and  he  in- 
dignantly resigned  his  offices,  and  retired 
to  privacy,  and  the  cultivation  of  philoso- 
phical pursuits.  So  extensively  spread  was 
his  reputation,  that  he  was  frequented  by 
above  3000  disciples,  whom  his  examples 
and  precepts  formed  to  virtue  and  morality. 
He  taught  his  disciples  that  the  first  duties 
were  to  serve,  obey,  and  fear  God,  to  love 
their  neighbour  as  themselves,  and  to  curb 
their  passions  to  the  guidance  of  reason. 
Thus  deservedly  respected  and  beloved, 
Confucius  selected  ten  of  his  pupils,  to 
whom  he  communicated  the  vast  resources 
of  his  mind,  and  all  the  precepts  which 
might  render  and  preserve  them  happy  in 
the  possession  of  wisdom  and  virtue.  He 
returned  afterwards  to  the  kingdom  of  Lu, 
where  he  died,  aged  73.  The  king  no 
sooner  heard  of  his  death,  than  he  ex- 
claimed, "  that  the  gods  had  removed  him 
from  the  earth,  because  they  wished  to 
punish  her  inhabitants."  His  memory 
was  honoured  in  the  most  solemn  manner, 
he  was  regarded  as  a  departed  saint,  and 
public  edifices  were  raised  to  celebrate  his 
services  to  mankind.  His  books  on  morals 
have  been  translated  into  French,  and  they 
possess  excellent  rules  for  virtue  and  mo- 
rality. He  married,  when  young,  but 
though  he  lost  his  wife  some  years  after, 
he  disdained  to  follow  the  example  of  his 
countrymen,  who  kept  concubines.  His 
descendants  are  still  revered  in  China,  and 
are  regarded  as  mandarins  of  the  first  order 
of  the  kingdom. 

Congreve,  William,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  born  in  Staffordshire,  1672. 
He  was  educated  at  Kilkenny  school,  and 
Dublin  college,  whence  many  have  sup- 
posed him  to  be  a  native  of  Ireland.  After 
the  revolution  he  came  to  London,  and 
entered  at  the  Middle  temple,  but  soon  re- 
linquished the  profession  for  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  muses.  His  first  production 
was  "  Incognita,  or  love  and  duty  recon- 
ciled," a  novel  of  some  merit,  though  the 
composition  of  a  youth  of  17.  His  first 
play  was  the  Old  Bachelor  in  1693,  which 
was  revised  and  applauded  by  Dryden,  and 
deservedly  recommended  the  author  to  the 
patronage  of  lord  Halifax,  by  whose  influ- 
4*0 


ence  he  became  commissioner  for  licensing 
hackney-coaches,  and  held  other  offices 
worth  600J.  a-year.  The  next  year  appear- 
ed his  Doublc-Dealer,  but  with  not  so  much 
popularity.  On  the  death  of  queen  Mary, 
Congreve  wrote  a  delicate  and  much  ad- 
mired pastoral,  called  the  Mourning  muse 
of  Alexis,  and  in  1695  he  produced  his 
popular  comedy  of  Love  for  Love,  and  the 
same  year,  an  ode  on  the  taking  of  Namur. 
The  next  production  was  the  Mourning 
Bride,  a  tragedy,  which  was  first  acted  in 
Lincoln's-inn  fields  theatre,  and  was  uni- 
versally applauded.  The  reputation  of 
Congreve,  but  more  particularly  the  licen- 
tiousness of  his  plays,  drew  upon  him  the 
censures  of  Jeremy  Collier,  the  zealous  re- 
former of  the  stage,  and  though  Congreve 
defended  himself,  yet  truth  must  own  the 
charge  of  immorality  too  well  established 
to  be  refuted.  Though  dissatisfied  with 
the  public  cry  raised  against  him,  yet  he 
produced  another  comedy,  The  way  of  the 
world,  which  was  condemned  by  the  critics 
of  the  times,  but  nevertheless  possesses 
great  merit.  Though  he  now  withdrew 
from  public  life  as  an  author,  his  friends 
were  occasionally  complimented  with  his 
able  assistance,  he  wrote  epilogues,  and 
assisted  Dryden  in  his  Virgil,  and  contri- 
buted the  whole  of  Juvenal's  11th  satire. 
The  last  20  years  of  his  life,  Congreve 
spent  in  ease  and  retirement.  He  was  at 
last  afflicted  severely  with  the  gout,  which, 
together  with  a  bruise  he  received  in  being 
overturned  in  his  chariot,  hastened  his 
death.  He  died  in  Surry-street,  Strand, 
19th  January,  1729,  and  was  buried  with 
great  solemnity  in  Westminster- abbey, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
honour  by  Henrietta,  dutchess  of  Marlbo- 
rough. Congreve  enjoyed  in  his  time,  much 
of  what  can  render  life  agreeable,  easy, 
and  happy.  His  appointments  and  the 
secretaryship  of  Jamaica  yielded  him  not 
less  than  1200Z.  a  year,  and  with  an  easy 
and  independent  fortune  he  was  flattered 
with  the  friendship  of  the  great  and  of  the 
learned,  and  had  Dryden,  Steele,  and  Pope, 
among  his  most  devoted  admirers.  He 
died  very  rich,  the  fruit  of  his  great,  but 
not  unbecoming  economy.  His  comedies, 
says  Johnson,  are  the  works  of  a  mind  re- 
plete with  imagery,  and  quick  in  combina- 
tion, though  of  his  miscellaneous  poetry 
little  can  be  said  that  is  favourable.  Vol- 
taire, who  knew  and  admired  him,  says 
that  he  raised  the  glory  of  English  comedy 
to  a  greater  height  than  any  writer  before 
or  after  him ;  but  his  grand  defect  was 
entertaining  too  mean  an  idea  of  the  cha- 
racter of  an  author,  though  to  that  he  was 
indebted  totally  for  his  fame  and  fortune. 

Connor,  Bernard,  a  physician,  born  in 
the  county  of  Kerry,  1666.  As  his  friends 
were  catholics,  he  was  not  regularly  edu- 


CON 


(ON 


rated  in  Ireland,  but  in  16S6,  he  went  over 
to  France,  and  at  Montpellier  and  Paris, 
distinguished  himself  for  his  assiduity,  and 
his  great  knowledge  of  anatomy  and  chy- 
mistry.  He  afterwards  travelled  through 
Germany  as  the  tutor  of  the  two  sons  of 
the  chancellor  of  Poland,  and  on  his  arri- 
val at  Warsaw,  recommended  himself  so 
much  by  his  skill  in  the  knowledge  and  cure 
of  diseases,  that  he  became  physician  to 
the  king,  John  Sobieski.  After  collecting- 
much  valuable  information  on  the  natural 
history  and  other  curiosities  of  Poland, 
he  left  Warsaw  in  1694,  as  physician 
in  the  suite  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
was  going  to  espouse  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia at  Brussels,  and  from  Holland,  he 
came  to  England  in  1695.  He  now  began 
to  read  lectures  on  anatomy,  chymistry, 
and  physic,  at  Oxford,  and  acquired  such 
celebrity  that  he  was  elected  into  the  royal 
society,  and  the  college  of  physicians.  He 
also  delivered  lectures  in  London  and  Cam- 
bridge with  equal  success,  but  his  evange- 
lium  medici,  divided  into  sixteen  sections, 
published  in  1697,  drew  upon  him  the  im- 
putation of  irreligion  and  even  atheism, 
and  though  he  probably  intended  no  attack 
upon  revelation,  the  work  deserves  censure 
for  its  skepticism.  On  the  death  of  Sobi- 
eski, and  the  tumults  which  a  Polish  elec- 
tion generally  produced,  Connor  was  in- 
duced to  gratify  the  public  curiosity  by  the 
publication  of  his  history  of  Poland  in  two 
vols,  which,  though  finished  with  more  ra- 
pidity than  correctness,  contains  many 
valuable  and  interesting  particulars  con- 
cerning that  now  ill-fated  kingdom.  Whilst 
in  the  enjoyment  of  public  celebrity  and 
rising  eminence,  Connor  was  attacked  with 
a  fever,  which  quickly  carried  him  off, 
October,  1698,  in  his  32d  year.  Though 
born  and  educated  a  catholic,  he  embraced 
the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England, 
and  died  in  her  communion.  His  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Hayley,  rec- 
tor of  St.  Giles  in  the  fields,  where  his 
remains  were  deposited. 

Conon,  an  Athenian  general,  defeated  by 
Lysandcr.  He  afterwards  defeated  the 
Spartans,  and  was  reconciled  to  his  coun- 
trymen. He  was  betraved  to  Tiribazus, 
and  put  to  death,  393  B.  C. 

Conon,  an  astronomer  of  Samos,  the 
friend  of  Archimedes.  He  flattered  Ptolemy 
by  saying  that  the  hair  of  queen  Berenice 
was  become  a  constellation  in  the  heavens. 

Conrad  I.  count  of  Franconia,  and  king 
of  Germany,  912.  He  opposed  the  Huns 
who  had  invaded  Germany,  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  Arnoul  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  at  last 
purchased  their  retreat  with  a  sum  of  money 
and  a  yearly  tribute,  and  died  918. 

Conkad  II.  son  of  Harman  duke  of 
Franconia,  was  made  king  of  Germany, 
1024,  and  crowned  emperor  at  Rome  three 


years  after.  He  was  successful  against 
his  opponents,  and  added  to  his  dominions 
the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  according  to 
the  will  of  king  Rodolphus.     He  died  1039. 

Conrad  III.  son  of  Frederic  of  Suabia, 
was  duke  of  Franconia,  and  elected  empe- 
ror of  Germany.  Though  violently  op- 
posed in  his  elevation,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  disperse  or  reconcile  his  ene- 
mies, and  afterwards  went  to  the  crusades 
against  the  Saracens.  As  the  Greeks  had 
poisoned  the  fountains  in  the  holy  land, 
he  nearly  lost  his  whole  army,  and  with 
difficulty  returned  to  Europe.  He  died  at 
Bamberg,  1152. 

Conrad  IV.  duke  of  Suabia,  succeeded 
his  father  Frederic  II.  as  emperor,  1250. 
His  elevation  was  opposed  by  Innocent  IV. 
who  claimed  the  high  privilege  of  disposing; 
of  crowns  and  kingdoms,  upon  which  he 
invaded  Italy,  and  took  Capua,  Naples,  and 
other  places.  His  victories  would  soon 
have  dispossessed  the  ambitious  pope  of 
his  dominions,  but  he  died  suddenly,  and 
as  it  is  suspected  of  poison,  1254. 

Conradin  or  Conrad,  son  of  the  fourth 
Conrad,  was  only  three  years  old  when  his 
father  died.  His  uncle  Mainfroi  became 
his  regent  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  but 
pope  Urban  IV.  bestowed  the  crown  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  who  defeated  his  youth- 
ful rival,  1268,  and  soon  after  beheaded  him 
at  Naples,  when  only  sixteen  years  old. 

Conrart,  Valentin,  secretary  to  the 
French  king's  council,  was  born  at  Paris, 
1603,  and  died  September  23,  1675.  To 
his  taste,  his  influence,  and  his  love  for 
literature,  the  French  ascribe  the  origin  of 
their  French  academy,  of  which  he  is  de- 
servedly styled  the  father,  as  her  first 
learned  men  held  their  first  meetings  in  his 
house  from  1629  to  1634.  Though  Con- 
rart knew  nothing  of  Greek,  and  little  of 
Latin,  he  yet  published  some  pieces  not 
entitled  however  to  great  merit.  He  owes 
his  celebrity  to  the  affability  of  his  manners, 
the  goodness  of  his  heart,  the  hospitable 
asylum  which  he  gave  to  men  of  learning, 
and  especially  his  being  regarded  as  the 
founder  of  the  academy. 

Conri,  Florence,  a  Franciscan  friar, 
born  in  Connaught,  Ireland,  but  educated 
in  Spain.  Philip  III.  sent  him  under  the 
title  of  titular  bishop  of  Tuam,  to  his  native 
country,  that  he  might  reconcile  the  disaf- 
fected Irish  to  the  prospects  of  a  Spanish 
invasion.  His  perfidious  schemes  were 
however  defeated,  and  he  returned  to 
Madrid,  where  he  died  1629.  He  was  au- 
thor of  the  mirror  of  the  Christian  life,— ■ 
an  Irish  catechism,  Louvain,  1626,  besides" 
some  Latin  pieces  on  Augustine,  &c. 

Conringius,   Hermannus,  professor  of 

the  law,  was  born  at  Norden,  in  Frisia, 

1606,  and  died  at  Helmstadt,  where  he  was 

professor  of  phvsic  and  politics,  and  senior 

45! 


CON 


CON 


of  the  university,  in  1681.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  history  as  well  as  law,  and  en- 
joyed the  friendship  of  some  of  the  princes 
of  Germany.  His  works,  which  are  chiefly 
en  law  and  history,  were  printed  at  Bruns- 
wick in  six  vols,  folio,  1731. 

Constant,  David,  a  native  of  Lausanne, 
and  there  professor  of  philosophy,  Greek, 
and  divinity.  He  wrote  an  abridgment  of 
politics, — on  the  passage  of  the  Israelites 
through  the  red  sea, — on  Lot's  wife, — the 
bush  of  Moses, — the  brazen  serpent, — a 
system  of  theology,  &c. — besides  editions 
of  the  classics.  He  died  at  Lausanne, 
1733,  aged  95. 

Constantin,  Robert,  professor  of  phy- 
sic, and  belles  lettres  at  Caen  university, 
where  he  was  born,  died  of  a  pleurisy  in 
1605,  aged  103,  after  enjoying  to  the  last 
all  the  faculties  of  his  mind  and  body.  His 
knowledge  of  Greek  was  very  extensive,  as 
his  learned  works  fully  evince,  especially 
his  valuable  Lexicon,  Greek  and  Latin.  He 
wrote,  besides  three  books  on  Greek  and 
Latin  antiquities, — a  dictionary  of  abstruse 
Latin  words, — a  thesaurus  rerum,  &c. 
utriusque  linguae. 

Constantine  the  Great,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  his  father  Constantius.  He  was 
an  able  general,  a  sagacious  politician,  and 
a  benevolent  prince.  He  is  chiefly  cele- 
brated for  the  building  of  Constantinople 
on  the  site  of  old  Byzantium,  and  for  being 
the  first  emperor  who  embraced  Christian- 
ity.    He  died  337,  aged  66. 

Constantine  II.  son  of  the  great  Con- 
stantine, was  born  at  Aries,  and  became 
after  his  father's  death  master  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Britain.  He  made  war  against 
his  brother  Constans,  and  was  slain  at 
Aquileia,  340. 

Constantine  III.  son  of  Constantius 
II.  was  surnamed  Pogonatus,  or  the  beard- 
ed, and  was  crowned  emperor  668.  He 
was  successful  against  the  Saracens,  who 
besieged  Constantinople,  and  he  destroyed 
their  ships  with  the  Greek  fire.  Though 
valiant,  he  was  ambitious  and  intriguing. 
He  avenged  his  father's  murder,  but  he 
showed  himself  wantonly  cruel  by  the  mur- 
der of  his  brothers  Tiberius  and  Heraclius, 
who  had  been  raised  by  the  army  to  a  share 
of  the  imperial  power.  He  condemned  the 
heresy  of  the  Monothelites  in  a  council  at 
Constantinople,  and  died  685. 

Constantine  IV.  Capronymus,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Leo  the  Isaurian,  752, 
and  displayed  his  zeal  against  image  wor- 
ship. He  defeated  the  Saracens,  and  Ar- 
tavasdes  his  brother-in-law,  who  had  made 
an  insurrection  against  him,  but  he  was 
afterwards  routed  by  the  Bulgarians,  though 
in  another  battle  he  regained  the  victory. 
He  died  775. 

Constantine  V.  succeeded  his   father 
Leo  IV.  in  780,  though  only  ten  years  old, 
4S2 


under  the  "guardianship  of  his  mother 
Irene.  He  had  the  good  success  to  thwart 
his  mother's  schemes,  who  wished  to  make 
herself  sole  sovereign  ;  but  during  an  inva- 
sion of  the  Bulgarians,  he  was  defeated, 
and  was  deprived  not  only  of  his  power, 
but  of  his  eyes,  by  the  order  of  his  cruel 
mother,  792.  He  died  some  years  after  in 
obscurity. 

Constantine  VII.  Porphyrogenitcs, 
son  of  Leo  the  wise,  was  born  905,  and 
ascended  the  throne  at  the  age  of  seven, 
under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother  Zoe. 
When  of  age  he  showed  himself  valiant 
and  active  ;  he  defeated  the  Lombards  in 
Italy,  and  drove  the  Turks  by  threats  and 
by  money  from  the  borders  of  his  empire. 
He  was  afterwards  governed  by  his  wife 
Helena,  who  oppressed  the  people  and  ren- 
dered herself  odious.  He  was  poisoned 
by  his  son  Romanus,  959.  He  was  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  wrote  the  life  of  Basilius  the 
Macedonian, — the  geography  of  the  em- 
pire,— a  treatise  on  the  affairs  of  the  em- 
pire,— de  re  rustica,  &c. 

Constantine  IX.  son  of  Romanus,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  with  his  brother  Basil 
II.  after  John  Zimisces,  976.  He  died  1028. 
Constantine  X.  Monomachus  or  Gla- 
diator, a  Greek,  who  married  Zoe,  daugh- 
ter of  Constantine  IX.  and  ascended  the 
throne  1042.  Insurrection  and  a  Turkish 
war  were  the  striking  features  of  his  reign. 
He  died  1054. 

Constantine  XL  or  Ducas,  was  adopt- 
ed as  successor  by  Isaac  Commenus,  1059. 
His  reign  was  turbulent  and  unhappy  in 
consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the  Scy- 
thians, and  the  destruction  of  some  of  his 
cities  by  an  earthquake.     He  died  1067. 

Constantine  XIII.  son  of  John  Paleo- 
logus,  succeeded  his  brother  John  in  1448. 
He  possessed  bravery,  and  honourably  fell 
in  the  defence  of  Constantinople  when  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  the  Turks  1453.  In 
him  ended  the  Greek  empire. 

Constantine,  Flavius  Julius,  a  private 
soldier,  who  by  intrigue  and  great  success 
invested  himself  with  the  imperial  purple  in 
Britain,  and  added  Gaul  and  Spain  to  his 
dominions  by  his  arms.  He  was  besieged 
at  Aries,  where  he  had  fixed  his  residence, 
by  Constantius  the  lieutenant  of  Honorius, 
and  when  reduced  to  extremity  he  offered 
to  surrender  provided  his  life  was  spared. 
The  conditions  were  accepted,  but  inhu- 
manly violated.  He  was  put  to  death,  and 
also  his  son,  411. 

Constantine,  a  native  of  Syria,  raised 
to  the  papal  chair  708.  He  travelled  into 
the  east,  and  died  715.  The  antipope  who 
opposed  Stephen  III.  bore  also  this  name. 
He  was  driven  from  Rome  and  died  in  a 
monastery. 

Constantine,  of  Carthage,  in  Africa, 
was  a  physician  of  the  11th  century.     He 


CON 


COO 


travelled  into  the  east,  where  he  resided  30 
years.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the  first  who 
brought  the  Arabian  and  Greek  physic  into 
Italy.  After  his  return  to  Carthage  he  went 
to  settle  at  Reggio,  and  at  last  became  a 
monk  of  Monte  Casino.  His  works  ap- 
peared at  Basil,  1539,  in  folio. 

Constantius,  Chlorus,  father  of  the 
great  Constantine,  was  made  colleague  to 
Galerius  on  Dioclesian's  abdication.  He 
died  at  York,  306. 

Constantius,  Flavius  Julius,  the  second 
son  of  the  great  Constantine,  succeeded 
with  his  two  brothers  Constans  and  Con- 
stantine to  the  empire  of  Rome.  He  de- 
feated Magnentius  who  had  murdered  his 
brother  Constans,  and  became  sole  empe- 
ror.    He  died  361. 

Contarini,  Gaspare!,  a  native  of  Venice, 
engaged  in  various  embassies,  and  made  a 
cardinal,  1538,  and  sent  as  legate  to  the 
council  of  Trent,  1541.  He  wrote  some 
Latin  treatises  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul — the  seven  sacraments, — against  Lu- 
ther,— on  the  office  of  pope,  &c. — with 
great  elegance  and  spirit,  and  died  at  Bo- 
logna, 1542. 

Contarini  Giovanni,  a  Venetian  paint- 
er, who  died  1605,  aged  56.  He  was  emi- 
nent in  his  profession,  and  a  great  imitator 
of  Titian. 

Contarini,  Vincent,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Padua,  died  in  his  native  town, 
Venice,  1617,  aged  40.  The  most  known 
of  his  learned  works  are  de  re  frumentaria, 
de  militari  Romanorum  stipendio  varia?  lec- 
tiones,  &c.  in  4to. 

Conte,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine  por- 
trait painter,  patronised  by  pope  Paul  III. 
He  died  1598,  aged  83. 

Conti,  Guisto  di,  an  Italian  poet  who 
died  at  Rimini  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century.  His  poems  are  greatly  esteemed, 
they  were  collected  and  published,  Venice, 
1592,  in  4to.  Florence,  1715,  and  Verona, 
1753,  in  4to. 

Conti,  abbe  Anthony,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  died  1749,  aged  71.  By  the  extent  of 
his  travels  he  not  only  formed  a  numerous 
acquaintance  with  the  learned  of  every 
country,  but  he  greatly  improved  the  pow- 
ers of  his  mind.  He  is  author  of  some 
tragedies,  and  of  some  poems  which  abound 
more  with  metaphysics  than  poetical  ele- 
gance. His  works  in  verse  and  prose 
were  published  at  Venice,  two  vols.  4to. 
1739,  an.1  another  1756.  During  his  visit 
to  England,  Conti  became  acquainted  with 
Newton,  and  long  esteemed  and  venerated 
the  abilities  and  friendship  of  that  great 
man. 

Conti,  Armand  de  Bourbon,  prince  of, 
quitted  the  church  for  a  military  life,  and 
warmly  espoused  the  party  of  the  insur- 
gents against  his  brother,  the  great  Conde, 
during  the  civil  wars  of  France.     These 


two  hostile  brothers  were  both  together 
sent  prisoners  to  Vincennes  by  Mazarin. 
Conti  was  made  in  1654  governor  of 
Guienne,  commander  of  the  armies  in 
Catalonia,  and  governor  of  Languedoc 
1662.  He  wrote  in  French,  treatises  on 
the  duties  of  the  great — on  comedies  and 
plays,  &c. — on  the  duties  of  provincial 
governors,  &c. — three  vols.  12mo.  Paris 
1667.     He  died  1668. 

Conti,  Francis  Lewis  de  Bourbon,  son 
of  the  preceding,  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Luxemburg,  in  the  campaign 
in  Hungary,  at  the  battles  of  Steinkerk, 
Fleurus,  and  Nerwinde.  He  was  elected 
king  of  Poland  1697,  but  soon  supplanted 
by  the  elector  of  Saxony.  He  died  at 
Paris  1709,  aged  45.  His  grandson  Lewis 
Francis  was  distinguished  in  the  wars  of 
Italy  and  Flanders,  and  died  at  Paris,  2d 
August,  1776,  aged  59. 

Conto-Pertana,  Don  Joseph,  a  Por- 
tuguese poet,  of  great  merit,  and  inferior 
only  to  Camoens.  His  Quitterie  la  Sainte, 
is  a  valuable  epic  poem.  He  died  at  Lis- 
bon 1735. 

Conybeare,  John,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  born  at  Pinhoe,  near  Exeter,  31st 
January,  1692.  He  was  educated  at  Exe- 
ter grammar  college,  and  Exeter  college, 
of  which  ha  became  fellow,  and  afterwards 
tutor.  In  1730  he  was  appointed  rector  of 
his  college,  and  on  the  same  year  he  pub- 
lished, by  the  advice  of  bishop  Gibson,  an 
answer  to  Tindal's  Christianity  as  old  as  the 
creation,  which  proved  him  to  be  not  only 
a  great  champion  in  the  cause  of  revela- 
tion, but  an  able  and  acute  scholar,  and 
sound  divine.  In  1732  he  was  appointed 
dean  of  Christ  church,  and  in  1750  he  suc- 
ceeded Butler  in  the  see  of  Bristol.  He 
did  not  however  long  enjoy  this  new  digni-* 
ty,  as  he  was  a  great  martyr  to  the  gout, 
under  which  he  at  last  sunk  13th  July, 
1755.  He  was  buried  in  Bristol  cathedral. 
Two  volumes  of  his  excellent  sermons  were 
published  after  his  death. 

Cook,  James,  a  celebrated  navigator, 
born  at  Marton,  in  Cleveland,  near  Great 
Ayton,  Yorkshire,  and  christened  3d  No- 
vember, 1728.  His  father  was  a  poor  cot- 
tager, who  afterwards  was  employed  as  a 
hind  or  upper  servant  on  the  farms  of 
Thomas  Skottowe,  esquire,  at  Great  Ay- 
ton,  where  his  son  was  engaged  in  the  la- 
bour of  the  plough  till  the  age  of  13,  when 
he  acquired  some  knowledge  of  arithmetic 
and  figures  at  the  village  school.  At  the 
age  of  17  young  Cook  was  bound  appren- 
tice for  four  years  to  a  grocer  at  Snaitb, 
but  his  fondness  for  the  sea  overturned  his 
father's  plans,  and  after  one  year  and  a 
half's  service  the  indentures  were  cancelled 
by  the  kindness  of  his  master,  and  in  July, 
1746,  he  was  bound  for  three  years  in  the 
service  of  Mr.  Walker,  a  ship  owner  at 
453 


COO 


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Whitby.  He  was  thus  engaged  to  the 
great  satisfaction  of  his  employer  in  the 
coasting  and  coal  trade,  till  1752,  when  he 
was  made  mate  of  one  of  Walker's  vessels, 
and  the  next  year  he  quitted  his  master's  ser- 
vice, though  he  was  offered  the  command  of 
one  of  his  ships,  and  entered  on  board  the 
Eagle,  a  king's  frigate,  of  28  or  30  guns,  being- 
desirous,  as  he  said,  "  to  try  his  fortune 
that  way."  Between  1753  and  1760,  when 
he  received  a  lieutenant's  commission,  he 
was  successfully  employed  in  improving 
himself,  and  storing  his  mind  with  that 
knowledge  of  navigation  and  mathematics, 
which  he  afterwards  displayed  in  so  re- 
markable a  degree.  The  skill,  firmness, 
and  ability  whicb  he  showed  while  employ- 
ed in  America  and  on  the  Jamaica  station, 
recommended  him,  not  only  to  the  notice 
of  Sir  William  Burnaby  the  commander, 
but  to  the  approbation  of  the  admiralty, 
and  when  in  1767  'the  Royal  Society  in- 
sisted on  the  propriety  of  observing  the 
transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disc,  from 
some  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
lieutenant  Cook  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  ship  Endeavour  in  that  new  and 
distant  expedition.  He  was  in  conse- 
quence raised  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
sailed  down  the  river  on  the  30th  July,  ac- 
companied in  this  important  voyage  by  Sir 
Joseph  Banks,  Dr.  Solander,  and  Mr. 
Green.  On  the  13th  April,  1769,  he  reach- 
ed Otaheite,  where  the  observations  were 
directed  to  be  made,  and  after  remaining 
there  till  the  13th  July,  he  set  sail  for  New 
Zealand,  and  after  discovering  several 
islands  he  reached  Batavia  10th  October, 
1770.  After  losing  many  of  his  men  in 
this  horrid  climate,  where  he  was  obliged 
to  remain  till  the  27th  December  for  the 
repairs  of  his  ship,  he  proceeded  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  anchored  in  the 
Downs  on  the  12th  June,  after  an  absence 
of  nearly  three  years.  The  great  abilities 
which  captain  Cook  had  evinced  in  this  ex- 
pedition recommended  him  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  two  ships  intended  to  explore 
the  coasts  of  the  supposed  southern  hemis- 
phere. On  the  9th  of  April,  1772,  he  sailed 
from  Deptford,  on  board  the  Resolution, 
with  captain  Furneux,  who  had  the  com- 
mand of  the  other  ship,  the  Adventure. 
They  reached  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  30th 
October,  and  leaving  it  on  the  22d  Novem- 
ber, they  proceeded  towards  the  south,  in 
pursuit  of  discovery.  The  vast  fields  of 
ice  which,  however,  presented  themselves 
in  those  southern  latitudes,  and  the  immi- 
nent dangers  to  which  they  hourly  exposed 
the  ships,  convinced  the  captain  that  no 
land  was  to  be  found,  and  that  further  at- 
tempts were  not  only  useless  but  perilous, 
and  therefore  on  the  17th  January,  1773, 
he  sailed  towards  the  South  Sea,  and  on 
the  21st  March,  1774,  returned  to  the 
454 


Cape,  and  reached  England  on  the  14th  o'~ 
July.  During  this  dangerous  voyage  of 
three  years  and  18  days,  the  captain  lost 
only  one  man  in  his  crew  of  118,  though 
he  navigated  in  various  climates  from  52 
degrees  north  to  71  degrees  south.  The. 
discoveries  of  islands  in  the  southern  seas 
had  now  engaged  the  attention  of  the  na- 
tion, and  another  project  was  formed  to 
find  out  a  north-west  passage,  and  thus 
unite  the  great  Pacific  ocean  with  the  north 
of  the  Atlantic.  On  this  occasion  Cook, 
again  eager  to  serve  his  country,  and  ad- 
vance the  knowledge  of  geography,  bid 
adieu  to  his  domestic  comforts,  and  a  third 
time,  with  ardent  zeal,  embarked  to  sur- 
round the  world.  He  set  sail  in  the  Dis- 
covery in  July,  1776,  and  after  visiting 
several  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
he  penetrated  towards  the  north,  explored 
the  unkown  coasts  of  western  America, 
and  turned  back  only  when  his  further  pro- 
gress was  impeded  by  vast  fields  of  ice. 
Unable,  in  consequence  of  the  advanced 
season,  to  go  further,  he  visited  the  Sand- 
wich islands,  and  stopped  at  Owyhee, 
where  he  unfortunately  lost  his  life.  Du- 
ring the  night  the  Indians  carried  away  the 
Discovery's  cutter,  and  Cook,  determined 
to  recover  it,  adopted  the  same  measures 
which  on  similar  occasions  he  had  success- 
fully pursued,  and  he  seized  the  king  of  the 
island,  to  confine  him  on  board  his  ship  till 
restoration  of  the  vessel  was  made.  In 
the  struggle  which  took  place,  the  captain 
and  his  men  were  assailed  by  the  Indians, 
who  viewed  with  resentment  the  captivity 
of  their  monarch,  and  before  he  could 
reach  the  boat  Cook  received  a  severe  blow 
on  the  head,  which  brought  him  to  the 
ground,  and  unable  aione  to  resist  a  multi- 
tude of  savage  foes,  while  his  men  in  the 
boat  and  on  the  shore  seemed  intent  in  de- 
fending themselves,  he  was  overpowered 
by  the  strokes  of  his  assailants.  His  body- 
was  treated  with  savage  barbarity,  and  a 
few  bones  were  recovered,  which  his 
mourning  and  disconsolate  companions 
committed  to  the  deep.  This  melancholy 
event  happened  on  the  14th  February, 
1779.  The  account  of  the  death  of  this 
worthy  navigator  was  received  with  gene- 
ral sorrow.  The  services  which  he  had 
rendered  his  country,  the  humanity  which 
he  had  always  showed  in  his  intercourse 
with  the  Indians,  and  the  benevolence  and 
concern  with  which  he  watched  over  the 
health  of  his  men,  duly  entitled  him  to 
universal  respect.  Soon  after  his  depar- 
ture the  Royal  Society  voted  him  a  golden 
medal,  with  the  most  honourable  and  most 
deserved  testimony  of  their  esteem  and 
gratitude  ;  and  though  he  had  not  the  hap- 
piness to  receive,  before  his  death,  this 
proof  of  public  affection,  yet  posterity 
views  and  records  with  admiration  and 


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reverence  the  homage  due  to  the  merits  of 
a  great  and  a  good  man.  Cook  left  by  his 
wife,  who  long  survived  him,  several  chil- 
dren. On  the  widow  the  king  bestowed 
a  pension  of  2001.  and  on  each  of  the  chil- 
dren 251.  a  reward  scarce  adequate  to  the 
many  and  immortal  services  of  the  father. 
Cook,  though  cradled  in  poverty,  yet  im- 
proved himself  by  diligence  and  assiduous 
labour.  He  possessed  great  natural  abili- 
ties, and  they  were  not  abused  ;  but  read- 
ing, meditation,  and  severe  application 
rendered  them  not  only  respectable  but 
shining.  Of  his  first  voyage  the  account 
was  compiled  by  Dr.  Hawkesworth,  per- 
haps not  with  sufficient  justice.  George 
Forster,  son  of  Dr.  Forster,  was  the  nar- 
rator of  the  second  voyage,  and  as  he  had 
shared  the  adventures  of  the  naval  hero, 
his  relation  must  be  considered  not  only  as 
accurate  but  very  interesting.  Among  the 
compilers  of  the  last  voyage  men  of  ability 
and  reputation  are  mentioned,  especially 
Dr.  Douglas  bishop  of  Salisbury,  captain 
King,  who  was  one  of  the  officers  in  the 
expedition,  and  Mr.  Anderson.  The  prin- 
cipal islands  discovered  by  Cook  were  New 
Caledonia,  New  Georgia,  Sandwich-land, 
and  other  less  important  places,  and  thus 
by  his  labours  and  perseverance  he  esta- 
blished the  non-existence  of  a  southern 
continent,  and  the  impracticability  of  a 
northern  passage  between  the  Pacific  and 
Atlantic  oceans. 

Cooke,  Sir  Anthony,  was  born  at  Gid- 
ding-hall,  Essex,  about  1506.  As  his  name 
is  not  mentioned  by  Wood,  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  He 
so  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning, 
and  the  respectability  of  his  character, 
that  he  was  thought  worthy  to  preside  over 
the  education  of  the  young  king,  Edward 
VI.  In  Mary's  reign  he  lived  in  exile  ; 
but  he  returned  under  Elizabeth,  and  died 
at  his  seat  1576.  His  daughters  were  all 
happy  in  their  matrimonial  connexions. 
Mildred  married  lord  Burleigh  ;  Anne,  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  ;  Elizabeth,  Sir  John  Rus- 
sel,  son  of  the  earl  of  Bedford  ;  and  Catha- 
rine, Sir  Henry  Killigrew. 

Cooke,  Robert,  was  born  at  Beeston, 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Brazen-nose 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  proctor 
of  the  university.  He  was  an  able  divine 
and  a  good  scholar,  well  skilled  in  the 
knowledge  of  ecclesiastical  history.  He 
retired  upon  the  vicarage  of  Leeds,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  died  in  1614. 

Cooke,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  at  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  about  1707,  and  educated  at 
Felsted  school.  In  his  19th  year  he  edited 
Andrew  Marvel's  works,  and,  by  an  ele- 
gant dedication,  introduced  himself  to  the 
knowledge  and  patronage  of  lord  Pem- 
broke, who  not  only  esteemed  him,  but 
even  assisted  him  with  valuable  notes  in 


his  translation  of  Hesiod,  published  in  1725, 
Cooke  translated  besides,  Terence,  and 
Cicero  de  natura  deorum,  and  the  Amphi- 
tryton  of  Plautus.  He  wrote  also  five  or 
six  pieces  for  the  stage,  which,  however, 
gained  him  neither  fame  nor  money.  He 
was  concerned  with  Motley  in  writing 
Penelope,  a  farce,  which  being  considered 
as  throwing  ridicule  on  Pope's  Odyssey, 
just  then  published,  greatly  irritated  the 
poet,  who,  in  consequence  of  this  gave 
Cooke  a  respectable  place  in  the  Dunciad. 
Cooke  died  very  poor,  about  1750.  Some 
memoirs  of  him  were  published  by  the  late 
Sir  Joseph  Mawbey,  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine. 

Cooke,  Elisha,  a  physician  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1657.  In  1689  he  went  to  Eng- 
land as  agent  of  Massachusetts  to  procure 
the  restoration  of  the  charter.  He  after- 
wards, during  the  contentions  between  the 
legislature  of  the  colony  and  the  royal 
governors,  respecting  the  charters,  distin- 
guished himself  by  advocating  the  rights  of 
the  people.  He  possessed  a  strong  mind, 
and  was  bold  and  patriotic.  After  having 
held  various  important  offices  in  the  pro- 
vince for  more  than  40  years,  he  died  in 
1715.  [D=L. 

Cooke,  Elisha,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
also  a  distinguished  politician,was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1697.  He  commenced 
his  political  career  in  early  life,  and  it  was 
marked  like  his  father's,  by  violent  conten- 
tions with  the  governors  of  the  province. 
He  was  for  many  years  at  the  head  of  the 
popular  party,  and  held  the  offices  of  coun- 
sellor, speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
and  agent  to  the  court  of  Great  Britain. 
He  died  in  1737.  O*  L. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, was  born  22d  July,  1621,  at  Winborne 
St.  Giles's,  Dorsetshire.  He  studied  for  two 
years  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Lincoln's-inn,  where  for 
some  time  he  applied  himself  to  the  law. 
He  was  member  for  Tewkesbury  in  the 
parliament  of  1640  ;  and  at  the  beginning 
of  the  civil  wars  he  seemed  inclined  to  fa- 
vour the  side  of  the  king.  He,  however, 
retired  in  disgust  from  Oxford,  and  soon 
after  took  a  commission  in  the  parliamen- 
tary army.  In  1645,  he  was  sheriff  for 
Norfolk,  and  the  next  year  for  Wilts  :  and 
he  afterwards  as  member  of  the  house  of 
commons,  had  the  boldness  to  charge 
Cromwell  with  tyranny  and  arbitrary  go- 
vernment. The  opposition  which  he  had 
manifested  against  the  usurpation  rendered 
him  a  fit  person  to  solicit  the  king's  return, 
and  he  accordingly  was  one  of  the  twelve 
who  carried  the  invitation  of  the  commons. 
On  the  restoration,  his  services  were  re- 
warded with  a  peerage,  he  was  sworn  a 
455 


too 


COO 


privy  counsellor,  and  made  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  and  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
treasury.  In  1672,  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  lord  chancellor ;  which,  how- 
ever, he  resigned  the  following  year,  by 
the  intrigues  of  his  enemies,  and  especially 
of  James,  duke  of  York.  From  a  partisan 
of  the  court,  he  now  became  a  violent 
opponent ;  and  the  eloquence  of  his 
speeches,  and  the  firmness  of  his  conduct, 
had  such  effect,  that  the  earl  of  Danby  was 
unable  to  cany  the  test  bill,  and  other 
measures,  through  parliament,  which  the  go- 
vernment recommended ;  and  a  prorogation 
followed.  On  the  meeting  again  of  parlia- 
ment, Shaftesbury,  with  others,  insisted 
that  the  house  was  dissolved  ;  and  so  offend- 
ed was  the  king,  that  he  sent  him,  to- 
gether with  Buckingham,  Salisbury,  and 
Wharton,  to  the  Tower,  where  he  re- 
mained for  thirteen  months.  When  set 
at  liberty  his  opposition  did  not  cease  ; 
and  at  last  a  change  of  ministry  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  the  council  board. 
This  triumph  was  short.  The  duke  of 
York  was  so  enraged  at  the  measures  which 
Shaftesbury  had  pursued  in  recommending 
the  exclusion  bill,  that  he  not  only  procured 
his  dismissal  from  office,  but  obtained  his 
being  committed,  for  high  treason,  to  the 
Tower.  After  four  months  confinement, 
he  was  tried  and  acquitted  ;  but  so  sensi- 
ble was  he  of  the  power  and  injustice  of 
his  enemies,  that  he  fled  from  their  perse- 
cution, in  1682,  and  reached  Holland, 
where  he  proposed  to  end  his  days  in  peace 
and  retirement.  His  days,  however,  were 
shortened  by  the  attack  of  the  gout,  which 
fell  on  his  stomach.  He  died  22d  January, 
1683,  aged  62.  His  remains  were  conveyed 
to  Winborne,  where  a  handsome  monu- 
ment, erected  by  his  great-grandson,  re- 
cords his  character.  Shaftesbury  was  a 
man  of  no  steady  principles,  of  great  ambi- 
tion, and  little  political  fidelity.  Charles 
II.  who  not  only  said,  but  bore  with  great 
good  humour,  sallies  of  raillery,  once  talk- 
ing to  him  of  his  amours,  told  him,  "  I  be- 
lieve, Shaftesbury,  thou  art  the  wickedest 
fellow  in  my  dominions."  "  May  it  please 
your  majesty,"  replied  Shaftesbury,  with  a 
i>rave  face,  "  of  a  subject,  I  believe  I  am." 
At  which  the  merry  king  laughed  heartily. 
Shaftesbury  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  dig- 
nity of  king  of  Poland  ;  and  in  consequence 
of  his  fickleness  in  his  political  connexions, 
he  was  not  improperly  called  Shiftsbury,and 
not  Shaftesbury.  He  married  three  wives. 
By  the  second  only  he  had  issue  :  an  only- 
son,  Anthony,  born  1651,  January  16,  who 
was  the  father  of  the  personage  next  to  be 
mentioned. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, known  as  the  author  of  the  Charac- 
teristics, was  born  February  26,  1671,  at 
Exeter-house,  London.     He  was  educated 
45€ 


under  the  eye  of  his  grandfather,  who* 
placed  about  him  a  person  who  was  well 
versed  in  the  learned  languages,  so  that  at 
the  age  of  11  he  could  read  Latin  and 
Greek  with  great  ease  and  fluency.  In 
1686  he  began  his  travels,  and  highly  im- 
proved himself  in  Italy  and  France  in  the 
acquisition  of  every  polite  accomplishment. 
He  was  member  for  Poole  in  the  Parlia- 
ment of  1694 ;  but  he  declined  sitting  at 
the  succeeding  election,  on  account  of  his 
health.  He  then  passed  over  into  Hol- 
land, where,  under  an  assumed  name,  in 
the  company  of  le  Clerc,  Bayle,  and  other 
ingenious  men,  he  spent  a  year,  in  the  most 
perfect  friendship  and  all  the  ease  of  litera- 
ry intercourse.  On  his  return  into  Eng- 
land he  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of 
Shaftesbury  ;  but  he  valued  little  the  acqui- 
sition of  a  seat  in  the  house  of  lords,  where 
he  seldom  appeared.  The  enthusiastic  ex- 
travagance of  the  French  prophets  about 
this  time  began  to  engage  the  attention  of 
the  nation  ;  and  Shaftesbury,  who  dreaded 
the  evils  of  persecution,  published  his  let- 
ter concerning  enthusiasm,  addressed  to 
lord  Somers.  In  1 709  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Ewer,  Esq.  of  Lee,  Herts,  by 
whom  he  had  one  son.  The  precarious 
state  of  his  health,  which  was  always  deli- 
cate, induced  him  to  remove  to  a  warmer 
climate  ;  and  after  being  about  a  year  in 
Italy,  he  died  at  Naples,  4th  February,  1713. 
The  3  volumes  of  his  characteristics  were 
the  only  works  which  he  wished  to  present 
to  the  public,  of  which  the  most  correct 
edition  is  that  of  1713.  His  name,  how- 
ever, in  literature,  was  so  respectable,  that 
his  letters  to  a  young  man  in  the  university, 
were,  in  1716,  presented  to  the  public  ;  and 
in  1721,  Toland  also  published  letters  from 
lord  Shaftesbury  to  Robert  Molesworth, 
Esq.  As  a  philosopher,  lord  Shaftesbury 
gained  high  reputation  ;  but  his  principles 
were  warmly  combated  by  able  and  inde- 
fatigable opponents.  Leaving  the  purer 
principles  of  Christian  doctrine,  he,  in  his 
admiration  for  the  learning  and  language  of 
the  ancients,  regarded  the  character  and 
the  precepts  of  Socrates  and  Democritus  as 
more  than  human,  and  while  he  considered 
man  as  a  political  being,  under  the  guidance 
of  a  providence,  whose  government  ex- 
cludes general  evil  and  disorder,  he  disre- 
garded the  important  doctrines  of  revelation 
and  atonement. 

Cooper,  Maurice  Ashley,  brother  to  the 
author  of  the  Characteristics,  translated 
the  Cyropaedia,  addressed  toliis  sister,  the 
mother  of  Mr.  Harris  of  Salisbury.  This 
work  appeared  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1728,  soon 
after  his  death,  and  was  highly  esteemed, 
so  that  a  third  edition  of  it  was  printed 
in  1770. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  pre- 
late, born  at  Oxford.  1517,  and  educated  at 


cue 


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Magdalen  college  sehool.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  the  college  in  1540.  In  1546  he 
quitted  his  fellowship,  and  began  to  study 
physic,  apprehensive,  it  is  said,  of  the  perse- 
cution of  queen  Mary,  as  after  her  death  he 
returned  to  divinity,  and  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  1567.  He  was  dean  of  Christ-church 
about  this  time,  and  two  years  after  dean  of 
Gloucester,  and  the  next  year,  1570,  bishop 
of  Lincoln.  In  1584,  he  was  translated  to 
Winchester.  When  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he 
had  been  active  against  those  public  exer- 
cises called  prophesyings,  which  tended  so 
much  to  introduce  puritanism,  and  now  at 
Winchester  he  was  equally  zealous  against 
the.  catholics,  who  were  both  numerous  and 
powerful.  He  died  at  Winchester,  April, 
1594,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral. 
He  has  been  greatly  commended  by  Wood, 
Harrington,  and  others,  for  his  great  learn- 
ing, eloquence,  gravity,  and  holiness  of 
life.  His  writings  are,  chronicles  from  the 
17th  year  after  Christ  to  1560— thesaurus 
linguae  Roman®  et  Britannicae,  a  work 
highly  patronised  by  queen  Elizabeth — and 
dictionarium  historicum  poeticum,  &c. — an 
exposition  of  the  chapters  read  in  the  Sun- 
day service — admonition  to  the  people  of 
England — besides  sermons,  &c. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  an  English  painter, 
born  in  London,  1609.  He  was  bred  un- 
der his  uncle  Hoskins,  but  he  gained  so 
much  from  the  works  of  Vandyck,  that  he 
was  called  Vandyck  in  little.  His  chief 
excellence  was  in  the  representation  of  the 
features  of  the  head.  His  works  were 
highly  esteemed  on  the  continent ;  and  he 
was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  most 
celebrated  painters  of  his  age  abroad. 
The  king  of  France  paid  great  attention  to 
him  when  at  Paris  ;  but  he  could  not  obtain 
his  Oliver  Cromwell,  though  he  offered 
1501.  for  it.  His  best  pieces  were,  0. 
Cromwell  and  one  Swingfield.  He  died 
in  London,  1672,  aged  63,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Pancras'  church.  His  elder  brother, 
Alexander,  was  equally  known  as  a  limner. 
He  went  over  to  Sweden,  and  became 
painter  to  queen  Christina. 

Cooper,  John  Gilbert,  Esq.  born  at 
Thurganton,  Nottinghamshire,  was  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  married  Miss 
Wright,  daughter  of  the  recorder  of  Leices- 
ter, and  resided  on  his  family  seat,  where 
he  died,  April,  1769,  after  a  long  and 
tedious  illness,  arising  from  the  stone.  His 
chief  work  is  his  life  of  Socrates,  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  his  friend  Mr.  Jackson, 
of  Leicester.  He  wrote  besides  remarks 
on  Warburton's  edition  of  Pope's  works, 
and  translated  the  Ver  Vert  of  Gresset. 
His  other  works  are,  letters  on  taste — a 
father's  advice  to  his  son — some  papers  in 
"  the  world," — and  some  fugitive  pieces  in 
Dodsley's  collection. 

Vol.  I.  5S 


Cooper,  Samuel,  a  congregational  minis- 
ter, was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
in  March,  1725.  He  was.  graduated  at 
Harvard,  in  1743,  and  in  1746  was  ordain- 
ed pastor  of  the  Brattle-street  church,  Bos- 
ton. After  an  unusually  popular  ministry 
of  near  37  years,  he  died  in  December, 
1783.  He  was  distinguished  for  the  ex- 
tent of  his  learning,  the  force  and  elegance 
of  his  style,  and  the  energy  and  tenderness 
of  his  delivery.  He  was  an  ardent  friend 
of  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  did  much  to 
promote  it,  corresponded  extensively  with 
eminent  men  abroad,  and  was  a  zealous 
patron  of  literary  and  charitable  institu- 
tions. ttP  L. 

Cooper,  Myles,  D.D.  president  of 
King's  (now  Columbia)  college,  New- York, 
was  an  Englishman,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  graduated  in  1760. 
He  came  to  New- York  in  1762,  and  was 
immediately  appointed  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in  the  college,  and  on  the  re- 
signation of  Dr.  Johnson,  the  next  year 
was  elected  president.  He  continued 
in  that  station  till  1775,  when  his  friend- 
liness to  the  royal  cause  rendering  him  un- 
popular, he  resigned  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land. He  was  afterwards  settled  in  the 
Episcopal  chapel  at  Edinburgh,  and  died  in 
that  city  in  1785.  His  talents  and  learn- 
ing were  respectable.  0°  L. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre,  an  English  general, 
born  in  1726.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
profession  of  arms,  and  served  in  the  king's 
troops  in  the  rebellion  of  1745.  In  1754 
he  left  Ireland  for  India,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  reduction  of  Hugh- 
ley  and  Chandenagore,  at  the  battle  of 
Plassey,  and  the  siege  of  Pondicherry. 
This  last  place,  after,  an  obstinate  siege, 
though  defended  by  Lally,  yielded  to  the 
English,  and  thus  fell  the  French  power 
in  the  east.  The  services  of  Colonel 
Coote  were  handsomely  acknowledged  by 
the  East  India  Company,  who  voted  him  a 
diamond-hilted  sword,  value  700L  In  1770 
he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in 
the  company's  settlements  ;  but  resigned 
the  office  in  consequence  of  a  dispute  with 
the  governor  of  Madras.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  invested  with  the  order  of 
the  bath,  and  made  governor  of  Fort  St. 
George  in  Scotland  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
General  Clavering  he  went  again  to  the 
east  as  commander-in-chief.  In  July  1781, 
he,  with  only  10,000  men,  defeated  Hy- 
der's  army  consisting  of  150,000  men,  and 
obtained  further  successes  over  this  active 
and  formidable  enemy.  The  weak  state 
of  Sir  Eyre's  health  did  not  prevent  his 
taking  the  field  again  in  1783  ;  but  he  sunk 
under  his  complaints,  and,  two  days  after 
his  arrival  at  Madras,  he  died,  26th  April, 
1783.  His  remains  were  brought  to  Eng- 
land, and  buried  in  Rockwell  church. 
457 


COP 


COli 


Hants,  14th  September,  1784.  The  East 
India  Company  have  erected  a  monument 
to  his  memory  in  Westminster  abbey. 

Cootwich,  John,  a  doctor  of  laws,  of 
Utrecht,  known  for  his  travels  in  the  cast, 
and  for  the  account  of  it  which  he  publish- 
ed, called  travels  into  Jerusalem  and  Syria, 
in  Latin,  4to.  1619,  containing  many 
curious  particulars. 

Copernicus,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Thorne,  in  Prussia,  19th 
January,   1472.     He   studied  the  learned 
languages  at  home,  and  applied  to  philoso- 
phy and  physic  at  Cracovia.      In  his  23d 
year  he  set  out  for  Italy,  in  search  of  know- 
ledge ;  and  so  great   was   his  reputation, 
that   on  his  arrival   at  Rome  he  was  ap- 
pointed pi-ofessor  of  mathematics.     After 
some  years'  absence  he  returned  home,  and 
began  to  apply  the  vast  knowledge  which 
he  possessed  to  the  examination  and  cor- 
rection   of  the    Ptolemaic    system,    then 
universally  adopted    and    followed.     The 
opinions   of  preceding  philosophers   were 
weighed  with   accuracy    and    judgment  ; 
but  of  all  the  systems  of  ancient  times,  none 
pleased  the  illustrious    mathematician   so 
much  as  that  of  Pythagoras,  for  its  beauty, 
simplicity,  and  ease.      In  his  35th  year, 
Copernicus  bent  all  the  powers  of  his  mind 
to  this  intricate  subject ;    and  after  twenty 
years'   laborious  study,  the  cycles  and  epi- 
cycles of  former  astronomers  were  removed 
from  the  machine  of  the  universe,  and  the 
sun  was  nobly  and  independently  placed  in 
the  centre,   to  illuminate  and  govern  the 
whole.     But  though  convinced  of  the  truth 
of    his    hypothesis,    the    philosopher    yet 
dreaded  the  bigotry  and  persecution  of  the 
times.     His  work  lay  long  concealed,  till 
the  importunities  of  his  friends  prevailed 
upon  him   to   publish  ;    but  a  few  hours 
after  the  first  copy  was  brought  to  him,  he 
was  seized  with  a  violent  effusion  of  blood, 
which  terminated  his  life,  24th  May,  1543, 
in  his  70th  year.     This   truly  great  man, 
who,  to  the  extensive  knowledge  of  a  com- 
prehensive mind,  united  the  mild  virtues 
and  the  innocence  of  private  life,  was  canon 
of  Worms  ;  an  appointment  which  he   ob- 
tained from  his  mother's  brother,  Wazelro- 
dius,  the  bishop  of  the  place.     Copernicus 
was  not  only  a  mathematician,  but  a  paint- 
er, and  it  is  said  that  by  the  help  of  a  look- 
ing-glass he   drew  an  excellent  picture  of 
himself. 

Coppa,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator 
of  Guido,  who  died  1-665,  aged  70. 

Coc£,  Peter  le,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  born 
at  Ifs,  near  Caen,  29th  March,  1723.  He 
became  superior  of  the  Eudistes,  and  re- 
markable for  his  piety,  learning,  and  mo- 
desty. He  wrote  letters  on  ecclesiastical 
•discipline,  12mo. — treatise  on  funds — on 
different  kinds  of  propertv — on  the  usury 

m 


of  commercial  loans,   &.c.     He  died  of  a 
paralytic  stroke,  1st  September,  1777. 

Coques,  Gonzalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1684,  aged  66.  He  successfully  imita- 
ted Vandyck,  and  particularly  excelled  in 
historical  conversations.  He  acquired 
both  riches  and  reputation,  and  his  pieces 
in  his  lifetime  were  eagerly  sought  by  the 
princes  of  Germany,  and  by  Charles  I. 
A  very  remarkable  clearness  of  colour 
appeared  in  the  heads  and  hands  of  his  pic- 
tures. 

Coram,  captain  Thomas,  was  born  about 
1668,  and  bred  to  the  sea.  From  seeing 
many  children  exposed,  his  humanity 
prompted  him  to  relieve  them  ;  and  to  him 
we  are  indebted  for  the  Foundling  hospital, 
for  which,  after  seventeen  years'  benevo- 
lent attention,  he  obtained  a  charter.  His 
charitable  views  were  extended  to  America ; 
he  established  a  place  for  the  education  of 
Indian  girls,  and  thus  paved  the  way  for  a 
reconciliation  between  the  natives  and  the 
settlers.  His  disregard  for  private  eco- 
nomy, whilst  engaged  in  public  good,  at 
last  reduced  his  circumstances  so  much  that 
he  lived  on  the  benevolent  contributions  of 
his  friends,  at  the  head  of  whom  appeared 
Frederic  prince  of  Wales.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don 29th  March,  1751,  aged  84,  and  was, 
according  to  his  desire,  buried  in  the  Found- 
ling chapel. 

Coras,  John  de,  a  native  of  Ilealmont, 
who  became  public  professor  of  law  at  Tou- 
louse at  the  age  of  18.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  at  Angers,  Orleans,  Paris,  Padua, 
and  Ferrara,  and  then  returned  to  Tou- 
louse, and  became  counsellor  of  the  par- 
liament, and  chancellor  to  the  queen  of 
Navarre.  He  was  imprisoned  for  his  ad- 
herence to  the  protestant  religion,  and 
orders  were  sent  from  the  king  to  put  him 
to  death  ;  but  while  the  parliament  resisted 
the  arbitrary  mandate,  some  assassins 
broke  into  the  prison  and  murdered  him, 
with  above  200  other  prisoners,  1572.  He 
wrote  various  works  on  civil  law,  which 
were  published  together,  Lyons,  1558,  2 
vols.  fol. 

Coras,  James  de,  author  of  the  life  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  Jonah  and  Nineveh  penitent, 
a  poem  of  little  merit.  He  died  1677. 
His  works  appeared  in  1665,  12mo. 

Corbet,  John,  a  native  of  Gloucester, 
educated  at  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford.  He 
obtained  the  living  of  Bramshot,  in  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1662, 
for  nonconformity.  He  died  of  the  stone, 
in  London,  1680.  He  is  author  of  a  his- 
torical relation  of  the  military  government 
of  Gloucester  during  the  rebellion,  4to.  be- 
sides self-employment  in  secret,  12mo. 
1631,  a  work  of  merit.  He  was  a  zealous 
nonconformist,  and  hod  once,  at  Chfctaes 


COR 


COB 


ler,  a  warm  debate  with  bishop  Gunning,  on 
conformity,  which  ended  without  mutual 
conviction. 

Corbet,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  born  at  Ewell,  in  Surrey,  and  edu- 
cated at  Westminster-school  and  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  dean, 
in  1620,  by  the  favour  of  king  James.  In 
1629  he  was  made  bishop  of  Oxford,  and 
in  1632  translated  to  Norwich.  He  died 
28th  July,  1635,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  Norwich.  After  his  death, 
Iris  poems  were  published,  under  the  title 
of  Poetica  stromata,  1648,  8vo.  and  an- 
other edition  1672,  12mo. 

Corbulo,  Domitius,  a  Roman  general, 
who  carried  arms  against  the  Parthians, 
and  placed  Tigranes  on  the  Armenian 
throne.  He  destroyed  himself  when  he 
heard  that  Nero,  envious  of  his  glory,  had 
ordered  his  assassination,  A.  D.  67. 

Corday  d'Armans,  Mary  Anne  Char- 
lotte, a  native  of  St.  Saturnin,  near  Seez, 
in  Normandy,  of  respectable  parents. 
She  was  brought  up  at  Caen,  where  her 
beauty  and  accomplishments  were  seen  and 
admired  by  Belsunce,  the  major  of  a  regi- 
ment quartered  in  the  town.  The  death  of 
this  worthy  favourite,  who  was  murdered 
by  some  assassins,  excited  the  vengeance 
of  the  youthful  heroine,  and  when  she  saw 
her  lover  branded  with  the  name  of  con- 
spirator, in  a  paper  published  by  Marat, 
she  hastened  to  Paris,  determined  to  sacri- 
fice to  her  resentment  the  man  who  had 
so  shamefully  abused  the  object  of  her  af- 
fections, and  had  defended  the  condem- 
nation of  the  deputies  of  merit  and  virtue 
in  the  convention.  She  was  refused  ad- 
mittance at  the  house  of  Marat ;  but  she 
obtained  it  by  writing  a  letter,  in  which 
she  informed  him  that  she  wished  to  dis- 
close some  secret  of  importance ;  and 
while  the  tyrant  was  engaged  in  conver- 
sation with  her,  she  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart,  and  he  fell  at  her  feet.  Undismay- 
ed, and  glorying  in  the  deed,  she  refused 
to  fly,  and  was  dragged  to  the  Abbaye,  and 
then  to  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  where 
she  heard  the  sentence  of  condemnation 
with  tranquil  composure.  The  serenity 
and  dignity  of  her  features  were  so  com- 
manding, as  she  walked  to  the  scaffold, 
that  Adam  Lux,  a  deputy  from  Mayence, 
captivated  by  her  beauty,  requested  of  the 
bloody  tribunal  to  follow  her  to  death  ;  and 
he  had  the  singular  satisfaction  of  expiring 
by  the  same  guillotine.  Charlotte  suffered 
July,  1793.  She  was  24  years  and  nine 
months  old  ;  and  it  is  said  that  by  the  fe- 
male line  she  was  descended  from  Peter 
Corneille. 

Cordemoi,  Geraud  de,  a  French  acade- 
mician, and  a  great  partisan  of  Des  Cartes's 
^vsifpm.     He  was  reader  to  the  dauphin  ; 


and  died  8th  October,  1634,  &tan  advanced 
age.  He  wrote  a  general  history  of  France, 
during  the  two  first  races  of  kings,  be- 
sides some  metaphysical  and  other  tracts, 
4to.  His  son  Lewis  Geraud  was  abbot  of 
Femieres  monastery.  He  wrote  some 
controversial  pieces,  and  assisted  his  fa- 
ther in  his  history  of  France.  He  died 
1722. 

Cordus,  Aulus  Crementius,  a  Roman, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  civil  wars  of 
Rome,  much  commended  by  Tacitus  and 
Seneca.  He  destroyed  himself  when  he 
heard  that  Sejanus  meditated  his  death,  by 
a  false  accusation  before  Tiberius. 

Cordus,  Euricius,  a  German  physician 
and  poet,  who  died  at  Bremen  24th  De- 
cember, 1535.  He  was  intimate  with 
Erasmus  and  other  learned  men.  His  La- 
tin poems  appeared  at  Leyden  1623,  in  8vo. 
He  wrote  also  botanologia,  and  some  medi- 
cal treatises. 

Cordus,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Hesse  Cassel  1515.  He  devo- 
ted himself  to  the  learned  languages,  but 
particularly  to  the  study  of  botany.  He 
traversed  the  mountains  in  Germany,  and 
visited  Padua,  Pisa,  and  Florence  ;  but  re- 
ceiving a  dreadful  kick  from  a  horse,  he 
died  in  consequence  of  it,  at  Rome,  1554, 
aged  29.  He  published  remarks  on  Dios- 
corides,  1561,  fid. — historia  stirpium,  2 
vols.  fol. — dispensator.  pharmacor.  om- 
nium, 12mo.  He  was  as  respectable  in 
private  as  in  public  life. 

Corelli,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician, 
born  at  Fusignano,  near  Bologna,  in  1653. 
He  preferred  secular  to  ecclesiastical  mu- 
sic, and  was  so  fond  of  the  violin,  that  he 
was  considered  as  the  first  performer  on  it 
in  the  world.  After  visiting  the  north  of 
Europe,  and  receiving  the  applauses  which 
his  merit  deserved,  in  the  German  courts, 
after  five  years'  absence,  he  returned  to 
Rome,  where  he  was  patronised  by  cardi- 
dinal  Ottoboni.  He  died  at  Rome  1713, 
aged  nearly  60,  and  was  buried  in  the  Pan- 
theon. He  left  his  property,  amounting  to 
about  GQOQl.  and  his  large  collection  of 
pictures,  to  his  great  patron,  who,  with  be- 
coming benevolence,  bestowed  all  the  mo- 
ney on  the  relations  of  the  deceased.  Co- 
relli is  considered  as  the  author  of  new  and 
original  harmonies,  in  a  style  noble,  ele- 
gant, and  pathetic. 

Corinna,  a  Greek  poetess,  called  the 
Lyric  muse,  from  her  obtaining  five  times 
the  prize  over  Pindar. 

Corio,  Bernardine,  a  historian  of  Mi- 
lan, born  in  1460.  He  was  employed  by 
Lewis  Sforza  to  write  the  history  of  his 
country  ;  but  when  the  Milanese  was  over- 
run by  the  French,  and  himself  taken  pri- 
soner, he  died  of  grief,  in  1500.  His  his- 
tory is  much  esteemed.  The  best  editioi- 
459 


CON 


COR 


is  that  of  Paris,  1646,  4to.  His  nephew 
Charles  wrote  a  "  portrait  of  the  city  of 
Milan." 

Coriolanus,  Caius  Marcius,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  general,  who,  when  disgraced 
by  his  countrymen,  tied  to  Tullus  king  of 
the  \  olsci,  whose  armies  he  led  against 
Rome.  His  wife  and  mother  interfered, 
and  at  their  request  he  marched  back  ;  in 
consequence  of  which  he  was  murdered  by 
Tullus,  B.  C.  488. 

Cornarics,  or  Haguenbot,  John,  a 
German  physician,  born  at  Zwickow,  in 
Saxony.  He  early  distinguished  himself 
as  a  scholar  ;  and  when  a  licentiate  in  me- 
dicine, he  rejected  the  prescriptions  of  the 
Arabian  physicians,  and  restored  the  mode 
practised  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  fifteen 
years  engaged  in  translating  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  iEtius,  kc.  He  practised 
with  great  success  at  Frankfort,  Marpurg, 
Jena,  &c.  and  died  of  an  apoplexy  1558, 
aged  58.  He  wrote  some  medical  tracts, 
besides  translating  some  of  the  fathers. 

Cornaro,  Lewis,  a  noWc  Venetian, 
known  for  his  great  age.  He  died  at  Padua 
1565,  more  than  100  years  old.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  advantage  of  a  temperate 
life,  in  his  8lst  year  ;  and  in  this  valuable 
little  book  he  ingenuously  confesses  the  ir- 
regularities of  his  younger  years,  and  re- 
commends to  his  youthful  inquirers,  at 
whose  request  he  had  undertaken  the  work, 
the  practice  of  regularity  and  temperance, 
by  which  he  enjoyed  all  the  comforts  of 
lively  spirits  and  uninterrupted  health.  In 
his  reformed  mode  of  living,  he  never  took 
more  than  twelve  ounces  of  food  and  four- 
teen of  wine.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  waters,  especially  the  Lagunes,  near 
Venice.  His  wife  nearly  equalled  him  in 
longevity. 

Cornaro,  Helena  Lucretia,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and  re- 
ceived the  title  of  unalterable.  At  Rome 
she  was  admitted  at  the  university,  and 
was  intituled  the  humble.  She  made  a 
vow  of  perpetual  celibacy,  that  she  might 
with  more  intense  application  devote  her- 
self to  literary  pursuits  ;  and  so  great  was 
the  reputation  of  her  learning,  that  the 
most  illustrious  characters  who  travelled 
through  Venice  were  more  anxious  to  see 
her  than  all  the  curiosities  of  the  city. 
Her  great  application  brought  on  infirmity 
and  disease,  and  hastened  her  death,  which 
happened  in  1685,  in  her  33th  year.  Her 
death  was  recorded  by  poetical  effusions 
from  the  learned  of  Europe,  and  a  magnifi- 
cent funeral  solemnity  was  performed  in 
her  honour  at  Rome.  An  eloquent  ora- 
tion was  also  pronounced,  in  which  she 
fras  celebrated  as  triumphing  over  three 
ISO 


monsters,  pride,  luxury,  and  ignorance 
She  wrote  nothing,  though  capable  to  in- 
struct and  improve  mankind  by  her  pen. 

Cornazzani,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  in  the  15th  century.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  Jesus  Christ, 
in  verse,  besides  sonnets,  of  some  merit ; 
and  died  at  Ferrara. 

Corn  bury,  lord,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Clarendon,  was  appointed  governor  of 
New- York  by  king  W  lliiam,  and  commenced 
his  administration  in  May,  1702.  He  was 
pre-eminently  avaricious,  unjust,  bigoted, 
and  despotic,  and  soon  became  univer- 
sally detested.  He  was  superseded  in 
17u^,  and  returned  to  Europe.       iLs    L. 

Corneille,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  at  Rouen,  June  6th,  1606.  He 
was  brought  up  to  the  bar ;  but  he  soon 
abandoned  it  as  a  profession  not  congenial 
to  his  genius.  His  first  play  was  Melite,  a 
comedy,  which  originated  in  an  affair  of 
gallantry  ;  but  so  great  was  its  popularity, 
during  those  degenerate  days  of  the  French 
.  stage,  that  Corneille  was  encouraged  to 
contribute  more  liberally  to  the  public 
amusement.  His  next  piece  was  Medea, 
a  tragedy  ;  and  after  many  others,  appear- 
ed the  Cid,  in  1637,  his  chef  d'eeuvre,  a 
tragedy  which  drew  against  him  the  perse- 
cution and  obloquy  of  rival  wits  and  unsuc- 
cessful poets,  among  whom  was  even  cardi- 
nal Richelieu  himself,  though  he  had  granted 
a  pension  to  the  author.  Corneille  was 
chosen  member  of  the  French  academy,  in 
1647  ;  and  he  died  1684,  aged  79.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  merit  in  private  life, 
liberal,  humane,  and  devout,  and  rather  of 
a  melancholy  turn  of  mind.  His  poetical 
works  are  among  the  sublimest  effusions  of 
the  French  muse. 

Corneille,  Thomas,  a  French  poet, 
brother  to  the  preceding.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions. Though  inferior  to  his  brother, 
yet  his  plays  possessed  merit.  They  were 
published  with  those  of  his  brother,  Paris, 
1738,  in  11  vols.  12mo.  He  translated 
also  Ovid's  metamorphoses,  and  some  of 
the  epistles, — and  wrote  remarks  on  Vau- 
gelas — a  dictionary  of  arts,  2  vols.  fol. — a 
universal  geographical  dictionary,  3  vols, 
folio.     He  died  at  Andeli,  1709,  aged  84. 

Corneille,  Michael,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris,  1642.  He  was  honoured  in  conse- 
quence of  obtaining  a  prize,  with  the 
king's  pension,  and  travelled  to  Rome, 
where  he  greatly  improved  himself.  He 
studied  particularly  the  antique,  in  which 
he  equalled  the  Caracci.  He  was,  how- 
ever, deficient  in  colouring.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Paris,  he  was  made  professor  of  the 
academy,  and  his  pencil  was  employed  in 
adorning  the  noble  edifices  of  Versailles 
and   Trianon.     He   died    at   Paris,  1708, 


COK 


COR 


His  brother,  John  Baptist,  was  also  an 
eminent  artist,  and  member  of  the  aca- 
demy. 

Cornelia,  a  Roman  lady,  daughter  of 
the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  and  wife  of 
Sempronius  Gracchus.  She  devoted  her- 
self to  the  education  of  her  two  sons,  Ti- 
berius and  Caius,  who  alone  survived  of 
the  twelve  children  she  had  had  ;  and  when 
they  were  sacrificed  to  the  public  resent- 
ment she  bore  their  loss  with  Spartan  for- 
titude. 

Cornelisz,  Lucas,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VIII. 
of  England.  The  portraits  of  the  consta- 
bles of  Ciueenborough-castle,  by  him  from 
Edward  III.  to  his  time,  are  preserved  at 
Penhurst,  in  Kent. 

Cornelisz,  James,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
the  16th  century.  His  picture  on  the  de- 
scent from  the  cross,  preserved  in  the  old 
church,  Amsterdam,  is  much  admired. 

Cornelisz,  Cornelius,  of  Haerlem,  was 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  deluge  is  much 
celebrated. 

Cornelius,  bishop  of  Rome,  after  Fa- 
bian, 251,  in  opposition  to  Novatian.  This 
produced  a  schism  ;  but  under  the  persecu- 
tion of  Gallus,  Cornelius  was  banished, 
and  died  soon  after,  252. 

Corneto,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesias- 
tic, sent  as  legate  by  Innocent  VII.  to  Hen- 
ry VII.  who  bestowed  on  him  the  bisho- 
prics of  Hereford  and  Bath  and  Wells. 
He  afterwards  was  employed  as  legate  in 
France,  and  was  made  a  cardinal  by  Alex- 
ander VI.  The  pope,  who  knew  and 
dreaded  his  abilities,  determined  to  poison 
him  at  a  supper  ,  but  fell  himself  a  victim 
to  his  own  diabolical  purposes.  Corneto 
left  Rome  on  the  succession  of  Julius  II. 
but  though  recalled  by  Leo  X.  he  again 
soon  after  went  into  exile,  where  he  died. 
He  was  author  of  a  learned  treatise  de 
sermone  latino — and  de  vera  philosophic — 
a  poem  on  the  chase,  &c.  and  deserves 
to  be  mentioned  with  respect,  as  one  of 
the  zealous  restorers  of  the  purity  of  Latin 
language. 

Cornutus,  a  grammarian  and  philoso- 
pher of  merit,  tutor  to  the  poet  Persius. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  D.  44. 

Cornwallis,  Sir  Charles,  second  son  of 
Sir  W.  Cornwallis,  was  a  man  of  superior 
abilities,  employed  by  James  I.  as  his  am- 
bassador in  Spain.  He  wrote  the  life  of 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  to  whom  he  had 
been  secretary  ;  and  died  about  1630.  His 
son  William  wrote  some  essays,  printed 
1632,  8vo. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  marquis,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  born  31st  December,  1738. 
He  early  devoted  himself  to  the  military 
profession,  and  in  1758,  obtained  a  cap- 
tn.in's   commission   in   the   light  infantrv. 


In  1761,  he  became  aid-dc-camp  to  tbo 
marquis  of  Granby,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  went  to  Germany  till 
the  conclusion  of  the  campaign.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  1762,  his  father  in  the  earldom 
of  Cornwallis,  and  three  years  after  was 
made  aid-de-camp  to  the  king,  and  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber.  He  obtain- 
ed the  33d  regiment  of  foot  in  1766,  and 
two  year  after  married  Miss  Jones,  a  lady 
of  large  fortune,  who  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  when  unable  to  dissuade  him  from 
his  attendance  in  the  campaigns  against 
the  Americans.  In  the  new  world  he  dis- 
played great  spirit ;  but  whilst  he  laboured 
for  the  subjection  of  the  rebellious  colonies, 
he  treated  the  people  with  humanity.  The 
seizure  of  Philadelphia  by  his  forces  was 
followed  by  the  reduction  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  by  the  defeat  of  general  Gates, 
with  an  inferior  force  ;  but  these  advanta- 
ges were  tarnished  by  the  surrender  of  the 
whole  army  at  York-town,  1781,  to  the 
united  forces  of  America  and  France. 
Though  this  event  proved  so  disastrous  to 
the  British  interests  in  America,  lord  Corn- 
wallis was  never  blamed  for  want  of  cou- 
rage, prudence,  or  sagacity  ;  but  the  gal- 
lant conduct  he  had  at  all  times  shown  in 
this  unfortunate  war  recommended  him  to 
the  ministry,  in  1790,  as  the  fittest  person 
to  fill  the  government  of  British  India. 
The  fall  of  Bengalore  was  quickly  followed 
by  the  defeat  of  Tippoo,  who  at  last  con- 
sented to  make  peace  with  the  conquerors, 
by  yielding  a  great  part  of  his  dominions, 
and  by  putting  his  two  sons  into  the  hands 
of  the  general,  in  proof  of  his  sincerity. 
Lord  Cornwallis,  after  a  mild  and  vigorous 
administration  in  India,  returned  to  Europe, 
and  was  for  his  services  created  a  marquis, 
and  made  master-general  of  the  ordnance. 
His  next  employment  was  in  the  civil  and 
military  government  of  Ireland,  where  he 
had  the  felicity  to  destroy  rebellion,  to 
capture  an  invading  enemy  in  the  very  bo- 
som of  the  country,  and,  by  the  wisest  and 
most  temperate  measures,  to  restore  confi- 
dence and  harmony,  where  distrust,  mutual 
hatred,  and  secret  violence,  had  long 
reigned  with  impunity.  After  completing 
the  union  between  the  two  kingdoms,  lord 
Cornwallis  returned  to  England,  soon  to 
negotiate  the  short-lived  peace  of  Amiens. 
In  1805,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  accept 
again  the  government  of  India,  where  the 
strong  and  pacific  measures  of  his  former 
administration  were  so  much  required.  He 
was  no  sooner  arrived  at  Calcutta,  than, 
without  recovering  from  the  effects  of  his 
voyage,  he  set  out  on  a  visit  to  the  northern 
provinces,  where  his  presence  was  neces- 
sary. Confinement  in  a  boat,  without 
regular  exercise,  and  the  heat  of  the  wea- 
ther, produced  such  debility  that  he  was  at 
461 


COR 


COR 


last  obliged  to  stop  at  Ghazepore,  in  the 
province  of  Benares,  above  1000  miles 
above  Calcutta,  where  he  expired,  5th  Oc- 
tober, 1805.  His  remains  were  interred 
at  Ghazepore,  and  every  mark  of  respect 
paid  to  his  memory,  not  only  by  the  Bri- 
tish, but  by  the  natives  of  India,  who  re- 
garded him  as  a  humane  and  benevolent 
governor.  His  lordship  left  a  son  and  a 
daughter. 

Coronel,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca.  His  great  abilities 
were  employed  by  cardinal  Ximenes  in  the 
publication  of  his  Polyglott  Bible.  He  died 
about  1524. 

Coronelli,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geo- 
grapher, made,  in  16S5,  cosmographer  to 
the  French  king.  He  founded  an  academy 
of  cosmography  at  Venice,  where  he  died, 
1718.  He  published  above  400  geographi- 
cal charts,  &c.  and  other  works,  much 
valued. 

Corradini,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  learn- 
ed civilian  and  cardinal,  born  at  Sezza,  in 
1658.  He  was  the  favourite  of  pope  Cle- 
ment XL  and  wrote  a  curious  work,  vetus 
Latium  profanum  et  sacrum,  2  vols.  fol. 
and  a  history  of  Sezza,  in  4to.  He  died 
at  Rome,  1743. 

Corradus,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres  of  Bologna,  died 
1556.  He  wrote  qussturii  que  Ciceronis 
vita  refertur, — and  de  lingua  Latina. 

Corregio,  Antonio  da,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Corregio,  a  town  near  Mo- 
dena.     Fid.  Allegri. 

Corrozet,  Giles,  a  bookseller,  who  died 
at  Paris,  15th  June,  1568,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  various  things  which  possessed  merit. 

Corsini,  Edward,  a  monk,  born  at  Fa- 
nano,  1702.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at 
Pisa  in  1765,  where  he  was  professor  of 
philosophy.  He  was  a  man  of  great  eru- 
dition and  of  astonishing  perseverance. 
He  published  some  valuable  works  in  criti- 
cism, philology,  and  literature  ;  the  chief 
are,  philosophical  and  mathematical  insti- 
tution.5,  6  vols.  8vo. — a  course  of  geome- 
trical elements,  2  vols.  8vo. — the  fasti  of 
the  archons  of  Athens.  4  vols.  4to. — a 
course  of  metaphysics — the  history  the 
university  of  Pisa — dissertation  on  the 
games  of  Greece,  &c. 

Cort,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Hoorn,  in  Holland,  1536.  He 
travelled  into  Italy,  and  at  Venice  saw  and 
assisted  the  celebrated  Titian.  He  settled 
at  Rome,  where  he  died,  1578,  aged  42. 
His  engravings  are  excellent,  the  very  best 
ever  produced  in  Holland.  They  amount, 
according  to  Marolles,  to  151. 

Cortesi,  William,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Franche  Comte.  He  studied  at 
Rome,  and  was  employed  and  liberally  re- 
warded by  Alexander  VIII.  He  died  1670, 
ns^d  51. 

46? 


Cortesi,  Giovanna,  a  paintress  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1736,  aged  66.  Her  mi- 
niatures are  greatly  admired. 

Cortez,  Ferdinand,  the  conqueror  of 
Mexico,  was  born  of  a  respectable  family 
at  Medellin,  in  Estremadura,  1485.  He 
quitted  the  study  of  belles  lettres,  and  of 
the  law,  for  the  profession  of  arms,  and, 
fired  with  the  adventurous  spirit  which 
animated  his  country,  he,  in  1504,  went  to 
Hispanioia,  where  one  of  his  relations  was 
governor.  In  an  expedition  to  Cuba,  in 
1511,  he  displayed  such  bravery,  that  Ve- 
lasquez, the  governor,  intrusted  him  with 
the  command  of  the  fleet  which  was  des- 
tined to  make  new  discoveries  on  the  con- 
tinent. On  the  lSth  November,  1518,  the 
new  commander  set  sail  from  San  Jago,  in 
Cuba,  with  11  small  vessels,  on  board  of 
which  were  embarked  617  men,  soldiers 
and  sailors,  with  IS  horses,  and  10  field- 
pieces,  but  only  13  firelocks.  With  this 
small  force  he  landed  at  Tabasco,  which  he 
took  after  a  dreadful  slaughter  of  the  in- 
habitants, and  afterwards  advancing  to  St. 
Juan  de  Ulva,  he  was  met  by  the  ambassa- 
dors of  Montezuma,  the  king  of  Mexico, 
who  by  entreaties  and  presents  earnestly 
solicited  him  to  cease  from  his  enterprise, 
and  not  penetrate  into  the  country.  Cor- 
tez knew  the  terror  which  his  arms  had  in- 
spired ;  the  lire  of  his  artillery  was  com- 
pared to  the  thunder  of  the  heavens,  the 
horses  on  which  the  Spaniards  rushed  to 
the  battle  were  unknown  and  irresistible 
monsters,  and  the  huge  vessels,  whi':h, 
floating  on  the  bosom  of  the  ocean,  had 
brought  these  strangers,  were  ail  such  ex- 
traordinary objects  in  the  eyes  of  the  terri- 
fied and  superstitious  Indians,  that  the 
Spaniards  were  regarded  as  more  than 
human  beings.  After  building  a  small  fort 
at  Vera  Cruz,  and  burning  his  ships,  that 
he  might  inspire  his  followers  with  confi- 
dence, Cortez  advanced  through  the  pro- 
vinces to  the  capital  of  Mexico,  support- 
ed by  the  co-operation  of  the  Zempoal- 
lans,  and  other  tribes,  which  were  dis- 
satisfied with  the  government  of  Monte- 
zuma. With  only  500  men  badly  armed, 
and  1 5  horses,  he  defeated  the  Tlascalans, 
who  presumed  to  dispute  his  progress,  and 
after  rewarding  the  hospitality  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Cholula  with  rapine  and  slaugh- 
ter, the  conqueror  presented  himself  at  the 
gates  of  Mexico.  He  was  received  with 
great  pomp  and  every  mark  of  friendship 
by  Montezuma  ;  but  though  treated  with 
confidence,  Cortez  acted  with  duplicity, 
and  seizing  the  person  of  the  unsuspecting 
monarch,  he  compelled  him  in  the  rigour 
of  confinement  to  acknowledge  himself  the 
vassal  of  the  crown  of  Spain.  Thus  ab- 
solute in  Mexico,  Cortez  soon  heard  that 
Velasquez,  jealous  of  his  glory,  had  sent 
an  expedition  under  Narvaez,  to  bring  him 


COR 


COR 


back  in  chains  to  Cuba ;  but  noways  dis- 
mayed at  the  intelligence,  he  left  one  of 
his  officers,  Alvarado,  governor  of  the 
capital,  and  hastened  back  to  Vera  Cruz. 
With  the  sagacity  of  an  intrepid  soldier  he 
surprised  and  defeated  Narvaez,  and  by  his 
conciliating  conduct  he  had  the  art  to  con- 
vert his  enemies  into  friends,  and  to  return 
to  Mexico  supported  by  those  who  had 
come  to  destroy  his  hopes.  During  his 
absence  Alvarado  had  been  guilty  of  ex- 
cesses towards  the  natives,  and  instead  of 
submission  Cortez  found  the  most  deter- 
mined hostility.  Unable  by  force  or  by 
persuasion  to  quell  the  tumult,  he  caused 
Montezuma,  arrayed  in  his  royal  robes,  to 
appear  before  his  incensed  subjects,  but  the 
Mexicans  disregarded  the  interference  of 
their  captive  monarch,  who  during  the  bat- 
tle received  a  mortal  wound.  Yielding  to 
the  storm  the  Spaniards  retired  from  Mexi- 
co, and  though  they  had  lost  the  half  of 
their  little  army,  they  determined  on  re- 
venge. On  his  way  towards  Tlascala, 
Cortez  was  met  by  a  large  army  of  the 
natives,  whom  he  defeated  with  dreadful 
slaughter  at  Otumba,  and  after  recruiting 
his  forces  with  550  infantry  and  40  horses, 
and  a  number  of  allies  from  Tlascala,  and 
other  neighbouring  towns,  he  marched  back 
to  Mexico,  December,  1520.  The  con- 
quest of  Texcuco,  the  second  city  of  the 
empire,  was  followed  by  the  siege  of  Mexi- 
co, which  the  new  sovereign  Guatimozin, 
the  nephew  of  Montezuma,  a  brave  prince, 
ably  defended.  The  artillery  of  the  Spa- 
niards however  prevailed  over  the  feeble 
weapons  of  the  Indians,  and  after  three 
months'  resistance,  Guatimozin  was  seiz- 
ed in  a  canoe  as  he  attempted  to  escape  on 
the  lake,  and  his  captivity  was  followed  by 
the  fall  of  the  capital,  and  the  destruction  of 
the  Mexican  empire.  Above  200,000  In- 
dians made  their  immediate  submission  to 
those  few  bold  adventurers  ;  but  they  were 
not  satisfied  with  the  immense  treasures  of 
the  plundered  city,  and  the  unfortunate 
monarch  was  exposed  to  tortures,  that  he 
might  confess  where  the  hidden  riches 
of  Montezuma  were  deposited.  It  was  at 
this  dreadful  moment  when  the  monarch 
lay  exposed  with  one  of  his  ministers  to 
the  fury  of  burning  coals,  that  he  heard 
the  cry  which  the  poignancy  of  his  suffer- 
ings, and  not  the  wish  of  making  a  disco- 
very, extorted  from  his  favourite,  and  look- 
ing at  him  with  an  air  of  upbraiding  indig- 
nation, he  exclaimed,  "  what !  am  I  on  a 
bed  of  roses."  Guatimozin  was  saved 
from  the  flames  to  be  shot  by  his  inhuman 
persecutors,  with  some  of  his  ministers, 
on  a  charge  of  conspiracy.  Master  of  a 
populous  and  opulent  empire,Cortez,though 
cruel  and  avaricious,  began  to  display  the 
character  of  a  prudent  and  beneficent  go- 
i  ornor.   Mexico,  which  had  been  destroyed 


during  the  siege,  rose  from  ruins,  and  in 
1529  assumed  the  form  of  the  noblest  of 
European  cities.  But  while  these  suc- 
cesses enlarged  the  dominions  of  Spain,  the 
conqueror  was  an  object  of  envy  at  home, 
and  he  was  soon  recalled  to  give  an  ac- 
couiu  of  his  conduct,  and  after  enduring  for 
a  while  the  resentment  of  his  enemies,  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  procure  the  favour 
of  his  sovereign,  and  a  grant  of  new  and 
enlarged  powers.  When  he  pressed  to 
Charles  V.  for  an  audience,  and  was  asked 
who  he  was,  the  bold  adventurer  replied, 
"  I  am  the  man  who  has  given  you  more 
provinces  than  your  father  left  you 
towns."  Besides  the  dignity  of  marquis, 
the  conqueror  of  Mexico  received  the 
grant  of  large  domains  in  New  Spain,  and 
after  visiting  his  conquests  in  1530,  and 
continuing  there  some  years,  he  returned 
to  Europe,  and  died  in  his  native  country, 
2d  Dec.  1554,  aged  63.  He  left  several 
legitimate  children,  and  some  besides  by 
his  two  Indian  mistresses,  one  of  whom 
was  a  daughter  of  Montezuma.  Great 
and  heroic  as  the  character  of  Cortez  ap- 
pears, he  deserves  the  execration  of  poste- 
rity for  the  cruelties  which  he  exercised 
on  the  inoffensive  natives.  It  was  not  only 
on  pretence  of  extorting  their  riches  that 
these  wretched  men  were  exposed  to  per- 
secution and  death,  but  the  most  cruel  me- 
thods were  pursued  to  convert  them  to 
Christianity  by  men  who  in  every  action  of 
their  life  violated  the  precepts  of  the  gos- 
pel. On  one  occasion  sixty  caciques 
and  above  400  leading  men  were  com- 
mitted to  the  flames,  and  so  horrid  were 
the  practices  of  these  fierce  conquerors, 
that  as  they  expired,  the  Indians  indig- 
nantly rejected  the  promises  of  another 
and  a  happier  life,  when  they  heard 
that  the  regions  of  paradise  were  to  con- 
tain their  unfeeling  murderers.  The  best 
account  of  the  conquests  of  Cortez  is  by 
Antonio  de  Solis  in  Spanish  translated  into 
French,  two  vols.  12mo.  1775,  and  into 
English. 

Cortezi,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  born, 
1465,  at  St.  Geminiano  in  Tuscany.  He 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature  and  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  died  bishop  of  Urbino,  1510, 
aged  45.  He  wrote  a  dialogue  on  the  learn- 
ed men  of  Italy,  besides  other  ingenious 
treatises. 

Corti,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia, 
where  he  was  professor  of  physic,  and  af- 
terwards at  Pisa  and  Padua.  His  celebrity 
recommended  him  to  Clement  VII.  who  ap- 
pointed him  bis  physician,  and  after  his 
death,  he  retired  to  Bologna,  from  whence 
he  settled  at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1544,  aged 
69.  He  wrote  treatises,  de  curandis  febri- 
bus — de  venae  sectione,  in  aliis  aflectibus 
et  in  pleuritide,  and  other  works. 

Cop.ticei.li,  Snlvature,  a  monk  of  Bo 
463 


COS 


COS 


lognu.,  professor  of  the  Belles  lettres  in  St. 
Paul's  college  there,  fellow  of  the  Crusca 
academy,  and  provincial  of  the  Barnabite 
order.  Among  other  works,  he  published  his 
Italian  grammar  in  1745,  which  was  uni- 
versally approved,  and  particularly  noticed 
by  Benedict  XIV.  his  fellow-townsman, 
who  observed,  in  a  letter  to  him,  that  it 
was  a  wonder  their  native  city  shouid  speak 
Italian  so  ill,  and  yet  teach  it  so  well.  He 
died  about  1770. 

Cortate,  Thomas,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
born  at  Odcombe,  Somersetshire,  1577,  be- 
came known  for  his  extravagancies.  He 
studied  for  three  years  at  Gloucester-hall, 
Oxford,  and  then  was  taken  into  the  family 
of  Henry  prince  of  Wales,  where  he  was 
the  whetstone  of  the  wits  of  those  times. 
In  1608  he  travelled  through  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  &c.  and  on  his  return,  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  adventures,  which 
he  called  Crudities,  in  4to.  The  work  was 
recommended  by  the  verses  of  Ben  Jonson, 
Harrington,  Inigo  Jones,  Done,  Drayton, 
and  others,  and  so  pleased  was  the  author 
with  his  success, that  he  determined  to  spend 
ten  years  in  the  visiting  of  foreign  countries. 
With  this  intention,  he  set  out  in  1612, 
and  after  visiting  Constantinople,  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  and  all  the  Levant, 
be  advanced  far  into  Persia,  and  the  do- 
minions of  the  Great  Mogul.  He  was  at- 
tacked at  Surat  in  the  East  Indies,  by  a 
flux,  which  carried  him  off  1617.  Coryate 
was  not  devoid  of  understanding  ;  but  his 
affectation,  and  his  great  self-consequence, 
*  exposed  him  to  the  ridicule  of  the  wits  of 
the  age,  and  turned  the  best  intentions  into 
levity  and  contempt.  It  is  unknown  what 
became  of  his  notes  and  papers.  During 
his  absence,  some  letters,  &c.  were  pub- 
lished as  from  him,  but  no  regular  account 
of  his  adventures,  in  his  last  travels,  has 
appeared  before  the  public. 

Cosby,  William,  governor  of  New- York, 
and  New-Jersey,  was  appointed  in  1731, 
arrived  in  August,  1732,  and  continued  in 
office  until  his  death,  March  7,  1736.  He 
had  previously  been  governor  of  Minorca, 
and  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  and  was  co- 
lonel of  a  regiment  in  the  army.  His  ad- 
ministration was  turbulent  and  unpopular, 
particularly  towards  the  close  of  it.  New- 
York  was  at  that  time  distracted  by  parties, 
at  the  head  of  one  of  which  was  Lewis 
Morris,  whom  the  governor  removed  from 
the  office  of  chief  justice.  He  appointed 
Delancey  his  successor,  a  man  of  intrigue, 
who  attached  himself  to  the  governor.  He 
held  in  contempt  the  elective  franchise,  and 
continued  the  same  assembly  six  years 
without  permitting  its  dissolution.  O"  L. 
Cosiers,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Ant- 
werp 1603.  He  was  patronised  by  many 
crowned  heads,  and  his  historical  pieces 
deserved  universal  commendation. 
164 


Cosimo,  Andrew  and  Peter,  Italian  pain- 
ters, of  whom  the  first  excelled  in  the  cla- 
ro-obscuro,  and  the  other  in  ludicrous 
pieces.  Peter  died  1521,  aged  80,  of  a 
paralytic  stroke  ;  he  was  a  singular  charac- 
ter, very  irrascible,  and  very  superstitious. 
He  had  for  his  pupils  del  Sarto  and  de  San- 
gallo. 

Cosin,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  in 
Norwich  30th  Nov.  1594,  and  educated  at 
the  free-school  there,  and  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow. 
He  was  patronised  by  Overall,  bishop  of 
Lichfield,  and  after  his  death  by  Neal, 
bishop  of  Durham,  who  gave  him  a  pre- 
bend, and  the  rich  rectory  of  Branspeth. 
His  collection  of  private  devotions,  drawn 
up  at  the  request  of  Charles  I.  as  well  as 
his  frequent  intercourse  with  Laud,  drew 
upon  him  the  censures  of  the  puritans,  who 
loudly  exclaimed  against  his  popish  princi- 
ples. In  1628  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
and  in  1634  he  was  elected  master  of  Pe- 
terhouse,  and  in  1640  he  was  made  dean 
of  Peterborough.  The  same  year  a  com- 
plaint was  made  against  him,  in  the  house 
of  commons,  by  Smart,  a  man  whom  he 
with  others  had  ejected  from  his  prebend 
at  Durham,  for  preaching  a  seditious  ser- 
mon, and  in  consequence  of  this,  he  was 
deprived  by  a  vote  of  the  house,  of  all  his 
ecclesiastical  preferments,  and  two  years 
after  expelled  from  the  mastership  of  Pe- 
terhouse,  because  his  persecutors  suspect- 
ed him  of  popish  innovations.  Upon  this 
he  left  the  kingdom,  and  during  the  civil 
wars  resided  at  Paris,  where  he  officiated 
as  a  protestant  minister,  and  was  assisted 
by  a  small  pension  from  queen  Henrietta. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  replaced  in  all 
his  preferments,  and  the  same  year  raised 
to  the  see  of  Durham.  In  this  elevated 
situation  he  employed  himself  in  repairing 
and  beautifying  the  cathedral  and  the  pa- 
lace, and  in  erecting  schools  and  hospitals 
for  the  most  benevolent  purposes.  Besides 
the  large  endowment  which  he  settled,  it 
is  known  that  this  humane  prelate,  during 
the  11  years  in  which  he  was  at  Durham, 
spent  not  less  than  2000J.  a  year  in  chari- 
table and  pious  uses.  He  died  of  a  pec- 
toral dropsy,  15th  Jan.  1672,  aged  78,  and 
was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Bishops'  Auc- 
land.  He  left  the  many  legacies  for  chari- 
table purposes  by  his  will.  He  had  one 
son  and  four  daughters,  and  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  see  his  son,  in  consequence 
of  his  education  among  the  Jesuits  al  Paris, 
turn  catholic  ;  and  though  he  attempted  to 
reclaim  him,  and  even  disinherit  him,  if  he 
persevered  in  his  religious  tents,  he  never 
succeeded.  The  various  books  which  he 
wrote  display  much  learning,  solid  judg- 
ment, and  extensive  information.  Though 
he  was  falsely  accused  of  being  a  papist; 
vet  he  was  the  friend  of  magnificence  and 


COS 


c©s 


pomp  in  the  outside  of  religion,  and  like 
all  the  adherents  of  Laud's  principles,  he 
dwelt  much  on  vain  and  insignificant  cere- 
monies. 

Cosme,  John  Baseillac,  a  feuillant  friar, 
who,  however,  followed  his  father's  profes- 
sion of  surgeon,  and  became  eminent  as  a 
lithotomist.  His  instrument  for  dividing 
the  neck  of  the  bladder,  of  which  he  gave 
an  interesting  account  in  the  journal  des 
Scavans  for  1748,  though  once  much  ap- 
proved by  the  faculty,  is  now  neglected. 
His  forceps  for  breaking  stones  in  the  blad- 
der was  once  in  general  use  ;  and  so  great 
was  his  celebrity  as  an  operator,  that 
the  surgeons,  through  mere  jealousy,  pre- 
vailed upon  the  French  king  to  banish 
him.  He  died  at  Paris,  18th  July,  1 786, 
aged  79. 

Cosmo  I.  son  of  John  de  Medici,  was 
born  in  1519.  When  his  cousin  Alexander 
was  murdered,  he  had  the  art  to  procure 
his  election  to  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
state  ;  and  he  behaved  with  such  firmness 
and  sagacity,  that  all  the  conspiracies  form- 
ed against  his  person  and  government  by 
the  seditious  of  Florence  proved  abortive. 
He  assisted  the  emperor,  in  1553,  in  the 
reduction  of  Sienna,  which  was  annexed  to 
his  own  territories  by  Philip  II.  and,  in 
1569,  he  was  raised  by  the  pope  Pius  V.  to 
the  sovereign  title  of  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany. Cosmo,  thus  successful  abroad,  and 
the  judicious  patron  of  literature,  in  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  university  of  Pisa,  and 
in  the  promotion  of  the  arts,  found  himself 
unhappy  in  his  family.  His  son  John,  who 
was  a  cardinal,  and  a  man  of  merit,  was,  in  a 
hunting  party,  secretly  stabbed  by  his  bro- 
ther Garcia,  who  pretended  ignorance  of 
the  foul  deed.  The  father  suspected  the 
inhuman  son  ;  and  when  he  confessed  it, 
he,  overpowered  by  a  fit  of  passion,  stab- 
bed him  with  the  same  dagger  which  had 
robbed  him  of  his  other  son.  This  tragic 
scene  so  affected  the  mother  that  she  died 
a  few  days  after,  a  victim  to  silent  over- 
whelming grief.  Cosmo  died  1574,  and 
left  several  children  to  uphold  the  sovereign 
power  which  he  had  so  firmly  established 
in  Florence. 

Cosmo  II.  grandson  of  the  first  Cosmo, 
succeeded  his  father  Ferdinand,  1609,  and 
during  his  reign  displayed  the  virtues  of  a 
benevolent  prince,  eager  to  advance  the 
happiness  of  his  people,  to  cultivate  lite- 
rature, and  promote  the  fine  arts.  He 
died  1621. 

Cosmo  III.  succeeded  his  father  Ferdi- 
nand II.  as  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  1670. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  from  whom  he  was  afterwards  di- 
vorced, and  he  annexed  to  his  other  digni- 
ties, with  the  consent  of  the  emperor  and  of 
the  pope,  the  title  of  royal  highness.  He  is 
represented  as  so  superstitious  that  he  took 

Vol.  I.  .    50 


orders,  at  the  Roman  jubila  ,  fur  the  pri- 
vilege of  saluting  the  handkerchief  which, 
according  to  monkish  traditions,  our  Sa- 
viour gave  to  Veronica,  impressed  with  his 
own  image.  Cosmo  was,  like  the  princes 
of  his  house,  a  liberal  patron  of  letters,  and 
particularly  attached  to  the  study  of  chy- 
mistry.  He  was  one  of  the  richest  sove- 
reigns of  Europe,  and  died  1723,  after  a 
happy  reign  of  54  years.  His  son  and  suc- 
cessor, John  Gaston,  died  1737,  without  is- 
sue ;  and  the  sovereignty  of  Florence  de- 
scended to  the  queen  of  Spain,  as  sprung 
from  the  second  Cosmo  ;  and  she  exchanged 
it  with  France  for  the  kingdom  of  the  two 
Sicilies,  which  was  bestowed  on  her  son 
don  Carlos. 

Cosnac,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limou- 
sin, noticed  by  the  prince  of  Conti,  and 
raised  by  his  interest  to  the  see  of  Valence, 
and  afterwards  to  that  of  Aix,  and  other 
ecclesiastical  honours.  He  died  at  Aix 
1708,  aged  81.  Though  a  man  of  great 
abilities,  he  was  very  deformed  in  his 
person. 

Cospeau,  Philip,  a  French  prelate, 
born  at  Hainault.  He  was  very  eloquent 
in  the  pulpit,  and  substituted  to  the  quo- 
tations from  the  classics  more  appropriate 
texts  from  the  Bible.  He  died  1G46,  aged 
78,  author  of  some  theological  tracts. 

Cossart,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Pontoise, 
who  died  at  Paris  18th  September,  1674, 
aged  59.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  assisted 
Labbe  in  his  grand  collection  of  councils, 
which  appeared  in  1672,  in  18  vols.  fol.  He 
wrote  besides,  poetry,  &c. 

Cosse,  Charles  de,  marshal  de  Brissac, 
a  celebrated  French  general,  born  at  Anjou, 
of  a  noble  family,  of  Neapolitan  descent. 
He  devoted  himself  to  the  profession  of 
arms,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
of  Italy  and  Piedmont,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Perpignan  1541.  His  services  were  no- 
ticed and  acknowledged  by  the  French 
king,  who  sent  him  as  ambassador  to 
Charles  V.  and  afterwards  made  him,  in 
1550,  marshal  of  the  kingdom,  governor 
of  Piedmont,  and  grand  master  of  the 
artillery.  His  valour  and  sagacity  as  a 
general  were  so  conspicuous,  that  several 
princes  and  nobles  placed  themselves  under 
him  as  in  a  school  of  honour,  where  the 
tactics  of  war,  and  the  evolutions  of  cam- 
paigns, could  best  be  learned.  He  died  at 
Paris  31st  December,  1563,  aged  57.  He 
was  a  man  of  such  honour  and  integrity, 
that  when  the  government  refused  to  pay 
the  debts  contracted  by  the  army,  he  sold 
part  of  his  estates  to  satisfy  the  just  de- 
mand. 

Costanzo,  Angclo  di,  born  at  Naples 
1507,  after  53  years  of  perseverance  and 
labour,  published  a  history  of  his  native 
city  in  Italian,  folio.  He  was  also  a  poet 
of  some  consequence,  and  his  sonnets  and 
465 


COT 


COT 


other  pieces  were  collected  at  Venice  1752, 
in  12mo.  He  died  at  a  very  advanced  age, 
about  the  year  1590. 

Costa,  Christopher,  a  Portuguese,  na- 
tive of  Africa,  who  devoted  himself  to 
botany,  and  in  his  travels  in  Asia  was 
seized  by  some  of  the  uncivilized  natives, 
and  long  detained  in  slavery.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Europe,  he  published  an  account  of 
Indian  plants,  &c.  translated  into  Latin  by 
Clusius,  &c. 

Costa,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  lawyer, 
professor  at  Salamanca,  1550.  His  works 
were  published  in  2  vols.  fol. 

Costa,  John,  professor  of  the  law  at 
Cahors,  wrote  some  notes  on  Justinian's 
Institutes,  and  died  at  Cahors,  13th  Aug. 
1637. 

Costa,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess, 
who  published  her  works  at  Paris,  which 
she  dedicated  to  cardinal  Mazarin. 

Costard,  George,  an  English  scholar, 
born  about  1710.  He  was  fellow  and  tutor 
of  Wadham  college,  and  in  1764,  he  ob- 
tained the  vicarage  of  Twickenham  from 
the  chancellor  Northington.  He  died  Ja- 
nuary 1782,  and  his  books  and  oriental 
MSS.  were  sold  by  auction,  the  following 
March.  He  wrote  fifteen  different  trea- 
tises, chiefly  on  astronomical  subjects,  and 
on  the  book  of  Job.  They  are  enumera- 
ted in  Nichols's  anecdotes  of  Bowyer,  and 
prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  extensive  information. 

Coste,  Peter,  a  native  of  Uzez,  who 
fled  to  England  on  account  of  his  religion, 
and  died  at  Paris  1747,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  translated  Locke's  essay  on  the 
human  understanding,  and  on  the  reason- 
ableness of  Christianity,  and  Newton's 
optics,  into  French,  and  wrote  besides,  the 
life  of  the  great  Conde — notes  on  Fon- 
taine's fables,  and  Montaigne's  essays — and 
a  defence  of  Bruyere. 

Coster,  Lawrence,  an  inhabitant  of 
Hacrlem,  supposed  by  the  Dutch  to  be  the 
inventor  of  printing,  about  the  year  1430. 
The  best  authorities,  however,  support  that 
the  art  of  printing  was  first  invented  at 
Mayence,  though  Meerman  of  Rotterdam, 
with  great  ingenuity  and  erudition,  main- 
tains the  claims  of  his  countrymen.  Cos- 
ter died  1440. 

Costha,  Ben  Luca,  a  Christian  philoso- 
pher of  Balbec  in  Syria,  in  the  250th  year 
of  the  hegira.  He  translated  several 
Greek  books  into  Arabic,  and  wrote  some 
original  works  on  physic,  astronomy,  and 
mathematics,  of  which  Casiri  in  his 
biblioth.  arab.  de  l'escurial  has  given  a 
catalogue, 

Cota,  Rodriguez,  a  native  of  Toledo, 
whose  tragi-comedia  de  Calisto  et  Meliboetl 
has  appeared  in  Latin  and  French  transla- 
tions.    He  flourished  1560. 

f'oTEi.ERius,    John   Baptist,    a  learned 
466 


Frenchman,  born  at  Nisnies  1627.  He 
very  early  displayed  great  abilities  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  learned  languages,  and  at 
the  age  of  12,  was  able  to  construe  the  New 
Testament  in  Greek,  and  the  Old  in  He- 
brew, with  great  ease,  at  the  first  opening 
of  the  book.  He  was  professor  of  Greek, 
and  member  of  the  Sorbonne.  He  pub- 
lished the  works  of  all  the  fathers  who 
lived  in  the  apostolic  age,  with  a  new 
translation  and  learned  notes,  two  vols, 
fol.  1672.  He  published  besides,  monu- 
menta  ecclesiae  Graeca?,  of  which  he  only 
completed  three  volumes  before  his  death. 
His  great  application  had  undermined  his 
constitution,  so  that  he  was  snatched  away, 
by  an  inflammatory  disorder  in  his  breast, 
in  his  59th  year,  10th  August,  1686.  Be- 
sides extensive  learning,  he  possessed  the 
amiable  virtues  of  private  life  ;  he  was 
modest,  unassuming,  and  devoid  of  all  pride 
and  affectation. 

Cotes,  Roger,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer,  born  at  Burbach,  Lei- 
cestershire, 10th  July,  1682.  At  Lei- 
cester-school and  St.  Paul's,  London,  he 
was  well  initiated  in  classical  literature, 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  he  be- 
gan early  to  display  that  fondness  for  ma- 
thematics which  in  his  earlier  years  had 
appeared  in  his  family.  He  became,  in 
1705,  fellow  of  his  college,  and  had  the 
tuition  of  the  sons  of  the  marquis  of  Kent, 
to  whom  he  was  related.  In  1706,  he  was 
made  Plumian  professor  of  astronomy, 
and  in  1713,  took  orders,  and  that  same 
year,  at  the  recommendation  of  Bentley, 
published  Newton's  mathematica  principia, 
with  the  improvements  of  the  author,  to 
which  he  prefixed  an  excellent  preface.  He 
increased  further  his  astronomical  reputa- 
tion, by  his  description  of  the  great  fiery 
meteor  seen  March  16,  1716.  This  great 
and  rising  genius  died  at  the  age  of  33,  on 
the  5th  June,  1716,  to  the  regret  of  the 
university,  and  of  every  lover  of  science 
and  goodness.  He  was  buried  in  Trinity 
chapel.  His  harmonia  mensurarum  was 
published  in  1722,  4to.  by  his  successor, 
Dr.  Robert  Smith,  and  also,  by  the  same, 
his  valuable  hydrostatical  and  pneumatical 
lectures,  in  1737. 

Cotes,  Francis,  an  English  painter  in 
oil  and  crayons.  He  was  pupil  to  Knap- 
ton  ;  and  died  1770,  aged  45. 

Cotin,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  who 
died  at  Paris  1678.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  was  an  eloquent  preacher, 
a  good  scholar,  and  a  respectable  prose 
writer  and  poet.  He  is  known,  however, 
more  for  the  severity  of  Boileau  and  Mo- 
Here's  satires  against  him,  than  for  his  own 
excellence. 

Cotolendi,  Charles,  a  native  of  Aix  or 
Avignon,  was  advocate  in  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  respectable  as  an  author.     Ho 


CUT 


CUT 


translated  the  Spanish  history  oi'  Persia 
into  French,  2  vols.  12mo. — the  life  of 
Columbus — the  life  of  de  Sales — besides 
dissertations  on  the  works  of  St.  Evre- 
mond,  and  the  life  of  the  dutehess  of  Mont- 
morency. 

Cotta,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  born  near 
Verona.  He  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
French  at  the  battle  of  Ghiara  d'Adda,  in 
1509.  He  died  1511,  at  Viterbo,  of  a  pes- 
tilential fever,  aged  2S.  His  epigrams  and 
orations  are  printed  in  the  carmina  quinque 
poetarum,  Venice,  1548,  4to. 

Cotte,  Robert  de,  an  architect  born  at 
Paris,  1657.  He  was  elected  director  of 
the  royal  academy  of  architecture,  and 
made- architect  to  the  king,  and  intendant 
of  the  royal  gardens,  edifices,  &c.  His 
genius  was  advantageously  displayed  in 
adorning  the  public  buildings  of  Paris,  the 
palaces  of  Versailles  and  St.  Denys,  and 
the  colonade  of  the  Trianon.  The  chief 
beauties  of  his  works  were  lightness,  ele- 
gance, and  delicacy.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1735,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Julius 
Robert,  who  was  equally  ingenious. 

Cotterel,  Sir  Charles,  groom-porter  to 
James  I.  and  master  of  the  requests  to 
Charles  II.  He  was  well  skilled  in  modern 
languages,  and  possessed  all  the  manners 
and  accomplishments  of  a  gentleman.  He 
resigned  his  office  of  master  of  the  cere- 
monies to  the  king,  to  his  son  Chailes 
Lodowick.  During  the  exile  of  his  royal 
master,  he  translated  Cassandra,  the  famed 
romance,  and  was  also  concerned  in  the 
translation  of  Davila's  civil  wars  of 
France. 

Cottin,  Sophia  de,  an  ingenious  lady, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Ristau,  was  born 
in  1772,  at  Bourdeaux.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen,  she  married  M.  Cottin,  a  banker 


sion,  that  the  king  was  good,  but  thai  he 
had  cotton  in  his  ears.  Cotton  refused  an 
archbishopric  and  a  cardinal's  hat,  which 
his  master's  partiality  offered  him.  After 
Henry's  death,  he  was  confessor  to  Lewis 
XIII.  but  he  soon  left  the  court,  and  re- 
tired into  the  country.  He  died  19th 
March,  1C26,  aged  63.  He  wrote  some  ser- 
mons, besides  controversis  and  divinity 
tracts. 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce,  an  eminent 
English  antiquary,  born  at  Denton,  Hun- 
tingdonshire, 22d  June,  1570.  He  was  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree,  and  then  removed  to 
London,  where  he  became  a  member  of  the 
antiquarian  society,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  for  his  zeal  in  the  search  of  antiqui- 
ties. He  was  knighted  by  James  I.  and  so 
high  was  his  reputation  for  learning,  infor- 
mation, and  integrity,  that  not  only  the 
most  leading  men  of  the  times  consulted 
him  on  affairs  of  state,  but  the  king  himself 
employed  his  pen  on  several  occasions.  At 
James's  request,  he  vindicated  the  charac- 
ter of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  he  also  exa- 
mined what  punishments  should  be  inflicted 
on  papists,  and  defended  the  ecclesiastical 
institution  against  the  innovations  of  the 
puritans.  On  the  creation  of  baronets,  in 
1611,  by  James,  Sir  Robert  Cotton  appear- 
ed as  the  thirty-sixth  in  the  new  dignity. 
But  though  such  a  favourite  with  the  court, 
he,  in  the  succeeding  reign,  joined  the  com- 
mons in  the  cry  for  the  redress  of  griev- 
ances, though  he  recommended  mild  and 
gentle  measures,  which,  in  establishing  the 
privileges  of  the  people,  might  not  endan- 
ger the  safety  of  the  sovereign.  In  1629, 
Sir  Robert  became  an  object  of  persecution 
to  the  court.  A  manuscript,  "  which,"  it  is 
said,   "  laid  down  a  plan  how  the  kings  of 


of  Paris,   who   left  her  a  widow  when  she    England  might  oppress  the  liberties  of  their 


was  twenty-two.  She  died  at  Paris 
1807.  Her  novels  are — 1.  Claire  d'Albe. 
2.  Malvina,  4  vols.  3.  Amelia  Mansfield, 
4  vols.  4.  Mathilde,  6  vols.  5.  Elizabeth, 
ou  les  Exiles  de  Siberie,  2  vols. —  W.  B. 

Cottington,  Francis  lord,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  an 
able  minister,  and  employed  for  some  time 
as  an  ambassador  in  Spain.     On  the  break- 


subjects,  and  for  ever  enslave  them  and 
their  posterity,"  was  lent  out  of  his  library, 
and  being  in  a  surreptitious  copy  laid  before 
the  privy  council,  produced  his  arrest  and 
confinement  in  the  Tower,  and  the  seizure 
of  his  valuable  library.  Sir  Robert  with 
difficulty  extricated  himself  from  the  viru- 
lence of  his  persecutors ;  but  he  still  felt 
the  indignities  offered  to  his  person  and 
character  :  and  the  treatment  he  received 


ing  out  of  the  civil  wars  he  left  his  country  in  some  degree  undermined  his  constitution, 

for  Spain,  where   he  died,  at  Valladolid,  and  broke  his  heart.     He  died  of  a  fever, 

about  1651,  aged  77.     In  his  political  cha-  at  Westminister,    6th    May,    1631,    aged 

racter,  he   displayed  great    dissimulation,  upwards  of  60  years.     Sir  Robert  was  not 

with  all  the  formal  solemnity  which  he  had  only  an  able  antiquarian,  but  the  friend  and 

imbibed  at  the  Spanish  court.  patron  of  men  of  learning  ;  and  to  his  mu- 

Cotton,    or  Coton,    Peter,    a   Jesuit,  nificencc,  his  able  assistance,  and  valuable 

born   1564,    at   Neronde,  near  the  Loire,  communications,  Knollis,   Sir  Walter  Ra- 


early  distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  convert 
ing  heretics,  and  for  his  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit.  He  became  confessor  to  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  possessed  so  much  of 


leigh,  Sir  Francis  Bacon,  Selden,  Speed, 
Camden,  and  other  respectable  authors, 
have  with  gratitude  acknowledged  them- 
selves indebted.     Though  distinguished  as 


his  confidence  that  it  was  a  public  expres-    a  man  of  letters,  and  a  skilful  antiquarian^ 

467 


COT 


Cu\ 


Sir  Robert  is  particularly  entitled  to  the 
admiration  of  posterity  for  the  valuable 
library  which  now  remains  for  the  informa- 
tion of  the  public,  an  immortal  proof  of  his 
munificence  and  indefatigable  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  science  and  of  mankind.  That  his 
pursuits  were  directed  to  such  objects  is  a 
happy  circumstance  for  the  public.  In  his 
time,  the  many  records  and  important  ma- 
nuscripts which  had  been  plundered  irom 
the  dissolved  monasteries  were  scattered 
with  profane  indifference,  and  some  friendly 
hand  was  wanted  to  collect  and  preserve 
them  for  the  information  of  the  learned.This 
valuable  collection,  improved  stiil  by  his  son 
Sir  Thomas,  and  by  his  grandson  Sir  John, 
was,  after  being  removed  into  various 
places,  at  last  deposited  in  the  British  mu- 
seum, in  1753. 

Cotton,  Charles,  born  in  Staffordshire, 
of  a  respectable  family,  became  known  for 
his  burlesque  verses  and  ludicrous  poetry, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  and  James  II.  He 
translated  with  great  spirit  and  success, 
Montaigne's  essays,  which  he  inscribed  to 
lord  Halifax,  a  nobleman,  who  highly  va- 
lued the  performance,  which  he  had  the 
capacity  and  the  good  sense  to  appreciate. 
Cotton  published  the  wonders  of  the  peak 
in  Derbyshire — Virgil  travestied — Lucian 
burlesqued  ;  of  which  poems  an  edition 
Was  printed  in  1751.  He  died  about  the 
time  of  the  revolution,  but  the  exact  year 
is  unknown. 

Cotton,  John,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
of  the  early  ministers  of  New  England, 
was  born  at  Derby,  England,  in  1585,  and 
was  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  afterwards  became  a 
fellow  and  head  lecturer.  In  1612,  he  was 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Boston  in  Lin- 
colnshire, and  laboured  there  twenty  years 
with  distinguished  diligence,  ability,  and 
success.  He  was  at  length  impeached  for 
nonconformity,  and  came  to  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1633,  and  was  settled  as 
teacher  of  the  church  there.  He  died  in 
1652.  He  possessed  good  talents,  and  was 
an  accomplished  scholar,  particularly  in 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.  He  was  a  man 
of  ardent  piety,  an  impressive  preacher, 
and  was  highly  successful  in  his  ministry  in 
the  new  as  well  as  the  old  world.  [CT  L. 

Cotton,  John,  a  congregational  minister 
of  Massachusetts,  and  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  1638,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  College  in  1657.  In  1669,  he 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at  Ply- 
mouth, and  continued  there  till  1697.  He 
removed  the  next  year  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  and  there  formed  a  church  to 
which  he  preached  till  his  death  in  Septem- 
ber, 1699.  He  held  a  respectable  rank 
among  his  associates  in  the  ministry  in 
talents,  learnins,  and  diligence.     He  was 


accurately  acquainted  with  the  language  of 
the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  among 
whom  the  Mayhews  laboured,  preached  to 
them  for  some  time  previous  to  his  settle- 
ment at  Plymouth,  and  superintended  the 
printing  of  Elliot's  Bible  in  that  language. 

m  l. 

Cotys,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander,  died  about  356  B.  C. Ano- 
ther, who  favoured  the  cause  of  Pompey. 
Another,  who  lived  in  the  age  of  Au- 
gustus, and  to  whom  Ovid  addressed  one  of 
his  elegies.  His  son  bore  the  same  name, 
and  exchanged  Thrace  for  the  kingdom  of 
Armenia,  A.  D.  88. 

Coudrette,  Christopher,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, strbngly  attached  to  the  partisans 
of  the  Port  Royal,  and  to  Boursier,  against 
the  Jesuits,  by  whom  he  had  been  edu- 
cated. He  opposed,  with  great  ability^  the 
papal  bull  unigenitus,  for  which  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bastile  for  twelve  months,  in 
1738.  He  died  at  Paris  4th  August,  1774. 
He  wrote  memoirs  sur  le  formulaire,  two 
vols.  12mo. — hi-itoire  et  analyse  du  livre 
de  Taction  de  Dieu,  &c.  His  chief  work  is 
the  history  of  the  Jesuits,  in  four  vols. 
12mo.  1761,  to  which  he  added  a  supple- 
ment of  2  vols.  1764. 

Covel,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Honingshearth,  Suffolk,  163S,  and  educated 
at  St.Edmunsbury  and  Christ  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow.  Pie  was 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  at  Constantinople, 
where"  he  continued  for  seven  years.  On 
his  return  home,  1679,  he  took  his  degree 
of  D.D.  and  was  chosen  Margaret  preach- 
er of  divinity.  The  next  year  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Littlebury,  in  Essex, 
and  in  1687,  made  chancellor  of  York,  and 
the  next  year  master  of  Christ  College, 
Cambridge.  He  died  in  1722,  aged  85. 
During  his  residence  at  the  Porte,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  examination  of  the 
ancient  and  present  state  of  the  Greek 
church ;  and  he  gave  to  the  world,  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  a  curious  and  useful 
publication  on  the  subject,  in  folio. 

Coverdale,  Miles,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Cambridge.  From  a 
friar,  he  became  a  protestant  at  the  refor- 
mation, and  was  made  bishop  of  Exeter,  by- 
Edward  VI.  During  the  persecuting  reign 
of  Mary,  he  was  ejected  from  his  see,  and 
permitted  to  go  into  exile,  at  the  interfer- 
ence of  the  king  of  Denmark.  When 
Elizabeth  ascended  the  throne,  he  returned, 
but  he  declined  to  reassume  his  bishop- 
ric, as  his  principles  were  now  puritanical. 
He  afterwards  received  the  living  of  St. 
Magnus,  London,  from  which  he  was  eject- 
ed for  nonconformity.  He  died  poor,  but 
respected,  20th  May,  1567,  aged  81.  He 
assisted  William  Tindal  in  the  English  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible  published  in    1537,  am1 


GOL 


COU 


corrected  it  afterwards  in  the  edition  of 
1540,  with  notes. 

Coulon,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  who 
left  the  Jesuits'  society  in  1640.  He  died 
1664.  His  geographical  works  are  greatly 
esteemed,  especially  his  historical  treatise 
of  all  the  rivers  in  France,  2  vols.  8vo.  He 
wrote  besides,  lexicon  Homericum,  and 
some  historical  performances,  &c. 

Couperin,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  or- 
ganist of  the  chapel  of  Lewis  XIV.  He 
was  much  admired  for  his  execution  on  the 
harpsichord.  He  died  1733,  leaving  two 
daughters,  who  were  equally  eminent  as 
musicians.  His  two  brothers,  Lewis  and 
Charles,  were  also  good  performers.  He 
wrote  some  pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  in  4 
vols.  fol. 

Couplet,  Philip,  a  Jesuit,  of  Malines, 
who  went  as  missionary  to  China  in  1659, 
and  returned  in  1680.  He  died  on  his  se- 
cond voyage  to  the  same  place,  1693.  He 
wrote  some  works  on  the  Chinese  language 
and  in  Latin.  His  Confucius  Sinarum  phi- 
losophus,  1687,  folio,  is  a  valuable  and  cu- 
rious work,  in  which  the  history  of  China, 
the  manners  and  religion  of  the  inhabitants, 
are  ably  treated. 

Cottrayer,  Peter  Francis,  a  French  di- 
vine, born  at  Vernon,  Normandy,  1681. 
While  canon  and  librarian  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve, Paris,  he  after  some  correspondence 
with  archbishop  Wake,  published  his  "  de- 
fence of  English  ordinations,"  printed  in 
Holland,  1727.  This  book  exposed  him  to 
the  persecution  of  the  catholics  ;  so  that  he 
took  refuge  in  England,  where  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  granted  him  a  doctor's  de- 
gree, and  the  crown  settled  a  pension  upon 
him.  He  died  in  1776,  after  two  days'  ill- 
ness, at  the  age  of  95,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cloisters  of  Westminster  abbey.  He 
died  in  the  faith  of  the  catholic  church, 
though  at  Ealing,  where  he  sometimes 
resided,  he  attended  the  English  service 
regularly,  declaring  he  received  great  satis- 
faction in  the  prayers  of  the  church.  He 
wrote  several  things  all  in  French.  Those 
best  known  are  Paul's  history  of  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  2  vols.  fol.  dedicated  to  queen 
Caroline,  who  raised  his  pension  from  100/. 
to  200/. — Sleidan's  history  of  the  reforma- 
tion. After  his  death  appeared  his  decla- 
ration of  his  last  sentiments,  &c. 

Courcelles  Stephen  de,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  divinity  professor  at  Amsterdam, 
after  Episcopius,  whose  works  he  published, 
with  a  life  prefixed.  He  died  1658,  aged  72, 
author  of  various  divinity  tracts,  published 
by  Daniel  Elzevir,  1  vol.  fol.  1675. 

Co«rt  de  Gebelin,  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Nismes,  for  some  time  protestant  minis- 
ter at  Lausanne,  and  afterwards  superin- 
tendent of  one  of  the  museums  of  Paris. 
He  wrote  monde  primitif,  compared  with 
■  he  monde  moderne,  in  9  vols.  4to.  a  work 


of  merit  and  great  erudition.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  history  of  the  war  des  Ceven- 
ues,  3  vols.  12mo.  &c.  He  was  a  strong 
advocate  for  animal  magnetism,  which  ex- 
posed him  much  to  ridicule.  He  died  at 
Paris  13th  May,  1784,  aged  39. 

Courtanvaux,  Francis  Caesar  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bava- 
ria under  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Noailles. 
He  was  also  eminent  as  a  philosopher  and 
as  an  ingenious  mechanic,  and  deserved  by 
his  valuable  communications  a  place  in  the 
academy  of  sciences.  He  died  1781, 
aged  63. 

Courten,  William,  son  of  a  tailor  at 
Meninx,  in  the  Netherlands,  escaped  with 
difficulty  from  the  tyranny  and  persecution 
of  Olivarez  duke  of  Alva,  and  in  1563 
reached  London,  where  he  settled  his  fa- 
mily. Their  business  was  the  making  of 
French  hoods,  which  were  in  those  days  in 
griat  reputation,  so  that  by  industry,  the 
Courten  family  increased  their  connexions 
and  property,  and  at  the  death  of  the  fa- 
ther and  mother,  which  happened  about  the 
end  of  Elizabeth's  reign,  or  the  beginning 
of  James  I.  they  were  opulent  and  respect- 
able merchants  in  the  trade  of  silk  and  fine 
linen.  In  the  year  1631,  their  returns  were 
averaged  at  150,000/.  a  year  ;  and  so  highly 
respected  was  the  family,  that  William  and 
Peter  received  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
Under  the  active  and  able  management 
of  Sir  William,  the  concerns  of  the  compa- 
ny were  greatly  increased,  so  that  not  only 
the  commerce  of  the  nation  was  extended, 
but  even  the  king's  dignity  supported,  as  it 
is  said,  that  by  their  loans  to  James  I.  and  to 
Charles  I.  the  firm  of  Courten  had  a  claim 
upon  tbe  crown  of  not  less  than  200,000/. 
The  extensive  concerns  of  this'extraordinary 
family  were,  however,  lessened  by  the  in- 
trigues of  lord  Carlisle,  who  seized,  as  a 
giant  from  the  crown,  the  island  of  Barba- 
does,  where  Sir  William  had  settled  a  facto- 
ry, as  on  a  place  which  had  been  discovered 
by  his  own  ships,  and  been  protected  at  his 
own  expense.  His  propertylikewise  suffered 
some  years  after  by  the  murder  of  his 
factors  at  Amboyna,  in  the  Spice  Islands, 
by  the  Dutch,  and  by  the  total  loss  of  his 
property  in  that  part  of  the  world.  Though 
thus  persecuted  by  the  frowns  of  fortune, 
he  yet  engaged  with  new  ardour  in  the  Chi- 
nese trade  ;  but  the  loss  of  two  ships  richly 
laden  completed  his  disasters,  and  re- 
duced him  to  poverty.  He  survived  not 
long  this  heavy  loss.  He  died  1636,  about 
the  beginning  of  May,  aged  64,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Andrew 
Hubbard. 

Courten,  William,  the  last  male  de- 
scendant of  the  family  just  mentioned,  was 
born  in  Fenchurch  parish,  London,  2S(h 
March,  1642.     It  is  supposed  that  he  !o-: 

teg 


coil 


cou 


his  father  and  mother  before  he  was  four- 
teen \  ears  old;  but  though  bis  father,  in 
consequence  of  his  insolvency,  left  the 
kingdom,  in  1643,  and  never  again  saw  his 
son,  yet  be  was,  it  is  imagined,  carefully 
educated  under  the  eye  of  those  many  rich, 
independent,  and  noble  relatives  which  re- 
mained to  him  in  England.  He  early  be- 
gan to  travel,  and  displayed  a  great  genius 
for  natural  history,  which  be  much  im- 
proved oy  a  residence  at  Montpeilier.  In 
this  delightful  spot,  so  congenial  to  his 
studies,  he  cultivated  the  acquaintance  of 
learned  men,  particularly  of  Tournefort 
and  of  sir  Hans  Sloane.  When  of  age, 
he  returned  to  London,  to  pursue  his  claims 
to  the  shattered  wreck  of  the  fortune  of 
his  family,  and  in  improving  his  income, 
also  to  render  more  comfortable  his  sister, 
who  had  lived  upon  only  thirty  pounds  a 
year.  During  his  minority,  a  person  of 
the  name  of  George  Carew  had  obtained 
letters  of  administration,  and  now  he  sued 
for  the  restitution  of  his  property  ;  but  the 
arts  of  the  usurper,  who  was  a  lawyer  and 
a  courtier,  prevailed  over  the  simplicity  of 
the  petitioner.  Carew  prevailed  in  his  in- 
trigues, and  Courten  not  only  gave  up  all 
claims  to  his  paternal  estates  for  an  un- 
known compensation,  which  he  acknow- 
ledged to  receive,  not  de  jure,  but  ex  gra- 
tia, but  be  exchanged  his  family  name,  and, 
under  the  appellation  of  William  Charle- 
ton,  he  retired  from  England  to  his  fa- 
vourite Montpellier.  How  long  he  staid  on 
the  continent  is  not  exactly  known.  After 
his  return  to  England  he  lived  for  fourteen 
or  fifteen  years  in  chambers  at  the  Temple, 
and  died  at  Kensington  Gravel-pits,  March 
26,  1702,  aged  63.  The  partiality  which 
Mr.  Courten  showed  to  natural  history  was 
not  employed  in  frivolous  pursuits,  or  un- 
availing researches.  He  began  early  to 
make  a  collection  of  whatever  was  curious, 
important,  and  remarkable,  in  medallic 
ani  antiquarian  history  ;  and  not  less  than 
38  vols,  in  folio,  and  8  in  4to.  remain  as 
proofs  of  his  great  industry  and  indefatiga- 
ble attention.  His  curious  collection,  af- 
ter being  about  fifty  years  in  the  possession 
of  his  executor  and  residuary  legatee,  was 
purchased  in  1763  for  the  use  of  the  pub- 
lic, and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 
It  is  singular,  that  though  to  his  industry 
and  perseverance  the  nation  is  indebted  for 
so  valuable  an  acqusition,  no  mention  was 
made  of  him  as  the  first  and  most  scientific 
collector.  The  sum  paid  by  the  public  was 
20,000Z.  which  equals  scarce  the  value  of 
the  coins  and  precious  stones.  Besides 
those  learned  friends  already  mentioned, 
Courten  was  intimate  with  the  great 
Locke. 

Courtenat,  John,  an  Irish  writer,  was 
originally  a  captain  in  the  military  service, 
and  patronised  bv  the  first  marquis  Towns- 
170 


hend,  who  appointed  him  his  secretary, 
and  surveyor  of  the  ordnance.  He  also 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament,  and  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt  was  made  a  commission- 
er of  the  treasury.  This  situation,  how- 
ever, he  soon  lost,  and  then  retired  from 
public  life.  He  died  in  1816,  aged  75. 
His  publications  are — 1.  A  Tract  on  the 
Duke  of  Richmord's  Plan  of  fortifications, 
8vo.  2.  A  Poetical  Review  of  D..  Johnson's 
Character,  8vo.  3.  Reflections  on  the 
French  Revolution.  4.  Poetical  Epistles 
on  the  Manners  of  France,  Italy,  &.c.  8vo. 
W.  B. 

Courtilz,  Garien  de  sieur  de  Sandra6, 
born  at  Paris  1644,  where  he  died  6th  May, 
1712.  He  was  in  the  army',  and  was  some 
time  in  Holland,  and  on  his  return  was  con- 
fined in  the  Bastile  for  his  political  works, 
and  remained  there  nine  years.  He  was 
author  of  different  works,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  his  life  of  Coligni — the  con- 
duct of  France  since  the  peace  of  Nime- 
guen — history  of  the  Dutch  war — political 
testament  of  Colbert — the  life  of  Turenne 
— annals  of  Paris  and  of  the  court  in 
1697-8. 

Courtivron,  Gaspard  marquis  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Dijon,  who  died  4th  October,  1785, 
aged  70,  known  as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar. 
He  was  wounded  in  the  campaigns  of 
Bavaria,  while  exerting  himself  to  save  the 
life  of  marshal  Saxe  ;  and  he  afterwards 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a. 
treatise  on  optics,  4to.  1752,  and  some  other 
works. 

Courtney,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  the  fourth  son  of  Hugh  Court- 
ney, earl  of  Devonshire,  by  Margaret, 
grand-daughter  of  Edward  I.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  though  possessed 
of  abilities,  owed  his  elevation  in  the  church 
to  the  consequence  of  his  family.  When 
28,  he  was  made  bishop  of  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  translated  to  London,  where  he 
summoned  before  him  the  great  Wickliffe, 
in  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  1377.  The  bold 
reformer  was  on  this  occasion  attended  by 
his  friends  John  of  Gaunt  and  lord  Percy, 
who,  in  supporting  his  tenets,  treated  the 
prelate  with  such  asperity,  that  a  tumult 
was  excited  among  the  citizens  of  London. 
Courtney  was  made  chancellor  1381,  and 
afterwards  raised  to  the  see  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the 
Wickliflites,  and  condemned  their  tenets 
in  a  synod.  He  died  at  Maidstone  1396, 
aged  55. 

Courtois,  James,  a  native  of  Franche 
Compte,  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  called 
le  Bourgnignon.  He  studied  under  his 
father,  who  was  also  a  painter  ;  and  in  the 
French  campaigns  of  Italy  he  employed 
himself  in  delineating  the  battles  in  Avhich 
he  had  been  present.  His  merits  were  no- 
ticctl  ami  patronised  by  Guido  and  bv  Al- 


cou 


cow 


bano ;  and  he  afterwards  settled  at  Flo- 
rence, where  he  married  a  painter's 
daughter.  The  sudden  death  of  his  wife, 
of  whom  he  was  known  to  be  very  jealous,^ 
threw  upon  him  the  false  accusation  of 
having  murdered  her  ;  in  consequence  of 
which  calumny  he  entered  into  the  order  of 
the  Jesuits.     He  died  1676,  aged  55. 

Courtois,  William,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  the  pupil  of  Peter  de  Cortona, 
and  was  patronised  by  Alexander  VII. 
His  pieces  were  much  admired,  especially 
his  Battle  of  Joshua.  He  died  1673,  aged 
45,  in  consequence  of  taking  improper 
quack  medicines  for  the  gout. 

Cousin,  John,  a  French  painter,  born  at 
Succy,  near  Sens,  well  skilled  in  mathema- 
tics. He  wrote  on  geometry  and  perspec- 
tive, and  chiefly  excelled  in  painting  on 
glass.  Many  beautiful  specimens  of  his 
skill  in  painting  exist  in  the  churches  of 
Sens  and  Paris,  and  especially  in  St.  Ger- 
vase's  church.  For  his  eminence,  he  is  called 
great.  He  was  a  favourite  with  four  kings  ; 
Henry  II.  Francis  II.  Charles  IX.  and 
Henry  III.  He  was  living  in  1689  ;  but 
the  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

Cousin,  James  Antony  Joseph,  a  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Paris  in  1739.  In 
1766,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  college  of  France, 
which  situation  he  filled  thirty-two  years 
with  great  reputation.  In  J  769,  he  became 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  military 
school  ;  and  in  1772,  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences.  In  1777, 
he  published  his  lessons  on  the  Calcul  Dif- 
ferential et  Calcul  Integral,  2  vols.  12mo.  ; 
afterwards  reprinted  in  2  vols.  4to.  In 
1787,  appeared  his  Introduction  a  1'Etude 
de  l'Astronomie  Physique,  8vo.  ;  and  in 
1798,  his  Elemens  d'Algebre,  8vo.  He 
died  in  1808.— W.  B. 

Couston,  Nicholas,  sculptor  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died 
at  Paris  1st  May,  1733,  aged  75,  member 
of  the  academies  of  painting  and  sculp- 
ture. He  possessed  great  genius  and  a 
very  delicate  taste.  His  pieces  adorn  the 
palaces  of  Paris,  Versailles,  and  Marly. 
His  Commodus  in  the  character  of  Hercu- 
les is  particularly  admired. 

Couston,  William,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, director  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  died  at  Paris  22d  Feb- 
ruary, 1746,  aged  69.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed as  an  able  sculptor.  He  had  a  brother 
of  the  same  name,  who  died  at  Paris,  1746, 
aged  68,  whose  works  were  the  mausoleum 
of  Dubois,  and  two  groups  of  horses,  at 
Marly. 

Couston,  William,  son  of  the  last  men- 
tioned, improved  himself  by  studying  the 
arts  at  Rome.  He  was  rising  into  employ- 
ment, and  had  just  finished  the  mausoleum 
■if  the  dauphin,  deposited  in  the  cathedral 


of  Sens,  when  he  died  suddenly  iu  July, 
1777,  aged  61.  His  other  works  are  the 
apotheosis  of  Xavier — an  Apollo — Venus 
and  Mars,  &c. 

Couthon,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay, 
in  Auvergne,  who  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  At  the  revolution,  he  became  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the 
convention,  and  there  displayed  the  most 
ferocious  and  vindictive  conduct.  He  lent 
all  his  powers  to  procure  the  destruction 
of  the  monarchy,  and  the  disgrace  and 
death  of  the  king  ;  and  afterwards,  as  the 
friend  and  associate  of  Robespierre,  he  re- 
commended the  adoption  of  the  most  bloody 
and  atrocious  measures.  In  his  zeal 
against  crowned  heads,  he  proclaimed 
death  to  tyrants,  and  peace  to  the  cottage, 
and  wished  that  kings  might  no  longer 
have  an  earth  to  support,  nor  a  sun  to  en- 
lighten them.  When  sent  as  deputy  to 
Lyons,  he  struck  with  a  hammer  the  co- 
lumns of  the  noblest  edifices,  exclaiming, 
"  Down,  ye  monuments  of  pride,  I  con- 
demn you  to  destruction."  His  savage 
conduct  was  so  well  known,  that  when 
once  complaining  of  thirst,  during  a  long 
debate  in  the  convention,  one  of  the  mem- 
bers observed,  he  ought  to  have  a  cup  full 
of  blood.  The  fall  of  Robespierre,  whose 
crimes  he  had  shared,  was  his  own.  He 
was  guillotined  28th  July,  1794.  Though 
of  so  ferocious  a  heart,  the  features  of  his 
countenance  were  mild  and  pleasing  ; 
but  his  body  was  deformed,  so  that  the 
convention  permitted  him  to  sit  while  speak- 
ing. 

Couvreur,  Adrianne  le,  a  French  ac- 
tress, born  at  Fismes  in  Champagne,  1698. 
She  first  appeared  in  1717,  in  the  character 
of  Electra,  and  was  received  with  univer- 
sal applause.  Her  best  character  was 
Phaedra.  She  died  20th  March,  1730. 
She  was  for  some  time  mistress  to  marshal 
Saxe,  whom,  when  reduced  to  distress  in 
the  acquisition  of  his  dukedom  of  Cour- 
land,  she  assisted  with  a  large  sum  of  mo- 
ney raised  upon  her  jewels. 

Coward,  William,  a  medical  writer, 
born  at  Winchester,  and  educated  there  at 
the  college,  and  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  from 
which  he  was  removed  to  Wadham.  In 
1680  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  Merton,  and 
two  years  after  he  translated  Dryden's  Ab- 
salom and  Ahithophel  into  Latin,  which, 
however,  did  not  much  contribute  to  his 
fame,  as  it  was  surpassed  by  the  rival  trans- 
lation of  Atterbury.  He  took  his  medical 
degrees  in  1685  and  87,  and  after  settling 
at  Northampton  for  some  time,  he  removed 
to  London  1694.  But  not  more  devoted 
to  physical  pursuits  than  literature,  he  soon 
drew  the  public  attention  to  his  publication, 
called  Second  Thoughts  concerning  the  hu- 
man Soul,  in  which,  with  great  learning 
and  metaphysical  knowledge,  he  unite! 
"    171 


cow- 


cow 


sentiments,  which  were  repugnant  to  the 
opinions  of  the  best  divines.  Though  he 
was  a  sincere  believer  in  the  gospel,  yet  his 
ideas  about  the  immateriality  and  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  drew  upon  him  the  cen- 
sure of  the  public,  and  he  was  ranked  with 
Toland,  Tindal,  and  Gildon,  as  an  enemy 
of  the  Christian  religion.  This  work  as 
well  as  his  other  book,  called  the  grand 
essay  in  defence  of  it,  not  only  drew  the 
attacks  of  several  writers,  such  as  Dr. 
Nichols,  Broughton,  and  Turner,  but  the 
animadversions  of  the  house  of  commons, 
who,  on  the  17th  March,  1704,  voted  the 
books  to  be  burned  by  the  hands  of  the 
common  hangman,  as  containing  doctrines 
contrary  to  the  church  of  England,  and 
subversive  to  the  Christian  religion.  After- 
wards Dr.  Coward  applied  himself  to  the 
pursuits  of  his  profession,  and  published 
his  tract  called  Opthalmiatria,  which  ap- 
peared with  the  approbation  of  Sir  Hans 
Sloane.  From  the  persecution  which  at- 
tended his  writings,  it  is  supposed  that  Dr. 
Coward  removed  from  London,  as  a  hiatus 
occurs  in  his  history,  for  about  twelve 
years.  His  heroic  poem  on  Abraham, 
Isaac,  and  Jacob,  whether  skeptical  or  cen- 
sorious, published  about  this  time,  was  lit- 
tle attended  to,  and  is  now  totally  un- 
known. His  licentia  poetica  discussed, 
appeared  in  1709,  but  though  introduced 
with  the  poetical  flattery  of  Aaron  Hill,  of 
John  Gay,  and  of  Barklay,  it  possessed 
little  merit,  and  found  few  admirers.  In 
1718  Dr.  Coward  is  mentioned  in  the  col- 
lege of  physicians'  list,  as  residing  at  Ips- 
wich, where  it  is  supposed  he  died  about 
1725.  Though  his  writings  no  longer  en- 
gage attention,  it  must  be  acknowledged, 
that  he  was  not  devoid  of  learning,  judg- 
ment, and  abilities.  Though  skeptical  in 
his  religious  opinions,  he  still  was  exem- 
plary as  a  Christian,  and  a  firm  believer  in 
the  mercies  offered  to  mankind  by  the 
gospel. 

Cowell,  John,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Ernsborough,  Devon,  1 554,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cambridge. 
He  became  fellow  of  his  college,  professor 
of  civil  law  in  the  university,  and  master  of 
Trinity-hall.  His  Interpreter,  was  pub- 
lished in  1607,  in  4to.  undertaken  at  the 
request  of  Bancroft  the  archbishop.  This 
book  displaying  great  and  extensive  know- 
ledge, for  some  time  remained  uncensured, 
but  at  last,  it  was  observed  that  the  author 
had  spoken  with  great  freedom  and  severity 
of  the  common  law,  and  of  its  professors, 
especially  Littleton,  and  had  "  disputed 
too  nicely  on  the  mysteries  of  the  monar- 
chy," and  asserted  that  the  monarch  might 
make  laws,  without  the  consent  of  parlia- 
ment, and  in  consequence  of  this,  the  house 
of  commons  proceeded  with  great  violence 
against  him  ;  but  James,  with  becoming 
47<> 


zeal,  interposed  his  influence,  and  saved 
him  from  persecution.  After  this  Cowell 
retired  to  Cambridge,  where  he  underwent 
an  operation  for  the  stone,  which  proved 
fatal  11th  Oct.  1611.  He  was  buried  in 
Trinity-hall  chapd.  He  wrote  besides 
Institutes  of  the  laws  of  England — and  a 
tract  de  regulis  juris,  which  last  was  never 
published. 

Cowley,  Abraham,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  London,  1618.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  the  accidental 
perusal  of  Spenser's  works,  so  much  roused 
his  poetical  genius,  that  he  published  his 
"poetical  blossoms,"  before  he  was  re- 
moved to  the  university.  He  entered  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  wrote 
some  poems,  and  planned  the  design  of. 
those  masculine  pieces,  which  have  immor- 
talized his  name.  The  loyalty  of  his  sen- 
timents, and  the  noble  independence  of  his 
conduct,  however,  proved  displeasing  to 
the  republicans  of  his  college,  and  he  was 
with  some  others  ejected  from  the  univer- 
sity, and  came  to  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  published  his  satire  of  the 
Puritan  and  Papist.  His  attachment  to 
the  royal  cause,  as  well  as  his  literary 
merits  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  great ;  he  was  intimate  with  lord  Falk- 
land, and  confidently  engaged  in  the  king's 
service.  During  the  civil  wars,  he  was 
settled  in  the  duke  of  St.  Alban's  family, 
and  was  absent  from  England  about  10  or 
12  years,  and  during  that  time,  performed 
some  very  dangerous  journeys  to  Jersey, 
Scotland,  Flanders,  Holland,  and  other 
places,  while  he  managed  the  correspon- 
dence between  the  king  and  his  consort, 
and  the  various  bodies  of  loyalists  disper- 
sed through  the  kingdom.  In  1656,  he 
ventured  to  come  into  England  with  great 
secrecy,  but  he  was  arrested,  though  by 
mistake,  and  was  restored  to  liberty  only 
by  giving  bail  for  1000/.  After  Cromwell's 
death  he  returned  to  France,  and  at  the 
restoration  he  determined  to  retire  to  soli- 
tude and  learned  ease.  His  intentions 
were  favoured  by  the  liberality  of  the 
duke  of  Buckingham  and  lord  St.  Albans, 
who  gave  him  an  estate,  and  the  last  eight 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  that  comfort- 
able retirement,  which  he  so  much  ad- 
mired. He  lived  some  time  at  Barn-Elms, 
but  as  the  situation  was  not  healthy,  he  re- 
moved to  Chertsey,  where,  in  consequence 
of  exposing  himself  too  long  to  the  cold 
air,  he  was  attacked  by  a  violent  defluxion 
and  stoppage  in  his  breast  and  throat,  which 
by  being  at  first  disregarded,  in  a  fortnight 
proved  fatal.  He  died  28th  July,  1667, 
aged  49,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey,  near  Chaucer  and  Spenser,  and  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  honour,  by 
George,  duke  of  Buckingham,  1675.  Cow- 
ley took  his  doctor's  decree  in  medicine  at 


cow 

Oxford,  1657,  and  as  it  was  under  the  re- 
publican government,  some  have  doubted 
the  sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  the  royal 
cause,  but  his  object  was  not  of  a  political 
nature.  He  wished  to  study  medicine  as  a 
science,  and  for  that  purpose  a  degree  was 
necessary.  His  books  of  plants  were  pub- 
lished in  1662,  and  as  he  had  employed 
himself  not  only  in  anatomical  dissection, 
but  to  the  laborious  consideration  of  sim- 
ples, and  the  deep  researches  of  botany, 
his  works  on  those  subjects,  are  the 
thoughts  of  a  master.  Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned,  he  published  a  new 
edition  of  his  poems,  miscellanies — the 
Mistress — Pindaric  odes — Davideis — the 
Cutter  of  Coleman-street,  a  comedy,  &c. 
Besides  poems,  he  wrote  in  prose,  a  pro- 
position for  the  advancement  of  experi- 
mental philosophy — and  a  discourse  on  the 
government  of  Cromwell.  Cowley  is  very 
respectable  as  a  poet,  and  his  verse,  though 
sometimes  uncouth  and  inelegant,  does  not 
want  fire  and  majesty.  He  abounded,  as 
Addison  observed,  above  all  others  in 
genuine  wit.  Dr.  Johnson  places  him  at 
the  head  of  metaphysical  poets. 

Cowper,  William,  born  at  Perth,  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy.  Though  originally 
a  strict  presbyterian,  he  renounced  his 
sect,  and  embracing  the  doctrines  of  the 
church,  was  made  bishop  of  Galloway, 
1614.  He  died  three  years  after,  aged  53. 
He  was  an  able  divine.  His  works  were 
printed  in  one  vol.  folio. 

Cowper,  William,  D.  D.  youngest  son 
of  earl  Cowper,  was  born  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
After  possessing  some  small  living,  he  was 
made  dean  of  Durham,  which  he  held  till 
his  death,  1772,  in  his  59th  year.  He  wrote 
an  able  treatise  on  geometry,  besides  eight 
sermons,  and  an  advice  to  a  lady  much 
esteemed. 

Cowper,  William,  M.  D.  a  physician  of 
reputation  at  Chester,  who  died  20th  Oct., 
1767.  He  published  some  antiquarian 
treatises,  and  was  preparing  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  a  history  of  Chester. 

Cowper,  William,  a  celebrated  English 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Cowper, 
chaplain  to  George  II.  and  rector  of  Berk- 
hampstead,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  was 
born,  1731.  He  lost  his  excellent  mother 
when  he  was  only  six  years  old,  and  after 
learning  the  rudiments  of  language  at 
Market-street,  Hertfordshire,  he  removed 
to  Westminster-school,  where  he  continued 
till  his  18th  year.  As  the  great  nephew  of 
chancellor  Cowper,  he  was  marked  for 
eminence  in  the  law,  and  after  being  for 
some  time  in  the  office  of  an  attorney,  he 
entered  at  the  Inner-temple,  and  at  the  age 
of  31  he  was  appointed  clerk  in  the  house 
nf  lords.     This  honourable  office  his  great 

Vox.  I.  fir) 


COW 

timidity  prevented  him  from  accepting,  and 
when  afterwards  nominated  clerk  of  the 
journals,  which  seemed  to  require  no  per- 
sonal attendance,  his  agitation  of  mind 
became  excessive  when  called  upon,  at  the 
bar  of  the  house,  on  an  unusual  occasion, 
to  perform  the  duties  of  his  place,  and  he 
resigned  under  the  greatest  depression  of 
spirits.  Weakness  of  nerves,  produced 
debility  of  body  and  of  mind,  but  by  the 
friendly  attention  of  Dr.  Cotton  of  St.  Al- 
ban's,  his  melancholy  terrors  gradually 
subsided,  and  from  a  dejected  gloom  he 
rose  to  the  purer  use  of  his  mental  faculties 
and  to  the  enjoyment  of  rational  conversa- 
tion, and  the  cheering  and  serene  under- 
standing of  the  hopes  of  revelation.  In 
1765,  he  settled  at  Huntingdon,  and  be- 
came the  friend  and  the  intimate  of  Mr. 
Unwin,  a  neighbouring  clergyman,  after 
whose  unfortunate  death,  by  a  fall  from  his 
horse,  in  1767,  he  retired  to  Olney,  Bucks, 
with  his  widow,  whom  he  regarded  with  all 
the  affection  of  a  mother.  His  time  in 
retirement  was  spent,  not  only  in  devotion, 
but  in  literature,  and  he  contributed  sixty- 
eight  hymns  to  the  collection  which  his 
friend  Mr.  Newton,  the  curate  of  Olney, 
and  an  eloquent  supporter  of  the  doctrine 
of  Calvin,  gave  to  the  world.  In  1782,  he 
appeared  himself  before  the  public  by  the 
publication  of  a  volume  of  poems,  and  in 
1785,  the  general  voice  of  approbation  was 
raised  towards  him  on  the  appearance  of 
his  second  volume.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  a  translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  and 
Odyssey  in  blank  verse,  and  in  the  opinion 
of  some  judges  the  work,  though  inferior 
to  the  versification  of  Pope,  possesses  great 
merit,  and  presents  to  the  English  reader  a 
more  pleasing  and  perfect  picture  of  the 
great  original.  In  1786,  he  removed  with 
Mrs.  Unwin  to  Weston,  Northampton- 
shire, and  afterwards  turned  his  thoughts 
to  a  life  of  Milton,  and  to  a  complete  edi- 
tion of  his  poems,  and  after  he  had  made 
some  little  progress  he  was  introduced  to 
Mr.  Hayley,  who  had  been  engaged  on  the 
same  subject,  and  thus  arose  an  intercourse 
of  friendship  which  continued  to  the  last 
period  of  life.  The  poet  had  communica- 
ted so  much  pleasure  and  instruction  to 
the  world  by  the  sweetness  of  his  lines, 
and  the  pure  precepts  of  morality  and  be- 
nevolence which  every  where  captivate  the 
reader,  that  the  king  honourably  bestowed 
upon  him  a  pension  of  3001.  per  annum,  in 
1794  ;  but  the  compliment,  so  flattering  to 
a  man  of  talents,  and  so  becoming  the 
sovereign  of  an  enlightened  nation,  gave 
more  satisfaction  to  his  friends  than  to 
himself.  The  wretched  poet  was  again 
sunk  into  dejection  and  religious  melancho- 
ly, and  few  intervals  of  reasou  beamed 
upon  the  afflicted  mind  of  this  amiable 
man,  For  a  while  indeed  he  amused  hina- 
473 


LUX 


COX 


self  in  the  revision  of  his  Homer,  but  again 
relapsed  into  that  depression  of  spirits 
which  robbed  him  of  all  the  comforts  and 
the  serenity  of  a  reflecting  mind.  He  died 
25th  April,  1800,  at  Dereham,  Norfolk, 
where  a  handsome  monument  in  the  church 
marks  the  spot  where  his  remains  were 
deposited.  In  exhibiting  a  story  in  poeti- 
cal numbers  Cowper  possessed  a  peculiarly 
happy  genius  ;  his  John  Gilpin,  which  was 
related  to  him  by  his  friend  lady  Austin,  to 
amuse  him  in  a  tedious  hour  of  melancholy, 
when  converted  into  verse  by  his  pen 
proved  a  most  popular  ballad,  and  has 
since  continued  to  please  and  amuse  the 
nation.  In  his  manners,  though  reserved, 
he  was  pleasing,  his  conversation  was 
cheerful,  and  Mrs.  Unwin,  lady  Austin, 
lady  Hesketh,  and  Mrs.  Throgmorton  and 
others,  were  not  only  honoured  with  marks 
of  his  friendship,  but  immortalized  by 
the  happy  effusions  of  his  delicate  and 
sportive  muse.  The  singular  subjects  of 
one  of  his  best  pieces  was  undertaken  at 
the  request  of  lady  Austin,  who  called  forth 
his  powers  of  composition  by  bidding  him 
write,  on  a  sofa.  The  sofa  must  be  re- 
garded as  a  most  valuable  composition, 
and  though  in  that  and  in  his  other  larger 
poem,  The  Task,  there  is  perhaps  no  well- 
digested  plan  or  regular  connexion,  the 
whole  must  be  considered  as  the  effort  of  a 
great  genius,  assisted  by  the  feelings  of  a 
truly  humane,  virtuous,  and  benevolent 
heart.  An  elegant  and  pleasing  account  of 
the  life  and  writings  of  this  extraordinary 
man  has  been  published  by  his  friend  Mr. 
Hay  ley. 

Cox,  Richard,  an  English  prelate,  of 
mean  parentage,  born  at  Whaddon,  Bucks, 
about  1500.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  a  fellow.  He  was  invited  by 
Wolsey,  to  form  one  of  the  chosen  few,  on 
his  new  foundation  at  Oxford  ,  but  after 
some  time  his  open  avowal  of  Luther's 
principles,  rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the 
censures  of  the  university,  and  he  was 
stripped  of  his  offices  and  imprisoned. 
Afterwards  he  was  made  master  of  Eton 
school,  and  by  the  favour  of  his  patron  and 
friend  Cranmer,  he  was  raised  to  the  offices 
of  archdeacon  and  prebendary  of  Ely  and 
Lincoln,  and  of  dean  of  Christ  church. 
As  tutor  to  king  Edward  VI.  he  became  a 
great  favourite  at  court,  was  made  privy 
counsellor,  and  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  dean  of 
Westminster.  During  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  he  left  England,  and  maintained  on 
the  continent  his  reputation  for  learning, 
and  for  adhering  to  the  protestant  faith. 
On  Elizabeth's  accession,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  gained  such  popularity  by  his 
eloquence  and  zeal  against  popery,  that  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Ely,  over  which 
47f 


he  presided  for  21  years.  His  opposition 
to  the  catholics,  drew  upon  him  the  re- 
sentment of  his  enemies,  and  even  the 
queen  herself  showed  herself  unfriendly  to 
him.  Exposed  to  the  persecution  of  chan- 
cellor Hatton,  who  wished  to  strip  him  of 
all  his  ecclesiastical  domains,  he  at  last 
offered  to  resign  his  dignities,  provided  that 
200/.  per  annum  were  allowed  him,  to  sup- 
port him  in  his  retirement  and  solitude. 
None,  however,  could  be  found  to  succeed 
upon  those  disgraceful  terms,  and  he  held 
the  bishopric  till  his  death,  1581,  in  his 
83d  year.  He  was  a  great  advocate  for 
the  marriage  of  the  clergy,  and  he  was  the 
first  who  brought  a  wife  to  live  in  a  college. 
He  wrote  several  theological  tracts,  but  he 
is  chiefly  known  for  the  active  part  which 
he  took  in  the  compilation  of  the  liturgy. 
The  four  gospels — the  Acts  of  the  apostles 
— and  the  epistle  to  the  Romans,  were  also 
translated  by  him,  in  the  share  which  he 
had  in  the  Bible,  now  called  the  Bishops' 
Bible.  He  was  also  concerned  in  the 
compilation  of  Lily's  grammar. 

Cox,  Sir  Richard,  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
was  born  at  Brandon,  county  of  Cork,  25th 
March,  1650.  Though  left  an  orphan  un- 
der the  age  of  three,  he  yet,  under  the  pro- 
tecting care  of  his  grandfather  and  of  his 
uncle,  evinced  great  natural  abilities.  For 
three  years  he  practised  as  an  attorney,  but 
coming  to  Gray's  inn  in  1671,  he  studied 
for  the  bar.  In  consequence  of  an  early 
marriage,  he  had  a  large  family,  and  the 
cares  which  they  brought  upon  him,  roused 
him  from  the  obscurity  where  for  seven 
years  he  had  been  lost  as  a  farmer,  and  by 
the  interest  of  sir  Robert  Southwell,  he  was 
elected  recorder  of  Kin  sale.  He  now  prac- 
tised with  great  success  in  the  law,  but  re- 
moving from  the  convulsion  which  agitated 
the  protestants,  he  came  to  Bristol,  where, 
from  his  many  avocations,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  completion  of  his  history  of 
Ireland.  At  the  revolution  he  was  made 
under  secretary  of  state,  afterwards  record- 
er of  Waterford,  in  1690  second  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  and  the  next  year  go- 
vernor of  the  county  and  city  of  Cork.  In 
this  singular  character,  uniting  the  office 
of  judge  with  military  duties,  he  behaved 
with  great  spirit  and  propriety,  he  was 
knighted  in  1692,  and  the  next  year  made 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  and  in  1706  created 
a  baronet.  On  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  as  well  as  some  of  the  Irish  judges,  were 
removed  from  office,  but  while  he  hoped  to 
spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  literary  and  in- 
dependent retirement,  he  found  himself  ex- 
posed to  the  censures  of  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment, who,  however,  never  proceeded  fur- 
ther against  him.  In  April,  1733,  he  was 
seized  with  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  which  ending 
in  a  palsy,  carried  him  off  the  following  3d 
May,  in  his  84th  year.     He  was  esteemed 


C0¥ 


CRA 


not  only  as  an  able  lawyer,  and  impartial 
historian,  but  as  a  humane  and  beneficent 
man.  Besides  his  Hibernia-Anglicana  in 
folio,  he  wrote  an  inquiry  into  religion,  and 
the  use  of  reason  in  reference  to  it,  8vo. — 
an  address  to  those  of  the  Roman  commu- 
nion in  England,  l2mo. 

Cox,  Leonard,  a  grammarian,  born  at 
Monmouth,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  for  some  time,  and  with  great  re- 
putation, master  of  Reading  school,  after 
which  he  travelled  through  France,  Ger- 
many, Poland,  and  Hungary,  where  as  a 
teacher  of  the  learned  languages,  he  ac- 
quired much  fame.  He  died  at  Caerlton, 
Monmouthshire,  1543.  He  wrote  some 
Greek  and  Latin  treatises,  besides  a  com- 
mentary on  Lily's  grammar. 

Coxeter,  Thomas,  born  at  Lechlade, 
Gloucestershire,  Sept.  1689,  entered  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  London,  to  study  the  law,  but 
the  death  of  his  patron  sir  John  Cook  in 
1710,  overturned  his  hopes  of  high  distinc- 
tion. Left  without  any  plan  to  pursue,  he 
became  the  friend  and  companion  of  au- 
thors and  booksellers,  and  began  to  make 
a  curious  collection  of  old  plays.  He  pro- 
posed to  write  the  biography  of  the  old 
English  poets,  but  did  not  proceed  far  in 
the  work.  He  gave  in  1739  a  new  edition 
of  Baily's  life  of  bishop  Fisher,  and  circu- 
lated proposals  for  publishing  ancient  plays, 
a  plan  which  was  afterwards  adopted  by 
Dodsley.  He  was  in  1737  secretary  to  a 
society  for  the  encouragement  of  English 
history,  under  whose  auspices  Carte's  his- 
tory of  England,  first  volume,  appeared. 
He  died  April  19th,  1749,  aged  59. 

Coxis,  Michael,  a  painter  of  Mechlin, 
who  died  1592,  aged  95.  His  imitations  of 
Raphael  are  greatly  admired,  as  well  as  his 
designs. 

Coter,  l'Abbc  Gabriel  Francis,  a  French 
writer,  who  was  born  at  Baumelles  Nones, 
Franche  Comte,  and  died  at  Paris  July 
18th,  1782,  in  an  advanced  age.  Origin- 
ally a  Jesuit,  he  abandoned  the  order,  and 
lived  by  his  pen.  His  works  possess  viva- 
city, ease,  and  wit.  He  wrote  Bagatelles 
morales, — the  history  of  John  Sobieski,  3 
vols.  12mo. — travels  in  Italy  and  Holland, 
2  vols. — observations  on  England, — trea- 
tise on  preaching,  and  on  public  education, 
besides  a  translation  of  Blar.kstone's  com- 
mentaries. 

Cotpel,  Charles  Anthony,  a  celebrated 
painter,  who  died  at  Paris,  his  native  city, 
1 752,  aged  58.  He  was  painter  to  the  duke 
of  Orleans  and  to  the  king,  and  by  his 
amiable  manners  and  extensive  endowments 
he  deserved  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of 
the  great.  He  was  author  of  some  theatri- 
cal pieces,  which  were  performed  in  private 
theatres,  and  he  also  composed  several  dis- 
sertations on  painting,  and  some  academi- 


cal lectures.  He  was  very  charitable,  and 
for  his  many  virtues  was  highly  esteemed 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  erected  a  pre- 
paratory school  at  Paris  for  students  be- 
fore they  went  to  Rome,  and  he  also  pro- 
jected the  exhibition  of  the  pictures  in  the 
Luxemburg  gallery.  His  father  Anthony, 
who  died  in  1722,  aged  61,  was  also  an 
eminent  artist,  and  painter  to  the  king,  and 
his  grandfather  Noel  had  been  equally  cele- 
brated at  Paris,  and  at  Rome,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  French  academy  of  paint- 
ing. He  died  1707,  aged  79. Noel  Ni- 
cholas, the  son  of  Noel,  was  also  known 
not  only  as  a  painter  of  fine  church  pieces, 
but  as  an  able  professor  in  the  academy. 
He  died  1735,  aged  43. 

Coysevox,  Anthony,  a  French  sculptor, 
born  at  Lyons.  He  died  1720,  aged  80, 
chancellor  and  regent  of  the  academy  of 
painting  and  sculpture.  Versailles  was 
embellished  by  the  finest  of  his  pieces.  At 
Marly  his  Neptune  and  Amphitrite,  and  at 
the  church  of  St.  Eustachius  the  statue  of 
Colbert,  are  likewise  fine  specimens  of  his 
great  powers. 

Coy  tier,  James,  physician  to  Lewis  XI. 
of  France,  is  remarkable  for  the  great  as- 
cendency which  he  obtained  over  the  super- 
stition and  timidity  of  that  monarch,  who 
seemed  greatly  terrified  at  the  thought  of 
death.  This  influence  he  artfully  exerted 
to  advance  his  interests  and  those  of  his 
family. 

Cozza,  Francesco,  a  painter,  born  at  Pa- 
lermo, in  Sicily.  He  was  pupil  to  Domini- 
chino,  and  eminent  in  fresco  and  in  oil 
painting,  and  employed  himself  in  several 
of  the  great  works  which  adorn  Rome, 
where  he  died  1664. 

Craasbeck,  Joseph  Van,  a  painter,  born 
at  Brussels,  1608.  He  died  1668.  He  was 
pupil  to  Brouwer,  and  chiefly  excelled  in 
vulgar  scenes,  where  he  represented  drunk- 
enness and  alehouse  quarrels  with  great 
spirit. 

Crab,  Roger,  an  English  hermit,  born 
in  Buckinghamshire  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century.  He  left  his  occupation  of 
hatter,  and  with  a  mind  influenced  by  fa- 
naticism and  the  love  of  singularity,  he 
disposed  of  hi3  property,  and  distributed  it 
to  the  poor,  and  building  a  small  hut  at 
Ickman  near  Uxbridge,  he  lived  there  in 
great  austerity.  His  reputation  for  sanc- 
tity and  abstinence  was  such  that  he  was 
visited  by  many  respectable  persons,  who 
consulted  him  as  a  seer  and  prophet.  He 
is  said  to  have  foretold  the  restoration,  and 
the  elevation  of  the  house  of  Orange  to 
the  British  throne. 

Crabb,  Habakkuk,  an  eminent  dissenter, 
born  at  Wattisfield,  Suffolk,  and  educated 
under  Dashworth  at  Daventry.  He  offi- 
ciated as  minister  at  Stowmarket,  and  af- 
tenvnrds  at.  Cirencester,  and  then  joinci! 
47  S 


CRA 


CRA 


Lis  brother-in-law  Fenner  in  the  care  of  a 
school  at  Devizes.  On  the  death  of  his 
friend  the  well-known  Thomas  Hanmer, 
he  was  invited  by  his  congregation,  but  his 
principles  were  not  appreciated  with  that 
liberality  which  he  expected  in  his  native 
place  ;  and  as  being  accused  of  departing 
from  the  faith  of  the  dissenters,  he  retired 
from  his  ministry  to  Royston,  where  the 
loss  of  his  wife  added  to  other  disappoint- 
ments, brought  on  a  nervous  fever  which 
hurried  him  to  his  grave,  two  years  after 
his  wife,  Dec.  25th,  1795.  He  left  several 
manuscript  sermons,  some  of  which  have 
been  published.  He  was  a  respectable 
man,  and  for  45  years  a  very  exemplary 
character,  who  while  he  dissented  from  the 
t-hurch,  yet  respected  the  opinions  of  his 
neighbours,  and  preached  religion  without 
disseminating  faction. 

Craddock,  Samuel,  rector  of  North 
Cadbury,  Somersetshire,  was  ejected  for 
nonconformity  in  1662.  He  was  a  respect- 
able man,  and  his  principal  works  display 
considerable  ability.  He  published  the 
history  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament, — 
the  apostolical  history — the  harmony  of 
the  four  gospels,  &e.  He  died  Oct.  7tb, 
1706,  aged  86. 

Craddock,  Luke,  a  painter  of  great  na- 
tural genius.  His  birds  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  rose  in  value  to  three  or  four 
times  their  original  price,  after  his  death. 
He  worked  generally  for  dealers,  and  re- 
fused to  employ  his  pencil  for  the  great,  ob- 
serving that  they  restrained  his  fancy.  He 
died  1717,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's, 
Whitechapel. 

Craig,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane.  He 
was  born  at  Ripen  in  1541,  and  was  regent 
■of  the  school  at  Copenhagen  in  1576.  He 
died  1602,  aged  61.  He  was  engaged  by 
the  king  of  Denmark  in  some  important 
negotiations,  which  he  fulfilled  with  great 
credit  and  satisfaction.  He  wrote  a  learn- 
ed book  on  the  republic  of  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians, reprinted  at  Leyden,  1670,  8vo.  be- 
sides the  annals  of  Denmark  in  six  books, 
reprinted  at  Copenhagen  in  1737,  folio. 

Craig,  Sir  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotch 
lawyer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1548,  where  he 
died  1608.  He  acquired  eminence  at  the 
bar.  He  is  well  known  for  his  "Jus  Feu- 
dale,"  a  learned  work  universally  admired. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  sovereignty 
■of -Scotland,  and  in  another  work  proved 
the  legality  of  James's  succession  to  the 
English  crown. 

Craig,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  at 
ftifford,  East  Lothian,  and  educated  at 
Edinburgh.  He  was  much  admired  as  a 
popular  preacher.  He  died  at  Edinburgh 
1744,  aged  62.  He  published-3  vols,  of 
sermons,  chiefly  on  the  heads  of  Christiani- 
ty, besides  2  vols,  of  divine  poems,  much 
esteemed. 

476 


Craig,  John,  a  Scotch  matheinatieiai,. 
who  became  known  by  his  "  theologiae 
Christians  principia  mathematica,"  in  36 
pages,  4to.  printed  at  London  1699,  and  re- 
printed at  Leipsic  1755.  In  this  small 
work  he  entertains  curious  reveries,  and 
attempts  to  prove,  by  mathematical  calcu- 
lation, that  the  Christian  religion  will  last 
only  1454  years  from  the  date  of  his  book. 
This  work  was  refuted  by  the  abbe  Houte- 
ville,  in  his  Christian  religion  proved  by 
facts.  He  had  also  a  dispute  with  J.  Ber- 
noulli on  the  quadrature  of  curved  lines, 
and  curvilinear  figures,  and  also  on  an  al- 
gebraic question,  in  which  he  acknowledg- 
ed, very  candidly, in  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions, the  fallacy  of  his  own  suppositions. 
Craig,  William,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  1709,  and  educated  at  the 
university  there.  Early  devoted  to  the  pur- 
suits of  classical  literature,  and  highly  sen- 
sible of  their  beauty  and  simplicity,  he  with 
the  approbation  of  his  friends  Clerk  and 
Hutcheson,  transfused  their  most  striking 
passages,  not  only  into  his  conversation, 
but  his  pulpit  oratory,  which  was  solemn, 
elegant,  and  correct.  The  popularity  of 
his  preaching  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  Mr.  Lockhart,  of  Cambusnethan, 
who  presented  him  to  that  parish.  After  re- 
fusing the  honourable  invitations  of  some 
other  patrons,  he  at  last  removed  to  Glas- 
gow, where,  in  the  circle  of  his  friends, 
and  in  the  midst  of  an  applauding  audience 
at  St.  Andrew's  church,  he  pursued  his 
ministerial  career  with  earnestness,  anima- 
tion, and  success.  Though  some  of  his 
cotemporaries  preferred  to  hear  the  ab- 
struse tenets  of  speculative  theology,  and 
all  its  mysterious  doctrines,  enlarged  upon 
in  the  pulpit,  he  applied  himself  to  bring 
home  to  his  hearers  their  duties,  and  the 
knowledge  of  their  character,  according  to 
the  precept  and  the  example  of  the  great 
Saviour.  Mr.  Craig  was  sensibly  affected 
by  the  death  of  his  wife,  1758,  with  whom 
he  had  lived  happily  16  years,  and  though 
afterwards  he  married  again,  he  never  re- 
covered his  wonted  spirits.  The  death  of 
his  second  wife  and  of  his  eldest  son  in- 
creased his  dejection,  and  he  at  last  sunk 
gradually  into  the  grave,  1783,  aged  75. 

Crackantiiorf,  Richard,  was  born  at 
Strickland,  Westmoreland,  and  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  well  acquainted  with  di- 
vinity, and  much  admired  by  the  puritan*. 
He  went  as  chaplain  to  an  embassy  to  the 
emperor,  and  afterwards  was  presented 
to  the  rectory  of  Braintree  in  Essex.  He 
died  in  1624,  at  his  rectory  of  Black-Not- 
ley.  His  works  are  Justinian  defended 
against  Baronius — a  defence  of  Constan- 
tine — a  treatise  on  the  5th  general  council, 
&c. — five  books  of  logic — a  defence  of  the 
Anglican  church,  &c. 


CRA 


CRA 


Ckaik,  James,  M.D.  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  educated  in  that  country  for 
the  medical  service  of  the  British  army. 
He  came  to  Virginia  in  early  life,  and  ac- 
companied Washington  in  his  expedition 
against  the  French  and  Indians  in  1754, 
and  general  Braddock  in  1755.  After  the 
close  of  that  war  he  continued  his  profes- 
sion in  Virginia  till  1775,  when  he  received 
an  appointment  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  revolutionary  army,  and  continued 
in  the  service  till  the  conclusion  of  the 
war,  greatly  respected  by  the  commander- 
in-chief,  and  by  the  army,  for  his  talents 
and  fidelity.  After  the  war  he  settled  near 
Mount  Vernon,  and  was  again  appointed 
to  a  place  in  the  medical  staff  in  1793.  He 
was  the  physician  of  Washington's  family, 
and  attended  him  during  his  last  illness. 
Dr.  Craik  died  February  6th,  1814,  in  his 
84th  year.  0=  L. 

Cramer,  John  Frederic,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor at  Duisburg,  resident  for  the  king  of 
Prussia  at  Amsterdam,  died  at  the  Hague, 
1715.  He  was  well  skilled  in  civil  law, 
languages,  and  medallic  history.  He  trans- 
lated PuffendorPs  introduction  to  history, 
and  wrote  vindiciae  nominis  Germanici 
contra  Gallos,  &c. 

Cramer,  Gabriel,  an  able  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Geneva,  1694.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  John  Bernouilli,  and  became  known 
over  Europe  for  his  great  skill  in  mathe- 
matics. He  destroyed  his  health  by  ex- 
cessive application,  and  died  at  the  baths 
of  Languedoc,  in  1752.  He  published  some 
works,  besides  an  edition  of  the  two  Ber- 
noulli's works,  published  6  vols.  4to  1643. 

Cramer,  Nicholas,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  died  1710,  aged  40.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired  for  taste  and  correctness. 

Cramer,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Beltz,  in 
Brandenburg,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Wittemberg,  and  afterwards  dean  and 
consistical  professor  at  Stellen,  where 
he  died  1598,  aged  30.  He  was  an  able 
divine,  and  wrote  also  on  the  logic  and 
metaphysics  of  Aristotle — scholae  prophe- 
ticae — arbor  hereticae  consanguinitates,  &c. 

Cramer,  John  James,  a  native  of  EIgg, 
professor  of  the  Oriental  languages  at  Zu- 
rich, and  afterwards  at  Herborn,  where  he 
also  filled  the  chair  of  divinity  and  eccle- 
siastical history.  He  wrote  exercitationes 
de  ara  exteriori  secundi  templi,  4to. — 
theolcgia  Israelis,  4to.— and  died  1702, 
aged  29.  His  brother,  John  Rodolphus, 
Hebrew  and  divinity  professor  at  Zurich, 
and  dean  of  the  college  of  the  canons, 
•was  author  of  some  valuable  works  on 
Hebrew  antiquities,  dissertations,  ha- 
rangues, &c.  He  died  at  Zurich,  1737, 
aged  59. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Quedlinburg,  who  first  reduced  the  art  of 
assaying  in  metallurgy  into  a  system,  and 


wrote  on  it  elementa  artis  docimasticaj, 
8vo.  1739.  He  wrote  besides,  elements 
on  metallurgy,  2  vols,  folio — introduction 
to  the  care,  &c.  of  forests,  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  method  of  burning  charcoal, 
&c.  1766,  fol.  He  died  near  Dresden, 
1777,  aged  67. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  German  wri- 
ter, who,  after  studying  at  Leipsic,  and 
giving  public  lectures,  and  editing  a  weekly 
paper  called  the  Guardian  Spirit,  removed 
1754  to  Copenhagen,  as  chaplain  to  the. 
court.  He  was  made  professor  of  divinity 
1765  ;  but  the  disgrace  of  Struensee  was 
fatal  to  his  fortunes  for  a  while,  yet  though 
dismissed,  he  was  again  recalled  from  Lu- 
bec,  where  he  had  taken  refuge,  and  he 
died  divinity  professor  at  Kiel,  1788,  aged 
65.  He  was  not  only  an  able  divine,  but 
a  poet  of  considerable  merit.  Besides  a 
spirited  version  of  the  psalms,  odes,  and 
other  poems,  he  wrote  the  life  of  Gellert, 
sermons,  miscellanies,  &c.  and  translated 
the  best  part  of  Chrysostom  into  German, 
and  Bossuet's  universal  history,  with  dis- 
sertations. 

Crane,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist,  born 
at  Plymouth,  and  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  Cromwell  gave  him  the 
living  of  Rumpesham,  in  Dorsetshire,  from 
which  he  w?s  ejected  in  1662.  He  died 
1714.  He  published  a  treatise  on  divine 
providence. 

Cranfield,  Edward,  governor  of  New- 
Hampshire,  was  an  Englishman,  and  re- 
ceived his  commission  1682.  He  was  un- 
principled, and  acted  so  deceitful  and 
arbitrary  a  part  that  he  was  soon  recalled. 
He  was  afterwards  collector  of  Barbadoes. 

KT  L. 

Cranius,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Bamberg, 
who  died  1553,  aged  83.  His  pieces,  though 
once  admired,  are  now  no  longer  esteemed. 
His  son  imitated  his  manner  of  painting, 
and  died  1586,  aged  76. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Aslacton,  Notting- 
hamshire, 1489.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a 
fellow.  By  his  marriage  he  lost  his  fellow- 
ship, but  recovered  it  in  consequence  of 
the  early  death  of  his  wife  in  childbed,  and 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1523.  The 
freedom  and  ability  with  which  he  can- 
vassed the  king's  marriage  with  his 
brother's  widow,  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  court,  and  Henry  soon  em- 
ployed his  abilities  in  defence  of  his  views. 
Cranmer  went  to  Rome  with  the  book 
which  he  had  written  in  support  of  the  in- 
validity of  the  king's  marriage,  and  offered 
to  dispute,  with  any  ecclesiastic  whom  tin-. 
Roman  pontiff  might  appoint,  but  the  chal- 
lenge was  not  accepted.  He  now  con- 
tinued in  Germany  as  ambassador  from  the 
king,  and  married  »  second  wife,  a  niece  of 
477 


OKA 


CliA 


Osiander,  at  Nuremburg.  Upon  the  death 
of  Warham  he  was  raised  to  the  vacant 
see  of  Canterbury,  but  without  acknow- 
ledging the  pope's  supremacy  ;  and  two 
months  after,  May,  1533,  he  pronounced 
the  divorce  between  Henry  and  queen 
Catharine  of  Arragon,  and  married  the 
king  to  Anne  Boleyn.  Thus  at  war  with 
the  authority  of  the  pope,  he  began  ear- 
nestly to  labour  for  the  advancement  of  the 
reformation,  by  the  translation  of  the  Bible 
into  English,  and  by  inveighing  against  the 
vices  and  the  usurpation  of  the  court  of 
Rome.  In  1536  he  divorced  Henry  from 
Anne  Boleyn,  but  though  seemingly  the 
favourite  of  the  king,  he  boldly  opposed  his 
measures  for  the  confiscation  of  all  the 
monasteries  into  the  royal  treasury,  whilst 
he  wished  to  convert  those  immense  spoils 
for  the  advancement  of  literature  and  reli- 
gion, by  the  appointment  of  readers  of 
divinity  of  Greek  and  Hebrew  in  every 
cathedral  in  the  kingdom.  After  the  death 
of  Cromwell  he  retired  from  public  affairs, 
but  his  influence  was  such,  that  he  pro- 
cured the  passing  of  laws  for  the  promo- 
tion of  true  religion,  and  the  modification 
of  the  six  articles,  which  proved  so  ob- 
noxious to  the  clergy.  His  enemies,  how- 
ever, were  not  silent  in  these  times  of 
popish  intrigue  and  corruption,  and  the 
commons,  as  well  as  the  privy  council,  se- 
verally reprobated  his  conduct,  till  Henry 
interposed,  and  saved  him  from  further 
prosecution.  At  the  king's  death,  he  was 
one  of  the  regents  of  the  kingdom  and  ex- 
ecutors of  his  will,  and  he  crowned  Edward 
VI.  whose  godfather  he  was.  He  now  la- 
boured assiduously  in  the  reformation.  The 
homilies  were  composed,  and  some  by 
Cranmer  himself ;  the  six  offensive  articles 
were  repealed,  the  communion  was  given 
in  both  kinds,  the  offices  of  the  church 
were  revised,  the  visitation  of  the  clergy 
regularly  enforced,  and  the  book  of  com- 
mon prayer  was  completed,  and  established 
by  law.  The  elevation  of  Mary  to  the 
throne  now  threatened  Cranmer  with  per- 
secution. Though  he  originally  opposed 
ihe  views  of  lady  Jane  Grey,  he  now  es- 
poused her  cause,  and  the  successful  queen, 
irritated  at  his  conduct,  and  perhaps 
more  at  his  consequence  among  the  pro- 
testants,  summoned  him  before  the  coun- 
cil, and  soon  after  he  was  sent  to  the 
tower.  He  was  attainted  for  high  treason, 
Nov.  3d,  1553,  and  found  guilty,  but  at  his 
earnest  solicitation,  he  was  pardoned  for 
the  treason,  and  arraigned  by  his  persecu- 
tors for  heresy.  He  was  removed  in 
April,  1554,  with  Ridley  and  Latimer,  to 
Oxford,  to  dispute  and  make  his  defence 
before  popish  commissioners;  but-on  the 
refusal  of  himself  and  his  venerable  friends 
<o  subscribe  to  popery,  they  were  con- 
■l^mncd  as  heretics.  In  September,  1555, 
478 


he  was  again  arraigned  in  St.  Mary's,  Ox- 
ford, of  blasphemy,  perjury,  incontinency, 
and  heresy ;  and  while  they  pretended  to 
summon  him  to  Rome,  to  make  his  defence 
within  80  days,  they  secretly  determined 
his  execution.  Cranmer,  though  firm  to 
his  faith,  yet  yielded  before  the  terrors  of 
death,  and  in  a  moment  of  weakness  and 
despair,  he  was  prevailed  to  sign  his  recan- 
tation, and  to  re-embrace  popery.  But  not- 
withstanding this  concession,  his  enemies 
resolved  to  commit  him  to  the  flames,  and 
when  he  was  brought  to  St.  Mary's  church, 
in  order  to  make  a  profession  of  his  faith, 
he  surprised  his  persecutors  by  an  awful 
appeal  to  heaven  and  their  consciences, 
and  by  a  solemn  renunciation  of  the  tenets 
he  had  lately,  in  a  moment  of  error,  em- 
braced, emphatically  exclaiming,  "  that, 
that  one  thing  alone  wrung  his  heart,  and 
that  the  hand  which  had  falsely  signed  the 
dishonourable  deed,  should  first  perish  in 
the  flames."  This  manly  conduct  surprised 
and  enraged  his  enemies  ;  he  was  imme- 
diately dragged  over  against  Baliol  college, 
where,  standing  in  his  shirt,  and  without 
shoes,  he  was  fastened  to  the  stake.  The 
fire  was  soon  kindled,  and  the  venerable 
martyr  stretching  his  right  hand  into  the 
flames,  exclaimed,  "  this  hand  hath  offend- 
ed, this  unworthy  hand."  His  miseries 
were  soon  over,  and  his  last  words  were, 
"  Lord  Jesus,  receive  my  spirit."  This 
happened  21st  March,  1556,  in  his  67th 
year.  Cranmer,  as  the  great  promoter  of 
the  reformation,  is  deservedly  respected  ; 
but  his  learning,  his  perseverance,  and  his 
zeal,  are  not  more  remarkable  than  the  in- 
tegrity of  his  heart,  the  gentleness  of  his 
disposition,  and  the  humane  virtues  of  his 
character.  He  patronised  learned  men  ; 
under  his  protection,  Bucer  and  Fagius 
settled  at  Cambridge,  and  Peter  Martyr  at 
Oxford,  and  John  a  Lasco,  Ochinus,  Tre- 
mellius,  and  others,  were  enabled  to  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  science  and  of  religion. 
His  works  were  chiefly  on  the  religion  and 
the  controversies  of  the  time,  and  besides 
26  different  publications,  which  are  men- 
tioned as  written  by  him,  there  are  some 
manuscripts  preserved  in  the  king's  li- 
brary purchased  for  50Z.  besides  those  in 
the  Cotton  collection,  and  other  private 
repositories. 

Cranston,  Samuel,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  son  of  John  Cranston,  who  was 
governor  in  1679,  was  an  impartial,  good 
man,  and  held  the  office  from  1698  to  1727, 
a  period  of  29  years.  EF  L. 

Crapone,  Adam,  a  native  of  Salon, 
known  for  the  canal  which  still  bears  his 
name,  which  he  formed  between  Aries 
and  the  Durance.  He  had  projected  the 
canal  of  Languedoc,  which  was  afterwards 
finished  bv  Lewis  XIV.     He  was  poison- 


CKA 


CRE 


cd  through  envy  at  Nantes,  in  his  40th 
year,  1598. 

Crashaw,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  London,  and  educated  at  the  Char- 
ter-house, and  Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge. 
He  was  afterwards  fellow  of  Peterhouse, 
but  was  ejected  during  the  rebellion,  for 
denying  the  covenant,  and  soon  after  was 
converted,  or  as  Pope  says,  out-witted,  to 
the  catholic  faith.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
quest  of  preferment,  but  his  distresses  and 
poverty  became  very  great,  till  the  benevo- 
lence of  Cowley  not  only  relieved  him,  but 
recommended  him  to  queen  Henrietta. 
By  her  influence  he  went  over  to  Italy,  and 
was  made  secretary  to  an  Italian  cardinal, 
and  soon  after  obtained  a  canonry  in  the 
church  of  Loretto,  where  he  died  1650. 
He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  well  acquaint- 
ed with  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  and 
Spanish.  He  wrote  Steps  to  the  temple — 
the  delights  of  the  muses — carmen  Deo  nos- 
tro,  &c.  He  is  best  known  by  the  encomiums 
of  Pope,  who  not  only  admired  his  poetry, 
but  borrowed  some  passages  from  it.  An 
edition  of  his  works  appeared  1785. 

Crasso,  Lawrence,  baron  of  Pianura, 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Greek  poets,  1678, 
commended  by  the  Italians,  but  severely 
censured  by  the  French.  He  also  publish- 
ed the  eulogiums  of  the  literati  of  Venice, 
two  vols.  4to.  1666. 

Crassus,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor, greatly  commended  by  Cicero.  He 
died  about  92  B.C. 

Crassus,  Marcus  Licinius,  one  of  the 
triumvirs  with  J.  Caesar,  and  Pompey,  was 
surnamed  the  rich.  His  wish  to  increase 
his  opulence  by  the  conquest  of  Parthia 
proved  his  ruin.  He  was  defeated  and 
killed  in  Syria  B.C.  53. 

Crates,  a  philosopher,  B.C.  328.  He 
was  disciple  to  Diogenes  the  cynic,  and 
prided  himself  on  his  poverty,  and  the 
meanness  of  his  behaviour. 

Crates,  an  academic  philosopher  of 
Athens  B.C.  272. 

Cratesipolis,  a  queen  of  Sicyon,  cele- 
brated for  her  valour  after  the  death  of  her 
husband  Alexander,  B.C.  314. 

Cratinus,  a  poet  of  Athens,  who 
wrote  21  plays,  &c.  He  died  B.C.  431, 
aged  97. 

Cratippus,  an  Athenian  philosopher, 
best  known  as  the  instructer  of  Cicero's 
son. 

Crato,  or  de  Craftheim,  John,  a  native 
of  Breslau,  physician  to  the  emperor  Fer- 
dinand I.  Besides  medical  tracts,  he 
wrote  some  poems ;  and  as  he  was  inti- 
mate with  Luther,  the  little  work  called 
Luther's  table-talk,  has  been  extracted 
from  his  writings.  He  died  1585  at  Bres- 
lau, aged  66. 

Craven,  Charles,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  succeeded  colonel  Gibbes  in  1712. 


He  had  previously  been  secretary  to  the 
proprietors  for  that  colony.  During  his 
administration,  it  was  twice  involved  in 
war  with  the  Indians.  In  1715  it  was  in 
danger  of  total  destruction  from  them,  act- 
ing at  the  instigation,  and  with  the  aid  of 
the  Spaniards.  Governor  Craven  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  militia,  and  by 
the  judicious  measures  which  he  adopted, 
and  the  bravery  of  his  troops,  succeeded  in 
driving  them  from  the  province.  He  re- 
turned to  England  in  1716,  leaving  Robert 
Daniel  at  the  head  of  the  administration. 

C?  L. 
Crawford,  David,  a  a  Scotch  lawyer, 
born  at  Drumsoy,  1665.  He  was  made 
historiographer  of  Scotland  by  queen  Anne, 
and  devoting  himself  to  his  favourite  study 
of  historical  antiquities,  he  published  me- 
moirs of  Scotland,  daring  the  times  of  the 
four  regents — a  peerage,  in  folio, — the  his- 
tory of  the  royal  family  of  Stuart, — and  a 
description  of  the  county  of  Renfrew.  He 
wrote  besides  the  life  of  Guithery  bishop  of 
Dunkeld,  and  began  the  history  of  Scottish 
affairs.  He  died  in  his  native  place,  1726, 
aged  61. 

Crawford,  William,  a  divine,  born  at 
Kelso,  and  educated  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1711  he  opposed  vigorously  the  settlement 
of  ministers  by  presentations,  in  which  he 
was  supported  by  some  of  the  clergy.  He 
died  1742,  aged  66.  He  wrote  "  dying- 
thoughts,"  besides  sermons,  published  2 
vols.  12mo. 

Crater,  Gaspar  de,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp  in  1 585.  He  studied  under  Raphael 
Coxis,  whom  he  soon  surpassed  in  the  bold- 
ness of  genius,  and  in  the  graceful  exertion 
of  his  pencil.  His  portrait  of  cardinal  Ferdi- 
nand, brother  to  the  king  of  Spain,  was  so 
exquisitely  finished  a  performance,  that  the 
monarch  sent  the  artist  a  golden  chain,  and 
a  medal,  and  settled  a  handsome  pension 
upon  him.  He  was  greatly  esteemed  by 
Rubens  and  by  Vandyck.  Though  he  was 
indefatigable  in  his  application,  he  lived  to 
a  great  age,  supported  by  constant  tempe- 
rance and  regularity.  Though  he  chiefly 
excelled  in  portrait  painting,  yet  his  histo- 
rical pieces  were  much  admired.  His  cen- 
turion alighting  from  his  horse  to  prostrate 
himself  at  the  feet  of  Christ,  was  seen  with 
undisguised  approbation  by  Rubens,  and  is 
admired  as  a  masterly  performance.  He 
died  1669. 

Crebillon,  Prosper  Joliot  de,  a  French 
tragedian,  ranked  next  after  Corneille  and 
Racine,  was  born  at  Dijon,  1674.  He 
originally  studied  the  law,  but  the  impetu- 
osity of  his  passions  thwarted  the  views  of 
his  friends,  and  at  last  he  produced  a  tra- 
gedy which  met  with  applause,  and  encou- 
raged him  in  the  career  of  a  theatrical 
writer.  He  married,  but  in  consequence 
479 


CRE 


CRE 


of  it,  lost  his  father's  protection,  who  dis- 
inherited him,  though  the  cruel  will  was 
revoked  on  bis  death-bed.  In  1711  Cre- 
billon lost  his  wife,  whose  death  he  feel- 
ingly deplored,  and  he  long  continued,  like 
most  men  of  letters,  exposed  to  distress  and 
poverty,  till  a  place  in  the  French  academy 
and  the  office  of  police  censor  rendered  his 
circumstances  affluent.  He  lived  to  a  great 
age,  highly  respected  and  admired  for  his 
virtues,  as  well  as  literary  abilities.  He 
died  1762,  aged  88.  Being  asked  one  day 
which  of  his  productions  he  thought  best ; 
"  I  do  not  know,"  said  he,  "  which  is  the 
best ;  but  this  (pointing  to  his  son)  is  cer- 
tainly my  worst."  His  best  plays  are  his 
Atreus,  Electra,  and  Rhadamistus. 

Crebillon,  Claude  Prosper  Joliot  de, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris, 
February  12th,  1707,  and  died  there  12th 
April,  1777.  He  is  known  as  a  writer  of 
novels,  some  of  which  are  licentious  and  im- 
moral. His  works  were  collected  in  11 
vols.  12mo.  1779.  Crebillon  might  be 
called  the  Pretonius  of  France,  as  his  father 
was  denominated  the  iEschylus.  "  The 
father,"  says  D'Alembert,  "paints  in  the 
blackest  colours  ^he  crimes  and  wickedness 
of  man,  whilst  the  son  draws  with  a  deli- 
cate and  just  pencil  the  refinement,  the 
shades,  and  even  the  graces  of  our  vices." 
Crebillon  was  censor  royal.  Though  he 
lived  in  friendly  terms  with  his  father,  yet 
he  highly  displeased  him  for  a  little  time 
by  his  marriage  with  an  English  woman. 

Credi,  Lorenzo  d>,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Florence.  He  died  1530,  aged  78. 
He  studied  under  Verochio,  where  da  Vinci 
was  a  pupil  with  him. 

Creech,  Thomas,  an  English  poetical 
translator,  born  near  Sherborne,  Dorset, 
and  educated  at  Sherborne,  and  Wadham 
college,  Oxford.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  his  classical  learning,  and  his  translation 
of  Lucretius  rendered  him  so  respectable, 
that  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls.  In 
1701  he  was  presented  by  his  college  to 
Welwyn  rectory  in  Herts,  but  before  he 
went  to  reside  on  his  living,  he  put  a  period 
to  his  existence  at  Oxford.  The  causes  of 
this  unfortunate  event  are  not  known.  Some 
say  that  the  contemptuous  treatment  which 
he  received  from  a  woman,  with  whom  he 
was  in  love,  so  stung  him  that  he  hanged 
himself  in  his  study,  where  three  days  after 
he  was  found  :  but  Jacob  ascribes  his  death 
to  the  moroseness  of  his  temper.  Besides 
his  Lucretius,  he  translated  Horace  in 
1684,  and  turned  the  satires  to  our  own 
times,  observing  that  Rome  was  now  rival- 
led in  her  vices,  and  that  parallels  for  hy- 
pocrisy, profaneness,  avarice,  and  the  like, 
were  easy  to  be  found.  His  inferior  works 
are  translations  of  Theocritus,  some  of 
Ovid's  epistles,  the  13th  satire  of  Juvenal, 
the  lives  of  Solon,  Pelopidas,  and  Cleo- 
480 


menes,  from  Plutarch,  and  of  Pelopidas, 
from  Cornelius  Nepos,  &c.  On  his  father's 
monument  he  is  called  the  learned,  much 
admired,  and  much  envied  Mr.  Creech. 

Crell,  Lewis  Christian,  a  native  of 
Neustadt,  who  studied  at  Leipsic,  and  there 
obtained  the  rectory  of  St.  Nicholas's 
school,  and  the  philosophy  professorship. 
He  wrote  de  civis  innocentis  in  manus  hos- 
tium  ad  nervum  traditione — de  Scythali 
Laconica — de  providentia  Dei  in  regibus 
constitutiendis,  &c. — and  died  1735,  aged 
64. 

Crellius,  John,  a  Socinian,  born  near 
Nuremberg,  1590.  As  his  opinions  were 
not  tolerated  in  his  own  country,  he  settled 
in  Poland,  1612,  where  he  became  profes- 
sor to  the  unitarians.  He  died  at  Racovia 
of  an  epidemic  fever,  in  his  43d  year.  He 
was  a  man  of  very  extensive  learning.  He 
wrote  among  other  things  several  tracts 
upon  the  New  Testament,  and  an  answer 
to  Grotius's  book  de  satisfactione  de  Christi, 
against  Socinus,  which  Grotius  treated  with 
respect,  and  acknowledged  to  be  drawn  up 
with  moderation.  His  works  form  two 
vols,  folio. 

Cremonini,  Caesar,  an  Italian  philoso- 
pher, who  was  born  at  Cento  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  and  died  at  Padua  of  the  plague  at  the 
age  of  80,  1630.  He  was  professor  at  Fer- 
rara  and  Padua,  and  he  published  several 
works  in  Italian  on  philosophy,  in  support 
of  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  in  which  he 
maintained  the  materiality  of  the  soul. 

Crenius,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Branden- 
burg, corrector  of  the  press  at  Rotterdam 
and  Leyden.  He  died  at  Leyden,  1728, 
aged  89.  His  writings,  which  are  in  Latin, 
are  very  numerous,  and  chiefly  on  philolo- 
gical subjects. 

Crequi,  Charles  de,  prince  de  Foix, 
duke  de  Lesdiguieres,  was  marshal  and 
peer  of  France,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  duel  with  don  Philippin,  bastard  of 
Savoy,  to  whom  in  the  first  encounter  he 
granted  his  life,  but  slew  in  the  second. 
His  valour  was  displayed  against  the  Spa- 
niards at  the  relief  at  Ast  and  Verrue,  at 
the  taking  of  Pignerol  and  the  Maurienne, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Thesin.  He  was  killed 
by  a  cannon  ball  at  the  siege  of  Bremen, 
1638,  in  his  60th  year.  He  was  also  an 
able  and  eloquent  negotiator,  as  these 
verses  made  on  his  death  affirm  : 

Quifuit  eloquiiflumen,  quiflumen  in  armis 
M  flumen,  Martis,  flumine,  clarus  obit. 

He  married  successively  two  daughters  of 
the  constable  de  Lesdiguieres,  by  the  first 
of  whom  only  he  had  children. 

Crequi,  Francis  de,  great  grandson  of 
the  foregoing,  was  marshal  of  France,  and 
a  man  of  heroic  courage.  Though  defeat- 
ed in  1675  near  Consarbric  on  the  Same, 
he  flew  to  the  relief  of  Treves,   and  chose 


ORE 


CUE 


rather  to  surrender  at  discretion  than  capi- 
tulate. In  the  campaigns  of  1677  and 
1678,  he  displayed  prodigies  of  valour. 
He  defeated  the  duke  of  Lorraine  at  Ko- 
chersberg,  took  Friburg,  pursued  his  dispi- 
rited enemies  toward  Ofleniburg,  and  burnt 
the  bridge  of  Strasburg.  He  took  Luxem- 
burg in  1684,  and  died  three  years  after, 
February  4th,  1687,  aged  63.  He  was 
commander  of  the  galleys  since  1661. 

Crescens,  a  cynic  philosopher,  who  at- 
tacked the  Christians,  and  prevailed  upon 
the  people  to  put  Justin  to  death,  because 
he  had  refuted  his  opinions,  in  the  second 
century. 

Crescembeni,  John  Maria,  an  Italian, 
born  at  Maurata  in  Ancona,  1663.  He 
was  founder  of  the  celebrated  Arcadian 
academy  for  the  reformation  of  learning, 
taste,  and  criticism.  He  was  its  first  di- 
rector in  1690,  and  continued  so  till  his 
death,  1728.  He  was  eminent  both  as  a 
poet  and  a  prose  writer.  His  chief  works 
are,  a  valuable  history  of  Italian  poetry, 
reprinted,  six  vols.  4to.  Venice,  1731 — and 
a  history  of  the  academy  of  Arcadia,  with 
anecdotes  of  its  members,  seven  vols.  4to. 
— history  of  vulgar  poetry,  &c.  seven  vols. 
4to. 

Crescentius,  Peter  de,  a  native  of 
Bologna  in  the  14th  century,  who,  to  avoid 
the  troubles  of  his  country,  travelled  for  30 
years  as  a  law  practitioner.  On  his  return 
he  published  his  valuable  work  on  agricul- 
ture, called  opus  ruralium  commodorum, 
dedicated  to  Charles  II.  of  Sicily.  The 
best  edition  is  Gesner's,  Leipsic,  1735.  It 
has  been  translated  into  various  languages. 
Crespi,  Daniel,  a  Bolognese  painter  who 
died  1630,  aged  38.  His  portraits  have 
great  merit,  and  especially  his  church 
paintings. 

Crespi,  Guiseppe  Maria,  a  painter  of 
Bologna,  who  died  1747,  aged  82.  His 
method  of  painting  was  in  a  darkened 
room,  with  a  few  rays  from  the  sun  or 
from  the  light  of  a  flambeau,  by  which  he 
gave  greater  vivacity  to  his  subjects,  and  a 
more  judicious  distribution  of  light  and 
shade. 

Cressy,  Hugh  Paulin,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  and  educa- 
ted there  and  at  Oxford,  where  he  became 
fellow  of  Merton  college.  He  was  chap- 
lain to  Thomas  lord  Wentworth,  and  after- 
wards to  Lucius  lord  Falkland  in  Ireland, 
from  whom  he  obtained  the  deanery  of 
Laughlin,  and  acanonry  of  Windsor,  which 
however  he  never  enjoyed.  After  the 
death  of  Falkland  he  travelled  with  Bertie, 
afterwards  lord  Falmouth  ;  but  in  Italy, 
listening  to  the  persuasions  of  the  catho- 
lics, he  became  a  convert,  and  made  a  pub- 
lic profession  of  his  faith  at  Rome,  1646. 
From  Rome  he  came  to  Paris,  and  was  taken 
nnder  the  protection  of  Queen  Henrietta, 
Vol.  I.  61 


and  afterwards  retired  to  the  college  of 
Douay,  where  he  changed  his  name  to  Sere- 
nus  de  Cressey,  and  during  seven  years  resi- 
dence published  several  valuable  and  labori- 
ous works.  At  the  restoration  he  came  to 
England,  and  was  chaplain  to  queen  Catha- 
rine, and  resided  in  Somerset-house,  Strand. 
Though  a  catholic,  he  was  however  respect- 
ed universally,  as  he  never  interfered  with 
the  intrigues  and  politics  of  the  times.  His 
pen  indeed  was  frequently  engaged  in  the 
defence  of  his  faith,  but  whilst  his  friends 
considered  him  as  their  ablest  champion, 
the  protestants  respected  him  as  a  learned, 
judicious,  and  candid  writer.  His  attack 
on  one  of  Stillingfleet's  works  raised  against 
him  the  censures  of  his  old  friend  Claren- 
don, whom  he  answered  with  spirit  but 
moderation.  The  unpopularity  of  popery  at 
last  induced  him  to  spend  the  last  period  of 
his  life  away  from  the  capital,  and  he  re- 
tired to  East  Grinstead  in  Sussex,  where 
he  died  soon  after,  10th  of  August,  1674, 
aged  70.  His  mild,  humane,  and  humble 
deportment,  had  endeared  him  to  all  ranks 
of  people.  The  most  known  and  valuable 
of  his  works  is  his  ecclesiastical  history,  of 
which  only  one  volume  was  published,  as 
the  second,  in  which  he  meant  to  bring' 
down  the  history  to  the  dissolution  of  mo- 
nasteries, was  left  incomplete  at  his  death. 
Cresti,  Dominico,  a  historical  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Zucchero,  known  by  the  name 
of  Passignano,  from  the  place  of  his  birth, 
near  Florence.     He  died  1638,  aged  80. 

Cretin,  William  du  Bois,  surnamed,  a 
French  poet,  whose  chief  merit  was  puns, 
low  wit,  and  equivoques.  He  was  histo- 
rian royal  under  Charles  VIII.,  Lewis  XII., 
and  Francis  I.,  and  died  in  1525.  Marot 
admired  him  greatly  ;  but  the  judgment  of 
posterity  is  not  so  favourable.  His  works 
were  reprinted  in  12mo.,  1724,  at  Paris. 

Crevier,  John  Baptiste  Lewis,  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Paris,  is  known  as  the  pu- 
pil of  Rollin,  and  the  finisher  of  his  Roman 
history.  He  published  an  edition  of  Livy, 
6  vols.  12mo. — the  history  of  the  Roman 
emperors  to  Constantine,  12  vols.  12mo. — 
the  history  of  the  university  of  Paris,  7  vols. 
12mo. — rhetorique  Francoise,  &c.  He 
died  1765,  in  an  advanced  age,  respected 
as  a  man  of  talents  and  of  extensive  know- 
ledge. 

Crew,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham, 
was  born,  Jan.  31,  1634,  and  succeeded  to 
the  title  of  lord  Crew  on  the  death  of  his 
brother.  He  was  educated  at  Lincoln 
college,  Oxford,  was  proctor  of  the  univer- 
sity, 1663,  afterwards  clerk  of  the  closet  to 
Charles  II.,  dean  of  Chichester,  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1671,  and  three  years  after  trans- 
lated to  Durham.  On  the  accession  of 
James  II.  he  was  admitted  of  the  privy 
council,  and  showed  himself  very  friendly 
to  all  the  measures  of  the  court,  in  religion 
481 


cm 


CRI 


and  politics.  He  paid  particular  respect 
to  the  pope's  nuncio,  when  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, and  refused  to  introduce  dean  Patrick 
to  the  king,  because  he  was  too  zealous 
against  popery.  The  unpopularity  of 
James's  government,  and  the  landing  of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  however,  made  great 
alterations  in  the  bishop's  conduct.  He 
withdrew  from  the  king's  councils,  and, 
upon  the  abdication,  he  expressed  a  wish  to 
resign  his  ecclesiastical  dignities  to  Dr. 
Burnet,  with  an  allowance  of  10CKM.  for 
life.  He  afterwards  left  his  retirement, 
and  appeared  in  parliament ;  but  his  name 
was  excepted  from  the  act  of  indemnity 
of  1690.  His  pardon,  however,  at  last 
was  procured  by  the  intercession  of  his 
friends,  and  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
his  days  in  peace.  He  died  September 
12th,  1721,  aged  88.  Notwithstanding  his 
adherence  to  the  violent,  illegal,  and  arbi- 
trary measures  of  a  corrupted  court,  he 
was  a  liberal  patron,  and  his  munificence 
in  favour  of  the  indigent,  and  of  public 
bodies,  is  a  convincing  proof  of  the  good- 
ness of  his  heart. 

Crichton,  James,  a  Scotchman  of  the 
16th  century,  whose  adventures  and  per- 
sonal endowments,  have  procured  him  the 
name  of  "  the  admirable  Crichton."  He 
was  born  in  1551,  or  according  to  lord 
Buchan,  in  1560.  His  father  was  lord  ad- 
vocate of  Scotland,  and  by  his  mother,  who 
was  a  Stuart,  he  was  descended  from  king 
Robert  II.  He  was  educated  at  Perth, 
and  at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews, 
where,  under  the  tuition  of  professor 
Rutherford,  he  made  such  wonderful  pro- 
gress, that  at  the  age  of  20  he  had  run 
through  the  whole  circle  of  science,  and 
•could  write  and  speak  to  perfection  10  dif- 
ferent languages.  Thus  gifted  with  men- 
tal endowments,  and  aided  by  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  graceful  person,  elegant  man- 
ners, and  polite  accomplishments,  he  tra- 
velled to  Paris,  where  he  publicly  challenged 
the  most  renowned  scholars,  to  dispute 
with  him  in  any  art  or  science  which  they 
pleased,  and  in  12  languages.  On  the  ap- 
pointed day  he  appeared  at  the  college  of 
Navarre,  and  from  9  in  the  morning  till  6 
in  the  evening,  he  so  defeated  his  oppo- 
nents, and  astonished  his  auditors,  that  the 
president,  in  admiration,  with  four  of  the 
most  eminent  professors  of  the  university, 
presented  him  with  a  diamond  ring,  and  a 
purse  of  gold,  as  a  token  of  their  approba- 
tion. The  next  day,  not  exhausted  by 
preceding  exertions,  he  appeared  at  the 
Louvre,  and  exhibited  such  feats  in  tilting, 
that,  in  the  presence  of  the  princes  of  the 
court,  he  carried  away  the  ring  15  times 
successively,  and  broke  as  many  lances  on 
the  Saracens.  At  Rome  he  challenged  the 
wits  and  the  learned  of  that  city,' to  pro- 
pose any  question  to  him%  to  which  he 
leg 


would  give  an  immediate  answer,  and  in 
the  presence  of  the  pope,  the  cardinals, 
and  great  men  of  the  place,  he  obtained  in 
his  defence  as  much  eclat  as  he  had  re- 
ceived at  Paris.  Boccalini  however  asserts, 
that  his  challenge  was  received  with  pas- 
quinades, and  that  he  retired  from  Rome 
in  disgust.  From  Rome  he  passed  to  Ve- 
nice, where  he  introduced  himself  by  an 
elaborate  poem,  to  the  notice  and  friend- 
ship of  the  learned  Aldus  Manutius.  He 
gained  also  the  friendship  of  Laurentius 
Mussa,  Spero,  Speronius,  John  Donatus, 
and  other  learned  persons,  and  after  he  had 
been  honoured  with  an  audience  from  the 
doge  and  the  senate,  in  which  he  astonished 
them  by  the  rapidity  of  his  eloquence,  and 
the  gracefulness  of  his  manners,  he  visited 
Padua.  At  Padua  he  pronounced  an  ex- 
tempore poem,  on  the  beauties  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  after  disputing  for  six  hours, 
with  the  most  celebrated  professors,  and 
refuting  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  he  con- 
cluded by  delivering  an  oration  in  praise 
of  ignorance,  which  excited  universal  ap- 
plause. He  further  exposed  the  errors  of 
Aristotle,  in  the  presence  of  the  university, 
and  for  three  days  astonished  his  hearers, 
supported  his  propositions,  and  obtained 
the  praises  and  the  acclamations  of  the 
most  crowded  audiences.  At  Mantua  he 
displayed  his  bodily  agility  by  attacking  anil 
killing  a  gladiator,  who  had  foiled  the 
most  skilful  fencers  in  Europe,  and  had 
lately  slain  three  antagonists  ;  and  with 
great  benevolence,  this  admirable  Scots- 
man bestowed  the  reward  he  obtained  for 
this  exploit,  upon  the  widows  of  the  three 
persons  who  lately  had  lost  their  lives. 
The  duke  of  Mantua  was  so  pleased  with 
him,  that  he  appointed  him  tutor  to  his  son 
Gonzaga,  a  youth  of  dissolute  manners, 
and  of  an  unprincipled  heart.  Crichton, 
to  show  his  gratitude,  and  to  support  his 
fame,  wrote  in  consequence  of  this,  a  co- 
medy, in  which  he  acted  in  15  different 
characters,  and  all  with  inimitable  success. 
In  the  midst  of  his  popularity,  while  walk- 
ing during  the  carnival,  and  playing  upon 
his  guitar  in  the  streets  of  Mantua,  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  by  six  men  in  masks. 
Their  number  proved  no  defence  against 
the  superior  dexterity  of  Crichton,  they 
were  all  disarmed,  and  the  leader  falling 
on  his  knees,  begged  for  life.  It  was 
Crichton's  pupil,  to  whom  the  astonished 
master,  recollecting  his  rank,  immediately 
presented  the  sword,  with  every  apology 
for  the  opposition  which  he  had  made. 
Instead  of  accepting  the  generosity,  the 
perfidious  prince  buried  the  sword  into  his 
defenceless  bosom.  The  cause  of  this 
brutal  and  cruel  action  in  Gonzaga,  is  as- 
cribed by  some  to  jealousy,  because  Crichton 
was  a  greater  favourite  in  the  eyes  of  some 
odmircd  ladv  ;  but  others  attribute  it  to  a 


CRI 


CRO 


drunken  frolic,  leaving  it  undetermined 
whether  the  meeting  was  designed  or  acci- 
dental. This  happened  July,  1583,  though 
lord  Buchan  fixes  it  on  the  preceding  year, 
and  asserts  that  he  was  then  22,  though 
others  with  greater  probability  make  him 
32  years  old.  His  death  was  universally 
lamented,  the  people  of  Mantua  mourned 
for  him  three-fourths  of  a  year,  and  his 
picture  appeared  in  the  chambers  and 
houses  of  every  Italian.  To  the  character 
already  mentioned,  it  may  be  added,  that 
Crichton's  memory  was  universally  reten- 
tive, and  he  was  naturally  endowed  with 
great  powers  for  declamation,  unexhausted 
fluency  of  speech,  and  unusual  readiness 
to  reply. 

Crillon,  Lewis  de  Berthon  de,  a  French 
General,  knight  of  Malta,  descended  from 
a  noble  Italian  family,  was  born  1541.  At 
the  age  of  15  he  merited  the  notice  of  Hen- 
ry II.  by  his  valour  at  the  siege  of  Calais, 
and  he  distinguished  himself  afterwards 
against  the  Huguenots,  at  the  battles  of 
Dreux,  Jarnac,  and  Moncontour.  At  the 
battle  of  Lepanto,  in  1571,  his  valour  was 
conspicuously  displayed,  as  well  as  in  the 
other  encounters  of  these  warlike  and 
perilous  times,  so  that  he  was  deservedly 
called  by  Henry  IV.  the  brave  Crillon.  At 
the  peace  of  Vervins  he  retired  to  his 
estates  at  Avignon,  where  he  died  2d  De- 
cember, 1615,  aged  74.  Bening,  a  Jesuit, 
pronounced  his  funeral  oration  in  a  bom- 
bastic style,  and  Madame  de  Lusson  pub- 
lished his  life  in  2  vols.  12mo.  Besides 
great  and  incomparable  valour,  Crillon 
possessed  integrity,  honour,  and  virtue,  and 
when  invited  by  Henry  III.  to  murder 
Guise,  he  answered  that  he  would  fight 
him,  but  be  no  assassin. 

Crillon  Mahon,  N.  duke  de,  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war, 
and  afterwards  quitted  the  service  of 
France  for  that  of  Spain,  where  he  was 
made  a  grandee  of  the  first  order.  In  the 
war  between  England  and  Spain,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  armies,  and  had 
the  good  fortune  to  take  Minorca,  in  1782, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  assumed  the 
name  of  Mahon,  from  the  capital  of  the 
island.  In  his  attempts  to  reduce  Gibral- 
tar he  was  more  unfortunate,  and  saw  the 
measures  he  adopted  all  baffled  by  the  supe- 
rior valour  of  the  English,  and  the  vigilant 
care  of  General  Elliot.  In  the  revolutionary 
war  he  would  take  no  part  in  the  cause  of 
Spain,  but  remained  neuter.  He  died  at 
Madrid,  1796,  aged  80. 

Crinesius,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Bo- 
hemia, professor  of  theology  at  Altorf, 
where  he  died,  1626,  aged  42.  He  wrote 
a  dissertation  on  the  confusion  of  tongues, 
— Exercitationes  Hebraica:, — Lexicon  Syr- 
iacum,  4to.  2  vols. — lingua  Samaritica,  &c. 

Crinitus,  Petrus,  a  native  of  Florence. 


professor  of  belles  lettres,  after  Angelus 
Politianus.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, but  addicted  to  the  basest  sensualities. 
He  died  1505,  aged  40.  He  wrote  lives 
of  the  Latin  poets,  and  de  honesta  disci- 
plina,  besides  poems  of  no  great  merit. 

Crisp,  Tobias,  the  champion  of  Antino- 
mianism,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  took 
his  bachelor's  degree  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Baliol,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degrees  of  D.D.  He 
was  rector  of  Brinkworth,  Wilts,  in  1627, 
and  there  he  lived  in  a  hospitable  manner, 
regular,  virtuous,  and  devout.  He  came 
to  London  in  1642,  where  his  tenets 
respecting  grace  opposed  him  in  a  contro- 
versy with  52  divines.  He  died  27th  Feb- 
ruary, 1642.  His  sermons  were  reprinted 
1689.  He  asserted  in  his  discourse, 
"  Christ  alone  exalted,"  that  salvation  was 
completed  on  the  cross,  and  that  belief  was 
all  that  was  required  of  the  happy  elect. 

Critias,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ap- 
pointed over  Athens  by  Lysander.  He 
fell  in  battle  B.  C.  400. 

Crito,  one  of  the  pupils  and  friends  of 
the  great  Socrates. 

Critobulus,  a  physician,  who  is  said  to 
have  extracted  the  arrow  which  wounded 
the  eye  of  Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Critolaus,  a  Greek  historian. 

Critolaus,  a  native  of  Tegea  in  Arca- 
dia, who  fought  against  the  Pheneans. 
When  defeated  by  the  Romans  he  poisoned 
himself,  B.  C.  146. 

Croese,  Gerard,  a  protestant  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  author  of  the  history  of  the 
quakers,  translated  into  English,  and  of 
Homerus  Hebraeus.  He  died  1710,  aged 
68,  near  Dordrecht. 

Crosscs,  last  king  of  Lydia,  is  famous 
for  his  opulence  and  his  liberal  patronage 
of  learned  men.  He  was  defeated  by  Cy- 
rus, king  of  Persia,  B.  C.  548,  and  reduced 
to  privacy. 

Croius  or  de  Croi,  John,  a  native  of 
Usez,  who  became  there  a  protestant  minis- 
ter. He  wrote  Specimen  conjectuarum, 
and  observationum  in  quaedam  Origenis, 
Irenaei,  et  Tertulliani  loca,  1682, — obser- 
vationes  sacra  et  histor.  in  Nov.  Testam. 
1644,  &c.     He  died  1659. 

Croft,  Herbert,  an  English  prelate,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family,  was  born 
at  Great  Milton,  Oxfordshire,  18th  October, 
1603,  at  the  seat  of  sir  William  Greene. 
At  13  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  but  upon  the 
conversion  of  his  father  to  popery,  he  was 
removed  from  the  university,  and  placed  in 
the  monastery  of  Douay,  and  afterwards  in 
the  college  of  St.  Omer's.  A  visit  to  Eng- 
land on  family  affairs  introduced  him  to 
the  acquaintance  of  Morton,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, who  prevailed  upon  him  to  return  to 
the  protestant  faith,  and  by  the  advice  of 
Laud,  he  again  entered  at  Christ-church, 
4S3 


CRO 


CRO 


Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees.  He 
was  now  preferred  to  a  living  in  Glouces- 
tershire, and  to  another  in  Oxfordshire, 
and  in  1639,  he  was  made  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  and  the  next  year  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  He  was  afterwards  preben- 
dary of  Worcester,  canon  of  Windsor,  and 
in  1644  dean  of  Hereford,  but  he  suffered 
like  all  loyal  subjects  during  those  trou- 
blous times,  till  in  1659,  by  the  death  of  his 
two  elder  brothers,  he  succeeded  to  all 
the  estates  of  his  family.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Hereford, 
1661,  which  he  refused  to  quit  for  high- 
er preferment,  employing  himself  in  deeds 
of  charity,  benevolence,  hospitality,  and 
frequent  exhortation  from  the  pulpit. 
His  small  treatise  "  the  naked  truth," 
printed  at  a  private  press,  was  published 
in  1675,  when  the  papists  hoped  to  take 
advantage  of  the  quarrels  of  the  noncon- 
formists with  the  church  of  England,  and 
it  became  a  popular  work,  which  not  only 
drew  the  attention  of  parliament  to  the 
subject,  but  produced  some  severe  attacks 
against  it.  One  of  these  by  Dr.  Turner  of 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  was  answer- 
ed by  Andrew  Marvell,  who  applauded  the 
bishop's  works,  and  ably  defended  his  prin- 
ciples. Besides  this,  the  bishop  published 
some  occasional  sermons,  religious  tracts, 
a  legacy  to  his  diocess,  and  in  1685, 
animadversion  on  Burnet's  theory  of  the 
earth.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
wished  to  resign  his  bishopric  from  some 
scruples  of  conscience.  He  died  at  Here- 
ford, 18th  May,  1691,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cathedral.  His  only  son  Herbert  was 
made  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  in  1671,  and 
died  1720. 

Croft,  William,  a  musician,  born  at 
Nether-Eatington,  Warwickshire.  He  was 
pupil  to  Dr.  Blow,  whom  he  succeeded  as 
master  of  the  children,  and  composer  to 
the  chapel  royal,  and  organist  at  Westmin- 
t.er  abbey.  In  1712  he  published  his  di- 
vine harmony,  and  in  1715  he  became  D. 
Mus.  and  in  1724  he  published  by  subscrip- 
tion his  "  musica  sacra,"  two  vols.  He 
died  August,  1727,  aged  50,  from  an  illness 
occasioned  by  his  attendance  at  the  coro- 
nation of  George  II.  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey. 

Crofton,  Zachary,  an  Irish  nonconfor- 
mist, educated  at  Dublin.  During  the 
Irish  troubles  he  came  to  England,  and 
obtained  the  living  of  Wrenbury  in  Che- 
shire, from  which  he  was  expelled  in  1648, 
for  refusing  to  take  the  engagement.  He 
afterwards  held  St.  Botolph's  near  Aldgate. 
At  the  restoration  he  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy with  bishop  Gauden,  who  combated 
the  superiority  of  his  learning  by  imprison- 
ing him  in  the  tower,  from  which  he  was 
with  difficulty  liberated.  He  afterwards 
lived  in  Cheshire,  and  lastly  opened  a 
484 


school  near  Aldgate,  where  he  died  1672. 
He  was  author  of  some  controversial  pam- 
phlets. 

Croix  du  Maine,  Francis  Grude  de  la, 
a  learned  French  writer  in  the  16th  centu- 
ry. He  was  passionately  fond  of  litera- 
ture, and  made  a  most  valuable  collection 
of  books.  He  published,  in  15S4,  his 
French  library,  or  a  general  account  of  all 
authors  who  wrote  in  that  language.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Croix,  Francis  Petit  de  la,  secretary  and 
interpreter  to  the  French  king,  in  the  Turk- 
ish and  Arabic,  died  November  4th,  1695, 
aged  73.  He  was  a  man  of  great  integrity, 
and  refused  to  be  bribed  by  the  Algerines, 
to  make  a  treaty  with  them  favourable  to 
their  interests.  He  digested  Thevenot's 
voyages  to  the  East-Indies,  he  made  an 
accurate  catalogue  of  all  the  Turkish  and 
Persian  books  in  the  French  king's  library, 
and  composed  besides  two  dictionaries  for 
the  French  and  Turkish  languages,  and 
also  a  learned  history  of  Genghis  Khan,  with 
a  good  map  of  the  north  of  Asia.  His  son 
added  an  abridgment  of  the  lives  of  those 
authors  from  whom  it  was  extracted, 
which  was  translated  into  English,  1722, 
in  8vo. 

Croix,  John  Baptiste  de  la,  second 
Catholic  bishop  of  Quebec,  was  a  native 
of  Grenoble,  and  first  almoner  of  Louis 
XIV.  He  arrived  in  Canada  in  16S5,  and 
died  in  1727.  He  founded  three  hospitals, 
and  distributed  large  sums  in  charity  to  the 
poor.  iCP  L. 

Crompton,  William,  M.A.  was  born  at 
Barnstaple,  of  which,  after  an  Oxford  edu- 
cation, he  became  minister.  He  was 
ejected  after  the  restoration  for  nonconfor- 
mity, but  his  manners  were  so  inoffensive, 
and  his  conduct  so  virtuous,  that  he  was 
respected  by  his  congregation,among  whom 
he  still  preached  in  private  houses,  till  his 
death,  1696.  He  published  a  remedy 
against  superstition,  and  other  small  tracts. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  earl  of  Essex,  an 
eminent  statesman  under  Henry  VIII.  was 
son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney,  Surrey,  and 
born  about  1490.  His  education  like  his 
origin  was  low,  but  he  possesed  strong  na- 
tural parts,  which  he  improved  by  indefati- 
gable application.  He  was  at  Antwerp  for 
some  time,  as  clerk  to  the  English  factory, 
and  he  afterwards  travelled  on  the  conti- 
nent, as  the  private  agent  of  the  king,  and 
in  the  character  of  a  soldier,  he.  was  en- 
gaged with  Bourbon  in  the  sacking  of 
Rome.  On  his  return  to  England,  he  was 
admitted  into  Wolsey's  family,  and  com- 
pletely gained  his  confidence  and  friendship, 
which  he  repaid  with  the  strongest  attach- 
ment, and  by  a  most  able  and  eloquent  de- 
fence of  him  in  the  house  of  commons, 
when  he  was  impeached.  After  Wolsey's 
fall  he  served  trie  king  with  equal  fidelity, 


CRO 

and  was  rewarded  with  honours  and  riches. 
He  gradually  rose  to  be  a  privy  counsellor, 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  secretary  of 
state,master  of  the  rolls,  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal,  earl  of  Essex,  and  high  chamberlain 
of  England.      His  zeal  in  the  reformation 
was  very  pleasing  to  the  king,  and  he  not 
only  directed  his  vengeance  in  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the   abbeys  and  monasteries,  but 
largely  shared  in  the  spoils  of  the  plunder- 
ed church.      In   destroying   the    relics    of 
popery,  he  was  the  means  of  introducing 
good  regulations,  and  he  provided  that  the 
Bible  should  be  read  in  English,  in  the  seve- 
ral •  Iiurches,  and   also  that  a  register  of 
births,  marriages,  and  buryings   should  be 
regularly  kept.     The  prosperity,  however, 
which  he  had  long  enjoyed,  was  now  all  at 
once    destroyed,  by  the  active  part  which 
he  took   in  procuring  the  marriage  of  his 
master  with  Anne  of  Cleves.     Henry,  dis- 
satisfied with  his  new  queen,  wreaked  his 
vengeance  on  his  favourite,  who  had  pro- 
moted his  union,  and  Cromwell,  unpopular 
for  the  dissolution  of  religious  houses,  and 
the  large  subsidies  which  he  had  extorted 
from  the  people,  was  now  arrested,  and 
arraigned  as  a  traitor.     Though  forsaken 
by  all  his  former  friends,  except  the  un- 
daunted Cranmer,  and  unable  to  find  one 
defender,  for  fear  of  the  royal  resentment, 
he  yet  pleaded  for  mercy  in  a  letter  to  the 
king  in  such   moving  terms,  that   Henry 
read   it  three  times,  and  probably  would 
have  pardoned  him,  had  not  his  passion  for 
Catharine     Howard     kindled     his     fury. 
Cromwell  suffered  on  Tower-hill,  after  six 
weeks'    imprisonment,   July    16th,     1540. 
Though  abused  by  the  papists  as  cruel,  am- 
bitious, and  crafty,  he  is  represented  as 
preferring  men  of  learning  and  abilities, 
more  than  any  of  his  predecessors  ever  had 
done.     His  son  was  created  lord  Cromwell. 
Cromwell,  Oliver,  the  celebrated  pro- 
tector of  England,  was  born  of  a  very  res- 
pectable family  at  Huntingdon,  25th  April, 
1599.     He  received  his  education  in  the 
grammar-school  of  his  native  town,  and  in 
1616  was  admitted  as  fellow  commoner  at 
Sidney  college,  Cambridge.      He   did  not 
however  here  pay  much  attention  to  aca- 
demical studies,   as  foot-ball,  cricket,  and 
other  exercises,   were  more  congenial  to 
his  pursuits,  and  therefore  his  mother,  now 
become  a  widow,  sent  him  in  1618  to  Lin- 
coln's-Inn.     Irregularities  here  prevailed, 
and  licentious  and  intemperate  pleasures 
engaged  his  attention  more  than  the  law, 
till  at  last  when  21  he  married  Elizabeth 
the    daughter  of   sir  James  Boucher,    of 
Essex,  and  retired  to  lead  a  regular  life  at 
Huntingdon.     Some  time  after  he  removed 
into  the  isle  of  Ely,  where  his  uncle  had 
left  him  an  estate  of  400?.  a  year,  and  then 
he  relinquished  the  principles  of  the  church 
of  England,  and  became  a  zealous  puritan. 


CRO 

He  was  elected  into  parliament  in  1626, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  violence 
against  the  bishops  ;  but  the  warmth  with 
which  he  supported  ministers  of  his  own 
persuasion  soon  reduced  his  fortunes,  and 
obliged  him  to  take  a  farm  at  St.  Ives.  For 
five  years  he  endeavoured  to  improve  his 
income  in  agricultural  pursuits,  but  instead 
of  increasing  it,  he  nearly  ruined  himself, 
and  in  1637  he  formed  the  plan  of  passing 
over  to  New-England,  which  he  was  pre- 
vented from  doing  by  a  proclamation  from 
the  king,  against  migration.  As  he  had 
acquired  some  distinction  among  the  puri- 
tans for  his  gift  of  preaching,  praying,  and 
expounding,  Ue  had  the  interest  by  means 
of  the  people  of  his  persuasion  to  recom- 
mend himself  to  the  corporation  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  to  be  chosen  their  representa- 
tive in  the  parliament  of  1640.  In  the 
house  he  was  a  frequent  speaker,  but,  with- 
out art  or  elocution,  he  exclaimed  warmly 
against  grievances  in  church  and  state, 
and  zealously  promoted  the  remonstrance 
of  November  1641,  which  laid  the  basis  of 
civil  war.  Courted  by  the  leading  men  of 
opposition,  by  his  relation  Hampden,  by 
Pym,  and  others  who  knew  his  firmness 
and  his  devotion,  he  became  well  acquaint- 
ed with  the  intrigues  of  the  times,  and 
when  the  parliament  resolved  in  1642  to 
levy  war,  he  went  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
raised  a  troop  of  horse,  of  which  he  took 
the  command.  His  severity  to  the  royal 
members  of  the  university,  who  contri- 
buted their  plate  to  the  service  of  the  king, 
was  very  culpable  ;  but  his  wish  was  to 
destroy  every  thing  which  tended  to  sup- 
port the  royal  cause,  and  in  this  attempt  he 
evinced  such  zeal  and  activity  that  in  a  few 
months  he  acquired  the  character  of  a 
good  officer;  and  his  soldiers  were  the  best 
disciplined  troops  in  the  kingdom.  After 
various  proofs  of  his  devotion  to  the  re- 
publican party, Cromwell,  who  was  now  be- 
come a  lieutenant  general,  had  an  opportu- 
nity of  distinguishing  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Marston-moor,  3d  July,  1644,  where 
his  cavalry,  called  Ironsides,  changed  the 
fortune  of  the  day,  and  ensured  victory 
wherever  they  appeared.  At  the  second 
battle  of  Newbury,  his  intrepidity  again 
appeared  conspicuous,  his  valour  and  ser- 
vices were  regarded  as  so  extraordinary, 
that  he  was  called  the  saviour  of  the  na- 
tion, and  in  the  self-denying  ordinance 
which  was  passed  by  the  parliament,  for 
the  exclusion  of  officers  from  seats  in  the 
house,  Cromwell  alone  was  excepted.  His 
successes  continued  to  ensure  the  approba- 
tion of  the  republicans,  and  the  fatal  bat- 
tle of  Naseby,  14th  June,  1646,  establish- 
ed his  triumph  as  the  ablest  general  of  the 
times,  and  the  firmest  supporter  of  the 
public  liberties  of  the  state.  He  was  thank- 
ed bv  the  parliament,  and  rewarded  with  a 
495 


CRO 


CRO 


pension,  but  while  the  popular  leaders  con- 
sidered him  as  fully  devoted  to  their  servi- 
ces, they  soon  saw  cause  to  doubt  his  sin- 
cerity. When  the  king  had  thrown  himself 
into  the  hands  of  the  Scotch,  and  had  been 
shamefully  sold  to  the  English,  the  parlia- 
ment began  to  regard  the  army  whose  ser- 
vices had  ensured  them  the  victory  as  use- 
less and  dangerous,  and  therefore  ordered 
part  of  it  to  be  disbanded,  but  Cromwell 
by  his  intrigues  prevented  the  execution  of 
their  plans,  and  whilst  he  stepped  forth  as 
the  advocate  of  their  rights  against  the 
tyranny  of  the  parliament,  he  secured 
fully  to  his  person  the  attachment  of  the 
soldiers.  No  sooner  was  the  king  lodged 
in  Holmby  Castle  than  the  artful  gene- 
ral made  himself  master  of  his  person  by 
means  of  Cornet  Joyce,  and  thus,  by  decla- 
ring himself  the  arbiter  of  his  fate,  he  was 
courted  and  flattered,  both  by  the  unfortu- 
nate Charles,  who  wished  for  his  own  re- 
lease, and  by  the  parliament,  who  laboured 
for  his  destruction.  After  rendering  the 
king  more  unpopular  with  the  parliament, 
and  the  parliament  suspected  to  the  army, 
Cromwell  at  last  took  the  bold  measure  of 
excluding  from  the  house  of  commons 
those  members  whom  he  knew  to  be  averse 
to  his  schemes  of  ambition,  and  the  trial 
of  the  devoted  monarch  soon  after  followed. 
Cromwell  acted  openly  as  one  of  his  judges, 
and  he  signed  the  warrant  for  his  execu- 
tion, and  by  this  bloody  deed  thus  paved 
the  way  to  his  own  greatness.  The  go- 
vernment was  now  placed  in  the  hands  of 
a  council  of  state,  whose  decisions  were 
directed  by  the  artful  general  ;  but  while 
he  considered  himself  as  secure,  his  power 
was  threatened  by  rebellion  in  the  army, 
and  even  in  his  own  favourite  regiment.  . 
With  his  usual  presence  of  mind  he  appear- 
ed among  the  rioters,  supported  by  some 
regiments  on  whom  he  could  depend,  and 
calling  four  men  by  name,  out  of  the  ranks, 
he  made  them  cast  dice  for  their  life,  and 
obliged  the  two  that  escaped  to  shoot  the 
others..  Having  thus  restored  tranquillity, 
he  was  received  every  where  with  marks  of 
respect,  and  satisfied  that  the  spirit  of  in- 
subordination was  subdued  in  England  and 
Scotland,  he  embarked  with  an  army  for 
Ireland,  1649.  He  quickly  here  routed  the 
enemies  of  the  republic,  and  with  such  acts 
of  inhumanity  that  his  very  name  became 
a  terror  to  the  Irish.  In  1650,  he  returned 
to  London,  and  was  publicly  thanked  for 
his  services  by  the  submissive  commons, 
who  invested  him  with  the  chief  command 
of  the  army  in  Scotland,  where  Charles  II. 
had  been  acknowledged  king.  He  march- 
ed to  the  north  with  his  usual  rapidity,  and 
on  the  3d  September,  1650,  he  defeated  the 
Scotch  army  in  a  dreadful  battle,  at  Dun- 
bar, and  the  next  year,  on  the  same  auspi- 
cious day,  he  completed  the  ruin  of 
486 


Charles's  fortunes  by  the  crowning  victory- 
as  he  said,  at  Worcester.  His  success  was 
regarded  as  so  important  that  a  general 
thanksgiving  was  appointed,  and  the  third 
of  September  declared  an  anniversary 
state  holyday.  In  the  midst  of  these  public 
honours  Cromwell  never  lost  sight  of  his 
ambitious  projects.  Though  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  whole  island,  and  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland,  he  found  that  his  power 
depended  on  the  will  of  the  parliament, 
and  therefore  he  determined  to  dismiss 
them.  Whilst  the  commons  and  the  coun- 
cil of  the  officers  were  distracted  by  oppo- 
site opinions  on  subjects  of  government, 
Cromwell  forwarded  secretly  his  own 
views,  and  all  at  once  rising  up  in  his  seat 
in  the  house,  he  bade  the  speaker  leave  the 
chair,  and  the  whole  body  be  gone  and  give 
place  to  honester  men  ;  and  filling  the 
room  with  armed  soldiers  he  turned  the 
whole  assembly  out,  and  locking  up  the 
doors,  he  retired  to  Whitehall.  The  dis- 
missal of  the  parliament  was  followed  by 
that  of  the  council  of  state,  and  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  body  of  officers,  subordi- 
nate to  the  usurper's  authority.  Though 
he  permitted  a  mock  assembly  to  be  called, 
under  the  name  of  council  of  state,  he  was 
soon  after  displeased  with  their  conduct, 
and  by  the  voice  of  his  general  officers,  he 
assumed  the  title  of  protector  of  the  com- 
monwealth of  England,  and  was  invested 
with  the  new  office,  16th  Dec,  1653,  in 
the  chancery  court,  Westminster-hall. 
Thus  absolute  in  the  government,  he  ap- 
pointed a  council  of  state,  consisting  of 
men  of  superior  wisdom  and  sagacity,  and 
adopted  such  measures  as  could  give  sta- 
bility to  his  power,  and  add  to  the  security 
and  independence  of  the  kingdom.  Peace 
was  made  with  Sweden,  Holland,  Portugal, 
and  France,  the  most  upright  judges  filled 
the  courts  of  Westminster-hall,  and  liberty 
of  conscience  was  tolerated  with  the  most 
magnanimous  moderation.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  popularity  of  his  measures,  how- 
ever, he  met  with  opposition  from  the  peo- 
ple, and  the  parliament,  which  he  assembled 
with  great  solemnity,  presumed  to  dispute 
the  legality  of  his  office,  and  were  dismiss- 
ed with  a  severe  reprimand.  In  1655, 
though  threatened  with  conspiracies,  he 
supported  with  a  vigorous  hand  the  honour 
of  the  nation.  Blake  conquered  Jamaica, 
and  humbled  the  native  powers  on  the  Me- 
diterranean shores,  who  had  plundered  the 
British  commerce,  and  a  treaty  of  offensive 
alliance  was  formed  with  France  against 
the  Spaniards  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
Dunkirk  was  taken  possession  of  by  the 
English.  The  expenses  of  government 
were,  however,  such,  that  the  protector 
called  another  parliament,  19th  Sept., 
1656,  but  to  ensure  their  obedience,  he 
obliged  them  at  the  door  of  the  house  to 


CRO 

swear  allegiance  to  his  person.  This  had 
due  effect,  the  members  awed  into  defer- 
ence for  his  power,  not  only  voted  him  sup- 
plies, but  decreed  new  statutes  for  the 
security  of  his  authority,  and  bestowed 
upon  him  the  title  of  king,  which  by  the 
advice  of  his  friends  and  relations,  and 
much  against  his  inclination,  he  declined. 
He,  however,  assumed  the  power  of  cre- 
ating peers,  and  again,  to  give  greater 
dignity  to  his  authority,  he  was  in  1657,  a 
second  time  inaugurated  protector  in  West- 
minster-hall, with  all  the  pride  and  pomp 
of  a  coronation.  At  the  end  of  a  year  his 
fears  were  alarmed  by  the  publication  of 
"killing  no  murder,"  a  pamphlet  by  colo- 
nel Titus,  which  directed  against  him  the 
dagger  of  every  bold  assassin,  and  in  165S 
he  felt  not  a  little  disappointment  at  the  con- 
duct of  his  parliament,  which  he  addressed 
as  composed  of  lords  and  commons,  in  the 
usual  language  of  the  kings  of  England, 
though  none  of  the  ancient  nobility  con- 
descended to  appear  among  them.  These 
open  insults,  together  with  the  secret 
machinations  of  his  enemies  and  the  gene- 
ral odium  of  the  people,  was  increased  by 
the  death  of  his  favourite  daughter  Mrs. 
Claypole,  who  on  her  death-bed  bitterly 
reproached  him  with  the  tyranny  of  his 
conduct.  The  severe  agitations  of  his 
mind  at  last  undermined  the  powers  of 
his  constitution,  and  his  deportment  be- 
came altered,  he  grew  reserved  and  suspi- 
cious, and  the  attacks  of  a  slow  fever  were 
succeeded  by  a  tertian  ague.  Though  the 
disorder  seemed  at  first  not  alarming,  his 
physicians  perceived  his  danger,  but  re- 
gardless of  their  intimations,  he  depended 
upon  the  prayers  of  the  godly  for  recovery, 
and  hoped  that  the  interference  of  heaven 
would  be  exerted  for  his  preservation. 
His  disorder  proved  fatal,  3d  September, 
1658.  He  was  carried  with  great  funeral 
pomp  from  Somerset-house,  and  buried  in 
the  chapel  of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster- 
abbey,  but  after  the  restoration  his  body 
was  taken  up  and  hung  on  the  gallows. 
Though  a  usurper  and  a  tyrant,  Cromwell 
possessed  great  powers  of  mind,  and  con- 
tributed much  to  the  prosperity  and  glory 
of  the  nation.  Not  only  Milton  defended 
his  government,  but  Waller,  Sprat,  Dryden, 
and  Cowley,  celebrated  his  virtues  and  the 
triumph  of  his  protectorate.  How  blame- 
worthy soever  he  might  have  been  in  the 
acquisition  of  his  power,  observes  one  of 
his  biographers,  he  certainly  rivalled  the 
greatest  of  the  English  monarchs  in  glory, 
and  made  himself  courted  and  dreaded  by 
the  nations  around  him.  In  his  religious 
opinions  he  was  a  wavering  fanatic,  and 
though  grave  and  demure  he  had  the  hypo- 
crisy to  adopt  such  tenets  only  as  tended 
best  to  secure  his  usurpation.  Of  all  his 
■'hildren,  only  six  lived  to  maturity  :  Rich- 


CRO 

ard  his  successor,  who  held  the  protector- 
ate with  feeble  hands,  and  resigned  it  for  a 
life  of  ease  and  obscurity,  was  born  4th 
October,  1626,  and  died  at  Cheshunt,  July 
13th,  1712:  Henry,  born  20th  January, 
1627,  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  died 
25th  March,  1674  :  Bridget,  who  married 
Ireton,  ana  afterwards  general  Fleetwood  : 
Elizabeth,  his  favourite  daughter,  who  mar- 
ried Mr.  Claypole,  of  Northamptonshire  : 
Mary,  who  married  lord  Fauconberg,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  interested  herself  warm- 
ly for  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  and 
died  March,  1712  :  and  Frances,  the  young- 
est, who  married  Mr.  Rich,  grandson  to 
lord  Warwick,  and  afterwards  Sir  John 
Russel  of  Chippenham,  Cambridgeshire, 
His  mother  lived  with  him  at  Whitehall, 
but  in  the  midst  of  the  splendours  of  abso- 
lute authority  she  enjoyed  it  not,  and  was 
filled  with  terror  for  the  fate  of  her  son, 
whom  she  never  considered  safe,  except 
she  saw  him  twice  a  day.  His  wife  was  a 
woman  of  masculine  powers  of  mind,  and 
she  gloried  in  the  elevation  to  which  her 
husband's  guilty  ambition,  spurred  on  by 
her  constant  exhortations,  had  raised  her 
family.  She  survived  for  some  years  the 
downfal  of  his  power,  and  of  that  of  her 
son,  and  died  in  retirement,  1672. 

Croneck,  John  Frederic  baron  de,  born 
at  Anspach,  died  of  the  smallpox,  175S, 
aged  27.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
sensible  and  ingenious  poet.  He  travelled 
over  Europe,  and  at  Paris  gained  the 
friendship  of  the  learned  and  the  great. 
His  works  were  printed  in  German,  at 
Leipsic,  1760. 

Cronstedt,  Axel  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Sudermania,  in  Sweden,  educated  at  Up- 
sal,  where  he  applied  himself  to  natural 
history.  He  was  employed  as  inspector  of 
the  mines,  1744,  and  in  1753,  was  elected 
member  of  the  Royal  academy  of  sciences 
at  Stockholm.  He  published  various  works 
on  the  arrangement  of  minerals,  and  the 
fossil  productions  of  nature.  He  died, 
1765,  aged  43. 

Crook,  Sir  George,  was  born  at  Chilton, 
Bucks,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  and  the 
Inner-temple.  He  rose  to  the  offices  of 
king's  sergeant,  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  chief  justice  of  England.  In 
the  commons,  he  voted  against  ship-money. 
He  died  at  Waterstock,  Oxfordshire,  1641, 
aged  82.  He  founded  and  endowed  a 
hospital  at  Beachiey,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
where  also  he  built  a  chapel. 

Crosby,  Brass,  lord  mayor  of  London, 
was  born  at  Stockton-upon-Tees,  in  1725, 
and  early  came  to  London,  where  he  prac- 
tised as  an  attorney.  He  purchased  the 
place  of  remembrancer  to  the  eity,  in  1760, 
which  he  sold  again  the  next  year,  and  in 
1764,  he  was  elected  sheriff,  the  next  year 
alderman,  and  in  1770,  lord  mayor.  In  this 
487 


eno 


CRO 


high  office  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
opposition  to  the  court  in  the  prosecution 
of  Wheble  and  other  printers  ;  and  he 
spiritedly  supported  Wilkes  and  Oliver,  for 
which  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower.  During 
his  confinement,  his  conduct  was  applauded 
by  the  city,  and  various  addresses  came  to 
him  from  some  counties  and  respectable 
towns.  He  >vas  released,  23d  July,  by  the 
prorogation  of  parliament,  and  conducted 
to  the  mansion-house  in  great  pomp  by  the 
populace,  and  honoured,  at  the  expiration 
of  his  office,  by  the  thanks  of  the  corpo- 
ration, and  the  vote  of  a  cup  of  100/. 
value.     He  died  14th  February,  1793. 

Cross,  Michael,  an  English  artist,  who 
was  employed  by  Charles  I.  to  copy  the 
best  pictures  of  Italy.  It  is  said,  that  being 
permitted  by  the  doge  of  Venice  to  copy 
the  Madonna  of  Raphael,  in  St.  Mark's 
church,  he  left  his  copy  behind,  and  brought 
away  the  original,  which,  in  the  time  of 
the  republic,  was  sold  to  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador, and  now  adorns  the  Escurial. 

Cross,  Lewis,  a  painter,  who  died  1724. 
He  retouched  a  picture  of  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots,  in  the  possession  of  the  duke  of  Ha- 
milton, and  with  such  effect,  that  several 
copies  have  been  taken  from  it. 

Crousaz,  John  Peter  de,  a  mathemati- 
cian of  eminence,  born  at  Lausanne,  13th 
April,  1663.  He  was  intended  for  the 
army  by  bis  father ;  but  his  inclinations 
were  bent  to  literature ;  and  the  perusal  of 
Des  Cartes's  works  totally  directed  his  at- 
tention to  mathematics  and  pb-'osophy. 
After  travelling  over  Europe,  he  was  elect- 
ed professor,  and,  in  1706,  made  rector  of 
the  academy  of  Lausanne,  and,  in  1724, 
mathematical  professor  at  Groningen.  He 
was  afterwards  preceptor  to  Frederic  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  nephew  to  the  king  of  Swe- 
den, and,  after  being  engaged  in  some  em- 
bassies, he  returned  to  Lausanne,  where  he 
died,  1748,  aged  85.  He  wrote  essay  on 
logic,  afterwards  enlarged  to  6  vols.  8vo. — 
a  treatise  on  beauty,  2  vols.  l2mo. — on  the 
liberty  of  thinking — on  ancient  and  modern 
Pyrrhonism,  folio — sermons — commentary 
on  Pope's  essay  on  man — miscellaneous 
works — and  pieces  on  philosophy  and  ma- 
thematics. 

Crowne,  John,  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia, 
who  came  over  to  England,  eager  to  ac- 
quire fame  and  independence  by  the  pow- 
ers of  his  mind.  His  distresses  at  first 
were  so  great,  that  he  became  upper  ser- 
vant in  an  old  lady's  family,  from  which  he 
soon  extricated  himself  by  the  wit  and  hu- 
mour of  his  writings.  He  became  a  fa- 
vourite with  the  court,  and  was  employed 
by  Charles  II.  at  the  request  of  Roches- 
ter, to  write  the  masque  of  Calypso.  Upon 
the  discovery  of  the  popish  plot,  he  em- 
braced the  part  of  the  tories,  and  wrote  his 
:<  city  politics,"  to  satirise  the  whigs,  a 
488 


comedy,  which,  while  it  procured  him  ap» 
plause,  excited  against  him  the  resentment 
of  a  powerful  faction.  Anxious  now  tore- 
tire  from  the  intrigues  and  persecutions  of 
politics,  he  petitioned  the  king  for  a  place 
for  life ;  to  which  Charles  assented,  pro- 
vided he  wrote  another  comedy.  Even  the 
king  himself  assisted  him,  by  recommend- 
ing him  to  borrow  from  the  Spanish  come- 
dy of  "  non  pued  esser  ;"  from  which  was 
produced  the  play  of  Sir  Courtly  Nice  ; 
but  on  the  last  day  of  rehearsal,  before  the 
comedy  could  be  acted,  the  king  died,  and 
all  the  hopes  of  the  poet  were  dashed  to 
the  ground.  Instead  of  independence, 
Crowne  now  had  recourse  to  his  wit  for 
maintenance.  He  died  about  1703,  author 
of  17  plays,  besides  the  "  church  scuffle," 
a  heroic  poem,  and  two  other  poems,  Pan- 
dion  and  Amphigenia,  and  the  Daneids. 

Croxall,  Dr.  Samuel,  was  born  at  Wal- 
ton-upon-Thames,  Surrey,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. At  the  university  he  wrote  the 
fair  Circassian,  which  be  dedicated  to 
Mrs.  Anna  Maria  Mordaunt,  of  whom  it 
is  said  he  was  deeply  enamoured,  but  as 
the  poem  was  a  licentious  imitation  of 
Solomon's  Songs,  he  carefully  avoided  dis- 
closing himself  to  be  the  author,  before  he 
applied  for  ordination.  He  obtained  the 
living  of  Hampton,  Middlesex,  the  parishes 
of  St.  Mary,  Somerset,  and  Mountshaw, 
London,  and  became  chancellor,  preben- 
dary and  canon  of  Hereford,  and  after- 
wards added  the  archdeaconry  of  Salop 
and  the  living  of  Sellek  to  his  other  prefer- 
ments. As  the  ehurch  of  Hereford  was 
governed  by  him  during  the  old  age  of 
Bishop  Egerton,  he  very  improperly  pulled 
down  an  old  chapel  adjoining  the  palace,  to 
build  a  house  for  his  brother.  His  politics 
inclined  to  the  whigs,  and  hence  in  queen 
Anne's  reign  he  wrote  in  their  support,  and 
published  his  two  cantos  in  imitation  of 
Spenser,  to  satirise  Harley's  administra- 
tion. He  wrote  besides  "  the  Vision,"  a 
poem  addressed  to  Lord  Halifax, — the  fa- 
bles of  iEsop, — scripture  politics, — the 
royal  manual, — and  all  the  dedications 
prefixed  to  "  Select  Novels."  He  died  at  a 
great  age,  February  13,  1752. 

Croze,  Mathurin  Veyssiere  la,  born  at 
Nantes,  1661,  became  a  Benedictine  monk 
in  1678,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
extensive  learning.  A  bold  and  indepen- 
dent mode  of  thinking,  added  to  disgust 
and  disappointment,  induced  him  to  aban- 
don his  order  and  his  religion  in  1696.  He 
made  his  recantation  at  Basil,  and  employ- 
ed himself  in  Berlin  as  an  instructer  of 
youth,  as  librarian  to  the  king,  and  as  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy.  He  died  1739,  aged 
78.  He  wrote  some  valuable  works,  dis- 
sertations historiques,  &c. — an  Armenian 
dictionary,    4to.    compiled    after    twelve 


GTE 


CjGJO 


vcars'  labour— histoire  du  Christiamsmc 
des  Indes,  12mo.— du  Christianisme  d'Ethi- 
opie,  et  d'Armenie,  &c. 

Cruciger,  Gaspar,  a  protestant  of  Leip- 
sic,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  Scrip- 
ture. He  died  at  Witteinberg,1543,  aged  45. 

Cruden,  Alexander,  M.A.  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  and  educated  at  the  Marischal 
college  there.  He  settled  in  London  in 
1728,  and  kept  a  bookseller's  shop  under 
the  royal  exchange  ;  but  maintained  him- 
self chiefly  by  superintending  publications 
for  the  press.  In  1737,  his  Concordance 
was  published,  and  it  again  appeared  im- 
proved in  1761,  as  a  most  valuable  book. 
Cruden  was  occasionally  deranged.  About 
the  year  1733  he  went  on  a  romantic  view 
to  reform  the  English  universities,  and  was 
soon  after  confined  at  Chelsea.  He  was  a 
second  time  in  confinement  in  a  mad- 
house, and  was  at  last  found  dead,  in  a 
praying  posture,  at  Islington,  1774,  aged 
70.  He  was  a  worthy,  pious,  and  inoffen- 
sive man. 

Crusius,  or  Krans,  Martin,  a  native  of 
Bamberg,  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  the  first  who  taught  Greek  in 
Germany,  died  at  Estringen  1607,  aged  81. 
He  is  the  learned  compiler  of  Turco-Grae- 
ciae,  libri  octo,  1584 — annales  Suevici  ad 
ann.  1549 — Germano-Grseite,  libri  sex, 
1585,  fol. 

Cruz,  Juana  Inez  de  la,  an  ingenious 
lady,  born  at  Mexico.  She  was  naturally 
endowed  with  great  powers  of  mind,  which 
were  carefully  cultivated,  and  rendered 
her  well  skilled  in  philosophy,  history,  ma- 
thematics, poetry,  and  every  branch  of  lite- 
rature. The  poems  which  she  published 
possessed  great  merit,  according  to  the 
opinion  of  father  Feyjod.  The  best  part 
of  her  life  was  spent  in  the  seclusion  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Geronimo,  where  she 
died,  after  27  years'  residence,  aged  44,  in 
1695. 

Crytopylus,  Metrophanes,  a  Greek,  who 
studied  the  Latin  and  English  languages 
at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  and  returned 
in  1622  to  his  own  country,  where  the  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople  made  him  his  se- 
cretary and  chancellor.  He  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Alexandria  on  the  translation  of 
Cyril  Lucar.  The  confession  of  faith  at- 
tributed to  Cyril,  and  published  in  Greek, 
1629,  was  written  by  him.  He  died  after 
1641. 

Ctesias,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  Persia. 

Ctesibius,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, B.  C.  125,  known  as  the  inventor  of 
the  pump,  the  water-clock,  &c. 

Ctesiphon,  an  Athenian,  whose  attempt 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthenes, 
was  opposed  by  ^schines,  and  produced 

Vol.  I.  62 


the  two  famous  orations  of  the  rival  ora- 
tors  de  corona. 

Cudworth,  Ralph,  a  celebrated  divine, 
born  1617,  at  Aller,  Somersetshire,  where 
his  father  was  rector.  He  was  of  Emanuel 
college,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tu- 
tor, and  where  he  had  among  his  pupils  sir 
William  Temple.  In  1641  he  was  present- 
ed to  the  rectory  of  North  Cadbury,  Somer- 
setshire, and  the  following  year  he  publish- 
ed his  "  discourse  concerning  the  true  no- 
tion of  the  Lord's  supper,"  and  afterwards 
his  treatise,  "  the  union  of  Christ  and  the 
church,  a  shadow."  In  1644,  he  took  his 
degree  of  B.D.  and  was  that  year  appoint- 
ed master  of  Clare-hall,  and  the  year  after 
regius  professor  of  Hebrew.  In  1047,  he 
preached  before  the  house  of  commons,  for 
which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  house. 
In  1651,  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  and  3 
years  after  was  elected  master  of  Christ's 
college,  at  which  time  he  also  married.  He 
was,  in  1657,  one  of  those  who  were  con- 
sulted by  parliament  about  the  English 
translation  of  the  Bible,  and  by  his  learn- 
ing and  consequence  he  gained  the  friend- 
ship of  Whitelocke,  and  of  Thurloe,  the 
able  secretary  of  the  two  protectorates. 
At  the  restoration,  Cudworth  wrote  a  copy 
of  congratulatory  verses  to  the  sovereign, 
and,  in  1672,  he  was  presented  by  Shel- 
don, bishop  of  London,  to  the  vicarage  of 
Ashwell,  Hertfordshire.  In  1678,  he  was 
installed  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  and  he 
then  published  in  folio  his  famous  work 
"  the  true  intellectual  system  of  the  uni- 
verse, wherein  the  reason  and  philosophy 
of  atheism  are  confuted,  and  its  impossi- 
bility demonstrated."  This  work,  from  its 
nature  and  importance,  had  many  assail- 
ants ;  but  it  is  acknowledged  by  Dryden, 
Bayle,  and  Shaftesbury,  that  he  was  so  fair 
and  moderate  in  his  principles  that  he  al- 
most betrayed  the  cause  which  he  meant  to 
defend.  A  warm  dispute  was  raised  in 
consequence  between  him  and  le  Clerc. 
The  work  was  translated  into  Latin  in  1733, 
by  the  learned  Mosheim,  and  the  original 
was  republished  in  1743,  in  2  vols.  4to.  by 
Dr.  Birch,  with  great  additions,  and  with 
an  accurate  statement  of  all  the  quotations, 
and  a  life  of  the  author  by  the  editor.  Cud- 
worth died  at  Cambridge  26th  June,  1688, 
and  was  buried  in  Christ  college  chapel. 
Of  his  posthumous  works,  which  were  a 
continuation  of  his  intellectual  system,  one 
was  published  by  Chandler,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 1731,  called  "a  treatise  concerning 
eternal  and  immutable  morality,"  intended 
chiefly  against  Hobbes,  and  others.  His 
other  MSS.  were  on  moral  good  and  evil 
— a  book  of  morality  with  Hobbes's  philo- 
sophy explained — discourse  on  liberty  and 
necessity — de  libero  arbitrio — on  Daniel's 
prophecy  of  the  70  weeks — of  the  verity 
of  the  Christian  religion,  against  the  Jews 
48.0 


CUP 


OIL 


— Hebrew  learning,  &c.  Cudworth  was  a 
man  of  extensive  erudition,  well  skilled  in 
the  languages,  an  able  philosopher,  an 
acute  mathematician,  and  a  profound  meta- 
physician. Though  he  embraced  the  cor- 
puscular philosophy,  and  considered  Plato 
as  a  guide  with  respect  to  the  Deity,  he 
was  deservedly  esteemed  for  his  virtues, 
his  piety,  his  moderation,  and  humanity. 
His  only  daughter,  Damaris,  married  sir 
Francis  Masham,  and  was  distinguished  as 
much  for  her  learning  and  genius  as  for  all 
the  amiable  virtues  of  her  sex. 

Cuerenheut,  Theodore  Van,  a  singular 
character,  born  at  Amsterdam  1522.  He 
was  a  man  of  science,  and  had  a  turn  for 
poetry  ;  but  he  chiefly  maintained  himself 
at  first  by  engraving,  in  which  he  displayed 
skill  and  genius,  though  he  was  too  hasty 
and  volatile  in  his  execution.  He  settled 
at  Haerlem,  and  was  honourably  employed 
several  times  as  ambassador  to  the  prince 
of  Orange.  Such,  at  last,  were  his  extra- 
ordinary ideas  about  religion,  that  he  as- 
serted no  one  could  officiate  as  a  minister 
without  a  supernatural  mission,  and  that  it 
was  unworthy  a  Christian  to  enter  a  place 
of  public  worship.  These  wild  ideas,  in 
the  indulgence  of  which  he  would  hold  no 
communication  with  papists  or  protestants, 
procured  his  banishment  from  the  country. 
He  died  at  Tergont,  1590,  aged  63.  His 
works  were  published  3  vols,  folio,  1630. 
As  an  artist,  he  worked  with  the  Galles, 
and  had  Henry  Goltzius  for  his  pupil. 

Cueva,  Alfonsus  de  la,  known  by  the 
name  of  Bedmar,  was  ambassador  from 
Philip  III.  to  the  Venetian  republic.  In 
this  sacred  character  he  plotted  the  seizing 
of  the  city  ;  but  when  the  conspiracy  was 
discovered,  and  the  conspirators  put  to 
death  by  drowning,  the  author  of  the  hor- 
rible scheme,  out  of  respect  to  the  Spanish 
king,  was  secretly  dismissed  by  the  senate 
to  avoid  the  fury  of  the  populace.  Cueva 
fled  to  Flanders,  where  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  council,  and  received  a  cardi- 
nal's hat.  In  consequence  of  the  severity 
of  his  government  he  retired  from  Flanders 
to  Rome,  where  he  died,  1665.  He  was  a 
man  of  astonishing  powers  of  mind,  great 
political  sagacity,  an  acute  judge  of  the 
manners  and  prejudices  of  mankind,  com- 
posed in  the  most  violent  and  popular  agi- 
tations, and  such  a  master  of  the  know- 
ledge of  the  human  passions,  that  his  con- 
jectures about  futurity  seem  almost  pro- 
phetical. Some  attribute  to  him  a  treatise 
against  the  republic  of  Venice,  though  Vel- 
ser  is  supposed  to  be  the  author. 

Cuff,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit,  unfortu- 
nate for  his  connexion  with  Essex,  was 
born  at  Hinton  St.  George,  Somersetshire, 
1 560.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow;  but  a 
joke  upon  the  well-known  humorous  dis- 
•190 


honesty  of  its  founder  drew  upon  him  the 
resentment  of  the  president,  and  he  was 
ejected  from  the  society.  His  merit,  how- 
ever, was  so  universally  known,  that  he 
was  admitted  at  Merton,  and  two  years 
after,  1588,  was  elected  one  of  its  fellows. 
He  was  afterwards  Greek  professor  and 
proctor  of  the  university  ;  and  then  tra- 
velled abroad  to  improve  himself  for  some 
active  scene  of  life.  His  many  qualifica- 
tions, and  the  interest  of  his  friends,  re- 
commended him  at  last  to  the  earl  of  Es- 
sex, whose  secretary  and  confidant  he  be- 
came. This  proved  a  most  fatal  engage- 
ment. When  Essex  was  condemned,  he 
accused  Cuff  as  being  the  author  of  his 
misfortunes,  and  Sir  Henry  Neville  con- 
firmed afterwards  the  accusation,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  wretched  secretary, 
perhaps  no  otherwise  guilty  than  as  the 
tool  of  a  bold  and  ambitious  favourite,  was 
arraigned,  and,  though  he  defended  him- 
self with  great  animation,  he  was  con- 
demned, and  executed  at  Tyburn,  30th 
March,  1601.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  genius,  and  though  his  memo- 
ry has  been  censured  by  Bacon,  Wotton, 
and  even  by  his  friend  Camden,  he  had 
some  amiable  qualities.  He  wrote  a  cu- 
rious philosophical  piece,  which  appeared 
1607,  called  the  differences  of  the  ages  of 
man's  life,  together  with  the  original  causes, 
progress,  and  end  thereof,  Svo. 

Cugnieres,  Peter  de,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris 
in  1329,  who  supported  the  rights  of  Philip 
Valois  against  the  clergy. 

Cujacius,  James,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
born  at  Toulouse  1520.  He  was  of  mean 
origin  ;  but  the  greatness  of  his  genius  com- 
pensated for  his  obscurity,  and  by  his  inde- 
fatigable industry,  without  the  assistance 
of  a  master,  he  made  himself  perfect  in  the 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  literature, 
and  particularly  in  civil  law.  He  was 
meanly  refused  the  professor's  chair  in  his 
native  town ;  but  his  abilities  attracted 
pupils  from  every  country  ;  and  to  his  supe- 
rior talents  in  education,  France  owed  the 
ablest  and  the  most  expert  of  her  lawyers 
and  magistrates.  He  settled  at  Cahors, 
and  afterwards  at  Bourges,  which  he  would 
not  quit,  though  honoured  by  the  king  of 
France,  and  invited  to  Turin  by  the  duke 
of  Savoy,  and  to  Bologne  by  pope  Gregory 
XIII.  He  was  so  kind  to  his  pupils,  and 
so  communicative  and  familiar,  that  he 
was  called  the  father  of  his  scholars.  He 
died  at  Bourges  1590.  His  works  were 
published  at  Paris,  10  vols.  fol.  1659,  by 
Fabrot. 

Ccllen,  William,  the  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  Lanerkshire,  and  served 
his  time  with  a  surgeon  and  apothecary  at 
Glasgow,  and  then  went  as  surgeon  in  a 
vessel  from  London  to  the  West  Indies.  On 


CCL 


CUM 


his  return  lie  settled  at  Shotts,  and  after- 
wards at  Hamilton,  where  an  accidental 
introduction  to  the  duke  of  Hamilton  laid 
the  foundation  of  his  advancement.  By  the 
advice  of  his  patron  he  removed  to  Glas- 
gow, where  he  obtained  an  appointment  in 
the  university.     It  was  about  this  time  that 
he  had  formed  an  intimacy  and  partnership 
with  William  Hunter,   afterwards  equally 
celebrated.     In  1740,   Cullen  took  his  de- 
gree  of  M.D.  and   in  1746,   he  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  in  chymistry  at  Glasgow, 
and  in  1751,  was  nominated  king's  profess- 
or  of  medicine.     His    practice  was    now 
very   extensive,    and  his  reputation   as  a 
lecturer  proved  by  the  increasing  number  of 
his  pupils.     In  1756,  he  was  invited  by  the 
university    of    Edinburgh    to    the    vacant 
chair  of  chymistry,  and  in  this  new  office 
he  displayed  such  powers,  and  such  know- 
ledge, that  an  opposition  was  raised  against 
him  by   those  who  envied  his  fame,  and 
could  not  rival  his  abilities.     His  charac- 
ter,   however,    became   more    respectable 
from  opposition  ;  the  mildness  of  his  man- 
ners recommended  him  not  less  than    his 
professional  knowledge  ;   and  so  well  esta- 
blished was  his   merit,   that  he  was   made 
professor  of  medicine  by  the  magistrates  of 
Edinburgh,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Alston,  in 
1763.     He  published  the  lectures  which  he 
delivered,  in  consequence  of  the  appear- 
ance of  a  surreptitious  copy.     He  at  last 
resigned  his  office  to  Dr.  Black,   in   conse- 
quence of  his  growing  infirmities,   though 
he  afterwards  joined   Dr.  Gregory  as  can- 
didate for  giving  lectures  on  the  practice  of 
physic.     These  illustrious  coadjutors  lec- 
tured   alternatively  till    the   death   of  Dr. 
Gregory,  and  then  Dr.  Cullen  succeeded  to 
the  care  of  all  the  pupils,  which  he  conti- 
nued to  do  till  within  a  few  months  of  his 
death.     He  died  11th  October,  1790.     He 
married  Miss  Johnston,  the  daughter  of  a 
clergyman,  by  whom  he  had  a  numerous 
family.     She  died  1786.     His  other  works 
were,  lines  of  physic,  4  vols.  8vo. — synop- 
sis nosologiae  methodicae,   2  vols.  8vo. — a 
treatise  on  the  recovery  of  drowned  per- 
sons, &c.  8vo. 

Cullum,  Sir  John,  was  born  21st  June, 
1733,  and  educated  at  Bury-schoo!  and 
Catharine-hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  fellow.  He  died  at  Hardwicke- 
house,  9th  October,  1785,  rector  of  Great 
Thurlow,  Suffolk,  and  member  of  the  royal 
and  antiquarian  societies.  He  published 
the  history  and  antiquities  of  Hawsted, 
Suffolk. 

Culmer,  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic,  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree.  He 
was  expelled  from  the  living  of  Goodnes- 
ton,  in  Kent,  for  refusing  to  read  the  book 
of  sports,  and  then  became  lecturer  at  Can- 
terbury, and  was  afterwards  employed  by 


the  parliament  in  breaking  down  and  de- 
facing images,  pictures,  &c.  from  all  places 
of  worship.  In  his  indiscriminating  zeal, 
he  demolished  the  beautiful  painted  window 
of  Canterbury  cathedral,  of  which  he  gave 
an  account ;  and  for  his  meritorious  servi- 
ces in  the  cause  of  republicanism  he  was 
promoted  to  the  vacant  living  of  Minster  in 
Kent,  from  which  he  was  ejected  at  the 
restoration.  He  was  a  most  abusive  and 
litigious  character,  and  from  his  fondness 
for  fighting,  he  was  called  the  blue-skin 
Dick. 

Culpeper,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  clergy- 
man of  that  name,  after  a  few  years  spent, 
at  Cambridge,  was  bound  to  an  apothecary. 
He  engaged  himself  deeply  in  the  study  of 
astrology,  of  which  he  became  professor. 
He  died  in  Spitalfields,  1654.  He  wrote 
several  books,  the  best  known  of  which  is 
his  "  herbal,"  in  which  he  describes  the 
good  and  bad  qualities  of  plants,  as  if  by 
casting  their  nativities. 

Culpeper,  Thomas,  lord,  son  of  Sir 
John,  baron  of  Culpeper,  of  England,  ar- 
rived in  Virginia,  as  lieutenant  and  gover- 
nor general  in  1679.  Sir  H.  Chicherley 
had  previously  been  at  the  head  of  the 
administration,  and  succeeded  him  on  his 
return  to  England.  In  1684,  lord  Howard 
was  appointed  governor.  Lord  Culpeper 
brought  with  him  an  act  of  indemnity  for 
all  offences  committed  during  the  late  rebel- 
lion, which  contributed  much  to  recommend 
him  to  the  people.  This  was  manifested 
by  the  assembly  in  making  a  large  addition 
to  his  salary,  and  consenting  to  the  esta- 
blishment of  a  regular  duty  for  supplying 
his  table,  contrary  to  the  custom  which  had 
previously  prevailed.  He  was  one  of  the 
persons  to  whom  a  grant  was  made  in 
1649,  of  the  territory  between  the  Poto- 
mack  and  the  Rappahannock.  In  1669,  he 
purchased  the  rights  of  his  associates,  and 
in  1673,  obtained  from  the  crown  a  lease  of 
the  quit  rents  of  the  whole  for  thirty-one 
years.  He  died  in  1719,  leaving  no  male 
heirs,  but  a  daughter  married  to  lord  Fair- 
fax, to  whom  the  title  of  the  estate  des- 
cended. ICF*  L. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  a  learned  pre- 
late, son  of  a  citizen  of  London,  where  he 
was  born  July  15,  1632.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school,  and  Magdalen  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  fellow.  He 
took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1656,  and  two 
years  after,  he  was  presented  to  Brampton 
rectory,  Northamptonshire.  He  was  drawn 
from  his  solitude,  in  which  he  diligently 
discharged  all  the  pastoral  duties,  by  the 
elevation  of  his  friend  Orlando  Bridgman 
to  the  seals,  1667,  from  whom  he  received 
the  living  of  All-hallows,  Stamford.  He 
published  in  1672,  his  work  de  legibus  na- 
ture disquisitio  philosophica,  &.c.  which 
has  been  translated  into  English  by  Tyml 
191  ' 


CUM 


CUM 


and  by  Maxwell.  This  performance  greatly 
raised  his  reputation  for  science  and  for 
knowledge;  and  he  was  further  distinguish- 
ed for  the  exercises  which  he  performed 
when  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1680. 
In  1686,  he  published  his  essay  on  Jewish 
measures  and  weights,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  and  full  of  accurate  calculation.  In 
1691,  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Peterbo- 
rough by  William,  without  solicitation  or 
interest,  but  merely  from  the  eminence  of 
his  learning,  bis  exemplary  manners,  and 
his  strong  attachment  to  the  protestant 
faith.  In  his  episcopal  duties  he  was  in- 
defatigably  vigilant,  observing  to  his  friends 
who  dissuaded  him  from  exertions  which 
might  injure  his  health,  "that  he  would 
fulfil  his  duties  as  long  as  he  could,  and 
that  a  man  had  better  wear  out  than  rust 
out."  Some  part  of  his  time,  however, 
was  devoted  to  literature,  he  was  a  sound 
mathematician,  well  acquainted  with  ori- 
ental learning,  and  perfectly  informed  in  all 
the  branches  of  science  and  philosophy.  In 
his  pursuits  to  discover  the  true  causes  of 
idolatry,  he  paid  great  attention  to  the 
shattered  Phoenician  history  of  Sanchonia- 
thon  ;  but  though  great  labour  was  bestow- 
ed on  the  subject,  and  a  book  prepared  for 
the  press,  his  bookseller  objected,  on  ac- 
count of  the  times,  to  the  publication, 
which  was  deferred  till  after  his  death, 
when  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Payne,  gave  to 
the  world,  in  1720,  his  Sanchoniathon's 
Phoenician  history,  from  Eusebius'  praepar. 
evangel.  &c.  and  in  1724,  his  second  work, 
his  origines  gentium  antiquissimae.  The 
bishop  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  to  the 
last  retained  the  great  powers  of  his  mind. 
He  died  October  9,  1718,  in  his  87th  year, 
in  consequence  of  a  violent  attack  of  the 
palsy,  which  proved  immediately  fatal.  He 
was  huried  in  his  own  cathedral. 

Cumberland,  William,  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  II.  was  born  1721.  He  was 
at  the  battle  of  Dettingen  with  his  father, 
and  distinguished  himself  so  much,  that  at 
(he  battle  of  Fontenoy,  he  might  have  en- 
sured a  most  glorious  victory,  had  he  been 
ably  supported  by  the  Dutch  troops.  His 
next  services  were  the  defeat  of  the  pre- 
tender at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  1746,  for 
which  he  was  highly  applauded  by  the  par- 
liament and  by  the  nation.  In  1747,  he 
lost  the  battle  of  Val,  by  the  hesitating  as- 
sistance of  the  Dutch.     He  died  1765. 

Cumberland,  Henry  Frederic,  duke  of, 
son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  was  cre- 
ated duke  inl766,  and  in  1771,  marriedAnn 
Horton,  daughter  of  lord  Carhampton,  and 
widow  of  Mr.  Horton.  This  union  was 
the  cause  of  the  royal  marriage  act.  He 
was  grand  master  of  the  freemasons,  and 
died  September  1790,  aged  45. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  a  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  Feb.  19, 
49=1 


1 732.  He  was  educated  at  Bury-school, 
and  next  at  Westminster  till  he  was  four- 
teen, when  he  became  a  student  of  Trinity 
college,  where,  in  1750,  he  obtained  his 
bachelor's  degree,  and  two  years  after- 
wards, he  passed  his  examination  for  a  fel- 
lowship. About  this  time,  he  became 
private  secretary  to  lord  Halifax,  with 
whom  he  went  to  Ireland,  when  that  no- 
bleman was  appointed  to  the  viceroyship. 
On  his  return  to  England,  he  obtained  the 
place  of  clerk  of  reports  in  the  office  of 
trade  and  plantations  ;  and  afterwards  was 
appointed  secretary  to  that  board.  In  1780, 
he  went  on  a  mission  to  Lisbon  and  Ma* 
drid,  but  was  recalled  the  year  following 
having,  as  was  said,  exceeded  his  powers. 
He  was  also  deprived  of  his  situation  at  the 
board  of  trade,  and  from  this  time  his  cir- 
cumstances were  much  contracted.  He 
now  retired  to  Tunbridge  Wells,  where  he 
lost  his  wife  ;  upon  which  he  removed  to 
London,  and  died  there  May  7,  1811.  Mr. 
Cumberland's  talents  were  considerable, 
and  his  vanity  not  jmuch  less,  which  ex- 
posed him  to  the  attacks  of  some  satirists, 
particularly  Sheridan,  who  drew  his  por- 
trait in  the  character  of  "  Sir  Fretful  Pla- 
giary." His  chief  merit  was  as  a  drama- 
tist, and  the  best  of  his  numerous  plays 
are  the  "  West  Indian,"  the  "  Jew,"  and 
"  The  Wheel  of  Fortune."  Of  his  poetical 
performances  none  are  likely  to  be  long  re- 
membered, except  "Calvary."  His  novels 
of  "Arundel;"  "  Henry,"  and  "John  De 
Lancaster,"  possess  merit,  and  his  "  Ob- 
server," a  series  of  miscellaneous  papers, 
which  holds  a  distinguished  rank  amon» 
the  British  classics.  Besides  these  works, 
he  published  many  fugitive  pieces  and 
tracts  ;  "  Anecdotes  of  Spanish  Painters," 
in  2  vols.,  and  the  Memoirs  of  His  own 
Life,  from  which  this  is  extracted. —  W.  B. 
Cuming,  William,  an  eminent  physician, 
born  at  Edinburgh,  1714,  and  educated  at 
the  high  school  and  university  of  that  city. 
After  residing  some  time  at  Paris  and  Ley- 
den,  he  came  to  London,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  Dorchester.  In  this  situation, 
from  which  he  refused  to  retire  for  the 
more  extensive  practice  of  London,  he  soon 
gained  universal  reputation,  and  recom- 
mended himself  to  his  patients  as  %vell  by 
the  gentleness  of  his  manners  and  his  pro- 
bity, as  by  his  learning  and  his  skilful  ma- 
nagement of  diseases.  Though  he  did  not 
commit  any  thing  to  the  press,  he  was  par- 
ticularly attentive  to  assist  his  friends, 
among  whom  Mr.  Hntchins,  the  historian 
of  Dorsetshire,  has  paid  very  handsome  and 
deserved  compliments  to  his  abilities  and 
kind  assiduity.  Dr.  Cuming  was  afllicted 
with  great  weakness  in  his  eyes,  which, 
though  it  lessened,  did  not  damp,  his  pur- 
suits after  knowledge.  He  was  fellow  of 
the  London  and  Edinburgh  societies  of  an- 


CL'K 


CUN 


tiquarians,  and  he  was  also  fellow  of  the 
college  of  physicians.  He  died  of  a  dropsy, 
25th  March,  1788,  aged  74. 

Cun^eus,  Peter,  a  learned  lawyer,  profes- 
sor at  Ley  den,  was  born  at  Flushing,  1 386. 
He  was  educated  for  the  church  ;  but  the 
rancour  of  the  theological  disputes  of  the 
times  disgusted  him,  and  he  applied  himself 
to  belles  lettres  and  to  the  law.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  learning,  and  deservedly  com- 
mended by  Vossius,  Cstsaubon,  Scaliger, 
and  others.  He  died  1638.  He  wi  ote.  among 
other  valuable  works,  de  republica  Hebrae- 
orum — satira  Menippae^,  in  sui  saeculi  ho- 
mines inepte  eruditos — remarks  on  Non- 
nius'  Dionysiaca — a  translation  of  Julian's 
Caesars,  &c. 

Cunegonde,  daughter  of  Sigefroi  count 
of  Luxembourg,  married  the  emperor  Hen- 
ry II.  by  whom  she  had  no  children.  Some 
historians  accuse  her  of  incontinence, 
while  others  regard  her  as  ill  treated  by  her 
husband,  after  whose  death,  in  1024,  she 
retired  to  a  monastery. 

Cunitia,  Maria,  a  learned  lady  in  the 
17th  century,  born  in  Silesia.  She  pos- 
sessed a  perfect  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages,  but  particularly  excelled 
in  mathematics  and  astronomy,  on  which 
she  wrote  some  ingenious  treatises,  espe- 
cially her  Urania  propitia,  in  1650,  in  Latin 
and  German,  dedicated  to  the  emperor  Fer- 
dinand III.  This  work  contains  astrono- 
mical tables,  calculated  on  Kepler's  hypo- 
thesis, and  displays  her  powers  as  a  scholar 
and  mathematician  to  have  been  very  great 
and  most  respectable.  She  married  a  phy- 
sician, Elias  de  Lewin,  and  died  at  Piste- 
hen  1664,  much  regretted  as  a  person  of 
science,  and  highly  beloved  as  a  woman  of 
an  amiable  character. 

Cunningham,  William,  a  physician, 
who,  as  bishop  Tanner  informs  us,  resided 
in  Coleman-street,  London.  He  lived  at 
Norwich  about  1559;  but,  in  1563,  was  a 
public  lecturer  in  Surgeon's  ball,  London. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  as  an  as- 
tronomer and  physician,  and  was  equally 
eminent  as  an  ingenious  engraver  on 
copper. 

Cunningham,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  his- 
torian, born  at  Ettrick,  near  Selkirk,  in 
1654.  He  was  educated  in  Holland,  where 
no  doubt  he  imbibed  all  the  principles  of 
government  then  fashionable,  and  where  he 
became  acquainted  with  the  fugitive  lords 
Sutherland  and  Argyle.  He  came  over 
with  William  at  the  revolution,  and  main- 
tained an  intimacy  with  the  most  popular 
members  of  government.  He  was  for  many 
years  employed  as  travelling  tutor  to  lord 
Hyndford  and  his  brother  William,  and  af- 
terwards to  lord  Lome,  and  viscount  Lons- 
dale ;  and  during  his  visits  to  the  courts  on 
the  continent,  he  had  the  means  of  making 
important  observations  on  tbc  manners  and 


politics  of  various  countries,  which  he  com- 
municated in  confidence  to  the  king  and  to 
his  ministers.  To  this  may  be  attributed  the 
vast  information  which  he  manifests  in  his 
writings,  and  the  great  military  knowledge 
which  he  displays,  and  which  he  derived 
from  the  friendship  of  his  pupil  lord  Lome, 
afterwards  so  famous  as  John  duke  of  Ar- 
gyle. At  the  accession  of  George  I.  Cun- 
ningham, by  the  partiality  of  his  friends, 
Argyle,  Sunderland,  and  VValpole,  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  the  Venetian  republic,  where  he 
resided  five  years,  till  1720.  He  after- 
wards lived  in  studious  retirement,  respect- 
ed as  a  politician  and  as  a  man  of  letters. 
From  an  inscription  in  St.  Martin's  church 
over  an  Alexander  Cunnigham,  supposed  to 
be  his,  he  died  15th  May,  1737,  in  the  83d 
year  of  his  age.  His  history  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, from  the  revolution  to  the  accession  of 
George  I.  appeared  in  2  vols.  4to.  1787, 
translated  into  English  from  the  Latin  ma- 
nuscript, by  Dr.  W.  Thomson.  The  work 
had  passed  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Holling- 
berry,  and  was  recommended,  from  its  va- 
luable contents,  for  publication,  by  lord 
Hardwicke,  and  Dr.  Douglas  bishop  of  Sa- 
lisbury. It  is  indeed  a  work  of  merit,  and 
it  relates  the  particulars  of  an  important 
period  with  accuracy,  spirit,  and  impar- 
tiality ;  though,  in  the  drawing  of  some 
characters,  especially  that  of  Burnet,  the 
author  shows  himself  prejudiced  and  un- 
candid.  To  our  author  some  have  likewise 
attributed  the  celebrated  criticisms  on  Ho- 
race, 2  vols.  8vo,  1721,  and  those  posthu- 
mous remarks  on  Virgil  published  1742 ; 
but  by  those  who  have  examined  the  matter 
with  great  care  and  nicety,  the  matter  is 
left  doubtful.  It  appears,  indeed,  that  the 
historian  and  the  critic  were  both  of  the 
same  name,  both  Scotch,  both  lived  in  the 
same  times,  both  educated  in  Holland,  both 
eminent  for  their  skill  in  the  game  of  chess, 
both  employed  as  travelling  tutors,  and  both 
attained  to  an  advanced  age.  The  coinci- 
dence is  so  remarkable,  that  the  character 
should  be  considered  as  belonging  solely  to 
the  Venetian  envoy,  whose  learning  was 
adequate  to  the  most  refined  criticism,  and 
the  deepest  observations  on  ancient  times 
and  manners. 

Cunningham,  John,  son  of  a  wine-mer- 
chant in  Dublin,  displayed  ear'y  evidences  of 
poetical  genius.  At  17  he  wrote  his  "  love 
in  a  mist,  or  the1  lass  of  spirit ;"  from  which 
Garrick  drew  the  prominent  features  of  his 
"  lying  varlet."  He  was  for  several  years 
of  his  life  engaged  as  a  strolling  player,  in 
the  north  of  England  and  in  Scotland. 
He  settled  at  last  in  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  a  place  to  which  he  was  very  partial, 
and  where  he  died  18th  September,  1773, 
aged  42. 

Cunt,  Lewis  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Lan- 
grcss,  who  died  1755.     He  is  known  bv 
193 


CUR 


CUR 


three  funeral  orations,  on  the  dauphin  of 
France,  the  queen  of  Poland,  and  cardinal 
Rohan. 

Cupano,  Francis,  a  Sicilian  ecclesiastic, 
who  published,  1667,  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Sicily,  and  also  a  valuable  history 
of  the  island. 

Cuperus,  Gisbert,  professor  of  history 
and  burgomaster  of  Daventer,  was  born  at 
Hemmen,  in  Gueldres,  1614.  He  died  at 
Daventer  1716.  He  wrote  observationes 
criticae  et  chronological  3  vols.  4to. — apo- 
theosis Homeri,  4to. — history  of  the  three 
Gordians — a  collection  of  letters. 

Cur^eus,  Joachim,  a  German  physician, 
born  in  Silesia.  He  improved  himself 
greatly  by  travelling,  and  died  1573,  aged 
41.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  the  annals  of  Sile- 
sia and  Breslau,  in  folio. 

Curcelljeus,  Stephen,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, born  at  Geneva,  died  at  Amsterdam 
1658,  aged  72.  After  residing  some  time 
in  France,  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  was  followed  by  the  Arminians,  and 
where  he  succeeded  Episcopius  as  divinity 
professor.  He  was  an  able  critic  and  a 
great  linguist,  and  wrote  several  theologi- 
cal tracts.  He  published  a  new  edition  of 
the  Greek  Testament,  with  various  read- 
ings, and  with  a  copious  dissertation,  in 
which  he  properly  observes,  that  none  of 
the  readings  affect  in  the  least  degree  the 
articles  of  faith.  Polemburg,  the  succes- 
sor of  Curcellaus  in  the  professor's  chair, 
has  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life  to  the 
folio  edition  of  his  works. 

Curio,  an  orator  of  Rome,  who  called 
Caesar  the  man  of  all  the  women  and  the 
woman  of  all  the  men.  His  son  was  also 
eminent  as  an  orator  and  as  the  friend  of 
Ca:sar. 

Curio,  Ccelius  Secundus,  was  born  at  San 
Chirico,  in  Piedmont.  His  abjuration  of 
the  Romish  religion,  for  the  tenets  of  Lu- 
ther exposed  him  to  the  persecution  of 
the  catholics,  and  he  was  seized  and  con- 
fined in  the  prison  of  Turin  by  the  bishop. 
He  however  escaped  from  his  enemies,  and 
fled  to  Salo  and  Pavia  ;  but  the  influence  of 
the  pope  still  persecuted  him  over  Italy, 
till  he  took  refuge  at  Lausanne  in  Switzer- 
land, where  he  became  principal  of  the  col- 
lege. He  afterwards  removed  to  Basil, 
where  for  twenty-two  years,  till  his  death, 
1569,  at  the  age  of  67,  he  continued  re- 
spectably to  fill  the  chair  of  eloquence 
and  belles  lettres.  His  work,  "  de  ampli- 
tudine  beati  regni  Dei,"  1550,  in  8vo.  is  a 
curious  composition.  He  wrote  besides, 
"  opuscula,"  Svo. — letters — Calvinus  ju- 
daisans,  &c. 

Curius,  Dentatus  Marcus  Annius,  a  Ro- 
man   consul,    distinguished    in    the    wars 
against  Pyrrus.     He  preferred  poverty  to 
riches,  and  rejected  with  disdain  the  offers 
494 


of  the  Samnites,  who  solicited  hiia  with 
large  bribes,  about  B.  C.  272. 

Curl,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  whose 
name  has  obtained  immortality  in  Pope's 
Duneiad.  He  was  born  in  the  west  of 
England,  and,  from  low  beginnings,  kept 
a  shop  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Covent 
garden,  where  the  books  he  published  were 
generally  enlarged  by  wretched  note3, 
forged  letters,  ana  bad  plates.  He  lost  his 
ears  for  publishing  "  the  nun  in  her 
smock,"  and  other  licentious  pieces.  He 
died  174S. 

Curopalate,  John,  an  officer  in  the 
household  oi  the  Greek  emperor  of  that 
name.  He  wrote  a  (ireek  history  from  the 
time  of  Michael  Curopalate  to  the  reign  of 
Alexius,  from  813  to  1081.  This  work 
has  been  most  shamefully  pillaged  by 
Cedrenus,  who  wrote  an  abridged  history 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  the 
reign  of  Isaac  Comnenus.  Syncellus, 
Theophanes,  and  others,  have  also  borrow- 
ed from  him. 

Curradi,  Francesco,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  1660,  aged  90.  He  was  very 
correct  in  his  historical  pieces,  and  had 
a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  chiaro-ob- 
scuro. 

Currie,  James,  an  eminent  physician. 
He  was  born,  1756,  at  Kirkpatrick -Flem- 
ing, Dumfrieshire,  and,  after  receiving  a 
proper  education  at  Dumfries  school,  he 
was  seut  to  Virginia  in  a  commercial  ca- 
pacity. The  intricacies  of  commercial 
business,  however,  had  no  attraction  for 
him,  and  he  returned  with  eagerness  to 
study  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  where,  after 
three  years  residence,  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  He  settled  at  Liverpool,  and 
acquired  deserved  celebrity,  not  only  from 
his  practice,  but  the  candour  and  benevo- 
lence of  his  heart,  his  classical  taste,  and 
his  general  information.  He  afterwards 
removed  to  Bath,  on  account  of  ill  health, 
and  died  at  Sidmouth,  Devonshire,  3lst 
August,  1805.  Dr.  Currie  was  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  letter,  commercial  and 
political,  to  Mr.  Pitt,  published  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Jasper  Wilson,  1793, 
which  passed  through  several  editions,  and 
attracted  much  of  the  public  attention  from 
its  own  merits,  and  from  the  answers 
which  were  made  to  it.  Besides  his  medi- 
cal reports  on  the  effects  of  water,  cold 
and  warm,  as  a  remedy  in  febrile  diseases, 
Svo.  1797,  with  an  additional  volume  1804, 
he  wrote  some  valuable  papers  in  the  Man- 
chester transactions,  the  collections  of  the 
London  medical  society,  and  the  philoso- 
phical transactions.  He  also  edited  Burns's 
poems  in  1800,  with  a  pleasing  account  of 
the  poet's  life,  and  a  learned  criticism  on  hi? 
writings. 
Curson,  or  Corceone,  Robert,  an  Eng- 


eus 


cus 


glishman,  who  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris. 
He  became  chancellor  of  Paris  university, 
and  was  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent  III. 
in  1212.  He  was  active  in  preaching  the 
Crusades,  and  died  at  Damietta  1218.  He 
wrote  on  the  question  whether  Origen  be 
saved  or  not.     The  work  is  now  lost. 

Curtius,  Martius,  a  Roman,  who  is  said 
to  have  saciiliced  his  me  lor  the  good  of 
his  country,  by  leaping  into  a  gull,  which 
could  ciose  only  when  Rome  had  thrown 
into  it  whatever  she  held  most  precious, 
about  362  B.  C. 

Curtius,  Quint.  Rufus,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, whose  life  ot  Alexander  the  Great,  in 
10  books,  is  much  admired.  The  age  in 
which  he  lived  is  not  accurately  ascertain- 
ed, though  some  place  him  in  the  reign  of 
Trajan. 

Curtius,  Michael  Conrad,  professor  of 
history  and  rhetoric  at  Marpurg,  was  born 
in  1724  at  Techentin  in  the  dutchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg. He  studied  at  Rostock,  alter 
which  he  became  a  private  tutor  in  different 
families  of  distinction,  tiil  1759,  when  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  logic  and  meta- 
physics in  the  academy  of  Luneburg, 
from  whence  in  1767  he  removed  to  Mar- 
purg, where  in  1795  he  became  princi- 
pal of  the  faculty  of  philosophy,  and  twice 
had  the  office  of  pro-rector  of  the  univer- 
sity. He  died  in  1802.  He  published 
— 1.  "  Commentarii  de  Senatu  Romano, 
sub  imperatoribus."  2.  A  translation  of 
Columella  on  agriculture.  And  some  other 
works. —  W.  B. 

Cusa,  Nicholas  de,  a  cardinal,  born  at 
Cusa,  of  mean  parentage.  His  great  merit, 
and  his  extensive  knowledge  of  law  and  of 
divinity,  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
pope  Nicholas  V.  who  made  him  a  cardi- 
nal 1448,  and  bishop  of  Brixia  two  years 
after.  He  was  sent  by  the  pope  to  Ger- 
many as  legate,  in  1451,  to  preach  the  cru- 
sades against  the  Turks,  in  which  he  was 
unsuccessful.  He  died  at  Todi,  in  Umbria, 
1464,  aged  63.  His  works,  which  were  nu- 
merous and  valuable,  were  coliected  and 
printed  in  three  vols.  Basil,  1565.  They 
contain,  besides  controversial  and  meta- 
physical tracts,  some  geographical  and  as- 
tronomical pieces,  and  Cribratio  alcorani, 
a  treatise  intended  against  the  spreading  of 
Mahomet's  doctrines  after  the  fall  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

Cushing,  William,  LL.D.  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  was  the 
son  of  the  honourable  John  Cushing,  and 
was  born  at  Scituate,  Massachusetts,  in 
March,  1723.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1751,  and  studied  law  under 
the  direction  of  the  celebrated  Jeremy  Grid- 
ley,  and  practised  with  great  reputation. 
He  held  the  office  of  judge  of  probate, 
previous  to  the  death  of  his  father  in  1772, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  him  as 


a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachu- 
setts. He  was  remarkable  for  the  secrecy 
of  his  opinions,  and  by  that  means  kept  up 
his  reputation  with  both  the  court  and  re- 
publican party,  during  all  their  contentions. 
He  was  strongly  attached  to  the  cause  of 
liberty  during  the  looiution,  and  was  vice 
president  of  the  convention  of  Massachu- 
setts, which  ratified  the  federal  constitu- 
tion, and  presided  during  a  great  part  of 
the  session.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  an 
associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States,  in  which  office  he 
continued  until  his  death.  His  long  life 
was  spent  in  the  public  service,  and  was 
marked  by  great  industry  and  integrity,  for 
which  he  was  more  distinguished  than  for 
brilliancy  of  talents.  He  was  remarkable 
for  great  simplicity  and  purity  of  manners. 
He  died  at  the  place  of  his  nativity,  Sep- 
tember 13th,  1810.  ICP  L. 

Cushing,  Thomas,  LL.D.  lieutenant 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at 
Boston  in  1725,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
in  1744.  He  was  for  a  number  of  years  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  popular  party  in  the 
state,  and  a  speaker  ol  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives. In  1774  he  was  elected  to 
a  seat  in  congress  ;  and  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  constitution,  chosen  lieutenant 
governor  of  the  state,  and  continued  in  the 
office  till  his  death  in  1788.  He  was  a  man 
of  talents,  a  patriot,  a  friend  of  learning, 
and  a  Christian.  IQ^  L. 

Cushing,  Nathan,  a  member  of  the 
council  of  Massachusetts,  and  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1763.  He  resigned 
the  office  of  judge  in  1 800,  and  died  at  Sci- 
tuate, November  2d,  1812,  aged  70. 

ICF'L. 

Cuspinian,  John,  a  German,  who  was 
born  at  Sweinfurt,  and  died  at  Vienna 
1529,  aged  56.  He  was  physician  to  the 
emperor  Maximilian  I.  by  whom  he  was 
employed  in  some  important  negotiations. 
He  wrote  a  learned  Latin  history  of  the 
Roman  emperors  from  Julius  Caesar  to  the 
death  of  Maximilian  I. — a  history  of  Aus- 
tria— a  history  of  the  Turks,  and  of  their 
cruelty  towards  the  Christians. 

Cuss  ay,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  is  known 
for  his  noble  reply  to  the  duke  of  Guise, 
who  had  ordered  the  protestants  of  Anjou 
to  be  massacred  on  the  fatal  day  of  St. 
Bartholomew.  "Tell  the  king," answered 
he,  "  that  my  fellow-citizens  are  brave  and 
loyal,  but  not  assassins." 

Custines,  Adam  Philippe  count  de,  was 
born  at  Metz,  4th  February,  1740,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war. 
In  the  American  war  he  assisted  the  revolt- 
ed colonics  at  the  head  of  his  regiment, 
and  in  the  national  assembly  he  espoused 
warmly  the  popular  party.  When  placed 
in  the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine, 
495 


CUT 


CYP 


he  took  the  cities  of  Spires,  Mentz,  Frank- 
fort, &c.  but  a  reverse  of  fortune  obliged 
him  to  fall  back.  Want  of  success  was  in 
the  eyts  of  a  jealous  tribunal  considered  as 
treason,  and  Custines  perished  on  tbe 
scanoid  27th  Aug.  17U3.  He  was  weak  in 
his  conduct,  proud  in  prosperity,  but  a 
coward  in  adversity.  ins  sun,  with 
greater  firmness  than  his  lather,  met  the 
stroke  of  the  guillotine  3d  January,  1794, 
aged  25. 

Cuthbert,  an  English  saint,  born  in  the 
north,  and  educated  by  tne  Scottish  monks 
in  the  abbey  of  Icuimknl.  He  settled  in 
the  island  of  Lindisierna,  four  miles  from 
Berwick,  now  called  Holy-Island ;  from 
whence  he  came  to  the  court  of  Egfred 
king  of  Northumberland,  whom,  with  many 
of  his  nobles,  he  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  baptized.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
the  Northumonan  Saxons  ;  ^ut,  from  his 
fondness  for  solitude,  he  retired  to  Holy- 
Island,  where  he  founded  a  monastery,  and 
where  he  died  6S6,  leaving  behind  him  a 
great  number  of  pupils,  and  a  deserved  cha- 
racter of  sanctity,  virtue,  and  devotion. 

Cutler,  Timothy,  D.  D.  president  of 
Yale  college,  Connecticut,  was  a  native  of 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  in  1701.  He  was  ordained 
minister  of  the  congregational  church  at 
Stratford,Connecticut,  in  1709,and  10  years 
after  elected  president  of  Yale  college, 
where  he  continued  till  1722,  when  becom- 
ing an  episcopalian,  he  was  dismissed,  and 
settled  in  a  church  of  that  denomination  in 
Boston.  He  was  one  of  the  lirst  among 
his  cotemporaries  in  talents  and  learning, 
and  enjoyed  the  highest  respect  of  all  in 
the  several  stations  which  he  was  called 
to  fill.     He  died  in  1765.  SCF3  L. 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  LL.D.  a  congre- 
gational minister  of  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1765,  and  set- 
tled pastor  of  a  church  in  Ipswich,  Massa- 
chusetts, September  11th,  1771.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  attention  to 
several  branches  of  natural  history,  particu- 
larly by  making  the  first  essay  towards  a 
scientific  description  of  the  plants  of  New- 
England,  an  account  of  several  hundred  of 
which  communicated  by  him  was  published 
by  the  American  academy,  of  which  he 
was  a  member.  In  1800  he  was  elected  to 
a  seat  in  congress,  and  retained  it  till  1804, 
when  he  declined  any  further  political  em- 
ployment from  its  interference  with  his 
professional  duties.  He  died  July  28th, 
1823,  aged  81.  sCP  L. 

Cutts,  John  lord,  was  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at  Matching,  in  Essex,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  wars  of  William  III. 
He  was  early  in  the  service  of  Monmouth, 
and  signalized  himself  greatly  under  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  in  Hungary,  and  at  the 
taking  of  Buda  bv  the  imperialists.  At  the 
496 


revolution  he  had  a  regiment  of  foot,  was 
created  baron  in  Ireland  1690,  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  1693,  and  complimented 
by  Hopkins  as  one  to  whom  a  double  crown 
was  due,  as  a  hero  and  a  poet.  On  queen 
Anne's  accession  he  was  made  lieutenant 
general  of  the  forces  in  Holland,  com- 
mander of  the  forces  in  Ireland  in  1705, 
and  afterwards  one  of  the  lords  justices  of 
that  kingdom  ;  an  appointment  which 
broke  his  heart,  because  it  removed  him 
intentionally  out  of  the  sphere  of  active 
enterprise.  He  died  at  Dublin,  26th  of 
January,  1707,  and  was  buried  in  Christ- 
church  cathedral.  He  wrote  a  poem  on 
queen  Mary's  death,  and  published,  1687, 
poetical  exercises,  written  on  several  occa- 
sions— a  poem  on  wisdom — another  on 
Waller.  The  poetry,  though  not  deser- 
ving to  rank  very  high,  yet  possesses  merit, 
and  justifies  the  praises  of  Waller  and 
others. 

Cutts,  John,  president  of  New-Hamp- 
shire, was  a  principal  merchant  of  great 
probity  and  esteem  in  Portsmouth,  where 
he  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers.  He 
was  deputy  to  the  general  court  during  the 
union  with  Massachusetts,  and  was  one  of 
the  committee  of  Portsmouth,  appointed 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts, 
and  against  the  claims  of  Mason.  In  1679, 
however,  a  new  government  was  establish- 
ed, and  Mr.  Cutts  was  appointed  president. 
He  held  the  office  until  his  death,  March 
27th,  1681.  ICF*  L. 

Cyaxares  I.  king  of  the  Medes  after 
Phraortes,  died  585  B.C. 

Cyaxares  II.  king  of  Media,  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  famous  Darius,  who  died 
536  B.C. 

Cygne,  Martin  du,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
professor  of  eloquence,  born  at  St.  Omer, 
died  1669,  aged  50.  He  wrote  explanatio 
rhetorics — ars  metrica  et  ars  poetica — 
fons  eloquentia,  &c.  4  vols.  12mo. — comae- 
diae  12  cum  Terent.  turn  Plaut.  concinnatse, 
2  vols.  12mo. 

Cyn.&girus,  an  Athenian,  who  at  the 
battle  of  Marathon,  pursued  the  flying 
Persians  to  their  ships,  and  in  swimming 
after  them  had  both  his  arms  and  his  head 
cut  off. 

Cyneas,  a  Thessalian  philosopher,  who 
accompanied  Pyrrhus  in  his  invasion  of 
Italy.  He  called  the  Roman  senate  an 
assembly  of  kings. 

Cyprian,  Thascius  Caecilius,  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  church,  born  at  Carthage. 
He  was  bishop  of  Carthage,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  258.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  edited  by  Dr.  Fell,  and  translated 
into  English  by  Marshall. 

Cypriani,  or  Cipriani,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, who  settled  in  England,  and  died  in 
London  1785.  He  possessed  great  merit  in 
his  profession,  and  his  pieces  spread  over 


GVIl 


CYR 


Europe  by  the  graver  of  Bartolozzi,  are 
well  known  and  admired  for  grace,  beauty, 
and  expression.  In  private  life  he  was 
highly  and  deservedly  esteemed  for  his 
many  talents  and  virtues.  His  son  in- 
herited his  virtues. 

Cyrano,  Bergerac,  a  French  author, 
born  in  Gascony  1620.  He  early  entered 
the  army,  where  his  valour  distinguished 
him  in  the  field  as  well  as  in  duelling,  and 
procured  him  the  appellation  of  the  intre- 
pid. He  was  shot  through  the  body  at  the 
siege  of  Mouzon,  and  run  through  the 
neck  at  that  of  Arras  in  1640  ;  but  his 
prospects  of  promotion  were  so  small,  com- 
pared to  the  dangers  and  difficulties  to 
which  he  exposed  himself,  that  he  aban- 
doned the  army,  to  wield  the  pen  of  wit 
and  poetry.  Though  fond  of  independ- 
ence and  liberty,  he  attached  himself  to 
marshal  Gassion,  and  afterwards  to  the 
duke  of  Arpajon.  He  died  in  1655,  aged 
35,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received  on 
the  head  by  the  fall  of  a  piece  of  timber. 
His  works  consist  of  a  tragedy  on  the  death 
of  Agrippina,  mother  of  Germanicus — the 
pedant,  a  comedy — besides  a  comic  history 
of  the  states  and  empires  of  the  sun  and  of 
the  moon — letters — dialogues — and  frag- 
ments of  physic,  &c.  He  abounded  in  wit 
and  humour,  he  wrote  with  great  facility, 
and  interwove  in  his  philosophical  romance 
the  system  of  Des  Cartes.  In  many  parts, 
from  his  fine  strokes  of  satire  on  the  wild 
inquiries  of  the  philosophers  of  the  age, 


he  has,  says  lord  Orrery,  directed  the  plan 
which  Swift  afterwards  pursued. 

Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathers, 
who  was  bishop  of  Jerusalem.  He  died 
3S6,  author  of  some  works. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria,  bishop  of  that  see, 
died  444.  He  was  violent  in  his  measures 
to  banish  the  Jews  and  Novatians  from 
Alexandria ;  and  wrote  various  works, 
edited  at  Paris,  7  vols.  fol. 

Cyrill,  Lucar,  was  born  in  Candia  1572, 
and  educated  at  Padua  and  in  Germany. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and 
afterwards,  1621,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  was  deposed,  for  his  attempts 
to  reform  his  clergy,  and  at  last  was 
strangled,  by  order  of  the  grand  signior, 
in  1638.  His  confession  of  faith  and  his 
letters  were  published,  Amsterdam,  1718. 

Cyrus,  the  elder,  king  of  Persia,  was 
son  of  Mandane,  the  daughter  of  Astyages. 
He  dethroned  his  grandfather,  established 
the  Persian  empire,  and  was  at  last  killed 
in  the  battle  against  Tomyris,  queen  of 
the  Massagetae,  B.C.  530. 

Cyrus,  the  younger,  son  of  Darius,  re- 
volted against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  and 
was  defeated  by  him  in  the  plains  of  Cu- 
naxa,  401.  Had  he  not  been  too  rash,  he 
might  have  obtained  the  victory.  The  re- 
treat of  the  10,000  Greeks  who  accom- 
panied him  is  celebrated  in  ancient  history. 

Cyrus,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  reign  of  the 
younger  Theodosius.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  Christian  and  bishop  of  Phrygia. 


DAC 

JLIaC,  John,  a  German  painter,  born 
at  Cologne  1556,  and  employed  by  the 
emperor  Rodolph,  who  rewarded  his  great 
abilities  with  honours  and  with  opulence. 
His  pictures  are  all  in  a  grand  style. 

Dacier,  Andrew,  a  French  philosopher 
and  critic,  born  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Lan- 
guedoc,  6th  April,  1651.  His  parents 
were  protestants,  and  he  was  educated  at 
Castres,  and  Puylousens,  but  chiefly  at 
Saumur,  under  the  celebrated  Tanaquil 
Faber,  whose  daughter  he  married.  At 
Paris  he  was  recommended  to  the  duke  of 
Montausier,  and  was  placed  in  the  number 
of  those  who  were  to  publish  the  classics 
for  the  use  of  the  young  dauphin.  His  first 
work  was  the  edition  of  Pompeius  Festus, 
4to.  1681,  greatly  improved  in  the  edition 
of  1699.  His  Horace,  with  a  French 
translation,  appeared  in  1681,  in  10  vols. 
12mo.  and  has  frequently  been  reprinted. 
He  next  published  St.  Anastasius's  contem- 
plations, with  notes  and  a  Latin  transla- 
tion, in  1682.  The  next  year  he  married 
ruber's  daughter  :  and,  in  1685,  he  with 
\  oi„  T.  r,:>, 


DAC 

her  abjured  the  protcstant  religion.  He 
published  nothing  afterwards  till  1691, 
when  his  moral  reflections  of  Marcus  An- 
toninus, 2  vols.  12mo.  appeared ;  and  in 
1692  Aristotle's  poetics,  with  a  translation 
and  critical  remarks,  in  4to.  which  some 
have  considered  as  his  best  performance. 
In  1693  he  published  a  translation  of  the 
(Edipus  and  Electra  of  Sophocles  ;  in  1694, 
the  first  volume  of  Plutarch's  lives  ;  in  1697, 
the  translation  of  the  works  of  Hippo- 
crates, 2  vols.  12mo.  ;  in  1699,  that  of 
Plato's  works,  2  vols.  ;  in  1706,  the  life  of 
Pythagoras,  his  symbols,  golden  verses, 
&c.  2  vols. ;  in  1715,  Epictetus,  2  vols.  ; 
and  in  1723,  the  lives  of  Plutarch  were 
completed,  in  8  vols.  4to.  Besides  these, 
Dacier  published  notes  on  Longinus,  a  dis- 
sertation on  the  origin  of  satire,  speeches 
in  the  French  academy,  answers  to  some 
critics  who  had  censured  his  person  and 
manners,  &c.  besides  a  commentary  on 
Theocritus,  and  a  treatise  on  religion, 
never  published.  As  he  had  been  concern- 
ed in  the  compilation  of  the  mcdallic  his- 
197 


DAC 


DAG 


tory  of  Lewis  XIV .  tiie  monarch  settled  on 
him  a  pension  of  2000  livres,  and  appointed 
him  keeper  of  his  books  in  the  Louvre.  In 
1713  he  was  made  perpetual  secretary  to 
the  French  academy,  and  in  1717  he  ob- 
tained a  reversionary  grant  of  10,000 
crowns,  as  library  keeper  to  the  king, 
which  was  afterwards  to  devolve  to  his  wife 
if  she  survived  him.  Her  death,  in  1720, 
prevented  her  enjoyment  of  a  grant  so 
very  honourable  to  her  merits.  Dacier, 
though  greatly  afflicted  for  the  loss  of  his 
wife,  yet  would  have  married  a  second 
time  had  not  death  prevented  it.  He  was 
carried  off  by  an  ulcer  in  his  throat,  which 
he  had  disregarded,  as  not  dangerous,  Sep- 
tember 18,  1722,  in  his  71st  year.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  and  extensive  learning,  who 
applied  the  powers  of  his  mind,  and  the 
most  indefatigable  industry,  to  infuse  into 
his  native  language  all  the  beauties  and  all 
the  graces  of  some  of  the  best  writers  of 
ancient  times. 

Dacier,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier, 
daughter  of  Tanaquil  Faber,  or  le  Fevre, 
was  born  at  Sauinur,  1651.  When  she 
was  11  years  old  her  father  discovered  the 
strong  natural  powers  of  her  mind,  and 
immediately  laid  the  foundation  of  a  learn- 
ed education,  which  was  happily  completed. 
In  1674  she  published  an  edition  of  Calli- 
machus,  in  4to.  and  in  consequence  of 
her  extensive  knowledge,  she  was  engaged 
in  the  editing  of  the  classics  for  the  use  of 
the  dauphin.  Her  Florus  appeared  in 
1674,  in  4to.  and  her  Aurelius  Victor  1681. 
In  the  mean  time  her  reputation  was  so 
universally  spread,  that  Christina,  queen  of 
Sweden,  wrote  her  some  pressing  letters, 
and  invited  her  to  embrace  the  Romish  re- 
ligion, and  to  come  to  settle  at  Stockholm, 
where  every  mark  of  respect  and  patronage 
would  be  shown  to  her.  These  offers  she 
declined,  and  continued  her  labours  in  the 
service  of  the  dauphin.  In  1681  her 
translation  of  Anacreon  and  Sappho  ap- 
peared, so  much  commended  by  Boileau, 
and  in  1683  were  published  Eutropius,  4to. 
and  a  French  translation  of  the  Amphitryo, 
Epidicus,  and  Rudens  of  Plautus,  three 
vols,  and  the  next  year  the  Plautus  and 
Clouds  of  Aristophanes,  12mo.  with  Dictys 
Cretensis  and  Dares  Phrygius.  In  1683 
she  married  Dacier,  a  scholar  with  whom 
she  had  shared  the  instruction  of  her  father, 
and  two  years  after  she  joined  him  in  a  re- 
cantation of  the  protestant  tenets.  It  has 
been  indeed  insinuated  that  she  had  been 
previously  married  to  Lesnier,  a  bookseller 
of  her  father,  and  that  she  ran  away  from 
him  for  the  society  of  Dacier,  to  whom  she 
never  was  regularly  married,  an  imputation 
too  gross  and  illiberal  to  be  credited.  Af- 
ter her  conversion,  by  the  influence  of  the 
duke  of  Montausier,  a  pension  of  1500 
livres  was  settled  on  her  husband,  and  500 
498 


on  herself.  In  1688  she  published  her 
translation  of  Terence's  plays,  with  notes, 
3  vols.  12mo.  the  best  edition  of  which  is 
that  of  1717.  She  also  assisted  her  hus- 
band in  his  Marcus  Antoninus  and  his  Plu- 
tarch, and  in  1711  she  published  her  trans- 
lation of  Homer's  Iliad,  with  notes,  3  vols. 
12mo.  In  1714  she  wrote  a  defence  of 
Homer  against  de  la  Motte,  and  two  years 
after  against  Hardouin,  in  which  she  dis- 
played much  erudition,  great  taste,  and 
not  a  little  acrimony.  She  was,  however, 
afterwards  reconciled  to  de  la  Motte.  Her 
last  work,  the  Odyssey  of  Homer,  trans- 
lated from  the  Greek,  appeared  in  1716,  3 
vols.  12mo.  The  two  last  years  of  her  life 
she  sunk  into  disease  and  debility,  and 
died  August  17th,  1720,  aged  69.  She  had 
a  son  and  two  daughters,  the  son  died 
young,  one  of  the  daughters  was  a  nun, 
and  the  other,  who  possessed  the  virtues 
and  accomplishments  of  her  sex,  died  in  her 
18th  year.  Besides  learning,  Madame  Da- 
cier was  graced  with  the  noblest  ornaments 
of  human  nature,  with  generosity,  firmness, 
mildness,  and  exemplary  piety.  She  had 
so  much  modesty  that  she  never  discoursed 
on  literature,  to  display  her  superiority ;  but 
when  requested  to  write  her  name  and  a 
sentence,  in  the  book  of  a  northern  scholar, 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  she 
strenuously  declined  to  enrol  herself  among 
the  most  illustrious  characters  of  the  age. 
When  at  last  prevailed  upon,  she  wrote  her 
name  with  a  verse  from  Sophocles,  expres- 
sive that  silence  is  the  best  ornament  of 
the  female  sex.  To  the  universal  respect 
of  Europe,  the  academy  of  Ricovatrf  at 
Padua  added  the  honour  of  enrolling  her 
name  among  their  members  in  1684. 

Dagar,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Paris,  the 
pupil  of  Vouet,  and  eminent  as  an  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  Christian  V.  of  Denmark,  at 
whose  court  he  long  resided,  and  then  he 
visited  London,  and  returned  to  Copenha- 
gen, where  he  died,  1716,  aged  76. 

Dagget,  Naptuali,  D.D.  president  of 
Yale  College,  Connecticut,  was  a  native  of 
Attleborough,  Massachusetts,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  institution  over  which  he 
afterwards  presided,  in  1748,  after  having 
laboured  in  the  ministry  for  several  years 
at  Smithtown,  Long  Island,  he  received  an 
appointment  in  1755,  to  the  professorship  of 
theology  in  Yale  college,  and  from  the  re- 
signation of  Mr.  Clap,  in  1766,  officiated 
as  president  until  1777,  when  he  resigned 
that  office,  but  continued  in  the  professor- 
ship till  his  death,  in  1780.  He  was  an 
accomplished  classical  scholar,  and  a  learn- 
ed divine.  ICF*  L. 

Dagobert  I.  succeeded  his  father  CIo- 
taire  II.  as  king  of  France  628.  He  made 
war  against  Saxony,  Britany,  and  Gascony, 
but  stained  by  cruelty  the  laurels  which  he 


DAI 


DAI 


obtained  in  the  field  of  battle.  He  di- 
vorced his  wife,  and  not  satisfied  to  marry 
three  others  to  whom  he  gave  the  name  of 
queens,  he  kept  a  great  number  of  concu- 
bines. It  is  said  that  after  conquering  the 
Saxons  he  caused  all  those  to  be  put  to 
death  whose  stature  exceeded  the  length 
of  his  sword.  He  died  at  Epernay  638, 
aged  36,  and  was  the  first  monarch  buried 
at  St.  Denys,  which  he  had  founded  six 
years  before. 

Dagobert  II.  son  of  Sigebert  II.  was 
prevented  from  ascending  his  father's 
throne  by  the  influence  of  Grimoald,  mayor 
of  the  palace,  who  caused  his  own  son 
Childebert  to  be  crowned  king.  He  after- 
wards obtained  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia, 
and  was  assassinated  five  years  after,  679, 
and  was  buried  at  Stenay. 

Dagobert  III.  succeeded  as  king  of 
Neustria  to  his  father  Childebert.  He 
died  four  years  after,  17th  Jan.  715. 

Dagobert,  N.  a  French  republican  ge- 
neral, who  distinguished  himself  in  Italy 
and  against  the  Spaniards.  He  died  in 
the  midst  of  his  victories  beyond  the  Pyre- 
nees, 21st  April,  1794. 

Dagoumer,  William,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy, and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  was  born  at  Pont-audemer,  and  died 
at  Courbevoye,  in  1755.  He  published  a 
course  of  philosophy  in  Latin,  a  French 
work  against  the  advertisements  of  Lan- 
guet  archbishop  of  Sens.  He  is  ridiculed 
by  Le  Sage  in  Gil  Bias  under  the  name  of 
Guillomer. 

Dahl,  Michael,  a  Danish  painter  patron- 
ised by  queen  Anne  and  George  prince  of 
Denmark.  He  died  in  England  20th  Oc- 
tober, 1743. 

Dahlberg,  Eric,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  excessive  application  compensated 
for  the  early  loss  of  his  parents,  and  the 
misfortunes  of  a  neglected  education.  He 
prepared  for  the  brave  defence  of  Thorn, 
and  accompanied  Gustavus  Adolphus  in 
his  Polish  expedition,  and  advised  him  to 
march  his  army  across  the  Great  Belt  when 
frozen,  and  thus  penetrate  into  the  very 
heart  of  the  Danish  kingdom,  and  besiege 
the  capital.  His  great  services  were  re- 
warded in  1660,  with  the  rank  of  nobility, 
and  he  was  successively  raised  to  the  com- 
mand of  Malmo,  the  care  of  the  fortifica- 
tions, and  the  government  of  Livonia.  He 
died  at  Stockholm  1703,  aged  78.  He 
wrote  Succia  antiqua  et  hodierna,  three 
vols.  fol.  1700,  and  distinguished  himself 
so  much  as  an  engineer  that  he  was  deser- 
vedly called  the  Vauban  of  Sweden. 

Daille,  John,  an  eminent  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Chattelleraut,  sixth  January, 
1594.  His  father  intended  to  place  him  in 
his  own  situation  as  receiver  of  the  con- 
signations at  Poitiers,  but  the  fondness  of 
the  boy  for  books  and  literature  turned  his 


thoughts  to  another  channel,  and  he  edu- 
cated him  in  the  schools  of  Poitiers  and 
Saumur.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was 
admitted  into  the  family  of  du  Plessis  Mor- 
nay  to  be  the  tutor  of  his  two  grandsons, 
and  in  this  situation  he  continued  seven 
years  before  he  began  to  travel,  and  re- 
ceived, as  it  is  said,  more  instruction  from 
the  learned  conversation  and  company  ol 
the  grandfather  than  he  communicated  to 
his  pupils.  He  began  his  travels  in  1619, 
and  with  his  two  pupils  passed  through 
Geneva,  Piedmont,  Lombardy,  and  Venice, 
where  he  was  introduced  to  the  acquaint- 
ance and  friendly  intimacy  of  father  Paul. 
While  at  Mantua  one  of  his  pupils  was 
taken  ill,  and  soon  after  died,  so  that 
Daille  with  difficulty  and  great  danger  con- 
veyed the  body  concealed  as  a  bale  of  goods 
under  the  care  of  two  servants  to  the  bu- 
rial place  of  his  father,  from  the  suspicious 
eye  of  the  inquisitors,  who  viewed  with 
jealousy  the  conduct  of  the  protestants. 
With  the  other  pupil  he  continued  his  tra- 
vels, and  after  visiting  Switzerland,  Ger- 
many, Flanders,  Holland,  and  England, 
they  returned  to  France  late  in  1621.  In 
1623,Dailletvas  ordained,  and  first  officiated 
in  the  family  of  the  venerable  Mornay,  who 
died  soon  after  in  the  arms  of  his  beloved 
and  reverend  friend.  The  year  1624  was 
employed  in  digesting  some  papers  which 
afterwards  were  published  as  memoirs,  and 
in  the  following  year  Daille  became  minis- 
ter of  the  church  of  Saumur,  where  he 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1628  he  wrote 
his  celebrated  book,  "  on  the  use  of  the 
fathers,"  which  lord  Falkland  and  his  friend 
Chillingworth  greatly  valued,  and  began  to 
translate,  but  left  unfinished ;  but  it  ap- 
peared in  1651,  in  an  English  dress  by  the 
hands  of  Thomas  Smith  of  Cambridge, 
and  in  Latin  by  Mettayer  of  St.  Quintin. 
In  1633  he  published  his  apology  for  the 
reformed  churches,  which  he  also  translated 
into  Latin,  and  Mr.  Smith  into  English  in 
1658.  These  books,  from  their  importance, 
and  the  masterly  manner  in  which  the  sub- 
ject was  treated,  excited  a  great  outcry 
among  the  catholics,  but  they  maintained 
their  character  against  all  the  attacks  and 
insinuations  of  popery.  Daille  was  at  the 
synod  of  Alen<;on  in  1637,  where  his  au- 
thority was  ably  exerted  to  reconcile  the 
protestants  in  the  then  disputed  tenets 
about  universal  grace.  These  principles 
he  warmly  embraced,  and  indeed  published 
in  1655  a  Latin  work  against  Spanheim  the 
Leyden  professor,  as  "  an  apology  for  the 
synods  of  Alen<jon  and  Charenton."  This 
great  and  good  man  died  at  Paris  15th 
April,  1670,  after  enjoying  through  life,  ex- 
cept from  a  small  attack  of  apoplexy  for 
10  days,  the  most  uninterrupted  good 
health,  and  with  it  the  undiminished  facul- 
ties and  powers  of  his  mind.  His  reputa- 
499 


DAL 


DAL 


tion  was  so  high  that  the  protestants  in 
France  declared  they  had  seen  no  better 
writer  since  the  days  of  Calvin.  He  wrote 
besides  several  works  which  Were  chiefly 
of  a  controversial  nature,  and  which  equal- 
ly evinced  his  learning,  erudition,  and 
dexterity  of  argumentation.  He  married 
in  1625,  but  lost  his  wife  six  years  after,  by 
whom  he  had  only  one  son,  Hadrian,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  divine. 
He  was  invited  to  Roche!  le  as  a  minister, 
and  after  five  years'  residence  he  was  cho- 
sen minister  of  Paris,  with  his  father,  1658. 
At  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he 
retired  to  Switzerland,  and  died  at  Zurich, 
May,  1690.  His  MS.  and  some  of  his  fa- 
ther's works  were  deposited  in  the  public 
library. 

Dale,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  who  became  by  his  merit  in 
1730,  a  licentiate  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians and  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  He 
wrote  Pharmacologia,  seu  manuductio  ad 
materiam  medicam,  often  printed, — the  an- 
tiquities of  Harwich  and  Dover  court,  in 
4to.  improved  from  the  works  of  Silas 
Taylor,  besides  some  valuable  papers  in  the 
philosophical  transactions,  &c.  He  died 
at  Bocking,  where  he  had  settled  as  a  phy- 
sician, 1739,  aged  80. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  was  sent  out  to  Vir- 
ginia as  high  marshal,  in  1609,  and  a  second 
time  in  May,  1611,  with  three  hundred 
colonists,  supplies,  and  new  laws,  with  the 
execution  of  which  he  was  intrusted.  His 
administration  was  rigorous  and  excited 
great  disaffection,  but  the  interests  of  the 
colony  were  advanced  under  it.  He  built 
the  town  of  Henrico,  on  James  river,  and 
conquered  that  of  the  Appomattox  Indians, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name. 
In  August,  1611,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  government.  He  con- 
tinued, however,  to  take  an  active  part  in 
the  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  on  the  re- 
turn of  Gates  to  England,  in  1614,  the 
chief  command  again  devolved  on  him. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1616.  He  af- 
terwards went  to  the  East-Indies,  and 
there  died.  Icy  L. 

Dalechamps,  James,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, born  at  Caen,  1513.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  75,  at  Lyons,  where  he  had  prac- 
tised from  1 552  to  1 588.  He  wrote  a  gene- 
ral history  of  plants,  three  books  de  peste, 
besides  Pliny's  natural  history  with  valuable 
notes,  and  also  translated  into  Latin, 
Athenaeus,  in  the  completion  of  which  he 
was  engaged  thirty  years. 

Dalen,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent 
Dutch  engraver,  who  flourished  about  1640. 
He  engraved  a  great  variety  of  portraits, 
and  some  antique  statues,  all  in  a  masterly 
style. 

Dalens,  Dirk,  a  landscape  painter  of 
Amsterdam,  who  died  1688,  aged  29.  He 
5O0 


is  happy  in  the  expression  and  faithful  de- 
lineation of  his  pieces. 

D'alibrai,  Charles  Von,  a  Parisian  who 
abandoned  the  profession  of  arms  for  the 
muses.  He  was  of  a  dissipated  turn  of 
mind,  and  fond  of  merry  society,  and  he 
declared  that  he  would  die  by  the  mouth  of 
the  bottle  rather  than  by  the  mouth  of 
the  cannon.  As  he  had  a  moderate  in- 
come, and  was  free  from  ambition,  he  en- 
joyed with  great  contentment  what  he  had, 
and  employed  his  sportive  muse  as  fancy 
or  occasion  directed.  In  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  he  lived  much  in  the  country,  and 
died  at  an  advanced  age  about  the  begin- 
ning of  1655.  His  works  appeared  in 
1553,  in  8vo,  divided  into  six  parts,  con- 
taining bacchanalian,  satirical,  heroical, 
moral,  and  Christian  poems,  of  no  great 
merit  indeed,  but  frequently  happy  in  de- 
lineation of  character  and  in  flashes  of  wit. 
He  also  translated  Perez's  letters,  and  73 
epigrams,  against  Montmaur. 

Dalin,  Olaus  de,  a  learned  Swede,  born 
at  Winsberg  in  1708.  He  is  deservedly 
called  the  father  of  Swedish  poetry,  by  his 
two  poems  on  the  liberty  of  Sweden,  and 
the  tragedy  of  Brunhilda.  He  rose  by  his 
genius  to  fame  and  fortune,  and  was  ap- 
pointed preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  and 
at  last  became  chancellor  of  the  court.  He 
wrote,  at  the  request  of  the  government, 
the  history  of  Sweden,  which  he  brought 
down  to  the  death  of  Charles  IX.  He 
wrote  besides,  epistles,  fables,  satires,  pa- 
negyrics, &c.  and  translated  Montesquieu's 
book  on  the  declension  of  the  Romans. 

Dallas,  Alexander  James,  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  and  of  war,  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  on  the  Island  of  Jamaica, 
June  21st,  1759.  His  father  was  from 
Scotland.  Alexander  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1783,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia; 
where  he  studied  law,  and  established  him- 
self in  its  practice.  For  several  years,  his 
professional  business  not  being  extensive, 
he  employed  much  of  his  time  in  literary 
pursuits,  and  beside  many  contributions  to 
the  periodical  works  of  the  day,  prepared  a 
system  of  Law  Reports,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  four  volumes.  In  January,  1791, 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  held  the  office  till  1801,  when  he 
became  attorney  of  the  United  States  for 
the  eastern  district  of  Pennsylvania.  In 
October,  1814,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
March  of  the  following  year,  undertook 
to  discharge  the  additional  functions  of 
secretary  of  war,  and  performed  the  duties 
of  those  stations  with  distinguished  ability 
and  acceptance.  In  November,  1816,  he 
resigned  his  offices,  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  Philadelphia.  He  died  on 
the  16th  of  January,  1817.  His  mind  was 
richly  gifted  by  nature,  and  highly  cultiva- 


DAL 


DAL 


ted.  He  was  polished  in  his  manners,  a 
learned  and  ingenious  advocate,  and  an 
able  statesman.  IdJ"  L. 

Dallington,  Sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphorisms  of  Tacitus,  was  born  at  Gedding- 
ton,  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Francis  earl  of  Rutland,  knighted  by 
queen  Elizabeth,  and  made  master  of  the 
Charter-house.  He  died  1637.  He  wrote 
besides  a  survey  of  the  great  duke's  estate 
in  Tuscany,  4to.  method  for  travel,  or  a 
state  of  France,  in  1598,  4to. 

Dalmatin,  George,  a  Lutheran  minis- 
ter of  Laybach  in  Carniola,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  by  the  violence  of  the  catho- 
lics, 1598.  He  was  protected  in  his  dis- 
grace by  the  baron  of  Aursperg,  in  whose 
house  it  is  said  he  died.  He  translated  the 
Bible  into  the  Sclavonian  language,  1584, 
and  wrote  some  tracts. 

Dalmatius,  a  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  who 
attended  the  council  of  Ephesus,  and  wrote 
the  acts  of  the  synod  of  Nice. 

Dalrymple,  David,  son  of  Sir  James 
Dalrymple,  bart.  auditor  of  the  exchequer 
for  Scotland,  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  28th 
October,  1726.  His  mother  was  Christiana, 
daughter  of  Earl  Haddington.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  Utrecht,  where  he  continued  till  1746. 
In  1748  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  soon 
distinguished  himself  as  an  advocate.  His 
name  as  a  lawyer  was  so  eminent  that  he 
was  raised  in  1766  to  the  dignity  of  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  court  of  session,  when  he 
assumed,  as  is  usual,  the  appellation  of 
lord  Hailes,  by  which  he  is  best  known 
among  the  learned.  He  became,  however, 
conspicuous,  not  less  by  his  learning,  and 
his  writings,  than  by  his  integrity,  candour, 
and  firmness,  as  a  judge.  In  1773  he  pub- 
lished remarks  on'the  history  of  Scotland, 
and  in  1776  and  1779,  annals  of  Scotland, 
2  vols.  4to.  containing  the  history  of  14 
Scottish  kings  ;  which  valuable  work,  how- 
ever, the  author  did  not  complete.  He 
published  besides,  memorials  and  letters 
relating  to  the  history  of  Britain,  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  2  vols. 
1762  and  1766— a  catalogue  of  the  lords  of 
session  from  1532 — biographia  Scotica — 
remains  of  Christian  antiquity,  3  vols,  and 
numerous  other  tracts  on  antiquities,  his- 
tory, divinity,  &c.  Lord  Hailes,  though 
infirm  in  health,  sat  on  the  bench  till  within 
three  days  of  his  death,  which  happened 
29th  Nov.  1792,  in  his  66th  year.  He  left 
no  male  issue,  but  only  two  daughters  by 
two  different  wives. 

Dalrymple,  Alexander,  was  born  in 
1737,  at  New  Hailes,  near  Edinburgh,  the 
seat  of  his  father,  Sir  James  Dalrymple, 
bart.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Haddington,  and  had  sixteen  chil- 
dren, of  whom  Alexander  was  the  seventh. 


He  was  educated  at  Haddington  ;  and  in 
1752  went  to  the  East  Indies,  as  a  writer 
in  the  company's  service.  While  in  the 
East  he  applied  to  the  study  of  hydrogra- 
phy ;  and  in  1759  undertook  a  voyage  of 
observation,  in  which  he  gave  great  satis- 
faction to  his  superiors.  In  1763  he  re- 
turned to  England,  when  it  was  intended 
to  engage  him  in  the  service  on  which  cap- 
tain Cook  was  afterwards  employed,  but 
some  objections  arising  in  a  matter  of  form, 
the  appointment  did  not  take  place.  In 
1775  he  went  out  again  to  Madras,  and  re- 
turned in  1780.  In  1795  he  was  made  hy- 
drographer  to  the  admiralty,  as  well  as  to 
the  India  Company,  but  in  1808  he  lost  his 
place  under  government,  and  died  the  same 
year.  His  principal  works  are — 1.  Disco- 
veries in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  8vo. 
2.  Collection  of  South  Sea  Voyages,  2  vols. 
4to.  3.  General  View  of  the  India  Com- 
pany's Affairs,  8vo.  4.  Relation  of  Expe- 
ditions from  Fort  Marlborough  to  the  Isl- 
ands of  the  West  Coast  of  Sumatra,  4to. 
5.  Collection  of  Voyages  in  the  South  At- 
lantic Ocean,  4to.  6.  Account  of  the  loss 
of  the  Grosvenor  Indiaman,  8vo.  7.  Plan 
for  promoting  the  Fur  Trade,  4to.  8.  Me- 
moir of  a  Map  of  the  land  round  the  North 
Pole,  4to.  9.  Journal  of  the  Expeditions 
to  the  North  of  California,  4to.  10.  A 
collection  of  songs,  8vo.  11.  The  Oriental 
Repertory,  2  vols.  4to.  He  also  wrote  a 
number  of  tracts,  political  and  commercial. 

TV.  B. 

Dalton,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer, 
born  in  Cambridgeshire,  and  bred  at  Lin- 
coln's-inn.  He  wrote  a  well  known  book 
on  the  office  of  a  justice  of  peace,  and  on 
the  duty  of  sheriffs.  He  was  queen's  coun- 
sel in  1599,  and  died  before  the  civil 
wars. 

Dalton,  John,  D.D.  was  born  at  Deane 
in  Cumberland,  where  his  father  was  rec- 
tor, 1709.  He  was  educated  at  Lowther, 
and  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  be- 
came  tutor  to  lord  Beauchamp.  He  em- 
ployed himself  in  the  mean  time,  in  adapt- 
ing Milton's  masque  at  Ludlow-castle  to 
the  stage,  which  he  rendered,  by  a  judicious 
selection  of  songs  from  other  works  of  the 
author,  and  some  of  his  own,  a  very  po- 
pular piece,  still  known  and  admired  under 
the  title  of  "  Comus."  During  the  celebri- 
ty of  this  performance,  he  sought  out  Mil- 
ton's grand-daughter,  who  was  overwhelm- 
ed with  old  age  and  poverty,  and  honourably 
exerted  his  influence  to  procure  her  a  be- 
nefit, which  produced  her  1201.  His  ill 
health  afterwards  prevented  him  from  at- 
tending his  noble  pupil,  who  unfortunately 
died  of  the  smallpox  at  Bologna.  After 
being  elected  to  a  fellowship  in  his  college, 
he  took  orders,  and  was  presented  some 
time  after,  by  the  duke  of  Somerset,  to  the 
living  of  St.  Marv  at  Hull,  and  by  his  influ- 
501 


DAL 


DAM 


encc  to  a  prebend  at  Worcester,  where  he 
died  1763.  He  published  a  volume  of  ser 
mons,  1757 — two  epistles,  4to. — a  descrip- 
tive poem  on  the  coal  mines  near  White- 
haven— remarks  on  12  historical  designs 
of  Raphael.  His  brother  Richard  was 
librarian  to  the  king,  and  published  a  de- 
scription of  some  prints,  from  drawings  of 
his  own,  of  the  procession  to  Mecca. 

Dalton,  Tristram,  a  senator  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  born  at  Newburyport,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1738,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  gra- 
duated in  1755.  After  having  been  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  a 
member  of  the  senate  of  the  common- 
wealth, he  was  transferred  on  the  adoption 
of  the  federal  constitution  to  a  seat  in  the 
senate  of  the  United  States.  He  after- 
wards received  the  office  of  surveyor  of  the 
ports  of  Boston  and  Charlestown,  and  held 
it  till  his  death  in  1817.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  gentleness  and  elegance  of 
manners,  mental  cultivation,  and  integrity. 

Dalzell,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  born  at  Ratho,  near  Edinburgh, 
about  1750.  From  his  village  school  he 
came  to  Edinburgh,  and  studied  with  such 
zeal  and  application,  that  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  Greek  language  in  the  uni- 
versity, keeper  of  the  university  library, 
and  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Edinburgh,  &c.  His  literary  ac- 
quirements were  such,  that  he  was  selected 
to  superintend  the  education  of  the  present 
lord  Lauderdale,  whom  he  accompanied  on 
the  continent.  As  a  professor,  Mr.  Dalzell 
possessed  great  abilities  and  powerful  elo- 
quence, and  his  lectures  were  so  popular, 
that  the  study  of  the  Greek  language,  which 
had  long  been  neglected  in  Scotland,  be- 
came, under  his  auspices,  a  favourite  pur- 
suit with  the  youthful  students  of  the  uni- 
versity. To  facilitate  the  labours  of  his 
pupils,  he  devoted  much  of  his  time  in  the 
composition  of  valuable  notes,  in  the  eluci- 
dation of  the  Greek  classics,  which  he  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  Analecta  minora 
et  majora,  &c.  He  wrote  besides,  some 
papers  on  biography,  and  on  literary  sub- 
jects in  the  Edinburgh  Society  transactions, 
and  recommended  to  the  English  student 
Chevalier's  description  of  the  plain  of 
Troy,  by  giving  an  elegant  translation  of  it, 
enriched  with  learned  notes.  He  also 
edited  the  posthumous  works  of  his  father- 
in-law,  Dr.  J.  Drysdale,  whom  he  succeed- 
ed as  principal  clerk  to  the  general  assem- 
bly of  the  church  of  Scotland.  This  amia- 
ble man  and  elegant  scholar  died  8th  De- 
cember, 1806. 

Dalziel,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  officer,  ta- 
ken prisoner  at  the  defeat  at  Worcester, 
and  confined  in  the  tower,  from  which  he 
escaped  to  Russia,  where,  the  czar  made 
502 


him  a  general.  At  the  restoration  here- 
turned  to  England,  and  Charles  II.  made 
him,  for  his  many  services,  commander-in- 
chief  of  all  his  forces  in  Stotland.  He  was 
a  singular  man  in  his  dress  and  appearance. 
He  had  been  brought  up  hardy,  and  aftei 
the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  never  shaved 
his  beard,  which  grew  white  and  bushy, 
and  descended  to  his  middle.  His  bald 
head  was  generally  covered  with  a  beaver 
hat,  the  brim  of  which  was  not  more  than 
three  inches  broad.  He  generally  came  to 
London  once  or  twice  a  year,  to  kiss  the 
king's  hand,  who  had  great  regard  for  him  ; 
but  whenever  he  appeared  in  the  capital, 
the  singularity  of  his  dress  and  appearance 
drew  crowds  of  boys  around  him.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Damascenus,  John,  a  learned  father  of 
the  church,  born  at  Damascus.  He  died 
about  750.  His  works  %vere  edited,  2  vols, 
fol.  1712,  Paris. 

Damascius,  a  stoic  philosopher,  pupil 
to  Isidorus,  whose  life  he  wrote.  He 
flourished  about  540,  A.D. 

Damasus  I.  a  Spaniard,  raised  to  the 
papal  throne,  366.  Though  warmly  op- 
posed by  Ursin,  the  antipope,  he  was  ac- 
knowledged by  the  Italian  bishops,  and  by 
the  council  of  Aquileia,  who  condemned 
his  opponent.  He  was  a  zealous  enemy 
to  the  tenets  of  the  Arians,  and  died  384, 
aged  80.  Some  of  his  letters  have  been 
published. 

Dam asus  II.  bishop  of  Brixen,  was  elect- 
ed pope  on  the  day  of  the  resignation  of 
Benedict  IX.  He  died  at  Palestrina,  23 
days  after  his  election,  1048. 

Dambourney,  N.  was  born  at  Rouen, 
10th  May,  1722,  and  died  there,  2d  June, 
1795.  He  distinguished  himself,  not  only 
as  a  merchant,  but  as  a  man  of  science, 
well  acquainted  with  philosophy  and  chy- 
mistry.  He  made  some  curious  experi- 
ments on  plants,  &c.  and  published  valuable 
tracts. 

Damien,  Peter,  cardinal  and  bishop  of 
Ostia  in  the  eleventh  century,  was  original- 
ly a  Benedictine  monk,  whom  his  superiors 
and  not  his  ambition  raised  to  places  of 
eminence  and  dignity.  He  publicly  con- 
demned the  wars  which  the  popes  car- 
ried on  against  the  emperors,  and  asserted, 
from  the  example  of  our  Saviour,  that  the 
ecclesiastics  were  to  oppose  their  enemies, 
not  by  the  arms  of  the  flesh,  but  by  the 
sword  of  the  spirit.  He  was  equally  severe 
against  the  licentious  manners  of  his  age, 
which  he  attempted  to  correct  and  reform. 
His  works  were  printed  at  Paris,  1663. 
He  died  about  1073. 

Damiens,  Robert  Francis,  a  French- 
man, known  for  his  attempt  to  assassinate 
Lewis  XV.  He  was  executed  28th  March, 
1757,  in  a  manner  most  horrible  and  wan- 
tonly barbarous.     Vid.  Chastel. 


DAM 


DAN 


Damo,  the  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  was 
well  skilled  in  the  philosophy  of  her  illus- 
trious father. 

Damon,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  friendship  with  Pythias, 
which  Dionysius  the  tyrant  saw,  and  de- 
sired to  share. 

Damon,  an  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

Damocles,  a  flatterer  in  the  court  of 
Dionysius,  who,  for  a  while,  assumed  the 
dress  and  dignity  of  the  tyrant,  to  experi- 
ence what  happiness  existed  on  a  throne. 

Damocritus,  a  Greek  historian,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  tactics,  and  of  another  on 
the  Jews,  whom  he  accused  of  worshipping 
the  head  of  an  ass. 

Damours,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  who 
died  16th  Nov.  1783,  author  of  a  life  of 
Ninon  de  PEnclos,  and  other  works  of  little 
merit. 

Dampier,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  who 
entered  among  the  cordeliers,  and  was  di- 
rector of  a  nunnery  at  Orleans,  where  he 
died  before  1550.  His  Latin  poems,  after 
the  manner  of  Catullus,  are  elegant  and 
valuable,  and  are  published  in  the  first  vo- 
lume of  the  deliciee  poetarum  Gallorum. 

Dampier,  Capt.  William,  a  famous  na- 
vigator, born  at  East  Coker,  in  Somerset- 
shire, 1652.  He  early  went  to  sea,  and 
joined  captain  Cook,  in  order  to  cruise 
against  the  Spaniards.  They  accordingly 
proceeded  to  the  South  Seas,  through  the 
Straits  of  Magellan,  where  they  took  seve- 
ral prizes,  and  where  Cook  died,  1634,  and 
was  succeeded  in  command  by  Davis.  They 
afterwards  attacked  and  burned  the  town 
of  Plata,  and  then  advanced  to  the  bay  of 
Panama,  near  which  they  took  a  Spanish 
ship,  sent  with  despatches  to  Lima,  and 
from  the  intelligence  received  on  board, 
they  meditated  an  attack  on  the  plate  ships, 
which  ended  unsuccessfully.  Their  next 
attack  was  against  Leon,  on  the  Mexican 
coast,  which  they  destroyed,  and  also  Rio 
Leja,  and  there  Dampier  left  Davis,  and 
sailed  with  Captain  Swai  to  examine 
more  fully  the  northern  .arts  of  the 
Mexican  shore  ;  but  meeting  with  no  suc- 
cess, and  being  disappointed  in  their  wishes 
to  seize  the  rich  Manilla  ship,  they  sailed 
across  the  great  Pacific  ocean  for  the  East 
Indies.  After  visiting  St.  John's  island, 
New  Holland,  Triest,  and  Nicobar,  Dam- 
pier left  his  companions,  and  arrived  at  the 
English  factory  at  Achan,  where  he  after- 
wards engaged  with  captain  Weldon  in 
trading  voyages  for  15  months,  and  then 
entered  as  gunner  at  a  factory  at  Bencoo- 
ltn.  In  1691  he  made  his  escape  from  the 
vigilance  of  the  governor,  and  brought  all 
his  papers  and  journals  with  him,  and 
reached  the  Downs,  Sept.  16th.  As  he 
was  now  in  want  of  money  he  sold  his 
share  in  an  Indian  prince,  whom  his  com- 


panions carried  about  for  exhibition.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  for  three  years,  till 
1711,  in  a  voyage  under  the  British  mer- 
chants to  the  South  Seas,  of  which  he  has 
recorded  several  curious  and  very  interest- 
ing particulars.  His  voyage  round  the 
world  has  been  frequently  published,  and  is 
considered  as  an  accurate  and  valuable 
performance.  The  time  of  Dampier's  death 
is  unknown.  A  good  likeness  of  him  is 
preserved  in  Trinity-house,  Tower-hill. 

Dampierre,  N.  a  French  general,  who 
distinguished  himself  under  Dumourier  at 
the  battle  of  Jemappe.  Though  active  and 
warlike,  he  was  driven  from  Aix-la-cha- 
pelle,  and  was  beaten  by  the  allies  at 
Quaivrain.  As  he  was  examining  the  works 
of  the  enemy  his  thigh  was  carried  off  by  a 
cannon  ball  from  an  English  battery  before 
the  camp  at  Famars,  and  he  died  two  days 
after,  10th  May,  1793. 

Dan,  the  fifth  son  of  Jacob,  by  Bilhali 
the  maid  of  Rachel,  was  the  head  of  a  tribe, 
whose  territories  were  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean,  between  Joppa  and  Ascalon. 

Dana,  Francis,  LL.D.  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Charlestown, 
August,  1742.  His  father  was  the  Hon. 
Richard  Dana,  an  eminent  magistrate  of 
the  county  of  Middlesex.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1762,  and  prose- 
cuted his  legal  studies  under  the  care  of 
judge  Trowbridge.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  delegates  of  Massachu- 
setts to  congress,  and  continued  in  that 
station  until  appointed  minister  to  Rus- 
sia, where  he  remained  till  the  close  of 
the  war.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  1787,  but  was 
prevented  from  being  present  during  the 
discussions  of  that  body.  To  the  consti- 
tution formed  he  was  warmly  attached.  In 
1792  he  was  appointed  chief  justice,  and 
discharged  the  duties  of  that  station  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  justify  the  public  confidence 
in  his  learning  and  talents,  assiduity,  in- 
tegrity, and  attachment  to  the  religious 
and  political  institutions  of  the  country. 
He  resigned  the  office  in  1806.  In  1797 
he  was  selected  as  one  of  the  envoys  ex- 
traordinary to  France,  to  be  associated 
with  Messrs.  Marshall  and  Pinckney,  but 
declining  the  office,  Mr.  Gerry  was  appoint- 
ed. In  1806  he  was  one  of  the  electors  of 
president  and  vice  president  for  Massachu- 
setts. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences, 
and  a  vice  president  of  that  institution. 
He  died  at  his  seat  at  Cambridge,  April 
26th,  1811,  aged  68.  |CP  L. 

Dancer,  Daniel,  a  well-known  miser, 
born  near  Harrow,  Middlesex.  The  love 
of  money  was  the  ruling  principle  of  his 
family,  and  when  he  inherited  his  paternal 
estate,  which  was  considerable,  he  pursued 
son 


DAN 


DAN 


the  same  plan  of  rigid  mean  parsimony. 
His  intercourse  with  the  world  was  merely 
in  the  selling  of  his  hay,  and  the  other  pro- 
ducts of  his  farm,  and  the  winter  comforts 
of  his  fireside,  in  his  inhospitable  house, 
arose  from  the  scanty  supplies  laboriously 
collected  from  the  hedges,  or  the  scattered 
boughs  on  the  neighbouring  common.  On 
the  death  of  his  sister,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived some  property,  he  exchanged  the 
hay  bands  which  hitherto  had  protected  his 
legs,  for  a  second-hand  pair  of  black  worsted 
stockings,  which  were  the  only  tokens  of 
his  mourning.  This  singular  character  died 
1794,  aged  SO,  and  left  the  whole  of  his 
property  to  lady  Tempest,  who,  it  seems, 
had  behaved  towards  him  with  charity,  in 
the  hope  of  alleviating  his  apparent  poverty. 

Danchet,  Anthony,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Riorn,  1671.  At  19  he  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Chartres,  and  four 
years  after  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  write  for  the  theatre. 
He  was  member  of  the  French  academy  and 
of  that  of  inscriptions,  and  had  also  a 
place  in  the  king's  library.  He  died  1748, 
universally  esteemed  as  much  for  his  pri- 
vate character  as  for  his  writings.  His 
works,  consisting  of  tragedies,  songs,  ope- 
ras, &c.  were  printed  at  Paris,  1751,  4 
vols.  12mo. 

Dandini,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Cesena,  in  Italy,  1554.  He  was  the  first 
of  his  order  who  taught  philosophy  at 
Paris.  He  was  in  consequence  of  his 
learning,  rector  of  the  colleges  of  Ferrara, 
Forli,  Bologna,  Parma,  and  Milan.  He 
also  taught  philosophy  at  Perugia,  1596, 
when  he  was  appointed  by  pope  Clement 
VIII.  to  be  his  legate  to  the  Maronites  of 
mount  Libanus.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his 
journey  in  Italian,  which  Simon  translated 
into  French.  Dandini  died  at  Forli,  1634, 
aged  SO.  His  commentary  on  Aristotle's 
three  books  de  anima,  appeared  at  Paris, 
1611,  folio,  and  his  ethics  at  Cesena,  1651. 

Dandini,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Florence,  1646.  He  studied  under 
Valerio  Spada,  and  his  uncle  Vincentio  Dan- 
dini, and  after  travelling  through  Italy,  he 
resided  for  some  time  at  Venice,  and  also  at 
Parma  and  Modena,  that  he  might  more 
carefully  view  and  copy  the  finest  pieces  of 
the  greatest  masters.  On  his  return  to 
Florence  he  was  employed  by  the  grand 
duke  in  adorning  his  palaces  from  subjects 
from  sacred  and  fabulous  history,  as  well 
as  in  fancy  and  caricature  pieces.  His 
genius  was  great,  and  he  displayed  astonish- 
ing powers  in  the  imitation  of  Titian,  Ve- 
ronese, and  Tintoretto.  He  died,  1712. 
His  son  Octavio  was  equally  eminent  as  a 
painter. 

Dandini,  Ca?sare,  a  historical  painter 
of  Florence.  He  was  extremely  correct  in 
his  drawings,  and  his  pieces  were  all 
504 


finished  in  a  superior  style.  His  aliar 
pieces  at  Florence  are  greatly  admired, 
especially  that  of  the  chapel  l'Annonciata. 
He  was  brother  to  Vincentio  and  uncle  to 
Pietro. 

Dandini,  Hercule  Francois,  professor  of 
law  at  Padua,  died  1747,  aged  56.  He 
was  author  of  several  learned  works,  de 
scribendi  ratione,  de  servitutibus  praediorum 
interpretationes  per  epistolas,  &c. 

Dandolo,  Henry,  a  Venetian,  raised  to 
the  rank  of  doge  of  his  country,  1192. 
Though  then  84  years  old,  vigour,  wisdom, 
and  activity  marked  his  government.  He 
conquered  Zara,  which  had  revolted,  en- 
gaged in  the  crusades,  and  displayed 
astonishing  valour  at  the  siege  of  Constan- 
tinople. He  was  in  consequence  of  his 
services  created  lord  of  Romania,  and  died 
1205. 

Dandolo,  Andrew,  doge  of  Venice, 
made  an  alliance  with  Egypt,  which  pro- 
duced a  rupture  with  the  Genoese,  who 
were  jealous  of  his  prosperity.  He  died 
1354,  aged  44.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Ve- 
nice, and  as  the  friend  of  literature,  corres- 
ponded with  Petrarch  and  other  learned 
men. 

Dandre  Bardon,  Michael  Francois, 
known  as  a  painter  and  as  a  writer,  was 
born  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  22d  May,  1700, 
and  died  14th  April,  1783.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  academy  of  painting,  and  was 
admired  for  his  historical  pieces.  He 
wrote,  besides  some  poetry  of  inferior 
merit,  the  life  of  Carlo  Vanlo,  12mo.  1765 
— treatise  on  painting,  sculpture,  &c. — 
well-known  anecdotes  on  the  death  of 
Bouchardon — conference  on  the  utility  of 
history  to  artists. 

Dandrieu,  John  Francis,  a  famous  mu- 
sician, who  died  at  Paris,  1740,  aged  56. 
He  composed  three  books  of  pieces  for  the 
harpsichord,  one  for  the  organ,  with  pieces 
for  Christmas,  much  admired  by  connois- 
seurs. 

Daneu  or  Dan^ds,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vinist  preacher,  who  was  born  at  Orleans, 
and  died  at  Castres,  in  1596,  aged  66.  He 
taught  theology  at  Leyden,  and  published 
commentaries  on  Matthew  and  Mark,  a 
poetical  system  of  geography,  aphorismi 
politici  et  militares. 

Danes,  Peter,  born  at  Paris,  studied  at 
the  college  of  Navarre,  and  was  Greek 
professor  at  the  college  Royal  for  five  years. 
He  was  tutor  to  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
Francis  II.  and  he  was  present  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  where  he  delivered  a  cele- 
brated speech  in  1546.  During  his  stay  at 
Trent  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lavaur.  H<; 
died  at  Paris,  23d  April,  1577,  aged  80. 
He  was  a  prelate  of  extensive  learning, 
commanding  eloquence,  great  gravity  of 
manners,  and  genuine  piety.  He  wrote 
several   things,  but  never  set  his  nnme  to 


DAN 


W  VN 


them.  The  10th  book  of  Paulus  iEmilius's 
history  of  France  is  attributed  to  him.  His 
opuscula,  with  his  life,  were  published  by 
his  kinsman  Peter  Hilany  Danes,  in  1731, 
4to. 

Danet,  Peter,  a  French  abbe,  among 
those  learned  men  who  published  the  clas- 
sics for  the  use  of  the  dauphin.  He  pub- 
lished Phaedrus  with  notes,  besides  a  dic- 
tionary, and  other  works,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1709. 

Danforth,  Thomas,  president  of  the 
district  of  Maine,  was  a  native  of  England, 
and  born  in  1622.  On  coming  to  America, 
he  settled  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and 
was  chosen  an  assistant  and  deputy  gover- 
nor of  that  colony,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  defending  the  rights  of  the  people 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  crown. 
In  1679,  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
district  of  Maine,  and  held  the  office  till 
the  arrival  of  Andross,  in  1686.  He  was 
a  man  of  prudence  and  piety,  and  did 
himself  honour  by  opposing  the  proceedings 
of  the  courts  against  those  who  were  ac- 
cused of  witchcraft.  He  died  in  1699. 
ICT*  L. 

Danforth,  Samuel,  minister  of  Taun- 
ton, Massachusetts,  was  born  in  1666,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1683. 
He  was  distinguished  among  his  cotempo- 
raries  for  learning  and  usefulness.  Some 
account  of  his  success  as  a  minister  is 
contained  in  his  letters,  inserted  in  Prince's 
History.  He  left  in  manuscript  an  Indian 
Dictionary,  formed  apparently  from  Elliot's 
Indian  Bible,  a  part  of  which  is  preserved 
in  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts  Histo- 
rical Society.  fCP  L. 

Dangeau,  Louis  Courcillon  de,  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  abbot  of  Cler- 
mont and  Fontaine-Daniel,  was  born  at 
Paris,  Jan.  1643,  and  died  there,  Jan.  1st, 
1723.  He  usefully  devoted  his  time  to 
facilitate  the  study  of  belles  lettres,  history, 
and  geography,  for  which  he  invented 
several  new  and  ingenious  games.  He 
published  a  new  method  to  learn  historical 
geography,  two  vols,  folio. — the  principles 
of  heraldry,  in  14  plates,  4to. — historical 
games  of  the  kings  of  France — reflections 
on  the  parts  of  grammar — of  the  election 
of  the  emperor.  His  principal  work  is  the 
dialogues  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
attributed  by  some  to  the  abbe  de  Choisi. 
He  was  master  of  a  great  variety  of  lan- 
guages, but  his  benevolence  was  equal  to 
his  learning.  By  economy  he  was  in  pos- 
session of  a  respectable  income,  which  was 
liberally  applied  to  the  relief  of  indigence 
and  distress. 

Dangeau,  Philip  de  Courcillon,  marquis 
de,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1638.  He  was  a  great  favourite  at  the 
court  of  Lewis  XIV.  for  his  many  accom- 
plishments, and  his  taste  for  literature  pro- 

Vol.  I.  64 


cured  him  a  seat  in  the  French  academj 
and  in  that  of  Sciences.  He  died  ai 
Paris,  1720,  at  the  age  of  82,  grand  master 
of  the  military  orders  of  N.  dame  du  mont 
Carmel,  and  Lazarus,  of  Jerusalem.  His 
conversation,  manners,  disinterestedness, 
and  many  other  virtues,  were  the  admira- 
tion of  the  age.  He  left  some  memoirs  in 
MS.  from  which  Voltaire,  Henault,  and  la 
Beaumelle,  have  drawn  some  curious  par- 
ticulars. There  is  also  another  MS.  in 
which  he  exhibits  in  a  very  interesting 
manner  the  character  of  Lewis  XIV. 
among  his  courtiers. 

Danhewer,  John  Conrad,  a  native  of 
the  Brisgaw,  of  the  Lutheran  persuasion. 
He  was  theological  professor  at  Strasburg, 
where  he  died,  1666,  aged  63.  He  was 
author  of  some  theological  tracts,  and  vio- 
lently opposed  the  intended  union  between 
the  Calvinists  and  the  Lutherans. 

Danican,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Drieux, 
near  Paris,  nicknamed  Philidor  by  the  king 
of  France.  He  was  a  great  chess  player. 
He  published  at  London,  1749,  his  analyse 
du  jeu  des  echecs,  and  his  musical  compo- 
sition of  the  carmen  seculare  of  Horace, 
so  much  admired,  was  performed  at  Free- 
masons-hall, 1779,  as  also  Congreve's  ode 
to  harmony.  He  was  esteemed  for  his 
many  private  good  qualities,  as  well  as  his 
singular  dexterity  at  chess.  He  played, 
not  two  months  before  his  death,  two  games 
at  the  same  time  and  blindfolded,  with  two 
of  the  best  chess  players  of  the  country, 
and  was  declared  victorious.  His  infirmi- 
ties were  increased  by  a  malevolent  insinua- 
tion that  he  was  a  person  suspected  by  go- 
vernment, and  he  gradually  sunk  into  tho 
grave,  after  a  long  residence  in  England, 
31st  August,  1795,  aged  above  70. 

Daniel,  the  last  of  the  four  great  pro- 
phets, was  of  the  royal  blood  of  Judali, 
and  was  carried  away  a  captive  to  Babylon, 
606  B.  C.  He  was  there  educated  to  be- 
come one  of  the  favourites  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, and  his  name  was  changed  to  Bel- 
teshazzar.  So  rapid  was  his  progress  in 
the  sciences  and  the  language  of  Chaldea, 
and  so  great  his  wisdom,  that  the  king 
intrusted  him  with  the  government  of 
Babylon,  and  made  him  chief  of  the  magi, 
upon  his  true  explanation  of  the  dream  of 
the  mystic  statue,  which  prefigured  the 
four  great  empires  of  Assyria,  Persia, 
Alexander,  and  his  successors.  He  ac- 
quired singular  celebrity  by  explaining  the 
writing  upon  the  wall  under  Belshazzar, 
and  under  Darius  he  became  prime  minis- 
ter. His  favour  with  the  king,  however, 
excited  the  envy  of  the  courtiers,  and  he 
was  by  their  intrigues  thrown  into  the  den 
of  lions,  for  refusing  to  honour  Darius  with 
divine  homage.  His  preservation  in  this 
dreadful  situation  restored  him  to  the  royal 
favour,  and  brousht  on  the  destruction  of 
505 


DAN 


DAN 


The  book  of  Daniel  is  writ- 
ten partly  in  Hebrew,  and  partly  in  Chaldee. 
Daniel,  Arnauld,  a  native  of  Tarascon, 
under  Alpbonsus  I.  count  of  Provence. 
He  wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Pe- 
trarch received  great  assistance.  He  died 
about  1159. 

Daniel.  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
ied  at  Paris,  1603.  He  published 
the  aululariaof  Plautus.  and  commentaries 
of  Sarins  on  Virgil.  His  library,  which 
W  a^  very  \  aluable,  was  afterwards  conveyed 
partlj  to  Stockholm,  and  partly  to  the 
1        in. 

Daniel,  Samuel,  an  English  poet  and 
historian  born  at  Taunton  in  Somerset- 
shire, 1562.  He  entered  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  hut  after  three  years"  resi- 
dence left  the  university  without  a  degree, 
and  by  the  influence  of  his  brother-in-law, 
John  Florio,  he  became  groom  of  the  privy 
chamber  to  Anne,  queen  of  James  I.  He 
had  succeeded  Spenser  as  poet  laureate, 
and  by  his  genius  and  learning  he  gained 
the  friendship  of  the  most  eminent  men  of 
the  times,  such  as  Camden,  Sir  John  Har- 
rington, Spelman,  Cotton,  Ben  Jonson, 
Owen,  Stradling,  kc.  He  lived,  while  near 
the  court,  at  a  house  in  Old-street,  where 
he  composed  many  of  his  dramatic  pieces, 
but  in  his  old  age,  he  went  to  reside  at  a 
farm  which  he  had  at  Beckington,  Somer- 
setshire, where  he  ended  his  days  in  peace 
and  retirement,  1619.  His  poetical  works, 
consisting  of  dramatic  and  other  lighter 
-.  besides  a  poem  in  S  books  on  the 
wars  of  York  and  Lancaster,  were  publish- 
(d  in  2  vols.  l2mo.  171*.  His  history  of 
England  to  the  end  of  Edward  III.  in  2 
vols.  4to.  continued  afterward  by  Trussel, 
was  written,  it  is  said,  "  with  great  brevity 
and  pcliteness,  and  his  political  and  moral 
ions  are  very  fine,  useful,  and  in- 
structive.'' This  history,  as  Langbaine 
tea,  is  the  crown  of  all  his  works. 
There  is  another  Samuel  Daniel,  mention- 
ed by  Wood,  as  publisher,  in  1642,  of 
"  archiepiscopal  priority  established  by 
Christ,"  and  of  "  the  birth,  life,  and  death, 
of  the  Jewish  Unction.*' 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Rouen,  Sth  February,  1649.  At 
the  age  of  IS,  he  was  admitted  amon?  the 
Jesuits,  and  early  began  to  display  his  abi- 
lities by  delivering  lectures  on  literature, 
philosophy,  and  theology.  One  of  bis  first 
performances  was  a  voyage  to  the  world  of 
Des  Cartes,  a  romance,  most  ingenious  and 
excellent,  as  Bolingbroke  observes,  which 
ridiculed  the  Cartesian  system,  and  which 
became  so  celebrated  as  to  be  translated 
into  several  languages.  His  great  work  is 
his  history  of  France  to  the  death  of  Henry 
IV.  i>ublished  at  Paris,  in  3  vols,  folio, 
1713,  and  afterwards  corrected  and  enlar- 
red  in  7  vols.  4to.  1722.  This  work  was 
50€ 


afterwards  continued  to  the  death  of  Lewis 
XIV.  but  in  an  inferior  style.  Father 
Daniel  wrote  besides  several  theological 
and  other  tracts,  one  of  which,  "  dialogues 
between  Cleander  and  Eudoxus,"  passed 
through  12  editions  in  less  than  2  years. 
All  these  smaller  tracts  were  collected  in 
two  vols.  4to.  This  very  learned  and 
amiable  Jesuit,  died  at  Paris,  23d  June, 
178& 

Daniel,  Robert,  a  Landgrave  of  Caro- 
lina, under  the  first  constitution,  was  sent 
from  Ensland,  after  the  return  of  gover- 
nor Archdale  with  a  new  constitution  for 
that  colony.  In  1703,  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Walker,  as  president  of  the  council  of 
North  Carolina.  Thomas  Cary,  deputy 
governor,  succeeded  him  in  the  adminis- 
tration. On  the  departure  of  governor 
Craven  for  England,  in  1716,  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  governor  of  South  Caroli- 
na. The  preceding  year  he  had  been  in- 
trusted with  the  protection  of  Charleston, 
while  Craven  was  engaged  in  an  expedition 
against  the  Indians.  Governor  Johnson 
succeeded  him  in  1717.  fCTJ*  L. 

Dante,  Alighieri,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Florence,  27th  May,  1265,  of 
an  ancient  family.  He  early  displayed  his 
poetical  talents,  but  the  ambition  of  being 
elevated  among  the  ruling  men  of  his  native 
city,  engaged  him  in  all  the  troubles  and 
miseries  of  violent  faction.  His  friends 
were  defeated  in  the  tumult,  and  he  sought 
with  them  safety  in  banishment.  In  his 
exile  at  Ravenna,  he  vented  the  severest 
shafts  of  his  resentment  against  his  ene- 
mies, and  because  the  pope  and  Philip  of 
Yalois,  brother  to  the  French  king,  had 
been  instrumental  in  his  downfal,  he  ridi- 
culed them  in  his  writings,  and  intimated 
that  Hugh  Capet,  the  progenitor  of  the 
monarch,  was  risen  from  the  mean  occupa- 
tion of  a  butcher.  He  also  incited  the 
prince  of  Yerona  to  make  war  against  the 
Florentines,  and  to  procure  his  recall,  but 
all  to  li't'.e  purpose.  In  his  honourable 
exile,  a\  the  court  of  Guy  Polentano, 
prince  of  Ravenna,  he  was  sent  by  that 
sovereign  to  negotiate  with  the  Venetians, 
who  wished  to  make  war  against  him,  but 
the  magistrates  of  Venice  treated  the  am- 
bassador with  contempt,  and  refused  to 
admit  him  within  their  walls.  This  arro- 
gant conduct  had  such  an  effect  upon  the 
sensible  and  irritable  heart  of  Dante,  that 
at  his  return  to  Ravenna,  unable  to  survive 
the  affront,  he  died  July,  1321,  aged  57. 
To  his  misfortunes  perhaps  we  are  indebt- 
ed for  his  poems,  for,  unable  to  revenge 
himself  by  force,  he  drew  the  pen  of  satire 
in  his  own  defence.  His  triple  poem,  of 
paradise,  purgatory,  and  hell,  displays 
astonishing  powers  of  genius,  and  at  once 
exhibits  the  sweetness  and  graces  of  poetry 
the  bitterne=s  of  insatiable  enmitv. 


DAX 


DAR 


The  reputation  and  the  usurped  power  of 
the  pope,  Boniface  VIII.  the  pedigree  of 
the  French  king,  and  the  prostituted  vena- 
lity of  Florence,  that  den  of  thieves,  are 
the  subjects  which  engage  and  inflame 
the  virulence  of  the  poet.  He  every  where 
displays  spirit,  fire,  and  sublimity,  and 
from  his  compositions,  succeeding  poets 
have  learned  not  only  how  to  point  the 
shaft  of  satire,  but  to  write  with  elegance, 
dignity,  and  grace.  His  works  were  col- 
lected and  printed  at  Venice,  1564,  with 
the  notes  of  Christopher  Landini,  and 
various  and  improved  editions  have  since 
that  time  appeared.  He  wrote  also  a  Latin 
work  on  monarchy,  and  another  de  vulgari 
eloquentia. 

Dante,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Pe- 
rouse,  who  died  1512.  He  so  successfully 
imitated  the  verse  of  the  famous  Dante, 
that  he  was  called  by  his  name.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and 
architecture,  and  he  invented  several  use- 
ful machines,  and  wrote  a  commentary  on 
Sacrobosco's  sphere. 

Dante,  Vincent,  grandson  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  well  known  as  a  painter,  and 
sculptor,  and  mathematician.  He  died  at 
Perouse  1576,  aged  46.  His  statue  of  Ju- 
lius III.  is  much  admired.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  those  who  excelled  in  drawings  for 
.statues.  He  refused  the  invitations  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  to  finish  the  paintings 
of  the  Escurial. 

Dante,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the 
great  poet,  was  born  at  Perugia,  and  be- 
came known  for  his  skill  in  mathematics  as 
well  as  in  divinity  and  philosophy.  He 
read  lectures  on  geography  at  Bologna,  and 
was  engaged  by  Gregory  XIII.  to  draw 
geographical  maps  and  plans.  He  evinced 
such  dexterity  in  this  that  the  pope  raised 
him  to  the  bishopric  of  Alatri.  He  died 
1 586.  He  published  in  1 569,  at  Florence, 
a  treatise  on  the  astrolabe,  besides  notes 
on  the  universal  planisphere.  He  made  a 
sphere  of  the  world  in  five  tables.  The 
meridian  line,  which  he  drew  through  St. 
Petronius'  church  in  Bologna  1576,  was 
afterwards  finished  by  Cassini. 

Dante,  John  Baptiste,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Perugia,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  mechanical 
powers  in  making  a  pair  of  wings  with 
such  nicety  that  he  could  support  himself 
in  the  air,  and  fly  across  the  lake  Thrasy- 
menus.  In  one  of  his  exhibitions  before 
the  people  of  Perugia,  one  of  the  wings 
broke  and  he  fell  on  the  top  of  a  church, 
and  shattered  his  thigh.  He  was  after- 
wards professor  of  mathematics  at  Venice, 
and  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old, 
about  the  end  of  the  15th  century. 

Danton,  George  James,  a  native  of  Ar- 
cis-sur-Aube,  born  26th  October,  1759. 
He  wos  originally  a  lawyer,  but  the  revolu- 


tion drew  him  into  public  notice,  as  the 
associate  of  Robespierre  and  Marat.  To 
an  unprincipled  hatred  against  Lewis  XVI. 
he  added  the  most  ferocious  'pirit,  and 
after  viewing  the  massacres  of  September 
with  pleasure,  he  prepared  to  organize  the 
public  bodies  of  the  state  to  resist  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Prussians.  Undismayed 
amidst  the  general  terror,  he  opposed  the 
project  of  removing  the  convention  beyond 
the  Loire ;  but  while  he  permitted  the  cruel- 
ties of  anarchy,  he  secretly  paved  the  way 
for  his  own  elevation  to  the  sovereign 
power.  For  a  while  Robespierre  was  his 
friend,  but  when  he  saw  his  superior  elo- 
quence, and  his  influence  among  the  Jaco- 
bins, he  marked  him  for  destruction. 
Dragged  before  the  bloody  revolutionary 
tribunal  which  he  had  himself  established, 
Danton  showed  firmness  and  indifference. 
He  was  guillotined  the  first  day  of  April, 
1794.  Indolent  yet  cruel,  ambitious,  and 
vulgar,  this  bloody  tyrant  possessed  with  a 
stentorian  voice,  the  imposing  powers  of 
persuasion,  and  while  devoted  to  wine  and 
low  pleasures,  he  gained  the  good  opinion 
of  his  guilty  associates  by  gross  ribaldry 
and  licentious  wit. 

Dantz,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Luthe- 
ran divine,  born  at  Sanhusen  near  Gotha. 
After  travelling  in  Holland  and  England, 
he  settled  at  Jena,  where  as  professor  of 
the  oriental  tongues,  and  of  theology,  he 
distinguished  himself.  He  died  of  an  apo- 
plexy, 1727,  aged  73.  He  wrote  Hebrew 
and  Chaldee  grammars — sinceritas  sacras 
scriptural  veteris  testamenti — translations 
of  rabbinical  writings,  dissertations,  &c. 

Daran,  James,  a  native  of  St.  Frajon  in 
Gascony,  who  became  surgeon  general  in 
the  imperial  army  at  Turin  and  Milan. 
He  refused  the  honourable  offers  of  Ama- 
deus  to  settle  in  Italy,  and  returned  to 
France,  where  he  died  1784,  aged  83.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  virulent  gonnor- 
rhoea — observations  on  the  diseases  of  the 
urethra,  &c.  He  was  very  expert  in  his 
operations  in  diseases  of  the  bladder,  of 
the  urethra,  &c. 

Darcet,  N.  an  able  chymist  and  physi- 
cian of  France,  who  was  professor  in  the 
national  institute,  and  died  at  Paris  1801, 
aged  75.  He  made  some  curious  experi- 
ments with  Rouelle  and  Macquer,  and 
published  some  valuable  memoirs  on  pot- 
teries, and  on  the  various  kinds  of  earth  to 
be  used  in  those  manufactories.  He  also 
analyzed  minerals,  and  gave  to  the  public 
the  state  of  the  Pyrenees,  with  conjectures 
on  the  causes  of  their  gradual  wasting 
away,  &c. 

Darci,  Patrick  count,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  engineer,  born  in  Ireland 
1725.  As  he  was  attached  to  the  Stuart 
family,  he  removed  to  Paris  in  1739,  and 
at  the  a»e  of  17  he  distinguished  himsrlf 
'    507 


DAK 


DAR 


by  a  new  solution  of  the  problem  of  the 
curve  of  equal  pressure,  in  a  resisting  me- 
dium. He  was  engaged  in  the  war  of 
1744,  and  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Eng- 
lish. In  1760  he  published  his  essay  on 
artillery,  with  curious  experiments  on  the 
charges  of  powder,  &c.  and  in  1765  ap- 
peared his  memoir  on  the  duration  of  the 
sensation  of  sight.  This  is  the  most  in- 
genious of  his  works,  and  proves  him  to 
be  an  accurate  experimentalist.  His  me- 
moir on  hydraulic  machines,  and  also  his 
other  works  on  experimental  philosophy, 
evince  a  great  genius,  and  a  man  who  to 
the  patience  of  observation  united  great 
and  quick  discrimination,  and  solidity  of 
judgment.  Though  an  exile  he  was  attach- 
ed to  his  country,  and  loved  the  name  of 
an  Irishman.  He  died  at  Paris,  of  a  cho- 
lera morbus  in  1779. 

D'Arcon,  John  Claudius  Eleonore  Li- 
miceaud,  a  French  engineer,  was  born  at 
Pontarlier  in  1733.  He  served  in  the  seven 
years'  war,  and  particularly  at  the  defence 
of  Cassel.  In  1780  he  was  employed  in 
conducting  the  siege  of  Gibraltar,  where 
he  displayed  extraordinary  talents.  On 
the  French  Revolution  he  joined  the  popu- 
lar side,  and  died  in  1800.  His  works 
on  Fortification  and  the  Attack  and  De- 
fence of  Places,  are  numerous  and  valua- 
ble.— W.  B. 

Dargonne,  Dom.  Bonaventure,  a  learn- 
ed Carthusian  monk,  who  died  1704,  aged 
64.  He  is  author  of  un  traite  de  la  lecture 
des  peres  de  l'eglise — des  melanges  d'his- 
toire  et  de  literature — and    other   things. 

Darius,  the  Mede,  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Cyaxares  the  son  of  Astyages,  who 
died  at  Babylon,  about  348  B.  C. 

Darius  I.  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  king  of 
Persia  after  Cambyses,  and  after  the  de- 
struction of  the  usurper  Smerdis.  His  se- 
lection out  of  the  seven  nobles,  who  had 
united  to  dethrone  the  impostor,  was  owing 
to  the  neighing  of  his  horse.  He  destroyed 
Babylon,  and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to 
their  country.  His  forces  were  defeated 
at  Marathon  by  Miltiades,  and  he  died 
B.  C.  485,  as  he  prepared  to  invade  Greece. 

Darius  II.  king  of  Persia,  after  his  fa- 
ther Artaxerxes,  was  father  of  Artaxerxes 
and  Cyrus  the  younger.  He  died  in  the 
19th  year  of  his  reign,  B.  C.  404. 

Darius  III.  the  last  king  of  Persia,  was 
defeated  by  Alexander  the  great,  in  the 
dreadful  battles  of  Granicus,  Issus,  and 
Arbela,  and  was  murdered  as  he  fled  from 
the  field  by  Bessus,  about  331  B.  C. 

Darke,  William,  an  officer  in  the  war 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1736.  Removing  to  Vir- 
ginia while  young  he  joined  the  army  of 
general  Braddock,  and  was  in  the  unfortu- 
nate battle  in  which  that  general  fell.  At  the 
■  ommencement  of  the  war  with  Great 
508 


Britain  he  received  a  captain's  commission, 
and  continued  in  the  service  till  the  peace, 
when  he  held  the  rank  of  major.  In  1791 
he  was  advanced  to  the  command  of  a 
regiment  in  the  army  of  general  St. 
Clair,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  dis- 
astrous battle  of  the  4th  of  November. 
After  returning  to  Virginia  he  was  appoint- 
ed major  general  of  the  militia  of  that 
state.     He  died  in  November,  1801. 

Darquier,  Augustine,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Toulouse,  23d  Nov, 
1718.  He  early  paid  attention  to  mathe- 
matical and  astronomical  pursuits,  and  as 
he  was  blessed  with  a  comfortable  inde- 
pendence, he  provided  himself  with  the 
best  instruments,  and  built  an  observatory 
in  his  own  house.  More  generally  to  dif- 
fuse his  extensive  knowledge,  he  took  pupils, 
whom  he  ably  instructed  in  astronomy. 
He  paid  the  expense  of  calculations  to  give 
greater  accuracy  to  his  observations,  and 
received  no  pecuniary  assistance  whatever 
from  the  government.  This  learned  and 
patriotic  man  died  in  his  native  town,  18th 
Jan.  1802,  after  escaping  the  storms  of  the 
revolution,  and  being  admitted  member  of 
the  national  institute.  He  wrote  2  vols, 
of  observations,  published  at  his  own 
expense — Lambert's  cosmological  letters, 
translated  and  printed  at  Utrecht — ele- 
ments of  geometry  from  Simpson — ob- 
servations on  the  solar  eclipse  of  1778, 
from  the  Spanish  of  Ulloa — letters  on  prac- 
tical astronomy.  His  last  observations  to 
March,  1798,  appeared  in  La  Lande's  his- 
toire  celeste. 

Darwin,  Erasmus,  an  English  poet  and 
physician,  born  at  Newark  in  Nottingham- 
shire, 1732.  As  his  family  was  respecta- 
ble, he  received  a  liberal  education,  and 
then  entered  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  B. 
1755.  From  Cambridge  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  more  particularly  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  physic,  and  where 
he  took  his  medical  degrees.  He  after- 
wards settled  at  Lichfield,  where  he  ac- 
quired great  celebrity  in  his  profession. 
His  first  wife  was  Miss  Howard  of  Lich- 
field, who  bore  him  three  sons,  and  after 
her  death,  which  happened  in  1770,  he 
married  the  widow  of  col.  Pole,  a  lady  of 
agreeable  manners,  and  possessed  of  a 
handsome  fortune,  by  whose  persuasion,  in 
1781  he  retired  to  Derby.  He  died  at  Der- 
by very  suddenly,  18th  April,  1802.  In 
private  life  Dr.  Darwin  was  amiable  and 
benevolent,  in  his  conversation  easy  and 
entertaining,  and  in  his  manner  affable. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  his  bota- 
nic garden  with  philosophical  notes,  in 
two  parts — the  economy  of  vegetation — 
the  loves  of  the  plants,  2  vols.  8vo. — zoo- 
nomia,  or  the  laws  of  organic  life,  4  vol"; 


DAS 


DAU 


Svo. — phytologia,  or  the  philosophy  of  agri- 
culture and  gardening,  4to.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, treatise  on  female  education,  4to. — 
some  papers  in  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions, on  medical  and  philosophical  subjects 
— a  thesis  on  the  movement  of  the  heart 
and  the  arteries  in  consequence  of  the  sti- 
mulus of  the  blood — the  system  of  veget- 
ables of  Linnaeus,  published  by  the  Lich- 
field botanical  society,  &c.  As  a  poet 
and  botanist,  the  name  of  Darwin  is  res- 
pectable, his  verses  display  elegance,  grace, 
and  beauty,  but  they  seldom  rise  to  sub- 
limity, and  they  please  more  by  the  easy 
flow  of  number,  than  by  the  fire  of  descrip- 
tion. His  graces  are  the  tinsel  of  orna- 
ment, not  the  animated,  the  fiery  language 
of  the  muse.  In  his  system  he  branches 
eut  too  much  into  the  fields  of  fancy, 
and  he  seems  delighted  in  informing  his 
readers  that  his  notions  of  religion  were 
vague  and  unprincipled.  Ovid,  in  another 
age,  had  changed  men  into  trees  and  plants ; 
but  the  poet  of  Lichfield  transforms  his 
flowers  into  human  beings,  and  with  all 
the  feeling  of  carnal  passion  he  describes 
the  inhabitants  of  his  parterre  and  of  his 
green-house,  as  conveying  their  amorous 
sighs,  and  their  tender  glances,  with  ali  the 
art  and  coquetry  of  modern  times. 

Darwin,  Charles,  son  of  Dr.  Darwin, 
was  born  at  Lichfield  1758,  and  educated 
at  Christ's  church,  Oxford,  and  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  obtained  the  first  prize 
medal  from  the  Esculapian  society  in  a 
treatise  on  the  means  of  distinguishing 
pus  from  mucus.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  an 
account  of  the  retrograde  motions  of  the 
absorbent  vessels  of  animal  bodies  in  some 
diseases,  which  his  father  published  in  Eng- 
lish. He  died  1778,  at  a  time  when  his 
father  promised  himself  much  happiness 
from  the  exertions  of  his  great  and  exten- 
sive abilities  in  the  medical  world. 

Dassier,  John,  medalist  to  the  republic 
of  Geneva,  struck  a  series  of  the  English 
kings,  with  a  hope  of  procuring  an  estab- 
lishment in  the  English  mint,  which  how- 
ever did  not  succeed.  His  nephew,  James 
Anthony,  in  1740,  was  appointed  second 
engraver  to  the  mint  in  London,  but  re- 
turned to  Geneva  five  years  after.  The 
family  were  ingenious.  They  executed  a 
set  of  the  reformers  in  brass,  small,  and 
also  large  medals  of  the  great  men  then 
living.  Their  bronze  medals  of  Roman 
history  are  valuable. 

Dassouci,  a  French  musician  and  poet 
of  the  17th  century.  He  obtained  cele- 
brity by  his  buffoonery,  and  was  introduced 
to  the  court  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  XIV.  He 
left  Paris  in  1655,  and  travelled  through 
Lyons,  where  he  was  noticed  and  enter- 
tained by  Moliere,  and  afterwards  visited 
Turin,  and  other  places,  where,  by  his  wit, 


drollery,  and  artifices,  he  maintained  him- 
self, and  procured  the  patronage  of  the 
great.  He  died  at  the  latter  end  of  the 
17th  century.  In  1674  he  published  two 
small  volumes,  composed  in  the  Chatelet 
prison.  He  was  ridiculed  by  Boileau,  and 
severely  lampooned  by  Cyrano  de  Bergerac, 
under  the  name  of  Soucidas. 

Datames,  an  illustrious  general  of  Per- 
sia, who,  after  the  most  meritorious  servi- 
ces, was  treated  with  contempt  am!  sus- 
picion, and  in  consequence  revolted  against 
his  sovereign.  He  was  assassinated  by 
Mithridates,  361  B.  C. 

Dati,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
where  he  became  teacher  of  rhetoric  and 
of  the  classics,  and  afterwards  first  magis- 
trate. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul — epistles — orations — the 
history  of  Sienna,  &c.  printed  in  1  vol.  fol. 
1503,  and  he  died  1478,  aged  58. 

Dati,  Carlo,  a  native  of  Florence,  pro- 
fessor of  literature  there.  He  was  remarka- 
ble for  the  civility  he  showed  to  strangers 
who  visited  his  native  city,  and  he  became 
known  by  his  works,  which  consisted  of 
Italian  poems  on  Lewis  XIV.  and  other 
things.  He  proved  in  one  of  bis  tracts, 
that  Marsennus  is  not  the  inventor  of  the 
cycloid,  but  Galileo,  and  he  also  ascribes 
great  merit  to  Toricelli,  for  the  explana- 
tion of  the  suspension  of  quicksilver  in  a 
glass  tube.  His  chief  work,  according  to 
Boyle,  is  the  life  of  four  of  the  illustrious 
painters  of  ancient  times,  Zeuxis,  Parrha- 
sius,  Apelles,  and  Protogenes.  Dati  died 
1675,  respected  for  his  amiable  manners 
not  less  than  for  his  extensive   erudition. 

Daval,  Peter,  a  barrister  of  the  Middle- 
temple,  known  as  an  able  mathematician. 
He  translated  cardinal  de  Retz's  memoirs, 
1723,  and  died  8th  Jan.  1763,  being  then 
accomptant  general  to  the  court  of  chance- 
ry. His  opinion  on  elliptical  arches,  at 
the  time  of  building  Blackfriars  bridge,  is 
recorded  in  the  London  Magazine,  March, 
1760. 

Davanzati,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian, 
and  wrote  besides,  treatises  on  Tuscan 
agriculture — history  of  the  English  schism 
— an  account  of  exchanges,  &c.  and  died 
1606,  aged  77. 

Daubenton,  John  Lewis  Marie,  an  emi- 
nent anatomist,  born  at  Montbard  in  Bur- 
gundy, May,  1716.  When  he  had  com- 
pleted his  medical  studies,  he  became  the 
active  associate  of  Buffon,  in  the  prepara- 
tion and  the  completion  of  his  valuable 
natural  history,  and  published  besides  in- 
struction for  shepherds — a  treatise  on  trees 
and  shrubs — and  many  curious  and  in- 
teresting memoirs  on  subjects  of  minera- 
logy— on  the  improvement  of  wool,  &c. 
He  was  at  first  keeper  of  the  royal  muse- 
509 


DAY 


DAV 


urn,  and  in  1744  was  elected  member  of 
the  academy  of  sciences,  and  in  1799  he 
was  chosen  member  of  the  conservative 
senate.  He  died  31st  Dec.  of  the  same 
year. 

Datjbenton,  William,  a  Jesuit  of  Aux- 
erre,  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain.  It 
is  supposed,  that  he  enjoyed  so  much  the 
royal  confidence,  that  the  monarch  intrust- 
ed him  with  his  intention  of  abdicating  his 
throne,  an  important  secret  which  the 
favourite  disclosed  to  Orleans,  regent  of 
France.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  1723, 
aged  75.  He  wrote  some  funeral  orations 
— some  sermons,  2  vols,  folio,  &c. 

Davenant,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
was  born  in  Watling-street,  1576,  where 
his  father  was  a  merchant.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  in  1597.  He  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  1609,  and  the  same 
year  was  elected  lady  Margaret's  divinity 
professor,  and  in  1614  was  chosen  master 
of  his  college.  His  learning  recommended 
him  to  James  L  who  sent  him  with  other 
eminent  divines  to  the  synod  of  Dort,  1618, 
and  he  was  in  1621  raised  to  the  see  of 
Salisbury.  He  however  incurred  the  king's 
displeasure,  by  treating  in  a  discourse  on 
predestination.  He  died  of  a  consumption, 
20th  April,  1641,  and  was  buried  in  his  ca- 
thedral. He  was  a  learned  divine,  and 
very  exemplary  in  his  manners,  but  a  strong 
Calvinist.  He  published  an  exposition  of 
the  epistle  to  the  Colossians, — questions 
on  wbich  he  had  disputed  in  the  schools, 
in  numbers,  49— animadversions  on  Hoard's 
treatises — and  other  theological  tracts. 

Davenant,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Oxford,  1605.  As  his  father  kept 
an  inn  there,  and  his  mother  was  a  great 
beautv,  malevolence  has  wantonly  insinua- 
ted that  to  Shakspeare,  who  generally 
stooped  there  on  his  road  between  London 
and  Stratford,  our  author  was  indebted 
for  his  life  and  his  poetical  talents.  Young 
Davenant  received  his  grammar  learning  at 
Oxford,  and  then  entered  at  Lincoln  col- 
lege ;  but  his  love  of  poetry  led  him  from 
the  university,  and  he  became  page  to  the 
dutchess  of  Richmond,  and  afterwards  to 
lord  Brooke,  who  himself  had  some  poetical 
talents.  In  162S  he  began  to  write  plays, 
and  soon  recommended  himself  to  the 
friendship  of  the  wits  of  the  age.  In  con- 
sequence of  a  criminal  intercourse  with  a 
black  female  in  Axeyard,  Westminster,  he 
had  about  this  time  tbe  misfortune  to  lose 
his  nose  ;  but  though  disfigured,  and  though 
ridiculed  for  the  adventure,  he  did  not  part 
with  his  merriment,  or  the  cause  of  his 
disgrace.  In  1637,  he  succeeded  Ben  Jon- 
son  as  poet  laureate,  but  his  attachment  to 
the  king's  person  produced  an  accusation 
against  him,  and  he  was  charged  with  an 
510 


attempt  to  seduce  the  army.  He  was  bailed, 
and  immediately  withdrew  to  France,  and 
afterwards  on  his  return  he  was  knighted 
by  the  king,  near  Gloucester,  1643.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  troubles,  he  again 
retired  to  France,  where  probably  to  please 
the  court,  he  changed  his  religion,  and  in 
consequence  of  the  weight  he  thus  acquired 
he  was  commissioned  confidentially  by  the 
queen  to  persuade  Charles  to  give  up  the 
church  for  his  security,  an  intimation  which 
highly  displeased  the  king,  who  forbade  Da- 
venant ever  to  appear  before  him  again. 
The  queen  afterwards  employed  him  to 
transport  some  artificers  from  France  to 
Virginia,  but  the  ship  was  seized  by  the 
English  cruisers,  and  Davenant  thrown 
into  prison,  and  threatened  with  persecu- 
tion and  death,  from  which,  however,  the 
friendship  and  interference  of  Milton  and 
others  saved  him.  After  two  years'  con- 
finement in  the  tower  he  was  liberated,  and 
now  to  maintain  himself,  he  began,  as  tra- 
gedies were  considered  as  profane,  to  exhi- 
bit moral  virtues  in  verse,  and  to  perform 
in  recitative  music.  At  the  restoration  he 
obtained  a  patent  for  acting  plays  in  Lin- 
coln's-Inn-fields.  He  died  17th  April,  1668, 
aged  63,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster 
abbey,  where  these  words  record  his  name, 
"  O  rare  Sir  William  Davenant."  His 
works  were  published  by  his  widow  in 
1673,and  dedicated  to  James  duke  of  York. 
They  consist  of  plays  and  poems  in  which 
is  the  famous  Gondibert,  in  which  his  fa- 
vourite black  female  is  introduced. 

Davenant,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1656,  and  educated 
at  Cheam,  Surrey,  and  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  took  no  degree,  and  at  the  age  of 
19,  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  acting 
of  the  only  tragedy  he  wrote,  Circe,  which 
appeared  with  great  applause  at  the  duke 
of  York's  theatre.  From  the  theatre,  how- 
ever, where  he  had  some  interest  from  the 
property  left  by  his  father,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  civil  law,  and  had  the  degree  of 
doctor  conferred  on  him  by  Cambridge.  He 
served  for  St.  Ives  in  the  parliament  of 
1685,  and  in  1698,  ami  1700,  for  Great 
Bedwin.  He  was  appointed  by  James  II. 
to  inspect  all  plays,  and  preserve  the  deco- 
rum of  the  stage,  and  he  afterwards  held 
for  16  years  the  office  of  commissioner  of 
excise,  and  lastly  that  of  inspector  general 
of  the  exports  and  imports,  till  his  death, 
which  happened  sixth  November,  1714. 
Dr.  Davenant's  knowledge  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  his  great  skill  in  figures,  rendered 
him  an  able  political  and  financial  writer. 
Though  some  of  his  pamphlets  for  their 
freedom,  their  independence  of  language, 
and  severity  of  censure,  drew  upon  him  the 
attacks  of  some  able  opponents,  yet  his 
abilities  were    universally  acknowledged. 


DAV 


DAN 


and  his  opinion  always  highly  respected. 
His  first  political  work  was  an  essay  upon 
the  ways  and  means  of  supplying  the  war, 
1695,  and  he  treated  the  subject  in  so 
masterly  a  manner,  that  whatever  he  after- 
wards wrote  was  sought  with  avidity,  and 
read  with  deference.  His  other  works  are 
all  upon  political  and  financial  subjects. 
They  were  the  best  part  collected  and  re- 
vised by  Sir  Charles  Wbitworth  in  five 
vols.  8vo.  1771. 

Davenant,  William,  fourth  son  of  Sir 
William,  was  educated  at  Magdalen-hall, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A. 
16S0,  and  entered  into  orders.  He  trans- 
lated into  English,  la  Mothe  le  Vayer's  ani- 
madversions on  Greek  and  Latin  histo- 
rians. He  was  presented  to  a  living  in 
Surrey  by  his  friend  Robert  Wymond  Sole, 
esquire,  and  it  was  in  the  company  of  this 
gentleman,  that  he  visited  Paris,  where  he 
was  unfortunately  drowned,  as  he  was 
swimming  for  his  diversion  in  the  summer 
of  1681. 

Davenport,  Christopher,  a  learned 
Englishman,  born  1 598,  at  Coventry  ,where 
he  received  his  grammar  education.  He 
entered  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and 
two  years  after  went  to  Douay  and  Ypres, 
where  he  changed  his  religion  and  assumed 
the  habit  of  a  Franciscan.  He  afterwards 
travelled  into  England  under  the  name  of 
Sancta  Clara,  and  was  chaplain  to  queen 
Henrietta.  In  this  office  he  was  very  ac- 
tive in  advancing  the  cause  of  popery,  by 
persuasion  as  well  as  by  writing  ;  and  in- 
deed so  formidable  did  his  influence  appear, 
that  one  of  the  articles  of  impeachment 
against  Laud,  was  his  holding  conferences 
with  this  dangerous  Franciscan.  During 
the  civil  wars  Davenport  was  a  fugitive  re- 
siding sometimes  abroad,  and  sometimes  in 
London  and  Oxford,  but  after  the  restora- 
tion he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Catha- 
rine of  Portugal,  Charles's  queen,  and  he 
was  a  third  time  made  provincial  of  his 
order  in  England.  He  died  31st  May, 
1680.  He  wrote,  among  several  works, 
paraphrastica  expositio  articulorum  con- 
iessionis  Anglicae,  et  Deus,  Natura,  Gratia, 
in  which  he  attempted  to  reconcile  the 
king,  the  church,  and  the  articles  of  reli- 
gion, to  the  church  r'.'Rome. 

Davenport,  John,  elder  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Coventry  1597,  and 
entered  at  Merton  college  1613.  He  did 
not,  like  his  brother,  become  a  papist,  but  a 
most  zealous  puritan.  After  being  minister 
of  St.  Stephen's  church,  Coleman-street, 
and  admired  for  his  oratory,  he  passed 
over  to  Amsterdam,  where  the  minister  of 
the  English  church,  John  Paget,  prevented 
his  associating  with  his  congregation,  a 
measure  which  produced  a  controversy 
between  the  two  divines.      At  the  break- 


ing out  of  the  rebellion  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, but  soon  after  embarked  for  America, 
where  he  became  minister  of  New-Haven. 
He  died  at  Boston  1669.  He  wrote  ser- 
mons— a  catechism  containing  the  chief 
heads  of  the  Christian  religion — and  other 
theological  tracts. 

Davenport,  Addington,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  was  gra- 
duated at  Harvard  college  in  1689,  and 
after  having  visited  England,  Spain,  and 
the  West  Indies,  returned  to  Boston, 
and  sustained  successively  several  of  the 
most  responsible  offices  in  the  government. 
He  was  clerk  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives and  of  the  supreme  court  and  court 
of  common  pleas,  a  member  of  the  council, 
and  in  1715,  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court.  He  died  April  2d,  1736, 
aged  66.  ICP  L. 

David,  king  of  Israel,  was  born  at  Beth- 
lehem 1085,  B.  C.  and  anointed   by    Sa- 
muel, whilst  he  was  keeping  the  flocks  of 
his  father  Jesse.     His  courage  in  killing 
the  giant  Goliath,  with  a  sling  and  a  stone, 
rendered  him  conspicuous  in   Israel,  but 
Saul,  who  at  first  wished  to  patronise  him, 
grew  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and  pursued 
him  with  the  intention  of  putting  him  to 
death.     Thus  expelled  from  his  country, 
David  wandered  among  the  neighbouring 
nations,  always  respected  for  valour  and 
integrity,  and  at  the  death  of  Saul,  he  was 
acknowledged  king  of  the  tribe  of  Judah. 
After  some   time,    on    the  death  of  Ish- 
bosheth  the  son  of  Saul,   who   had  been 
placed    on  his  father's    throne  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Abner,  David  was  received  as 
sole  monarch  by  all  the  tribes  of  Israel,  and 
his  reign  for  thirty  years  was  marked  by 
prosperity,  glory,  and  fame.     He  extended 
his  dominion  over  some  of  the  adjoining 
countries,  and  took  Jerusalem  the  city  of 
the  Jebusites,  which  he  called   the  city  of 
David  ;  but  his  reputation  was  stained  by 
his  adulterous  intercourse  with  Bathsheba, 
and  his  foul  murder  of  Uriah  her  husband. 
In  a  moment  of  arrogance  too  he  caused 
the  people  to  be  numbered,  which  was  se- 
verely   punished    by    the    visitation  of   a 
plague.     His  transgressions  were  also  vi- 
sited by  dissension  in  his  own  family,  and 
by  the  revolt  of  his  favourite  son  Absalom 
who  proclaimed  himself  king.     The  death 
of  this  prince,   who   was    slain  by   Joab, 
greatly  affected  the  mourning  father,    who 
in  his  old  age  resigned  the  government  into 
the  hands  of  Solomon  his  son.    David  died 
aged  70,  B.  C.  1015,  highly  respected  for 
his  character  of  benevolence,  courage,  and 
piety.     The  psalms  which  he  composed,  in 
a  strain  of  great  sublimity  and  commanding 
eloquence,  are  strong  proofs  of  his  devo- 
tion as  well  as  of  his  trust  in  the  Divine 
Providence. 

511 


DAV 


DAV 


David,  Saint,  the  patron  of  Wales,  was 
a  native  of  the  province,  and  educated  at 
Bangor  in  the  5th  century.  He  founded 
several  monasteries  in  Wales,  where  his 
monks  maintained  themselves  by  their  la- 
bour and  industry.  He  governed  the  see 
of  St.  David's  65  years,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cathedral  there.  The  symbol  of  the 
leek  attributed  to  him  is  supposed  to  origi- 
nate in  the  custom  of  Cymhortha,  still  ob- 
served among  the  farmers  of  the  country, 
where  in  assisting  one  another  in  ploughing 
the  land,  they  bring  each  their  leeks  to  the 
common  re-past  of  the  whole  party. 

David,  an  Armenian  philosopher,  in  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century,  who  studied  at 
Athens.  He  translated  some  of  the  works 
of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  other  learned 
Greeks,  which  are  preserved  in  the  French 
king's  library. 

David,  de  Dinant,  a  disciple  of  Amauri, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  who 
taught  that  God  was  original  matter,  a  sys- 
tem afterwards  nearly  adopted  by  Spinoza. 

David,  George,  a  fanatic  of  Ghent,  edu- 
cated as  a  glazier.  In  1525  he  began  to 
preach  as  the  true  Messiah,  the  third  Da- 
vid, the  nephew  of  God.  This  strange 
doctrine  created  followers  and  persecution, 
and  he  fled  to  Friesland,  and  afterwards  to 
Basil,  where  he  died  1556.  He  prophesied 
that  after  three  days  he  would  rise  again, 
and  about  that  time  the  magistrates  of  Ba- 
sil, in  contempt  of  his  opinions,  dug  up  his 
body,  which,  together  with  his  writings  was 
burnt  by  the  executioner. 

David,  de  Pomis,  a  Jewish  physician  of 
the  16th  century,  who  pretended  to  be  de- 
scended from  the  true  stock  of  Judah.  He 
wrote  de  senum  affectibus,  8vo. — a  rabbini- 
cal dictionary,  Hebrew  and  Italian,  Venice, 
folio,  1587,  very  useful  and  learned. 

David,  Gantz,  a  Jewish  historian  of  the 
16th  century,  author  of  a  Hebrew  chroni- 
cle, 4to.  part  of  which  was  translated  into 
Latin  by  Vorstius,  with  notes,  Leyden 
1644,  4to. 

David,  of  Hirazug,  a  Welsh  divine  and 
poet,  called  the  biack,  about  1350.  He  al- 
tered and  improved  the  grammar  and  pro- 
sody of  Edeyrn,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest 
of  his  country  by  Edward  I.  and  according 
to  the  new  institutions  and  manners  which 
that  era  produced,  the  missal  or  the  office 
of  the  Virgin  was  translated  by  him  into 
Welsh,  and  is  still  preserved. 

David  el  David,  a  Persian  Jew,  in  the 
12th  century,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
Messiah,  and  prevailed  upon  some  of  his 
countrymen  to  support  his  imposture.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  and  beheaded  in  the 
king's  presence,  who  ordered  the  Jews  to 
be  massacred  through  the  empire. 

David  Ab  Gwilim,  a  celebrated  Welsh 
hard,  patronised  by  Ivor  the  Generous. 
512 


His  poetry,  which  possessed  beauty,  fire, 
and  sublimity,  was  chiefly  on  subjects  of 
love,  and  147  of  his  poems  were  inscribed 
to  the  fair  Morvid  his  mistress,  who  how- 
ever proved  unkind  to  his  merits,  and  mar- 
ried Rhys  Gwgan,  an  officer,  who  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  English  army  at  the 
battle  of  Cressy.  His  works  were  edited 
at  London  1789. 

David,  emperor  of  Trebizonde,  after 
John  his  brother,  was  of  the  imperial  fami- 
ly of  the  Comneni.  He  was  defeated  by 
Mahomet  II.  who  insolently  offered  him 
the  choice  either  of  being  converted  to  Ma- 
hometanism,  or  to  suffer  death.  He  he- 
roically chose  death,  and  suffered  1461. 

David  Ap  Edmund,  a  Welsh  poet  in  the 
15th  century,  born  atHanmer  in  Flintshire. 
He  was  the  president  of  an  assembly  of 
bards,  who  met  at  Caermarthen,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Edward  IV.  and  were  opposed  by 
a  poetical  band  from  another  province. 
At  that  meeting  a  number  of  canons  of 
poetry  were  established  and  agreed  upon. 

David  I.  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
Huntingdon,  was  king  of  Scotland,  after 
his  brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  1 124.  He 
was  brought  up  in  England,  and  married 
Maud  the  grand  niece  of  William  the  con- 
queror, and  after  the  death  of  the  first 
Henry,  he  maintained  with  spirit  the 
claims  of  the  empress  Maud  to  the  English 
throne  against  Stephen.  To  enforce  her 
pretensions  he  entered  England,  and  seized 
Carlisle,  which,  though  conquered  after- 
wards at  the  battle  of  North  Allerton  1138, 
he  was  permitted  to  retain.  He  died  at 
Carlisle  11th  May,  1153,  universally  re- 
spected as  a  mild,  popular,  and  benevolent 
king. 

David  II.  king  of  Scotland,  was  son  of 
Robert  Bruce,  whom  he  succeeded  when 
five  years  old.  During  the  invasion  of  his 
country  by  Baliol,  he  was  conveyed  to 
France,  but  returned  after  the  defeat  of 
his  enemies,  1 342.  He  was  in  1 346  taken 
prisoner  by  an  English  army,  after  a  valiant 
resistance,  and  sent  a  close  prisoner  to  the 
tower,  from  which,  after  a  long  confine- 
ment of  10  years,  he  was  liberated  on  pay- 
ing a  heavy  ransom.  He  died  1371,  aged 
47,  leaving  no  issue  by  his  wife  Jane, 
daughter  of  Edward  ft.  of  England. 

Davidis,  Francis,  a  Hungarian,  who  at 
various  times  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
Roman  Catholics,  the  Lutherans,  the  Cal- 
vinists,  the  Unitarians,  &c.  As  he  op- 
posed both  Socinus  and  Blandrata,  and  de- 
clared that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ, 
he  was  accused  of  favouring  Judaism,  and 
was  in  consequence  thrown  into  prison, 
where  he  died  1579.  He  wrote  some  tracts 
on  the  millennium,  and  other  theological 
subjects. 


DAV 


DA\ 


Davidson,  William,  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1746.  He  re- 
moved in  early  life  to  North  Carolina,and  at 
the  commencement  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  was  appointed  major  in  one  of  the 
regiments  of  that  state,  and  served  with  it 
in  the  army  under  Washington,  in  New- 
Jersey,  till  1779,  when  being  advanced  to  a 
lieutenant  colonelcy,  he  was  detached  to 
reinforce  the  southern  army.  He  escaped 
being  captured  with  his  corps  at  the  surren- 
der of  Charleston,  and  was  soon  after  ap- 
pointed, with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general, 
to  command  the  militia  of  North  Carolina, 
which  were  called  into  service.  He  fell  at 
the  ford  of  the  Catawba,  in  endeavouring 
to  prevent  the  passage  of  Cornwallis.  He 
was  a  brave  and  skilful  officer.  Congress 
expressed  the  high  respect  in  which  they 
held  him  by  voting  to  erect  a  monument  to 
his  memory.  [E?  L. 

Davie,  William  R.  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  was  born  at  the  village  of  Egre- 
mont,  England,  June  20,  1756.  He  came 
to  South  Carolina  in  1763,  and  received 
his  education  at  Princeton,  where  he  gra- 
duated in  1776.  After  studying  law  a 
short  time,  he  entered  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  cavalry  attached  to  the  legion 
of  Pulaski,  and  was  wounded  in  the  attack 
on  the  British  at  Stono.  He  afterwards 
raised  a  legionary  corps  for  North  Caro- 
lina, and  commanding  it  with  the  rank  of 
major,  protected  the  country  near  Camden. 
He  was  at  length  appointed  colonel  of  the 
••avalry  of  the  state,  and  when  general 
Greene  took  command  of  the  southern 
army,  he  was  made  commissary,  and  dis- 
charged the  arduous  duties  of  the  office 
with  great  ability.  After  the  peace,  he  es- 
tablished himself  in  Halifax  as  a  lawyer, 
and  rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession. 
He  was  not  long  after  chosen  a  delegate  to 
congress,  and  in  1787,  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  Unavoidable  absence 
prevented  his  affixing  his  name  to  that  in- 
strument. He  approved  of  it,  and  did 
much  to  promote  its  ratification  by  North 
Carolina.  In  1790,  he  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States, 
but  declined  the  office,  and  on  the  organi- 
zation of  the  provincial  army  in  1798,  re- 
ceived the  commission  of  brigadier  gene- 
ral. He  was  the  same  year  chosen  gover- 
nor of  the  state,  and  in  1799,  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  for  negotiating 
a  treaty  with  France.  Soon  after  return- 
ing from  that  mission,  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life,  though  he  still  rendered  himself  a 
highly  useful  member  of  society  by  his  ex- 
ertions to  promote  the  progress  of  the  arts 
and  sciences.  He  died  at  Camden,  No 
vcmber  8th,  1820,  aged  64.  He  was  un- 
commonly dignified  in  his  person  and  man- 

Voi..  I.  65 


ners,  greatly  distinguished  for  intrepidity 
and  skill  as  a  soldier,  for  ability  and  upright- 
ness at  the  bar,  and  for  amiableness,  affa- 
bility, and  hospitality  in  private  life. 

[CFL. 

Davies,  Sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  poet, 
born  at  Chisgrove,  Wilts,  1570.  He  was 
of  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  then  re- 
moved to  the  middle  temple,  where  he  was 
called  to  the  bar.  He  was  member  of  par- 
liament in  1601,  and  on  the  queen's  death 
went  with  Lord  Hunsdon  and  others  to 
Scotland  to  congratulate  James,  who  know- 
ing the  character  of  his  writings,  received 
him  with  great  cordiality  and  respect.  He 
was  solicitor  and  attorney-general  to  the 
king  in  Ireland,  and  also  speaker  of  the 
Irish  house,  and  on  returning  to  England 
in  1612,  he  was  made  an  English  sergeant 
at  law,  afterwards  one  of  the  judges,  and 
in  1626  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.  He  died,  however,  suddenly  of  an 
apoplexy  before  his  installation.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  spirit,  of  extensive  eru- 
dition, but  more  distinguished  for  wit  and 
learning  than  as  an  able  lawyer.  His 
nosce  teipsum,  on  the  nature  and  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  a  poem  dedicated  to 
queen  Elizabeth,  has  gone  through  several 
editions.  He  wrote,  besides  smaller  poems, 
orchestra — on  dancing — hymns  of  Astrea, 
&c.  edited  1773,  in  12mo.  and  some  law 
tracts — an  abridgment  of  sir  Edward 
Coke's  reports — jus  imponendi  vectigalia, 
&c.  edited  1786,  8vo.  Sir  John  married 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  lord  Touchet,  by 
whom  he  had  a  son,  an  idiot,  who  died 
young,  and  Lucy,  who  married  lord  Hun- 
tingdon. Lady  Davies  pretended  to  be  a 
prophetess,  and  the  Sunday  before  her 
husband's  death,  she  suddenly  burst  into 
tears,  which  she  declared  were  his  funeral 
teal's.  She  died  in  London  1552,  and  was 
buried  at  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields,  near  her 
husband.  An  account  of  her  wonderful 
and  strange  prophecies  was  published  in 
1649. 

Davies,  John,  was  born  at  Llanveres  in 
Denbighshire,  and  educated  at  Ruthin 
school  by  Morgan,  afterwards  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph.  He  was  of  Jesus,  and  afterwards 
of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford.  He  took  his 
doctor's  degree  1616,  and  became  rector  of 
Mallwyd  and  canon  of  St.  Asaph.  He 
was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  well  acquaint- 
ed with  the  history  and  antiquities  of  his 
country.  His  works  are — Antiquae  linguae 
Britannican,  nunc  dicta;  Cambro-Britan- 
nica;,  &c.  rudimenta,  1621,  8vo.  Diction- 
arium  Latino-Britannicum,  folio,  1632. 
Adagia  Britannica,  &c.  He  also  assisted 
his  friends  bishops  Morgan  and  Parny,  to 
translate  the  Bible  into  Welsh.  He  died 
1664. 

Davies,  John,  an  eminent  critic,  born  in 
London  22d  April,  1679.    He  was  educated 
513 


DAV 


DAI 


at  the  charter-house  and  Queen's  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  in 
1701.  In  1711,  he  was  made  rector  of 
Fen-ditton,  near  Cambridge,  and  preben- 
dary of  Ely,  and  1717,  chosen  master  of 
his  college  and  created  D.D.  He  died  7th 
March, 1732,  aged  53,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  his  college.  He  was  the  learned 
editor  of  the  works  of  Maximus  Tyrius, 
Caesar,  Minucius  Felix,  Cicero's  philoso- 
phical pieces,  &c.  Lactantius,  &c.  Though 
universally  admired  as  the  editor  of  these 
valuable  classics,  yet  the  abbe  d'Olivet  has 
censured  Dr.  Davies  as  a  puerile,  weak, 
and  injudicious  annotator. 

Davies,  John,  a  poet  and  writing  master. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards resided  in  Fleet-street.  Most  of 
his  poetical  pieces  are  mentioned  by  Wood. 
He  wrote  also  the  scourge  of  folly,  in  epi- 
grams, and  the  anatomy  of  fair  writing,  a 
copy-book,  &c.     He  died  about  1618. 

Davies,  Samuel,  president  of  the  college 
of  New-Jersey,  was  a  native  of  Delaware, 
and  born  the  3d  of  November,  1724.  He 
entered  the  ministry  at  an  early  age,  and 
immediately  rendered  himself  conspicuous 
by  his  eminently  popular  talents.  In  174S, 
he  was  settled  in  Hanover  county,  Virginia, 
and  laboured  there  with  remarkable  success 
till  1759.  He  was  then  chosen  president 
of  the  college,  a  station  for  which  he  was 
most  happily  fitted,  by  his  superior  intel- 
ligence, fervid  eloquence,  and  ardent  piety. 
He  had  several  years  before  gone  to  Eng- 
land,and  obtained  considerable  benefactions 
to  the  seminary.  He  died  January  1761, 
at  the  early  age  of  36.  He  was  distin- 
guished alike  by  a  superiority  of  genius, 
love  of  knowledge,  patriotism,  and  devo- 
tedness  to  his  professional  duties,and  enjoy- 
ed the  highest  rank  among  his  cotempora- 
ries  in  usefulness  and  popularity.  A  selec- 
tion of  his  sermons  have  been  published  in 
3  volumes,  octavo.  iCF3  L. 

Davies,  Thomas,  a  bookseller.  He  was 
in  1728  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
and  in  1736  appeared  as  an  actor  at  the 
Haymarket  theatre.  He  then  commenced 
bookseller  in  Duke's  court,  but  soon  return- 
ed to  the  theatre,  and  after  strolling  over 
the  country  he  appeared  in  1752  at  Drury- 
lane,  with  his  wife,  a  Miss  Yarrow,  a 
woman  of  great  beauty  and  unspotted  vir- 
tue. In  1762,  he  again  commenced  a  book- 
seller in  Russel-street,  and  in  1778  became 
a  bankrupt,  but  the  influence  and  friendship 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  a  benefit  at  Drury- 
lane  from  Mr.  Sheridan,  restored  him  to 
the  comforts  of  independence.  In  1780, 
he  published  his  life  of  Garrick,  which  im- 
proved his  income  and  enlarged  the  num- 
ber of  his  friends.  He  also  wrote  memoirs 
of  Henderson,  a  life  of  Massinger,  of  Dr. 
John  Eachard,  Mr.  Lillo,  sir  John  Davies, 
•ind  also  dramatic  miscellanies.  3  vols,  be- 
r»J4 


sides  some  fugitive  pieces  in  the  newspa^ 
pers.  He  died  5th  May,  1785,  and  was 
buried  in  the  vault  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent- 
garden. 

Davila,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebrated 
historian,  born  at  Cyprus,  from  which  he 
fled  when  that  island  was  subdued  by  the 
Turks,  1571.  He  came  to  Avila  in  Spain, 
where  he  understood  his  family  originated, 
and  he  afterwards  passed  to  France,  where 
he  became  a  favourite  at  the  court  of 
Henry  HI.  The  death  of  the  monarch 
disconcerted  the  plans  of  Davila,  who  ex- 
pected there  for  himself,  his  brother,  and 
two  sisters,  a  permanent  settlement,  and 
though  he  remained  for  a  little  while  in  the 
service  of  Henry  IV.  he  went  to  Venice, 
where  he  was  honourably  received.  On 
his  way  to  Verona,  on  the  affairs  of  the  Ve- 
netian republic,  he  was  grossly  insulted  by 
a  person  who  at  last  discharged  a  pistol  at 
him,  and  wounded  him  mortally.  The  son 
of  Davila,  a  youth  of  18,  revenged  his 
death,  and  immediately  cut  the  assassin  to 
pieces.  During  his  residence  at  Venice, 
Davila  wrote  in  Italian  his  history  of  the 
civil  wars  of  France  in  fifteen  books,  from 
the  death  of  Henry  II.  1559  to  1598. 
This  history,  considered  by  Bolingbroke  as 
equal  to  Livy's  annals,  is  highly  esteemed 
for  its  authenticity,  correctness,  and  the 
elegance  of  the  composition.  The  best 
edition  is  that  of  London,  2  vols.  4to.  1755. 

Davila,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Spa- 
nish naturalist,  who  in  the  pursuit  of  con- 
chyliology  and  mineralogy,  corresponded 
with  the  most  learned  men  in  Europe.  He 
died  at  Madrid  1785.  An  account  of  his 
valuable  cabinet  was  published  in  3  vols. 

Davis,  Henry  Edwards,  a  native  of 
Windsor,  11th  July,  1756.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  and  at  Baliol  col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
and  tutor.  In  1778  he  wrote  his  examina- 
tion of  Gibbon's  decline  and  fall  of  the 
Roman  empire,  a  work  which,  though  the 
production  of  a  young  man,  was  consider- 
ed as  so  respectable,  that  of  many  attacks  it 
was  the  only  one  which  the  historian  deign- 
ed to  answer.  He  died  10th  February,  1784, 
of  a  lingering  illness,  and  left  behind  him 
a  most  respectable  character  for  erudi- 
tion, for  goodness  of  heart,  and  amiable- 
ness  of  manners.  He  was  buried  at 
Windsor. 

Davis,  John,  a  native  of  Sandridge,  De- 
vonshire, early  inured  to  a  sea  life.  He 
obtained  in  1585  the  command  of  some 
vessels  to  discover  a  northwest  passage  to 
the  East-Indies,  and  he  gave  his  name  to 
the  straits  which  he  visited,  and  the  next 
year  he  proceeded  in  his  spirit  of  discovery 
to  the  coast  of  Greenland,  and  as  high  as 
the  73d  degree  of  north  latitude.  He  was 
with  Cavendish  in  1591,  in  his  expedition 
to  the  South  Seas,  and  afterwards  he  was 


DAU 

employed  in  five  voyages  to  the  East-ladies. 
He  was  not  only  an  able  seaman  but  a  cor- 
rect writer,  as  appears  by  the  account  of 
his  voyages  which  he  published.  He 
was  unfortunately  killed  on  the  shores  of 
Malacca  in  a  quarrel  with  some  Japanese, 
1605. 

Davison,  Jeremiah,  born  in  England,  of 
Scotch  parents,  was  pupil  to  Lely,  and  ex- 
celled in  painting  satyrs.     He  died  1745. 

Daumius,  Christian,  a  native  of  Misnia, 
regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  where 
he  died  1687,  aged  75.  He  gave  proofs 
of  his  learning  in  his  tractatus  de  causis 
amissarum  linguae  Latinae  radicum,  8vo. — 
epistolae,  4to. — indagator  et  restitutor  lin- 
guae Graec.  radicum, — and  poems. 

Daun,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general, 
born  in  1705.  He  was  colonel  in  1740, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Maria  Theresa,  and  afterwards  with  greater 
glory  in  the  relief  of  Prague,  &c.  against  the 
king  of  Prussia,  whom  he  defeated  at  Chot- 
chemitch  in  1757,  to  commemorate  which 
great  victory  the  empress  instituted  the 
military  order  which  bears  her  name.  He 
again  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Hochkirchen  in  1758,  and  at  the  siege 
of  Dresden,  but  he  was  totally  defeated  at 
Siplitz  near  Torgau,  in  1760.  The  peace  of 
1763  restored  him  and  the  country  to  tran- 
quillity, and  he  died  at  Vienna  5th  Febru- 
ary, 1766,  at  the  age  of  61,  leaving  behind 
him  the  character  of  a  brave  and  circum- 
spect general,  a  humane  and  benevolent 
man,  and  a  devout  Christian. 

Daunois,  Countess,  acquired  some  ce- 
lebrity, by  her  romances  and  travels  in 
Spain.     She  died  1705. 

Daurat,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  near 
the  head  of  the  Vienne,  1507.  He  so  ably 
distinguished  himself  by  his  learning  and 
application,  that  he  became  Greek  profes- 
sor at  Paris,  and  evinced  the  superiority  of 
his  mode  and  powers  of  education,  by  the 
number  of  able  and  illustrious  scholars 
who  studied  under  him.  Though  learned, 
he  was  careless  of  his  affairs,  and  conse- 
quently poor.  Charles  IX.  made  him  his 
poet  laureate,  and  was  frequently  delighted 
with  his  conversation.  Daurat  restored 
the  custom  of  writing  anagrams,  in  which 
he  was  very  successful,  and  so  prolific  was 
his  muse,  that  it  is  said  he  wrote  in  Greek 
and  Latin,  not  less  than  50,000  verses,  be- 
sides poems  in  French.  He  was,  as  Scali- 
ger  observes,  a  good  critic  ;  but  he  foolish- 
ly employed  the  last  years  of  his  life 
in  finding  out  the  Bible  in  Homer's  verses. 
After  losing  his  first  wife,  by  whom  he  had 
some  children,  he  at  the  age  of  80  married 
a  young  girl,  by  whom  he  had  a  son.  He 
died  at  Paris  1588,  aged  81. 

Dawes,  Sir  William,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Lyons  near  Braintree,  Essex,  12th 


DAW 

September,  1671.  From  Merchant-tailors" 
school  he  went  to  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  but  about  two  years  after,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  his  two  elder  bro- 
thers, and  his  inheriting  the  estates  of  his 
father  sir  John  Dawes,  bart.  he  removed  to 
Cambridge,  as  nobleman  of  Catharine-hall. 
Soon  after  taking  his  degree  of  M.A.  he 
married  Frances,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Darcy,  and  at  the  proper  age  entered  into 
orders,  and  in  1696,  after  being  made  D.D. 
by  royal  mandate,  he  was  elected  master 
of  his  college.  King  William,  who  was 
pleased  with  one  of  his  sermons,  gave  him 
a  prebend  of  Worcester,  and  he  was  after- 
wards made  rector  and  dean  of  Booking, 
Essex,  in  every  situation  recommending 
himself  to  the  good  opinion  of  his  neigh- 
bours, by  his  affable,  benevolent,  and  chari- 
table conduct.  On  the  accession  of  queen 
Anne,  he  was  made  one  of  the  royal  chap- 
lains; but  a  sermon  which  he  preachedoffend- 
ed  some  of  the  ministers,and  the  see  of  Lin- 
coln, intended  for  him,  was  conferred  oa 
Wake,  1705.  Two  years  after,  however,  the 
queen  named  him  for  the  see  of  Chester,  and 
in  1714  he  was  translated  to  York.  He  died 
of  a  diarrhoea,  and  an  inflammation  of  the 
bowels,  30th  April,  1724,  and  was  buried 
near  his  lady  in  Catharine-hall.  He  had 
seven  children,  three  of  whom  only  survi- 
ved him.  This  respectable  and  worthy 
man  published  an  anatomy  of  Atheism,  a 
short  poem,  1693 — the  duties  of  the  closet 
— sermons  preached  on  several  occasions — 
the  duty  of  communicating,  &c. — a  preface 
to  Blackall's  works.  His  whole  works 
were  collected  in  1733  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Dawes,  Richard,  the  celebrated  author 
of  Miscellanea  Critica,  was  born  in  1703, 
and  educated  under  the  famous  Anthony 
Blackwall,  and  afterwards  at  Emanuel  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  In  1736  he  published  a 
specimen  of  a  Greek  translation  of  Para- 
dise Lost.  His  attack  upon  Bentley,  is 
censured  by  Toup.  He  was  elected  master 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  school,  1738, 
which  he  resigned  eleven  years  after,  and 
died  in  1768  at  Heworth  near  Newcastle. 
His  miscellanea  critica  has  been  very 
learnedly  edited  by  bishop  Burgess,  Oxt 
ford,  1731. 

Dawson,  John,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Garsdale,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1734.  He 
was  bred  to  the  medical  profession ;  but 
afterwards  he  became  an  eminent  teacher  of 
mathematics  at  Sedburgh,  where  he  in- 
structed many  who  afterwards  stood  high 
as  senior  wranglers  at  Cambridge.  In  the 
early  part  of  his  life  he  had  a  controversy 
with  Emerson  on  Newton's  system  of 
analysis  ;  another  with  Dr.  Stewart  on  the 
distance  of  the  sun  ;  and  latterly  one  with 
Mr.  Wildbore  on  the  discharge  of  fluids 
from  vessels  in  motion.  He  also  wrote  a 
515 


DAY 


DEA 


tract  against  Priestley  on  the  doctrine  of 
Philosophical  Necessity.  He  died  Sept. 
20,  1820.—  W.  B. 

Day,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  who  had 
a  shop  in  Aldersgate-street,  and  another  at 
the  west  door  at  St.  Paul's.  He  died  23d 
July,  1584.  His  name  deserves  to  be  com- 
memorated, not  only  as  the  printer  of  a 
Bible  dedicated  to  Edward  VI.  of  Latimer's 
sermons,  of  Tyndall's  works,  of  the  book 
of  martyrs,  &c.  but  as  a  man  whose  great 
diligence  in  his  profession,  widely  dissemi- 
nated knowledge,  and  advanced,  not  in  a 
slight  degree,  the  progress  of  the  reforma- 
tion. 

Day,  Thomas,  an  eminent  writer,  born 
in  London,  22d  June,  1748.  His  father 
was  a  collector  of  the  customs,  and  at  his 
death  left  him  an  unprotected  infant,  but 
with  an  income  of  1200/.  a  year.  After 
being  eight  or  nine  years  at  the  Charter- 
house, he  entered  at  Corpus  Christi,  Ox- 
ford, where  he,  however,  took  no  degree. 
He  afterwards  wished  to  apply  himself  to 
the  study  of  medicine,  from  which  he  was 
dissuaded  by  his  friend  Dr.  Small,  of  Bir- 
mingham, and  he  at  last  entered  at  the 
Middle  temple,  and  was  called  duly  to  the 
bar,  but  never  practised.  In  his  opinions 
of  mankind  he  was  romantic,  he  was  an 
enthusiastic  admirer  of  virtue,  and  had 
such  detestation  of  female  seduction  that 
he  challenged,  to  no  effect,  a  nobleman 
whom  report  described  as  a  vile  and  licen- 
tious violater  of  virgin  innocence.  In  his 
schemes  of  visionary  perfection,  he  select- 
ed two  girls  from  the  poor-house  at  Shrews- 
bury, with  the  intention  of  educating 
them  after  the  principles  of  Rousseau,  and 
of  selecting  one  of  them  for  his  wife  ; 
but  the  conduct  and  affection  of  the  two 
young  women  did  not  answer  his  sanguine 
expectations,  though  he  honourably  per- 
formed his  engagements  towards  them, 
and  presented  them  with  500Z.  each,  when 
respectably  married,  the  one  to  his  friend 
Mr.  Bicknell,  and  the  other  to  a  credit- 
able tradesman.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  American  war,  he  embraced  the 
part  of  the  colonies,  against  the  conduct 
of  the  mother  country,  and  he  pub- 
lished some  political  tracts,  and  two  poems 
called  the  devoted  legions,  and  the  deso- 
lation of  America.  Though  long  regardless 
of  the  sex,  and  afterwards  disappointed  in 
his  addresses,  he  married  Miss  Esther 
Milnes,  and  retired  to  the  enjoyments  of 
domestic  life  and  of  agricultural  pursuits  on 
his  estates  in  Essex  and  Surrey.  In  the  asso- 
ciation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  Mr.  Day 
was  frequently  a  leading  man,  and  an  elo- 
quent speaker,  and  in  1786  he  published  a 
pamphlet  against  the  increase  of  taxes,  and 
another  concerning  the  bill  in  parliament 
for  the  exportation  of  wool.  The  work  which 
516 


has  gained  him  celebrity,  is  his  Sandford  and 
Merton,  in  three  vols,  published  separately, 
in  1783,  86,  and  89,  for  the  information  of 
youth,  a  composition  of  singular  merit, 
which,  to  simplicity  of  diction,  and  interest- 
ing anecdotes,  unites  respect  for  virtue, 
morality,  and  religion.  On  the  28th  Sept. 
1789,  Mr.  Day  attempted,  with  more  bold- 
ness than  prudence,  to  ride  a  favourite  but 
untamed  horse,  which  by  a  sudden  plunge, 
threw  off  his  rider,  and  by  a  violent  kick 
on  the  head,  put  an  immediate  end  to  his 
existence.  Mrs.  Day  heard  the  afflicting 
intelligence  with  horror  ;  she  closed  the 
curtains  of  her  bed,  and  never  again  suf- 
fered the  light  of  the  sun  to  visit  them,  and 
after  two  years  spent  in  this  melancholy 
retirement,  she  followed  her  husband  to  the 
grave.  The  epitaph  which  Mr.  Day  had 
written  and  designed  for  his  friend  Doctor 
Small's  tomb,  was  inscribed  on  his  own. 

Dayton,  Elias,  a  revolutionary  officer, 
was  appointed  by  congress  colonel  of  a 
New- Jersey  regiment  in  Feb.  1778 ;  and  at 
the  close  of  the  war  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  His  services  were 
particularly  useful  when  the  enemy  under 
Kniphausen  penetrated  into  Jersey,  in  di- 
recting the  execution  of  the  measures 
adopted  for  their  annoyance  ;  after  the  war 
was  concluded,  he  held  the  office  of  major 
general  of  the  militia.  In  private  life  he 
sustained  a  high  reputation.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia,  July,  1807,  aged  71. 

ICP  L. 

Dayton,  John,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, after  having  held  several  subordinate 
stations,  was  elected  to  that  office  in  1800, 
and  again  in  1808.  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  district  judge  of  the  United 
States,  and  held  the  place  till  his  death,  at 
Charleston,  November  27th,  1822,  in  his 
61st  year.  He  published  a  view  of  South 
Carolina,  and  memoirs  of  the  revolution  in 
that  state.  ICT*  L. 

Deacon,  James,  an  English  gentleman, 
known  for  his  skill  in  music,  drawing,  and 
painting.     He  died  May,  1750. 

Deageant,  de  St.  Marcellin,  Gui- 
chard,  a  French  writer,  at  first  in  the  ser- 
vice of  marshal  d'Ancre,  and  afterwards  of 
the  duke  of  Luynes,  whom  he  assisted 
against  his  first  patron.  He  was  employed  as 
an  able  negotiator  by  the  court,  and  when 
he  became  a  widower,  Lewis  XIII.  wished 
to  make  him  bishop  of  Evreux,  but  he  pre- 
ferred a  second  wife  and  politics  to  ecclesi- 
astical honours.  In  the  fluctuations  of 
court  favours,  he  was  at  last  disgraced  and 
sent  in  exile  to  Dauphiny,  where  he  died 
1639,  in  a  good  old  age.  He  wrote  some 
memoirs  of  state  from  the  time  of  Henry 
IV.  to  the  year  1624,  which,  though  inele- 
gant,  contain   some    curious    particulars, 


DEC 


DEC 


They  were  printed  by  his  grandson  at  Gre- 
noble in  12mo.  1668. 

Deane,  Silas,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  the  court  of  France,  was  born  at 
Groton,  Connecticut,  and  educated  at  Yale 
college.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
congress  of  1774,  and  two  years  after  sent 
to  France  as  a  commercial  and  political 
agent ;  but  not  discharging  the  duties  of  the 
station  satisfactorily  to  the  American  go- 
vernment, he  was  superseded  in  1777,  and 
returned.  Failing  to  vindicate  himself 
from  the  charge  of  having  embezzled  the 
public  money,  he  lost  his  reputation,  and 
returning  to  Europe,  died  in  poverty  at 
Deal,  England,  in  August,  1789. 

ICj^L. 

Deborah,  a  prophetess  of  Israel,  who 
prevailed  on  Baruch  to  attack  Sisera  the 
general  of  Jabin.  When  her  countrymen 
had  obtained  the  victory,  she  composed  a 
beatiful  ode,  B.C.  1285. 

De  Bure,  William  Francis,  a  bookseller 
at  Paris,  well  known  for  his  bibliographe 
instructive,  7  vols.  8vo.  1763,  &c.  He  died 
at  Paris,  15th  -July,  1782,  aged  50. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  captain  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  on  the  5th 
of  January,  1779,  in  Maryland,  and  edu- 
cated in  Philadelphia,  the  residence  of  his 
parents.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1798, 
and  first  distinguished  himself  in  1804, 
when  he  held  a  lieutenancy,  by  planning 
and  accomplishing  the  destruction  of  the 
American  frigate  Philadelphia,  which  bad 
grounded  in  the  harbour  of  Tripoli,  and 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  That 
bold  adventure  procured  him  the  rank  of 
post  captain.  At  the  bombardment  of  Tri- 
poli the  next  year  he  signalized  himself  by 
the  capture  of  two  of  the  enemy's  boats. 
His  principal  naval  actions  during  the  last 
war  with  Great  Britain,  were  with  the  Bri- 
tish ship  Macedonian,  in  October,  1812, 
which  he  captured  ;  and  on  the  15th  of 
January,  1815,  with  the  Endymion,  when 
in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  several 
other  British  vessels,  he  was  forced  to  sur- 
render. He  soon  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  in  the  summer  of  that  year  was 
despatched  with  a  squadron  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, for  the  purpose  of  compelling  the 
Algerines,  who  were  harassing  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States,  to  a  peace. 
On  his  passage  he  captured  a  ship  of  46, 
and  a  brig  of  22  guns,  belonging  to  that 
nation  ;  and  on  arriving  before  Algiers  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  a  peace  honourable  to 
the  American  nation.  On  returning  to  the 
United  States  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  board  of  commissioners  for  the  navy, 
and  held  the  office  until  the  22d  of  March, 
1820,  when  he  unhappily  deprived  himself 
of  the  high  reputation  he  had  before  enjoy- 
ed, and  lost  his  life,  by  engaging  in  a  duel 


with  captain  James  Barron.  In  couse= 
quence  of  his  having  "died  in  the  violation  of 
the  laws  of  God  and  his  country,"  congress, 
which  was  in  session  at  the  time,  refused 
officially  to  yield  him  the  marks  of  respect 
which  are  customarily  paid  to  persons  of 
distinction  who  die  at  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. iCT*  L. 

Decebalus,  a  king  of  Decia,  who  by  his 
valour  in  defeating  the  Roman  legions,  ob- 
tained a  yearly  tribute  from  Domitian  and 
Nero.  Trajan,  more  warlike,  refused  to  pay 
the  disgraceful  subsidy,  and  conquered  De- 
cebalus, and  reduced  his  country  to  a  Ro- 
man province,  105. 

Decembrio,  Peter  Candido,  a  native  of 
Pavia,  secretary  to  the  pope,  and  after- 
wards to  Alphonsus  king  of  Arragon.  He 
wrote  lives  of  Philip  Maria  Visconti,  and 
Francis  Sforza,  dukes  of  Milan, — and  be- 
sides, published  Italian  translations  of  Quin- 
tus  Curtius,  and  Livy — and  a  Latin  version 
of  Diodorus  Siculus,  of  Appian,  and  of  part 
of  Homer.  He  died  at  Milan,  1477,  aged 
78. 

Dechales,  Claudius  Francis  Milliet,  an 
eminent  mathematician  and  astronomer, 
born  at  Chamberry,  1611.  He  was  not  less 
respectable  in  private  life  than  as  a  man  of 
learning.  He  read  public  lectures  at  Paris 
for  four  years,  and  afterwards  taught  navi- 
gation at  Marseilles,  and  died  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Turin,  28th  March,  1678, 
aged  67.  His  works,  containing  an  edition 
of  Euclid's  elements — discourses  on  forti- 
fication and  navigation — architecture — op- 
tics— hydrostatics — trigonometry,  &c.  were 
first  collected  in  three  vols,  folio,  called 
Mundus  mathematicus,  as  a  complete 
course  of  mathematics,  and  they  were  af- 
terwards improved  and  published  in  4  vols. 
1690,  at  Lyons. 

Decio,  Philip,  a  native  of  Milan,  lec- 
turer in  jurisprudence  at  Pisa,  Pistoia,  and 
other  places  in  Italy,  where  he  acquired 
such  celebrity  that  no  one  could  dispute 
with  him.  He  afterwards  settled  in  France, 
but  died  at  Pisa,  1635,  aged  82. 

Decius,  a  Roman  consul,  immortalized 
in  the  annals  of  his  country,  for  devoting 
himself  to  the  gods  manes  in  the  midst  of  a 
battle  against  the  Latins,  and  thus  ensuring 
the  victory  to  his  army.  His  son  and 
grandson  on  similar  occasions  followed  his 
glorious  example,  and  thus  obtained  the 
victory  for  their  country. 

Decius,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip, 
He  defeated  the  Persians  in  battle,  but 
unfortunately  perished  in  a  morass  with 
his  army,  in  a  fight  against  the  Goths, 
251,  A.D. 

Decker,  or  Deckher,  John,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  born  at  Hazebruck,  in  Flanders,  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Douai  and  Lou- 
vain.     He  was  sent  on  an  embassy  into 


517 


DEE 


DEE 


Nrlra,  and  was  made  chancellor  of  Gratz 
university,  where  he  died  1619,  aged  69. 
He  wrote  Velificatio  seu  theoremata  de 
anno  ortus  ac  mortis  domini,  4to. — tabula 
chronographica  a  capta  per  Pompeium  Je- 
rosolyma  ad  deletam  a  Tito  urbem,  4to.  in 
which  he  displayed  great  erudition  and  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  chronology. 

Decker,  Thomas,  a  poet,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  He  acquired  some  celebrity  by 
the  satire  of  Ben  Jonson,  who  ridiculed 
him,  in  his  Poetaster,  under  the  name  of 
Crispinus.  Decker  resented  the  affront  in 
his  play  of  Satyromastix,  where  Jonson, 
under  the  name  of  young  Horace,  is  the 
hero  of  the  piece  ;  and  so  successful  and 
popular  was  the  poetic  invective,  that  the 
play  was  universally  followed.  Decker 
wrote  three  of  his  plays  in  conjunction 
with  Webster,  and  one  with  Rowley  and 
Ford  ;  and  though  his  abilities  were  not  of 
a  superior  degree,  yet  he  was  admired,  and 
his  "  honest  whore,"  and  "  old  Fortuna- 
tus,"  are  said  to  possess  merit  equal  to  any 
of  the  compositions  of  other  theatrical  wri- 
ters, Shakspeare  excepted.  The  time  of 
his  birth  and  death  is  unknown,  though  it 
is  certain  he  was  alive  after  1638. 

De  Coetlogon,  Charles  Edward,  an 
English  divine,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  De  Coet- 
logon, a  French  physician,  and  the  author 
of  a  history  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  He 
was  brought  up  in  Christ's  hospital,  and 
delivered  the  speech  to  their  late  majesties 
when  they  went  to  dine  with  the  lord 
mayor,  in  1761.  He  soon  after  removed 
to  Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  on  entering 
into  orders  became  assistant  to  Mr.  Martin 
Madan,  at  the  chapel  of  the  Lock-hospital. 
He  was  afterwards  presented  to  the  rectory 
of  Godstone,  in  Surrey,  and  died  Sept.  16, 
1820.  Mr.  De  Coetlogon  was  a  strict 
Calvinist,  and  at  one  period  highly  popular 
as  a  preacher.  His  principal  works  are — 
1.  Portraiture  of  a  Christian  Penitent,  2 
vols.  8vo. — 2.  Ten  Discourses  delivered  in 
the  mayoralty  of  Alderman  Pickett. — 3. 
Theological  Miscellany,  6  vols.  8vo. — 4. 
The  Temple  of  Truth,  3  vols.  8vo.— 5. 
Character  of  the  late  king,  8vo. — W.  B. 

Dedekind,  Frederic,  a  German  of  the 
16th  century,  who  published  a  very  inge- 
nious ironical  eulogium  on  incivility  and 
rudeness,  intituled,  Grobianus,  sive  de  in- 
cultis  moribus  et  inurbanis  gestibus,  Franck- 
fort,  8vo.  1558. 

Dee,  John,  a  mathematician  of  emi- 
nence, born  in  London,  13th  July,  1527. 
He  was  educated  at  Chelmsford,  and  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  where,  for  three 
years,  he  says  he  devoted  each  day  4  hours 
to  sleep,  2  to  meals  and  exercise,  and  18  to 
study.  He  went  to  the  low  countries  in 
1547,  and  on  his  return  he' was  made  fellow 
518 


of  Trinity  college,  just  founded  by  Henry 
VIII.  His  attention  to  mathematical  stu^ 
dies,  so  closely  connected  with  astronomy, 
and,  in  those  days,  to  astrology,  brought 
upon  him  at  this  time  the  suspicion  of  ma- 
gician ;  and,  to  avoid  this,  he  retired  to 
Louvain,  in  1578,  where  it  is  supposed  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1551  he 
visited  Paris,  where  he  read  lectures  on 
Euclid's  elements ;  but  the  most  flatter- 
ing promises  could  not  prevail  upon  him 
to  settle  there.  He  therefore  returned 
to  England,  1551,  and  was  so  highly 
respected  that  he  was  presented  to  the 
king,  and  made  rector  of  Upton-upon- 
Severn.  In  Mary's  reign  his  correspon- 
dence with  Elizabeth's  friends  exposed  him 
to  the  suspicions  of  treason,  and  therefore 
he  was  arrested,  and  at  last  with  difficulty 
set  at  liberty.  He  paid  his  court  to  queen 
Elizabeth,  who  flattered  him  with  compli- 
ments ;  but  the  general  belief  of  his  being 
a  conjurer  was  in  the  way  of  his  promotion, 
and  the  books  which  he  published  coun- 
tenanced the  imputation,  from  the  myste- 
rious language  and  incomprehensible  sub- 
jects which  they  contained.  In  1564  he 
left  England  to  present  a  work  to  the  em- 
peror Maximilian;  and,  in  1571,  the  queen 
paid  such  respect  to  his  celebrity  that  she 
sent  two  physicians  to  attend  him  when 
confined  by  sickness  in  Louvain.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  settled  at  Mortlake, 
where  he  collected  a  choice  library  of  above 
4000  volumes ;  which,  however,  during 
his  absence,  in  15S3,  was  plundered  by  the 
populace,  who  firmly  believed  that  he  had 
a  familiar  connexion  with  the  devil,  by  his 
magical  incantations.  The  appearance  of 
a  new  star  in  1572,  and  of  a  comet  in  1577, 
gave  him  opportunities  of  distinguishing 
himself  as  an  astronomer  ;  and  he  engaged 
the  queen's  patronage  by  his  able  assertion 
of  her  right  to  the  countries  discovered  by 
her  subjects,  and  by  his  ingenious  plans  for 
the  reformation  of  the  calendar.  In  1581 
he  began  his  attempts  to  penetrate  more 
deeply  into  futurity,  and,  assisted  by  Kelly, 
a  young  man  of  Worcestershire,  he  launch- 
ed forth  into  those  extravagancies  in  mys- 
tery and  superstition  by  which  he  pre- 
tended to  hold  intercourse  with  departed 
spirits.  For  two  years  he  was  engaged  in 
these  unbecoming  pursuits,  and  was  at  last 
persuaded  by  Albert  Laski,  a  Polish  lord, 
who  entertained  the  same  notions  of 
astrology,  to  pass  over  to  the  continent, 
more  securely  to  indulge  their  mysterious 
incantations.  After  travelling  through  Ger- 
many, the  three  conjurers  reached  Poland, 
and,  after  an  introduction  to  the  emperoi- 
Rodolph,  and  to  Stephen  king  of  Poland, 
Dee  and  Kelly  were  at  last,  after  the  exhi- 
bition of  some  magical  tricks,  banished 
from  the  country  by  the  interference  of  the 
pope's  nuncio.     The  noise  of  this  fanatical 


DEF 


DEF 


adventure  reached  Elizabeth,  who  desired 
Dee  to  return.  He  obeyed,  and  travelling 
with  great  pomp  and  becoming  solemnity, 
reached  England  23d  November,  1589,  and 
a  few  days  after  was  presented  to  the 
queen,  who  received  him  graciously.  But 
though  so  powerful  over  supernatural 
agents,  Dee  was  poor,  and  therefore  he 
petitioned  the  queen  for  a  liberal  subsist- 
ence. Two  commissioners  were  appoint- 
ed to  examine  his  papers  and  the  transac- 
tions of  his  life  ;  and  though  their  report 
•was  favourable,  he  yet  obtained  no  relief. 
At  last,  however,  by  the  interference  of 
lady  Warwick  and  archbishop  Whitgift,  he 
obtained  the  chancellorship  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  two  years  after  the  wardenship  of  Man- 
chester college,  where  he  spent  seven  years 
in  a  disturbed  and  unquiet  manner.  In 
1604  he  petitioned  James  that  he  might  be 
tried,  and  that  all  aspersions  of  magical  in- 
cantations might  be  wiped  away  from  his 
character ;  but  the  king,  knowing  the  habits 
of  his  life,  disregarded  it ;  and  Dee  at  last 
removed  to  Mortlake,  where  he  began 
again  to  practise  his  mysterious  arts. 
Though  old  and  infirm,  Dee  still  believed 
in  his  astrological  calculations,  and  the 
vanity  and  ostentatious  ambition  which  for 
above  fifty  years  he  had  displayed  forsook 
him  not  when  sinking  into  the  grave.  He 
died  miserably  poor,  in  1608,  aged  80,  and 
was  buried  at  Mortlake.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  he  left  a  numerous  family. 
The  eldest  of  his  sons,  Arthur,  was  brought 
up  under  Camden,  and  was  physician  to 
Charles  I.  His  writings  were  very  nume 
rous  ;  but  besides  what  he  published,  several 
MSS.  are  preserved  in  the  Cotton  library 
and  in  the  Ashmolean  museum.  His  notes 
and  preface  to  Billingiley's  Euclid,  and 
.some  other  works,  prove  him  to  have  been 
a  very  able  mathematician.  An  account  of 
his  communications  with  spirits,  and  his 
conferences  with  the  emperor  of  Germany 
and  the  king  of  Poland,  written  by  his  own 
hand,  was  published,  with  a  curious  pre- 
face, by  Dr.  Merie  Casaubon,  in  1659,  fol. 
and  it  attracted  for  some  time  the  public 
attention.  Dr.  Hooke,  some  years  after, 
attempted  to  show  that  Dee  was  not  an 
astrologer,  but  that  he  was  a  spy,  and  that 
the  figures  and  hieroglyphics  he  used  were 
not  those  of  an  enthusiast  or  magician,  but 
of  an  artful  man,  employed  to  watch  the 
ronduct  and  develope  the  measures  of 
government.  To  this  conjecture,  however, 
lew  assented. 

Defesch,  William,  a  German,  eminent 
for  his  skill  on  the  violin.  He  was  leader 
of  the  band  at  Marybone-gardens,  and  also 
composed  for  Vauxhall.  His  musical  com- 
positions, songs,  and  ballads,  were  much 
admired.     He  died  about  1750,  aged  70. 

De  Foe,  Daniel,  was  born  in  the  parish 
of  St.    Giles's,    Cripplegate,    about   1668, 


where  his  father,  James  Foe,  was  a  butcher. 
He  was  educated  among  the  dissenters, 
and  warmly  embraced  their  tenets  ;  and  he 
probably  prefixed  De  to  his  name  to  con- 
ceal the  obscurity  of  his  origin.  He  was 
early  an  author,  and  published,  1680,  a 
pamphlet  on  the  contest  between  the  Turks 
and  Austrians.  In  1683  he  followed  in 
arms  the  fortunes  of  Monmouth,  and  es- 
caped, much  to  the  wonder  of  all  his  his- 
torians, the  sanguinary  grasp  of  Jeffries. 
He  became  a  liveryman  of  London,  1688, 
and  zealously  favoured  the  revolution. 
About  this  time  he  was  a  hosier,  though  he 
afterwards  denied  the  occupation  ;  and  in 
1692  he  was  so  reduced,  either  by  miscon- 
duct or  by  the  unfavourable  circumstances 
of  the  times,  that  he  fled  from  his  credi- 
tors, though  he  afterwards  very  honourably 
discharged  the  best  part  of  his  debts. 
Though  offered  a  respectable  commercial 
situation  at  Cadiz  by  his  friends,  he  deter- 
mined to  live  by  his  pen.  In  1695  he 
was  made  accountant  to  the  commission- 
ers of  the  glass  duty,  in  which  he  continued 
till  the  suppression  of  the  tax  in  1699. 
He  now  published  various  pamphlets  on 
political  and  temporary  subjects,  one  of 
which,  his  "  true-born  Englishman,"  a  sa- 
tire, in  verse,  in  defence  of  the  revolution, 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  kins; 
William.  His  "  shortest  way  with  the 
dissenters,"  m  1702,  as  it  reflected  on  the 
government  and  the  church,  was  noticed 
by  the  house  of  commons,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  stand  in  the  pillory,  to  be  fined, 
and  imprisoned.  He  was  liberated  from 
his  confinement  in  1704,  by  the  friendship 
of  Harley  and  of  Godolphin,  and  imme- 
diately retired  to  St.  Edmundsbury,  where 
his  pen  was  again  employed  on  political 
subjects.  In  1706  he  produced  some 
essays  to  remove  the  prejudices  of  the 
Scotch  against  the  union  ;  and  so  great 
were  his  services  considered,  that  he  was 
sent  by  Godolphin  to  Edinburgh  to  confer 
upon  the  subject  with  the  leading  men  of 
Scotland.  Upon  the  conclusion  of  the 
union,  he  was  rewarded  for  his  services, 
and  two  years  after,  1709,  he  published  the 
history  of  the  union,  in  a  manner  so  satis- 
factory, that,  in  1786,  the  same  pamphlet 
was  republished,  when  the  Irish  union  was 
projected.  In  1713  some  of  his  publica- 
tions were  considered  as  jacobitical,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  was  prosecuted, 
but  at  last  liberated  from  Newgate  by  the 
influence  of  his  friend  lord  Oxford.  He 
found  himself  so  neglected  on  the  accession 
of  the  house  of  Hanover,  that  he  published 
his  appeal  to  honour  and  justice,  the  last  of 
his  political  tracts,  as  he  was  seized  with 
an  apoplexy  before  the  work  was  finished, 
and  as  he  afterwards  devoted  himself  only 
to  useful  and  general  instruction.  In  1715 
he  wrote  the  family  instructer ;  and  ii> 
519 


DEF 


DEL 


April,  1719,  appeared  the  first  part,  and 
August  following  the  second  part  of  Ro- 
binson Crusoe ;  a  work  which,  though 
abused  by  some  of  his  contemporaries,  has 
survived  by  its  merit  the  malevolence  of 
criticism,  and  triumphed  over  the  opposi- 
tion of  party,  and  stands  now  as  the  most 
lasting  monument  of  literary  fame  and 
merits  of  the  author.  It  is  said  by  some, 
indeed  that  this  interesting  book  was  dis- 
honestly borrowed  from  the  papers  of  Al- 
exander Selkirk,  a  Scotchman  who  lived 
four  years  and  four  months  in  an  unin- 
habited island,  till  relieved  by  captain 
Wood  Rogers  in  1709.  Selkirk's  adven- 
tures, indeed,  appeared  before  the  public 
in  the  captain's  voyage ;  and  therefore, 
though  the  idea  of  a  man  thrown  upon  a 
desert  island  might  be  borrowed  from  Sel- 
kirk's adventures,  yet  the  rest  of  the  story 
evidently  belongs  to  the  genius  and  super- 
structure of  De  Foe.  This  respectable 
writer  died  at  his  house  at  Islington,  1731, 
leaving  one  daughter,  who  married  Mr.  H. 
Baker,  the  naturalist.  The  publications  of 
De  Foe  are  very  numerous,  and  possessed 
great  merit,  and,  at  the  time  in  which  they 
appeared,  they  were  considered  as  very 
powerful  engines  in  the  hands  of  party. 
His  attempts  to  write  poetry  were  not  suc- 
cessful, after  the  noble  strains  of  Waller 
and  Dry  den  ;  and  if  his  verses  were  read, 
it  was  more  in  consequence  of  the  satire 
which  they  conveyed  than  the  merit  and 
beauty  of  the  numbers.  The  life  of  a  po- 
litical writer  must  be  exposed  to  the  attacks 
of  open  and  secret  enemies,  a  circum- 
stance which  De  Foe's  political  career  suf- 
ficiently evinced,  but  whatever  might  have 
been  the  provocations  which  he  gave  to 
his  opponents,  it  is  to  be  observed,  to  the 
discredit  of  Pope,  that,  without  the  most 
distant  imputation  of  offence,  De  Foe  ap- 
peared disgraced  in  1728,  in  the  libellous 
lines  of  the  Dunciad. 

Deghuy,  an  ingenious  French  engraver, 
■who  died  1748.  He  engraved  the  pieces  of 
some  of  the  greatest  masters,  among  whom 
are  the  names  of  Rembrandt,  Vernet, 
Aved,  Tintoretto,  &c. 

Dejaure,  N.  a  French  poet,  who  died 
young,  and  suddenly,  October,  1800.  His 
pieces,  called  le  franc  Breton — Montano — 
Lodoiska,  an  opera,  have  been  received  on 
the  stage  with  applause. 

Deidier,  Anthony,  a  medical  professor 
of  Montpellier,  who  published  in  1723,  a 
curious  dissertation,  de  venereis  morbis, 
in  which  he  supposes  that  the  disease  is 
communicated  by  a  number  of  small  ani- 
malcules. 

Dejotarus,  tetrarch  and  king  of  Gala- 
tea, espoused  the  cause  of  Pompey  in  the 
civil  wars,  for  which  he  was  dethroned  by 
Caesar. 

Delamet,  Adrian  Augustin  de  Bussy, 
520 


an  ecclesiastic,  born  of  a  noble  family  in 
Picardy.  He  attended  his  relation  cardi- 
nal de  Retz  in  his  travels,  and  then  settled 
at  the  Sorbonne  at  Paris,  where  he  died, 
20th  July,  1691,  aged  70.  He  wrote,  among 
other  things,  a  resolution  of  cases  of  con- 
science, afterwards  republished  by  Treuve, 
under  the  name  of  dictionary  of  cases  of 
conscience,  2  vols.  fol. 

Delanct,  James,  lieutenant  governor  of 
New- York,  was  the  son  of  a  protestant  refu- 
gee from  Caen,  in  Normandy,  and  was  sent 
to  Cambridge,  England,  for  his  education. 
On  his  return  to  New- York  in  1729,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  Montgomery's 
council,  and  after  studying  law,  obtained 
the  appointment  of  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  in  1733,  in  consequence  of  his 
attachment  to  governor  Cosby,  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  office  of  chief  justice.  He 
possessed  commanding  talents,  and  an  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  law, was  ambitious  and 
intriguing,  and  was  for  a  long  time  one  of 
the  most  influential  characters  in  the  colony. 
In  1753  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  gover- 
nor. Under  his  administration  the  charter 
of  King's  college  was  granted.  He  was  at 
the  head  of  the  association  which  founded 
that  institution,  and  one  of  the  first  board 
of  trustees.  He  died  August  2d,  1760, 
aged  57.  |CJP  L. 

Delany,  Patrick,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Ireland  about  1686.  His  father 
was  originally  a  servant  in  the  family  of 
Sir  John  Rennel,  the  judge,  and  afterwards 
rented  a  small  farm.  Young  Delany  was 
brought  up  as  sizar  at  Trinity-college,  Dub- 
lin, of  which  he  became  fellow.  At  this 
time  he  formed  a  very  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  dean  Swift,  and  soon  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  popular  preacher,  and 
as  an  active  and  successful  tutor  in  his  col- 
lege. The  part,  however,  which  he  took 
in  supporting  two  young  men  who  had,  for 
misconduct,  been  expelled,  proved  offen- 
sive to  the  provost  and  to  Boulter  the  pri- 
mate, who  wished  to  oppose  his  advance- 
ment. Lord  Carteret,  in  1727,  presented 
him  to  the  chancellorship  of  Christ-church, 
and  a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  Pa- 
trick. In  1729  he  began  the  periodical  pa- 
per called  the  Tribune,  continued  to  20 
numbers  ;  and  in  1731  he  came  to  London, 
to  publish  his  "  revelation  examined  with 
candour,"  a  work  to  which  he  added  a 
second  volume,  and,  thirty  years  after,  a 
third,  and  which  was  universally  and  de- 
servedly admired.  When  in  London,  he 
married  Mrs.  Margaret  Tenison,  a  rich 
Irish  widow,  who  died  December  6,  1741. 
In  1738  he  published  his  "  reflections  upon 
polygamy,"  a  curious  work,  which  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1740  and  1742,  with  an  histori- 
cal account  of  the  life  of  David  king  of 
Israel,  in  3  vols,  a  performance  which, 
while  it  displayed  the  ingenuity,  learning. 


DEL 

and  judgment  of  the  author,  little  contri- 
buted to  the  honour  of  the  sacred  writings, 
whose  authenticity  and  character  cannot 
rest  upon  the  labours  of  men.  In  1743, 
9th  June,  he  took  for  his  second  wife  the 
widow  of  Alexander  Pendarves,  a  woman 
of  great  excellence  and  known  genius  ; 
and  the  following  year  he  was  raised  to  the 
deanery  of  Down.  The  most  considerable 
of  his  productions  after  he  became  dean, 
was  his  "  remarks  on  the  life  of  Swift  by 
lord  Orrery."  This  publication  set  in  fairer 
colours  the  character  of  Swift,  and  exhibit- 
ed him  in  a  more  amiable  view,  from  the 
recollections  of  friendship  and  intimacy, 
than  that  of  lord  Orrery.  His  labours, 
however  friendly,  did  not  pass  uncensured 
from  the  pen  of  Dean  Swift,  Esq.  who  re- 
flected with  petulance  and  abuse,  on  the 
publication  of  Dr.  Delany ;  he  replied  in 
1755,  with  great  temper  and  truly  Chris- 
tian moderation.  Besides  these,  he  pub- 
lished sermons,  and  some  theological  tracts. 
He  died  at  Bath,  May,  1768,  in  the  83d 
year  of  his  age.  Dr.  Delany  was  remark- 
able, not  more  for  his  learning,  than  for 
his  benevolence  and  hospitality.  He  left 
little  property  behind  him,  though  the 
last  twenty  years  of  his  life  his  annual 
income  was  3000Z.  which  were  generously 
distributed  at  the  call  of  indigence  and  dis- 
tress. 

Delant,  Mary,  second  wife  of  Dr.  De- 
lany, was  daughter  of  Barnard  Granville, 
afterwards  lord  Lansdowne,  and  was  born 
at  Coulton,  Wilts,  14th  May,  1700.  When 
she  was  17,  she  was  influenced  by  her  rela- 
tions, against  her  inclinations,  to  marry 
Alexander  Pendarves,  Esq.  of  Roscrow,  in 
Cornwall,  a  gentleman  of  great  property, 
but  much  advanced  in  life  ;  but  though  she 
lived  unhappy,  her  time  was  usefully  de- 
voted to  the  cultivation  of  her  mind,  na- 
turally vigorous  and  eager  after  improve- 
ment. In  1724  she  became  a  widow ;  in 
consequence  of  which  she  left  Cornwall, 
and  resided  chiefly  in  London.  After  a 
widowhood  of  19  years,  she  married,  in 
1743,  Dr.  Delany,  whom  sbe  had  long 
known  as  the  friend  of  her  learned  cor- 
respondent dean  Swift,  and  with  him  she 
lived  the  happiest  of  wives,  till  his  death, 
in  1768.  When  thi3  melancholy  event 
took  place,  she  wished  to  settle  at  Bath, 
but  the  dutchess  of  Portland,  who  knew  and 
loved  her  virtues,  insisted  upon  her  living 
with  her  at  Bulstrode,  and  she  continued 
in  that  hospitable  retreat  for  some  years. 
On  the  death  of  the  dutchess,  the  king, 
with  laudable  benevolence,  assigned  Mrs. 
Delany  a  house,  ready  furnished,  in  St. 
Alban's  street,  Windsor,  and  granted  her 
a  pension  of  300/.  a  year,  which  she  en- 
joyed till  her  death,  15th  April,  1788,  at 
the  advanced  age  of  nearly  88.  Mrs.  De- 
lany is  well  known  for  her  spirited  and  ele- 

Voi..  T.  66 


DEL 

gant  correspondence  with  some  ot  the 
learned  and  of  the  witty  of  the  times,  but 
particularly  for  her  great  skill  in  drawing 
and  painting.  Her  pieces,  which  are  nu- 
merous and  tastefully  executed,  adorn  the 
mansions  of  her  relations,  as  well  as  her 
works  in  embroidery  and  in  shells.  She 
is  also  known  for  inventing,  at  the  age  of 
74,  an  ingenious  Flora,  by  the  tasteful  ap- 
plication of  coloured  papers  together,  skil- 
fully cut  with  scissors,  and  so  delicately 
disposed  upon  black  ground,  as  to  imitate 
and  almost  equal  the  works  of  nature.  In 
this  elegant  accomplishment  she  continued 
to  be  engaged  till  her  83d  year,  wlien  her 
sight  began  to  fail ;  and  so  astonishing  was 
her  assiduity,  that  not  less  than  980  plants 
were  exhibited  in  her  beautiful  flora,  which 
is  now  in  the  possession  of  her  nephew, 
Court  Dewis,  Esq.  She  also  wrote  some 
poetry. 

Delaune,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
who,  in  1683,  wrote  an  answer  to  Dr. 
Calamy's  discourse  concerning  a  scrupu- 
lous conscience.  His  book,  called  "  plea 
for  nonconformity,"  gave  such  offence,  that 
he  was  tried,  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  heavy 
fine ;  which  as  he  could  not  do,  he  died  in 
prison. 

Delaware,  Thomas  West,  lord,  gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  under  the  charter  of  May 
23d,  1609,  arrived  in  the  colony  in  June, 
1610,  when  he  succeeded  Sir  Thomas 
Gates.  In  March,  1611,  after  having  built 
three  forts,  and  placed  the  colony  in  the 
most  respectable  condition  of  which  its 
circumstances  would  admit,  he  sailed  for 
Nevis  for  the  benefit  of  his  heath,  but  was 
driven  to  the  western  Islands,  and  thence 
returned  to  England.  He  continued  to 
take  a  deep  interest  in  the  concerns  of 
the  colony,  which  he  was  at  great  expense 
to  establish.  In  1618  he  commenced  a 
second  voyage  to  Virginia,  but  died  on 
his  passage,  "in  or  near  the  mouth  of  the 
bay  which  bears  his  name."      ICJ23  L. 

Deletre,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  wrote  an  analysis  of  lord  Ba- 
con's works,  3  vols.  12mo. — the  genius  of 
Montesquieu — the  spirit  of  St.  Evrcmond, 
&c.  He  also  assisted  Raynal  in  his  history 
of  the  commerce  of  the  Indies,  and  contri- 
buted some  valuable  articles  to  the  encyclo- 
pedic    He  died  1797. 

Delft,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  portrait 
painter,  of  Delft,  who  died  1661,  aged  42. 
He  was  grandson  of  Mirevelt,  whom  he  ri- 
valled in  the  efforts  of  his  pencil. 

Delius,  Christopher  Traugott,  a  native 
of  Walhausen,  in  Thuringia,  who,  after 
serving  in  the  army,  was  made  surveyor 
of  the  Hungarian  mines,  and  then  placed 
at  Vienna,  in  the  department  of  the  mines 
and  of  the  mint.  He  was  an  eminent 
mineralogist,  and  wrote  a  dissertation  on 
mountains,  8vo. — an  introduction  to  the 
521 


DEM 


DEM 


ait  of  mining,  4to.  He  died  in  Italy,  1799, 
aged  51. 

Delmont,  Deodalt,  an  historical  paint- 
er, born  at  St.  Tron.  He  was  pupil  to 
Rubens,  who  highly  esteemed  him.  He 
died  1634,  aged  53. 

Delobel,  a  French  painter,  of  the  17th 
century.  His  pieces,  which  are  in  a  very 
superior  style,  adorn  chiefly  the  churches 
and  cathedrals  of  France. 

De  Lolme,  John  Lewis,  LL.D.  a  native 
of  (icneva,  who  for  some  years  resided 
in  England,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
an  author.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
retired  to  the  continent,  and  died  in  Swit- 
zerland, March,  1807.  He  was  in  his  cha- 
racter a  man  of  talents  and  information, 
entertaining  and  witty  in  his  conversation, 
temperate  in  his  living,  but  in  his  person 
little  attentive  to  the  graces  of  outward  ap- 
pearance. He  is  author  of  parallel  be- 
tween the  English  constitution  and  tne  for- 
mer government  of  Sweden,  1772 — trea- 
tise on  the  constitution  of  England,  1775, 
a  work  of  singular  merit,  often  reprinted, 
and  commended  by  the  approbation  not 
only  of  lords  Camden  and  Chatham,  and 
other  great  political  characters,  but  by  the 
nervous  writer  of  Junius's  letters — essay  on 
the  union  of  Scotland  with  England,  1787 
— memorials  of  human  superstition — ob- 
servations on  the  tax  on  windows,  1788 — 
observations  on  the  late  national  embarrass- 
ments, 1789,  &c. 

Delrio,  Martin  Anthony,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Antwerp,  of  Spanish  parents, 
1551.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of 
Paris,  Douai,  and  Louvain,  where  he  dis- 
played astonishing  powers  of  memory,  and 
great  quickness  of  learning.  He  was  ad- 
mitted LL.D.  at  Salamanca,  and  after- 
wards became  a  counsellor  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Brabant,  and  entered  the  Jesuits' 
order  at  Valladolid.  He  taught  belles  Iet- 
tres  at  Liege,  Mayence,  Gratz,  and  Sala- 
manca, and  died  atXouvain,  two  years  after 
his  friend  Lipsius,  1G08.  Besides  notes  on 
Seneca,  Claudian,  and  Solinus,  he  wrote 
explications  of  difficult  passages  in  Scrip- 
ture— commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament 
— disquisitiones  magicae. 

Delrio,  John,  a  native  of  Bruges,  dean 
of  Antwerp,  died  1624.      He  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  the  11 9th  Psalm. 
,  Demades,  an  Athenian  orator,  for  some 

time  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Cassander,  B.  C. 
322. 

Demaratus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  was 
obliged  to  resign  the  crown  in  consequence 
of  the  imputation  of  his  enemies,  who  ac- 
cused him  of  being  illegitimate.  He  re- 
tired to  Persia,  where  he  was  honourably 
received. 

Demeste,    John,    M.  D.   chaplain    and 
chief  surgeon  to   the  forces   of  the  prince 
522 


of  Liege,  was  a  native  of  Liege,  where  hr 
died,  August  20,  1783,  aged  38.  He  is 
well  known  as  the  author  of  some  ingenious 
letters  on  chymistry,  Paris,  1779. 

Demetrius,  Poliorcetes,  son  of  Antigo- 
nus,  was  honoured  by  the  Athenians  with 
the  dedication  of  brazen  statues,  because 
he  had  delivered  their  city  from  the  power 
of  Demetrius  Phalereus,  and  defeated  Cas- 
sander at  Thermopylae.  Though  beaten  at 
the  battle  of  Ipsus,  he  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  seat  himself  on  the  throne  of  Ma- 
cedonia ;  where  his  posterity  remained 
till  the  age  of  Perseus.  He  died  B.  C.  2S6. 

Demetrius,  Soter,  king  of  Syria,  was 
son  of  Seleucus.  He  was  for  some  time 
an  hostage  at  Rome,  and  perished  in  bat- 
tle, B.  C.  150. 

Demetrius  II.  surnamed  Nicanor,  was 
king  of  Syria  after  his  father  Demetrius  I. 
He  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Jews,  and 
was  at  last  killed  by  the  governor  of  Tyre, 
B.  C.  127. 

Demetrius  Phalereus,  a  philosopher, 
the  disciple  of  Theophrastus.  He  was 
highly  honoured  by  the  Athenians,  and 
afterwards  was  hospitably  entertained  by 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt.  He  contributed 
200,000  volumes  to  the  Alexandrian  libra- 
ry, and  died  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  294  B.  C. 

Demetrius,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula,  afterwards  banished  by 
Vespasian  for  his  insolence. 

Demetrius,  czar  of  Russia,  son  of  the 
czar  John  Basilowitz,  is  by  some  historians 
called  the  false  Demetrius,  and  regarded  as 
an  obscure  native  of  Jaroslaw,  who  was 
instructed  by  an  artful  monk  to  assume 
the  character  of  the  real  Demetrius,  who, 
it  is  said,  had  been  murdered  by  Boris  Gu- 
denow.  This  youthful  adventurer,  whether 
really  the  prince  or  pretender,  invaded  Rus- 
sia with  a  small  army  in  1604,  and  was  so 
successful  as  to  seat  himself  on  the  throne. 
After  a  short  reign  of  eleven  months,  he 
was  assassinated,  1606.  He  had  married 
the  daughter  of  Mnieski,  palatine  of  Sen- 
domir,  who  had  warmly  espoused  his  cause. 

De  Missy,  Caesar,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Berlin  2d  January,  1703.  He  stu- 
died at  Berlin  and  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder ;  and  after  preaching  for  five  years 
in  several  towns  of  the  United  Provinces, 
he  came  to  London,  where  he  was  ordained 
to  serve  the  Savoy  chapel,  and  in  1762, 
named  by  the  bishop  of  London  French 
chaplain  to  the  king.  He  died  10th  Au- 
gust, 1775.  He  published  some  poetical 
pieces — essays  on  profane  and  sacred  lite- 
rature— epitomes  of  books,  memoirs,  &c. 
but  generally  anonymously,  or  only  with 
his  initials.  He  also  assisted  many  of  his 
friends, particularly  Wetstein,  in  his  edition 
of 'the  Greek  Testament,  and  Jortin  in  his 
life  of  Erasmus.  He  was  a  learned  and 
pious  man. 


DEM 


DEM 


Democedes,  a  physician  of  Croiona, 
who,  after  serving  Polycrates,  of  Samos, 
became  the  slave  and  the  physician  of  Da- 
rius, king  of  Persia.  He  returned  to  his 
country  by  stratagem,  and  married  the  sis- 
ter of  Milo,  the  celebrated  wrestler. 

Democritus,  a  famous  philosopher  of 
Abdera,  whose  mental  acquirements  were 
so  great  and  extraordinary,  that  his  coun- 
trymen accused  him  of  madness.  Hippo- 
crates, however,  saw  and  acknowledged 
his  merit.  He  laughed  constantly  at  the 
follies  of  mankind.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
109,  about  351. 

Demonax,  a  philosopher  of  Crete,  in  the 
reign  of  Adrian.  He  had  the  highest  con- 
tempt for  riches,  and  lived  upon  the  acci- 
dental supplies  which  he  received  from  his 
friends  and  strangers.  He  lived  to  his 
100th  year. 

Demoivre,  Abraham,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Vitri,  Champagne,  May, 
1667.  He  left  France  at  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  came  to  England, 
where,  by  studying  the  principia  of  New- 
ton, he  made  himself  a  complete  master  of 
mathematics,  in  which  he  read  some  popu- 
lar lectures  for  his  support.  He  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  royal  society  in  Lon- 
don, and  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  Pa- 
ris ;  and  died  in  London,  November,  1754. 
His  works  are  strong  evidences  of  his  su- 
perior learning  and  great  application.  He 
published  miscellanea  analytica,  4to. — a 
treatise  on  annuities — and  his  great  work, 
"  doctrine  of  chances,"  in  1718,  4to.  twice 
reprinted,  with  considerable  improvements. 

Demosthenes,  a  celebrated  orator  of 
Athens.  Though  but  the  son  of  a  black- 
smith, he  rose  to  consequence  ;  and  though 
neglected  by  his  guardians,  and  impeded  in 
his  education  by  weakness  of  lungs,  and  an 
inarticulate  pronunciation,  his  assiduity 
overcame  all  obstacles,  and  enabled  him  to 
rise  superior  to  every  difficulty,  and  be- 
come the  most  illustrious  and  eloquent 
orator  of  all  antiquity.  He  warmly  resisted 
the  politics  and  the  insinuating  conduct  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  and  was  equally  vio- 
lent against  his  son  and  successor,  Alexan- 
der the  great ;  but,  in  spite  of  his  elo- 
quence, the  arts  and  the  valour  of  the 
Macedonians  prevailed,  and  Demosthenes 
unhappily  found,  that  the  Athenians  whom 
he  addressed  were  only  the  degenerate 
sons  of  those  heroes  who  had  bled  at  Ma- 
rathon, at  Salamis,  and  at  Thermopylae. 
Demosthenes,  who  had  inveighed  against 
the  bribery  of  the  Macedonians,  himself 
was  accused  of  receiving  some  splendid 
presents  of  money  from  Harpalus,  the 
deputy  of  Alexander  ;  but  the  unpopulari- 
ty of  his  conduct  continued  but  a  short 
time  ;  till  at  last  the  victories  of  Antipater 
obliged  the  Athenians  to  deliver  their  ora- 
tor, and  Demosthenes,  rather  than  fall  into 


the  hands  of  his  enemies,  destroyed  him- 
self by  poison,  B.  C.  322.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  orations  is  that  of  Reiske. 

Demours,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  eminence  as  a  physician,  and 
for  the  dexterity  of  his  surgical  operations, 
and  his  great  skill  as  an  oculist.  He  died 
at  Paris  26th  June,  1795,  aged  93,  author 
of  some  respectable  works  on  his  profes- 
sion. 

Dempster,  William,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  in  the  shire  of  Angus,  1490,  and 
educated  at  St.  Andrews,  from  whence  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  was  successfully  cm- 
ployed  by  the  university  there  to  refute  the 
books  of  Raymond  Lully,  who  had  im- 
pugned Aristotle's  philosophy.  After  visit- 
ing Padua  and  other  places,  he  returned  to 
Scotland,  of  which  he  published  an  eccle- 
siastical history,  in  which  he  magnifies  the 
most  common  events  into  miracles.  He 
died  at  Paris  1557. 

Dempster,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  studied  at  Paris,  and  there 
taught  classical  learning.  His  quarrelsome 
temper,  however,  and  his  severities  to  his 
pupils,  rendered  him  unpopular,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  from  Paris,  and  to  return  to 
Scotland.  He  afterwards  went  to  Pisa, 
where  his  wife,  a  woman  of  great  beauty, 
ran  away  with  one  of  his  scholars,  a  mis- 
fortune which  he  bore  with  all  the  indiffer- 
ence of  stoicism.  He  afterwards  read  lec- 
tures on  polite  learning  in  various  universi- 
ties, and  obtained  a  professor's  chair  at 
Nismes,  from  whence  he  retired  to  Bo- 
logna, where,  after  some  years'  residence, 
he  died  1625.  He  wrote  some  learned 
works,  commentaries  on  Rosinus's  Roman 
antiquities,  and  on  Claudian, — four  books 
of  epistles, — dramatic  pieces  and  poems, 
— a  martyrology  of  Scotland, — a  list  of 
Scottish  writers,  &c.  He  was  a  man  of 
astonishing  memory,  so  that  he  was  pro- 
perly called  a  living  library.  His  applica- 
tion was  indefatigable,  he  never  studied 
less  than  14  hours  daily,  but  he  wanted 
judgment  aad  discrimination.  He  was  so 
partial  to  his  country  that  he  attributed  to 
the  natives  of  it  nearly  all  the  books  which 
English,  Welsh,  and  Irish  authors  had 
composed.  He  has  therefore  been  censu- 
red by  protestants  as  well  as  papists,  and 
Baillet  has  observed  that  in  his  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  of  Scotland,  in  19  books,  he 
had  no  conscience,  he  forged  titles  of 
books  never  published  to  raise  the  glory  of 
his  native  country,  and  he  has  been  guilty 
of  several  cheating  tricks,  by  which  he  has 
lost  his  credit  among  men  of  learning. 

Dempster,  George,  a  Scotch  gentleman, 
was  born  at  Dundee  in  1736.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  advocates,  but 
soon  quitted  the  bar  for  the  senate,  being 
elected  into  parliament  in  1762.  He  join- 
ed the  Rockingham  party,  and  afterward* 


DEN 


DEN 


supported  Mr.  Pitt,  till  the  afl'air  of  the 
regency,  when  he  espoused  the  side  of 
Mr.  Fox.  In  1790  he  retired  from  parlia- 
ment, and  devoted  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Highlands  by  agriculture  and 
the  fisheries.  He  died  in  1813.  His  pub- 
lications are — 1.  Discourse  on  being  nomi- 
nated chairman  of  the  society  for  extend- 
ing the  fisheries  of  Great  Britain,  8vo. — 2. 
Account  of  the  magnetic  Mountains  of 
Cannay,  8vo. — 3.  Several  papers  in  the 
transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh.— 4.  Letters  in  the  Agricultural 
Magazine. — 5.  Speeches  in  Parliament. 
W.  B. 
Denham.  Sir  John,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Dublin,  1615.  His  father  was  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland,  and 
when  afterwards  removed  to  the  English 
bench,  he  brought  his  son  with  him,  who 
was  educated  in  London,  and  in  1631,  en- 
tered at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  During 
his  residence  in  the  university,  and  after- 
wards while  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he 
was  devoted  to  gaming  and  dissipation, 
more  than  to  learning  and  science,  and  his 
father  not  only  augured  the  most  fatal  con- 
sequences, but  threatened  to  disinherit 
him.  In  1641,  three  years  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  published  his  tragedy  of 
"  Sophy,"  which,  says  Waller,  broke  out, 
like  the  Irish  rebellion,threescore  thousand 
strong,  when  nobody  was  aware  of  it. 
Soon  after  he  was  sheriff  of  Surry,  and 
governor  of  Farnham  castle,  but  not  un- 
derstanding military  affairs  he  came  to  the 
king  at  Oxford,  where  in  1643,  he  publish- 
ed his  "  Cooper's  hill,"  a  poem,  says  Dry- 
den,  which  for  majesty  of  style  is  and  ever 
will  be  the  standard  of  good  writing.  His 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause  during  the 
civil  wars,  ensured  him  the  confidence  of 
the  queen,  who  intrusted  him  with  a  com- 
mission to  her  unfortunate  husband,  a  cap- 
tive in  the  army.  He  afterwards  went  as 
ambassador  with  lord  Croft  from  Charles 
II.  to  Poland,  and  in  1562,  he  returned  to 
England,  where  he  found  his  estates  greatly 
reduced  in  consequence  of  his  former  habits 
of  gaming,  and  the  persecutions  of  the  civil 
war.  For  about  a  year  he  was  hospitably 
entertained  by  Lord  Pembroke.  At  the 
restoration  he  entered  upon  his  office  of 
surveyor-general  to  the  king's  buildings, 
and  at  the  coronation,  he  was  created  K.  B. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  in  consequence 
of  some  domestic  difference  on  his  second 
marriage,  he  unfortunately  lost  his  senses, 
which  he  however  recovered.  He  wrote 
some  verses  on  Cowley's  death,  and  soon 
followed  him  to  the  grave.  He  died  March 
1668,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
ubbey,  near  the  remains  of  Chaucer,  Spen- 
der, and  Cowley.  Dcnham's  works  have 
been  published  together  at  different  times, 
the  sixth  edition  of  whi?h  appeared  in  1719, 
D24 


These  poems  are  above  20  in  number,  con- 
taining besides  the  Sophy  and  Cooper's 
hill,  the  destruction  of  Troy,  and  Cato 
major.  Wood  mentions  other  works  of 
Denham,  such  as  a  new  version  of  the 
psalms,  a  panegyric  on  general  Monk,  the 
true  presbyterian.  &c.  Denham,  as  John- 
son has  observed,  is  deservedly  considered 
as  one  of  the  fathers  of  English  poetry. 
Cooper's  hill  is  the  work  that  confers  upon 
him  the  rank  and  dignity  of  an  original  au- 
thor. He  seems  to  have  been,  at  least 
among  us,  the  author  of  a  species  of  com- 
position that  may  be  denominated  local 
poetry,  of  which  the  fundamental  subject 
is  some  particular  landscape  to  be  poetically 
described,  with  the  addition  of  such  em- 
bellishments as  may  be  supplied  by  histori- 
cal retrospections  or  incidental  meditation. 
He  is  one  of  the  writers  that  improved  our 
taste  and  advanced  our  language,  and 
whom  we  ought  therefore  to  read  with 
gratitude,  though  having  done  much,  he 
left  much  to  do. 

Denelle,  an  infamous  revolutionist. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Marat,  and  shared  all 
his  crimes,  and  at  last,  after  trying  to  poi- 
son his  wife  and  five  children,  he  killed 
them  with  his  own  hand  with  blows.  He 
expiated  his  crimes  on  the  scaffold. 

Denis,  Michael,  a  German  bibliogra- 
pher, was  born  at  Sclarden,  in  Bavaria,  in 
1729.  He  became  principal  keeper  of  the 
imperial  library  at  Vienna,  and  died  there 
in  1800.  His  works  are,  1.  A  German 
translation  of  Ossian,  3  vols.  4to.  2. 
Songs,  with  a  preliminary  dissertation  on 
the  ancient  poetry  of  the  North,  8vo.  3. 
A  catalogue  of  Butterflies,  4to.  4.  An 
introduction  to  the  knowledge  of  Books, 
2  vols.  4to.  5.  A  typographical  history 
of  Vienna,  4to.  6.  Augustini  Sermones 
inediti,  folio.  7.  Codices  manuscripti 
theologici  Latini  aliarunque  occidentis  lin- 
guarum  biblioth.,  Palat.  Vindobon,  2  vols, 
folio.    8.  Carmina  quxdam,  4to. — W.B. 

Denner,  Balthazar,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Hamburgh,  1685.  He  was  offered, 
in  London,  for  his  excellent  portrait  of  an 
old  woman,  500  guineas,  which  he  refused. 
He  died  1747. 

Dennie,  William,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, under  the  proprietors,  succeeded 
governor  Morris  in  August,  1 756.  His  ad- 
ministration was  unsatisfactory  to  the  pro- 
prietors, and  highly  obnoxious  to  the  peo- 
ple. He  was  succeeded  in  1759  by  Hamil- 
ton. ?CP  L. 

Dennie,  Joseph,  editor  of  the  Port  Folio, 
was  a  native  of  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
born  August  30,  1763,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1790.  He  studied  law  and 
commenced  practice  in  New-Hampshire, 
but  after  a  short  time  relinquished  the  pro- 
fession, and  devoted  his  attention  to  litera- 
ture.    He  resided  in  Walpole.  where  from 


DEN 


DEN 


1795  to  1799,  he  published  the  "  Farmer's 
Museum,"  a  newspaper  of  high  literary 
character,  and  warmly  devoted  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  party  then  in  power.  It  was 
in  that  that  his  popular  essays  of  the  Lay 
Preacher  first  appeared.  After  leaving 
Walpole,  in  1799,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state. 
In  1800,  he  commenced  the  publication  of 
the  Port  Folio,  at  Philadelphia,  and  devoted 
himself  with  great  zeal  and  success  to  the 
labours  which  the  editing  of  that  work  re- 
quired. He  was  ardently  desirous  of  ex- 
alting the  literary  character  of  the  country, 
and  did  much  to  promote  it.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia,  January  7th,  1812,  aged  44. 
His  genius  was  of  a  very  superior  order, 
his  literary  attainments  unusually  exten- 
sive, and  his  writings  characterized  by  un- 
common originality  and  ingenuity,  great 
delicacy  of  thought  and  language,  and 
friendliness  to  virtue.  IC?  L. 

Dennis,  John,  an  English  critic,  born  in 
London  1657,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Caius  college,  Cambridge.  After  taking 
his  bachelor's  degree,  he  was  expelled  for 
attempting  to  stab  a  person  in  the  dark, 
upon  which  he  travelled  over  France  and 
Italy,  and  at  his  return  set  up  for  a  man  of 
fashion  and  of  wit.  He  began  his  literary 
career  as  early  as  1690,  and  continued  to 
write  till  his  death  in  1733.  He  was  inti- 
mate with  the  great  and  the  learned  of  the 
times,  but  his  temper  was  so  violent,  and 
his  pride  and  suspicions  so  great,  that  his 
life  was  a  continual  scene  of  tumult  and 
quarrel,  inflamed  and  cherished  by  the  in- 
vectives of  his  pen.  He  wrote  in  1692, 
a  pindaric  ode  on  William's  victory  at 
Aghrim,  and  he  also  honoured  the  death  of 
that  monarch  and  that  of  his  queen,  with 
poetical  incense.  In  1704,  came  his  fa- 
vourite tragedy  "Liberty  asserted,"  in 
which  he  used  such  violent  language  against 
the  French  nation,  that  in  the  pride  of 
self-consequence,  he  persuaded  himself 
peace  could  never  be  re-established  be- 
tween the  two  countries  without  his  being 
delivered  up  to  the  offended  enemy.  With 
this  idea  he  applied  to  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough for  his  protection,  who  declared 
to  the  alarmed  poet  that  he  had  no  in- 
fluence with  the  ministry,  but  that  he 
thought,  without  being  terrified,  his  own 
case  as  desperate,  as  he  had  done  the 
French  almost  as  much  mischief  as  Mr. 
Dennis  himself.  This  singular  character, 
thus  exposed  to  ridicule,  is  said  on  another 
occasion  to  have  been  walking  near  the 
sea  while  the  guest  of  a  friend  in  Sussex, 
and  that  at  the  sudden  sight  of  a  ship  sail- 
ing as  he  imagined  towards  him,  he  de- 
camped in  the  greatest  hurry,  calling  his 
friend  a  traitor  for  conspiring  to  deliver 
his  person  up  to  the  French.  His  poems 
on  the  battles  of  Blenheim  and  Ramillies 


gained  him  the  friendship  of  the  victorious 
hero  of  the  day,  who  presented  him  with 
100Z.  and  procured  him  an  appointment  in 
the  customs  worth  1201.  per  annum.  He 
also  wrote  some  prose  pieces,  especially 
priestcraft  dangerous,  &c.  against  Sache- 
verell's  political  union,  and  some  severe 
reflections  on  Pope's  essay  on  criticism, 
and  Addison's  Cato.  This  not  only  occa- 
sioned a  curious  pamphlet  called  the  nar- 
rative of  Dr.  Robert  Norris,  concerning 
the  strange  and  deplorable  frenzy  of  Mr. 
John  Dennis,  but  it  drew  upon  him  the  sa- 
tirist's resentment,  and  entitled  him  to  a 
conspicuous  place  among  the  heroes  of 
the  Dunciad.  Though  now  disregarded  as 
a  writer  and  a  critic,  he  was  esteemed  in 
his  day,  but  it  was  observed  by  a  wit  that 
Dennis  was  the  fittest  man  in  the  world  to 
instruct  a  dramatic  writer,  for  he  laid  down 
rules  for  writing  good  plays,  and  showed 
him  what  were  bad  by  his  own. 

Denny,  Sir  Anthony,  a  favourite  of 
Henry  VIII.  born  at  Cheshunt,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  school,  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  His  great  abilities 
soon  recommended  him  to  the  court,  where 
he  became  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber, 
groom  of  the  stole,  and  a  privy  counsellor. 
He  was  also  knighted  by  the  king,  and  in 
the  general  plunder  of  the  property  of  the 
church,  Sir  Anthony  received  from  his  ca- 
pricious master  very  large  and  valuable 
grants  of  lands  in  Hertfordshire.  When 
Henry  was  on  his  death-bed,  Sir  Anthony 
alone  had  the  courage  and  humanity 
to  approach  him,  to  remind  him  of  his 
situation,  and  to  exhort  him  to  devote 
the  few  remaining  moments  of  life 
to  the  momentous  concerns  of  religion. 
The  king  had  such  an  opinion  of  his  inte- 
grity, that  he  made  him  one  of  the  execu- 
tors of  his  will,  and  of  the  counsellors  of 
his  successor,  and  gave  him  a  legacy  of 
3001.  Sir  Anthony  was  a  man  of  great 
piety  as  well  as  learning.  He  died  1550, 
leaving  by  his  lady  Joan,  daughter  of  Sir 
Philip  Champernon  of  Modbury,  Devon, 
six  children,  of  whom  Henry  the  eldest  was 
father  of  Edward  who  was  knighted,  and  in 
1626,  made  earl  of  Norwich. 

Denton,  John,  an  English  divine,  edu- 
cated at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  and  eject- 
ed for  nonconformity  from  the  living  of 
Oswald  Kirk,  Yorkshire,  in  1662.  He 
afterwards  conformed,  and  after  being  re- 
ordained,  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Stone-grave,  and  a  prebend  of  York,  which 
he  held  till  his  death,  4th  January,  1708,  in 
his  83d  year.  He  published  some  sermons 
and  religious  tracts,  and  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  correspondent  of  Tillotson,  af- 
terwards the  primate. 

Dentrecolles,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Lyons  1664.     He  went  to 

525 


DEP 


DEK 


China  as  missionary  with  Parennin,  and  he 
died  there  on  the  same  year  as  his  associate, 
1741,  and  both  aged  77.  This  Jesuit  wrote 
several  works  in  the  Chinese  language  to 
recommend  the  Christian  religion  to  the 
disciples  of  Confucius,  and  some  interest- 
ing pieces  of  his  are  also  found  in  "  lettres 
editiantes  et  curieuses,"  and  in  du  Haide's 
China. 

Denys,  James,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp  1645.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  and  resided  for  some  time  at  the 
court  of  Mantua,  where  he  was  highly  ho- 
noured. He  returned  afterwards  to  his 
native  city,  where  he  died. 

D'Eon,  the  chevalier,  an    extraordinary 
character,  who  is  registered  in  the  parish 
of  St.   Pancras,   Middlesex,    as  "  Charles 
Genevieve  Louise  Auguste  Andre  Timothee 
D'Eon  de  Beaumont."     He  was  born  of  an 
ancient  family  at  Tonnerre,  in  Burgundy, 
in  172S.     His  education  was  liberal,  and 
being  left  an  orphan,  the  Prince  de  Conti 
procured  him  a  cornetcy  of  dragoons.     He 
was  also  placed  in  a  public  office  at  Paris, 
where  his  conduct  gave   satisfaction.     In 
1755,  he  was  employed  on  a  mission  to  Pe- 
tersburg,  after  which  he  joined   his  regi- 
ment, and  served  in  the  campaign  of  1762, 
as  aid-de-camp  to   Marshal  Broglio.     The 
year  following  he  accompanied  the  duke  de 
Nivernois  to   England,  as  secretary,  and 
was  invested  with   the  order  of  St.  Louis. 
When  the  duke  left  this  country,  D'Eon 
remained  as  minister  plenipotentiary  in  his 
room  ;  but  soon  afterwards  he  was  super- 
seded by  the   count  de   Guerchy.       This 
mortified  the  chevalier  to   such   a  degree, 
that  he  published  libels  against  the   count, 
for  which  he  was  prosecuted  and  convicted 
in  the  king's  bench  ;  but  not  appearing  to 
receive  judgment,  he  was  outlawed.  About 
the    year  1771,    doubts   were  entertained 
concerning  his  sex,    and  bets  to  a  great 
amount  were  laid  on  the  question,  which  in 
one  instance  produced  a  lawsuit  that  ended 
in  a  nonsuit.     In  the  mean  time  the  cheva- 
lier returned  to  France,  where  he  assumed 
the  female  dress ;  for  what    reason    has 
never  been  explained  ;  yet  his  conduct   in 
this  instance  was  sanctioned  by  his  own 
court,  his  pension  was  continued,  and  he 
was  suffered  to  retain  the  cross  of  his  order. 
In  1785,  he   came  back   to  England,  and 
continued  here  till  his  death,  teaching  fen- 
cing ;  but  when  the  revolution  broke  out, 
he  presented  a  petition  to  the  assembly,  as 
Madame  D'Eon,  offering  his  services  in  a 
military  capacity.      This,    however,   was 
disregarded,  and  he  remained  here  in  po- 
verty till  death  closed  the  scene,   May  21, 
1810,  when  all  doubts  as  to  his  sex  were 
completely  removed  by  professional  inspec- 
tion.    He  published  several  works  on  po- 
litics and  commerce. —  W.  B. 

Deparcieux,    Anthony,    a  mathemati- 
cs 


cian,  born  in  the  diocess  of  Usez.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  trigonometry,  4to. — es- 
says on  the  probabilities  of  the  duration  of 
human  life,  4to.  a  valuable  work,  which  ob- 
tained him  a  seat  in  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences,— memoir  on  the  inundations  of  the 
river  Seine,  &.c.  His  skill  was  much  ap- 
plauded in  his  construction  of  sun-dials  on 
a  new  plan,  and  also  for  his  meridian 
lines.     He  died  1768,  aged  65. 

Derbt,  James  Stanley,  earl  of,  an  Eng- 
lish nobleman,  celebrated  for  Ins  courage 
during  the  civil  wars.  With  only  600  horse 
he  bravely  defended  himself  at  Wigan 
against  col.  Lilburne  and  3000  horse  and 
foot,  but  when  taken  at  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester, he  was  basely  beheaded,  though 
faithfully  promised  pardon,  October  15th, 
1651.  His  widow  imitated  his  heroic  con- 
duct, and  after  the  brave  defence  of  Latham- 
house,  she  retired  to  the  Isle  of  Man, 
where  she  defied  the  attacks  of  her  enemies. 
She  was  the  last  person  who  submitted  to 
the  power  of  the  regicides. 

Dercyllidas,  a  Lacedemonian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  the  Per- 
sians, and  defended  Chersonesus  against 
the  inroads  of  the  Thracians,  about  400 
B.C. 

Dereing,  Edward,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Kent,  fellow  of  Christ's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  preacher  at  St  Paul's, 
London,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  before  the  court.  He  died  1576, 
much  respected  for  his  piety  as  well  as 
learning.  He  wrote  sermons, — lectures  on 
the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews, — answer  to 
Harding,  &c. 

Derham,  William,  an  able  philosopher 
and  divine,  born  at  Stoughton,  near  Wor- 
cester, 26th  November,  1657,  and  educated 
at  Blockley,  and  Trinity  college,   Oxford. 
He  was  presented  in  1682,  to  Wargrave 
vicarage,  Berks,  and  in  1689,  to  Upminster 
rectory,  Essex.     He  devoted  the  best  part 
of  his  time  to  mathematics  and  experimen- 
tal philosophy.     He  was  chosen  fellow  of 
the  royal  society,  and  enriched  the  philoso- 
phical transactions  with  many  curious  and 
valuable  communications.    In  1716,  he  was 
made  canon  of  Windsor,  and  the  university 
of  Oxford,  in  1730,  honourably  granted  him 
the  degree  D.D.  for  his  meritorious  services 
in  the  cause  of  science.     This  pious  and 
good  man,  always  employed  in  the  labours 
of  philosophy,  humanity,  and  religion,  died 
5th  April,  1735,  aged  78,  and  was  buried  at 
Upminster.     His  publications  are  very  nu- 
merous, not  less  than  forty,  and  mostly  on 
philosophical  subjects.     The  best  known  of 
his  works  are  his  physico-theology,  16  dis- 
courses,   preached  at    Boyle's    institution, 
1711   and  12,  and  in  1714,  his  astro-theo- 
logy, and  in  1736,  his  christo-theology,   a 
sermon  to  prove  the  divine  origin  of  Chris- 
tianity, besides  the  artificial  clock-maker, 


DES 


DES 


an  ingenious  book,  the  fourth  edition  of 
which  was  published  1734.  He  also  assist- 
ed some  of  his  literary  friends,  he  revised 
the  "  miscellanea  curioso,"  he  prepared 
notes  and  observations  for  Eleazer  Albin's 
natural  history,  4  vols.  4to.  and  published 
some  pieces  of  Mr.  Ray,  and  also  tiie  ex- 
periments of  Dr.  Robert  Hooke.  He  left 
behind  him  a  very  valuable  collection  of 
curiosities. 

Dering,  Sir  Edward,  a  native  of  Kent, 
very  violent  in  parliament  in  favour  of  re- 
publican principles.  He  brought  in  a  bill 
for  the  abolition  of  bishops,  deans,  and 
chapters,  and  proposed  other  plans  of  re- 
forms. Afterwards,  however,  he  changed 
his  opinion,  and  espoused  the  royal  cause, 
which  he  supported  with  a  troop  of  horse, 
equipped  at  his  own  expense.  He  was  a 
great  sufferer  in  the  civil  wars,  and  died 
before  the  restoration.  His  speeches  in 
parliament  were  published  in  4to. 

Derrick,  Samuel,  a  linen-draper  of 
Dublin,  who  in  1751,  came  to  London  with 
the  intention  of  supporting  himself  as  a 
literary  character.  He  once  attempted  the 
character  of  Gloucester  in  Jane  Shore,  but 
with  such  ill  success,  that  it  was  never  re- 
peated. After  this  he  subsisted  by  pam- 
phlet writing,  but  his  extravagance  led 
him  into  perpetual  difficulties.  He  was, 
on  Beau  Nash's  death,  by  means  of  his 
friends  appointed  in  his  place  master  of  the 
ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tunbridge,  but  ill 
conduct  prevented  his  rise  to  independence, 
and  he  died  very  poor,  7th  of  March,  1769, 
aged  45.  He  translated,  among  other 
things,  Sylla,  a  dramatic  entertainment  by 
the  king  of  Prussia,  8vo.  1753. 

Dertk  or  Derick,  Peter  Cornelius,  a 
landscape  painter  of  Delft,  the  pupil  of  Hu- 
bert Jacobs.  He  studied  afterwards  in 
Italy,  and  died  1630,  aged  62. 

Dertke,  William,  an  historical  painter 
at  Antwerp,  who  died  1697. 

Desaguliers,  John  Theophilus,  son  of 
aprotestant  minister  at  Rochelle,  where  he 
was  born  12th  March,  1683,  and  which  he 
left  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 
He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, and  he  succeeded  Dr.  Kiel  in  reading 
lectures  on  experimental  philosophy.  In 
1712,  he  married,  and  was  the  first  who 
introduced  the  reading  of  lectures  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  had  for  his  audience  not 
only  the  learned  and  the  great,  but  also 
George  I.  and  George  II.  and  the  royal  fa- 
mily. He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Chandos,  who  gave  him  the  living  of  Edg- 
ware,  and  he  afterwards  became  chaplain 
to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  had  a  valuable 
living  in  Essex.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life,  he  had  lodgings  under  the  piazzas, 
Covent-garden,  where  his  lectures  were 
continued  till  his  death,  1749.  He  was 
member  of  several  foreign  academies,  and 


published  a  course  of  experimental  philo- 
sophy, 2  vols.  4to.  1754, — Gravesand's  ma- 
thematical elements  of  natural  philosophy 
— and  an  edition  of  Gregory's  elements  of 
catoptrics  and  dioptrics. 

Desaix,  Lewis  Charles  Anthony,  a 
French  general,  bom  ol  a  respectable  fa- 
mily at  Yegou,  near  lliom,  in  August,  1768. 
He  embraced  the  military  profession  as 
l.eutenaiit  in  the  regiment  of 'Butany,  and 
at  the  revolution  he  assisted  Custine  as  his 
aid-de-camp.  He  was  wounded  in  the 
cheek  at  the  battle  of  Lauterburg,  but 
disregarded  the  pain  while  he  boldly 
rallied  the  yielding  battalions  to  the  tight. 
He  was  general  of  division  under  Mou- 
reau,  whom  he  assisted  in  hit  glorious 
retreat  from  the  Danube  ;  and  afterwards 
he  drove  the  Germans  from  the  Rhine,  and 
at  the  battle  of  Rastadt  he  obliged  the  arch- 
duke Charles  to  retreat.  He  bravely  de- 
fended the  bridge  of  Kehl,  and  afterwards, 
in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
mio,  he  attended  Buonaparte  into  Egypt. 
In  this  distant  country,  he  every  where  dis- 
played the  same  preseuce  of  mind,  the 
same  bravery,  and  after  dispersing  the 
Arabs,  and  the  scattered  forces  of  Murad- 
bey,  and  Elphi  bey,  he  was  named  com- 
mander of  Upper  Egypt,  which  his  valour 
and  steadiness  had  completely  subdued. 
After  Buonaparte's  retreat  from  Egypt  he 
signed  the  treaty  of  El-Arisch  with  the 
English  and  the  Turks,  and  returned  to 
Europe,  but  was  detained  as  a  prisoner  by 
lord  Keith.  When  set  at  liberty  he  has- 
tened back  to  France,  and  found  his  friend 
Buonaparte  advancing  to  the  conquest  of 
Italy.  His  happy  arrival,  after  a  severe 
march  of  thirty  miles,  with  a  fresh  squad- 
ron, gave  the  decision  to  the  memorable 
battle  of  Marengo,  but  at  the  very  moment 
that  he  ensured  the  victory  to  his  already 
yielding  countrymen,  the  brave  Desaix 
received  a  fatal  shot  in  the  breast,  and 
immediately  expired,  14th  June,  1800.  He 
was  buried  with  the  military  honours  which 
his  services  and  his  private  virtues  de- 
served. 

Desault,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arsac,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  physician.  His  treatise  on 
the  venereal  disease  and  on  the  method 
of  curing  it  without  salivation,  was  much 
admired,  and  also  that  on  the  stone  in  the 
kidneys  and  the  bladder,  which  was  attack- 
ed by  Astruc.  He  died  at  Bourdcaux,  1737, 
aged  62. 

Desault,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  sur- 
geon whose  journal  de  chirurgie  was  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Gosling.  He  was 
born  at  Maguibernois  near  Macon,  and 
died  June  1st,  1795,  in  his  46th  year,  not 
without  suspicion  of  being  poisoned  for  his 
attendance  on  the  unfortunate  Lewis  XVII. 
It  is  remarkable  that  his  successors,  Clo- 
part  and  Doublet,  died  within  four  davs 
427 


DES 


DES 


alter.  He  had  been  much  esteemed  as  a 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  where  300 
pupils  together  attended  his  lectures,  and 
also  as  surgeon  at  the  hospital  of  charity, 
and  at  the  hotel  Dieu. 

Des  Barreaux,  James  de  Vallec  lord,  a 
French  nobleman,  born  at  Paris,  1602.  He 
was  brought  up  oy  the  Jesuits,  who  in  vain 
endeavoured  to  gain  him  over  to  their 
society,  and  he  afterwards  became  coun- 
sellor in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  where  his 
wit  was  more  admired  than  his  application. 
He  exposed  himself  to  the  resentment  and 
persecution  of  Richelieu,  by  refusing  to 
yield  a  favourite  mistress  to  the  hoary 
libertine,  and  thus  banished  from  regular 
employment,  he  spent  his  time  in  visiting 
his  friends,  and  in  pursuing  his  pleasures. 
About  four  or  five  years  before  his  death, 
however,  he  began  to  reflect  upon  the 
vicious  course  of  his  conduct,  and  after 
disregarding  the  truths  and  the  practice  of 
Christianity,  he  gave  hiniseli  up  to  serious 
meditation,  and  to  penitence.  He  retired 
to  the  pure  air  of  Chalon,  on  the  Soane, 
where,  after  an  exemplar;  clost  of  life,  he 
died  1647.  Some  time  before  his  death  he 
wrote  the  famous  sonnet  so  full  of  contri- 
tion "  grand  dieu,  tes  jugemens,"  &.c.  He 
was,  in  the  days  of  his  gayety  and  liber- 
tinism, author  of  some  poems  in  Latin, 
and  also  in  French,  and  of  some  popular 
son^s,  &.c. 

Dessillons,  Francis  Joseph,  a  French 
Jesuit,  uorn  at  Chateauneuf,  25th  January, 
1711.  After  reading  lectures  in  the  col- 
leges of  Caen,  Nevers,  laFleche,  and  Bour- 
ges,  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  for 
15  years  in  the  college  of  Lewis  XIV.  \t 
the  abolition  of  his  order,  i762,  he  retired 
to  Manheim,  where  he  published  his  fables, 
on  which  he  had  so  long  been  engaged,  630 
in  number,  divided  into  15  books,  in  two 
vols.  He  aiso  published  a  learned  edition 
of  Phaedrus,  and  wrote  some  Latin  poems, 
and  left  in  MS.  a  history  of  the  Latin 
tongue.  He  died  19th  March,  17S8,  aged 
78. 

Desbois,  Francis  Alexander,  author  of 
a  military  dictionary,  3  vols.  8vo. — a  dic- 
tionary of  agriculture,  2  vols.  8vo. —  a  dic- 
tionary of  animals,  4  vols.  8vo.  and  other 
works,  died  in  the  public  hospital,  at  Paris, 
1784,  aged  85. 

Des  Cartes,  Rene,  a  French  philoso- 
pher.    Vid.  Cartes. 

Desericius  or  Deseritz,  Joseph  Inno- 
cent, a  native  of  Nitra,  in  Hungary,  made 
a  Roman  cardinal,  and  sent  by  Benedict 
XIV.  as  ambassador  to  the  hospodar  of 
Wallachia.  He  died  1765,  aged  63.  He 
wrote  pro  cultu  literarum  in  Hungaria,  ac 
speciatim  civitate  dicecesique  vindicatio, 
4to. — de  initiis  et  majoribus  Hungarorum 
commentaria,  5  vols.  fol. — historia  episco- 
5?8 


patus  dicecesis  ct  civitatis  Vaciensis,  fol. 
&c. 

Desgodets,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  an  architect.  When  going  to 
Rome,  in  1674,  he  was  captured  by  the 
Algerines,  and  remained  16  months  in 
slavery,  and  when  he  reached  the  capital 
of  Italy  at  last,  he  composed  his  work  "  the 
ancient  edifices  of  Rome  drawn  and  mea- 
sured with  exactness,"'  fol.  which  was 
newly  edited,  1779.  He  was  made  comp- 
troller of  the  royal  buildings  at  Paris,  and 
architect  to  the  king.  He  died  1728,  aged 
75.  Two  of  his  works  on  architecture 
have  appeared  since  his  death. 

Deshais,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
painter,  born  at  Rouen,  1729.  Under  the 
direction  of  Vermont,  Restout,  and  Carlo 
Vanloo,  he  improved  his  strong  natural 
abilities,  and  in  1751,  obtained  the  prize  of 
the  academy.  After  visiting  Rome  for  im- 
provement and  information,  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  was  admitted  into  the  academy 
with  universal  approbation.  The  superior 
merit  of  his  pictures  premised  the  noblest 
monuments  of  genius  to  adorn  the  French 
school,  but  he  unfortunately  died  in  the 
midst  of  his  career,  in  1765.  The  most 
celebrated  of  his  pieces  are  the  marriage 
of  the  Virgin,  tiie  resurrection  of  Lazarus, 
Potiphar'3  wife  and  Joseph,  the  combat  of 
Achilles  and  Xanthus,  Jupiter  and  Anti- 
ope,  Artemisia  at  her  husband's  tomb,  &c. 

Desioerius  or  Didier,  last  king  of 
Lombardy,  succeeded  Astolphus,  756.  His 
invasion  of  the  papal  dominions  was  re- 
sisted at  the  request  of  the  pope  by  Charle- 
magne his  son-in-law,  and  Didier  was  made 
prisoner  and  died  in  France.  His  other 
daughter  had  married  a  brother  of  Charle- 
magne, Carloman,  another  son  of  Pepin, 
king  of  France. 

Desmahis,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de 
Corsembleu,  a  French  writer,  born  at  Sau- 
ly-sur-loire,  who  died  February  25th,  1761, 
aged  38.  He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities, 
very  amiable  in  his  manners,  moderate  in 
his  wishes,  and  benevolent  in  his  inter- 
course with  mankind.  He  used  to  say, 
"  When  my  friend  laughs,  it  is  his  business 
to  inform  me  of  the  cause  of  his  joy  ;  but 
when  he  weeps,  it  is  mine  to  discover  the 
sources  of  his  grief,"  He  wrote  the  co- 
medy of  the  "  impertinent,"  which  met 
with  great  applause.  He  also  wrote  mis- 
cellaneous works,  and  in  his  poetical  pieces 
displayed  ease,  grace,  and  elegance.  His 
works  were  published  1777,  two  vols. 
12mo.  Paris. 

Des  Maizeaux,  Peter,  a  learned  biogra- 
pher, born  at  Auvergne,  1666,  where  his 
father  was  a  protestant  minister.  He  came 
early  to  England  and  was  elected  secretary 
to  the  royal  society.  He  died  1745.  He 
edited  the  works  of  St.  Evremont,  three 
vols.  4to.  and  also   published  the  life  of 


DES 

Baylc,  prefixed  to  his  dictionary.  He  had 
some  hand  in  the  general  historical  dic- 
tionary, 10  vols.  fol.  and  in  other  useful 
works,  and  wrote  the  lives  of  Chilling- 
worth  and  John  Hales. 

Desmares,  Toussaint,  a  priest,  native  of 
Vire,  in  Normandy.  He  defended  the 
cause  of  the  Jansenists  before  pope  Inno- 
cent X.  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
sermons.  He  was  persecuted  for  his 
opinions,  but  humanely  protected  by  the 
duke  of  Liancourt,  at  whose  house  in 
Beauvais,  he  ended  his  days,  16S7,  aged 
87.  He  wrote  the  Necrologe  de  port  royal, 
printed  4to.  1723,  and  other  works. 

Desmarets,  Nicholas,  nephew  of  Col- 
bert, and  minister  of  state  and  comptroller 
in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV.  died  1721.  He 
published  a  very  curious  and  interesting 
account  of  his  administration. 

Desmolets,  Peter  Nicholas,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Paris.  He  edited  Lamy's 
treatise  de  tabernaculo  foederis  sancta  civi- 
tate  Jerusalem  et  templo  ejus,  fol. — Ponget's 
institutiones  catholics  in  modum  cateche- 
seos,  2  vols.  fol. — and  continued  Sallengre's 
memoirs  of  literature,  11  vols.  12mo.  He 
died  1760,  aged  33. 

Desmoulins,  Benedict  Camille,  a  native 
of  Guise  in  Picardy,  who  displayed  his  re- 
publican zeal  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastile, 
and  in  the  demolition  of  the  monarchy. 
As  the  friend  of  Danton  he  was  one  of  the 
original  founders  of  the  Jacobin  club,  and 
he  had  a  share  in  the  atrocities  of  the  20th 
of  June  and  the  10th  of  August,  1792. 
His  influence  in  the  convention  was  seen 
with  jealousy  by  Robespierre,  and  he 
marked  for  slaughter  the  man  who  pre- 
sumed to  defend  Orleans,  and  to  talk  of  a 
committee  of  clemency  in  the  midst  of  a 
sanguinary  assembly.  The  fall  of  Danton 
was  his  own  ;  when  seized  in  the  night, 
31st  March,  1794,  he  opened  his  windows 
to  call  in  vain  for  help  against  the  satellites 
of  tyranny,  and  with  Young's  night 
thoughts,  and  Hervey's  meditations  in  his 
hand,  he  was  dragged  to  prison,  and  imme- 
diately after  to  the  scaffold.  His  writings 
were  periodical — the  revolutions  of  France 
and  Brabant — the  history  of  the  Brissotins 
— the  Vieux  Cordelier.  His  wife,  who 
wished  to  share  his  fate,  was  permitted  to 
follow  him  10  days  after  to  the  scaffold. 
When  asked  his  age  by  the  bloody  tribunal, 
he  answered,  "  My  age  is  that  of  Jesus 
Christ  when  he  suffered  death,"  33. 

Desmoutier,  Charles  Albert,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Villers  Coterets,  in 
1760,  and  died  in  1801.  His  works  are — 
1.  Lettres  a  Emilie  sur  la  Mythologie,  6  vols. 
lSmo.  2.  Several  comedies  and  operas. 
3.  Le  Siege  de  Cythere,  a  poem.  4.  La 
Libute  du  Cloitre,  a  poem.  He  had  begun 
a  piece  entitled  "  Galerie  du  dixhuitiemc 
^ieclc  ;"  but  never  finished  it. — W.  B. 
Vol.  T.  C7 


DES 

D'Espagne,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  at.  Durham-house,  Strand, 
died  about  1660.  He  was  much  admired 
as  a  preacher,  and  several  of  his  works 
have  been  translated  into  English.  They 
are  all  on  theological  subjects. 

Despard,  Edward  Marcus,  a  native  of 
Queen's  county  in  Ireland,  of  a  respectable 
family.  He  early  embraced  a  military  life, 
and  was  employed  in  the  West  Indies,  on 
the  Spanish  main,  and  in  the  bay  of  Hon- 
duras, where  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  English  colony.  His  con- 
duct in  this  office  gave  offence  to  the  set- 
tlers, and  in  consequence  of  their  com- 
plaints he  was  Recalled  home,  1790  ;  but 
when  he  applied  to  government  to  investi- 
gate his  administration,  his  representations 
were  rejected  without  explanation.  This 
rendered  him  a  disaffected  subject,  and  the 
French  revolution  no  sooner  tended  to  dis- 
seminate the  principles  of  disloyalty  and 
rebellion,  than  he  warmly  embraced  the. 
new  doctrines.  He  was  seized  for  his  se- 
ditious conduct,  under  the  suspension  of 
the  habeas  corpus  act,  and  confined  in 
several  prisons,  but  when  at  last  liberated, 
past  misfortunes  had  made  no  impression 
upon  him,  but  rather  stimulated  him  to 
revenge.  He  now  formed  the  plan  of  se- 
ducing the  soldiery  from  their  allegiance, 
and  in  the  secret  committees  which  he  held 
with  his  associates,  under  the  sanction  of  a 
solemn  oath  it  was  agitated  to  assassinate 
the  king,  as  he  proceeded  to  the  opening  of 
parliament.  This  murderous  design  was 
happily  discovered  by  some  of  the  accom- 
plices, and  Despard  and  his  associates 
were  seized,  and  tried  at  a  special  commis- 
sion in  Southwark,  5th  February,  1803,  and 
on  an  impartial  trial  his  atrocious  guilt  was 
made  too  evident  to  deserve  pardon.  He 
suffered  on  the  21st  March,  with  nine 
others,  and  after  their  heads  had  been  cut 
off,  their  bodies  were  delivered  to  their 
friends  for  interment.  Without  contri- 
tion, sorrow,  or  concern,  this  infatuated 
man  met  his  fate,  and  convinced  the  spec- 
tators how  well  qualified  he  was  for  the 
worst  of  nefarious  attempts. 

Despatjtere,  John,  a  Flemish  gram- 
marian, who  was  born  at  Ninove,  and 
died  at  Comines,  1520.  He  had  the  use  of 
only  one  eye.  His  works,  which  were 
chiefly  grammatical,  were  in  great  vogue  in 
all  schools  at  one  time,  but  now  they  have, 
given  way  to  more  modern  and  methodical 
elements  of  education. 

Despierres,  John,  superior  of  the  Be- 
nedictine college  at  Douay,  died  there 
1664,  aged  67.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
mathematician,  and  as  a  mechanic,  and 
wrote  treatises  on  the  Roman  calendar — a 
defence  of  the  vulgatc  translation  of  the 
Bible — a  commentary  on  the  Psalms,  &c. 
— and  he  al=o  constructed  an  iron  sphere 
599 


DEV 


DEV 


which  with  great  exactness  represented  the 
planetary  system. 

Desplaces,  an  eminent  French  engra- 
ver, who  died  1749.  His  best  pieces  were 
his  soldier  holding  a  dagger  at  Astyanax  in 
his  mother's  arms,  his  descent  from  the 
gross,  after  Jouvenet,  his  rape  of  Helen 
after  Guido.  Another  of  the  same  name 
engraved  several  pieces  for  the  cabinet  de 
Crozat. 

Desportes,  Claude,  a  painter  of  Cham- 
pagne, who  died  at  Paris,  1743,  aged  82. 
He  was  highly  favoured  by  Lewis  XIV. 
and  XV.  His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at 
Marly.  He  excelled  in  grotesque  figures, 
and  in  animals,  flowers,  fruits,  &c.  His 
son  and  nephew  were  equally  celebrated. 

Destouches,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman, 
who  went  to  Siam,  and  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  a  soldier  for  that  of  a  musician. 
Though  unacquainted  with  rules,  by  the 
mere  powers  of  genius  he  produced  his 
Isse,  an  opera,  which  so  highly  pleased  the 
French  king,  that  he  gave  him  200  louis, 
with  many  commendations.  Afterwards 
he  studied  the  rules  of  musical  composi- 
tion, but  his  other  pieces  were  never  equal 
to  Isse.     He  died  1749. 

Destrouches,  Philip  Nericaut,  a  French 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Tours,  and  educa- 
ted at  Paris.  He  shone  also  as  a  negotiator 
in  Switzerland,  and  lastly  in  London, 
where  he  resided  seven  years,  and  where 
he  married.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  he 
was  received  with  esteem  for  his  services, 
but  the  death  of  the  regent  shattered  his 
fair  hopes  of  preferment  and  reward,  and 
he  retired  to  Fortoiseau,  near  Melun, 
where  he  forgot  the  ingratitude  of  the  court 
in  the  cultivation  of  the  muses  and  of 
agriculture.  Cardinal  Fleury  in  vain 
wished  to  draw  him  from  his  retirement  to 
go  to  Russia.  He  died  1754.  His  works 
were  published  by  his  son,  by  the  order  of 
Lewis  XV.  4  vols.  1757,  and  10  vols.  12mo. 
Though  devoid  of  the  gayety  of  Regnard, 
and  the  strong  touches  of  Moliere,  he  yet 
commands  attention  by  his  interesting 
scenes,  and  his  tender  and  affecting  deli- 
neations of  nature.  His  Philosophe  Marie, 
and  his  Glorieux,  a  comedy,  rank  next  to 
the  compositions  of  Voltaire. 

Devaux,  John,  a  native  of  Paris,  esteem- 
ed as  a  surgeon,  and  author  of  a  treatise 
on  preserving  health,  by  instinct — on  mak- 
ing reports  on  surgery — and  other  works, 
besides  translations  of  medical  works  into 
French.     He  died  1729,  aged  80. 

Devereux,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  the 
favourite  of  Elizabeth,  was  born  10th  No- 
vember, 1567,  at  Netherwood,  Hereford- 
shire, and  under  the  guardianship  of  lord 
Burleigh,  he  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
by  Dr.  Whitgift,  afterwards  primate.  His 
first  appearance  at  court  was  in  his  17th 
v%ar,  and  in  1585,  he  aeeompa-nied  the 
530 


earl  of  Leicester  to  Holland,  and  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  by  his  courage  at 
the  battle  of  Zutphcn.  At  his  return  he 
was  master  of  the  horse  to  the  queen,  and 
at  the  assembling  of  an  army  at  Tilbury 
fort  against  the  Spanish  invasion,  he  was 
declared  general  under  Leicester,  and  soon 
after  made  knight  of  the  garter.  Thus 
elevated  in  rank  he  disputed  for  the 
queen's  favour  with  Sir  Charles  Blunt, 
earl  of  Devonshire,  who  wounded  him  in 
the  knee,  but  afterwards  became  his  most 
intimate  friend.  In  1589  he  went  with 
Sir  John  Norris  and  Francis  Drake  in  the 
expedition  to  replace  Antonio  on  the  throne 
of  Portugal,  but  as  it  was  without  the 
queen's  permission,  he  was  soon  recalled 
with  marks  of  displeasure,  which,  however, 
his  presence  soon  dissipated.  His  prn  ate 
marriage  with  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Walsing- 
ham,  was  also  disagreeable  to  the  queen, 
and  his  unsucc(  ssful  expedition  to  assist 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  quarrel  with 
lord  Burleigh  about  the  Spanish  war,  tend- 
ed to  show  the  violence  of  his  temper  and 
the  ambition  of  his  heart.  Though  Bur- 
leigh, by  proposing  a  peace  with  Spain, 
opposed  him,  yet  he  loved  him,  and  after 
the  death  of  that  statesman,  Essex  found 
that  he  had  lost  a  most  valuable  friend, 
whose  advice  and  protection  often  interpo- 
sed between  him  and  the  commission  of 
wrong.  He  succeeded  Burleigh  as  chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge,  but  his  enemies  view- 
ed the  increase  of  his  dignities  with  a  jea- 
lous eye.  When  a  consultation  took  place 
about  appointing  a  viceroy  in  Ireland,  the 
queen  recommended  Sir  William  Knollis, 
and  Essex  Sir  George  Carew,  and  when 
the  favourite  saw  his  mistress  unwilling 
to  yield  to  his  persuasion,  he  contemptu- 
ously turned  his  back  upon  her.  Elizabeth 
resented  the  ill  condBct  of  Essex,  and  gave 
him  a  box  on  the  ear,  upon  which  he  placed 
his  hand  upon  his  sword,  with  threatening 
attitude,  swearing  he  would  noi  take  such 
an  affront  even  from  her  father.  The 
courtiers  present  interfered,  and  he  left 
the  palace  with  unsubdued  indignation. 
His  friends  however  prevailed  upon  him  to 
make  concessions,  and  he  was  apparently- 
reconciled  to  Elizabeth,  and  soon  after  by 
the  artifice  of  his  enemies  sent  over  to 
Ireland.  The  ill  success  of  his  ministry 
there  encouraged  his  opponents,  who  per- 
suaded the  queen  to  levy  an  army  under 
Nottingham,  to  counteract  the  rebellious 
schemes  of  Essex.  Essex'  heard  of  their 
plans,  and  coming  suddenly  over  to  Eng- 
land, he  was  apparently  received  with 
cordiality,  but  soon  after  stripped  of  all  his 
honours  except  of  the  office  of  the  master 
of  the  horse.  While  thus  disgraced,  he 
was  advised  by  his  favourite  Cuffe  to  re- 
store himself  to  the  queen's  partiality  by 


DEW 


DEW 


force,  but  though  he  disapproved  all  violent 
measures,  he  could  not  refrain  saying  the 
queen  grew  old  and  cankered,  and  that  her 
mind  was  as  crooked  as  her  carcass.  The 
rash  words  were  reported  to  the  queen, 
and  Essex  was  summoned  to  appear  before 
the  council,  but  he  conceived  his  person  in 
danger,  and  instead  of  submitting  he  pre- 
pared to  resist.  After  an  unavailing  strug- 
gle, and  some  bloodshed,  he  surrendered 
and  was  conveyed  to  the  tower.  He  was 
arraigned  before  his  peers  on  the  19th  Feb- 
ruary, 1601,  and  condemned  to  lose  his 
head,  and  his  execution  took  place  on  the 
25th.  He  was  in  person  tall,  but  careless 
in  his  dress.  He  was  learned,  and  to  his 
honour  protected  and  encouraged  learned 
men.  Warm  in  his  friendships,  and  sound, 
except  in  few  instances,  in  his  morals,  he 
■was  a  good  protectant.  It  is  remarkable 
that  his  execution  took  place  not  without 
great  struggles  in  the  queen's  affections. 
In  the  days  of  their  friendship,  she  had 
given  him  a  ring,  with  promises  that  it 
would  restore  him  at  all  times  to  her 
favour,  and  therefore  she  suffered  to  be 
sacrificed  the  man  who  so  proudly  refused 
to  purchase  and  at  so  little  price  her  par- 
don. The  fatal  ring  indeed  was  sent  by 
the  repenting  Essex,  but  lady  Howard  the 
bearer  refused  to  deliver  it,  and  on  her 
death-bed  she  revealed  to  the  queen  her  ill 
conduct,  which  she  attributed  to  the  jea- 
lousy of  her  husband.  The  queen  heard 
the  dreadful  tale  with  astonishment ;  she 
retired  overwhelmed  with  grief,  and  a  few 
weeks  after  expired. 

Devereux,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son 
of  Elizabeth's  favourite,  was  born  1592,  and 
educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  under 
Sir  Henry  Saville.  His  marriage  with  lady 
Frances  Howard,  lord  Suffolk's  daughter, 
was  very  unfortunate,  for  the  lady  accused 
him  of  impotency,  and  obtained  a  divorce 
that  she  might  marry  her  new  favourite, 
Carr,  earl  of  Somerset.  Essex  served  in 
the  Palatinate  under  Sir  Horatio  Vere, 
and  in  Holland,  under  prince  Maurice,  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  appeared  in  par- 
liament as  a  violent  opposer  of  the  mea- 
sures of  government.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  headed  the  parliamentary  army, 
faced  the  king's  forces  at  Edgehill,  and  at 
the  first  battle  of  Newbury,  and  after  re- 
ducing Reading,  and  relieving  Gloucester, 
he,  in  1644,  returned  to  the  west  of  Eng- 
land. Here  he  was  unsuccessful  against 
the  king's  troops,  and  he  owed  his  safety 
to  flight  by  sea  from  the  untenable  garri- 
sons of  Cornwall.  In  1645  the  parliament, 
jealous  of  his  power,  or  dissatisfied  with 
his  conduct,  deprived  him  of  his  office  by 
the  self-denying  ordinance,  and  the  next 
year  he  died  at  Essex-house,  in  the  Strand. 

D'ewes,  Sir  Symonds,  an  English  histo- 
rian and  antiquarian,  born  in  1602,  at  Cox- 


iien,  Dorsetshire,  the  seat  of  Mr.  Symonds^ 
his  mother's  father.  His  ancestors  came 
from  the  Low  Countries.  In  1618  he  en- 
tered at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
two  years  after  began  his  collection  of  ma- 
terials for  a  history  of  England.  His 
learning  and  his  labours  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  most  distinguished 
characters  of  the  times,  of  Cotton,  Spel- 
man,  Selden,  and  others.  In  1626  he  mar- 
ried Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Clop- 
ton,  who  was  scarce  18,  with  whom  he 
lived  in  great  domestic  happiness.  His 
great  work  was  finished  when  he  attained 
his  30th  year,  but  he  did  not  publish  it,  and 
it  appeared  afterwards  under  the  title  of 
Journals  of  all  the  parliaments  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  &c.  revised  by  Paul 
Bowes,  1682,  folio.  He  served  the  office 
of  Sheriff  for  Suffolk,  and  was  knighted, 
and  in  1641  was  made  baronet ;  but  not- 
withstanding these  marks  of  royal  favour, 
he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  parliament. 
He  sat  in  the  house  till  December  1 648, 
when  he  was  ejected  for  supposed  attach- 
ment to  the  king.  He  died  April  18th, 
1650,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Wil- 
loughby,  to  whom  the  journals  were  in- 
scribed by  Mr.  Bowes.  The  manner  in 
which  Sir  Symonds  spoke  of  Camden's 
Britannia  has  drawn  upon  him  the  cen- 
sures of  several  writers,  and  he  certainly 
was  very  injudicious  in  asserting  that 
scarce  a  page  of  it  was  free  from  errors. 
From  his  MSS.  preserved  among  the  Har- 
leian  papers,  there  are  some  particulars  of 
his  life. 

Dewey,  Daniel,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts,  was  appointed  to 
supply  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  chief  justice  Parsons,  in  1814.  He  had 
previously  been  a  member  of  the  council  of 
the  state,  and  a  representative  in  Congress 
from  Berkshire  district.  He  studied  law 
under  Theodore  Sedgwick,  and  attained  a 
high  rank  in  his  profession.  He  died  June 
3d,  1815.  iCF*  L. 

De  Witt,  John,  the  famous  pensionary 
of  Holland,  was  born  at  Dort,  in  1625,  and 
educated  there.  His  abilities  were  so 
great,  and  his  improvement  so  rapid,  that 
at  the  age  of  23  he  published  his  "Elementa 
curvarnm  linearum,"  a  work  displaying  the 
deepest  knowledge  of  mathematics.  After 
taking  the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  travelling 
for  some  time,  he  was  made  pensionary  of 
his  native  town,  and  began  to  distinguish 
himself  by  his  skill  in  political  affairs.  He 
warmly  but  unsuccessfully  opposed  the  war 
between  England  and  his  country,  and 
when  afterwards  raised  to  the  high  office  of 
pensionary  of  Holland,  he  sent  ambassadors 
to  Cromwell  to  negotiate  a  peace.  A  pacifi- 
cation took  place,  but  the  secret  article  to 
exclude  the  family  of  Orange  from  the 
stadtholdership,  brought  public  odium  cm 
531 


DEVY 


DEX 


De  Witt's  administration.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  clamours  of  his  enemies,  and  the 
pulpit  invectives  of  the  clergy,  he  subdued 
all  opposition  by  his  firmness,  and  when 
his  office  expired,  he  was  unanimously  re- 
elected by  the  states,  15th  Sept.  1663. 
"When  war  was  unfortunately  declared 
against  England,  after  the  restoration, 
De  Witt  exerted  all  his  power  to  make  the 
naval  armaments  as  respectable  as  possible, 
and  after  Opdam's  defeat,  he  was  one  of 
those  named  to  preside  over  the  fleet.  The 
fleet  was  shut  up  in  the  Texel  ;  but  while 
the  commanders  considered  it  impossible 
to  sail  but  with  only  10  points  of  the  com- 
pass, he,  by  mathematical  calculation,  con- 
vinced them  that  only  four  points  were 
against  them,  and  28  for  them,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  the  ships  were  safely  con- 
veyed through  a  passage,  which  since  that 
time  has  been  called  De  Witt's  diep.  Of 
this  affair,  and  of  the  events  which  took 
place  afterwards,  he  wrote  an  accurate  re- 
lation, for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of 
the  state.  Of  the  famous  battle  of  three 
days,  in  1666,  he  also  gave  a  full  account 
to  the  states,  and  in  1667  he  established  an 
edict  for  ever  to  abolish  the  stadtholderate 
in  Holland  ;  but  in  1672,  when  the  prince 
of  Orange  was  nominated  captain-general, 
the  mob  invited  him  to  accept  the  office  of 
stadtholder,  and  De  Witt,  no  longer  popu- 
lar, resigned  his  office,  after  receiving  the 
solemn  thanks  of  the  states  for  his  services. 
When  Holland  was  invaded  by  the  French, 
the  odium  was  thrown  by  the  friends  of  the 
Orange  family  on  De  Witt  and  his  party, 
and  so  violent  were  the  tumults,  that  De 
Witt's  brother,  Cornelius,  was  accused  by 
Ticklaer,  a  barber,  and  though  declared 
innocent,  was  sentenced  to  exile,  and  soon 
after  the  prison  in  which  he  was,  was  at- 
tacked, and  he  as  well  as  his  brother,  who 
unfortunately  was  present,  were  inhumanly 
butchered.  Their  dead  bodies  were  drag- 
ged to  the  gallows,  and  the  pensionary's  re- 
mains were  hung  one  foot  higher  than 
those  of  his  brother.  Their  bodies  thus 
insulted  were  cut  into  a  thousand  pieces, 
and  it  is  even  said,  that  some  of  the  flesh 
was  broiled  and  eat  by  the  savage  mur- 
derers. Thus  fell  this  virtuous  and  amia- 
ble man,  in  his  47th  year.  As  a  politician 
he  had  no  equal,  and  his  love  to  his  country 
was  inferior  to  none  of  his  other  virtues. 
Without  pride  and  pomp,  he  lived  upon 
little  more  than  700Z.  a  year,  though  at  the 
head  of  a  government ;  and  with  the 
greatest  and  most  laudable  integrity  he  re- 
fused the  gift  of  10,000/.  with  which  the 
states  wished  to  reward  his  noble  services, 
observing,  that  such  liberality  was  a  bad 
precedent  in  a  government.  His  work 
called  "  the  true  interest  and  political  max- 
ims of  the  republic  of  Holland,"  trans- 
lated into  English  bv  John  Campbell,  is  a 
53? 


glorious  monument  of  his  abilities  as  u 
statesman,  and  it  displays  the  true  maxims 
by  which  a  government  may  become  popu- 
lar at  home  and  respectable  abroad,  whilst 
it  maintains  justice  with  liberty,  and  en- 
courages trade  without  oppression,  or  mo- 
nopoly. 

Dewitt,  James,  a  painter  of  Amster- 
dam, born  1695.  He  was  pupil  to  Van 
Hal.  His  best  work  is  Moses  appointing 
the  70  elders,  painted  for  the  burgomasters 
of  Amsterdam. 

Dexter,  Samuel,  LL.D.  a  distinguished 
American  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  the 
son  of  the  honourable  Samuel  Dexter,  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  born  in  that 
place  in  1761.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
vard University,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1781,  with  a  high  reputation  for  talents 
and  acquirements.  He  studied  law  under 
the  tuition  of  the  honourable  Levi  Lincoln, 
of  Worcester,  and  soon  after  commencing 
practice  in  his  native  town,  rose  into  no- 
tice, and  enjoyed  extensive  business.  He 
was  in  a  short  time  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the 
state  legislature,  and  at  length  transferred 
to  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  first 
as  a  member  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, and  afterwards  of  the  senate,  and  in 
those  situations  rose  to  the  highest  emi- 
nence as  a  statesman  and  orator.  He  was 
distinguished  for  the  soundness  of  his  judg- 
ment, the  comprehensiveness  of  his  views, 
the  perspicuity  and  force  of  his  reasoning, 
and  commanded  the  profound  respect  of  his 
political  opponents  as  well  as  friends. 
During  the  administration  of  president 
Adams  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war, 
and  afterwards  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
and  through  a  short  period  of  vacancy  also 
discharged  the  functions  of  secretary  of 
state,  and  maintained  in  those  stations  his 
high  reputation.  On  the  accession  of  Mr. 
Jefferson  to  the  presidency,  he  resigned  his 
public  employments,  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law  ;  and  was  extensively  employed 
not  only  in  the  courts  of  Massachusetts, 
but  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States,  and  held  the  first  rank  among  the 
eminent  advocates  who  attended  that  bar. 
He  was  in  1815  requested  by  president  Ma- 
dison to  accept  a  mission  to  the  court  of 
Spain,  but  declined  the  appointment,  from 
a  reluctance  to  go  abroad.  He  died  sud- 
denly at  Athens,  New- York,  the  3d  of  May, 
1816.  He  possessed  those  rare  endow- 
ments which  would  have  placed  him,  had 
he  lived  in  any  age  or  nation,  in  the  first 
rank  of  professional  eminence.  His  supe- 
riority consisted  rather  in  the  energies  of 
his  understanding,  than  in  brilliancy  of 
fancy,  warmth  of  passion,  or  extent  of 
learning.  His  eloquence  was  of  a  lofty 
and  original  cast,  addressed  more  to  the 
reason  than  the  passions,  and  character- 
ized by  great  energy  of  thought,  simplicity 


DIB 


PIC 


ef  diction,  and  perspicuity  and  acuteness  of 
ratiocination.  rCP  L. 

Detnum,  John  Baptist  Van,  an  eminent 
miniature  painter  of  Antwerp,  born  1620. 

Detster,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter  and 
engraver  of  Bruges,  who  died  1711,  aged 
55.  His  death  of  the  Virgin,  is  his  best 
piece.  His  daughter  Anne  was  equally 
famous  as  a  painter,  but  she  relinquished 
the  profession  to  construct  organs  and 
harpsichords,  and  consequently  died  poor, 
1746,  aged  50. 

D'hosier,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
the  first  who  formed  genealogies  into  a  sci- 
ence. He  was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIII. 
and  XIV  who  made  him  counsellor  of 
state.     He  died  1660,  aged  68. 

Diaconus,  Paulus,  a  Lombard,  born  at 
Friuli,  and  educated  at  the  court  of  Pavia. 
He  became  a  monk  in  the  monastery  of 
Monte  Casino,  where  he  composed  his  his- 
tory of  the  Lombards,  in  six  books.  He  is 
considered  as  accurate  in  the  affairs  of  his 
own  nation,  though  not  equally  exact  in 
treating  foreign  affairs.  He  died  770.  His 
history  was  printed  1611,  and  is  also  found 
in  Muratori's  Rerum  Ital.  Scriptores. 

Diagoras,  a  philosopher  born  at  Melos, 
who  publicly  professed  atheism,  for  which 
he  was  accused  before  the  Athenians.  He 
afterwards  perished  in  a  shipwreck,  412 
B.C. 

Diaz,  Bartholomew,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese navigator,  who  in  1466  discovered 
the  most  southern  cape  of  Africa,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  the  Cape  of  Storms. 
This  appellation,  so  ill  omened,  was  alter- 
ed by  John  II.  king  of  Portugal,  to  the  name 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Diaz,  John,  a  Spaniard,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther. He  afterwards  visited  Calvin  at  Ge- 
neva, and  Bucer  at  Stsusburg,  and  met  at 
Neuburg  his  brother  A'phonsus,  who,  as  a 
violent  catholic,  endeavoured  to  convert 
him  from  the  protestant  faith.  Unable  to 
do  this,  Alphonsus  pretends  to  return 
home,  and  the  next  morning,  instigates  an 
assassin  to  enter  his  brother's  apartment, 
and  with  an  axe  to  dash  out  his  brains , 
whilst  he  himself  awaits  the  event  at  the 
door  of  his  chamber.  The  assassins  were 
pursued  and  seized  at  Inspruck,  but  Charles 
V.  took  their  punishment  into  his  own 
hand.  This  dreadful  deed  was  perpetrated 
the  27th  March,  1546. 

Dibdin,  Charles,  a  dramatist  and  song 
writer,  was  born  at  Southampton  in  1748. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester-school, 
which  he  left  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and 
brought  out  an  opera  called  "  The  Shep- 
herd's Artifice,"  written  and  composed  by 
himself.  This  was  followed  by  "  Lionel 
and  Clarissa :"  and  "  The  Padlock  ;"  in 
which  last  he  performed  Mungo.  After 
fhis  he  became  manager  of  the  circus,  and 


next  the  proprietor  of  a  small  theatre  near 
Leicester-square.  He  wrote  a  number  of 
loyal  and  nautical  songs,  for  which  Mr. 
Pitt  granted  him  a  pension  of  two  hundred 
a  year,  but  this  was  withdrawn  on  the  death 
of  that  great  man.  Being  thus  reduced  to 
poverty,  he  became  a  bankrupt,  but  at  last 
a  private  subscription  was  entered  into  for 
his  support.  He  died  in  1814.  Mr.  Dib- 
din published  some  novels,  and  "  Observa- 
tions on  a  Tour  through  England  and  Scot- 
land."— W.  B. 

Dicearchus,  a  philosopher  of  Messina 
in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  geo- 
graphy of  Greece,  &c.  published  1709. 

Diceneus,  an  Egyptian  philosopher,  in 
the  age  of  Augustus.  He  travelled  into 
Scythia,  where  he  persuaded  the  people  to 
learn  and  to  practise  temperance. 

Diceto,  Ralph  de,  author  of  abbrevia- 
tiones  chronicorum,  or  an  epitome  of  Eng- 
lish history  to  the  conquest — et  imagines 
historiarum,  or  lives  of  some  English  kings 
— was  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1210. 

Dick,  Sir  Alexander,  son  of  Sir  William 
Cunningham  of  Copington,  by  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  sir  James  Dick  of  Preston- 
field,  was  born  1703.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  under 
Boerhaave  at  Leyden,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  and  after  visiting  several  countries 
of  Europe,  he  returned  to  England,  and 
began  to  practise  in  Pembrokeshire.  On 
the  death  of  his  brother  sir  William,  he  as- 
sumed the  name  of  his  maternal  grand- 
father, and  retired  to  his  family  seat  at 
Prestonfield,  where  he  died  1785.  He  was 
in  1756  president  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians in  Edinburgh,  and  liberally  contribu- 
ted to  the  honour  and  support  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  was  in  1774  honoured  with  a 
medal  from  the  London  society  of  arts  and 
commerce,  for  his  successful  culture  of 
Rhubarb,  the  first  attempt  of  rearing  which 
in  England  was  owing  to  his  patriotic  views. 
Dickinson,  Edmund,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, son  of  the  rector  of  Appleton,  Berk- 
shire, where  he  was  born  1624.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  medical  de- 
grees. He  published  in  1655  his  Delphi 
Phcenicizantes,  a  learned  work,  in  which 
he  proved  that  the  Greeks  borrowed  their 
history  of  the  oracle  of  Delphi  from  the 
Scriptures,  especially  the  book  of  Joshua. 
This  book  was  universally  admired,  and 
Sheldon  the  primate  wished  in  vain  to  turn 
the  attention  of  the  ingenious  author  to 
theological  studies.  After  practising  for 
some  time  in  Oxford,  where  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  lose  his  first  wife  in  childbed, 
and  his  second  soon  after  his  marriage,  he 
in  1684  settled  in  London,  where,  by  reco- 
vering lord  Arlington,  he  obtained  an  in- 
troduction at  court,  and  became  physician 
to  Charles  II.  and  afterwards  to  his  sue- 


DIC 


DID 


cessor.  Upon  the  abdication  he  retired 
from  practice,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
completion  of  his  Physica  vetus  et  vera, 
&c.  which,  when  just  finished,  was  unfortu- 
nately burnt,  and  cost  him  the  heavy  la- 
bours of  recomposition.  It  appeared  in 
1702,  and  it  proved  that  the  method  and 
mode  of  the  creation  of  the  universe,  ac- 
cording to  the  principles  of  true  philoso- 
phy, are  related  in  a  concise  and  general 
way  by  Moses.  He  wrote  besides,  diatriba 
de  Noae  in  Italiam  adventu,  &c. — de  ori- 
gine  Druidum,  &c.  He  was  also  an  able 
chymist,  and  was  intimate  with  Theodore 
Mundanus,  an  illustrious  professor  in  that 
science  at  Paris.  He  died  of  the  stone  in 
April,  1707,  in  his  83d  year,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  chapel  of  St.  Martin  in  the  fields. 

Dickinson,  Jonathan,  first  president  of 
the  college  of  New-Jersey,  received  his 
education  at  Yale  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1706.  He  was  settled  a  year 
or  two  after  pastor  of  the  presbyterian 
church  at  Elizabethtown,  New-Jersey,  and 
laboured  there  with  great  reputation  and 
success  for  forty  years.  On  the  establish- 
ment of  the  college  of  New-Jersey  at  Eli- 
zabethtown in  1746 — he  was  appointed  its 
president,  but  died  in  October  of  the  next 
year.  He  possessed  superior  endowments 
and  extensive  learning,  and  enjoyed  much 
celebrity  as  a  preacher  and  controversial 
writer  on  theology.  ICF5  L. 

Dickinson,  John,  celebrated  for  his  poli- 
tical writings,  was  a  native  of  Delaware, 
and  son  of  Samuel  Dickinson,  Esq.  He 
Was  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1764,  and  of  the  general  con- 
gress in  1765.  In  November,  1767,  he 
published  the  first  of  his  celebrated  letters 
entitled  "  From  a  Farmer  in  Pennsylvania 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  British  colonies  ;" 
against  the  oppressive  acts  of  the  British 
government,  which  did  much  to  excite  the 
Americans  to  the  defence  of  their  liberties. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  congress 
of  1774  and  1775,  and  wrote  the  petition 
addressed  by  that  body  to  the  king  in  the 
latter  year.  In  1776,  he  conscientiously 
opposed  the  motion  for  a  declaration  of  in- 
dependence, and  was,  in  consequence,  re- 
called from  congress  by  his  constituents. 
His  superior  talents  and  attachment  to  li- 
berty, however,  soon  changed  his  views  of 
that  measure,  and  restored  him  to  popula- 
rity, and  a  seat  in  congress,  and  he  became 
a  zealous  supporter  of  the  struggle  for  a 
complete  emancipation  from  the  parent 
country.  In  1782,  he  was  chosen  president 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  held  the  office  till  su- 
perseded by  Dr.  Franklin  in  1785.  Soon 
after  that  he  removed  to  Delaware,  and  was 
again  chosen  a  member  of  congress,  and 
afterwards  president  of  that  State.  He 
died  at  Wilmington,  February  15th,  1808. 
He  was  distinguished  for  force  of  mind. 
534 


extent  of  knowledge,  and  eloquence,  elt 
gance  of  taste  and  manners,  integrity  and 
zeal  for  the  happiness  of  his  country  ;  and 
he  rendered  it  the  most  important  services, 
and  shared  largely  in  its  affections  and  ho- 
nours. His  political  writings  %vere  repub- 
lished in  1801,  in  2  vols.  iCT*  L. 

Dickinson,  Philemon,  an  officer  in  the 
war  of  the  American  revolution,  who  en- 
gaged in  that  contest  at  an  early  period, 
and  enjoyed  the  praise  of  courage  and  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  commanded 
the  Jersey  militia  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth. After  the  organization  of  the 
national  government  in  its  present  form,  he 
was  appointed  to  a  seat  in  congress.  Ha- 
ving discharged  the  duties  of  the  several 
civil  and  military  stations  which  he  held 
with  reputation,  and  enjoyed  several  years 
of  retirement  from  public  life,  he  died  at 
Trenton  in  1809.  ICJ"  L. 

Dickson,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Paisley  1591,  and  educated  at  Glas- 
gow. He  was  an  eloquent  preacher  ;  but 
he  was  too  violent  against  the  episcopa- 
lians, which  subjected  him  to  much  oblo- 
quy, and  to  persecution.  He  was  in  1638, 
a  commissioner  to  the  general  assembly  at 
Glasgow,  and  in  1643,  in  Westminster. 
He  was  divinity  professsor  at  Edinburgh, 
but  in  1622,  he  was  stripped  of  all  his  em- 
ployments, and  died  at  Edinburgh  two  years 
after,  aged  73.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on 
St.  Matthew — the  epistle  to  the  Hebrews 
and  Romans — and  the  Psalms,  &c. — be- 
side some  divinity  tracts. 

Dictys  Cretensis,  an  ancient  histo- 
rian, said  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  under  Idomeneus.  The  work  ex- 
tant under  his  name  is  spurious. 

Diderot,  Dionysius,  a  celebrated  writer, 
son  of  a  cutler,  was  born  at  Langres  1713, 
and  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris.  His  father  wished  him  to  study 
the  law,  but  belles  lettres  were  his  favour- 
ite pursuits,  and  when  settled  in  the  capital, 
he  soon  acquired  by  his  wit,  his  learning, 
and  his  genius,  friends,  patrons,  and  en- 
couragement. His  first  publication  was 
Pensees  philosophiques  in  1746,  which  af- 
terwards was  published  under  the  title  of 
Etrennes  aux  esprits  forts.  He  now  em- 
ployed himself  with  Eidons  and  Toussaint, 
in  publishing  a  universal  dictionary  of 
medicine,  in  six  vols,  folio.  This  work, 
though  deficient  in  many  respects,  procured 
him  a  greater  share  of  reputation,  and  he 
now  formed  the  gigantic  plan  of  a  Dic- 
tionnaire  encyclopedique.  In  this  laborious 
undertaking  he  was  assisted  by  d'Alembert, 
and  by  several  associates,  whose  genius, 
diligence,  and  judgment,  were  united  to 
produce  a  work  of  merit,  and  of  universal 
interest.  Diderot  himself  took  the  arts  and 
trades,  and  infused  into  his  subjects  all  the 
knowledge,  the  brilliancy,  and  the  nervous- 


DID 


DIE 


ness  of  language,  of  which  he  was  so  capa- 
ble ;  but  he  did  not  find  in  his  fellow-la- 
bourers the  same  zeal,  nor  the  same 
abilities.  While  his  own  part  was  com- 
pleted with  spirit  and  success,  his  associates 
proved  too  often  inadequate  to  their  un- 
dertakings ;  their  contributions  are  ill  di- 
gested, puerile,  and  contradictory,  without 
system,  without  union,  and  devoid  of  inter- 
est and  accuracy.  This  great  work,  which 
cost  twenty  years'  labour  to  Diderot,  was 
retarded  in  its  progress  by  the  suspicions 
of  the  court,  who  considered  some  reflec- 
tions on  government  and  religion,  as 
improper  and  indelicate,  and  not  only  some 
copies  were  seized,  but  the  printers 
themselves  were  sent  to  the  Bastile.  The 
work  was  delivered  to  the  public  between 
1751  and  1767,  and  soon  sold  off,  but  Di- 
derot did  not  find  that  increase  to  his 
independence  which  he  expected,  so  that 
he  was  obliged  to  sell  his  library,  which 
was  purchased  for  50,000  livres  by  the 
empress  of  Russia  ;  but  with  a  generosity 
truly  great,  the  philosopher  was  permitted 
the  use  of  his  books  as  long  as  he  lived. 
Though  laboriously  engaged  in  the  encyclo- 
pedic, Diderot  found  time  to  write  his 
Bijoux  indiscrets,  2  vols.  12mo.  a  licen- 
tious and  disgusting  romance,  the  Fils 
natural,  and  the  Pere  de  famille,  1757  and 
1758,  two  prose  comedies,  which,  in  an 
elegant  and  nervous  style,  paint  the  pas- 
sions strongly,  interest  the  heart,  and 
render  virtue  in  her  various  trials  truly 
great,  noble,  and  amiable.  His  letters  on 
the  blind  appeared  in  1748,  but  the  free- 
doms, and  the  skepticism  of  the  author 
cost  him  his  liberty,  and  he  was  imprison- 
ed for  six  months  at  Vincennes,  where  the 
gloom  and  horrors  of  confinement  nearly 
deprived  him  of  reason,  had  not  the  con- 
versation of  J.  J.  Rousseau  and  other  lite- 
rary men  comforted  his  affliction.  In  1751 
he  delivered  his  opinion  on  metaphysics, 
poetry,  eloquence,  &c.  in  a  letter  on  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  2  vols.  12mo.  Diderot's 
other  works  are — principles  of  moral  phi- 
losophy, 12mo. — history  of  Greece,  trans- 
lated from  Stanyan,  3  vols.  12mo. — pieces 
on  mathematical  subjects — the  code  of  na- 
ture— the  sixth  sense — of  public  education 
— reflection  on  the  interpretation  of  nature 
— panegyrics  on  Richardson — and  the  life 
of  Seneca,  a  useful  work.  He  died  suddenly 
on  rising  from  table,  31st  July,  1784,  aged 
71.  Diderot's  character  has  been  variously 
described.  His  frankness  and  candour  are 
extolled  by  his  friends,  whilst  his  enemies 
reproach  him  as  an  artful,  interested, 
pliant,  and  dangerous  character.  Of  his 
extensive  learning,  and  of  his  knowledge 
in  every  branch  of  science,  his  writings  are 
most  lasting  monuments.  It  is,  however, 
to  be  lamented,  that  his  erudition  was  not 
always  employed  in  the  support  of  virtue 


and  morality,  nor  his  abilities  exerted  to 
animate  man  in  the  cultivation  of  what  is 
so  necessary  to  his  welfare  and  happiness, 
the  religious  duties.  A  partial  collection  of 
his  works  has  been  published  in  6  vols.8vo. 
Didius  Julianus,  M.  Salvius  Severus, 
a  Roman  emperor,  who  purchased  the  dia- 
dem of  the  corrupt  soldiery.  Severus  was 
soon  after  raised  to  the  throne,  and  Didius 
was  put  to  death  after  a  short  reign  of  66 
days,  A.  D.  193. 

Dido,  or  Elissa,  queen  of  Carthage,  fled 
from  Tyre  after  the  murd  r  of  her  husband 
Sichaeus,  by  his  brother  Pygmalion,  and 
she  settled  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
she  laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  empire. 
Virgil  and  others  represent  her  as  visited 
by  iEneas,  after  whose  departure  she  des- 
troyed herself  through  grief  and  disappoint- 
ed love. 

Didot,  Francis  Ambrose,  an  eminent 
printer  at  Paris.  The  works  which  he 
printed  were  peculiarly  admired  for  the 
correctness,  elegance,  and  beauty  of  the 
type,  and  among  these,  the  edition  of  the 
classics,  published  by  order  of  Lewis  XVI. 
for  the  use  of  the  dauphin,  ranked  very 
high.  He  made  some  useful  improvements 
in  paper  mills,  and  in  printing  machines, 
and  to  his  ingenuity  the  invention  of  ste- 
reotype printing  may  be  fairly  ascribed,  to 
the  perfection  of  which  he  devoted  himself 
with  so  much  zeal,  that  at  the  age  of  73, 
he  perused  five  times  successively,  the  edi- 
tion of  Montaigne,  which  his  sons  had 
undertaken.  He  died  at  Paris,  10th  July, 
1804,  aged  74,  and  was  succeeded  in  hii 
business  by  his  sons,  the  eldest  of  whom  is 
lately  dead,  leaving  his  concern  to  his  bro- 
ther, and  to  his  son. 

Didtmus,  of  Alexandria,  an  ancient 
grammarian,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  said 
to  have  been  the  author  of  400  books. 

Didtmus,  of  Alexandria,  an  able  writer, 
though  blind  at  the  age  of  five.  He  died 
395,  aged  85. 

Diecman,  John,  a  native  of  Stade,  who 
became  superintendent  of  the  dutchies  of 
Bremen  and  Verdun,  and  rector  of  Stade 
university,  where  he  died  1720,  aged  73. 
Besides  several  theological,  metaphysical, 
and  philosophical  works,  he  published  an 
edition  of  Luther's  Bible,  used  at  Stade. 

Diemen,  Anthony  Van,  a  native  of  Kuil- 
enberg,  where  his  father  was  burgomaster. 
He  went  to  the  East  Indies,  and  gradually 
rose  to  the  government  of  the  Dutch  terri- 
tories there,  an  office  which  he  discharged 
with  great  zeal,  ability,  and  success.  He 
sent  in  1642  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  to  the  southward,  and  the  land 
which  was  discovered  on  the  south  of  New 
Holland,  was  called  in  his  honour  Van  Die- 
men's  land.     He  died  1645. 

Diemerbroek,  Isbrand,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Utrecht,    born  a* 
535 


DIE 


dig 


Montford,  in  Holland.  He  died  at  Utrecht, 
1674,  aged  65.  His  works  are  a  treatise 
on  the  plague — a  history  of  distempers — a 
miscellany  of  pieces  on  physic  and  anato- 
my, folio. 

Diepenbeck,  Abraham,  a  painter  of 
Boisieduc,  who  died  at  Antwerp,  1675, 
aged  67.  He  studied  under  Rubens,  and 
first  painted  on  glass,  and  afterwards  in 
oil.  His  drawings  are  numerous,  and  his 
temple  of  the  muses  is  considered  as  a 
masterpiece. 

Diest,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter 
of  the  Hague,  who  died  1704,  aged  49. 
He  spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  Eng- 
land, where  his  pencil  was  employed  in  de- 
lineating the  beauties  of  the  western  plants 
of  the  island. 

Dietric,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran,  na- 
tive of  Butzbach,  in  Wetteravia.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  history  in  his  native 
town,  and  removed  in  1653  to  Giessen, 
where  he  died  1667,  aged  55.  He  was 
author  of  a  book  de  peregrinatione  studio- 
rum — antiquitates  Romanae  lexicon  etymo- 
logico-Graecum — antiquates  novi  testamenti 
— antiquitates  bibliae,  &c. 

Dietrich,  John  William  Ernest,  a  na- 
tive of  Weimar,  where  his  father  was  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  battles,  and  of  por- 
traits. After  studying  under  his  father,  he 
went  to  Dresden  to  improve  himself  under 
Alexander  Thiele,  and  thence  removed  to 
Italy.  His  abilities  recommended  him  to 
the  public  notice,  and  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  Dresden  academy,  and  director  of 
the  painting  school  of  Meissen,  and  died 
1774,  aged  62.  His  landscapes,  portraits, 
scripture  pieces,  conversations,  &c.  were 
much  admired,  and  he  acquired  some  cele- 
brity also  as  an  engraver. 

Dietrt,  a  painter  of  Dresden,  who  died 
there  1730,  aged  45.  His  two  views  near 
Rome  are  very  pleasing  proofs  of  his  great 
skill  in  landscape  painting. 

Dieo,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Flushing,  7th  April,  1590.  He  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  preacher,  and  re- 
fused to  be  the  court  minister  at  the  Hague, 
as  he  was  more  desirous  to  censure  than 
countenance  the  licentious  morals  of  the 
great.  He  came  to  Leyden  to  teach  with 
his  uncle  and  preceptor,  the  learned  Colo- 
nius,  and  he  was  divinity  professor  in  the 
Walloon  college  till  his  death  in  1642.  He 
published  in  1651  a  commentary  on  the  four 
gospels — and  notes  on  the  Acts,  after  a 
careful  examination  of  several  translations 
— the  history  of  our  Saviour  in  the  Persian 
language,  by  the  Jesuit  Jerome  Xavier, 
and  a  Latin  translation — rudiments  of  the 
Hebrew  and  Persian  tongues — besides  the 
revelation  of  St.  John,  in  Hebrew  and 
Syriac,  with  a  Latin  version — and  other  in- 
ferior treatises.  His  father  Daniel  de  Dieu, 
was  minister  of  Flushing,  and  a  very  learn- 
536 


ed  orator,  who  could  fluently  preach  in 
German,  Italian,  French,  and  English. 

Digbt,  Everard,  an  English  gentleman 
of  Drystoke,  in  Rutlandshire,  educated  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  wrote 
some  curious  and  learned  books,  de  arte 
uatandi — de  duplici  methodo,  &c. — theo- 
ria  analytica — a  dissuasive  from  taking  the 
church  livings,  6tc.     He  died  1592. 

Digbt,  Sir  Everard,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  educated  in  the  Romish  church 
after  his  father's  death.  He  was  recom- 
mended to  queen  Elizabeth,  whose  court 
he  attended,  and  he  was  knighted  by  king 
James.  Though  of  mild  manners,  and 
peaceful  disposition,  and  rich  and  inde- 
pendent from  his  own  paternal  estates,  and 
the  property  of  his  wife,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Mulsho,  Esq.  of  Gothurst,  Bucks,  he 
yet  engaged  in  the  schemes  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  government.  Though  not  im- 
mediately an  agent  in  the  gunpowder  plot 
with  Guy  Fawkes,  he  gave  15004.  towards 
the  expenses  of  it.  On  the  discovery  of 
this  diabolical  scheme,  therefore,  he  was 
sent  to  the  tower,  and  when  arraigned  he 
pleaded  for  his  conduct,  that  the  king  had 
broke  his  promises  to  the  catholics,  and 
that  the  restoration  of  the  catholic  religion 
was  an  event  which,  in  the  opinion  of  this 
infatuated  sect,  it  became  every  subject  to 
accomplish  by  whatever  means  they  could  ; 
and  he  added,  that  as  he  alone  was  guilty, 
pardon  should  be  extended  to  all  others, 
and  his  family  particularly,  not  ruined.  On 
the  30th  January,  1607,  pursuant  to  his 
sentence,  he  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's,  Lon- 
don, and  he  died  very  penitent,  and  anxious 
to  make  deep  atonement  for  the  meditated 
horrors  of  the  conspiracy. 

Digbt,  Sir  Kenelm,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Gothurst,  Bucks,  11th  June,  1603.  He 
was  educated  under  the  care  of  Laud,  then 
dean  of  Gloucester,  and  in  1618  he  entered 
at  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford,  where  during 
the  three  years  of  his  resideuce,  he  dis- 
played such  great  abilities,  and  so  exten- 
sive a  knowledge,  that  he  was  compared  to 
the  celebrated  Picus  de  Mirandula.  After 
travelling  through  France,  Spain,  and  Italy, 
he  returned  to  England  in  1623,  and  was 
knighted.  He  then  engaged  the  attention 
of  the  learned  and  curious,  by  the  intro- 
duction of  a  secret  medicine,  afterwards 
well  known  by  the  name  of  sympathetic 
powder,  which  he  discovered  in  his  travels. 
He  became  a  favourite  of  Charles  I.  and 
when  a  quarrel  arose  with  the  Venetians, 
he  was  sent  with  a  fleet  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  1628,  and  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion by  his  conduct  at  Algiers,  and  by  his 
attack  of  the  hostile  fleet  in  the  bay  of 
Scanderoon.  In  1636,  after  a  visit  to 
France,  be  was  reconciled  to  tlie  RomisK 


})Ki 


DIG 


church,  much  to  the  regret  of  his  guardian 
and  friend  Laud,  who  expostulated  with 
him  in  vain,  and  he  defended  his  motives, 
and  published,  163S,  a  conference  with  a 
lady  about  the  choice  of  religion,  re-print- 
ed 1654.  In  1639  he  was  very  active  to 
levy  contributions  among  the  papists  for 
the  king's  service,  for  which  interference 
he  was  called  before  the  parliament,  and 
imprisoned  in  Winchester-house,  from 
which,  however,  he  was  released  in  conse- 
quence of  the  honourable  interference  of 
the  queen  of  France.  Upon  his  liberation 
he  retired  to  Paris,  and  soon  after  visited 
Des  Cartes  at  Eginont,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  friendly  intercourse  and 
literary  communication,  which  always  af- 
terwards prevailed  between  these  two  cele- 
brated characters.  During  his  retirement 
in  France,  Sir  Kenelm  devoted  himself  to 
philosophical  pursuits,  and  published  his 
treatise  of  the  nature  of  bodies — and  ano- 
ther on  the  operation  and  nature  of  man's 
soul,  &c.  1644 — an  institutionum  peripate- 
ticarum  libri  quinque,  &c.  1651.  Upon  the 
destruction  of  the  regal  power,  he  returned 
to  England  to  collect  the  shattered  remains 
of  his  fortune,  but  the  parliament  ordered 
him  to  leave  the  country  on  pain  of  confis- 
cation and  loss  of  life.  His  return  to 
Paris  was  agreeable  to  queen  Henrietta, 
whose  chancellor  he  had  been  appointed, 
and  he  was  sent  by  her  as  negotiator  to 
pope  Innocent  X.  The  elevation  of  Crom- 
well to  supreme  power  enabled  him  to  re- 
visit England,  and  after  staying  there  the 
best  part  of  the  year  1655,  and  engaging,  it 
is  supposed,  to  reconcile  the  papists  to  the 
usurpation,  he  returned  to  Paris.  He  af- 
terwards spent  some  time  at  Toulouse  and 
Montpellier,  where,  as  a  man  of  letters 
and  as  a  philosopher,  he  was  courted  and 
respected.  At  the  restoration  he  came 
back  to  England,  and  became  a  favourite 
in  the  court  of  Charles  II.  though  his  ene- 
mies failed  not  to  represent  him  as  lately 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  usurper. 
At  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Society 
he  was  made  one  of  the  council.  He  was 
very  grievously  afflicted  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  by  the  stone,  of  which  painful  dis- 
order he  died  at  his  house,  Covent-garden, 
June  11th,  1665.  His  remains  were  in- 
terred in  Christ-church,  Newgate.  His 
valuable  library,  which,  during  the  troubles, 
had  been  removed  to  France,  became  at 
his  death  the  property  of  the  French  king. 
Besides  the  books  mentioned,  Sir  Kenelm 
published  observations  on  Dr.  Brown'3  re- 
ligio  medici — observations  on  the  22d  stan- 
za of  the  9th  canto,  second  book  of  the 
fairy  queen — a  discourse  on  the  vegetation 
of  plants — a  treatise  of  adhering  to  God, 
translated  from  Albertus  Magnus.  Sir 
Kenelm  was  ridiculed  for  asserting,  on  the 
report  of  some  of  his  friends,  that  there 
Vol.  I.  68 


was  a  city  near  Tripoli,  whose  inhabitants, 
beasts,  &c.  had  in  a  few  hours  been  turned 
to  stone,  by  petrifying  vapour  from  the 
earth  ;  a  circumstance  supported  by  the 
observations  of  the  late  travellers,  men- 
tioned in  Dr.  Rob.  Hook's  philosophical  ob- 
servations, &c.  1726,  8vo.  Sir  Kenelm  left 
an  only  son  John,  who  succeeded  him  to 
his  estate.  Another  son,  Kenelm,  was  slain 
in  the  king's  cause  at  the  battle  of  Saint 
Neots. 

Digby,  John,  a  nobleman,  descended  of 
a  respectable  family  at  Coleshill,  Warwick- 
shire. He  was  of  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  after  finishing  his  travels,  he  was 
introduced  to  James  I.  who  appointed  him 
gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber,  and  in 
1606  knighted  him,  and  in  1611  and  1614 
sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  Spain.  In 
1616  he  became  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
chamberlain  to  the  king  ;  two  years  after  he 
was  made  baron  Digby  of  Sherbourne,  and 
1620  sent  ambassador  to  the  archduke  Al- 
bert, and  next  year  to  the  emperor.  In 
1622  he  went  to  Spain  to  negotiate  the 
prince's  marriage  with  the  Infanta,  and  on 
his  return  he  was  created  earl  of  Bristol, 
He  opposed  Buckingham  in  parliament, 
and  for  a  while  he  favoured  the  popular 
party  ;  but  in  the  civil  troubles  he  was  ex- 
iled, and  died  at  Paris,  21st  Jan.  1653.  He 
was  author  of  some  poems,  of  airs  and  dia- 
logues. He  also  translated,  it  is  supposed, 
at  James  I.'s  request,  Du  Moulin's  defence 
of  the  catholic  faith,  contained  in  the  books 
of  king  James  against  the  answer  of  N. 
Coeffeteau,  &c.  1610. 

Digby,  George,  earl  of  Bristol,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Madrid,  Octo- 
ber, 1612.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  abilities,  and  by  his  friend- 
ship with  the  celebrated  Peter  Heylin.  In 
his  politics  he  embraced  the  popular  cause, 
and  was  one  of  Strafford's  accusers  ;  but 
he  afterwards  favoured  the  king's  party, 
and  was  expelled  from  the  house  of  com- 
mons for  speaking  in  the  defence  of  that 
unfortunate  nobleman.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  was  very  active  in  the  royal  cause, 
and  in  Ireland,  Jersey,  and  France,  he  dis- 
played his  zeal  in  the  service  of  his  unfor- 
tunate master.  After  Charles's  death  he 
was  exempted  from  pardon  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  consequently  -spent  his  life  in 
exile,  but  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  a 
knight  of  the  garter,  but  he  violently  op- 
posed in  parliament  the  great  Clarendon. 
He  died  at  Chelsea,  20th  March,  1676.  It 
is  remarkable,  that  though  he  wrote  against 
popery  he  died  a  papist,  and  though  a  papist 
he  spoke  in  favour  of  the  test  act. 

Digges,  Leonard,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Barham  in  Kent,  and  edu- 
cated at  University  college,  Oxford.  He 
wrote  Tectonicum,  to  show  the  measuring 
537 


DIG 


OIL 


of  [and,  Sac.  1556,  4to.  improved  by  his 
son  Thomas,  1592 — a  geometrical  practical 
treatise — pantometria,  published  by  his  son, 
1591 — prognostication  of  everlasting  right, 
good  effect,  or  rules  to  judge  the  weather 
by  the  sun,  moon,  stars,  &.c.  1564.  He 
died  1574. 

Digges,  Thomas,  only  son  of  Leonard, 
after  studying  at  Oxford,  proved  himself  a 
very  great  mathematician.  He  went  as 
muster-master  general  to  the  forces  sent  by 
Elizabeth  to  defend  the  Netherlands.  Be- 
sides improving  some  of  his  father's  works, 
he  published  alae  sive  scalae,  &.c.  mathema- 
tical wings  or  ladders,  1573,  4to. — an 
arithmetical  military  treatise,  4to. — a  geo- 
metrical treatise,  &c. — a  description  of  ce- 
lestial orbs,  &c. — motive  for  association, 
&c. — England's  defence,  &c.  '  He  died 
1595. 

Digges,  Sir  Dudley,  eldest  son  of  Tho- 
mas, was  born  1583,  and  educated  at  Uni- 
versity college,  Oxford.  He  studied  the 
law,  and  after  being  knighted,  travelled  to 
improve  himself  in  foreign  lands.  He  was 
sent  in  1618,  as  ambassador  to  Prussia  by 
James  I.  and  two  years  after  he  went  to 
Holland  as  commissioner.  He  was  in  par- 
liament in  the  reign  of  James,  and  of 
Charles  I.  and  his  conduct  was  very  inde- 
pendent, and  often  hostile  to  the  measures 
of  the  court,  so  that  he  was  sent  to  the 
tower  for  his  accusation  against  Bucking- 
ham. So  powerful  was  his  influence,  that 
measures  were  adopted  to  gain  him  over, 
and  by  a  reversionary  grant  of  the  office  of 
master  of  the  rolls  in  1630,  which  he  ob- 
tained in  1636,  he  was  brought  over  to 
favour  the  measures  of  government.  He 
did  not  long  enjoy  this  honourable  office, 
as  he  died  8th  March,  1639,  universally 
lamented.  He  published  a  defence  of  trade, 
4to. — a  discourse  on  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  the  subject,  or  a  conference  with  the 
lords  by  a  committee  of  both  houses,  1628 
and  1642 — speeches  on  several  occasions 
inserted  in  Ruthworth's  collections — letters 
between  Walsingham  and  Burleigh,  and 
others,  about  Elizabeth's  marriage  with  the 
duke  of  Anjou. 

Digges,  Thomas,  brother  to  Sir  Dudley, 
was  educated  at  University  college,  and  im- 
proved himself  by  travelling  abroad.  He 
translated  Gerardo,  the  unfortunate  Spa- 
niard, from  Cespades — and  Claudian's  rape 
of  Proserpine  into  English  verse.  He  was 
a  learned  man,  and  died  1635. 

Digges,  Dudley,  third  son  to  Sir  Dudley, 
was  educated  at  University  college,  and 
became  fellow  of  All-souls,  1633.  He 
wrote  an  answer  to  observations  on  his 
majesty's  answers  and  expresses — and  the 
unlawfulness  of  subjects  taking  up  arms 
against  their  sovereign,  1643.  He  died 
1643. 

Digges,  Edward,  governor  or  Virginia, 
538 


succeeded  Bennett  in  1654.  He  was  the 
son  of  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  privy  counsellor 
of  Charles  I.  It  was  during  his  adminis- 
tration that  the  Virginians  were  defeated  by 
the  Indians,  near  the  falls  of  James  river. 
He  did  much  to  promote  the  culture  of  silk 
in  the  province,  and  sent  to  Armenia  for 
persons  to  teach  the  art.  He  was  super- 
seded by  Mathews  in  1656,  and  soon  after 
sent  to  England  as  an  agent  of  the  colony. 
IC^L. 
Dillenius,  John  James,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist, born  at  Darmstadt,  in  Germany, 
1681,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Giessen,  in  Upper  Hesse.  He  established 
his  reputation  as  a  learned  botanist,  by  his 
valuable  communications  to  the  miscella- 
nea curiosa,  and  by  his  other  ingenious 
publications.  In  his  dissertation  on  the 
coffee  of  the  Arabians,  he  gives  his  prepa- 
rations made  with  peas,  beans,  &c.  and 
asserts,  that  from  rye  can  be  produced,  that 
which  most  nearly  resembles  coffee.  He 
enumerates  not  less  than  980  plants,  exclu- 
sive of  mushrooms  and  mosses,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Giessen,  and  thus  dis- 
plays the  most  indefatigable  and  ardent 
industry.  His  acquaintance  with  Dr. 
Sherard,  who  had  been  British  consul  at 
Smyrna,  was  productive  of  an  alteration  in 
his  plans ;  he  followed  his  friend  to  Eng- 
land in  1721,  and  there  resided  the  rest  of 
his  life.  He  first  engaged  himself  in  this 
country,  in  a  new  edition  of  Ray's  synop- 
sis stirpium  Britannicarum,  and  by  the 
death  of  his  friend  in  1728,  and  his  be- 
queathing of  3000Z.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford  for  a  botanical  professorship,  to 
which  Dillenius  was  first  to  be  appointed, 
he  was  raised  to  comfortable  independence, 
and  learned  retirement.  In  this  wished- 
for  situation  he  applied  himself  diligently 
to  the  improvement  of  botany,  and  in  his 
hortus  Elthamensis,  41 7  plants,  chiefly 
exotics,  were  described  and  figured  with 
the  most  careful  attention.  His  expecta- 
tions, however,  did  not  answer  ;  botany 
was  not  yet  a  favourite  study,  and  the  au- 
thor sold  few  of  his  copies,  and  where  he 
flattered  himself  with  profit,  he  experi- 
enced only  loss.  In  1735,  the  university 
granted  him  the  degree  of  M.  D.  and  the 
following  year  he  was  honoured  with  a  visit 
from  his  friend  and  correspondent  Linnaeus. 
He  now  devoted  himself  to  the  completion 
of  a  history  of  mosses,  and  probably  would 
have  undertaken  the  funguses,  had  not 
death  closed  prematurely  his  labours.  He 
was  attacked  the  last  week  in  March,  1747, 
with  an  apoplexy,  and  died  on  the  2d  April, 
aged  60.  In  his  private  character,  Dille- 
nius was  very  respectable,  naturally  of  a 
mild  temper,  but  fond  of  retirement,  that 
his  studious  pursuits  might  meet  less  inter- 
ruption. His  drawings,  dried  plants,  MSS. 
&c.  were  purchased  by  Dr.  Sibthorpc  his 


DIN 


DUN 


successor,  and  now  enrich  the  treasures  of 
Oxford. 

Dillon,  Wentworth,  earl  of  Roscom- 
mon.    Vid.  Roscommon. 

Dilworth,  Thomas,  a  diligent  school- 
master, whose  spelling-book — book-keep- 
er's assistant — schoolmaster's  assistant — 
miscellaneous  arithmetic,  &c. — are  well 
known  as  useful  and  popular  books.  He 
was  for  some  time  engaged  at  Stratford-le- 
bow  with  Dyche,  and  then  set  up  a  school 
for  himself  at  Wapping.     He  died  1781. 

Dimsdale,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  born  at  Thoydon-garnon,  Essex, 
where  his  father  was  a  surgeon.  His  fa- 
mily were  quakers,  and  his  grandfather 
was  the  companion  of  Penn,  in  America. 
Young  Dimsdale,  after  studying  at  St. 
Thomas'  hospital,  settled  at  Hertford,  which 
he  quitted  in  1745,  in  consequence  of  the 
death  of  his  wife,  and  engaged  as  surgeon 
in  the  duke  of  Northumberland's  army  in 
the  Scotch  campaign.  On  the  taking  of 
Carlisle  he  returned  to  Hertford,  where  he 
again  married,  and  in  1761,  began  to  prac- 
tise as  physician.  His  celebrity  as  an 
inoculator  in  the  smallpox,  recommended 
him  to  the  empress  Catharine,  at  whose 
request  he  visited  Russia,  in  1768.  His 
successful  inoculation  of  the  empress,  and 
of  her  son  the  grand  duke,  was  rewarded 
with  the  rank  of  baron  of  the  empire,  of 
counsellor  of  state,  and  of  physician  to  the 
empress,  besides  a  pension  of  500J.  per  ann. 
and  a  present  of  12,000Z.  His  son,  who 
had  accompanied  him,  shared  his  honours, 
and  was  presented  with  a  gold  snuff-box 
set  with  diamonds.  In  1781,  Dimsdale 
was  again  in  Russia  to  inoculate  the  grand 
duke's  two  sons,  and  so  respectable  was 
his  character,  that  he  was  elected  member 
of  parliament  for  Hertford,  in  1780,  and 
again  1784,  but  resigned  his  pretensions  at 
the  next  general  election.  This  able  prac- 
titioner had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  eye- 
sight by  a  catarrh,  which,  however,  was 
happily  removed  by  Wenzell.  He  died 
1800.  He  was  author  of  tracts  on  inocu- 
lation, with  an  account  of  his  journey  to 
Russia,  8vo.  1781. 

Dinarchus,  a  Greek  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Theophrastus.  He  was  banished  for  a 
false  accusation  of  receiving  bribes,  B.C. 
340. 

Dingley,  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
educated  at  Magdalen  college.  He  became 
a  zealous  puritan,  and  was  made  rector  of 
Brixton,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  by  the  inte- 
rest of  his  uncle,  col.  Hammond,  when  go- 
vernor there.  He  died  1659,  aged  40. 
Among  his  works  are  mentioned,  the  depu- 
tation of  angels,  proved  by  the  divine 
right  of  nature,  from  many  rubs  and  mis- 
takes, &c. 

Dino,  compiler  of  the  six  books  of  de- 
cretals, and  author  of  a  valuable  commen- 


tary on  the  rules  of  law,  was  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  Bologna,  and  died  about 
1307.  It  is  said,  that  he  expected  to  be 
made  a  cardinal,  as  the  reward  of  his  ser- 
vices, and  in  consequence  of  such  hopes  he 
took  orders,  and  divorced  his  wife. 

Dinocrates,  a  Macedonian  architect, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  in  the  build- 
ing of  the  city  of  Alexandria.  His  offer 
to  cut  mount  Athos  into  the  form  of  a 
statue,  in  honour  of  Alexander,  was  reject- 
ed by  the  monarch. 

Dinostratus,  a  mathematician,  the  pupil 
of  Plato.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the  quad- 
ratic curve  which  bears  his  name. 

Dinoth,  Richard,  a  protestant  writer  of 
Coutances,  who  died  1680,  leaving  an  ac- 
curate work,  de  bello  civili  Gallico. 

Dinouart,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint, 
canon  of  St.  Bennet,  Paris,  and  member  of 
the  academy  of  the  Arcades,  at  Rome,  was 
born  at  Amiens,  1st  Nov.,  1715,  and  died 
at  Paris,  23d  April,  1786.  He  first  en- 
gaged at  Paris  with  Joannet  in  periodical 
publications,  where  the  severity  of  his  re- 
marks drew  upon  him  trouble  and  law-suits. 
In  1760,  he  began  his  ecclesiastical  journal, 
which  produced  him  an  extensive  corres- 
pondence with  France,  but  he  was  little 
attentive  in  this  periodical  work  to  propri- 
ety, as  nostrums  and  sermons  were  recom- 
mended in  the  same  page  to  his  readers, 
and  large  quotations  from  various  authors 
were  made  without  any  acknowledgment. 
His  other  works  are  embryologia  sacra, 
12mo. — the  manual  for  pastors,  3  vols. 
12mo. — the  rhetoric  of  preachers,  &c. — 
besides  some  Latin  and  French  poems  of 
inferior  merit. 

Dinwiddie,  Robert,  governor  of  Virgi- 
nia, succeeded  Thomas  Lee,  on  whom  the 
administration  devolved  after  the  depart- 
ure of  Gooch,  and  the  death  of  Robinson, 
in  1752.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the 
council  as  early  as  1742,  and  was  subse- 
quently employed  as  clerk  to  a  collector  of 
customs  in  the  West  Indies.  He  there  de- 
tected and  exposed  to  the  government  an 
enormous  fraud  practised  by  his  principal, 
for  which  he  was  rewarded  by  receiving 
the  government  of  Virginia.  Under  his 
administration,  the  attempt  was  made  to 
expel  the  French  from  the  Ohio  and  fort 
Du  Quesne,  in  which  Washington  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  military  officer,  and 
the  unfortunate  Braddock  fell.  In  1757, 
governor  Dinwiddie  left  the  colony,  and 
devolved  the  administration  on  John 
Blair,  president  of  the  council.  He  was 
charged  with  converting  to  his  own  use  the 
sum  of  20,000/.  transmitted  through  his 
hands  as  a  compensation  to  the  Virginians 
for  the  money  they  had  expended  beyond 
their  proportion  in  the  public  service.  He 
died  at  Clifton,  England,  August  1st,  1770, 
aged  80.  PCP  L. 

:,3<i 


DIG 


DIP 


Dio  Chrysostom,  an  orator  of  Prusa, 
in  Bithynia,  wantonly  disgraced  by  Domi- 
tian,  but  treated  with  great  kindness  by 
Trajan. 

Diocles,  a  mathematician  in  the  fifth 
century,  the  inventor  of  the  cissoid  or  curve 
line,  which  Newton  calls  one  of  the  de- 
fective hyperboles. 

Dioclesian,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  born  of  an  obscure  family  in 
Dalmatia.  He  succeeded  Numerian,  in 
284,  and  after  a  glorious  reign  of  valour, 
and  the  honourable  patronage  of  virtue  and 
learning,  he  laid  down  his  power  at  Nico- 
media,  304,  and  retired  to  privacy  at  Salo- 
na,  where  he  died,  313. 

Diodati,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Geneva,  where  he 
died,  1652,  aged  73.  He  is  well  known  for 
his  translations  of  the  Bible  into  Italian, 
with  notes,  4to.  1G07,  into  French,  1644 — 
and  father  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of 
Trent  into  French. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  a  Greek  historian, 
born  at  Argyrium,  in  Sicily.  Of  his  uni- 
versal history  only  15  books  remain,  best 
edited  by  Wesseling.  He  flourished  about 
44  B.C. 

Diodorus,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as 
a  divine,  and  also  as  an  instructer  of  youth 
in  the  fourth  century.  Of  his  writings  only 
a  few  fragments  remain. 

Diogenes,  a  famous  cynic  philosopher, 
born  at  Sinope,  in  Pontus,  B.C.  414.  He 
was  so  independent  in  his  character  and 
conduct,  that  he  preferred  living  in  a  tub 
to  the  comforts  of  a  house.  Pride,  how- 
ever, and  misanthropy,  seem  to  have  pre- 
dominated in  him,  over  virtue  and  true 
philosophy. 

Diogenes,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon, 
B.C.  200.  He  succeeded  Zeno  in  his 
school,  and  attended  Carneades  to  Rome 
in  his  embassy. 

Diogenes  Laertius,  a  Greek  historian 
of  Cilicia.  His  lives  of  philosophers  in 
10  books  are  esteemed.     He  died  A.D.  222. 

Diogenes,  a  Cretan  philosopher,,  the 
successor  of  Anaximenes,  B.C.  500. 

Diognetos,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Dion,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the 
friend  of  Plato,  and  particularly  as  the  re- 
lation and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionysi, 
tyrants  of  Sicily.  After  successfully  ex- 
pelling the  younger  Dionysius,  he  was 
himself  soon  after  murdered,  about  354  B.C. 

Dion  Cassius,  a  historian  of  Bithynia, 
in  the  third  century.  Of  his  Greek  his- 
tory from  the  age  of  Romulus  to  the  reign 
of  Alexander  Severus,  much  has  been  lost. 

Dionis,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon,  who 
died  1718.  His  skill  in  anatomical  disser- 
tations and  chirurgical  operations  was  very 
great.  He  published  some  valuable  works, 
— vtn  cours  d'operations  de  chirurgie. — 
540 


l'anatomie  de  4'homme, — and  traite  de  la 
maniere  de  secourir  les  femmes  dans  les 
accouchemens,  &c. 

Dionysius  I.  tyrant  of  Sicily,  raised 
himself  from  obscurity  to  the  sovereign 
power,  which  he  maintained  with  great 
vigour.  His  reign  is  however  marked  by 
many  actions  of  cruelty  and  oppression, 
and  his  conduct  towards  Plato,  whom  he 
ordered  to  be  sold  as  a  slave,  was  infamous 
in  the  extreme.  He  died  366  B.C.  after  a 
reign  of  near  40  years. 

Dionysius  II.  succeeded  his  father  as 
tyrant  of  Syracuse,  and  exceeded  him 
in  cruelty,  though  he  was  inferior  to  him 
in  sagacity.  He  was  at  last  expelled  by 
Dion  B.C.  343,  and  died  a  private  man  at 
Corinth. 

Dionysius  Periegetes,  author  of  Peri- 
egesis,  or  geography  of  the  world,  in  Greek 
verse,  was  patronised  by  Augustus. 

Dionysius,  an  historian  of  Halicarnas- 
sus,  who  settled  at  Rome  B.C.  30,  and 
wrote  a  valuable  work  called  Roman  an- 
tiquities, of  which  only  1 1  books  are  ex- 
tant.    He  wrote  some  other  works. 

Dionysius,  a  tyrant  of  Heraclea,  who 
married  a  niece  of  Darius.  He  was  re- 
markable for  his  corpulence,  and  died  304 
B.C. 

Dionysius,  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  178. 

Dionysius,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria,  the 
disciple  of  Origen.  He  wrote  some  things, 
and  was  exposed  to  persecution.  He  died 
267. 

Dionysius,  bishop  of  Rome  after  Sixtus 
259,  condemned  the  heresy  of  Sabellius  in 
a  full  synod,  and  died  269. 

Dionysius,  a  Romish  monk  called  the 
little,  in  the  fifth  century.  He  compiled  a 
book  of  decretals,  and  translated  from  the 
Greek  a  body  of  canons,  and  invented,  as 
it  is  said,  the  Victorian  period,  or  method 
of  calculating  the  time  of  Easter. 

Dionysius  the  Areopagite,  a  learned 
Athenian,  member  of  the  court  of  the 
Areopagus,  and  converted  to  Christianity 
by  Paul's  preaching  on  the  unknown  God, 
as  mentioned  in  Acts  xvii.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  suffered  martyrdom,  but 
when  or  where  is  unknown.  The  works 
published  under  his  name,  Antwerp,  2  vols. 
1634,  are  spurious. 

Diophantus,  a  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, said  to  have  invented  algebra. 
The  age  in  which  he  lived  is  unknown. 
His  six  books  on  arithmetic,  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  were  published  at  Paris  1621. 

Dioscorides,  Pedacus,  a  physician  un- 
der Nero.  He  wrote  five  books  on  the 
virtues  of  plants,  edited  by  Saracenus,  1598, 
foL 

Dipple,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  ex- 
travagant character,  who  called  himself  in 
his  writings,  Christianus  Democritu?.     He 


DIS 

warmly  opposed  the  Pietists  at  Strasburg, 
and  afterwards  supported  them  at  Giessen. 
When  unable  to  get  a  wife  and  a  profes- 
sor's chair,  he  began  his  invectives  against 
the  protestants,  and  soon  after  turned  his 
thoughts  to  chymistry,  and  pretended  to 
have  discovered  the  philosopher's  stone. 
But  though  thus  rich  in  his  opinion  he  was 
literally  poor,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
debts  successively  confined  in  the  prisons  of 
Berlin,  Copenhagen,  Frankfort,  Leyden, 
Amsterdam,  &c.  In  1727  he  went  to 
Stockholm  to  prescribe  for  the  king,  but 
the  Swedish  clergy,  though  pleased  with 
the  recovery  of  the  monarch,  banished  the 
operator,  who  returned  to  Germany.  In 
1733  he  published  a  statement  to  prove 
that  he  should  not  die  till  the  year  1808, 
but  the  next  year,  unfortunately  for  the 
prophecy,  he  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  at 
Widgenstein,  25th  April,  1734.  He  wrote 
some  enthusiastic  works,  and  denied  the 
divine  inspiration  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Dirois,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
is  known  for  his  work  called  Preuves  et  pre- 
juges  pour  la  religion  Chretienne  et  catho- 
lique,  contre  les  fausses  religions  et  atheism, 
and  for  other  ecclesiastical  labours.  He 
died  about  1700. 

Disney,  John,  a  native  of  Lincoln,  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar-school  there,  and 
among  the  dissenters,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  the  Middle  temple.  He  never 
however  practised  at  the  bar,  but  devoted 
himself  to  the  arduous  offices  of  public 
magistrate  in  his  native  country,  and  was 
so  upright  and  zealous  in  the  support  of 
virtue  and  morality,  that  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  judges  at  the  assize.  Though 
brought  up  among  the  dissenters,  and  the 
son  of  a  dissenter,  he  yet  honoured  the 
church  of  England,  and  at  the  age  of  42, 
took  orders  and  succeeded  to  the  livings  of 
Croft,  and  Kirkby  on  Baine,  Lincolnshire, 
and  in  1722  to  that  of  St.  Mary,  Notting- 
ham. He  was  author  of  two  essays  on 
the  execution  of  the  laws  against  immo- 
rality and  profaneness,  8vo. — Flora  prefix- 
ed to  Rapin's  poem  on  gardens,  translated, 
— remarks  on  Sacheverell's  sermon, — pri- 
mitiae  sacrae,  or  reflections  on  devout  soli- 
tude, 8vo. — genealogy  of  the  house  of 
Brunswick  Lunenburg, — view  of  ancient 
laws  against  immorality,  &c.  folio.  This 
excellent  man  died  at  Nottingham  1730, 
aged  53. 

Disney,  John,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lincoln  in  1746,  and 
educated  at  Petcrhouse,  Cambridge,  where 
he  proceeded  to  his  degree  of  doctor  in 
divinity.  He  became  chaplain  to  bishop 
Law  of  Carlisle,  and  vicar  of  Swinderly,  in 
his  native  county,  which  he  resigned  in 
1783,  in  imitation  of  his  friend  Mr.  Lind- 
sey,  to  whom  be  was  first  an  assistant,  and 
afterwards  his  successor  in  Essex-street. 


DLU 

Mr.  Michael  Dodson  left  him  half  his  for- 
tune, and  Brand  Hollis  made  him  his  sole 
executor,  though  neither  of  those  gentle- 
men were  related  to  him.  In  return  for 
these  favours  he  published  their  memoirs, 
and  that  of  Mr.  Hoiiis  in  a  most  splendid 
form,  in  2  vols.  4to.  Dr.  Disney  died  in 
1816.  He  printed  several  tracts  and  ser- 
mons ;  also  Biographical  Sketches  of  Bishop 
Law,  Dr.  Jortin,  Dr.  Sykes,  and  other 
divines. —  W.  B. 

Dithmar,  a  Benedictine  monk,  bishop 
of  Mersburg,  died  1028,  aged  42.  He  is 
known  for  a  valuable  chronicle  of  the  em- 
perors Henry  I.  Utho  II.  and  HI.  and 
Henry  II.  the  best  edition  of  which  is  that 
published  by  Leibnitz  in  his  collection  to 
illustrate  the  history  of  Brunswick. 

Dithmar,  Justus  Christopher,  member 
of  the  academy  of  Beriin,  and  historical 
professor  at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  1737. 
His  works  on  the  history  of  Germany 
evince  great  learning  and  strong  applica- 
tion. 

Ditton,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Salisbury,  29th  May, 
1675.  He  entered  upon  the  labours  of  the 
ministry  at  his  father's  request,  and  for 
some  time  officiated  at  a  dissenting  meet- 
ing-house at  Tunbridge,  where  he  married. 
The  death  of  his  lather  soon  after  enabled 
him  to  pursue  his  favourite  studies,  and  to 
abandon  divinity  for  mathematics.  By  the 
interest  of  his  friends,  and  especially  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  he  was  appointed  master  of 
the  mathematical  school,  Christ's  Hospital, 
where  he  continued  till  death,  1716.  He 
favoured  the  world  with  some  learned 
works,  and  his  tracts  on  the  tangents  of 
curves,  in  spherical  catoptrics,  general  laws 
of  nature  and  motion,  Alexandra's  synop- 
sis algebraica,  the  institution  of  fluxions, 
his  discourse  on  the  resurrection  of  Jesus, 
and  the  new  law  of  fluxions,  and  a  treatise 
on  perspective,  are  well  known. 

Divini,  Eustachius,  an  Italian  artist, 
eminent  in  the  making  of  telescopes.  He 
disputed  with  Huygens  about  the  discovery 
of  Saturn's  ring,  but  the  pamphlets  written 
on  this  occasion  show  that  the  Italian's 
telescopes  were  not  so  good  as  those  of  his 
opponent.     He  died  about  1664. 

Dixwell,  John,  one  of  the  regicides 
who  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
came  to  America,  and  resided  at  New- 
Haven,  bearing  the  name  of  John  Davids. 
He  had  held  a  colonel's  commission  from 
the  parliament.  He  died  in  1688,  in  the 
82d  year  of  his  age.  ICJ^  L. 

Dlugoss,  John,  a  Pole,  who  became 
archbishop  of  Leopold,  and  died  1480,  aged 
65,  mnch  persecuted  by  king  Casimir. 
His  history  of  Poland,  in  Latin,  though 
accurate,  is  written  in  barbarous  language. 
He  brought  it  down  to  the  year  1444. 
The  12  first  books  were  printed  at  Frank- 
541 


DOD 


DOD 


fort  1711,  folio,  and  the  13th  at  Leipsie 
1712. 

Dobbs,  Arthur,  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, was  appointed  to  that  office  in  1753. 
He  was  selfish,  arbitrary,  and  zealous,  to 
abridge  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  aug- 
ment the  influence  of  the  crown.  After  a 
very  turbulent  and  unpopular  administra- 
tion, he  died  March  2".th,  1765,  aged  82, 
and  was  succeeded  by  governor  Tryon. 

Dobson,  William,  an  English  painter, 
born  in  London  1610.  Under  Peake,  a 
stationer,  he  had  the  opportunity  of  copy- 
ing Titian  and  Vandyck's  pieces  with  such 
success  that  he  was  generously  recom- 
mended by  Vandyck  to  Charles  I.  who  pa- 
tronised him.  Though  highly  favoured  at 
court,  he  died  poor  at  his  house  in  St. 
Martin's  lane  1647.  Had  his  genius  been 
early  tutored  by  the  hand  of  art,  he  might 
have  become  a  very  great  master.  His 
pieces  however  in  history  and  portraiture 
exhibit  unusual  powers. 

Dod,  John,  a  nonconformist  of  Jesus 
college,  Cambridge,  who  died  about  1645. 
His  pious  observations  were  once  very 
popular  among  the  vulgar,  as  well  calcula- 
ted to  recommend  virtue  and  religion.  He 
was  called  the  decalogist  from  his  exposi- 
tion of  the  10  commandments  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Robert  Cleaver.  He  was  very  emi- 
nent as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  in  which  he  in- 
structed his  friend  John  Gregory  of  Oxford. 

Dodart,  Denys,  physician  to  Lewis 
XIV.  was  born  at  Paris  1634,  and  died 
1707,  greatly  regretted.  He  was  a  supporter 
of  Sanctorius's  notions  about  insensible 
perspiration,  and  he  made  an  experiment 
upon  himself  during  Lent,  by  which  he 
found  that  he  weighed  at  the  end  of  that 
season  of  abstinence  only  107  pounds  12 
ounces,  having  lost  during  that  time  eight 
pounds  five  ounces.  He  was  a  very  reli- 
gious and  amiable  character.  His  son 
Claude,  was  physician  to  the  king,  and  died 
at  Paris  1720,  leaving  notes  on  Pomey's 
history  of  drugs. 

Dodd,  William,  a  learned  but  unfortu- 
nate divine,  born  1729  at  Bourne,  Lin- 
colnshire, where  his  father  was  vicar.  In 
1745  he  entered  at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge, 
where  he  early  distinguished  himself  and 
took  his  degrees.  He  published  about  this 
time  the  beauties  of  Shak.-peare,  2  vols. 
12mo.  and  having  entered  into  orders  in 
1753,  he  became  a  popular  and  eloquent 
preacher  in  London,  and  was  appointed 
lecturer  to  some  charities,  especially  the 
Magdalen  hospital,  in  whose  establishment 
he  had  been  zealously  active.  In  1761  he 
wrote  a  sonnet  in  praise  of  Dr.  Squire, 
bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  for  his  flattery 
was  made  his  chaplain,  and  afterwards 
prebendary  of  Brecon.  But  though  his 
income  was  respectable  from  his  eccfesias- 
512 


tical  appointments,  and  from  his  connex- 
ions with  the  booksellers,  who  allowed  him 
100/.  a  year  to  superintend  the  Christian's 
magazine,  his  expenses  were  great  from  an 
improper  spirit  of  extravagance  and  gayety 
which  he  thoughtlessly  indulged.  In  1765 
he  began  to  publish  in  weekly  numbers  his 
commentary  on  the  Bible,  which  drew  the 
public  attention,  as  being  collected  from 
the  papers  ol  Locke,  Wateriand,  West,  Cla- 
rendon, and  other  celebrated  men,  and  the 
work  was  completed  in  3  vols,  folio,  and 
dedicated  to  bishop  Squire,  who  unluckily 
for  the  author  died  soon  after.  In  1766, 
as  being  king's  chaplain,  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  and  soon  after  published  a 
volume  of  poems,  and  in  1769  he  transla- 
ted Massillon's  sermons,  inscribed  to  the 
prince  of  Wales.  In  1771  appeared  his 
sermons  to  young  men,  3  vols.  12mo.  dedi- 
cated to  his  pupils  Charles  Ernst,  and 
Philip  Stanhope,  afterwards  earl  of  Ches- 
terfield. He  was  presented  in  1772  to 
the  living  of  Hocklifle,  Bucks,  by  his  pupil, 
but  though  his  income  was  enlarged  his 
expenditure  increased  in  far  greater  pro- 
portion, and  in  a  thoughtless  moment  of 
ambition  and  avarice,  he  endeavoured  to 
obtain  the  vacant  living  of  St.  George's, 
Hanover  square,  by  offering  in  an  anony- 
mous letter  3000/.  to  lady  Apsley,  if  she 
would  use  her  influence  for  the  appoint- 
ment. The  unfortunate  letter  was  divul- 
ged, and  the  chancellor  Apsley  laid  it  be- 
fore the  king,  in  consequence  of  which 
Dodd,  now  proved  to  be  the  author  of  it, 
was  not  only  erased  from  the  list  of  chap- 
lains, but  ridiculed  in  the  papers,  and  lam- 
pooned on  the  stage  in  one  of  Foote's 
pieces  at  the  Haymarket.  Ashamed  of 
his  conduct  he  fled  to  Geneva,  where  his 
pupil  lord  Chesterfield  honourably  gave  him 
in  addition  the  living  of  Winge  in  Bucks ; 
but  so  extravagant  and  ridiculous  was  the 
conduct  of  this  ill-fated  divine,  that  he  ap- 
peared at  the  races  at  Sablons  near  Paris, 
in  a  phaeton,  in  all  the  attire  of  French 
foppery.  On  his  return  to  London  he 
preached  his  last  sermon  at  the  Magdalen, 
2d  February,  1777,  and  two  days  after 
signed  a  bond  for  4000/.  which  he  had 
forged  in  the  name  of  lord  Chesterfield, 
and  by  which  he  obtained  money  to  re- 
lieve his  necessities.  The  forgery  was 
soon  discovered,  Dodd  was  tried  and  con- 
demned at  the  Old  Bailey  24th  February, 
and  executed  at  Tyburn  27th  June.  Be- 
tween the  passing  of  his  sentence  and  its 
execution,  which  had  been  delayed  in  con- 
sequence of  doubts  about  the  admissibility 
of  the  evidence  of  the  man  who  had  drawn 
up  the  bond,  great  interest  was  made,  and 
a  petition  signed  by  thousands  presented  to 
the  king,  to  save  from  ignominious  death 
this  unfortunate  man,  but  all  in  vain. 
During  his  confinement  he  behaved  with 


DOD 


DOD 


great  penitence,  and  addressed  his  fellow- 
prisoners  in  his  "  thoughts  in  prison,"  with 
energy  and  Christian  fortitude.  He  trans- 
lated Callimachus,  and  wrote  4  vols,  of 
sermons  on  the  miracles  and  parables  of 
our  Satiour.  His  publications  are  said  to 
have  altogether  amounted  to  55  in  number, 
chiefly  on  religious  and  moral  subjects. 
Before  the  commission  of  his  forgery  he 
offered  proposals  for  a  history  of  free-ma- 
sonry, 2  vols.  4to.  He  was  married  in  1751, 
but  he  left  no  children. 

Doddridge  or  Doderidge,  Sir  John,  a 
native  of  Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  educa- 
ted at  Exeter  coilege,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  bachelor's  degree  1576.  He  then 
removed  to  the  middle  temple,  and  became 
in  1603  sergeant  at  law,  solicitor  to  the 
king,  and  in  1612,  a  judge  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afterwards  of  the  king's  bench. 
He  died  at  Egham,  Surrey,  and  was  buried 
in  Exeter  cathedral,  where  a  monument 
records  his  services.  He  is  author  of  the 
lawyer's  light,  or  direction  for  the  study  of 
the  law,  4to.  1629, — a  complete  parson,  or 
description  of  advowsons,  &c.  4to.  1630, — 
history  of  the  ancient  and  modern  estates 
of  Wales,  Cornwall,  and  Chester,  4to. 
1630,— the  English  lawyer,  4to.  1731,— 
opinion  on  the  antiquity,  power,  order,  &c. 
of  the  high  court  of  parliament  in  Eng- 
land, 1658,  published  by  his  relation  John 
Doddridge,  recorder  of  Barnstaple. 

Doddridge,  Philip,  D.D.  an  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  son  of  an  oilman  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  born  26th  June,  1702. 
He  was  educated  at  private  schools  at 
Kingston-on-Thames,  and  at  St.  Alban's, 
and  began  at  the  latter  place  a  lasting 
friendship  with  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  who  be- 
came his  religious  instructer,  and,  on  his 
father's  death,  his  faithful  guardian.  Tinc- 
tured with  the  tenets  of  the  dissenters,  he 
declined  the  liberal  offers  of  the  dutchess 
of  Bedford,  who  wished  to  brin?  him  up 
at  the  university,  and  to  raise  him  to  pre- 
ferment, and  in  1719,  he  went  to  the  aca- 
demy of  Mr.  Jennings  at  Kibworth  in  Lei- 
cestershire, where  he  displayed  uncommon 
diligence.  He  afterwards  took  the  care  of 
n  small  congregation  at  Kibworth,  and 
soon  after  succeeded,  on  Jennings's  death, 
to  his  academy,  which,  at  the  invitation  of 
his  friends,  he  removed  to  Northampton, 
where  he  continued  the  rest  of  his  days, 
respected  as  a  divine,  successful  as  an  in- 
structer, and  beloved  as  a  private  man. 
He  died  26th  October,  1751,  at  Lisbon, 
where  he  had  gone  for  the  recovery  of  his 
health,  and  was  buried  in  the  ground  of 
the  English  factory  there.  This  amiable 
character,  so  much  respected  by  all  parties, 
published  several  religious  tracts,  the  best 
known  of  which  are,  the  principles  of  the 
Christian  religion,  &c— the  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  religion  in  the  sonl,— remarkable 


passages  in  the  life  of  col.  James  Gardi- 
ner, kc. — ten  sermons  on  the  power  and 
grace  of  Christ,  &c. — the  family  expositor, 
containing  a  version  and  paraphrase  of  the 
New  Testament,  with  critical  notes,  &c.  a 
valuable  work,  in  6  vols.  4to.  Some  of 
his  letters  and  smaller  tracts  have  been 
published  by  Stedman  of  Shrewsbury. 

Dodoens,  or  Dodon.^us,  Rambert,  a 
botanist  of  M alines,  physician  to  the  empe- 
rors Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolphus  II.  and 
professor  at  Ley  den,  died  1585,  aged  67. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  plants,  Antwerp, 
folio,  1616,  translated  into  French  by 
l'Ecluse. 

Dodslet,  Robert,  a  well-known  book- 
seller and  writer,  born  at  Mansfield,  Not- 
tinghamshire, 1703.  Receiving  little  of 
education,  he  began  life  as  footman  in  the 
family  of  Mrs.  Lowther,  but  in  this  servile 
situation  he  indulged  his  natural  talents 
for  poetry  and  satire,  and  wrote  the  muse 
in  livery,  and  a  small  dramatic  piece  called 
the  Toyshop,  which  accidentally  was  seen 
by  Pope,  and  engaged  ail  his  attention. 
Interesting  himself  in  the  cause  of  this 
humble  poet,  he  procured  for  him  the  in- 
troduction of  his  piece  at  the  theatre,  and 
manifested  for  him  to  the  end  of  life,  the 
most  cordial  and  honourable  friendship. 
The  Toyshop  was  succeeded  by  the  "King 
and  Miller  of  Mansfield,"  in  1736,  and 
from  the  great  success  of  these  two  pieces, 
he  was  enabled  to  settle  himself  indepen- 
dently as  a  London  bookseller,  a  situation 
in  which  he  maintained  the  greatest  re- 
spectability of  character  with  the  most  be- 
nevolent intentions  and  great  humility  of 
deportment.  After  acquiring  a  very  hand- 
some fortune,  Dodsley  retired  from  busi- 
ness in  favour  of  his  brother,  and  died 
25th  September,  1764,  in  his  61st  year,  at 
the  house  of  his  friend  Mr.  Spence,  of 
Durham,  and  was  buried  in  the  abbey 
church  at  Durham.  His  works  consist  of 
six  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  the  Cleone,  a 
tragedy,  is  much  admired,  besides  Public 
Virtue,  a  poem,  1754,  4to.,  Trifles,  1745, 
8vo.,  Melpomene,  Agriculture,  a  poem,  the 
Economy  of  Human  Life,  and  another  book 
of  trifles,  collected  after  his  death.  He 
also  collected  some  scattered  poems  of 
great  merit,  in  6  vols.  12mo.  and  also  plays 
by  old  authors  in  12  vols.  12mo.  which 
have  lately  been  reprinted,  and  introduced 
to  the  public  by  a  handsome  and  well-de- 
served compliment  to  the  genius,  charac- 
ter, and  integrity  of  the  first  editor. 

Dodson,  Michael,  a  native  of  Marlbo- 
rough, Wilts,  son  of  a  dissenting  minister. 
Under  the  protection  of  his  paternal  uncle, 
sir  Michael  Foster,  the  judge,  he  studied 
the  law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar,  1783. 
In  1770,  he  had  been  made  by  Lord  Cam- 
den commissioner  of  bankrupts.  Besides 
a  translation  of  Isaiah  with  notes,  publish- 
543 


DOD 


DOG 


ed  in  1790,  and  ably  defended  against  the 
attacks  of  Dr.  Sturges,  he  wrote  the  life 
of  judge  Foster,  for  the  Biographia  Brit, 
and  the  life  of  Hugh  Farmer,  some  papers, 
&c.  among  the  essays  published  for  the 
promotion  of  Scripture  Knowledge.  He 
died  1 799,  aged  67. 

Dodsworth,  Roger,  an  indefatigable 
topographer,  born  24th  July,  15S5,  at  New- 
ton Orange,  St.  Oswald,  Yorkshire.  He 
died  August,  1654,  and  was  buried  at  Ruf- 
ford,  Lancashire.  In  his  laborious  research- 
es in  the.  antiquities  of  his  native  country, 
he  wrote  122  volumes,  besides  other  MSS. 
which  altogether  amount  to  162  folio  vols, 
which  were  never  published,  but  are  de- 
posited in  the  Bodleian  library.  Gen. 
Fairfax  was,  notwithstanding  the  violence 
of  the  times,  a  great  patron  of  Dodsworth, 
and  to  the  liberality  of  his  nephew,  dean 
Fairfax,  of  Norwich,  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford are  indebted  for  this  valuable  collec- 
tion. 

Dodwell,  Henry,  a  learned  writer,  born 
in  Dublin,  October,  1641,  but  of  English 
parents.  He  came  over  to  England  in 
1648,  and  was  placed  at  a  school  in  York, 
but  the  death  of  his  father  by  the  plague, 
at  Waterford,  and  of  his  mother  by  a  con- 
sumption, soon  after,  reduced  him  to  a 
wretched  and  indigent  situation,  from 
which  he  was  at  last  relieved  by  his  uncle, 
a  clergyman  of  Suffolk,  who  in  1654  sent 
for  him,  paid  his  debts,  and  afterwards  had 
him  conducted  to  Dublin.  In  1656,  he 
entered  at  Trinity  college  under  Dr. 
Stearne,  and  became  fellow,  but  in  1666, 
quitted  his  fellowship  because  he  would 
not  go  into  orders,  as  the  statutes  required. 
He  then  passed  over  to  England,  but  after- 
wards revisited  Ireland,  and  in  1674,  set- 
fled  in  London,  where  he  soon  formed  a 
lasting  friendship  with  several  learned 
men,  especially  Bishop  Lloyd.  In  1688, 
he  was,  without  his  knowledge,  and  in  his 
absence,  elected  Camden  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Oxford,  of  which  employment  how- 
ever he  was  deprived  three  years  after  for 
refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance. 
He  afterwards  settled  at  Cockham,  Berk- 
shire, and  separated  from  the  church  be- 
cause new  bishops  were  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed such  as  refused  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
In  consequence  of  his  acquaintance  with 
Mr.  Cherry,  of  Shottesbrooke,  he  removed 
to  that  village,  and  after  the  death  of  the 
Dodwells,  his  nephews,  whom  he  nomina- 
ted his  heirs,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
the  person  where  he  lodged  at  Cockham, 
in  1694,  by  whom  he  had  10  children,  six 
of  whom  survived  him.  He  was  after- 
wards reconciled  to  the  church,  and  died 
at  Shottesbrooke,  7th  June,  1711,  aged  70. 
His  writings,  which  are  very  numerous,  and 
which  prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  in- 
defatigable diligence  and  extensive  learn- 
514 


ing,  are  on  controversial,  theological,  and 
classical  subjects.  The  best  known  of 
these  are  annals  of  Thucydides  and  Xeno- 
phon, — de  veteribus  Graecorum,  Romano- 
rumque  cyclis,  obiterque  de  cyclo  Judae- 
orum, — state  Christi,  dissertationes  de- 
cern, cum  tabulis  necessariis,  4to.  1701,  a 
most  excellent  book  according  to  Dr. 
Halley,  an  epistolary  discourse  proving 
from  the  Scriptures  and  the  first  fathers 
that  the  soul  is  a  principle  naturally  mor- 
tal, but  immortalized  actually  by  the  plea- 
sure of  God,  to  punishment  or  reward,  by 
its  union  with  the  divine  baptismal  spirit, 
wherein  is  proved  that  none  have  the 
power  of  giving  this  divine  immortalizing 
spirit  since  the  apostles,  but  the  bishops, 
1706,  8vo.  a  work  which  gave  rise  to  a 
violent  controversy,  which  was  defended 
by  the  author  in  three  different  treatises 
against  the  attacks  of  Chishull,  Norris,  and 
Clarke,  &c. — chronology  of  Dionysius 
Halicarnassus, — exercitationes  duas,  &c. 
— Julii  vitalis  epitaphium,  &c. 

Dodwell,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  author  of  an  anonymous 
pamphlet,  "Christianity  not  founded  on 
argument ;"  an  artful  work,  in  which  he 
attempted  to  undermine  and  vilify  religion. 
It  was  answered  by  his  own  brother,  and 
by  Leland,  and  Doddridge.  He  was 
brought  up  to  the  law,  and  was  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  society  for  the  promotion 
of  arts,  manufactures,  and  commerce. — 
His  next  brother,  William,  D.D.  of  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  was  archdeacon  of  Berks, 
prebendary  of  Sarum,  and  rector  of  Shot- 
tesbrooke. Besides  an  answer  to  his 
brother's  pamphlet,  he  wrote  a  dissertation 
on  Jcphthah's  vow, — practical  discourses,  2 
vols. — an  answer  to  Dr.  Middleton's  free 
inquiry, — defence  of  the  answer  against 
Toll,  1751,  &c. 

Does,  Jacob  Van  der,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  1673,  aged  50.  As  his  temper 
was  gloomy,  it  is  supposed  his  pictures 
partake  strongly  of  his  feelings.  His 
landscapes  are  very  much  admired.  His 
pieces  are  generally  in  the  style  of  Bom- 
baccio. 

Does,  Jacob  Van  der,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Amsterdam,  and  died 
1659,  aged  19,  giving,  by  the  few  pieces 
which  he  finished,  the  most  promising  to- 
kens of  a  great  genius  in  the  art  of  painting. 

Does,  Simon  Van  der,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  died  1717,  aged  64.  His  land- 
scapes, portraits,  battles,  &c.  are  in  a 
pleasing  style. 

Dogget,  Thomas,  an  author  and  actor, 
born  in  Castle-street,  Dublin.  He  first  ap- 
peared on  the  Irish  stage,  but  afterwards 
came  to  England,  and  engaged  himself  in 
the  Drury-lane  and  Lincoln's-inn-fields 
companies,  where  he  was  particularly  ap- 
plauded in  the  characters  of  Fondle-wife, 


DDL 


DOM 


in  the  Old  Bachelor,  and  Ben,  in  Love  for 
Love.  He  was  joint  manager  of  Drury- 
lane  with  Wilkes  and  Cibber  ;  but  gave  up 
his  concern,  because  Booth  was  forced 
upon  him  as  fellow-manager  in  the  house  ; 
and  he  retired  in  the  meridian  of  his  re- 
putation, to  the  private  enjoyment  of  a 
moderate  fortune.  He  died  highly  respect- 
ed, 22d  Sept.  1722.  In  his  principles  he 
was  a  whig,  and  so  strongly  attached  to 
the  house  of  Hanover,  that  he  left  a  wa- 
terman's coat  and  silver  badge  to  be  rowed 
for  yearly  by  six  watermen,  on  the  Thames, 
against  the  stream,  from  the  Old  Swan, 
London-bridge,  to  the  White  Swan,  Chel- 
sea, on  the  1st  of  August,  the  anniversary 
of  George  I.'s  accession  to  the  throne. 
He  wrote  only  one  comedy,  "  the  Country 
Wake,"  1696,  4to.  better  known  in  its  al- 
tered form  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the 
Well,"  a  farce. 

Doissin,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  who  died  1753, 
aged  32.  He  displayed  great  powers  in 
the  composition  of  elegant  Latin  verse,  in 
his  two  poems  on  the  art  of  sculpture  and 
the  art  of  engraving,  in  which  he  cele- 
brates in  an  animated  style,  the  immortal 
labours  of  Praxiteles,  Miron,  &c. 

Dolabella,  P.  Cornelius,  son-in-law  of 
Cicero,  was  the  friend  of  Caesar,  and  be- 
came governor  of  Syria.  When  besieged 
in  Laodicea  by  Cassius,  he  killed  himself, 
in  his  27th  year. 

Dolbin,  John,  descended  from  an  an- 
cient family  in  North  Wales,  was  born  at 
Stanwick,  Northamptonshire,  1624,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
Christ-church,  Oxford.  During  the  civil 
wars,  he  bravely  espoused  the  king's  side, 
and  was  major  in  his  army  ;  but  upon  the 
triumph  of  the  republicans,  he  returned  to 
a  collegiate  life,  and  was  turned  out  in 
1648.  At  the  restoration  he  became  canon 
of  Christ-church,  archdeacon  of  London, 
dean  of  Westminster,  and  in  1666,  bishop 
of  Rochester,  and  in  1683  was  translated 
to  York,  where  he  died  1686.  He  was  an 
eloquent  and  admired  preacher,  and  his 
sermons,  delivered  before  Charles  II.  and 
on  other  occasions,  possess  merit. 

Dolce,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Venice,  who 
died  there,  1568,  aged  60.  He  wrote 
several  poems,  and  translated  some  ancient 
authors,  Ovid,  Seneca,  Euripides,  &c.  in 
a  style  pure  and  elegant.  He  published 
Dialogo  della  pittura,  intitolato  1  Aretino, 
Venice,  1557,  8vo.  reprinted  at  Florence, 
1735 — cinque  primi  canti  del  Sacripantc, 
1535,  8vo. — Primaleone,  4to. — Achilles  and 
jEneas,  1570,  4to. — poems  in  different  col- 
lections, and  the  life  of  Charles  V. 

Dolce,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died  1636,  aged  70.  His  St.  John, 
•  hough    painted    onlv    in  his  nth  year, 

Vot.  T.  «.q 


was  much  admired.  His  religious  pieces 
are  very  highly  finished. 

Dolet,  Stephen,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Orleans,  1508.  He  was  a  printer 
and  bookseller  at  Lyons,  where  he  publish- 
ed some  of  his  works  for  the  reformation 
and  improvement  of  the  French  language. 
He  ventured,  however,  to  give  way  to 
licentious  and  profane  ideas  in  his  writings, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the 
inquisition,  so  that  he  was  condemned  to 
be  burnt  for  atheism.  He  suffered  the 
dreadful  punishment  on  his  birthday,  3d 
August,  1546.  Though  some  attribute  his 
sufferings  to  his  attachment  to  Lutheran- 
ism,  yet  Beza  and  Calvin  seem  to  place 
him  in  the  number,  not  of  martyrs,  but  of 
impious  blasphemers. 

Dollond,  Peter,  the  eldest  son  of  Mr. 
John  Dollond,  the  optician,  was  born  in 
1730,  and  died  at  Kensington  in  1820.  He 
communicated  in  1765,  a  paper  to  the 
Royal  Society  on  his  improvement  of 
telescopes  ;  and  in  1772  another  on  his 
additions  and  alterations  in  Hadley's  quad- 
rant. In  1779  he  gave  an  account  of  his 
equatorial  instrument  for  correcting  the 
errors  arising  from  refraction  in  altitude  : 
and  in  1789  he  published  "  Some  account 
of  the  discovery  made  by  his  father  in  re- 
fracting telescopes." —  W.  B. 

Dolomieu,  Deodat,  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  and  of  the  institute  at  Paris,  was 
made  inspector  of  the  mines.  In  the  pur- 
suit of  knowledge  he  exposed  himself  to  all 
the  inclemencies  of  the  air,  the  climate, 
and  the  seasons,  and  regarded  neither  ex- 
pense nor  difficulties  for  his  favourite 
studies  of  nature.  He  was  in  Egypt  with 
Bonaparte,  and  on  his  return  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  confined  at  Messina,  from 
whence  he  was  liberated  by  the  kind  in- 
terference of  Sir  Joseph  Banks.  He  died 
suddenly  at  Cree,  near  Macon,  in  1802, 
as  he  was  preparing  a  scientific  excursion 
to  the  north,  to  examine  the  rocks  and  the 
natural  curiosities  of  unexplored  regions. 
He  published  a  voyage  to  the  isles  of  Lipari, 
1781 — memoir  on  the  earthquake  of  Cala- 
bria in  1783 — a  mineralogical  dictionary — 
a  treatise  on  the  origin  of  basaltes — me- 
moir on  iEtna,  &c. 

Domat,  John,  a  French  lawyer,  born  at 
Clermont,  in  Auvergne,  1625.  He  studied 
the  learned  languages  and  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  applied  himself  to  the  law  at 
Bourges,  where,  though  only  20  years  old, 
he  was  offered,  on  account  of  his  great 
proficiency,  a  doctor's  hood.  He  became 
a  pleader  at  Clermont,  and,  as  advocate  to 
the  king,  which  he  continued  for  thirty 
years,  he  was,  for  his  integrity  and  exten- 
sive abilities,  the  arbiter  of  all  the  affairs  of 
the  province.  In  1648  he  married,  and  bv 
54* 


DOiM 


DON 


that  marriage  had  thirteen  children.  He 
applied  himself  to  simplify  the  laws  of  the 
state,  and  to  reduce  them  from  confusion  to 
order  and  regularity  ;  and  was  so  success- 
ful in  his  plan  that  Lewis  XIV.  granted  him 
a  pension  of  2000  livres,  and  encouraged 
him  in  the  prosecution.  The  first  volume 
was  published  1689,  in  4to.  called,  "the 
civil  laws  in  their  natural  order  ;"  to  which 
three  volumes  of  equal  size  and  value  were 
afterwards  added.  Domat  was  the  friend 
of  Pascal,  whom  he  assisted  in  some  of  his 
experiments  on  air,  and  in  other  branches 
of  philosophy.  He  died  at  Paris,  1696. 
\  new  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in 
1777,  in  folio. 

Domenichino,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Bologna,  1581.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Calvert  the  Fleming,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Caraccis  ;  but  he  was  so  slow  in  his  pro- 
gress, that  his  fellow-students  called  him 
•'  the  ox."  Annibal  Caracci  observed, 
upon  this  ridiculous  appellation,  that  "  this 
ox,  by  dint  of  labour,  would  in  time  make 
his  ground  so  fruitful  that  painting  itself 
would  be  fed  by  what  it  produced" — a  prog- 
nostic of  his  future  greatness,  which  was 
most  truly  fulfilled.  He  applied  to  his 
work  with  great  study  and  zeal  ;  and 
though  he  wanted  genius,  yet  solidity  and 
judgment,  and  a  strong  enthusiastic  ardour, 
made  him  one  of  the  greatest  Italian  mas- 
ters. According  to  N.  Poussin,  his  com- 
munion of  St.  Jerome,  and  Raphael's  trans- 
figuration, were  the  two  best  pieces  which 
ever  adorned  Rome.  He  also  shone  as  an 
architect,  and  built  the  apostolical  palace 
for  Gregory  XV.  He  was  reserved,  but 
mild  in  his  manners  ;  but  his  great  merit 
raised  him  many  enemies,  who  were  jealous 
of  his  fame,  and  envious  of  his  eminence. 
He  died  1641,  not  without  suspicion  of 
p.  ison. 

Dominic,  de  Guzman,  a  Spaniard,  born 
1170,  at  Calahorra,  in  Arragon,  known  as 
the  founder  of  the  order  of  the  predicants, 
and  the  establisher  of  the  inquisition  in 
Languedoc.  Before  he  was  born,  his  mo- 
ther dreamed  she  had  a  dog  vomiting  fire 
in  her  womb  ;  and  the  dream  was  fulfilled, 
when  Dominic,  followed  by  fire  and  sword 
and  the  army  of  Innocent  III.  preached  to 
the  Albigenses,  and,  with  the  offer  of  death 
or  abjuration,  converted  above  100,000 
souls.  He  was  the  first  master  of  the  sa- 
cred palace,  an  office  which  at  his  sugges- 
tion Honorius  III.  established.  He  died 
at  Bologna,  1221,  and  was  afterwards 
canonized  for  his  great  services.  The 
great  men  of  the  order  were,  Thomas 
Aquinas,  Albertus  Magnus,  cardinal  Caje- 
tan,  Dominicus  Soto,  LeAvis  of  Granada, 
&c. ;  and  it  is  said  that  the  Dominicans 
produced  to  the  church  no  less  than  3  popes, 
18  cardinals,  23  patriarchs,  1500  bishops, 
W)0  archbishops,  43  legates,  and  other  iti- 
546 


terior  agents  actively  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Romish  church. 

Dominichini,  Lodovico,  a  native  of 
Placentia,  famous  for  his  voluminous  trans- 
lations from  ancient  authors  and  other 
works,  which  are  mentioned  in  Baretti's 
Italian  library.  He  was  poor,  and  died 
1574. 

Dominis,  Mark  Antony  dc,  originally  a 
Jesuit,  afterwards  bishop  of  Segni,  and 
lastly  archbishop  of  Spolato,  in  Dalmatia, 
in  the  16th  century.  He  was  very  unset- 
tled in  his  religious  notions,  though  so 
elevated  in  the  church  ;  and  he  wrote  his 
famous  book,  called  "de  republica  ecclesi- 
astica,"  in  which  he  assailed  the  papal 
power.  This  work  was  seen  in  MS.  and 
corrected  by  the  learned  Bedell,  who  was 
chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  the  ambas- 
sador of  James  I.  to  Venice,  and  by  his 
means  it  was  published  in  London.  De 
Dominis  accompanied  his  friend  Bedell  on 
his  return  to  England,  and  was  received 
with  great  respect  by  the  English  clergy. 
He  was  favoured  by  the  king,  and  made 
dean  of  Windsor ;  but,  after  preaching 
against  the  pope,  and  endeavouring  to  re- 
concile and  reunite  the  Romish  and  Eng- 
lish churches,  he,  with  his  usual  wavering 
temper,  expressed  an  inclination  to  return 
to  Rome.  He  there  abjured  all  his  errors, 
1622,  and  was  received  into  the  pope's 
protection  ;  but  an  expression  against  Bel- 
larmine,  who,  as  he  said,  had  not  refuted 
his  arguments,  in  his  answer  to  him,  ren- 
dered him  suspected  to  the  catholics.  He 
was  seized  and  imprisoned,  and  died  in  con- 
finement, in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  1645. 
It  was  afterwards  discovered,  that  his  wri- 
tings and  correspondence  had  been  very 
hostile  to  the  pope,  and  therefore,  by  order 
of  the  inquisition,  his  body  was  dug  up, 
and  together  with  his  writings  burnt  in 
Flora's  field.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise, 
de  radiis  visus  et  luces,  &c.  in  which  he 
was  the  first  who  gave  a  rational  explana- 
tion of  the  colours  of  the  rainbow. 

Domitian,  Titus  Flavius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, after  Titus  son  of  Vespasian. 
From  a  very  mild  character  at  the  begin- 
ning of  his  reign,  he  became  licentious,  de- 
bauched, cruel,  and  vindictive,  and  was  at 
last  assassinated,  96,  in  his  45th  year. 

Domitianus,  Domitius,  general  of  Dio- 
clesian,  was  proclaimed  emperor  in  Egypt, 
288,  and  died  a  violent  death  two  years  af- 
,ter. 

Donaldson,  John,  an  artist,  was  born  at 
Edinburgh  in  1737.  He  painted  portraits 
in  miniature,  and  was  distinguished  also 
for  his  skilful  imitations  of  the  old  engra- 
vers, which  he  executed  with  a  pen  so  cor- 
rectly as  to  deceive  even  connoisseurs. 
He  published  a  volume  of  poems,  and  an 
Essay  on  the  Elements  of  Beauty  ;  among 
his  other  studies  he  cultivated  chymistrv. 


DON 


DON 


and  discovered  a  method  of  preserving 
meat  and  vegetables  during  long  voyages. 
He  died  in  1801.— W.  B. 

Donato,  Bernardino,  Greek  professor  at 
Padua,  and  other  Italian  cities,  died  about 
1550.  He  was  the  learned  author  of  a 
Latin  dialogue  on  the  difference  between 
Aristotle's  and  Plato's  philosophy,  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  besides  some  of  Galen's, 
Aristotle's,  and  Xenophon's  works,  the  de- 
monstrate evangelica  of  Eusebius,  &c. 

Donato,  an  architect  and  sculptor  of 
Florence.  He  was  employed  by  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  by  Venice  and  other  states.  His 
Judith  cutting  otf  the  head  of  Holofernes  is 
his  best  piece.     He  died  1466,  aged  83. 

Donato,  Jerom,  a  Venetian  nobleman, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  for  his  military 
services,  and  particularly  for  his  negotia- 
tions. He  was  the  successful  ambassador 
in  the  reconciliation  made  between  his 
country  and  pope  Julius  II.  When  asked 
by  the  pope  why  Venice  claimed  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  Adriatic,  he  answered,  your 
holiness  will  find  the  concession,  on  the 
back  of-  the  record  of  Constantine's  grant 
to  pope  Silvester  of  the  city  of  Rome  and 
of  the  ecclesiastical  states — a  bold  answer 
on  a  donation  about  doubting  which  in 
former  times  1478  persons  had  at  Stras- 
burg  been  sent  to  the  flames.  This  great 
statesman  died  of  a  fever  at  Rome,  1511, 
just  before  the  pacification  was  signed. 

Donato,  Alexander,  a  Jesuit  of  Sienna, 
who  died  at  Rome,  1640.  He  wrote  a  very 
valuable  description  of  Rome,  1639,  4to. 
called  Roma  vetus  et  recens,  besides  poems 
in  8vo.  Cologne,  1630,  and  other  works. 

Donato,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  count, 
who  held  some  important  offices  at  Mantua, 
and  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  a  learned  work,  scholia 
on  the  Latin  writers  of  the  Roman  history, 
1607,  8vo.  Frankfort. 

Donatus,  bishop  of  Carthage,  was  ba- 
nished, 356.  He  maintained  that  the  three 
persons  of  the  Trinity  are  of  the  same  sub- 
stance, yet  unequal. 

Donatus,  jElius,  a  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerou.e, 
and  author  of  commentaries  on  Terence 
and  Virgil. 

Donatus,  bishop  of  Numidia,  founder 
of  a  sect  after  his  own  name,  311,  was  de- 
posed for  supporting  Majorinus  as  a  can- 
didate for  the  see  of  Carthage  against  Ce- 
cilianus. 

Doncker,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Gouda, 
disciple  to  Jaques  Jordaens.  He  studied 
at  Rome,  and  died  1668.  There  %vas  also 
another  painter  named  John,  of  the  same 
place,  who  died  young. 

Dondcs,  or  de  Dondis,  James,  a  phy- 
sician of  Padua,  sumamed  Aggregator, 
from  the  number  of  medicines  he  had  made. 
He  was  also  well  skilled  in  mechanics  and 


in  mathematics,  and  he  invented  a  clock  on 
a  new  construction,  which  pointed  out  not 
only  the  hours,  but  the  festivals  of  the  year, 
and  the  course  of  the  sun  and  moon.  He 
found  out  also  the  secret  of  making  salt 
from  the  wells  of  Albano,  and  died  1350. 
He  wrote  Promptuarium  medicinal  Venice, 
fol.  1481 — de  fontibus  calidis  Patavini 
agri,  1553,  folio — the  flux  and  reflux  of  the. 
sea. 

Doneau,  Hugh,  Donellus  of  Chalons-sur- 
Soane,  professor  of  law  at  Bourges  and  Or- 
leans, was  saved  from  the  massacre  of  Bar- 
tholomew by  the  affection  of  his  scholars, 
and  escaped  into  Germany,  and  died  at 
Altorf,  1591,  aged  64.  He  wrote  commen- 
taria  de  jure  civili,  five  vols.  fol.  reprinted 
at  Lucca,  12  vols.  fol.  1770. — Opera  pos- 
thuma,  Svo. 

Dongan,  Thomas,  governor  of  New- 
York,  succeeded  Sir  Edmund  Andros  in 
1683.  He  was  a  catholic,  and  a  man  of 
integrity,  moderation,  and  genteel  man- 
ners, and  one  of  the  best  governors  of  the 
province.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  issued 
orders  for  convening  an  assembly  by  elec- 
tion, (a  privilege  which  the  former  deputies 
of  the  duke  of  York  had  withholden,)  and 
thus  removed  a  principal  cause  of  disaffec- 
tion among  the  people.  When  the  French 
governor  of  Canada  meditated  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Five  Nations,  he  apprised  the 
Indians  of  the  design,  and  promised  them 
his  advice  and  assistance.  He  fell  at  last 
unjustly  under  the  displeasure  of  the 
monarch,  and  on  the  approach  of  the  revo- 
lution in  England,  found  it  expedient  to 
resign  the  administration  to  Colonel 
Nicholson,  the  lieutenant  governor.  He 
finally  retired  from  the  province  in  1689, 
and  was  afterwards  created  Earl  of  Lime- 
rick, in  Ireland.  fCJ1*  L. 

Doni,  Anthony  Francis,  a  Florentine 
priest,  who  possessed  great  satirical  pow- 
ers, and  died,  1574,  aged  61.  His  works 
are,  letters  in  Italian,  8vo. — la  libraria,  Svo. 
— la  Zucca,  four  parts  with  plates,  8vo. — 
Imond,  celesti,  terrestri,  &c. — Imarmi  civc 
Raggionamenti,  &c.  4to. 

Doni  d'Attichi,  Lewis,  a  Florentine 
noble,  whose  modesty  and  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him 
bishop  of  Reiz,  and  afterwards  of  Autun. 
He  died  1664,  aged  63.  He  wrote  in 
French  a  history  of  the  minims,  4to.  a  so- 
ciety to  which  he  belonged, — and  in  Latin 
the  life  of  queen  Joan,  Svo. — of  cardinal 
de  Berulle,  8vo. — and  of  the  cardinals,  two 
vols.  fol.  1660. 

Doni,  John  Baptiste,  an  Italian,  who 
died  in  his  native  city  of  Florence,  1647, 
aged  51.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  member  of  the  Florentine  and  del 
crusca  academies,  and  invented  a  musical 
instrument  called  lvra  barbarini.  H< 
547 


BON 


DOG 


wetc  a  well-known  treatise  on  music  in 
Latin,  and  other  tracts  on  the  same  subject 
in  Italian. 

Donne,  John,  an  English  poet  and  di- 
vine, born  in  London  1573,  and  descended 
by  his  mother  from  Sir  Thomas  More.  At 
the  age  of  11,  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  after 
three  years'  residence  he  removed  to  Cam- 
bridge, and  three  years  after  to  Lincoln's- 
inn.  His  friends  were  papists,  but  he  re- 
fused to  be  shackled  by  their  opinions  and 
prejudices,  and  at  the  age  of  19,  he  em- 
braced the  protestant  faith.  When  21,  he 
began  to  travel,  and  accompanied  the 
earl  of  Essex  in  1596  and  97,  against  Ca- 
diz and  the  Azores,  and  afterwards  visited 
Spain  and  Italy,  and  formed  the  resolution 
of  going  as  far  as  Jerusalem,  which,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  do.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, he  became  secretary  to  Egerton,  keep- 
er of  the  great  seal,  but  his  secret  attach- 
ment and  his  marriage  to  the  daughter  of 
Sir  George  More,  chancellor  of  the  garter, 
threatened  for  a  time  every  possible  misfor- 
tune to  him.  The  father  was  so  irritated 
that  he  not  only  prevailed  upon  Egerton  to 
dismiss  the  offender  from  his  service,  but 
he  procured  his  imprisonment,  and  that  of 
the  two  brothers,  Brooke,  the  one  the  mi- 
nister, who  had  married  him,  and  the  other 
the  friend  who  had  given  the  lady  away. 
He  at  last  liberated  himself  and  his  friends 
from  confinement,  and  was  with  difficulty 
reconciled  to  his  father-in-law,  who  con- 
sented to  make  him  a  decent  allowance. 
Though  not  replaced  in  the  favour  of  Eger- 
ton, he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
study  of  civil  and  canon  law,  and  was  much 
respected  for  his  learning  and  abilities. 
About  the  year  1612,  he  accompanied  Sir 
Robert  Drury  to  Paris,  and  about  that  time 
he  displayed  such  ability  in  a  treatise  on 
the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy  then 
agitated,  that  king  James  highly  favoured 
him,  and  in  compliance  with  his  intimation 
and  the  request  of  his  friends,  he  now  ap- 
plied himself  to  divinity,  and  took  orders. 
James  made  him  his  chaplain,  and  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge  conferred  on  hiin  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  At  this  time  to  his  great 
grief  his  wife  died  on  the  birth  of  her  12th 
child.  He  was  no  sooner  ordained  than 
14  livings  in  the  country  were  offered  to 
him,  which  he  declined  to  reside  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  became  Lincoln's-inn 
preacher,  and  two  years  after,  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  lord  Doncaster's  em- 
bassy to  Vienna.  In  1621,  he  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  afterwards  he  was 
presented  to  St.  Dunstan  in  the  west  and 
another  benefice.  His  eloquence  as  a 
preacher  was  great,  but  his  enemies  repre- 
sented him  as  hostile  to  the  king,  and 
therefore  he  was  obliged  to  vindicate  him- 
self before  James,  who  expressed'  himself 
much  pleased  with  his  conduct.  He  waa 
548 


in  1630,  attacked  by  a  fever  which  broughc 
on  a  consumption.  He  preached  at  court 
the  first  Friday  in  lent,  on  the  words  "  to 
God  the  Lord  belong  the  issues  from 
death,"  which  was  considered  as  his  fune- 
ral sermon.  He  died  31st  March,  1631, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  Dr. 
Donne  was  in  his  character  an  amiable  and 
benevolent,  as  well  as  an  ingenious  and 
learned  man,  and  lord  Falkland  said  of  him, 
that  he  was  "one  of  the  most  witty  and 
most  eloquent  of  our  modern  divines."  To 
his  Pseudomartyr  he  was  indebted  in  some 
degree  for  his  honours,  but  it  is  a  book,  as 
Warburton  has  observed,  of  little  merit, 
agreeing  merely  with  the  opinions  of  the 
times,  and  applauded  by  James.  He  pub- 
lished also  some  poems  consisting  of  songs, 
sonnets,  epigrams,  elegies,  satires,  &c.  all 
printed  in  one  vol.  12mo.  1719.  In  speak- 
ing of  these,  Dryden  has  given  Donne  the 
character  of  the  greatest  wit,  though  not 
the  greatest  poet  of  the  nation.  Pope  has 
shown  the  highest  respect  to  his  memory 
by  employing  his  pen  to  render  his  satires 
into  modern  numbers  and  all  the  graces  of 
his  own  poetry.  He  wrote,  besides  para- 
doxes, essays,  &c.  three  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, essays  in  divinity,  letters  to  several 
persons,  the  ancient  history  of  the  Septua- 
gint,  biathanatos,  or  on  suicide,  &c.  His 
son  John  was  educated  at  Westminster- 
school,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford,  he  took 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  at  Padua,  and  had  the 
same  at  Oxford  ,  he  died  1662,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  church,  Covent-garden. 
Wood  represents  him  as  an  atheistical  buf- 
foon, but  adds,  that  Charles  II.  valued  him 
as  a  man  of  sense  and  parts.  He  wrote 
some  frivolous  trifles. 

Donne,  Benjamin,  a  mathematician, 
born  1729,  at  Biddeford,  Devonshire, 
where  for  some  years  he  kept  a  school, 
and  afterwards  at  Bristol.  He  was  made 
master  of  mechanics  to  the  king  in  1796,  and 
died  two  years  after,  respected  as  a  very  in- 
genious and  benevolent  character.  He 
wrote  mathematical  essays,  in  8vo.  trea- 
tises on  geometry,  book-keeping,  and  trigo- 
nometry, an  epitome  of  natural  and  expe- 
rimental philosophy,  and  the  British  mari- 
ner's assistant,  and  in  the  first  part  of  his 
life  received  100/.  from  the  society  of  arts 
and  commerce  for  his  able  survey  of  his 
native  country. 

Doolittle,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
born  at  Kidderminster  1630,  and  educated 
at  Pembroke-hail,  Cambridge.  He  was  for 
nine  years  minister  of  St.  Alpage,  London, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1662.  He 
afterwards  kept  an  academy  in  Monkwell- 
street,  Cripplegate,  and  officiated  among 
the  dissenters  till  his  death,  on  the  24th 
May,  1707,  at  the  age  of  77.  He  wrote 
several  books  of  practical  divinity.  His 
treatise  on  the  sacrament  has  been  fro- 


DOR 


D6K 


gently  printed,  as  also  his  call  to  delaying 
sinners.  Memoirs  of  him  are  prefixed  to 
his  "  body  of  divinity,"  published  after  his 
death.  His  son  Samuel  was  for  some  time 
minister  at  Reading. 

Dopple-Maier,  John  Gabriel,  author 
of  some  tracts  on  geography,  dialling,  as- 
tronomy, of  the  account  of  the  mathema- 
ticians of"  Nuremburg,  and  of  several 
translations  from  English  mathematical 
works  into  Latin  and  German,  died  at 
Nuremberg,  where  he  was  professor  of 
mathematics,  1750,  aged  83.  He  was 
fellow  of  the  London  royal  society,  and  of 
the  academies  of  Berlin  and  Petersburg. 

Dorbay,  Francis,  a  French  architect, 
who  furnished  the  design  of  several  beauti- 
ful works  at  the  Louvre,  Thuilleries,  &c. 
He  was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  1697. 
Dorfling,  a  Prussian,  who  from  the 
profession  of  a  tailor  became  a  soldier,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  highest  military  ho- 
nours under  Frederic  William,  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  distinguished  himself 
greatly  against  the  Swedes,  and  when  be- 
come field-marshal,  some  envying  his  ele- 
vation observed  he  had  still  the  appearance 
of  a  tailor.  "  Yes,"  said  the  valiant  Dor- 
fling,  "  I  was  once  a  tailor  ;  I  formerly  cut 
out  cloto,  but  now,  (clapping  his  hand  to 
the  hilt  of  his  sword,)  here  is  the  instru- 
ment with  which  I  cut  ott'  the  ears  of  them 
that  speak  ill  of  me." 

Doria,  Andrew,  a  noble  Genoese,  born 
at  Oneiilfc  1468.  He  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  signalized  himself  in  Italy, 
and  particularly  in  Corsica,  which  island  he 
bravely  reduced  under  the  power  of  the  re- 
public. Distinguished  as  a  warrior  by  land, 
his  countrymen  wished  to  employ  his  abili- 
ties by  sea,  and  accordingly  in  1513,  he  was 
named  captain  general  of  the  galleys  of  Ge- 
noa, and  soon  enriched  himself  and  his 
brave  companions  by  successful  attacks  on 
the  pirates  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  re- 
volutions of  Genoa  engaged  Doria  in  the 
service  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  after  whose 
defeat  at  Pavia,  he  became  admiral  to  pope 
Clement  VII.  Upon  the  sacking  of  Rome 
by  Bourbon  1527,  Doria  returned  to  the 
French  service,  and  was  honourably  re- 
ceived by  Francis,  who  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion, and  appointed  him  admiral  of  the  seas 
of  the  Levant.  His  great  talents  were  now 
employed  in  establishing  the  preponderance 
of  the  French  power  in  Italy,  and  the  em- 
peror baffled,  saw  his  fleets  destroyed  and 
his  armies  defeated  by  the  genius  of  this 
intrepid  republican.  But  when  Naples, 
besieged  by  the  French  forces,  was  ready 
to  submit,  Doria  changed  the  face  of  war. 
Long  viewed  with  jealousy  by  the  courtiers 
of  Francis,  he  became  suspected  to  the  mo- 
narch, who  ordered  his  person  to  be  seized; 
but  Doria's  vigilance  frustrated  the  designs 
of  his  enemies,  and  by  throwing  himself 


under  the  protection  of  the  emperor  he  wat 
received  with  open  arms.  Francis  in  vain, 
by  every  sacrifice,  endeavoured  to  regain 
his  confidence,  and  the  emperor  on  the 
other  hand  wished  to  secure  him  even  by 
making  him  the  sovereign  of  Genoa,  aa 
office  which  Doria  rejected  with  noble  pa- 
triotism. Doria,  thus  successful  in  prevent- 
ing the  capture  of  Naples,  attacked  Genoa, 
whicli  had  fallen  under  the  French  power, 
and  though  only  with  thirteen  galleys  and 
500  men,  he  in  one  night,  1528,  made  him- 
self himself  master  of  the  place  without 
bloodshed,  and  was  hailed  by  the  grateful 
Genoese  by  the  endearing  terms  of  father 
and  the  deliverer  of  his  country.  A  new 
and  moderate  government  was  established, 
and  Doria,  now  owner  of  22  galleys,  and 
supported  by  brave  and  faithful  associates, 
signalized  himself  in  maritime  affairs,  took 
Coron  and  Patras  from  the  Turks,  and 
assisted  Charles  V.  in  the  reduction  of  Tu- 
nis and  Goulette.  The  expedition  against 
Algiers,  in  1541,  and  the  afiair  of  Prevazzo, 
undertaken  against  his  advice,  proved,  how- 
ever, very  unfortunate,  and  it  has  been  in- 
sinuated that  Doria,  when  opposed  to  Bar- 
barossa,  the  commander  of  the  Turkish 
forces,  did  not  display  his  usual  valour,  but 
secretly  wished  to  prolong  a  war  which  ce- 
mented his  influence,  and  made  him  a  ne- 
cessary ally  He  was  loaded  with  honours 
for  his  eminent  services  by  the  emperor, 
and  to  the  marquisate  of  Tursi  in  Naples, 
was  added  the  dignity  of  grand  chancellor 
of  that  kingdom.  Engaged  to  the  very 
last  in  the  service  of  his  country,  and  of 
his  ally,  Doria  died  25th  November,  1560, 
aged  93,  poor  indeed  in  fortune,  but  ho- 
noured by  his  country,  and  respected  by 
the  whole  world.  His  life  was  twice  at- 
tempted by  assassins,  but  their  conspiracy 
failed.  Doria,  though  of  a  benevolent 
and  humane  temper,  once  yielded  to  a  dis- 
honourable resentment,  and  ordered  de 
Fresco,  a  man  who  had  conspired  against 
him,  to  be  sewn  up  in  a  sack  and  thrown 
into  the  sea. 

Dorigny,  Michael,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver  in  aquafortis,  born  at  St.  Quintin 
1617.  He  was  professor  of  the  academy  of 
painting  at  Paris,  and  died  1665.  His 
paintings  are  seen  in  the  castle  de  Vin- 
cennes,  and  his  engravings  were  of  his  own 
pieces. 

Dorigny,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  whose  finest  pieces  are  the  bark 
of  Lanfranco,  the  St.  Petronilla  of  Guerchi- 
no,  the  descent  from  the  cross  by  Voleterra, 
the  transfiguration  after  Raphael,  &c.  He 
was  knighted  by  George  I.  and  died  at 
Paris  1746,  aged  90.  His  brother  Lewis, 
also  a  painter,  died  at  Verona,  1742, 
aged  48. 

Doring,  or  Dorink,   Matthias,  a  Ger- 
man Franciscan  professor,  born  at  Kiritz, 
549 


DOR 


DOU 


■where  he  died,  1494.  He  is  said  to  be 
the  author  of  the  abridgment  of  the  histo- 
rical mirror  of  de  Beaurais  continued  to 
1493.  He  inveighs  with  asperity  against 
the  vices  of  the  cardinals  and  popes,  and 
he  may  be  considered  as  the  forerunner  of 
Luther. 

Dorislaus,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman,  who 
came  from  Leyden  to  England,  and  by  the 
interest  of  Fulk,  lord  Brooke,  read  lec- 
tures on  history  at  Cambridge.  When  ex- 
pelled by  Cousin,  the  vice  chancellor,  as 
suspected  of  republican  principles,  he  be- 
came judge  advocate  in  the  royal  army, 
against  the  Scots,  but  with  an  unpardonable 
levity,  he  quitted  the  king's  service  for  that 
of  the  parliament,  and  assisted,  it  is  said, 
in  drawing  up  the  articles  of  accusation 
against  his  sovereign.  Thus  recommended 
by  guilt  and  profligacy  to  the  ruling  powers, 
he  went  in  1649,  as  ambassador  from  the 
republic  to  Holland,  where  he  was  at- 
tacked while  at  supper,  by  some  enthusi- 
astic royalist,  and  stabbed  to  the  heart. 
His  body,  by  the  direction  of  the  parlia- 
ment, was  brought  over  to  England,  and 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  but  removed 
at  the  restoration,  to  St.  Margaret's  church- 
yard. 

Dormans,  John  de,  bishop  of  Beauvais, 
a  cardinal,  and  chancellor  of  France  under 
Charles  V.  died  7th  Nov.  1373.  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  letters,  and  founded  the 
college  which  bears  his  name  at  Paris. 

Dornavids,  Caspar,  a  physician,  born 
at  Zigenrick,  in  Voightland,  died  very  old, 
in  1631.  He  is  author  of  some  humorous 
and  whimsical  pieces — amphitheatrum  sa- 
piential Socratica:,  two  vols,  folio — homo 
diabolus,  4to.  &c. 

Dorsch,  Everard,  a  Dutch  engraver  on 
gems  of  superior  abilities.  He  was  born  at 
Nuremberg,  and  died  1712,  aged  63.  His 
son  Christopher  was  equally  celebrated,  and 
finished  portraits  on  gems,  without  the  as- 
sistance of  drawings,  with  astonishing  ac- 
curacy. He  was  also  a  painter.  He  died 
1732,  aged  56,  at  Nuremberg. 

Dorset,  John  Syng,  M.D.  professor  of 
anatomy  i»;  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  December  23d,  1783,  and  gradu- 
ated at  the  college  in  Philadelphia  in  1802. 
He  visited  England  and  France,  and  at- 
tended the  first  lecturers  on  physic  and  sur- 
gery in  those  countries.  A  few  years 
after  his  return  to  the  United  States  he 
was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  surgery 
with  Dr.  Physic,  and  in  1816  professor  of 
materia  medica  in  the  university.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Wistar  he  succeeded  him  as 
professor  of  anatomy.  He  had  just  finish- 
ed an  introductory  lecture,  in  which  he 
had  paid  a  testimony  of  respect  to  his  pre- 
decessors,  Doctors  Shippen  and  Wistar, 
when  he  was  seized  with  an  illness,  which 
proved  fatal.  He  died  November  12th. 
550 


1818,  aged  36.  He  published  an  edition  of 
Cooper's  Surgery,  with  valuable  notes  ; 
and  Elements  of  Surgery,  an  original 
work  in  2  vols.  8vo.  Philadelphia,  1813, 
which  is  held  in  high  estimation,  and  has 
been  republished  and  made  a  text  book  at 
Edinburgh  ;  several  of  his  literary  pieces 
were  published  in  the  early  numbers  of  the 
Port  Folio.  rCP  L. 

DosithjEUS,  the  first  heresiarch,  a  ma- 
gician of  Samaria,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
true  Messiah,  and  applied  to  himself  all  the 
prophecies  concerning  the  Saviour.  Among 
his  thirty  disciples  he  admitted  a  woman, 
whom  he  called  the  moon.  He  privately 
retired  to  a  cave,  where  he  starved  himself 
to  death,  that  he  might  persuade  his  fol- 
lowers that  he  was  ascended  into  heaven. 
His  followers  always  staid  24  hours  in  the 
same  posture  in  which  they  were  when  the 
sabbath  began.  They  existed  in  Egypt  till 
the  sixth  century. 

Doublet,  N.  an  eminent  French  sur- 
geon, who  died  at  Paris,  1795.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  pieces  on  his  profession. 

Doucin,  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit  of  Ver- 
non, in  Normandy.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
Nestorianism — a  work  against  the  Jan- 
senists — and  other  pieces,  and  died  at  Or- 
leans, 1726. 

Dove,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman, 
author  of  "  the  progress  of  time,"  contain- 
ing verses  on  the  four  seasons  and  the  12 
months  of  the  year,  with  16  plates.  He 
was  clerk  in  the  victualling-office,  Tower- 
hill,  and  kept  in  1740  an  academy  at  Hox- 
ton.     He  died  1754,  aged  44. 

Douffet,  Gerard,  a  painter  of  Liege, 
born  16th  August,  1594.  He  was  the  pupil 
of  Rubens,  and  distinguished  himself  by  the 
accuracy,  variety,  correctness,  and  sweet- 
ness of  his  pieces.    He  died  about  1660. 

Dougados,  Venance,  a  capuchin,  born 
near  Carcassone,  1764.  The  revolution 
opened  to  him  a  field  for  the  display  of  in- 
trigue and  of  ambition,  but  as  the  friend  of 
the  federalists  he  was  dragged  to  the  scaf- 
fold, and  suffered  1794.  He  wrote  some 
poetical  pieces,  which  possess  merit,  and 
have  been  published  at  Nice. 

Douglas,  Gawin,  youngest  son  of  the 
sixth  earl  of  Angus,  was  born  at  Brechin 
in  Scotland,  1471,  and  educated  at  St.  An- 
drews. He  perfected  his  education  by 
travelling  in  Italy  and  Germany,  where  he 
cultivated  the  muses,  and  merited  the  ac- 
quaintance and  commendation  of  the 
learned.  On  his  return  to  Scotland  in 
1496,  he  was  made  provost  of  St.  Giles's 
church,  Edinburgh,  in  1515,  bishop  of 
Dunkeld,  to  which  the  rich  abbey  of  Aber- 
brothic  was  afterwards  added.  He  was 
exposed  to  the  virulent  persecutions  of  the 
times,  and  came  to  London,  where  he  died 
of  the  plague  in  April,  1522.  His  chief 
works,  which  prove  him  to  be  an  eminent 


DOU 


DOL 


scholar  and  poet,  are  a  translation  ol" 
Virgil's  >Eneid — the  palace  of  honour,  a 
p0em — aureae  narrationes  et  comediae 
sacrae — de  rebus  Scoticis  liber.  As  Chau- 
cer in  England,  so  he  in  Scotland,  is 
the  great  forerunner  of  the  revival  of 
learning. 

Douglas,  William,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissioned  by  Robert  Bruce,  who  had 
made  a  vow  which  he  could  not  fulfil,  to  go 
on  a  crusade,  to  carry  his  heart  to  the  holy 
land.  Douglas  set  out  after  the  king's 
death,  1327  ;  but  he  perished  by  the  way, 
with  the  illustrious  Scots  who  followed  in 
his  train. 

Douglas,  James,  an  English  anato- 
mist, and  great  practitioner  in  the  obstetric 
art,  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century. 
He  wrote  bibliographiae  anatomia:  speci- 
men, Svo. — miographiae  comparatae  speci- 
men, 1706 — description  of  the  peritonaeum, 
London,  1730 — a  history  of  the  lateral 
operation  for  the  stone,  8vo. — and  papers 
in  the  philosophical  transactions.  He  pa- 
tronised John  Hunter,  and  died  1742. 
His  brother  John  was  surgeon  in  the  West- 
minster hospital. 

Douglas,  Sir  Charles,  a  Scotchman,  en- 
gaged in  the  Dutch  navy,  and  afterwards 
in  the  English  service  during  the  American 
war.  He  commanded  with  reputation  in 
the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  died  17S9, 
a  rear-admiral. 

Douglas,  James,  earl  of  Morton  and 
Aberdeen,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  1707, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  love  of 
science  and  literature.  He  established, 
when  26,  the  philosophical  society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  was,  in  1733,  elected  president 
of  the  London  royal  society.  The  acade- 
my of  sciences  at  Paris  paid  respect  to  his 
virtues,  by  electing  him  an  associate  ;  and 
as  the  patron  of  merit,  and  an  able  astro- 
nomer, he  deserved  the  good  opinion  of 
the  learned  world.  He  died  1768,  leaving 
a  son  and  daughter. 

Douglas,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
in  1721,  at  Pittenweem,  in  Fifeshire. 
From  Dunbar  school  he  removed,  in  1736, 
to  St.  Mary-hall,  Oxford,  and  two  years 
after  was  elected  to  an  exhibition  in  Baliol 
college.  He  took  his  first  degree  in  1741, 
and  then  went  to  Montreal  and  to  Ghent, 
to  acquire  a  competent  knowledge  of  the 
French  language.  As  chaplain  of  the  3d 
regiment  of  foot  guards,  he  went  in  the 
expedition  to  Flanders,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  in  1745.  He  af- 
terwards attended  Lord  Pultney  in  his  tra- 
vels on  the  continent ;  and  on  his  return  to 
England,  in  1749,  he  obtained  from  his 
patron  the  donative  of  Uppington,  Shrop- 
shire, which  he  soon  after  exchanged  for 
the  vicarage  of  High  Ereal,  in  the  same 
county.  By  the  interest  of  his  friends, 
nnd  bv  his  own  merits  as  an  able  and  acute 


writer,  he  rose  to  higher  honours  in  the 
church.     He  was  made,  in  1760,  chaplain 
to  the   king  ;    and  in  1762,  he  obtained  a 
canonry  of  Windsor,  which  he  afterwards 
exchanged  for  the  residentiaryship  of  St. 
Paul's,  resigned   by  him   in    1788,  for  the 
deanery    of  Windsor.     He    had,  in    1764, 
exchanged   his    Shropshire  livings  for  St. 
Austin's   and   St.  Faith's,    Watling-street, 
London  ;  and  in    1787,  he  was  raised  to 
the   see   of  Carlisle,  from  which  he  was 
translated,  in    1791,   to    Salisbury.       His 
powers  as   a  writer  were  strong,  respect- 
able,  and    multifarious.      His    first    work 
was,  the  Vindication  of  Milton   from  the 
charge    of    plagiarism,    against    Lauder, 
1750 — and    he    afterwards    published   the 
criterion  of  miracles,  1754,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  of  which  he  prepared  another  edi- 
tion in  1806 — an  apology   for  the    clergy 
against  the  Hutchinsonians,  &c. — the  de- 
struction of  the  French  foretold  by  Ezekiel 
— several     pamphlets     against    Archibald 
Bower — a   defence  of  lord    George  Sack- 
ville — a  letter  to  two  great   men  on  the 
approach   of   peace,  &c.      Bes'd"     these 
works,  he    assisted    in    tfci    publication  of 
Lord    Clarendon's   diary   and    letters — of 
Cook's   voyages — of    Lord     Hardwicke's 
miscellaneous  papers,  &c    and  he  also  pub- 
lished several  political  papers  in  the  Public 
Advertiser  and  in  other  periodical  publica- 
tions.    He   was,  in    1786,  elected  one  of 
the   vice   presidents   of    the    antiquarian 
society,  and  was  also  one  of  the  trustees 
of  the  British  museum  ;  and   after   a  life 
thus  actively  devoted  to  the  cause  of  lite- 
rature and  religion,  retaining  his  faculties 
to  the   last,  he  died  of  a  gradual   decay, 
without  a  struggle,  18th  May,  1807,  aged 
86,  and  was  buried  in  St.  George's  chapel, 
Windsor.     He  was  twice  married  ;    first 
in  1752,  when  he  became   a  widower  in 
the  short  space  of    three   months  ;    and 
secondly    in    1765.       By    his    last  wife, 
daughter  of  Henry  Brudenell  Rooke,  Esq. 
who   died   two  years  before  him,  he  left 
one  son  and  one  daughter. 

Douglass,  W'illiam,  M.D.  was  a  native 
of  Scotland,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  came  to  Boston,  and 
settled  as  a  physician.  In  1722,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  opposing  the  inocu- 
lation of  the  smallpox,  the  practice  of 
which  he  undesignedly  became  the  instru- 
ment of  introducing,  by  giving  to  Dr. 
Mather  a  volume  containing  an  account 
of  its  being  practised  at  Constantinople. 
Besides  his  writings  on  that  and  other 
medical  subjects,  he  published  a  history 
of  the  settlement  of  North  America, 
which  has  not  the  reputation  of  accuracy. 
He  was  a  highly  respectable  scholar  and 
physician,  but  was  extremely  passionate, 
opinionative,  and  rough  in  his  manners. 
He  died  in  1752.  irCP  L. 

551 


DOW 


DRA 


Dousa,  James,  a  noble  Dutchman,  bern 
at  North  wick  1545.  After  studying  with 
great  reputation  at  Paris,  he  returned  to 
Holiand,  where  he  married  early,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  political  affairs.  For 
twenty  years,  he  was  curator  of  the  banks 
and  dykes  of  Holland,  and  distinguished 
himself  *o  much  at  the  siege  of  Leyden  in 
1574,  that  the  prince  of  Orange  made  him 
governor  of  the  town,  and  curator  of  the 
university  founded  there.  He  was  most 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  his  genius  was 
displaced  in  several  poetical  productions. 
He  also  wrote  the  annals  of  his  country, 
besides  critical  notes  on  Horace,  Sallust, 
Plautus,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  &c.  He  was  in 
his  private  character  as  amiable  as  he  was 
respected  in  his  public  duties.  He  died 
1604,  and  his  memory  was  honoured  by 
the  oration  of  Daniel  Heinsius.  He  had 
four  sons,  James,  George,  Francis,  and 
Theodorus.  James  was  a  very  extraordi- 
nary genius,  who  attained  maturity  of  wis- 
dom'and  erudition  in  the  flower  of  youth. 
Besides  poems  of  great  merit,  he  wrote  at 
the  age  of  19,  his  book  de  rebus  coelestibus 
— and  his  panegyric  on  a  shadow — critical 
notes  on  several  Latin  authors — and  assist- 
ed his  father  in  his  annals.  He  was  made 
preceptor  to  the  prince  of  Orange,  and 
librarian  to  the  university  of  Leyden  ;  but 
he  unfortunately  died  1597,  in  his  26th 
year,  when  his  abilities  promised  the  no- 
blest additions  to  the  greatness  and  learn- 
ing of  his  country.  George  was  a  good 
linguist,  and  published  an  account  of  a 
voyage  to  Constantinople.  Francis  pub- 
lished Scaliger's  epistles — annotations  on 
the  fragments  of  Lucillius,  &c.  Theodorus 
published  Logotheta's  chronicon,  with 
notes,  &c. 

Douvre,  Thomas  de,  a  native  of  Bay- 
eux,  raised,  for  his  learning  and  virtues,  by 
William  the  conqueror,  to  the  see  of  York, 
where  he  rebuilt  his  cathedral.  He  com- 
posed some  books  on  music,  and  was  a 
great  patron  and  benefactor  to  his  clergy. 
After  being  archbishop  for  twenty-eight 
years,  he  died  1100. 

Douvre,  Thomas  de,  nephew  to  the  fore- 
going, was  also  archbishop  of  York  in  1108. 
He  had  violent  quarrels  with  Anselm  of 
Canterbury  about  the  precedency  of  the  two 
sees.  He  died  1114,  greatly  respected  for 
his  constancy,  virtues,  and  faith. 

Douvre,  Isabella  de,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  was  mistress  to  Robert  the 
bastard  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  by  whom 
she  had  Richard,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Bayeux,  1133.  She  retired  in  her  old 
age  to  solitude  and  penitence  at  Bayeux, 
where  she  died,  1166. 

Dow,  Gerard,  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  was 

born  at  Leyden  1613.  His  pieces,-which  are 

all  small,  and  to  be  viewed  to  advantage 

onlv  by  the  heln    of  a  m^nifvirrj-glass, 

552 


possess  astonishing  expression,  and  are  ex* 
tremely  delicate.  He  was  patient  in  his 
labours,  and  was  not  less  than  three  days 
in  representing  a  broomstick,  and  five  in 
painting  a  hand.  He  died  in  a  good  old 
age,  but  when  is  not  ascertained. 

Dowall,  William  Mac,  a  learned  Scots- 
man, born  in  1590,  and  educated  for  seven 
years  by  Nisbet  at  Musselburg,  and  after- 
wards at  St.  Andrews.  In  1614,  he  went 
to  Groningen,  where  he  studied  civil  law, 
and  took  his  doctor's  degree,  in  1625.  He 
was  made  advocate  to  the  army  of  count 
Nassau,  and  in  1629  and  1635,  came  as 
ambassador  to  Charles  I.  to  support  the 
freedom  of  the  seas  about  the  herring  fish- 
eries. He  was  made  by  Charles  one  of  the 
council  of  state  for  Scotland,  in  which  office 
he  was  continued  by  Charles  II.  with  the 
additional  title  of  ambassador  to  the  Uni- 
ted States.  He  died  in  London,  but  when 
not  known,  having  had  two  wives,  both 
Dutch  women,  the  last  of  whom  he  bu- 
ried 1652. 

Down  ham,  John,  was  born  at  Chester, 
son  of  the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  is  author  of 
that  pious  and  well-known  book,  "  the 
Christian  warfare."  He  died  in  London 
1644. 

Downing,  Calibut,  an  English  divine, 
doctor  of  laws,  and  incumbent  of  Hack- 
ney, Middlesex,  and  Hickford,  Bucks.  He 
was  disappointed  in  his  views  of  higher 
preferment,  upon  which  he  embraced  the 
republican  party,  and  preached  some 
violent  sermons,  asserting  the  lawfulness  of 
subjects  to  take  up  arms  against  the  king. 
In  1643,  he  was  a  grand  covenanter,  but 
died  the  next  year.  Some  of  his  sermons 
have  been  printed.  His  son,  Sir  George, 
was  seci'etary  of  the  treasury,  and  com- 
missioner of  customs  under  Charles  II. 

Downman,  Hugh,  a  physician  and  poet, 
was  born  at  Newton  St.  Cyres,  in  Devon- 
shire, in  1740.  He  was  educated  at  Exe- 
ter-school, and  next  at  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford, after  which  he  entered  into  orders, 
but  quitted  that  profession  for  physic,  in 
which  line  he  attained  considerable  emi- 
nence. He  died  at  Exeter  in  1809.  Dr. 
Downman  published — 1.  The  Land  of  the 
Muses,  a  poem,  1768.  2.  Editha,  or  the 
Siege  of  Exeter,  a  tragedy.  3.  Infancy,  a 
poem,  1771.  4.  Poems  on  various  subjects. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  some  curious 
articles  in  the  "  Essays  by  a  society  of  gen- 
tlemen at  Exeter,"  Svo.  1796.— T.  B. 

Drabicius,  Nicholas,  an  enthusiast,  born 
1587,  at  Stransnitz,  in  Moravia.  He  be- 
came a  minister  in  1616  at  Drakotutz  ; 
but  the  persecutions  against  th'  protestants 
obliged  him  to  fly  to  Leidnitz,  in  Hungary, 
where  he  turned  woollen-draper  for  his 
sustenance.  His  improper  conduct  and 
freguent  ebriety  exnoscd  him  to  the.  cen- 


DKA 


J)P»A 


sures  of  his  superiors  ;  but  in  his  50th  year 
he  determined  to  distinguish  himself  as  a 
prophet.  His  visions  began  in  163S,  and 
though  at  first  little  regarded,  yet  they  en- 
gaged the  curiosity  and  acquired  the  re- 
spect of  the  vulgar,  and,  by  denouncing 
destruction  against  the  house  of  Austria 
and  the  papal  power,  he  inspired  with  fear 
even  the  bravest  of  generals.  He  was  as- 
sisted in  his  fanatical  reveries  by  Come- 
nius,  a  man  of  learning,  but  weak  princi- 
ples, with  whom  he  published  his  revelation 
called  "  lux  in  tenebris."  Drabicius  was 
persecuted  by  the  house  of  Austria,  for  the 
ruin  which  he  falsely  prophesied  against  it, 
and  what  became  of  him  is  unknown. 
Some  suppose  that  he  was  burnt  as  an  im- 
postor and  false  prophet,  and  others  say 
that  he  died  in  Turkey,  where  he  had  taken 
refuge.  Comenius  published  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  reveries  of  Drabicius,  Kotte- 
rus,  and  others,  at  Amsterdam,  in  1660, 
end  reprinted  it  under  the  title  of  lux  e 
tenebris  novis  radiis  aucta,  &c.  1666. 

Draco,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  B.C.  643, 
whose  laws  were  so  severe  that  they  were 
said  to  be  written  in  blood. 

Draconites,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  Carlstadt,  in  Franconia.  He  was 
made  a  bishop  in  Prussia,  and  was  the 
learned  author  of  commentaries  on  the 
prophets  and  the  gospels,  and  began  a  po- 
lyglott  Bible,  but  died  before  its  comple- 
tion, 1566. 

Dragut,  Rais,  i.  e.  captain  Ragut,  the 
favourite  and  successor  of  Barbarossa,  was 
born  of  obscure  parents  in  Natolia.  In 
abilities  noways  inferior  to  his  master,  he 
distinguished  himself  in  the  courts  of  Na- 
ples and  Calabria  ;  but  being  taken  by  Do- 
ria's  nephew,  he  passed  seven  long  years  in 
captivity.  In  1560  Doria  was  besieged  in 
the  harbour  of  the  isle  of  Gerbes  ;  but  the 
artful  pirate  eluded  the  vigilance  of  his 
enemies,  by  conveying  his  galleys  across 
the  land,  and  took  the  capital  of  Sicily,  to 
the  astonishment  of  his  opponents.  In 
1566  he  assisted  Solyman  II.  against  Malta 
with  fifteen  galleys,  and  while  reconnoitring, 
a  piece  of  stone  struck  by  a  cannon  ball 
gave  him  so  violent  blow  on  the  car  that 
he  died  a  short  time  after. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  an  illustrious  navi- 
gator, son  of  a  sailor,  and  born  at  Tavi- 
stock in  Devonshire,  1545.  He  was  brought 
up  by  his  kinsman,  Sir  John  Hawkins,  and 
at  the  age  of  18  was  purser  to  a  Biscayan 
trader,  and  at  20  went  to  Guinea,  and  at  22 
obtained  the  command  of  the  Judith.  He 
distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  under  Sir  John  Hawkins,  and  pro- 
jected expeditions  against  the  Spaniards  in 
America,  which  he  executed  with  great 
firmness  and  success,  in  1570,  and  1572. 
He  afterwards  served  in  Ireland  under 
Walter  earl  of  Essex,  and  at  his  death  he 

Vol.  I.  70 


was  recommended  by  Sir  Christopher  Hat- 
ton  to  queen  Elizabeth,  who  entered  into 
all  his  views  of  attack  and  discovery.  On 
the  13th  of  Dec.  1577,  he  set  out  on  his 
celebrated  voyage,  with  five  small  ships, 
and  only  164  able  men.  Of  these  ships  two 
were  destroyed  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  as 
unfit,  and  one  returned  home,  so  that  only 
with  his  own  vessel  he  entered  the  straits 
of  Magellan,  and  coasting  along  Chili  and 
Peru,  he  enriched  his  companions  by  the 
plunder  of  the  unsuspecting  Spaniards. 
He  sailed  as  high  as  the  48th  degree  north 
latitude,  with  the  hope  of  finding  a  passage 
to  the  European  seas,  and  gave  the  name 
of  New  Albion  to  the  country.  From 
thence  he  set  sail  the  29th  Sept.  1579,  for 
the  Moluccas,  and  after  visiting  some  sa- 
vage islands,  and  enduring  many  hardships, 
he  doubled  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  on  the 
15th  of  March,  1580,  having  then  only  57 
men  and  three  casks  of  water.  He  continued 
his  voyage,  and  after  watering  in  Guinea,  he 
reached  Plymouth  on  the  3d  of  November, 
after  an  absence  of  2  years  and  10  months. 
The  glory  of  sailing  round  the  world,  and 
the  vast  plunder  obtained  from  the  Spa- 
niards, were  however  viewed  with  indigna- 
tion by  some,  who  regarded  Drake  as  a 
common  pirate  ;  but  the  queen  approved  the 
bold  expedition  of  her  naval  hero,  and  on 
the  4th  of  April,  1581,  she  went  on  board 
his  ship  at  Deptford,  and  dined  with  him, 
and  conferred  on  him  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood. This  ship  also  was  preserved  to 
commemorate  the  glory  of  the  enterpriser, 
till  decaying  by  time  it  was  broken  up  and 
a  chair  made  of  the  timber  presented  to  the 
university  of  Oxford.  In  1585  Drake  took 
St.  Jago,  St.  Domingo,  Carthagena,  &c.  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  in  1587,  he  attacked 
Cadiz,  and  burned  more  than  10,000  tons  of 
shipping,  which  he  merrily  called  burning 
the  Spanish  king's  beard.  When  the 
invincible  Armada  approached  England, 
Drake  was  made  vice-admiral  under  lord 
Howard,  and  in  the  encounter  he  behaved 
with  great  courage,  though  his  eagerness 
to  pursue  the  plunder  proved  nearly  fatal, 
by  his  suffering  his  admiral  to  be  exposed 
in  the  midst  of  the  hostile  fleet.  Fortune, 
however,  favoured  the  English,  and  Drake 
enriched  himself  and  his  crew  by  the  sei- 
zure of  Pedro's  galleon,  which  produced 
55,000  ducats  of  gold.  In  1 589  Drake  was 
sent  to  restore  Antonio  to  the  kingdom  of 
Portugal,  but  without  success  ;  and  he  af- 
terwards went  to  the  West  Indies,  where 
his  quarrel  with  Sir  John  Hawkins  discon- 
certed the  plans  of  the  expedition,  which 
ended  unsuccessfully.  These  unfortunate 
events  preyed  much  upon  the  mind  of 
Drake,  he  fell  into  a  melancholy,  and 
was  carried  off  by  a  bloody  flux  on 
board  his  ship  near  the  town  of  Nom- 
bre  de  Dios,  28th  January,  1596.  His 
553 


DEA 


DBA 


death  was  universally  lamented,  for  he  was 
respected  not  only  as  a  naval  hero,  but  as  a 
worthy  private  character.  He  was  twice 
member  of  Parliament  for  Bossiney,  and 
afterwards  for  Plymouth,  a  town  where  his 
name  is  still  revered  for  the  water  which  he 
conveyed  there  in  1587  by  a  circuitous  ca- 
nal of  20  miles  from  springs  at  the  distance 
of  eight  miles.  His  widow,  daughter  of 
Sir  George  Sydenham,  by  whom  he  had  no 
issue,  married  after  his  death  William 
Courtenay,  Esq.  of  Powderham  castle. 

Drake,  James,  a  physician  and  political 
writer,  born  at  Cambridge  1667,  and  edu- 
cated there.  In  1696  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  and  became  soon  after  fellow  of 
the  royal  society  and  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians, but  he  preferred  writing  for  the 
booksellers  to  professional  engagement. 
His  "  History  of  the  last  parliament  of  king 
William,"  1702,  was  considered  as  so  severe 
in  his  reflections  on  that  monarch,  that  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney-general, 
but  acquitted.  In  1704,  upon  the  rejection 
of  the  bill  to  prevent  occasional  conformity, 
he  ventured,  with  Poley,  member  for  Ips- 
wich, to  publish  the  memorial  of  the  church 
of  England,  &c.  which  highly  offended 
Godolphin,  and  roused  the  vengeance  of 
the  house  of  commons,  who  offered  a  re- 
ward for  the  discovery  of  the  author,  who, 
however,  though  suspected,  remained  un- 
attacked.  In  1706  he  was  prosecuted  for 
the  publication  of  Mercurius  Politicus,  a 
newspaper  which  severely  reflected  upon 
the  conduct  of  government,  and  though  ac- 
quitted through  a  flaw  in  the  information, 
he  took  to  heart  the  asperity  of  his  perse- 
cutors, and  falling  into  a  fever,  he  died  at 
Westminster,  the  second  of  March,  1707. 
He  wrote,  besides  the  "  Sham  lawyer,"  a 
a  comedy, — an  English  translation  of  He- 
rodotus, never  published, — a  "  new  system 
of  anatomy,"  a  work  of  great  merit,  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Wagstaffe,  and  again  in  1717, 
in  two  vols.  8vo.  with  an  appendix,  1728, 
— and  notes  to  Le  Clerc's  history  of  physic. 

Drake,  Samuel,  fellow  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  published  in  1729,  folio, 
a  splendid  edition  of  archbishop  Parker's 
"  de  antiquitate  Britannicae  ecclesiae,"  &c. 

Drake,  William,  a  physician,  born  1687, 
at  York,  where  he  settled,  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In  his 
old  age  he  collected  various  records,  and 
published  a  valuable  history  of  York,  with 
copperplates,  &c.  folio.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Mead,  Fawkes,  &c.  and  died  greatly  re- 
spected, 1760,  aged  73. 

Drake,  Roger,  D.D.  a  physician,  who 
afterwards  became  a  popular  preacher  in 
London,  and  was  one  of  the  Savoy  commis- 
sioners. He  died  after  the  restoration. 
He  was  learned,  pious,  and  charitable,  and 
wrote  some  sermons,  besides  a  sacred  chro- 
nology. 

554 


Drakexburg,  Christian  Jacob,  the  well- 
known  centenary  of  the  North,  was  born  at 
Stravenger,  Norway,  1624,  and  died  at 
Aarrhuys  in  1770,  aged  146.  After  living 
in  celibacy  till  his  113th  year,  he  married 
a  widow  aged  60.  His  great  old  age 
brought  about  him  many  respectable  visit- 
ers, who  were  pleased  with  his  good  sense, 
his  humility,  and  the  sound  state  of  his 
faculties. 

Brakenborch,  Arnoldus,  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence  at  Utrecht,  died  1748, 
aged  64.  He  is  well  known  as  the  editor 
of  Livy,  7  vols.  4to.  and  Silius  Italicus  with 
very  learned  notes. 

Dran,  Henry  Francis  le,  a  famous  sur- 
geon and  lithotomist,  who  died  at  Paris, 
1770,  aged  85.  He  was  author  of  obser- 
vations on  surgery,  2  vols.  12mo. — on  gun- 
shot wounds, — on  the  various  modes  of 
lithotomy, — on  the  operations  of  surgery, 
translated  into  English  by  Gataker,  &c. 

Draper,  Sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, son  of  a  collector  of  the  customs  at 
Bristol,  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  embraced  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  in  the  East  Indies 
acquired  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1761,  he 
was  made  brigadier  in  the  expedition 
against  Belleisle,  and  in  1763,  he  went  with 
admiral  Cornish  against  Manilla.  The 
place  was  taken,  but  the  ransom  of  four 
millions  of  dollars,  which  the  governor 
pledged  himself  to  pay,  was  resisted  by  the 
Spanish  government,  and  the  conquerors 
were  thus  robbed  of  their  expected  reward. 
Draper,  however,  was  made  in  consequence 
of  his  services,  knight  of  the  bath,  and  on 
the  reduction  of  his  regiment,  colonel  of 
the  16th.  In  gratitude  for  his  education 
he  presented  the  colours  of  the  conquered 
fort,  to  King's  college.  In  1769,  he  en- 
gaged in  the  controversy  with  the  celebra- 
ted Junius,  in  defence  of  the  marquis  of 
Granby,  and  his  two  letters  were  answered 
with  great  spirit  and  severity  by  his  un- 
known antagonist,  whom,  however,  he 
again  attacked  under  the  signature  of 
Modestus.  In  October,  1769,  he  went  to 
America  for  his  health,  where  he  married 
Miss  De  Lancey,  daughter  of  the  chief 
justice  of  New- York.  In  1779,  he  was 
made  lieutenant  governor  of  Minorca,  and 
on  the  surrender  of  the  place  he  exhibited 
twenty-nine  charges  against  the  governor, 
Murray,  twenty-seven  of  which  were 
deemed  frivolous,  and  for  the  other  two, 
the  governor  was  reprimanded ;  after 
which  the  accuser  was  directed  by  the 
court  to  make  an  apology  to  his  general,  to 
which  he  acquiesced.  He  lived  afterwards 
in  retirement,  and  died  at  Bath,  8th  Ja- 
nuary, 1787. 

Drayton,  Michael,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Harshull,  in  Warwickshire,  1563. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where,  how* 


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ever,  he  took  no  degree,  and  devoted  him- 
self early  to  the  cultivation  of  the  muses. 
In  1593,  he  published  the  shepherd's  gar- 
land, afterwards  re-printed  under  the  name 
of  pastorals,  and  before  1598,  he  present- 
ed before  the  public  his  Barons'  wars, 
England's  heroical  epistles,  downfals  of 
Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  Matilda,  and 
Gaveston.  Thus  distinguished  as  a  fa- 
vourite of  the  muses,  he  welcomed  the  arri- 
val ol  james  I.  in  a  congratulatory  poem, 
but  he  met  with  marked  neglect  instead  of 
remuneration  lrom  the  court.  In  1613,  he 
published  the  first  part  of  his  Poly-Olbion,  a 
descriptive  poem,  which  in  its  account  of 
the  rivers,  mountains,  productions,  antiqui- 
ties, and  remarkable  historical  features, 
contains  more  correctness  and  truth  of  de- 
lineation than  real  and  sublime  poetry. 
The  metre  of  twelve  syllables  is  particularly 
offensive,  and  the  poem  is  now  regarded 
only  for  the  accuracy  of  its  narrative  and 
of  its  description.  In  1627,  Drayton  pub- 
lished a  second  volume  of  his  poems,  con- 
taining the  battle  of  Agincourt,  miseries  of 
queen  Margaret,  court  of  fairies,  quest  of 
Cynthia,  shepherds'  syrena,  elegies,  and  a 
spirited  satire  against  female  affectation, 
called  Mooncalf.  In  1630,  another  volume 
appeared,  called  the  muses'  elysium,  etc. 
Drayton  died  1631,  and  was  buried  among 
the  poets  in  Westminster  abbey.  Though 
called  poet  laureate,  it  is  a  complimentary 
appellation,  as  Ben  Jonson  was  the  laureate 
of  this  time.  Drayton's  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1748,  in  1  vol.  fol.  and  in  1753,  in 
10  vols.  Svo. 

Drayton,  William,  LL.D.  judge  of  the 
federal  court  for  the  district  of  South  Caro- 
lina, was  born  in  that  state,  in  1733.  After 
studying  law  for  some  time  in  South  Caro- 
lina, he  went  to  London,  and  spent  three 
years  in  the  Middle  temple.  He  returned 
in  1754,  and  his  talents  and  knowledge 
soon  gave  him  eminence  in  the  profession. 
In  1768,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
East  Florida,  and  held  the  office  till  1775, 
when  the  governor  of  the  province,  doubt- 
ing his  fidelity  to  the  royal  cause,  ejected 
him.  He  went  to  England  to  obtain  re- 
dress, but  was  unsuccessful,  and  returned 
to  South  Carolina,  where  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  court  of  admiralty,  and  in 
March,  1789,  associate  justice;  but  in 
October  following,  he  resigned  that  office 
for  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  federal  court 
of  the  United  States.  He  died  June,  1790, 
aged  57.  iCJ3  L. 

Dratton,  William  Henry,  who  became 
noted  by  his  political  writings  during  the 
war  of  the  American  revolution,  was  a 
native  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  one  of 
his  majesty's  justices  in  that  province  du- 
ring their  last  circuit  in  the  spring  of  1775. 
Being  appointed  a  member  of  the  provin- 
pi3l  congress  of  that  year,  he  was  elected 


president  of  that  body,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  its  deliberations  by  his  talents 
and  zeal  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  chief  justice  of  his 
native  state.  He  died  in  1779,  in  the  37th 
year  of  his  age,  while  attending  a  session 
of  congress  in  Philadelphia.  Besides  the 
several  political  pamphlets  which  he  pub- 
lished, he  wrote  a  manuscript  history  of 
the  American  revolution  to  the.  year  1779, 
in  3  volumes,  which  he  was  prevented  by 
death  from  completing.  llCF*  L. 

Drebel,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philosopher, 
born  at  Aicmaer,  1572,  died  in  London, 
1634.  As  he  pretended  to  be  an  alchymist, 
some  curious  particulars  are  related  with 
respect  to  his  power  to  cause  rain,  cold, 
&c.  by  the  operation  of  his  machines.  To 
his  ingenuity  some  attribute  the  invention 
of  the  microscope  and  the  thermometer,  to 
which  some  add  the  telescope.  Among 
other  things  he  wrote  de  natma  elemento- 
rum,  8vo.  &c. 

Drelincourt,  Charles,  a  Calvinist  mi- 
nister, born  at  Sedan,  July,  1595,  and  edu- 
cated there  and  at  Saumur.  Though  a  pro- 
testant  and  a  powerful  enemy  against  the 
papists,  yet  he  was  universally  esteemed 
and  beloved  by  them  there  and  at  Saumur. 
His  discourses  as  a  preacher  were  very 
edifying,  and  his  writings  particularly  con- 
solatory, as  interesting  the  soul  in  that  in- 
ward devotion  and  sincerity  of  prayer  which 
alone  can  prove  acceptable  to  the  God  of 
purity.  Many  of  his  writings,  thirteen  in 
number,  were  controversial.  Besides  these 
he  published  consolations  against  the  fear 
of  death,  which  have  passed  through  more 
than  forty  editions,  and  have  been  transla- 
ted into  various  languages, — his  charitable 
visits,  in  5  vols,  and  3  vols,  of  sermons, 
&c.  all  equally  remarkable  for  the  piety, 
devotion,  and  religious  assertions  with 
which  they  inspire  the  attentive  reader. 
He  died  the  third  of  November,  1669.  He 
married  in  1625,  and  by  his  wife  had  six- 
teen children,  the  first  seven  of  whom  were 
sons,  and  the  rest  six  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters intermixed.  The  eldest  son  Lawrence 
was  an  able  preacher,  and  his  sermons  and 
sonnets  were  greatly  esteemed.  He  died 
1681,  aged  50.  Henry,  the  second  son, 
was  minister,  and  published  also  some  ser- 
mons. The  third  son,  Charles,  was  born 
1633,  at  Paris,  and  became  M.D.  at  Mont- 
pellier,  and  was  appointed  physician  to  the 
king's  forces  in  Flanders  under  Turenne. 
He  was  afterwards  physician  to  William 
and  Mary  of  England,  and  died  at  Leyden, 
May,  1697,  leaving  a  son  of  his  own  name. 
He  was  not  less  esteemed  as  a  private  cha- 
racter than  as  a  medical  man,  as  he  was 
humane,  pious,  benevolent,  and  learned. 
His  treatises  on  his  profession  are  highly 
esteemed.  The  fourth  son  of  Drelincourt, 
Anthony,  was  a  physician  at  Orbeg,  in 
556 


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Switzerland;  the  fifth  died  at  Geneva, 
studying  divinity  ;  the  sixth,  Peter,  died 
dean  of  Armagh  ;  the  other  children  died 
young,  except  a  daughter  who  married 
Malnoc,  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris. 

Dresserus,  Matthew,  a  German,  born 
at  Erfurt,  in  Thuringia,  1536.  He  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at  Erfurt," 
and  afterwards  at  Jena,  and  in  1581,  accept- 
ed the  chair  of  polite  learning  at  Leipsic. 
He  engaged,  though  unwillingly,  in  the 
puerile  disputes  which  in  those  days  divided 
the  attention  of  the  learned  between  the 
disciples  of  Aristotle  and  of  Ramus.  He 
was  learned  and  laborious,  and  by  his  in- 
fluence, the  confession  of  Augsburg  was 
received  in  the  university  of  Leipsic.  He 
died  1607.  He  had  been  twice  married. 
His  writings  were  chiefly  on  controversial 
subjects,  and  are  no  longer  remembered. 

Drevet,  Peter,  two  famous  engravers 
at  Paris,  who  both  died  there,  1739,  the  fa- 
ther, aged  75,  and  the  son  42.  Their  works 
are  highly  esteemed.  Claude,  their  rela- 
tion, possessed  also  merit  in  the  same  line. 

Dreux  du  Radier,  John  Francis,  an 
advocate,  born  at  Chateauneuf  Thimerais 
10th  of  May,  1714.  He  abandoned  the 
bar  for  the  pursuits  of  literature,  but  he 
did  not  gain  much  reputation  as  a  poet,  as 
his  verses  were  dull,  incorrect,  and  prosaic. 
His  prose  writings  are  bibliotheque  histo- 
rique  politique  du  Poitou,  5  vols.  12mo. — 
l'Europe  illustree, — tablettes,  anecdotes 
des  rois  de  France,  3  vols.  12mo. — histoires 
anecdotes  des  reines,  &c.  six  vols.  12mo. 
—He  died  the  first  of  March,  17S0. 
Though  sarcastic  in  his  writings  he  was  a 
benevolent  man  in  his  character. 

Drexelius,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit  of  Augs- 
burgh,  who  died  at  Munich,  1638,  aged  57. 
His  works  were  published  at  Antwerp  two 
vols,  folio.  He  has  a  curious  poem  on  hell 
torments,  in  which  he  calculates  how  many 
souls  can  be  contained  in  a  narrow  space  in 
those  dreadful  regions. 

Driedo,  John,  a  learned  divinity  profes- 
sor of  Louvain,  who  died  there,  1535.  His 
abilities  were  engaged  in  the  opposition  of 
the  Lutheran  Calvinists,  and  he  published 
4  vols.  fol.  on  theological  subjects. 

Drinker,  Edward,  an  American  cente- 
nary, born  Dec.  24th,  1680,  in  a  small 
cabin  where  the  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Second-streets,  Philadelphia,  now  stand. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  he  went  to  Boston  as 
apprentice  to  a  cabinet-maker,  and  in  1745, 
returned  to  Philadelphia,  with  his  family, 
where  he  lived  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was 
four  times  married,  and  had  eighteen  chil- 
dren, all  by  his  first  wife,  and  before  his 
death  he  had  a  grandchild  born  to  one  of 
his  grandchildren,  being  the  fifth  in  suc- 
cession from  himself.  He  retained  all  his 
faculties  to  the  last,  though  his  eyesight 
556 


failed  him  some  time  before  his  death.  He 
lost  all  his  teeth  about  thirty  years  before 
he  died.  In  his  meals  he  was  moderate, 
but  he  ate  often,  and  never  took  any  sup- 
per, and  he  was  never  seen  in  a  state  of 
intoxication.  His  memory  continued  so 
perfect  that  he  could  relate  the  minutest 
events  in  his  youth,  and  never  repeated 
tbem  twice  to  the  same  company.  He  had 
the  unusual  happiness  of  seeing  a  place  of 
desolation,  the  lurking  spot  of  wild  beasts 
and  birds  of  prey,  converted  to  a  handsome, 
populous,  and  flourishing  city,  and  after 
living  under  seven  sovereigns,  and  beholding 
the  great  Penn  establish  his  treaty  with  the 
Indians,  and  the  congress  sign  their  alli- 
ance with  France,  he  hailed  the  day  which 
made  America  a  free  independent  republic. 
This  venerable  man,  deservedly  respected 
for  his  virtues  in  private  life,  died  Nov. 
17th,  1782,  aged  103. 

Drohnger,  Charles  Frederic,  privy 
counsellor  and  librarian  to  the  margrave  of 
Baden  Durlach,  was  admired  as  a  poet  and 
scholar.  He  died  1742,  and  his  poetical 
works  appeared  the  next  year  at  Basil,  in 
8vo.  full  of  energy,  elegance,  and  correct- 
ness. 

Drou,  N.  a  French  advocate,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  eloquence  as  well  as  humanity. 
He  defended  with  zeal  and  ability  the  cause 
of  the  poor  as  well  as  of  the  rich.  He  died 
June,  1783,  much  respected. 

Drouais,  Hubert,  a  painter,  born  at  la 
Rouge,  Normandy,  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  9th, 
1767,  aged  68.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father,  who  was  likewise  a  painter,  and  he 
enjoyed  the  sublimest  of  satisfactions  of 
sharing  with  his  parents  and  in  the  bosom 
of  his  family  the  applauses  which  were 
liberally  bestowed  on  the  exertions  of  his 
pencil.  By  his  genius  and  industry  he 
raised  himself  from  an  humble  situation  to 
fame  and  opulence.  His  son,  Germain 
John,  was  a  painter  of  promising  abilities, 
and  died  at  Rome,  1790,  aged  27. 

Drouet,  Stephen  Francis,  a  laborious 
French  writer,  who  edited  Moreri,  and  also 
Lenglet's  Methode,  &c.  He  died  1779, 
aged  54. 

Drummond,  William,  a  Scotchman,  son 
of  Sir  John  Drummond  of  Hawthornden, 
where  he  was  born,  1585.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  and  in  1606,  he  passed 
over  to  France,  and  studied  civil  law  at 
Bourges.  He,  however,  abandoned  the 
profession  of  the  law  for  the  muses,  and 
for  the  peaceful  retirement  of  Hawthorn- 
den, which  soon  became  disagreeable  to 
him  on  the  sudden  death  of  a  young  lady 
to  whom  he  was  betrothed.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  he  went  to  settle  on  the 
continent,  and  resided  for  eight  years  be- 
tween Rome  and  Paris,  and  travelled  over 
Germany,  Italy,  and  France.  He  visited 
his  country  afterwards,  but  soon  left  it  on 


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account  of  the  civil  broils  of  the  time. 
During  his  retirement  he  wrote  the  history 
of  the  five  James's,  which  was  published 
after  his  death.  He  also  wrote  other  pieces 
which  tended  to  pacify  his  countrymen, 
and  rouse  a  spirit  of  loyalty  through  the 
nation.  He  was  intimate  with  the  learned 
men  of  the  times,  with  Drayton,  Jonson, 
the  marquis  of  Montrose,  &c.  He  married 
in  1644,  and  had  three  children,  and  died 
1649.  His  works,  consisting  of  poetry 
and  prose,  with  his  life  prefixed,  were 
printed  in  folio,  Edinburgh,  1711.  His  son 
William  was  knighted  by  Charles  II. 

Drummond,  Robert  Hay,  second  son  of 
the  seventh  earl  of  Kinnoul,  by  a  daughter 
of  Robert  Harley  lord  Oxford,  was  born 
10th  Nov.,  1711,  at  London,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ-church, 
where  he  was  student.  In  1736  he  took 
orders,  and  the  next  year  was  made  king's 
chaplain,  and  in  1743,  was  abroad  with  the 
king,  before  whom  he  preached  after  the 
battle  of  Dettingen.  His  abilities,  and 
particularly  the  influence  of  his  relations, 
ensured  his  promotion  in  the  church,  he  be- 
came prebendary  of  Westminster,  in  1748 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in  1761  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  and  soon  after  was  translated  to 
York.  He  published  six  occasional  ser- 
mons, besides  a  sensible  letter  on  theologi- 
cal study,  which  was  edited  in  one  vol.  8vo. 
1803,  with  his  life.  He  died  in  1773, 
leaving  only  three  of  several  children  by 
his  wife,  daughter  of  Peter  Auriol,  a  Lon- 
don merchant. 

Drurt,  Robert,  was  shipwrecked  1762, 
in  the  Degrave  East  Indiaman,  on  the 
south  side  of  Madagascar,  where  he  re- 
mained in  slavery  15  years.  On  his  return, 
he  published,  1729,  a  very  interesting  ac- 
count of  that  uncivilized  country,  which, 
though  extraordinary,  is  considered  as 
accurate,  as  it  corresponded  with  the  pa- 
pers of  Mr.  Beubow,  who  shared  the 
calamity.  Three  only  with  Drury  escaped 
the  ferocity  of  the  natives. 

Drurt,  Dru,  a  jeweller  in  the  Strand, 
London,  better  known  as  fellow  of  the 
Linnaean  society,  and  as  a  naturalist,  and 
an  indefatigable  collector  of  curiosities. 
He  died  Jan.  1804,  and  after  his  death 
there  were  found  in  the  neck  of  his  bladder, 
three  large  oval  stones,  more  than  two 
inches  long,  and  one  deep,  nearly  two 
ounces  in  weight.  He  wrote  three  volumes 
on  insects.  It  is  supposed  that  he  was 
descended  from  Dru  Drury,  a  well-known 
character  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Drusilla,  Livia,  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus,  disgraced  herself  by  her  incestuous 
commerce  with  her  brother  Caligula.  She 
died  38  A.  D.  aged  29. 

Drusius,  John,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  at  Oudenard,  1555.  He  was  educated 
itf  Ghent  and  Louvain,  and  upon  his  father's 


settlement  in  England,  came  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  learned  Hebrew.  His  return  to 
France  was  prevented  by  the  Bartholo- 
mew massacre,  and  he  went  by  invitation 
to  Oxford,  where  he  became  professor  of 
the  oriental  languages  for  four  years, 
though  only  22.  He  afterwards  studied 
law  at  Louvain,  and  settled  at  Leyden,  as 
professor  of  oriental  languages,  where  he 
married,  and  then  removed  in  1 585,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  scantiness  of  his  salary, 
to  Franeker,  where  he  filled  the  professor's 
chair  with  great  credit  till  his  death,  in 
1616.  He  was  very  learned  in  Hebrew, 
and  in  the  Jewish  antiquities,  and  the  text 
of  the  Old  Testament,  as  his  works  fully 
evince.  He  had  two  daughters  and  one 
son.  One  of  the  daughters  married  Curi- 
ander,  who  wrote  the  life  of  his  father-in- 
law.  His  son  was  so  well  skilled  in  the 
learned  languages,  that  he  could  write  at 
12  extempore  in  verse  and  prose,  and  at  17 
he  made  a  Latin  speech  to  James  I.  which 
was  much  applauded.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  21,  of  the  stone.  He  left  some  learned 
works,  so  excellent  that  Scaliger  declared 
that  Drusius  the  son,  knew  Hebrew  better 
than  his  father. 

Drusus,  son  of  Germanicus,  was  put  to 
death  by  Tiberius  through  the  intrigues  of 
Sejanus,  A.  D.  93. 

Drusus,  M.  Livius,  an  ambitious  Ro- 
man, murdered  for  his  attempts  to  recom- 
mend and  enforce  the  Agrarian  law,  B.  C. 
190. 

Drusus,  Nero  Claudius,  brother  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius,  was  honoured  with  a 
triumph  for  his  victories  in  Germany,  and 
diedB.  C.  9J,  aged  30. 

Drusus,  son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania, 
was  banished  by  the  intrigues  of  Sejanus, 
whom  in  a  fit  of  resentment  he  had  struck, 
A.  D.  23. 

Dryander,  John,  a  physician  and  mathe- 
matician of  Wetteren  in  Hesse,  lecturer  at 
Marpurg,  where  he  died  20th  December, 
1560.  His  works  are  valuable  on  medicine 
and  mathematics,  and  his  discoveries  in 
astronomy  and  his  invention  of  mathema- 
tical instruments  are  important. 

Drtden,  John,  an  illustrious  English 
poet,  was  born  of  a  very  respectable  fami- 
ly at  Aldwincle,  near  Oundle,  Northamp- 
tonshire, the  9th  of  Aug.  1631.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster,  under  Busby, 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He 
early  gave  proof  of  superior  poetical  abili- 
ties, and  even  while  at  school,  translated 
the  third  satire  of  Persius,  and  wrote  a 
poom  on  the  death  of  Lord  Hastings.  In 
1658,  he  published  heroic  stanzas  on 
Cromwell,  and  in  1660,  Astrea  redux,  on 
the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  In  1662,  he 
addressed  a  poem  to  chancellor  Hyde,  and 
published  his  satire  on  the  Dutch.  In 
1666,  appeared  his  Annus-mirabilis,  and 
557 


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DKV 


in  166S,  he  was,  on  the  death  of  Davenaut, 
appointed  poet  laureate  and  historiographer 
to  the  king.  He  next  wrote  his  essay  on 
dramatic  poetry,  inscribed  to  the  earl  of 
Dorset,  and  in  1669,  appeared  his  first 
play,  "  The  wild  gallant,"  which  was  not 
well  received,  but  ill  success  did  not  how- 
ever discourage  him,  as  in  the  space  of  25 
years  he  produced  27  plays.  He  was  sati- 
rized and  ridiculed  in  1671,  under  the  cha- 
racter of  Bays  in  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham's comedy  of  the  Rehearsal,  an  attack 
which  he  affected  to  despise,  but  which  he 
fully  resented  by  representing  the  duke  as 
Zirari  in  his  Absalom  and  Achitophel.     In 

1679,  he  published  with  lord  Mulgrave  his 
essay  on  satire,  but  as  it  reflected  on  the 
character  of  the  dutchess  of  Portsmouth 
and  lord  Rochester,  three  men  were  hired 
soundly  to  cudgel  him  for  his  insolence,  in 
Will's  coffeerhouse,   Covent  garden.      In 

1680,  he  was  concerned  in  the  translation 
of  some  of  Ovid's  epistles,  and  the  next 
year  he  published  his  celebrated  poem  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel,  in  which  he  satirized 
severely  the  rebels  who  espoused  the  cause 
of  Monmouth  against  the  king.  The  king 
appeared  under  the  name  of  David,  Mon- 
mouth of  Absalom,  Shaftesbury  of  Achito- 
phel, and  Buckingham  of  Zimri.  This 
poem  was  deservedly  popular,  and  was 
translated  into  Latin  verse  by  both  Dr. 
Coward  and  the  famous  Atterbury,  but  the 
author  never  could  be  prevailed  upon  to 
finish  the  story,  as  he  was  unwilling  to 
show  Absalom  unfortunate.  A  second 
part  indeed  was  written  by  Tate,  to  which 
Dryden  contributed  about  200  lines,  but 
far  inferior  to  the  first.  In  1681  appeared 
the  Medal,  a  satire  against  sedition,  in 
consequence  of  Shaftesbury's  acquittal, 
and  the  next  year  Religio  laici  was  pub- 
lished, and  in  1683,  the  tragedy  of  the 
duke  of  Guise,  which  proved  so  offensive 
to  the  whigs.  The  translation  of  Maim- 
bourg's  history  of  the  league  was  publish- 
ed in  1684,  and  the  next  year  Dryden 
changed  his  religion  to  please  his  patron 
James  II.  His  conduct  deservedly  expo- 
sed him  to  the  ridicule  and  satire  of  the 
wits  of  the  times,  and  particularly  T. 
Browne,  Burnet,  and  Stillingfleet,  whose 
attacks  he  wished  to  repel  by  defending 
the  Romish  faith.  His  Hind  and  Panther 
was  published  in  1687,  but  while  he  repre- 
sents the  church  of  Rome  under  the  former 
beast,  and  under  the  latter  the  church  of 
England,  he  betrays  weakness  of  argu- 
ment, and  a  gross  abuse  of  poetical  talents, 
and  his  ridiculous  allusions  are  well  and 
humorously  exposed  in  "  the  hind  and  pan- 
ther travestied  to  the  story  of  the  coun- 
try mouse  and  city  mouse,"  by  the  united 
labours  of  Montague,  lord  Halifax,  and  of 
Prior.  The  Britannia  rediviva  appeared 
in  168S,  and  on  that  year  the  poet,  in  con- 

558 


sequence  of  his  religion,  was  removed 
from  the  appointment  of  laureate,  which 
was  bestowed  on  Shadwell.  Lord  Dorset, 
however,  behaved  with  great  liberality, 
and  while  as  chamberlain  he  dismissed  the. 
catholic  poet,  he  allowed  a  pension  out  of 
his  own  pocket  equivalent  to  the  royal 
salary.  The  spleen  of  Dryden  on  this  oc- 
casion was  discharged  with  astonishing 
efficacy  on  his  successor  in  the  Mac  Fleck- 
noe,  a  satire,  the  severest  that  has  appear- 
ed in  any  country  or  language.  About 
this  time  he  translated  lather  Bouhour's 
life  of  Xavier,  and  in  1693,  he  published 
the  Juvenal  of  Persius,  assisted  by  some 
of  his  friends.  In  1695,  he  translated  in 
prose  du  Fresnoy's  art  of  painting,  and  two 
years  after  his  V irgil  appeared,  a  work 
which  has  in  various  editions  continued 
to  command  the  public  admiration,  and 
which,  as  Pope  observes,  is,  notwithstand- 
ing some  human  errors,  the  most  noble 
and  spirited  translation  in  any  language. 
In  1698,  he  published  his  fables,  ancient 
and  modern,  from  Homer,  Ovid,  Boccace, 
and  Chaucer.  Besides  these  numerous 
works,  he  was  engaged  in  the  translation 
of  some  of  Plutarch's  lives  and  various 
other  miscellanies.  This  great  man  died 
in  consequence  of  the  inflammation  in  his 
foot,  caused  by  the  growing  of  his  nail  un- 
der the  flesh,  May  the  1st,  1701,  and  he 
was  interred  in  Westminster  abbey,  where 
a  monument  was  erected  over  his  remains 
by  John  Sheffield,  duke  of  Buckingham. 
He  had  married  lady  Elizabeth  Howard, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Berkshire,  who  sur- 
vived him  eight  years,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons,  Charles,  John,  and  Henry. 
The  eldest  was  usher  of  the  palace  to 
pope  Clement  II.  and  soon  after  his  return 
to  England,  was  drowned  in  the  Thames, 
near  Windsor,  1704.  He  had  written 
some  pieces.  John  was  the  author  of 
"  the  Husband  his  own  Cuckold,"  a  come- 
dy, printed  1696.  Henry  entered  into  a 
religious  order.  It  is  said  in  Wilson's 
memoirs  of  Congreve,  that  Dryden's  re- 
mains were  indecently  insulted  by  Jefferies, 
the  dissipated  son  of  the  chancellor,  who 
upon  the  pretence  of  paying  greater  ho- 
nour to  the  deceased  poet,  stopped  the  fu- 
neral in  the  midst  of  the  procession,  and 
afterwards  disdainfully  left  it  to  the  care  of 
an  undertaker.  Dryden's  character  as  a 
prose  writer  is  as  well  established  as  that 
of  a  poet.  His  dedications,  essays,  pre- 
faces, &c.  are  very  elegant  and  masterly 
productions,  and  display  great  powers  of 
judgment,  criticism,  and  erudition.  His 
poems  prove  him  one  of  the  greatest  poets 
of  his  country,  and  as  Congreve  says,  no 
man  has  written  in  any  language,  so  much 
and  so  various  matter,  and  in  so  various 
manners,  so  well.  His  ode  on  St.  Cecilia's 
day,  and  his  fables,  though  composed   in 


DUB 


1>LB 


the  latter  part  of  life,  show  him  in  imagi- 
nation and  fire  even  greater  than  himself. 
For  the  correctness  of  his  prose  he  owned 
himself  indebted  to  the  frequent  reading  of 
Tillotson's  excellent  writings.  His  drama- 
tic works  are  perhaps  the  least  valuable  of 
his  poetry,  and  he  confesses  himself  to  be 
not  very  fit  for  that  sort  of  writing,  in 
which  his  predecessors  had  shone  so  supe- 
rior to  himself.  The  great  fault,  and  pro- 
bably the  only  fault  which  criticism  can  ob- 
serve in  his  works, is  the  astonishing  rapidi- 
ty with  which  he  composed,  which  conse- 
quently prevented  correctness,  and  all  the 
accuracy  which  must  arise  from  frequent 
meditation  and  impartial  revision.  If  he 
had  written  but  the  tenth  part  of  what  he 
has  published,  his  name  would  have  stood 
high  in  the  list  of  fame,  and  if  he  had  ap- 
plied himself  only  to  one  species  of  the 
various  subjects  on  which  he  has  treated, 
still  he  would  have  appeared  a  most  respect- 
able and  eminent  author,  entitled  to  pre- 
ference and  distinction.  Dr.  Johnson's 
critique  on  Dryden  is  well  worth  the  most 
attentive  perusal. 

Duane,  James,  district  judge  of  the 
United  States  for  New-York,  was  a  lawyer 
of  eminence  in  that  state,  and  was  chosen 
a  member  of  congress  in  1774.  He  dis- 
approved of  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, and  by  that  means  lessened  his 
popularity,  though  he  still  continued  to  en- 
joy a  large  share  of  public  confidence. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  state  constitution  in  1777,  and 
after  the  revolution,  mayor  of  the  city  of 
New- York.  He  was  one  of  the  conven- 
tion which  ratified  the  federal  constitution, 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  state 
when  he  was  appointed  judge  in  October, 
1789.  He  died  at  Albany,  in  February, 
1797.  ICF3  L. 

Duaren,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  born 
at  St.  Brienne,  in  Bretagne,  1509.  He 
taught  civil  law  at  Bourges,  where  he  died, 
1559.  His  works,  which  are  chiefly  on 
law,  were  published  in  his  lifetime,  Lyons, 
1554,  and  after  his  death,  a  more  complete 
edition  appeared  by  his  scholar  Cisner, 
1579. 

Dubocage,  Mary  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady,  born  at  Rouen,  1710.  She  early  dis- 
played her  poetical  powers,  by  a  spirited 
translation  into  French  of  Pope's  Temple 
of  Fame,  and  afterwards  of  Milton's  Para- 
dise Lost,  and  of  the  Death  of  Abel.  Her 
Amazons,  a  tragedy,  was  received  with 
flattering  applause  in  1749,  and  soon  after 
her  Columbiad,  an  epic  poem  in  10  cantos, 
on  the  discovery  of  America,  proved  her 
to  be  animated  by  the  strongest  fire  of  the 
muses.  She  published  besides,  her  travels 
through  England,  Holland,  and  Italy,  in 
the  form  of  letters,  and  also  the  compo- 
sition which  obtained  the  first  prize  grant- 


ed by  the  Rouen  academy  in  1746.  She 
was  member  of  the  learned  academies  of 
Rome,  Bologna,  Padua,  Lyons,  Rouen,  &c. 
and  died,  August,  1802.  Her  works  were 
collected  in  3  vols.  Lyons. 

Dubois,  William  du,  a  French  prelate, 
son  of  an  apothecary  at  Limosin.  Though 
originally  but  a  valet  in  St.  Michael's  col- 
lege, Paris,  he  rose  to  consequence  by  the 
influence  of  the  regent  Orleans,  to  whom 
he  was  reader,  and  afterwards  preceptor, 
and  whom  he  ably  supported  in  all  his 
schemes  of  licentious  pleasure,  and  of  wild 
ambition.  In  1693,  he  obtained  the  rich 
abbey  of  St.  Just,  and  afterwards  became 
counsellor  of  state,  and  in  1717,  passed  as 
ambassador  to  England  to  sign  the  triple 
alliance.  He  was  next  appointed  minister 
and  secretary  of  state,  presented  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Cambray,  in  1721,  made 
a  cardinal,  and  in  1722,  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  prime  minister.  He  died  1723, 
aged  67,  leaving  behind  him  the  unamiable 
character  of  a  mean  intriguing  politician, 
of  an  immoral  priest,  and  a  designing  hy- 
pocrite. 

Dubois,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  Annesley, 
afterwards  earl  of  Anglesea,  by  Anne 
Sympson,  married  a  musician,  and  endea- 
voured by  her  writings  to  reclaim  her 
rights  and  privileges  from  her  father,  who 
had  meanly  denied  his  marriage  with  her 
mother,  and  disowned  her  as  his  child. 
She  wrote  the  divorce,  a  musical  enter- 
tainment,— and  Theodora,  a  novel,  2  vols. 
1770,  in  which  she  delineates  her  unfortu- 
nate history.     She  died  at  Dublin,  1774. 

Dubois,  Simon,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  came  to  England,  where  he  met  great 
encouragement.  His  battles,  cattle,  &c. 
were  highly  finished.     He  died  1708. 

Dubos,  Charles  Francis,  a  Frenchman, 
author  of  the  life  of  Barillon,  bishop  of 
Lucon.  He  continued  the  Lucon  confer- 
ences in  17  vols.  12mo.  and  died  1724, 
dean  of  St.  Lucon,  aged  63. 

Dubos,  John  Baptist,  abbot  of  Resons, 
died  1742,  aged  72.  He  wrote  critical  re- 
flections on  poetry  and  painting,  2  vols. 
12mo. — critical  history  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  French  monarchy  in  Gaul,  be- 
sides some  political  pieces,  &c. 

Dubos,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
representation  of  hell  was  finished  with 
such  effect  that  it  struck  astonishment  and 
terror  Into  the  spectators.  He  lived  in  the 
beginning  of  the  16tli  century. 

Duboucher,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Dax, 
who  published  some  law  tracts,  besides  a 
poem  on  friendship,  a  drama,  and  an  opera 
in  three  acts.     He  died  1801. 

Dubrau,  or  Dubravius  Scala,  John, 
bishop  of  Olmutz  in  Moravia,  was  born  at 
Piltzen  in  Bohemia,  and  died  1553.  He 
was  employed  as  ambassador  in  Silesia, 
and  was  the  author  of  some  learned  works', 
559 


DUC 


DUG 


especially  a  valuable  history  of  Bohemia, 
in  33  books,  edited  1575,  and  afterwards 
improved,  Frankfort  1688. 

Due,  Fronton  du,  Fronto  Ductus,  a  Je- 
suit of  Bourdeaux,  well  known  as  a  learn- 
ed critic  and  an  excellent  Greek  scholar. 
He  devoted  his  time  to  study,  devotion, 
and  abstinence.  He  is  the  editor  of  Chry- 
sostom's  works,  six  vols.  fol.  1613, — three 
volumes  of  controversy, — of  the  history 
tragique  de  la  pucelle  d'Orleans,  &c.  He 
died  of  the  stone  at  Paris  27th  September, 
1624.  A  stone  weighing  five  ounces  was 
found  in  his  bladder. 

Due,  John  le,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
1636,  at  the  Hague,  where  he  was  director 
of  the  academy  of  painting.  He  was  the 
disciple  of  Paul  Potter,  and  equalled  his 
master  in  execution. 

Ducarel,  Andrew  Coltee,  a  learned  an- 
tiquarian, born  at  Greenwich,  1714,  and 
educated  at  Eton,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  He  became  member  of  Doctor's 
Commons  1743,  and  married  1749.  In 
1757  he  was  made  Lambeth  librarian  under 
the  primate  Hutton,  and  he  devoted  himself 
with  great  care  and  assiduity  in  perfecting 
and  improving  the  catalogues  of  that  valu- 
able collection.  Of  all  his  preferments 
that  which  pleased  him  most  was  his  com- 
missariate  of  St.  Catharine's,  of  which  pe- 
culiar he  has  given  a  very  elaborate  history, 
with  beautiful  engravings.  He  was  so  de- 
voted to  the  pursuit  of  antiquities,  that  he 
generally  travelled  every  year  in  company 
with  his  friend  Samuel  Gale,  Esquire,  with 
a  Camden's  Britannia  and  a  set  of  maps, 
and  by  proceeding  about  15  miles  a  day, 
enjoyed  the  opportunity  of  examining  every 
place  with  leisure  and  accuracy.  He  was 
a  very  cheerful  and  hospitable  man,  and  of 
his  knowledge  of  antiquities  the  best  spe- 
cimen is  his  history  of  Croydon  palace,  and 
of  Lambeth,  besides  the  account  of  Doc- 
tor's Commons,  which  he  did  not  live  to 
complete.  He  died  three  days  after  his 
return  from  his  visitation  as  official  of  Can- 
terbury, at  South  Lambeth,  aged  72,  29th 
May,  1785. 

Ducart,  Isaac,  a  flower  painter,  born 
at  Amsterdam.  He  painted  generally  on 
satin,  and  with  extraordinary  effect.  He 
died  1727,  aged  67. 

Ducas,  Michael,  a  Greek  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  Grecian  empire 
from  Andronicus  the  elder  to  the  fall  of 
the  empire.  Though  his  language  is  harsh 
and  inelegant,  yet  he  relates  with  accuracy 
and  impartia'ity.  The  work  was  printed 
at  the  Louvre,  fol.  1649,  and  translated  by 
Cousin  into  French  1672. 

Duchal,   James,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  in  Ireland  1697,  and  educated  at  Glas- 
gow,  where    he  took  the   degree   of  D.D. 
After  being  1 1  years  minister  of  a  dissent- 
560 


iug  congregation  at  Cambridge,  on  the  re- 
moval of  his  friend  Abernethy  from  An- 
trim, he  succeeded  him  there,  and  at  his 
death  was  chosen  minister  of  the  congre- 
gation in  Wood-street,  Dublin.  He  died 
1761.  In  the  decline  of  life  he  wrote 
above  700  sermons,  out  of  which  were  se- 
lected the  three  vols.  8vo.  published  1764. 
During  his  life  he  published  a  volume  of 
sermons. 

Duchange,  Gaspard,  a  French  engraver, 
who  died  6tu  January,  1757,  aged  97.  Af- 
ter engaging  on  the  engraving  of  Leda,  Io, 
and  Danae,  without  draperies,  he  executed 
the  driving  of  the  money-changers,  and 
the  Pharisee's  supper.  The  palaces  of 
France  are  adorned  with  the  best  of  his 
pieces. 

Duchat,  Jacob  le,  a  Frenchman  born  at 
Metz  1658.  He  followed  the  profession 
of  the  bar  till  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  in  1701,  he  settled  at  Berlin, 
where  he  died,  1735.  He  was  learned,  and 
he  is  known  rather  as  an  editor  than  an 
author.  He  edited  the  Menippean  satires, 
the  works  of  Rabelais,  &c.  and  contribu- 
ted much  to  the  completion  of  his  friend 
Bayle's  dictionary.  A  book  called  Duca- 
tiana  appeared  at  Amsterdam  1738,  two 
vols.  12mo. 

Duchatel,  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  the 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  his  able 
and  manly  defence  of  the  unfortunate 
Lewis  XVI.  These  honourable  efforts  in 
the  cause  of  innocence  were  regarded  by 
the  tyrants  with  envy,  and  Duchatel  falsely 
accused  of  holding  a  treasonable  corres- 
pondence with  the  Vendean  rebels,  was 
guillotined  November,  1793. 

Duchatelet-d'Haraucourt,  Lewis 
Marie  Florent  due,  a  native  of  Saumur, 
who  became  colonel  in  the  French  army, 
and  was  one  of  the  deputies  in  the  na- 
tional assembly.  He  was  imprisoned  for 
his  attachment  to  his  royal  master  on  the 
10th  August,  and  fell  on  the  scaffold  No- 
vember, 1792,  aged  66.  He  left  memoirs 
of  his  mission  as  ambassador  in  England, 
lately  published. 

Duche  de  Vanct,  Joseph  Francis,  a 
French  poet  born  at  Paris  29th  October, 
1668.  He  was  patronised  by  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  and  he  engaged  and  ensured 
universal  respect  by  the  mildness  of  his 
manners,  his  inoffensive  conduct,  and  his 
genuine  wit,  never  directed  against  virtue 
or  religion.  He  was  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres, 
and  died  14th  December,  1704,  aged  37. 
He  wrote  three  tragedies,  Jonathan,  Ab- 
salom, and  Deborah,  besides  ballets  and 
pieces  for  the  opera,  which  had  great 
merit,  and  were  received  with  universal 
applause.  His  hymns,  sacred  canticles, 
and  edifying  stories,  composed  for  the 
pupils  at  St.  Cyr,  possess  great  excellence. 


UUC 


DUD 


Duck,  Arthur,  a  civilian  bom  in  Devon- 
shire 1580,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
and  Hart-hall,  Oxford.  He  became  fellow 
of  All-souls,  and  took  his  degrees  in  law, 
and,  after  travelling  through  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  he  was  made  chancellor  of 
Bath  and  Wells,  afterwards  of  London, 
and  then  master  of  the  requests.  He  suf- 
fered much  during  the  civil  wars  for  his 
attachment  to  the  royal  family,  and  died 
in  his  retirement  at  Chiswick  1649.  He 
wrote  Vita  Henrici  Chichele,  &c. — et  de 
usu  et  authoritate  juris  civilis  Romanorum 
in  dominiis  principium  Christianorum,  a 
useful  book,  often  reprinted. 

Duck,  Stephen,  a  poet  of  extraordinary 
fortune,  who  from  a  thrasher  became  the 
respectable  minister  of  a  parish.  Though 
little  blessed  with  education,  he  was  natu- 
rally endowed  with  a  strong  mind  and  per- 
severing temper  ;  and  at  the  age  of  24  he 
began  to  apply  himself  laboriously  to  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge,  and  devoted  to 
retired  study  those  few  hours  which  he 
could  spare  from  the  active  and  menial  oc- 
cupation of  a  servant.  By  little  and  little 
he  purchased  a  few  and  necessary  books, 
and,  with  a  scanty  library  and  great  applica- 
tion, he  became  something  of  a  poet  and 
of  a  philosopher.  The  lines  of  Milton 
enriched  his  imagination,  and  the  correct- 
ness of  Addison's  Spectators  improved  his 
understanding,  and  helped  him  in  the  re- 
gular disposition  of  his  thoughts.  By  de- 
grees his  poetical  attempts  became  respect- 
able, and,  by  being  reported  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood, were  made  known  to  some  of 
the  clergy,  and  at  last  to  queen  Caroline, 
who,  pleased  with  him,  settled  a  pension 
of  30/.  upon  him,  and  thus  enabled  him 
not  only  to  live  independently,  but  to  take 
orders  ;  after  which  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  By  fleet,  Surry.  In  this  new 
office  he  behaved  with  great  propriety  ;  he 
was  followed  as  a  preacher,  and  respect- 
ed as  a  man ;  but  his  spirits  sunk  into  a 
dreadful  melancholy,  and,  in  an  unfortu- 
nate moment,  robbed  of  his  reason,  he 
threw  himself  from  a  bridge,  near  Read- 
ing, into  the  Thames,  and  was  drowned, 
May  or  June,  1756.  His  poems  have 
been  published  ;  and  though  he  was  not  a 
first-rate  poet,  yet  he  possessed  merit, 
and  deserved  the  censure  of  the  cynical 
Swift. 

Duclos,  Charles  Dineau,  historiographer 
of  France,  and  secretary  to  the  French 
academy,  was  born  at  Dinant,  in  Bre- 
tagne,  1705,  and  educated  at  Paris.  In 
1744  he  was  mayor  of  Dinant,  and  in  1755 
received  a  patent  of  nobility,  and  died 
26th  March,  1772,  respected  and  beloved. 
Though  considered  as  one  of  the  philoso- 
phers of  France,  he  proved  by  his  conduct, 
writings,  and  conversation,  that  he  was 
moderate  in  his  opinions  and  the  friend  of 

Vol.  I.  71 


morality  and  virtue.  He  never  published 
any  thing  as  historiographer,  and  observed, 
that  he  never  would  ruin  himself  by  speak- 
ing truth,  nor  debase  himself  by  flattery. 
His  history  of  Lewis  XV.  was,  after  his 
death,  lodged  in  the  hands  of  the  minister. 
His  works  are  romances,  ingenious  and  in- 
teresting— the  confessions  of  count  *** — 
the  baroness  de  Luz — history  of  Lewis  XI. 
3  vols.  12mo. — memoirs  on  the  manners  of 
the  18th  century — Acajou,  &c.  Though 
he  took  Tacitus  for  his  model,  he  resem- 
bles him  little  in  his  delineation  of  cha- 
racters, and  the  interest  of  his  narrative. 
He  was  also  engaged  in  the  dictionary  of 
the  academy,  and  in  the  continuation  of 
the  history  of  that  society. 

Duclos,  Mary  Ann,  a  French  actress  of 
great  merit,  born  at  Paris.  She  excelled 
chiefly  in  the  representations  of  queens 
and  princesses,  and  for  many  years  en- 
gaged the  public  applause.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Chateauneuf;  that  of  Duclos 
was  assumed  ;  and  she  married,  in  1730, 
Duchemin,  an  actor,  from  whom  she  was 
divorced  three  years  after.  She  died  at 
Paris  1748,  aged  78. 

Ducreux,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  eminent 
as  a  painter.  He  was  at  Vienna  to  take 
portraits  of  the  imperial  family.  He  died 
at  Paris  of  an  apoplexy,  1 802,  aged  64. 

Ducroist,  Philibert  Gassaud,  a  French 
actor,  intimate  with  Moliere.  It  was  for 
him  that  the  poet  wrote  the  excellent  cha- 
racter of  his  Tartuffe. 

Dudeffant,  N.  a  French  lady,  well 
known  in  Paris  for  her  knowledge  of  criti- 
cism, her  elegant  taste,  and  her  pleasing 
and  agreeable  manners.  She  was  acquaint- 
ed with  all  the  learned  men  of  the  times, 
who  frequented  her  house.  She  died  1780, 
aged  84,  the  last  thirty  of  which  she  had 
been  blind. 

Dudith,  Andrew,  a  divine,  born  at  Bu- 
da,  in  Hungary,  6th  Februry,  1533,  and 
employed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  affairs  of 
importance,  and  rewarded  with  the  bishop- 
ric of  Tina,  in  Dalmatia.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  of  such  application 
that  he  is  said  to  have  transcribed  three 
times  the  works  of  Cicero,  to  make  him- 
self perfec.  master  of  his  style  and  man- 
ner. He  was  deputy  at  the  council  of 
Trent,  where  he  became  intimate  with  car- 
dinal Pole  ;  and  at  his  return  he  embraced 
the  protestant  religion,  resigned  his  bishop- 
ric, and  married  one  of  the  queen's  maids 
of  honour,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  who 
gave  him  great  trouble.  After  her  death 
he  married  a  second  time,  and  died  23d 
February,  1589.  His  works  on  physic, 
controversy,  and  poetry,  are  numerous, 
and  possess  merit.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  mildness,  benevolence,  and  regu- 
larity. 

Dudley,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  lawyer 
56  i 


DUD 


DUD 


Roman  empire,  and  ten  years  after  he  was 
enrolled  by  pope  Urban  VIII.  among  the 
Roman  nobility.  These  high  honours  were 
deserved  by  the  services  which  he  perform- 
ed for  his  patrons.  He  formed  the  plan  for 
draining  the  extensive  morass  between  Pisa 
and  the  sea,  and  by  his  wise  regulations  he 
raised  Leghorn  from  an  insignificant  town, 
to  a  respectable  and  populous  sea-port.  He 
lived  in  great  magnificence,  and  to  his  titles 
assumed  that  of  duke  of  Northumberland. 
He  died  at  his  castle  of  Corbello,  three 
miles  from  Florence,  Sept.  1659.  In  phi- 
losophy, chymistry,  and  physic,  he  was  as 
eminent  as  in  politics.  The  account  of 
his  voyage  is  published  in  Hackluyt's  col- 
lection, and  his  principal  work  besides  is 
"del  arcano  del  mare,"  &c.  Florence  1630, 
1646.  It  is  very  valuable  for  its  charts  and 
plans,  and  for  projects  there  offered  for  the 
improvement  of  commerce  and  navigation. 
He  also  wrote  a  proposition  to  bridle  the 
impertinence  of  parliaments,  &c.  which  was 
submitted  to  James,  and  which  was  intend- 
ed to  pave  the  recall  of  the  intriguing  au- 
thor to  England  ;  but  instead  of  being  ap- 
proved it  drew  upon  him  the  censure  of 
politicians,  and  was  made  a  charge  of  in- 
direct accusation  against  James  and  his  un- 
fortunate son.  Though  he  left  his  wife 
lady  Alice  and  four  daughters  in  England, 
yet  he  afterwards,  by  a  dispensation  from 
the  pope,  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
sir  Robert  Southwell,  a  young  lady  who 
had  accompanied  him  in  his  exile  in  the 
habit  of  a  page,  and  who  atoned  for  the 
follies  and  the  immodest  conduct  of  her 
youth,  by  the  exemplary  deportment  of  a 
respectable  matron.  By  her  he  had  a  son, 
Charles,  who  called  himself  earl  of  War- 
wick, and  four  daughters. 

Dudley,  Thomas,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  a  native  of  Northampton, 
England,  and  born  in  1574.  He  came  to 
Massachusetts  in  1630,  as  deputy  governor, 
and  in  the  years  1634,  1640,  and  1645,  held 
the  seat  of  the  chief  magistrate.  He  un- 
happily, like  many  of  his  cotemporaries,  in- 
dulged a  spirit  of  persecution  toward  such 
as  were  deemed  heretics.  His  life  was,  in 
other  repects,  highly  exemplary,  and  useful 
to  the  colony.  He  died  at  Roxbury  in 
1653.  ICZP  L. 

Dudley,  Joseph,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  a  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  1647,  and  educated  at  Harvard  college. 
In  1682  he  visited  England  as  an  agent  for 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1686  was  appointed 
president  of  that  province  and  of  New- 
Hampshire.  He  had  however  scarcely 
entered  on  the  exercise  of  the  office  before 
he  was  superseded  by  Andross.  Visiting 
England  again  in  1689,  he  soon  after  re- 
turned with  an  appointment  to  the  office  of 
chief  justice  of  New- York  ;  after  occupying 
that  station  three  years,  he  again  crossed  the 
5€4 


Atlantic,  and  for  eight  years  held  the  office 
of  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Being  appointed  by  queen  Anne  governor 
of  Massachusetts  in  1702,  he  returned  to 
Boston  in  June  of  that  year,  and  continued 
to  govern  the  province  till  November,  1715. 
After  having  lived  to  the  advanced  age  of 
seventy-two  years,  an  ornament  to  his 
country  bj  his  superior  talents,  learning, 
and  piety,  he  died  at  Roxbury,  April  2d, 
1720.  fCP  L. 

Dudley,  Paul,  F.R.S.  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  and  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Roxbury,  in  1673,  and  finished 
his  education  at  Harvard  College  in  1690. 
After  some  years  attention  to  law  in  the 
province,  he  visitedEngland  to  complete  his 
studies  at  the  temple.  In  1702,  being  ap- 
pointed attorney  general,  he  returned  to 
Massachusetts,  and  employed  himself  in 
the  duties  of  that  office  till  1718,  when  he 
was  advanced  to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
supreme  Court,  and  some  time  afterwards, 
to  the  station  of  chief  justice.  His  fine 
talents,  extensive  knowledge,  integrity,  and 
piety,  procured  him  the  high  respect  of  the 
people.  He  was  a  friend  to  literature  and 
religion,  and  left  a  bequest  to  Harvard  col- 
lege for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  yearly 
lecture  to  be  delivered  at  that  institution  in 
defence  of  Christianity.  He  died  at  Rox- 
bury in  1751.  ICP  L. 

Duffet,  Thomas,  from  the  profession 
of  a  milliner,  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  dramatic 
writer.  He  travestied  Dryden,  Shadwell, 
and  Settle,  but  his  plays,  which  for  a  while 
commanded  the  public  attention,  have  long 
since  been  forgotten.  His  mock  tempest, 
Psyche,  Emperors  of  Morocco,  are  men- 
tioned, but  they  lived  for  a  day.  He  flourish- 
ed in  the  17th  century,  but  the  time  of  his 
death  is  not  mentioned. 

Dufresne,  Abraham  Alexis  Quinault, 
a  French  actor  of  eminence.  The  noblest 
characters  of  the  theatre  were  exhibited  by 
him  with  great  success,  but  it  is  remarka- 
ble that  in  private  life,  he  could  scarce  for- 
get the  authority  which  he  exercised  as  a 
theatrical  monarch.   He  died  1767,  aged  72. 

Dufresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse,  a  native 
of  Paris,  who  acquired  some  eminence  as 
a  painter,  and  as  a  poet.  He  died  of  a 
paralytic  stroke,  1665,  aged  54. 

Dufresny,  Charles  Riviere,  a  native  of 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  IV.  from 
his  great  resemblance  to  that  monarch. 
He  was  employed  about  the  court,  in  lay- 
ing out  the  garden  and  pleasure  grounds, 
and  when  dismissed  he  became  a  dramatic 
writer.  His  works  were  published  in  six 
volumes,  12mo.  He  died  very  poor,  1724, 
aged  86. 

Dugard,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Bromsgrove,  Worcestershire, 
1606,  and  educated  at  Worcester  school, 
and  Sydney  college,   Cambridge.      About 


DUG 


BUG 


1631  he  was  appointed  master  of  Stamford 
school,  and  in  1637  master  of  Colchester 
school,  and  1644  master  of  Merchant  tai- 
lors', London.  He  was  displaced  for  as- 
sisting in  the  printing  of  Salmasius's  de- 
fence, and  was  imprisoned  in  Newgate, 
and  his  wife  and  children  reduced  to  po- 
verty, 1650.  Upon  his  release  he  opened  a 
private  school,  the  same  year,  and  the  fol- 
lowing September  was  reinstated  at  Mer- 
chant taiiors'.  In  1662,  however,  he  was 
ejected  for  the  violation  of  some  of  the 
rules,  and  opened  a  school  in  Coleman- 
street,  where  he  had  193  scholars.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  much  and 
deservedly  esteemed  as  a  teacher.  He 
died  1682.  His  "  Lexicon  Graeci  Testa- 
menti"  has  been  improved  and  edited  by 
Bowyer.  He  wrote  besides  a  compendium 
of  rhetoric,  a  Greek  grammar,  a  selection 
of  Lucian's  dialogues,  &c. 

Dugdale,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  his- 
torian and  antiquary,  born  at  Shustoke, 
near  Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  12th  Sept. 
1605.  He  was  educated  at  Coventry 
grammar-school,  and  instructed  by  his 
father  in  civil  law  and  history.  In  1623  he 
married  at  his  father's  request,  and  two 
years  after  settled  at  Blythe-hall,  near 
Coleshill,  on  an  estate  which  he  purchased. 
He  devoted  himself  deeply  to  the  study  of 
antiquities,  and  in  1638  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, and  by  the  influence  of  his  friends 
Hatton  and  Spelman,  he  procured  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  Heralds'  office.  In  this 
favourite  retreat  he  had  the  means  of  im- 
proving his  collections,  and  by  the  encou- 
ragement of  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  he  was 
employed  in  taking  draughts  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  English  cathedrals,  which 
were  afterwards  deposited  in  the  library 
of  his  friends.  He  was  with  Charles  at 
the  battle  of  Edge-hill,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Oxford,  where  he  was  in  1642,  made  M.  A. 
Upon  the  reduction  of  Oxford,  he  returned 
to  London,  and  after  compounding  for  his 
estate  he  applied  himself  laboriously  with 
his  friend  Dodsworth  in  completing  their 
collection  from  the  records  of  the  Tower, 
and  other  places.  Of  his  Monasticon  An- 
glicanum  the  first  volume  appeared  in  folio, 
1655,  the  second  1661,  and  the  third  1673, 
a  curious  collection  of  all  the  foundation 
charters  of  the  dissolved  monasteries. 
His  antiquities  of  Warwickshire  were  pub- 
lished in  1656,  after  the  laborious  re- 
searches of  20  years,  of  which  valuable 
compilation  a  second  edition  appeared  in 
1730,  by  Dr.  Thomas.  His  history  of  St. 
Paul's  cathedral  was  published  in  1658, 
and  it  was  afterwards  greatly  improved 
and  edited  by  Dr.  Maynard.  At  the  resto- 
ration, he  was  made  norroy  king  at  arms, 
and  in  1677  created  garter,  and  knighted 
by  the  king.  He  died  at  Blythe-hall,  of  a 
cold,  10th  Feb.  1686,  in  his  8lst  vear,  and 


was  buried  in  Shustoke  church,  where  he 
had  erected  a  tablet  of  white  marble. 
With  his  wife,  who  died  18th  Dec.  1681, 
aged  75,  he  lived  59  years,  and  by  her  he 
had  several  children.  One  of  his  daugh- 
ters married  Ashmole  of  antiquarian 
memory,  his  sons  all  died  young  except 
John,  who  was  Windsor  herald,  and  nor- 
roy king  at  arms,  and  was  knighted,  and 
died  Aug.  31st,  1690.  Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned,  Sir  William  wrote  the 
history  of  draining  and  embanking  fens  and 
marshes,  &c.  republished  1772 — Spelman's 
councils  from  1066  to  1531 — Spelman's 
glossarium  archaiologicum,  &c. — origines 
juridicales,  &c. — the  baronage  of  England, 
three  vols.  fol.  which,  though  the  labour  of 
30  years,  is  not  without  inaccuracies — a 
short  view  of  the  late  troubles  in  England, 
&c. — the  ancient  usage  of  bearing  arms, 
&c. — a  perfect  copy  of  the  summons  of 
nobility  to  the  great  councils,  &c.  Many 
of  his  manuscript  collections,  to  the  num- 
ber of  43  vols,  in  folio,  he  gave  to  the 
university  of  Oxford,  where  they  are  now 
preserved,  besides  several  books  to  the 
Heralds'  office,  London. 

Dugomier,  N.  a  French  general,  born 
at  Martinico.  In  the  revolution  war  he 
was  appointed  commander  in  Italy,  and 
was  afterwards  successful  in  retaking  Tou- 
lon from  the  English.  He  next  was  em- 
ployed against  the  Spaniards,  and  defeated 
them  in  various  encounters  ;  but  he  was 
killed  17th  Nov.  1794,  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Sebastian.  His  name  was  inscribed  in  the 
Pantheon. 

Duguat-Trouin,  Rene,  a  celebrated 
French  admiral,  born  at  St.  Maloes,  10th 
June,  1673.  He  early  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  intrepidity  and  perseverance, 
and  in  various  encounters  with  the  English 
and  the  Dutch  he  came  ofl"  victorious.  In 
1711  he  took  Rio  Janeiro  from  the  Portu- 
guese, and  every  where  in  the  Indies,  and 
also  in  the  Mediterranean  against  the  cor- 
sairs, he  displayed  the  greatest  skill  united 
with  the  most  consummate  wisdom.  This 
brave  man,  honoured  by  the  king,  and 
respected  by  the  nation,  died  at  Paris,  27th 
Sept.  1736.  His  memoirs  appeared  at 
Paris,  in  4to.  by  de  la  Garde. 

Duguet,  James  Joseph,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  1649.  He  was  a  priest  of  the  ora- 
tory, and  went  to  Brussels  to  his  friend 
Arnauld,  but  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
led  a  very  retired  life,  and  died  1733.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  uncom- 
mon sweetness  of  manners,  but  bis  firm 
opposition  to  the  bull  unigenitus,  exposed 
him  to  much  obloquy  and  trouble.  He 
wrote  nearly  20  works  in  French,  on  theo- 
logical subjects,  in  a  style  clear,  pleasing, 
and  perspicuous. 

Duhalde,  John  Baptist,   a  French  Je- 
suit, born   at  Paris.     His  historical  and 
565 


DUK 


DUM 


geographical  description  of  the  empire  of 
China,  and  Chinese  Tartary,  in  4  vols.  fol. 
was  compiled  from  the  records  of  French 
missionaries,  a  work  of  great  merit.  He 
wrote  besides  Latin  poems — essays — let- 
ters— &c.  and  died  at  Paris,  1743,  aged  69. 

Duhamel,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, born  at  Vire,  1624,  and  eminent 
as  a  philosopher  and  a  man  of  science. 
He  published  astronomia  physica — de  me- 
teoris  et  fossilibus — de  mente  humana — de 
corpore  animato — de  consensu  veteris  et 
novae  philosophise — and  other  learned 
works,  and  died  6th  August,  1706,  aged 
32. 

Duhamel  du  Monceau,  Henry  Lewis, 
a  learned  Frenchman,  who  devoted  him- 
self to  the  improvement  of  agriculture  and 
commerce,  of  the  marine  and  of  mecha- 
nical arts.  He  published  various  ingenious 
works,  and  died  universally  respected  for 
his  abilities  and  patriotic  exertions,  23d 
Aug.  1782,  aged  82. 

Duhan,  Lawrence,  a  professor  of  phi- 
losophy for  38  years  at  the  college  du  Pies- 
sis.  He  died  canon  of  Verdun,  1730,  aged 
70.  He  left  a  book  "  philosophus  in  utram- 
que  partem,"  of  great  use  in  scholastic  sub- 
tleties. 

Duigenan,  Patrick,  an  Irish  civilian, 
was  born  in  1735..  His  parentage  was 
humble,  and  he  was  solely  the  creator  of 
his  own  fortune.  From  being  a  sizar  in 
the  college  of  Dublin,  he  rose  to  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws,  was  made  advocate- 
general,  a  judge  of  the  prerogative  court, 
vicar  general  of  Armagh,  and  a  privy  coun- 
sellor. In  the  Irish  parliament  he  zealous- 
ly supported  the  union  ;  and  in  that  of 
Great  Britain  he  as  strenuously  opposed 
the  claims  of  the  Romanists  to  political 
power.  He  died  April  10th,  1816.  Dr. 
Duigenan  published — 1.  Lachrymae  Aca- 
demical, 8vo.  2.  An  Address  to  the  No- 
bility and  Gentry  of  Ireland,  8vo.,  and 
some  other  tracts  on  political  subjects. 

W.B. 

Duilhus,  Nepos,  the  first  Roman  who 
obtained  a  naval  victory  over  Carthage. 
A  column  was  erected  to  his  honour,  B.  C. 
260. 

Duisburg,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Duis- 
burg,  in  the  dutchy  of  Cleves,  in  the  16th 
century,  author  of  a  chronicle  of  Prussia 
from  1226  to  1325.  It  contains  many  valu- 
able particulars. 

Dujardin,  Charles,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  died  at  Venice, 
1674,  aged  34.  He  was  the  able  disciple 
of  Bergham,  and  excelled  in  the  delinea- 
tion of  markets,  robbers,  mountebanks, 
and  landscapes.  His  productions  are 
greatly  esteemed.  About  50  of  his  engrav- 
ings in  aqua  fortis  are  preserved. 

Duke,   Richard,    a    poet,    edueated  at 
Westminster,  and  made  fellow  of  Trinitv 
566 


college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees of  M.A.  1683.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Otway,  and  of  the  poetical  wits  of  the 
times,  and  was  for  some  time  tutor  to  the 
duke  of  Richmond.  His  poetry  is  not  very 
respectable.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  the  mar- 
riage of  Anne  and  the  duke  of  Denmark. 
He  was  made  chaplain  to  the  king,  pre- 
bendary of  Gloucester,  and  obtained  the 
rich  living  of  Witney,  Oxfordshire,  where 
he  was  found  dead  in  his  bed,  after  return- 
ing the  preceding  evening  from  an  enter- 
tainment, 10th  Feb.  1711.  He  published 
a  volume  of  sermons  and  another  of 
poems. 

Dulau,  John  Marie,  a  native  of  Peri- 
gueux,  who  became  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  was  in  the  states  general  of  1789. 
Though  he  did  not  venture,  through  timi- 
dity, to  speak  in  favour  of  moderation, 
yet  he  wrote  with  spirit  and  ability  against 
the  banishment  of  the  priests.  He  was 
arrested  by  the  suspicious  jacobins,  and 
was  one  of  those  wretched  victims  sacri- 
ficed in  the  prison  of  the  Carmes,  in  Sept. 
1792. 

Dulaurent,  N.  a  native  of  Artois,  who 
employed  his  great  abilities  on  subjects  of 
licentiousness.  The  best  known  of  his  im- 
moral works,  is  his  Compere  Matthieu, 
3  vols.  This  worthless  ecclesiastic,  who 
proved  so  great  an  enemy  to  religion  and 
morality,  died  about  the  end  of  the  last 
century. 

Dollart,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet 
of  Rotterdam,  the  disciple  of  Rembrandt. 
He  was  of  a  weak  constitution,  and  refused 
to  become  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Rot- 
terdam. He  so  successfully  imitated  his 
master,  that  their  pieces  are  frequently  mis- 
taken one  for  the  other.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  music.     He  died  1684,  aged  48. 

Dumas,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nismes,  na- 
tural son  of  Montcalm,  lord  of  Candiac. 
Though  bred  to  the  law,  he  was  eminent 
as  a  mathematician,  and  invented  the  bu- 
reau typographique,  to  teach  children  read- 
ing and  writing  mechanically,  and  also 
another  instrument  for  musical  instruction. 
He  wrote  an  history  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  and  died  1741,  aged  68. 

Dumas,  Charles  Louis,  a  French  anato- 
mist, was  born  in  1765.  He  became  a 
professor  at  Montpellier  in  1795,  and  died 
there  in  1814.  His  works  are — 1.  An 
Inaugural  Dissertation  on  Life.  2.  A 
Treatise  on  Myology,  4to.  3.  Principles 
of  Physiology,  4  vols.  8vo.  4.  A  Physio- 
logical Sketch  on  the  Transformation  of  the 
Organs  of  the  Human  Body. — W.  B. 

Dumee,  Joan,  a  learned  lady,  born  at 
Paris.  She  married  very  young,  and  at  the 
age  of  17,  lost  her  husband,  who  fell  in 
Germany,  at  the  head  of  his  company. 
She  devoted  herself  with  unusual  applica- 
tion to  astronomy,  and  published  at  Paris, 


DTJM 

in  1680,  "  discourses  of  Copernicus  on  the 
mobility  of  the  earth,"  4to.  in  which  she 
displays  great  knowledge  and  extensive 
erudition. 

Dumesnil,  N.  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Paris,  author  of  Latin  synonyms.  He 
di  ed  at  V  alogne  1802,  aged  82. 

Dummer,  Jeremiah,  a  native  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  a  graduate  at  Harvard 
college  in  1699,  early  rendered  himself  con- 
spicuous by  an  extraordinary  brilliancy  of 
genius,  and  progress  of  knowledge.  De- 
signing to  devote  himself  to  the  ministry, 
he  entered  the  university  of  Leyden,  and 
obtained  by  his  superior  learning,  the  ap- 
plause of  the  celebrated  Witsius,  professor 
in  that  seminary.  He  afterwards  aban- 
doned the  ministry,  and  became  a  civilian. 
He  went  to  England,  and  was  in  1710  ap- 
pointed agent  for  Massachusetts.  He  en- 
gaged in  the  service  of  the  party  then  in 
power,  and  received  several  important  em- 
ployments from  lord  Bolingbroke,  but  lost 
his  hopes  by  the  change  of  the  administra- 
tion at  the  death  of  the  Queen,  and  unhap- 
pily by  his  intimacy  with  that  profligate 
nobleman,  made  shipwreck  also  of  his  reli- 
gious principles  and  morals.  He  sent  forth 
religious  and  political  publications,  which 
bore  the  marks  of  an  extraordinary  mind, 
and  have  passed  through  several  editions. 
He  died  in  1739,  at  Plastow.      |CP  L. 

Dummer,  William,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  and  a  native  of  that  pro- 
vince, received  his  commission  in  1716. 
After  the  departure  of  governor  Shute  in 
1723,  he  was  the  first  magistrate  till  the 
arrival  of  Burnet,  and  afterwards  during 
the  interval  between  his  death  and  the 
arrival  of  his  successor,  and  discharged  the 
duties  of  the  station  with  great  integrity 
and  skill.  The  most  important  event  of 
his  administration  was  the  defeat  of  the 
Norridgewock  Indians  in  1724.  He  died 
in  1761.  iCJ"  L. 

Dumont,  John,  baron  of  Carlscroon,  his- 
toriographer to  the  emperor,  fled  from 
France  to  Holland,  upon  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes.  He  wrote  "  des  me- 
moires  politiques,  &c."  4  vols.  12mo.  a 
useful  performance,  which  contains  every 
fact  of  importance  from  the  peace  of  Mun- 
ster  to  the  year  1676 — travels  in  France, 
Italy,  &c.  4  vols.  12mo. — universal  diplo- 
matic body,  &c.  8  vols.  fol. — Historical  let- 
ters, &c.  He  died  about  1726,  at  agreat  age. 
Dumont,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  se- 
cretary to  the  French  embassy  at  Peters- 
burg. He  was  author  of  History  of  the 
commerce  of  English  colonies — present 
state  of  English  commerce — treatise  on  the 
circulation  of  credit,  &c.  and  died  1788, 
aged  63. 

Dhmont,  N.  a  French  painter,  surnamed 
the  Roman.  He  died  at  Paris,  1781,  very 
pld.     His  pieces  possess  merit. 


DUN 

Dumourier,  Anthony  Francis  Duperier, 
a  native  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  commissary 
in  the  French  armies.  He  was  author  of 
Richardet,  a  poem,  2  vols. — some  comedies 
translated  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  and 
English, — an  opera,  &.c.  He  died  1767, 
aged  60. 

Dun,  David  Erskine,  lord,  born  at  Dun, 
and  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Paris, 
where  he  studied  at  law.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  1696,  and  opposed  the  Scottish 
union,  but  was  a  benefactor  to  the  persecu- 
ted episcopal  clergy.  He  was  called  to  the 
bench  1711,  and  took  the  name  of  Dun. 
He  died  at  Dun  1755,  five  years  after  he 
had  retired  from  the  court  of  justiciary, 
aged  85.  His  "  advices,"  12mo.  is  an  ex- 
cellent performance. 

Dunbar,  William,  an  eminent  poet  of 
Scotland,  born  1465,  at  Salton,  on  the  south 
of  East  Lothian.  He  was  originally  poor, 
and  after  travelling  as  a  noviciate  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  he  returned  home  in  his 
25th  year.  His  "  thistle  and  the  rose" 
was  written  on  the  marriage  of  James  IV. 
of  Scotland,  with  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.  but  whilst  he  expected  ecclesi- 
astical preferment  for  the  offering  of  his 
poetry,  he  unfortunately  was  disappointed ; 
for  the  great  listen  with  delight  to  the  flat- 
tering compliments  of  the  learned,  but  sel- 
dom reward  merit.  He  wrote  besides,  the 
golden  terge — the  freirs  of  Berwiek — the 
twa  marrit  wemen — and  the  wedo.  His 
poetry  is  commended  by  Warton,  as  next 
in  rank  to  Chaucer's  and  Lydgate's,  and 
Pinkerton,  with  national  partiality,  says, 
that  he  surpasses  the  morals  and  satires  of 
Langland,  Chaucer's  humour  and  know- 
ledge of  life,  Gower's  allegory,  and  the  de- 
scription of  Lydgate.  His  works  were 
published  with  learned  notes  by  sir  David 
Dalrymple.     He  died  about  1580. 

Duncan,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  and  principal  of  the 
Calvinists'  college  at  Saumur.  He  was  in- 
vited by  James  I.  to  settle  near  his  person, 
which  he  declined,  and  he  died  1640  at 
Saumur,  where  he  had  married.  He  wrote, 
some  philosophical  works,  and  a  treatise 
against  the  possession  of  the  Ursaline  nuns 
of  London,  which  excited  some  public  re- 
sentment against  him. 

Dcncan,  Daniel,  an  eminent  physician, 
born  at  Montauban,  in  Languedoc,  1649, 
of  a  family  of  Scottish  original.  The  loss 
of  his  parents  while  in  his  cradle  was  com- 
pensated by  the  paternal  attention  of  his 
mother's  brother,  Daniel  Paul,  a  learned 
counsellor  of  Toulouse,  who  had  him  edu- 
cated at  Puy  Laurens,  and  at  Montpellier, 
where,  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Charles  Ba- 
beyrac,  he  studied  eight  years,  and  when 
24  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  From 
Montpellier  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he 
resided  seven  vears,  and  published  hic 
567 


DUN 


DUN 


'*  explication  nouvelle  et  mechanique  des 
actions  animales,  1678,"  which  was  well 
received,  and  the  following  year  he  visited 
London,  for  business,  as  well  as  to  make 
inquiries  into  the  effects  of  the  plague  of 
1665.  After  a  residence  of  two  years  he 
•was  recalled  to  Paris,  on  account  of  the 
declining  health  of  his  great  friend  and 
patron,  Colbert.  About  this  time  he  pub- 
lished his  "  chymie  naturelle,  ou  explica- 
tion de  la  nourriture  de  l'animal,"  which, 
when  completed  in  three  parts,  was  read 
with  universal  applause.  On  the  death  of 
Colbert  he  left  Paris,  1683,  and  retired  to 
Montauban,  with  the  intention  of  selling 
his  property  and  settling  in  London.  Here, 
however,  he  continued  till  the  persecution 
against  the  protestants  forced  him  for  re- 
fuge to  Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Berne, 
where  he  obtained  the  professorship  of 
anatomy.  After  residing  at  Berne  eight 
or  nine  years,  he  went  to  attend  the  prin- 
cess of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel, 
where,  for  three  years,  he  was  treated  with 
the  respect  due  to  his  merit.  At  this  time 
he  wrote  his  popular  treatise  on  the  abuse 
of  hot  liquors,  especially  tea,  coffee,  and 
chocolate,  which  had  lately  been  introduced 
into  Germany,  and  he  published  it  after- 
wards at  Rotterdam,  1705,  at  the  request 
of  Dr.  Boerhaave.  His  character  and  the 
benevolence  with  which  he  treated  the  va- 
rious protestant  emigrants  whom  persecu- 
tion drove  out  of  France,  recommended 
him  strongly  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  by 
whom  he  was  honourably  invited  to  Berlin, 
where,  though  physician  to  the  household, 
he  staid  a  little  time  and  removed  to  the 
Hague.  For  12  years  he  resided  at  the 
Hague,  and  finally  settled  in  London  in 
1714.  He  died  in  London,  April  30th, 
1735,  aged  86.  This  amiable  man,  so 
universally  respected  for  his  humanity  and 
benevolence,  wrote,  besides  the  books  al- 
ready mentioned,  "  histoire  de  l'animal, 
&c."  and  left  besides  several  manuscripts 
on  medical  subjects.  His  conversation, 
"  says  his  biographer,"  was  easy,  cheerful, 
and  interesting,  and  free  from  all  taint  of 
party  scandal  or  idle  raillery  ;  this  made 
his  company  desired  by  all  who  had  a 
a  capacity  to  know  its  value,  and  he  afford- 
ed a  striking  instance  that  religion  must 
naturally  gain  strength  from  the  successful 
study  of  nature.  It  is  remarkable  that  for 
three  generations  before  him  medicine 
found  most  respectable  professors  in  his 
family. 

Duncan,  William,  a  learned  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  Marischal  col- 
lege of  Aberdeen.  He  was  born  at  Aber- 
deen in  July,  1717,  and  was  educated  there 
under  the  celebrated  Dr.  Blackwell.  He 
came  to  London  in  1739,  and  there  chiefly 
employed  himself  in  writing  for  the  book- 
sellers. His  works  appeared  generally 
5fi« 


without  his  name.  He  translated  some 
books  from  the  French,  and  was  concerned 
in  that  translation  of  Horace  known  under 
the  name  of  Watson.  He  was  the  coad- 
jutor of  Dr.  Johnson,  Campbell,  and  For- 
dyce,  in  the  Preceptor  which  Dodsley  pub- 
lished, and  he  wrote  for  his  share  the  logi- 
cal part.  He  also  translated  several  of 
Cicero's  orations,  and  likewise  Cssar's 
commentaries,  which  appeared  in  1752, 
folio,  with  fine  cuts.  In  1 7 .'S ?  he  removed 
to  Aberdeen,  where,  he  hi*  een  the  prece- 
ding year  appointed  iJiuie.^sor  of  philosophy. 
He  died  a  bachelor  May  1st,  1760,  aged 
43.  Though  a  man  of  no  superior  genius, 
he  possessed  taste,  judgment,  and  good 
sense,  and  his  abilities  were  rather  solid 
than  shining.  He  was  universally  beloved 
in  private  life. 

Duncan,  Adam  lord,  a  well-known 
English  admiral,  born  at  Dundee,  of  a 
respectable  family.  As  a  younger  son  he 
was  bred  to  the  sea,  and  in  1761,  was 
made  post  captain.  He  served  under  Kep- 
pel  as  his  captain,  and  in  1787  was  made 
rear-admiral,  in  1 793  vice-admiral,  and  in 
1795  admiral  of  the  blue.  His  station 
during  the  late  war  was  in  the  north  sea, 
to  block  up  the  Texel,  but  in  his  temporary 
absence  during  the  mutiny  of  the  fleet,  the 
Dutch  escaped  from  their  ports,  and  were 
soon  brought  to  an  engagement  by  the  Eng- 
lish admiral,  near  Camperdown,  within  five 
miles  of  their  own  shores.  On  this  cele- 
brated day,  11th  October,  1797,  the  Dutch 
admiral  De  Winter  struck  with  eight  ships 
to  the  superior  valour  of  the  English,  and 
in  reward  for  his  conduct  Duncan  was 
created,  the  21st  of  the  same  month,  vis- 
count Duncan  of  Camperdown,  baron  Dun- 
can of  Lundie,  Perthshire,  with  a  pension 
of  2000/.  on  himself  and  his  two  successors 
in  the  peerage.  Lord  Duncan,  whose 
character  in  private  life  as  a  man  and  as  a 
Christian,  was  equal  to  his  bravery  as  a 
seaman,  died  1804.  He  was  in  stature  a 
comely  person,  full  six  feet  three  inches 
tall,  so  that  he  observed  jocosely  to  the 
Dutch  admiral,  who  was  likewise  a  man  of 
tall  stature,  I  wonder  how  you  and  I  have 
escaped  the  balls  in  this  hot  battle.  During 
the  mutiny  of  his  fleet  the  admiral  ad- 
dressed the  crew  of  his  ship,  the  Veteran, 
with  a  tone  of  affection  and  of  firmness, 
and  in  a  speech  so  sensible  and  so  judi- 
cious, as  to  call  forth  the  admiration  even 
of  his  rebellious  crew. 

Duncombe,  William,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  Stock,  Hertfordshire.  In  1726  he 
he  married  the  only  sister  of  John  Hughes, 
whose  poems  he  edited  in  two  vols.  12mo. 
1735,  and  the  miscellanies  of  the  other 
brother  Jabez,  in  one  vol.  1737.  He  trans- 
lated Racine's  Athalie,  which  met  with 
applause,  and  afterwards  edited  the  works 
of  Mr  Needier,  and  he  produced  his  L-  J) 


DUN 


DUN 


Brutus  on  the  boards  of  Drury-lane,  and  it 
was  published  in  1735  and  1747.  He  be- 
sides edited  some  of  Herring's  sermons, 
and  published  Horace  in  English  verse  by 
several  hands,  1757.  He  died  26th  Feb. 
1769,  aged  80. 

Duncombe,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1730.  He  was  educated  at 
private  schools  at  Romford  and  Felsted, 
where  he  displayed  great  regularity,  un- 
common application,  and  superior  talents. 
At  the  age  of  16  he  was  admitted  at  Benet's 
college,  Cambridge,  at  the  recommendation 
of  archbishop  Herring,  his  father's  friend. 
In  1750  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  col- 
lege, and  three  years  after  took  orders,  and 
became  assistant  preacher  at  St.  Anne's, 
Soho,  where  his  eloquence  as  an  orator, 
and  his  amiable  manners  in  private  life, 
gained  him  the  respect  of  a  populous 
neighbourhood.  In  1757  the  primate  Her- 
ring gave  him  the  livings  of  St.  Andrew 
and  St.  Mary  Bredman,  Canterbury,  but 
the  death  of  that  excellent  patron,  two 
months  after,  cut  off  all  hopes  of  further 
and  more  valuable  preferment.  He  mar- 
ried in  1763  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Highmore, 
the  painter,  with  whom  he  enjoyed  23 
years  of  uninterrupted  domestic  happiness. 
In  1766  Seeker  appointed  him  one  of  the 
six  Canterbury  preachers,  and  the  next 
primate,  Cornwallis,  presented  him  in  1773 
to  the  living  of  Heme,  six  miles  from  Can- 
terbury. He  was  also  master  of  Harble- 
down  and  St.  John's  hospitals,  which, 
though  places  of  trust  and  not  emolument, 
enabled  him  to  display  his  regard  for  the 
poor,  and  his  humane  endeavours  to  re- 
lieve their  necessities.  He  was  also  an  ac- 
tive magistrate,  and  in  this  office  he  was  the 
means  of  encouraging  virtue  and  of  check- 
ing vice.  He  was  attacked  by  a  paralytic 
stroke,  21st  June,  1785,  from  which  he 
never  recovered,  and  died  on  the  18th  of 
the  following  January.  He  left  only  one 
daughter.  His  works  are  chiefly  fugitive 
pieces,  published  in  Dodsley's  collection 
and  in  periodical  magazines,  besides  the 
Seminead,  and  a  poem  on  the  death  of 
Frederick  prince  of  Wales.  He  also  great- 
ly assisted  his  father  in  his  translation  of 
Horace,  and  published  the  seventh  satire 
of  the  second  book  in  1752,  imitated,  and 
inscribed  to  R.  Owen,  Cambridge. 

Dundas,  Sir  David,  general  in  the  Bri- 
tish army,  was  born  near  Edinburgh  about 
the  year  1735.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1752,  and  served  in  Germany  in  1759,  and 
in  Cuba  in  1762.  He  obtained  the  rank  of 
colonel  in  1781,  and  of  major-general  in 
1790.  He  served  at  Toulon  in  1793,  and 
in  Germany  in  1794,  where  he  for  some 
time  had  the  chief  command  of  the  British 
forces.  He  became  quarter-master-general 
of  the  British  army  in  1797,  and  served 
that  year  with  great  reputation  as  a  gene- 
Vol.  I.  72 


ral  officer  in  Holland.    In  1803  he  resigned 
his    quarter-master-generalship,    and    was 
put  on  the  staff'  as  second  in  command  un- 
der the  duke  of  York,  and  in  1809  he  be- 
came  commander-in-chief  of  the   forces, 
which  rank  he  held  two  years.     He  about 
the  same  time  became  privy  counsellor. 
His  death  took  place  February  18th,  1820. 
He  published  "principles  of  military  move- 
ments,  chiefly  applicable  to  infantry,"  in 
1788,  and  in  1792  "  rules  and  regulations 
for  the    formations,    field    exercises,  and 
movements  of  his  majesty's  forces." 
ICPL 
Dundas,  Henry,  viscount  Melville,  son 
of  lord  Arniston,  was  born  in   1740,   and 
educated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1763  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
faculty   of  advocates,   in    1773  appointed 
solicitor-general,    in    1775  lord-advocate, 
and  in  1777  joint  keeper  of  the  signet  for 
Scotland.     In  1782  he  was  sworn  one  of 
the  privy  council,  and  made  treasurer  of 
the  navy  ;  but  when  the  coalition  admi- 
nistration  came   into  power  he    lost  his 
places.    This,  however,  was  but  for  a  short 
time  ;  and  when  that  party  fell  he  resumed 
his  station  at  the  navy-board,  on  which  he 
relinquished  that  of  lord-advocate.     The 
board    of  control   for    East    India    affairs 
being   established,    Mr.   Dundas    was  ap- 
pointed  first  president ;  and  in   1791   he 
became  secretary  of  state  for  the  home  de- 
partment, which  he  exchanged  for  that  of 
the  war  office  in  1794.     He  continued  in 
active  employment  till  1S01,  when  he  re- 
signed his  places,  and  was  created  viscount 
Melville.     On   the  return  of  Mr.   Pitt  to 
power,  his  lordship  was  made   first  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  and  continued  so  till  he  was 
impeached,  in   1805,  of  high  crimes  and 
misdemeanors   in  his  former   situation  as 
treasurer  of  the  navy.     Of  all  the  charges 
brought  against  him,  however,  he  wa9  ac- 
quitted, and  afterwards  resumed  his  seat 
in  the  privy  council,  though  he  never  re- 
turned  to   public   business.      He   died  in 
Scotland,   May   27,  1811,  being  succeed- 
ed by  his  son,  the  present  lord  Melville. 

W.  B. 

Dungal,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis  in  the 
ninth  century,  supposed  to  be  an  Irishman. 
He  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne  with  re- 
spect to  the  two  eclipses  of  the  sun  which 
happened810,  and  his  answer  is  preserved  in 
the  10th  vol.  4to.  of  d'Acheri's  spieilegium. 
A  tract  also  by  him  against  the  worship  of 
images,  may  be  found  in  the  Bibliotheca 
patrum,  1608,  8vo. 

Dunlop,  William,  M.A.  was  born  1692, 
at  Glasgow,  where  his  father  was  principal 
of  the  university.  He  applied  himself  for 
about  two  years  to  the  study  of  the  law  at 
Utrecht,  but  abandoned  the  plan  at  the  re- 
presentation of  Mr.  Wishart,  and  became, 
liv  means  of  his  friend,  regius  professor  of 
569 


DUN 


DUN 


divinity  and  church  history  at  Edinburgh, 
1716.  He  distinguished  himself  much  as 
a  preacher,  and  died  of  a  dropsy  1720, 
aged  28.  He  published  two  volumes  of 
sermons  12mo.  and  an  essay  on  confes- 
sions of  faith. 

Dunlop,  Alexander,  M.A.  brother  to 
the  above,  was  born  in  1684,  in  America, 
where  his  father  was  in  exile.  He  came 
over  at  the  revolution,  and  was  in  1720 
appointed  professor  of  Greek  in  Glasgow 
university.  He  published  in  1736,  a  Greek 
grammar,  which  still  maintains  its  superi- 
ority in  the  Scotch  university,  and  died  at 
Glasgow,  1742,  aged  58. 

Dunmore,  John  Murray,  earl  of,  was 
appointed  governor  of  New- York  in  De- 
cember, 1769,  and  arrived  in  the  colony  in 
October  following.  He  was  afterwards 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  the  last  who  held 
that  office  under  the  royal  authority.  His 
violent  conduct  in  that  colony  inflamed  the 
public  mind,  and  hastened  the  crisis  of  the 
revolution.  Early  in  1775  he  left  the  pa- 
lace, and  retired  on  board  the  Fowey  man 
of  war,  in  which  he  remained  some  time  in 
the  vicinity,  and  committed  considerable 
depredations  upon  the  colonists.  In  1786 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Bermudas. 
He  married  in  1759  lady  Charlotte  Stewart, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Galloway,  who  was 
much  beloved  by  the  Virginians.  He  died 
at  Ramsgate,  England,  in  1809.  icy  L. 
Dunn,  Samuel,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Crediton,  Devonshire,  where 
he  kept  a  school  for  some  years,  and  where 
he  founded  a  mathematical  school.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Chelsea,  where  he 
kept  school,  and  was  appointed  mathemati- 
cal examiner  of  those  officers  who  entered 
into  the  East  India  company's  service.  He 
died  1792,  author  of  several  mathematical 
treatises — an  atlas — treatises  on  book-keep- 
ing, &c. 

Dunning,  John,  lord  Ashburton,  was 
born  18th  October,  1731,  at  Ashburton,  in 
Devonshire.  He  rose  by  his  merit  at  the 
bar,  and  greatly  distinguished  himself  in 
parliament.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
in  1782,  and  made  chancellor  of  the  dutchy 
of  Lancaster,  and  recorder  of  Bristol.  He 
died  18th  August,  1783,  leaving  only  one  son. 
Ditnod  de  Charnage,  Francis  Igna- 
tius, the  learned  professor  of  law  at  Besan- 
con,  his  native  town,  died  there  1751.  He 
wrote  "  memoirs  of  the  court  of  Bourgog- 
ne,"  three  vols.  4to. — history  of  the  church 
&c.  of  Besancon,  two  vols.  4to. — treatise 
of  descriptions,  &c.  His  son  Joseph  left 
some  notes  on  his  father's  works.  Peter,  a 
Jesuit,  of  the  same  family,  published  a  cu- 
rious work,  called  the  discovery  of  the  town 
of  Autre  in  Franche  Cointe. 

Dunois,     John,    count  of  Orleans   and 
Longueville,  was  the  natural  son  of  Lewis 
duke  of  Orleans,  and  born  23d  November, 
570 


1407.  He  distinguished  himself  in  arms,  in 
the  defeat  of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  Suf- 
folk, and  in  the  defence  of  Orleans,  till  it 
was  relieved  by  Joan  of  Acre.  He  pursued 
the  English,  and  took  from  them  Blaic, 
Bourdeaux,  Bayonne,  &c.  He  was  re- 
warded for  his  services  by  Charles  VII. 
who  called  him  the  restorer  of  his  country, 
and  gave  him  large  grants  of  lands,  with  the 
office  of  grand  chamberlain  of  France.  This 
great  hero,  so  respectable  also  for  the  vir- 
tues of  private  life,  died  24th  November; 
1468,  aged  71. 

Duns,  John,  commonly  called  Duns 
Scotus,  a  celebrated  theologian  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  born  at  Dunstance, 
Northumberland.  He  became  fellow  of  Mer- 
ton,  Oxford,  and  then  went  over  to  Paris, 
where  his  abilities,  and  his  acuteness  in 
disputation,  procured  him  the  appellation 
of  the  subtle  doctor.  He  opposed  the 
doctrines  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  hence  his 
followers  were  called  Scotists,  and  his  op- 
ponents Thomists.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Cologne,  where  he  died  1308.  It  has  been 
said  by  Paul  Jovius  that  he  was  attacked 
by  an  apoplexy,  and  buried  as  dead,  and 
that  upon  his  recovery,  he  languished  in  a 
most  miserable  manner  in  his  coffin  till  he 
expired.  His  works  were  printed  at  Lyons 
1639,  10  vols,  folio,  and  are  now  little  re- 
garded. 

Dunstan,  St.  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  born  in  924.  He  embraced  the  eccle- 
siastical life,  and  was  made  by  Edgar, 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  afterwards  in 
959  translated  to  Canterbury.  He  was 
also  abbot  of  Glastonbury.  He  is  well 
known  as  a  man  of  intrigue,  and  of  great 
spiritual  power,  which  he  showed  with 
unusual  obstinacy  in  the  English  court, 
especially  under  Edmund.  The  pope 
knowing  his  influence,  made  him  his  legate. 
He  died  988. 

Dunster,  Henry,  first  president  of 
Harvard  college,  and  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  New-England  in  1640,  and  in 
August  of  that  year  entered  on  the  duties 
of  his  office,  and  continued  to  discharge 
them  with  great  reputation  for  learning, 
piety,  and  wisdom,  till  October  1654,  when 
he  resigned  in  consequence  of  having 
changed  his  views  respecting  baptism.  He 
was  eminently  skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  con- 
tributed much  to  improve  the  New-England 
version  of  Psalms,  which  was  intrusted 
to  his  revision.     He  died  in  1659. 

ICT  L. 

Dunton,  John,  a  bookseller,  born  at 
Graffham,  Huntingdonshire,  14th  May, 
1659.  Upon  failing  in  his  business,  as 
bookseller,  after  twenty  years'  success,  he 
began  author,  and  in  1701,  was  employed 
in  the  Post  angel  paper.  He  afterwards 
began  the  Athenian  Mercury,  which  was  a 
plan  to  answer  questions,  monthly  proposed 


1)11* 


UUP 


by  unknown  persons,  and  which  Avas  re- 
published by  Bell,  under  the  name  of  the 
Athenian  Oracle,  4  vols.  8vo.  In  1710,  he 
published  his  Athenianism,  containing  600 
treatises,  in  prose  and  verse,  on  all  sub- 
jects. Though  prolix  and  sometimes  ob- 
scure as  a  writer,  he  yet  possesses  merit  as 
a  satirist,  and  some  of  his  pieces  will  be 
read  with  pleasure.  He  also  wrote  "  Dun- 
ton's  life  and  errors."  He  died  about 
1725. 

Du  Patt,  advocate  general,  afterwards 
president  of  the  parliament  at  Bourdeaux, 
was  born  at  Rochelle,  and  died  at  Paris 
1783,  not  far  advanced  in  life.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  eloquent  and  pow- 
erful orator,  and  as  an  upright  magistrate. 
His  historical  reflections  on  penal  laws, 
are  a  very  valuable  work.  He  wrote 
also  academical  letters,  and  discourses  on 
Italy,  two  vols.  8vo.  1788.  He  affected 
to  imitate  Diderot,  and  was  deficient  in 
taste.  Voltaire  with  sarcastic  self-conse- 
quence spoke  with  indifference  of  his  abi- 
lities. 

Duperray,  Michael,  a  French  lawyer, 
who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  90.  He  wrote 
some  works  chiefly  on  ecclesiastical  sub- 
jects, &c. 

Duphot,  N.  a  French  general,  who  after 
serving  with  distinction  in  Italy,  was  sent 
as  ambassador  to  the  pope.  He  was  there 
assassinated  in  1797,  in  a  popular  tumult, 
and  though  the  pope  could  not  prevent,  and 
was  not  privy  to  the  commotion,  the  death 
of  the  ambassador  was  made  a  pretext  by 
the  French  for  seizing  the  Ecclesiastical 
States. 

Dupin,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  learned  and  well- 
known  critic,  was  bom  at  Paris,  17th  June, 
1657.  He  early  displayed  great  partiality 
for  literature,  and  embraced  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal profession,  and  became  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  1681.  He  devoted  himself  to 
the  composition  of  his  great  work  called 
"  Bibliotheque  universelle  des  auteurs  ec- 
nlesiastiques,"  the  first  volume  of  which 
appeared  1686.  The  boldness,  however, 
with  which  he  spoke  of  various  writers, 
gave  offence  to  the  critics,  and  the  author 
was  obliged  by  Harlay,  archbishop  of  Paris, 
to  retract  some  of  his  opinions,  and  to  sup- 
press the  work  in  1693,  with  the  privilege 
of  continuing  it  under  the  altered  title  of 
Bibliotheque  nouvelle.  Besides  this  great 
work,  which  was  brought  down  in  several 
volumes  to  the  end  of  the  16th  century, 
Dupin  wrote  others,  the  chief  of  which  are 
— prolegomena  to  the  Bible, — notes  on  the 
Psalms  and  Pentateuch, — a  profane  history 
— a  treatise  of  power,  ecclesiastical  and 
temporal, — and  method  of  studying  divi- 
nity, &c.  He  was  professor  of  the  Royal 
college,  from  which  he  was  removed  in  the 
famous  cas  de  conscience,  but  afterwards 
restored.     He  died  nt  Paris  1719,  aged  62. 


He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  and 
of  indefatigable  application.  His  ecclesi- 
astical bibliotheque,  so  valuable  for  the 
analytical  account  of  authors  and  of  their 
writings,  which  it  accurately  gives,  has 
been  translated  into  English  with  notes, 
&c.  He  corresponded  with  Wake,  the 
English  primate,  about  the  union  of  the 
two  churches. 

Duplanil,  J.  D.  a  French  physician, 
who  translated  various  works  into  French 
from  the  English,  among  which  was  Bu- 
chan's  domestic  medicine.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1802. 

Dupleix,  Scipio,  was  born  at  Condom, 
1566,  and  noticed  by  queen  Margaret,  who 
brought  him  to  Paris  in  1605,  and  made 
him  master  of  requests,  and  afterwards  his- 
toriographer of  France.  In  his  old  age, 
which  he  reached  without  sickness  or  in- 
firmity, he  wrote  a  book  on  the  liberties  of 
the  Gallican  church,  which  he  presented  to 
chancellor  Seguier,  for  the  liberty  of  print- 
ing, but  the  courtier  with  unparalleled  au- 
dacity threw  it  into  the  fire,  which  so 
shocked  the  venerable  author,  that  he  re- 
turned to  Condom,  and  died  soon  after,  of 
deep  vexation,  1661,  aged  92.  His  works 
are  memoirs  of  the  Gauls,  1650,  folio,  a 
book  of  great  value, — history  of  France  in 
six  vols,  folio,  not  very  accurate  or  impar- 
tial— an  account  of  the  flatteries  heaped  on 
Richelieu,  and  the  violent  reflections 
thrown  on  the  deceased  Margaret,  now  no 
longer  the  patroness  of  the  author, — Ro- 
man history,  three  vols,  folio,  an  insipid 
performance, — a  course  of  philosophy, 
three  vols.  12mo. — natural  curiosity,  &c. 
8vo.  insignificant  and  often  licentious, — 
the  liberty  of  the  French  language  against 
Vaugelas,  &c. 

Dupleix,  Joseph,  a  French  merchant, 
appointed  in  1730,  director  of  Chanderna- 
gore  in  the  East  Indies,  a  colony  which,  by 
his  wisdom  and  firmness,  he  raised  from  po- 
verty and  distress  to  consequence  and 
opulence.  He  inspired  his  countrymen 
with  the  spirit  of  commerce  and  enter- 
prise, and  established  mercantile  connex- 
ions with  the  Red  Sea,  the  Maldives,  Goa, 
the  Manillas,  &c.  He  was  appointed  go- 
vernor of  Pondicherry  in  1742,  and  defend- 
ed the  place  with  uncommon  bravery  in 
in  1748,  for  forty-two  days  against  the  at- 
tack of  two  English  admirals.  For  these 
services  he  was  rewarded  by  the  French 
king  with  the  red  riband,  and  the  title  of 
marquis,  and  by  the  great  Mogul  with  the 
title  of  nabob.  He  was  recalled  in  1753, 
during  the  war  which  broke  out  in  the 
East  between  the  English  and  the  French, 
in  the  support  of  two  rivals  for  the  nabob- 
ship  of  Arcot,  and  he  was  so  hurt  at  the 
idea  of  being  called  away  from  the  exercise 
of  sovereign  power  to  a  private  station,  and 
of  sftlicitinsr  the  French  East  India  compan« 
67l 


DUF 


DIP 


lor  the  payment  of  his  arrears,  that  he  fell 
under  a  dejection  of  spirits,  and  died  soon 
after.  His  conduct  towards  la  Bourdon- 
naye,  his  rival  in  the  East,  is  the  most 
exceptionable  part  of  his  character.  Jea- 
lousy of  power  prompted  him  to  use 
severe  measures  against  him,  in  1747,  and 
afterwards  Bourdonnaye  had  influence 
enough  to  procure  the  recall  of  his  pros- 
perous adversary. 

Dufort,  James,  a  learned  divine  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  and  master  of  Magdalen 
college.  He  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of 
Peterborough,  and  died  1680.  His  great 
erudition  as  a  classical  scholar  is  evinced 
in  his  learned  works.  He  wrote  a  Greek 
version  of  the  Psalms, — gnomologia  Homeri 
cum  duplice  parallelisimo,  Cambridge, 
1660 — poetica  stromata,  1676,  Svo. — and 
lectures  published  with  Nedham's  Theo- 
phrastus's  characters,  1712. 

Duport,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor 
©f  the  parliament  of  Paris,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  revolution  as  a  violent  ene- 
my to  the  measures  of  the  court.  His  con- 
nexion with  Orleans  at  last  proved  fatal  to 
him,  and  he  suffered  under  the  guillotine, 
20th  April,  1794,  aged  46. 

Duppa,  Brian,  a  learned  prelate  born 
1589,  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
In  1612,  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls, 
and  after  having  travelled  in  France  and 
Spain,  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1625, 
and  was  in  1629,  by  the  interest  of  the  earl 
©f  Dorset,  made  dean  of  Christ-church.  In 
1638,  he  became  tutor  to  the  prince 
Charles,  and  to  his  brother  James,  and 
about  that  time  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Chichester.  In  1641,  he  was  translated  to 
Salisbury,  but  he  received  little  benefit  from 
it,  and  on  the  suppression  of  episcopacy  he 
attended  his  master,  especially  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  and  assisted  him,  it  is  said,  in  the 
composition  of  the  Eikon  Basilike.  He  af- 
terwards lived  in  retirement  at  Richmond, 
till  the  restoration,  when  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Winchester,  and  lord  almoner. 
He  died  in  1662,  aged  73,  at  Richmond  in 
Surrey,  a  place  which  he  loved,  and  where 
he  erected  and  endowed  an  alms-house. 
A  few  hours  before  he  expired,  Charles  II. 
visited  this  venerable  prelate,  and  kneeling 
by  bis  bed-side  implored  his  blessing, 
which  the  dying  man,  placing  one  hand  on 
the  king's  head,  and  raising  the  other  to 
heaven,  gave  him  with  great  fervour  and 
piety.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.  He  left  many  charitable  legacies  to 
those  places,  or  societies,  with  which  either 
by  birth,  office,  or  predilection,  he  had 
been  connected.  He  wrote  some  things 
chiefly  on  devotional  subjects,  as  "a guide 
for  the  penitent,"  "  the  soul's  soliloquies, 
kc" 

7? 


Duprat,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French 
statesman.  He  was  first  at  the  bar,  and 
rose  gradually  to  the  first  presidency  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  1507,  and  the  chan- 
cellorship of  France,  1515.  He  was  tutor 
to  Francis  I.  when  count  of  Angouleme, 
and  by  checking  his  criminal  passion  for 
the  wife  of  Lewis  XII.  he  gained  his  con- 
fidence and  patronage.  He  advised  his 
master,  whose  necessities  were  great,  to 
raise  money  by  selling  the  offices  of  judi- 
cature, and  by  his  suggestions  the  chamber 
called  Tournelle  was  established,  which 
augmented  the  taxes  and  improved  the 
royal  revenue  by  the  oppression  of  the 
poor.  By  the  advice  of  his  favourite, 
Francis  also  abolished  the  pragmatic  sanc- 
tion, and  established  the  concordat,  by 
which,  while  the  king  nominated  to  va- 
cant benefices,  the  pope  received  a  large 
annual  income  from  the  churches.  This 
step  rendered  Duprat  a  favourite  at  Rome, 
he  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  from  the 
sees  of  Meaux,  Albi,  Valence,  Die,  Gap, 
and  Sens,  which  he  successively  filled,  he 
was  honoured  with  the  purple  1527.  He 
was  afterwards  a  legate  in  France,  and  on 
the  death  of  Clement  VII.  it  is  said  that  he 
aspired  to  the  tiara,  an  ambitious  step 
which  the  French  king  ridiculed  and  by  no 
means  promoted.  This  artful  prelate,  to 
whom  his  ambition  and  his  intrigues  raised 
many  enemies,  died  at  his  chateau  de 
Nantoillet  9th  July,  1535,  overwhelmed 
with  remorse,  and  worn  out  by  diseases. 
He  was  a  man  of  the  most  ambitious  and 
selfish  character,  whose  whole  conduct  was  * 
guided  by  interest  and  avarice.  To  in- 
crease his  power  or  enlarge  his  fortune  he 
scrupled  at  no  sacrifice  on  either  of  fame 
or  virtue,  and  therefore  his  death  was  as 
unlamented  as  his  life  had  been  guilty.  He 
built  at  the  Hotel  de  Dieu  at  Paris,  a  hall 
which  still  bears  his  name,  on  which  the 
king  observed  that  it  should  have  been 
much  larger,  if  it  would  contain  all  the  poor 
Duprat  had  made. 

Dupre,  de  Guyer,  John,  a  hermit,  said 
to  have  built  with  only  the  assistance  of 
his  servant  the  hermitage  of  Friberg  in 
Switzerland,  in  the  solid  rock,  the  chimney 
of  which  rises  90  feet  in  height. 

Dupre,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  born  at  Paris,  and  educated  by 
her  uncle  des  Marets  de  St.  Sorlin  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  in  rhetoric,  versifi- 
cation, and  philosophy.  She  also  studied 
Des  Cartes,  and  was  called  the  Cartesienne. 
She  was  intimate  with  the  learned  of  her 
time,  and  her  pieces  of  poetry  and  also 
her  prose  writings  were  read  with  great 
applause. 

Dupre  d'AuNAY,  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  member  of  several  learned  acade- 
mies. He  died  1758.  He  wrote  letters 
of  the  generation  of  animal?, — traite  des. 


DUR 


DUR 


subsistences  militaires,  two  vols.  4to — 
reflections  on  the  transfusion  of  blood, 
12mo.  &c. 

DurRE  de  St.  Maur,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  died  there  Decem- 
ber the  1st,  1774,  aged  SO.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy.  He  transla- 
ted Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with  Addison's 
odes,  and  also  Paradise  Regained,  by  a  Je- 
suit, four  vols.  12mo.  He  wrote  an  essay  on 
the  coins  of  France,  1740,  4to.  a  valuable 
work, — inquiries  on  the  value  of  money, 
&c. — the  table  of  the  duration  of  human 
life.  He  was  well  informed  in  the  matters 
of  agriculture,  economy,  and  commerce. 

Dupuis,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of 
merit,  who  died  at  Paris  1742,  aged  57. 
His  brother  Gabriel  Nicholas  was  also  an 
eminent  engraver,  and  died  1771,  aged  73. 
Duo_UESNE,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  distinguished  himself  in  the 
French  navy  in  various  fights  against  the 
Spaniards,  the  Dutch,  the  Genoese,  &c. 
He  died  at  Paris  the  second  February,  1688, 
aged  78,  much  and  deservedly  respected, 
not  less  in  his  private  than  his  public  cha- 
racter. 

Durand,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  raised 
to  a  bishopric  by  the  pope.  He  died  at 
Rome  1296,  aged  59,  author  of  a  Speculum 
juris,  &c.  a  work  of  merit.  His  nephew 
was  also  a  bishop,  and  wrote  on  general 
councils. 

Dukand,  de  St.  Pourcain,  William,  a 
French  bishop,  called  from  his  powers  of 
argumentation  the  resolute  doctor.  He 
was  author  of  commentaries  on  the  sen- 
tences and  other  works,  and  died  1332. 

Dcrande,  N.  a  physician  of  eminence 
at  Dijon,  who  published  some  interesting- 
tracts  on  his  profession.  He  died  at  Dijon, 
1799. 

Durant,  Gilles,  sieur  de  la  Bergerie, 
advocate  in  the  Parliament  of  Paris.  He 
was  one  of  the  nine  appointed  by  the  court 
to  reform  the  customs  of  Paris.  He  pos- 
sessed great  talents  for  ludicrous  poetry, 
and  his  verses  on  the  ass  that  had  joined 
the  league,  and  had  fallen  during  the  siege 
of  Paris  1590,  are  much  admired.  He 
wrote  other  humorous  pieces,  which  equally 
command  the  approbation  of  the  public, 
though  some  are  of  a  licentious  tendency. 
Some  suppose  that  he  was  broke  on  the 
wheel,  16th  of  July,  1618,  for  a  libel  on  the 
French  king,  but  the  sufferer  was  another 
person,  who  with  his  two  brothers  endured 
that  savage  punishment.  Durant's  works 
were  printed  1594. 

Duranti,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  of  whose  parliament  he  was  ad- 
vocate-general, and  afterwards  in  1581  first 
president.  He  violently  opposed  the 
league,  and  perished  in  a  tumult  which  he 
endeavoured  to  appease,  being  shot  by  a 


musket-ball  10th  of  Feb.  1589,  and  treated 
with  every  mark  of  insult  and  indignity  by 
the  mob.  This  meritorious  martyr  had 
the  year  before  successfully  employed  his 
influence  to  preserve  Toulouse  from  the 
plague,  and  he  had  deserved  the  affection 
of  his  country  by  his  liberality  and  charity 
of  some  institutions  which  lie  founded  for 
the  education  of  youth  and  the  relief  of 
indigence.  He  wrote  also  a  book  de  riti- 
bus  ecclesiae,  printed  at  Rome  1591,  folio. 

Durbach,  Anne  Louisa,  a  German 
poetess,  born  1722.  From  the  mean  oc- 
cupation of  watching  cattle,  she  raised  her- 
self to  distinction  by  the  reading  of  books, 
and  by  uncommon  application  to  literature. 
At  17  she  married  a  wool-comber,  but  with 
him  and  with  another  afterwards,  she  was 
exposed  to  great  poverty,  till  the  age  of 
40,  when  her  muse  celebrated  in  a  trium- 
phal ode  the  battle  of  Lowoschutz.  This 
piece  was  noticed,  and  recommended  to 
the  Prussian  monarch,  who  sent  for  the 
poetess  to  Berlin,  and  by  his  patronage 
placed  her  above  want.  Her  poems  have 
been  published,  and  possess  great  merit. 
She  died  about  1780. 

Durell,  John,  a  divine  of  eminence, 
born  1626  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  edu- 
cated at  Merton  college,  which  he  left  at 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars,  and  then 
passed  to  Caen,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.A.  He  was  ordained  by  the  bishop 
of  Galloway,  at  Paris,  1651,  and  afterwards 
invited  by  the  church  of  Caen  to  supply 
the  place  of  the  famous  Bochart  during- 
his  absence  at  the  court  of  Christina  cf 
Sweden,  an  honourable  appointment,  which 
however  he  did  not  accept.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  was  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  pre- 
ferred to  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  afterwards 
at  Windsor,  and  then  at  Durham.  In 
1669  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1677  was  raised  to  the  deanery 
of  Windsor.  For  this  preferment  he  was 
indebted  to  his  abilities  as  well  as  to  the 
partiality  of  Charles,  who  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  his  merits,  and  had  known 
him  in  Jersey  and  in  France.  He  died 
1683,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  at  Wind- 
sor. His  writings  were  chiefly  controver- 
sial— a  vindication  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land against  schismatics — a  view  of  the 
government,  &c.  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, 4to. — besides  a  translation  of  the 
liturgy  into  Latin  and  French. 

Durell,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  after- 
wards became  fellow  of  Hertford  college, 
of  which  in  1757  he  was  made  principal. 
In  1764  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D  ami  in 
1767  was  made  prebendary  of  Canterbury. 
He  served  the  office  of  vice  chancellor,  ami 
died  1775,  aged  47.  He  was  author  of 
rriticnl  remarks  on  the  books  of  Job 
573 


DUP 


iii  P 


for  the  payment  of  Iris  arrears,  that  he  fell 
under  a  dejection  of  spirits,  and  died  soon 
after.  His  conduct  towards  la  Bourdon- 
naye,  his  rival  in  the  East,  is  the  most 
exceptionable  part  of  his  character.  Jea- 
lousy of  power  prompted  him  to  use 
severe  measures  against  him,  in  1747,  and 
afterwards  Bourdonnaye  had  influence 
enough  to  procure  the  recall  of  his  pros- 
perous adversary. 

Duport,  James,  a  learned  divine  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  and  master  of  Magdalen 
college.  He  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of 
Peterborough,  and  died  1680.  His  great 
erudition  as  a  classical  scholar  is  evinced 
in  his  learned  works.  He  wrote  a  Greek 
version  of  the  Psalms, — gnomologia  Homeri 
rum  duplice  parallelisimo,  Cambridge, 
1660 — poetica  stromata,  1676,  Svo. — and 
lectures  published  with  Nedham's  Theo- 
phrastus's  characters,  1712. 

Duport,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor 
©f  the  parliament  of  Paris,  distinguished 
bimseli'  in  the  revolution  as  a  violent  ene- 
my to  the  measures  of  the  court.  His  con- 
nexion with  Orleans  at  last  proved  fatal  to 
him,  and  he  suffered  under  the  guillotine, 
20th  April,  1794,  aged  46. 

Duppa,  Brian,  a  learned  prelate  born 
1589,  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
In  1612,  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls, 
and  after  having  travelled  in  France  and 
Spain,  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1625, 
and  was  in  1629,  by  the  interest  of  the  earl 
of  Dorset,  made  dean  of  Christ-church.  In 
1638,  he  became  tutor  to  the  prince 
Charles,  and  to  his  brother  James,  and 
about  that  time  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Chichester.  In  1641,  he  was  translated  to 
Salisbury,  but  he  received  little  benefit  from 
it,  and  on  the  suppression  of  episcopacy  he 
attended  his  master,  especially  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  and  assisted  him,  it  is  said,  in  the 
composition  of  the  Eikon  Basilike.  He  af- 
terwards lived  in  retirement  at  Richmond, 
till  the  restoration,  when  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Winchester,  and  lord  almoner. 
He  died  in  1662,  aged  73,  at  Richmond  in 
Surrey,  a  place  which  he  loved,  and  where 
he  erected  and  endowed  an  alms-house. 
A  few  hours  before  he  expired,  Charles  II. 
visited  this  venerable  prelate,  and  kneeling 
by  his  bed-side  implored  his  blessing, 
which  the  dying  man,  placing  one  hand  on 
the  king's  head,  and  raising  the  other  to 
heaven,  gave  him  with  great  fervour  and 
piety.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.  He  left  many  charitable  legacies  to 
those  places,  or  societies,  with  which  either 
by  birth,  office,  or  predilection,  he  had 
been  connected.  He  wrote  some  things 
cbiefly  on  devotional  subjects,  as  "  a  guide 
for  the  penitent,"  "  the  soul's  soliloquies, 
&c." 


Duprat,  Anthony,  an  eminent  Fiend; 
statesman.  He  was  first  at  the  bar,  and 
rose  gradually  to  the  first  presidency  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  1507,  and  the  chan- 
cellorship of  France,  1515.  He  was  tutor 
to  Francis  I.  when  count  of  Angouleme, 
and  by  checking  his  criminal  passion  for 
the  wife  of  Lewis  XII.  he  gained  his  con- 
fidence and  patronage.  He  advised  his 
master,  whose  necessities  were  great,  to 
raise  money  by  selling  the  offices  of  judi- 
cature, and  by  his  suggestions  the  chamber 
called  Tournelle  was  established,  which 
augmented  the  taxes  and  improved  the 
royal  revenue  by  the  oppression  of  the 
poor.  By  the  advice  of  his  favourite, 
Francis  also  abolished  the  pragmatic  sanc- 
tion, and  established  the  concordat,  by 
which,  while  the  king  nominated  to  va- 
cant benefices,  the  pope  received  a  large 
annual  income  from  the  churches.  This 
step  rendered  Duprat  a  favourite  at  Rome, 
he  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  from  the 
sees  of  Meaux,  Albi,  Valence,  Die,  Gap, 
and  Sens,  which  he  successively  filled,  he 
was  honoured  with  the  purple  1527.  He 
was  afterwards  a  legate  in  France,  and  on 
the  death  of  Clement  VII.  it  is  said  that  he 
aspired  to  the  tiara,  an  ambitious  step 
which  the  French  king  ridiculed  and  by  no 
means  promoted.  This  artful  prelate,  to 
whom  his  ambition  and  his  intrigues  raised 
many  enemies,  died  at  his  chateau  de 
Nantoillet  9th  July,  1535,  overwhelmed 
with  remorse,  ami  worn  out  by  diseases. 
He  was  a  man  of  the  most  ambitious  and 
selfish  character,  whose  whole  conduct  was  * 
guided  by  interest  and  avarice.  To  in- 
crease his  power  or  enlarge  his  fortune  he 
scrupled  at  no  sacrifice  on  either  of  fame 
or  virtue,  and  therefore  his  death  was  as 
unlamented  as  his  life  had  been  guilty.  He 
built  at  the  Hotel  de  Dieu  at  Paris,  a  hall 
which  still  bears  his  name,  on  which  the 
king  observed  that  it  should  have  been 
much  larger,  if  it  would  contain  all  the  poor 
Duprat  had  made. 

Dupre,  de  Guter,  John,  a  hermit,  said 
to  have  built  with  only  the  assistance  of 
his  servant  the  hermitage  of  Friberg  in 
Switzerland,  in  the  solid  rock,  the  chimney 
of  which  rises  90  feet  in  height. 

Dupre,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  born  at  Paris,  and  educated  by 
her  uncle  des  Marets  de  St.  Sorlin  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  in  rhetoric,  versifi- 
cation, and  philosophy.  She  also  studied 
Des  Cartes,  and  was  called  the  Cartesienne. 
She  was  intimate  with  the  learned  of  her 
time,  and  her  pieces  of  poetry  and  also 
her  prose  writings  were  read  with  great 
applause. 

Dupre  d'AuNAT,  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  member  of  several  learned  acade- 
mies. He  died  1758.  He  wrote  letters 
of  the  a;eneration  of  animals,— -traite  des 


DUR 


DUR 


subsistences  militaires,  two  vols.  4to — 
reflections  on  the  transfusion  of  blood, 
12mo.  &c. 

Dutre  de  St.  Maur,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  died  there  Decem- 
ber the  1st,  1774,  aged  SO.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy.  He  transla- 
ted Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with  Addison's 
odes,  and  also  Paradise  Regained,  by  a  Je- 
suit, four  vols.  12mo.  He  wrote  an  essay  on 
the  coins  of  France,  1740,  4to.  a  valuable 
work, — inquiries  on  the  value  of  money, 
&c. — the  table  of  the  duration  of  human 
life.  He  was  well  informed  in  the  matters 
of  agriculture,  economy,  and  commerce. 

Dcpuis,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of 
merit,  who  died  at  Paris  1742,  aged  57. 
His  brother  Gabriel  Nicholas  was  also  an 
eminent  engraver,  and  died  1771,  aged  73. 
Duquesne,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  distinguished  himself  in  the 
French  navy  in  various  fights  against  the 
Spaniards,  the  Dutch,  the  Genoese,  &c. 
He  died  at  Paris  the  second  February,  1688, 
aged  78,  much  and  deservedly  respected, 
not  less  in  his  private  than  his  public  cha- 
racter. 

Durand,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  raised 
to  a  bishopric  by  the  pope.  He  died  at 
Rome  1 296,  aged  59,  author  of  a  Speculum 
juris,  &c.  a  work  of  merit.  His  nephew 
was  also  a  bishop,  and  wrote  on  general 
councils. 

Durand,  de  St.  Pourcain,  William,  a 
French  bishop,  called  from  his  powers  of 
argumentation  the  resolute  doctor.  He 
was  author  of  commentaries  on  the  sen- 
tences and  other  works,  and  died  1332. 

Durande,  N.  a  physician  of  eminence 
at  Dijon,  who  published  some  interesting- 
tracts  on  his  profession.  He  died  at  Dijon, 
1799. 

Dorant,  Gilles,  sieur  de  la  Bergerie, 
advocate  in  the  Parliament  of  Paris.  He 
was  one  of  the  nine  appointed  by  the  court 
to  reform  the  customs  of  Paris.  He  pos- 
sessed great  talents  for  ludicrous  poetry, 
and  his  verses  on  the  ass  that  had  joined 
the  league,  and  had  fallen  during  the  siege 
of  Paris  1590,  are  much  admired.  He 
wrote  other  humorous  pieces,  which  equally 
command  the  approbation  of  the  public, 
though  some  are  of  a  licentious  tendency. 
Some  suppose  that  he  was  broke  on  the 
wheel,  16th  of  July,  1618,  for  a  libel  on  the 
French  king,  but  the  sufferer  was  another 
person,  who  with  his  two  brothers  endured 
that  savage  punishment.  Durant's  works 
were  printed  1594. 

Duranti,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  of  whose  parliament  he  was  ad- 
vocate-general, and  afterwards  in  1581  first 
? president.  He  violently  opposed  the 
eague,  and  perished  in  a  tumult  which  he 
endeavoured  to  appease,  being  shot  by  a. 


musket-ball  10th  of  Feb.  1589,  and  treated 
with  every  mark  of  insult  and  indignity  by 
the  mob.  This  meritorious  martyr  had 
the  year  before  successfully  employed  his 
influence  to  preserve  Toulouse  from  the 
plague,  and  he  had  deserved  the  affection 
of  his  country  by  his  liberality  and  charity 
of  some  institutions  which  he  founded  for 
the  education  of  youth  and  the  relief  of 
indigence.  He  wrote  also  a  book  de  riti- 
bus  ecclesiK,  printed  at  Rome  1591,  folio. 

Durbach,  Anne  Louisa,  a  German 
poetess,  born  1722.  From  the  mean  oc- 
cupation of  watching  cattle,  she  raised  her- 
self to  distinction  by  the  reading  of  books, 
and  by  uncommon  application  to  literature. 
At  17  she  married  a  wool-comber,  but  with 
him  and  with  another  afterwards,  she  was 
exposed  to  great  poverty,  till  the  age  of 
40,  when  her  muse  celebrated  in  a  trium- 
phal ode  the  battle  of  Lowoschutz.  This 
piece  was  noticed,  and  recommended  to 
the  Prussian  monarch,  who  sent  for  the 
poetess  to  Berlin,  and  by  his  patronage 
placed  her  above  want.  Her  poems  have 
been  published,  and  possess  great  merit. 
She  died  about  1780. 

Durell,  John,  a  divine  of  eminence, 
born  1626  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  edu- 
cated at  Merton  college,  which  he  left  at 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars,  and  then 
passed  to  Caen,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.A.  He  was  ordained  by  the  bishop 
of  Galloway,  at  Paris,  1651,  and  afterwards 
invited  by  the  church  of  Caen  to  supply 
the  place  of  the  famous  Bochart  during 
his  absence  at  the  court  of  Christina  of 
Sweden,  an  honourable  appointment,  which 
however  he  did  not  accept.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  was  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  pre- 
ferred to  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  afterwards 
at  Windsor,  and  then  at  Durham.  In 
1669  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1677  was  raised  to  the  deanery 
of  Windsor.  For  this  preferment  he  was 
indebted  to  his  abilities  as  well  as  to  the 
partiality  of  Charles,  who  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  bis  merits,  and  had  known 
him  in  Jersey  and  in  France.  He  died 
1683,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  at  Wind- 
sor. His  writings  were  chiefly  controver- 
sial— a  vindication  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land against  schismatics — a  view  of  the 
government,  &c.  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, 4to. — besides  a  translation  of  the 
liturgy  into  Latin  and  French. 

Durell,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  after- 
wards became  fellow  of  Hertford  college, 
of  which  in  1757  he  was  made  principal. 
In  1764  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D  and  in 
1767  was  made  prebendary  of  Canterbury. 
He  served  the  office  of  vice  chancellor,  and 
died  1775,  aged  47.  He  was  author  of 
critical  remarks  on  the  books  of  Job. 
573 


©UK 


BUR 


Psalms,  Ecclesiastes,  and  Canticles,  4to. 
— the  Hebrew  text  of  the  parallel  prophe- 
cies of  Jacob  and  Moses,  relating  to  the  12 
tribes,  with  a  translation  and  notes,  &c.  4to. 
Durer,  Albert,  a  celebrated  painter  and 
engraver,  born  at  Nuremberg  20th  May, 
1471,  of  Hungarian  parents.  After  being 
well  instructed  in  arithmetic,  perspective, 
and  geometry,  he  began  to  exhibit  some  of 
his  pieces  before  the  public,  and  his  three 
graces  were  the  first  performance  which 
fixed  the  admiration  of  his  country  upon 
him,  in  1497.  He  painted  little,  therefore 
his  pictures  are  very  scarce,  and  as  highly 
valued.  His  Adam  and  Eve  are  still  pre- 
served in  the  royal  palace  of  Prague,  and 
also  a  picture  of  Christ  bearing  the  cross, 
an  adoration  of  the  wise  men,  and  at 
Frankfort  two  pieces  of  the  passion  and 
an  assumption  of  exquisite  beauty.  In  the 
senators'  hall  at  Nuremberg  are  also  still 
exhibited  with  national  pride,  a  portrait  of 
Charlemagne,  and  of  some  of  the  empe- 
rors, with  the  12  apostles.  His  engravings 
are  highly  admired.  Instead  of  the  tedious 
mode  of  engraving  on  copper,  he  first  at- 
tempted to  work  on  wood,  and  his  first 
pieces  in  that  way^  were  the  beheading  of 
John  the  Baptist,  and  the  presentation  of 
his  head  to  Herod,  published  in  1510. 
One  of  his  best  pieces  is  said  by  Vasari  to 
be  a  St.  Eustachius  kneeling  before  a  stag. 
The  merit  of  Durer  was  not  lost  in  obscu- 
rity, he  was  esteemed  by  the  great,  and 
the  emperor  Maximilian  not  only  patron- 
ised him,  but  granted  him  a  pension  and  a 
patent  of  nobility.  He  died  in  his  native 
city,  6th  April,  1528,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
John's  church,  where  his  friend  Pirkheimer 
placed  an  honourable  inscription  over  his 
remains.  Besides  his  great  reputation  as 
an  artist,  he  possessed  what  is  equally  valu- 
able, a  respectable  character  in  private 
life.  He  was  cheerful  but  not  licentious  in 
his  conversation,  the  firm  friend  of  virtue 
and  piety,  and  he  never,  like  some  of  his 
fellow  artists,  employed  his  talents  on  any 
thing  that  was  either  obscene  or  profane. 
He  wrote  some  books  in  German,  published 
after  his  death,  on  the  rules  of  painting — 
institutiones  geometric,  &c.  His  wife, 
who  was  beautiful,  but  is  described  by  some 
as  a  Xantippe,  sat  to  him,  and  from  her 
features  he  painted  the  face  of  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

Duret,  Lewis,  a  physician,  born  at 
Beauge-la-Ville  in  Brescia.  He  practised 
with  great  success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the 
household  of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III. 
He  was  particularly  esteemed  by  this  last 
monarch,  who  granted  him  a  pension  of 
400  ci-owns  of  gold,  with  a  survivance  to 
his  five  sons,  and  in  proof  of  his  great  es- 
teem was  also  present  at  the  marriage  of 
his  daughter.  Duret  died  22d  January, 
1  ^SG,  aged  59.  He  was  a  tme  followpj-  cif 
S74 


Hippocrates,  and  treated  medicine  after 
the  manner  of  the  ancients.  His  best 
work  is  a  commentary  on  Hippocrates, 
published  at  Paris  1621,  folio,  after  being 
completed  and  revised  by  his  son  John, 
who  like  himself  was  eminent  as  a  physi- 
cian.    The  son  died  1629,  aged  66. 

D'Urfet,  Thomas,  a  facetious  English 
poet.  His  parents,  who  were  Huguenots, 
left  Rochelle  before  it  was  besieged  by 
Lewis  XIII.  in  1628,  and  they  settled  at 
Exeter,  where  the  poet  was  born.  He  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law,  but  the  liveliness 
of  his  genius,  and  the  volatility  of  his 
mind,  carried  him  to  the  cultivation  of 
poetry,  and  as  he  possessed  the  powers  of 
wit  and  the  keenness  of  satire,  his  plays 
were  received  on  the  stage  with  great  ap- 
plause. His  facetiousness  and  easy  man- 
ners recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
great,  and  Charles  II.  was  often  seen  with 
this  favourite  of  the  muses,  most  familiarly 
leaning  on  his  shoulder,  or  humming  over  a 
song  with  him.  But  though  popular,  his 
ballads,  songs,  and  plays  possessed  all  the 
coarseness  of  wit,  licentiousness,  and  in- 
delicacy which  were  fashionable  in  the  days 
of  the  second  Charles,  and  which  better 
times  have  happily  banished,  so  that  with- 
in 30  years  after  his  death,  none  of  his 
pieces  were  suffered  to  appear  on  the 
stage.  This  humorous  author,  familiarly 
known  by  the  name  of  Tom,  lived  much 
with  the  earl  of  Dorset  at  Knole,  where 
there  is  still  preserved  a  picture  of  him, 
taken  by  stealth,  as  he  was  sleeping  in  his 
chair  after  dinner,  but  in  the  last  part  of 
his  life  he  was  haunted  by  poverty,  for,  re- 
gardless of  the  morrow  he  had  always 
squandered  the  present  away.  To  relieve 
him  from  distress,  the  players  very  gene- 
rously, at  the  solicitation  of  Addison,  came 
forward  to  perform  "  the  Plotting  sister," 
for  the  benefit  of  the  author,  who  humo- 
rously said,  he  had  written  more  odes 
than  Horace,  and  four  times  as  many  come- 
dies as  Terence,  and  this  temporary  relief 
set  him  above  want.  He  died  26th  Feb- 
ruary, 1722,  and  was  buried  in  St.  James 
churchyard,  Westminster.  His  age  is  not 
exactly  known,  though  it  must  have  been 
about  70.  His  sonnets,  ballads,  &c.  are  con- 
tained in  6  vols.  12mo.  and  called  "  Pills  to 
purge  melancholy,"  and  they  are  hand- 
somely recommended  by  the  29th  number 
of  the  Guardian,  in  the  6th  number  of 
which  work  also  may  be  found  an  humo- 
rous account  of  the  author. 

Durham,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
in  West  Lothian,  1620,  and  educated  in  St. 
Salvador's  college,  St.  Andrews.  At  the 
age  of  30,  by  the  persuasion  of  his  friends, 
he  took  orders,  and  became  a  very  popular 
and  eloquent  preacher  at  Glasgow.  He 
died  of  a  consumption,  1658,  aged  38. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Revelation 


DUV 


BUY 


— discourse  on  scandal — sermons  on  the 
53d  of  Isaiah,  and  the  Song  of  Solomon, 
&c. 

Duringer,  Melchior,  professor  of  eccle- 
siastical history  at  Berne,  passed  his  whole 
life  in  celibacy,  solitude,  and  melancholy. 
He  fell  from  the  story  of  his  house,  which 
was  unfortunately  on  fire,  and  died  an  hour 
after,  1st  January,  1723,  aged  76.  The 
author  of  physica  sacra,  printed  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1732,  is  much  indebted  to  the 
labours  of  Duringer. 

Durt  or  Dur^eus,  John,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, laboured  earnestly  to  reconcile  the 
Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  but  to  little  pur- 
pose. He  began,  about  1634,  to  travel 
through  Europe,  engaged  in  this  gigantic 
undertaking,  and  after  conferring  with  the 
divines  of  England,  Germany,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Holland,  Geneva,  and  other 
places,  he  at  last,  after  40  years'  laborious 
pursuit,  found  himself  disappointed,  and 
though  all  commended  his  spirit  and  ex- 
tolled the  purity  of  his  intentions,  none 
would  resign  their  opinions  and  their  faith 
to  the  decision  of  their  neighbours.  It  is 
unknown  when  he  died,  but  in  the  last  part 
of  his  life  he  was  honourably  patronised, 
by  Hedwig  Sophia,  princess  of  Hesse,  who 
allowed  him  a  comfortable  retirement,  with 
a  table  well  furnished,  and  every  conve- 
nience. He  wrote  much  in  favour  of  his 
grand  plan,  and  evinced  himself  a  man  of 
extensive  learning,  great  zeal,  becoming 
piety,  but  rather  fanatical.  His  letter  to 
Dumoulin,  concerning  the  churches  of  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Ireland,  under  Crom- 
well, is  curious.  It  is  published,  London, 
1658,  12mo. 

Dusart,  a  painter  of  Haerlem,  disciple 
of  Adrian  Ostade.  He  was  chiefly  great 
in  the  description  of  taverns  and  low  com- 
pany.    He  died  1704,  aged  39. 

Dussaulx,  John,  a  native  of  Chartres, 
who,  after  distinguishing  himself  in  the  war 
of  Hanover  under  Richelieu,  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits.  At  the  revolution 
he  became  member  of  the  convention,  but 
his  conduct  was  moderate  and  humane, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  73  proscribed  depu- 
ties who  were  imprisoned  for  opposing  the 
measures  of  their  more  violent  associates. 
He  was  afterwards  member  of  the  council 
of  ancients,  and  president  of  the  national 
institute,  and  died  at  Paris,  16th  March, 
1799,  aged  71.  He  published  a  translation 
of  Juvenal — de  la  passion  du  jeu,  8vo. — 
cloge  de  Blanchet — memoire  sur  les  sati- 
riques  Latins,  &c. 

Dcval,  Peter,  geographer  royal  of 
France,  was  born  at  Abbeville.  He  died 
at  Paris,  1683,  aged  65.  He  studied  geo- 
graphy under  his  learned  maternal  uncle 
Sanson,  and  is  the  author  of  some  geogra- 
phical tracts  and  maps,  formerly  in  great 
esteem. 


Duval,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
died  1732,  aged  88.  He  studied  in  Italy 
under  Cortona,  and  was  made  by  William 
III.  director  of  the  academy  at  the  Hague. 

Duval,  Valentine  Jamerai,  an  extraor- 
dinary character,  born  in  1695,  at  Artonay 
in  Champagne.  At  the  age  of  10  he  lost 
his  father,  who  was  a  poor  labourer,  but 
thus  destitute,  overwhelmed,  with  his  mo- 
ther and  her  family,  by  poverty,  he  began 
to  hope  for  better  times.  He  hired  him- 
self with  a  peasant  of  the  village,  and  even 
in  the  employment  of  keeping  the  poultry- 
yard,  he  drew  the  attention  of  his  youthful 
associates,  and  by  his  superior  agility  gui- 
ded their  innocent  sports.  In  the  winter 
of  1709,  he  travelled  towards  Lorraine, 
and  in  the  cold  journey  he  was  attacked  by 
the  smallpox,  under  which  he  must  have 
sunk  but  for  the  timely  assistance  of  a 
shepherd  near  Monglat,  who  supplied  him 
with  dry  bread  and  water,  in  a  miserable 
sheep-pen,  where  the  breath  of  the  crowded 
sheep  hastened  the  termination  of  his  dis- 
order by  occasioning  a  strong  and  lasting 
perspiration.  Recovered  from  this  dread- 
ful malady  he  went  to  Clezantine,  a  village 
on  the  borders  of  Lorraine,  where  he  con- 
tinued two  years  in  the  service  of  another 
shepherd,  and  then  became  an  attendant 
on  brother  Palemon  at  the  hermitage  of  La 
Rochette,  near  Deneuvre.  From  this 
peaceful  abode  he  was  soon  removed  to  the 
hermitage  of  St.  Anne,  near  Lunevillc, 
and  there  employed  in  the  service  of  four 
hermits,  and  in  acts  of  charitable  hospitali- 
ty, he  learned  to  write,  and  with  eagerness 
devoured  the  books  which  his  indigent 
abode  afforded.  His  activity  was  here  em- 
ployed in  the  pursuit  of  game,  which  he 
sold  and  converted  to  the  increase  of  his 
books  and  knowledge,  and  his  accidental 
finding  of  a  seal  belonging  to  Mr.  Forster, 
an  English  gentleman  resident  at  Luneville. 
which  he  very  honourably  advertised,  pro- 
cured him  new  and  solid  advantages.  For- 
ster rewarded  his  honesty,  and  assisted 
him  in  the  purchase  of  books  and  of  maps, 
and  his  library  soon  increased  to  400  vo- 
lumes. Here,  while  one  day  engaged 
deeply  in  the  study  of  a  map  at  the  foot  of 
a  tree,  he  was  found  by  the  attendants  of 
the  princess  of  Lorraine,  and  the  pertinent 
and  very  sensible  remarks  which  he  made 
on  the  inquiries  of  his  illustrious  visiters, 
engaged  so  much  their  attention  that  they 
promised  him  their  protection,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  Leopold,  duke  of  Lorraine. 
The  young  adventurer  quitted  the  hermit- 
age with  tears  of  gratitude,  and  soon, 
under  the  care  of  the  Jesuits  of  Pont-a- 
Mousson,  he  made  himself  master  of  his 
favourite  studies,  history,  geography,  and 
antiquities.  His  progress  here  was  asto-  • 
nishing,  but  while  he  endeavoured  once  to 
cure  the  impetuous  passion  of  love  bv  hem- 
575 


DW1 


DWI 


lock,  as  he  read  in  St.  Jerome,  be  nearly 
destroyed  himself,  and  long  after  felt  the 
terrible  effects  of  this  violent  remedy.  In 
1718,  he  visited  Paris  in  the  suite  of  his 
patron  Leopold,  and  at  his  return  became  his 
librarian,  and  also  professor  of  history  at 
Luneville.  In  this  new  office  Duval  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  ;  he  was  attend- 
ed by  several  Englishmen,  and  particularly 
by  Pitt,  afterwards  earl  of  Chatham,  whose 
genius  and  manners  he  admired,  and  whose 
future  eminence  he  prophetically  announ- 
ced. He  now  found  himself  raised  to 
comfortable  independence,  and  in  the  ful- 
ness of  his  heart  he  showed  his  gratitude 
to  the  hermits  of  St.  Anne  his  benefactors, 
by  rebuilding  and  adorning  their  residence, 
and  enabling  them  to  extend  their  chari- 
ties. On  the  death  of  Leopold,  in  1738, 
he  followed  his  son  Francis,  who  exchanged 
Lorraine  for  Tuscany,  but  though  Florence 
afforded  him  many  comforts  from  the  salu- 
brity of  its  climate,  and  the  rich  treasures 
of  its  libraries,  he  yet  sighed  for  his  native 
land.  Francis,  on  his  marriage,  with  the 
heiress  of  Austria,  soon  gratified  his  wishes, 
and  when  removed  to  Vienna,  he  called  his 
respectable  attendant  near  his  person,  and 
gave  him  the  care  of  his  collection  of  me- 
dals. In  this  situation  Duval  lived  respect- 
ed and  beloved,  and  when  in  1751,  he  was 
nominated  preceptor  to  the  young  prince, 
Joseph,  he  did  not  offend  his  imperial  pa- 
trons by  modestly  refusing  an  office  so 
flattering  to  vanity.  He  enjoyed  good 
health  from  the  temperance  of  his  habits, 
and  the  hard  mode  of  life  to  which  he  had 
inured  himself,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
cultivation  of  literature,  and  to  the  corres- 
pondence of  his  friends,  especially  of  ma- 
dame  de  Guttenberg,  lady  of  the  bed-cham- 
ber to  the  empress,  a  woman  whose  under- 
standing was  similar  to  his  own,  and  whose 
goodness  of  heart  like  his  own  was  dis- 
played in  frequent  acts  of  benevolence  and 
charity.  In  1752,  Duval  visited  Paris,  and 
was  honourably  received  by  the  learned, 
and  on  his  return,  passing  by  Artonay,  his 
native  village,  he  purchased  the  house 
which  the  indigence  of  his  sister  had  sold, 
and  built  on  the  spot  where  he  was  born  a 
neat  house,  which  he  appropriated  to  the 
residence  of  the  public  schoolmaster  of  the 
place.  This  venerable  and  pious  character 
died  third  November,  1775,  aged  81,  dis- 
playing in  his  last  moments  that  resignation 
and  faith  which  close  the  life  of  a  good  man. 

Duveneke,  Marc  Van,  an  historical 
painter  of  Bruges,  who  died  1729,  aged  55. 
He  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Maratti,  and 
painted  chiefly  for  churches,  and  many  of 
his  pieces  are  still  preserved  at  Bruges. 

Dwight,  Timothy,  D.D.  LL.D.  presi- 
dent of  Yale  college,  was  born  at  North- 
ampton, Massachusetts,  in  1752.  His 
father,  Timothy  Dwight,  was  a  gentleman 
576 


of  liberal  education,  and  of  great  respecta- 
bility of  character.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards, 
president  of  the  college  of  New-Jersey. 
He  was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  took 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  Arts,  in  1769,  at 
the  age  of  seventeen.  He  was  elected  a 
tutor  of  the  college  in  1771,  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  that  station  for  six  years. 
Soon  after  leaving  the  college,  he  served  a 
short  time  in  the  American  army  as  chap- 
lain, and  after  that,  resided  several  years 
at  Northampton.  While  there,  he  was 
twice  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  in  his  speeches  in  that  body  on 
several  questions  of  great  public  expecta- 
tion, acquitted  himself  in  a  manner  highly 
honourable  to  his  talents,  and  showing  his 
capability  of  attaining  great  eminence  as  a 
civilian,  had  he  chosen  to  make  the  bar  or 
hall  of  legislation  the  scene  of  his  exer- 
tions. In  1783,  he  accepted  an  invitation 
to  settle  as  a  clergyman  in  the  parish  of 
Greenfield,  in  the  town  of  Fairfield,  Con- 
necticut, and  resided  there  12  years.  In' 
1785,  he  published  an  epic  poem  in  eleven 
books,  entitled  the  "  Conquest  of  Canaan." 
He  brought  it  into  the  form  in  which  it  was 
given  to  the  public  in  the  twenty-fourth 
year  of  his  age.  In  1794,  he  published 
"  Greenfield  Hill,"  a  poem  in  seven  books. 
During  his  residence  at  Greenfield,  he  be- 
came very  widely  known  by  his  works  and 
his  extensive  intercourse  with  literary  and 
professional  gentlemen,  and  rose  to  a  high 
reputation  for  talents,  learning,  and  excel- 
lence as  a  preacher.  In  May,  1795,  on  the 
death  of  president  Stiles,  he  was  elected  to 
the  presidency  of  Yale  college,  a  station 
for  which  he  was  most  happily  fitted  by 
popular  and  dignified  manners,  and  extra- 
ordinary talents  for  communicating  know- 
ledge, as  well  as  by  his  superior  endow- 
ments and  acquaintance  with  science  and 
literature.  Under  his  superintendence  the 
institution  soon  began  to  flourish  beyond 
all  preceding  example.  He  was  soon  after 
elected  to  the  divinity  chair,  and  filled  it  in 
connexion  with  the  office  of  president  with 
great  reputation  till  his  death.  He  was 
eminently  distinguished  in  the  government 
and  instruction  of  the  college.  During  the 
whole  of  his  presidency  no  general  opposi- 
tion to  the  collegiate  government  existed, 
or  even  a  momentary  interruption  to  the 
regular  operation  of  law.  He  possessed 
from  nature  a  constitution  of  body  un- 
usually firm  and  vigorous,  and  with  the 
exception  of  a  weakness  of  his  eyes, 
which  obliged  him  for  many  years  to  em- 
ploy an  amanuensis,  he  enjoyed  remarka- 
ble health ;  but  about  two  years  before  his 
death,  he  was  attacked  by  a  disorder, 
against  which  all  medical  prescriptions 
were  unavailing,  and  which  subjected  him 
to  an   excess  of  suffering  that  at  length 


DYE 


DVN 


broke  down  his  robust  frame.  His  pa- 
tience under  the  severest  agonies  of  dis- 
tress, and  his  resignation  to  the  Divine  will, 
were  striking,  and  eminently  suited  the 
character  of  ardent  piety  which  he  had  so 
long  sustained.  His  death  took  place 
February  11th,  1817,  and  was  universally 
and  deeply  lamented  as  the  fall  of  one  of 
the  greatest,  best,  and  most  useful  of  the 
eminent  men  who  have  adorned  his  country, 
and  a  loss  to  the  cause  at  large  of  learning 
and  religion,  as  well  as  to  the  seminary 
over  which  he  presided.  Since  his  death, 
his  theological  lectures,  under  the  title  of 
"  Theology,"  have  been  published  in  five 
volumes  octavo,  and  have  passed  through 
several  large  editions,  both  in  the  United 
States  and  in  Great  Britain.  His  travels 
in  New-England  and  New-York  have  also 
been  published  in  four  volumes  octavo. 

Dtche,  Thomas,  an  English  clergyman, 
well  known  as  a  schoolmaster,  at  Stratford- 
le-bow,  and  as  the  author  of  an  English 
dictionary,  spelling-book,  Latin  vocabulary, 
&c.     He  died  about  1750. 

Dyer,  Sir  James,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
born  at  Roundhill,  Somersetshire,  1511, 
and  educated  at  Broadgate  hall,  Oxford, 
and  removed  to  the  Middle  temple,  Lon- 
don. Here,  by  assiduity,  he  distinguished 
himself,  and  in  1552,  he  was  made  sergeant 
at  law,  and  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  In  1556,  he  was  made  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  common  pleas,  in  1557, 
removed  to  the  king's  bench,  and  in  1559, 
again  restored  to  the  common  pleas,  and 
the  next  January,  he  was  made  chief  justice 
pf  that  court.  This  respectable  and  up- 
right magistrate  died  at  his  seat  of  Stanton, 
Huntingdonshire,  24th  March,  1581,  aged 
70.  He  wrote  a  large  volume  of  reports, 
published  20  years  after  his  death,  and  re- 
printed often,  and  deservedly  commended 
by  Sir  Edward  Coke.  He  left  also  some 
other  law  tracts,  and,  for  his  learning  and 
great  excellence  of  character,  fully  merited 
the  eulogium  passed  on  him  by  Camden. 

Dyer,  William,  a  nonconformist,  ejected 
from  his  living  of  Cholesbury,  Bucks,  in 
1662.  He  turned  quaker  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  and  died  1696,  aged  60,  and  was 


buried  at  Southwark.  He  wrote  some  ser- 
mons, and  theological  tracts  much  in  the 
style  of  Bunyan's.  They  were  reprinted 
1671. 

Dyer,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  at 
Aberglasney,  Caermarthenshire,  1700.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
returned  home  to  study  the  law,  his  father's 
profession,  but  he  had  a  greater  relish  for 
poetry  and  design,  and  therefore  he  deter- 
mined to  become  a  painter.  In  1727,  he 
published  his  "  Grongar-hill,"  a  beautiful 
little  poem,  and  afterwards  set  out  for  Italy, 
to  delineate  the  antiquities  of  that  cele- 
brated country,  and  employed  much  of  his 
time  among  the  enchanting  prospects  near 
Rome  and  Florence.  At  his  return  home 
in  1740,  appeared  his  poem,  "the  ruins  of 
Rome,"  and  soon  after,  by  the  advice  of 
his  friends,  he  took  orders.  He  was  pre- 
sented to  Calthorp,  Leicestershire,  which, 
after  a  residence  of  10  years,  he  exchanged 
for  Belchford,  Lincolnshire.  In  1752,  he 
was  presented  by  Sir  John  Heathcote,  to 
Coningsby,  and  in  1756,  the  chancellor 
added  to  it  Kirkby  on  Bane  ;  but  whilst 
he  began  to  enjoy  himself,  and  prepared 
the  improvements  of  his  parsonage-house 
and  of  his  garden,  the  cup  of  felicity  was 
dashed  from  his  hand,  and  he  was  carried 
off  by  a  rapid  consumption,  1758,  and 
buried  at  Coningsby,  where  no  memorial 
records  the  virtues  of  its  pastor.  He  left 
a  widow  and  four  children,  one  son  and 
three  girls.  The  son,  heir  to  his  father's 
taste  and  classical  knowledge,  died  in  Lon- 
don, April,  1782,  aged  32,  as  he  was  pre- 
paring to  extend  his  travels  to  Italy.  The 
"  fleece,"  which  was  published  a  little 
before  the  poet's  death — Grongar-hill — and 
the  ruins  of  Rome,  are  the  three  poems 
which  raised  Dyer  above  mortality.  The 
simplicity  of  his  lines  is  enriched  with  true 
sublimity,  and  the  whole  breathe  forth  the 
purest  flames  of  benevolence  and  huma- 
nity, and  have  gained,  and  will  preserve  uni- 
versal admiration.  His  works  were  print- 
ed in  one  vol.  8vo.  1761. 

Dynamos,  a  rhetorician  of  the  fourth 
century,  born  at  Bourdeaux,  which  he  left 
on  an  accusation  of  adultery.  He  died 
360,  in  Spain,  where  he  had  married  a  rich 
widow. 


EAC 

EACHARD,  Dr.  John,  an.  English  di- 
vine, born  in  Suffolk  1636.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Catharine-hall,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow,  and  in  1675,  master,  the 
year  after  which  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  He  died  7th  July,  1697,  aged  61, 
nnd  was  buried  in  the  chapel,  where  a 
Vol..  I.  73 


EAC 

handsome  inscription  is  placed  over  his  re- 
mains. He  is  well  known  as  the  author 
of  the  grounds  and  occasions  of  the  con- 
tempt of  the  clergy  and  religion  inquired 
into,  in  a  letter  to  R.  L.  1 670,  which  was 
attacked  by  several  writers  and  answered 
by  him.  In  1672,  he  published  Mr.HobhpsV 
.^77 


LAK 


EAT 


State  of  Nature  considered,  in  a  dialogue 
between  Philanthus  and  Timothy,  dedica- 
ted to  Sheldon,  the  primate,  which  Hobbes 
never  noticed,  and  perhaps  wisely,  as  his 
superior  powers  must  have  sunk  before  the 
wit  and  raillery  of  his  opponent.  These 
two  performances  were  long  in  esteem,  and 
deserved  the  high  commendations  of  Swift. 
All  Dr.  Eachard's  works  were  printed 
complete  in  1774. 

Eames,  John,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Tailors',  and  intended 
for  the  ministry  among  the  independent 
dissenters.  A  strong  defect  in  the  organs 
of  speech  rendered  it  impossible  for  him  to 
appear  with  advantage  before  a  congrega- 
tion, and  therefore  he  employed  himself  in 
educating  young  persons  at  the  expense  of 
the  independent  fund,and  after  undertaking 
the  class  of  mathematics,  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  philosophy,  he  filled  the  chair 
of  divinity  with  considerable  respectability. 
His  learning  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  other  emi- 
nent men,  and  procured  him  a  seat  in  the 
royal  society,  whose  transactions  he  abridg- 
ed with  the  assistance  of  another  person. 
He  died  1744. 

Earle,  John,  a  native  of  York,  educa- 
ted at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  made 
tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales.  He 
was  a  great  sufferer  during  the  civil  wars, 
and  at  the  restoration,  was  made  dean  of 
Windsor,  then  bishop  of  Worcester,  and 
in  1663,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  where  he  died 
two  years  after.  He  was  author  of  a  transla- 
tion of  the  Icon  Basilike  into  Latin — micro- 
cosmography,  or  a  piece  of  the  world  cha- 
racterized in  essays  and  characters,  12mo.* 
— an  elegy  on  Francis  Beaumont,  the  poet, 
&c. 

Earle,  William  Benson,  a  benevolent 
character,  born  at  Shaftesbury,  7th  July, 
1 740.  He  was  a  man  of  polished  manners, 
well  acquainted  with  the  circle  of  belles 
lettres,  and  in  disposition  most  humane  and 
charitable.  He  left  by  his  will  2000  guineas 
to  the  matrons  in  bishop  Ward's  hospital, 
Sarum,  and  to  various  other  public  institu- 
tions in  Winchester,  Salisbury,  Bristol, 
London,  Bath,  &c.  handsome  legacies,  ex- 
pressive of  his  respect  for  those  founda- 
tions, which  offer  relief  to  the  aged,  the 
weak,  the  indigent,  and  the  unfortunate. 
Other  legacies  also  were  left  for  the  im- 
provements of  the  Salisbury  concert,  and 
for  agricultural  purposes.  This  benevo- 
lent man  died  21st  March,  1796,  in  the 
Close,  Sarum,  and  was  buried  without 
pomp,  with  his  ancestors,  in  Newton-To- 
ney  church. 

Early,  Peter,  governor  of  Georgia,  was 
bred  a  lawyer,  and  became  distinguished  in 
the  profession.  In  1802,  he  was  chosen  a 
representative  in  congress,  and  was  among 
'lie  most  conspicuous  of  the  members  who 
FT7S 


supported  the  administration.  In  1807,  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Georgia,  and  in  1813,  governor  of 
the  state,  and  rendered  important  services 
in  those  stations,  by  the  intelligence,  firm- 
ness, and  freedom  from  party  spirit,  with 
which  he  discharged  their  duties,  particu- 
larly by  hindering  the  enactment  of  a  law 
to  prevent  the  collection  of  debts.  He 
died  August  15th,  1817.  iCF*  L. 

Easton,  Nicholas,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  was  first  elected  in  1650,  and  again 
in  1672.  He  came  from  England  in  1636, 
with  his  two  sons,  Peter  and  John,  and  re- 
sided at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  until  the 
following  year,  when  he  removed  to  New- 
bury, and  in  1638,  to  Hampton.  He  was 
concerned  in  the  first  planting  of  both  the 
last-mentioned  towns,  and  erected  the  first 
house  in  Hampton.  In  1639,  the  Eastons, 
on  account  of  some  differences  with  the 
government,  removed  to  Portsmouth,  and 
afterwards  to  Newport,  where  they  also 
erected  the  first  house  which  was  built  in 
that  place.  It  has  been  remarked  of  Easton 
and  Coddington,  another  principal  settler 
of  Newport,  that  they  did  much  more  to 
secure  the  civil  and  religious  liberty  of  the 
colony,  than  Roger  Williams,  whose  ser- 
vices have  been  more  highly  extolled. 
Governor  Easton  died  in  1675,  aged  83, 
and  was  buried  in  the  Coddington  burying- 
ground.  ICF*  L. 

Easton,  John,  governor  of  Rhode-Island, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
elected  in  1690.  He  continued  in  office 
until  1695,  and  died  in  1705,  aged  85. 

fCPL. 

Eaton,  Theophilus,  first  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New-Haven,  New-England,  was 
a  native  of  Stony-Stratford,  England. 
After  having  held  the  office  of  deputy  go- 
vernor of  the  East  India  company,  been 
ambassador  to  Denmark,  and  employed 
several  years  very  successfully  as  a  mer- 
chant in  London,  he  came  to  New-England 
in  1637,  and  in  the  following  year,  accom- 
panied by  a  few  others,  commenced  the 
settlement  of  New-Haven.  On  the  organi- 
zation of  a  civil  government  in  that  colony, 
in  1639,  he  was  chosen  governor,  and  con- 
tinued in  the  office  till  his  death  in  1657, 
in  the  67th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished by  great  amiableness  of  man- 
ners, dignity,  and  integrity  as  a  magistrate, 
and  piety,  and  was  held  in  great  reverence 
by  the  colonists,  over  whom  he  exerted  a 
paternal  care,  and  who  testified  their  re- 
gard to  him  by  defraying  the  expenses  of 
his  funeral,  and  erecting  a  monument  to 
his  memory.  Id?0  L. 

Eaton,  William,  general  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Wood- 
stock, Connecticut,  in  1764,  and  was  gra- 
duated at  Dartmouth  college  in  1790.  In 
1792,  he  was  appointed  to  a  captainry  in 


EBIi 


ecu 


the  American  army,  and  served  lor  some 
time  under  General  Wayne  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  afterwards  in  Georgia.  In  179S, 
he  was  appointed  consul  to  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  and  continued  there,  discharging 
the  duties  of  that  difficult  situation  with  an 
energy  and  sagacity  highly  honourable  to 
himself,  till  1803,  when  he  returned  to  the 
United  States.  In  April,  1804,  he  was  ap- 
pointed navy  agent  of  the  United  States 
for  the  Barbary  powers,  for  the  purpose  of 
co-operating  with  Hamet  bashaw  in  the 
war  against  Tripoli.  After  reaching  Malta, 
he  left  the  American  fleet,  and  proceeded 
to  Cairo,  where  he  formed  a  convention 
with  Hamet.  He  marched  from  that  place 
with  a  few  hundred  troops,  chiefly  Arabs, 
to  Derne,  which,  in  conjunction  with  the 
fleet,  he  captured.  A  premature  peace, 
purchased  by  the  American  consul  with  the 
Tripolitan  Bashaw,  disappointed  him  and 
bis  country  of  the  advantages  he  had  gain- 
ed for  reducing  that  enemy  to  submission. 
Compelled  by  the  treaty  to  relinquish  his 
conquests,  he  evacuated  the  city,  and  em- 
barking with  his  Christian  troops  on  board 
the  American  fleet,  returned  to  the  United 
States.  On  his  arrival  there,  though  he 
received  many  flattering  testimonials  of 
respect  for  his  brilliant  achievements,  he 
failed  of  obtaining  from  the  government 
such  compensation  for  the  pecuniary  losses 
he  had  sustained,  and  such  employment  as 
his  talents  and  services  entitled  him  to  ex- 
pect ;  and  unhappily,  under  the  influence 
of  disappointment,  he  became  incapable  of 
usefulness,  and  died  on  the  1st  of  June, 
1811.  He  possessed  great  energy  of 
mind  and  independence  of  feeling,  was 
brave,  patriotic,  and  generous,  but  easily 
excited  both  to  anger  and  vanity.  His  Ma- 
jesty, the  king  of  Denmark,  presented  him 
with  an  elegant  acknowledgment,  in  a  gold 
box,  of  services  he  rendered  several  cap- 
tured Danes  at  Tunis,  and  he  also  received 
from  Massachusetts  the  gift  of  10,000  acres 
of  land,  in  token  of  the  respect  in  which 
his  talents  and  services  were  held  by  that 
state.  fCF  L. 

Ebertus,  Theodore,  a  learned  profes- 
sor of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  in  the 
17th  century.  His  works  are,  Chronologia 
sanctions  lingua  doctorum, — elogiajuris- 
consultorum,  Sic.  8vo. — Poetica  Hebraica, 
Svo.  1628. 

Ebion,  the  founder  of  a  sect  about  the 
year  72.  St.  John  is  supposed  to  have 
written  his  gospel  against  the  doctrines  of 
the  Ebionites,  who  denied  the  divinity  of 
our  Saviour,  and  acknowledged  as  true  only 
a  mutilated  and  interpolated  copy  of  St. 
Matthew's  gospel,  rejecting  all  the  other 
books  of  the  NewTestament.  Some  authors 
suppose  that  there  was  no  such  person  as 
Ebion. 

Errotn,  mayor  of  the  palace  under  Clo- 


thaire  Hi.  and  Thiery  I.  maintained  for  a 
while  the  great  power  which  his  intrigues 
and  hypocrisy  had  obtained,  but  his  pride 
and  cruelty  offended  the  French  nobles,  and 
he  was  at  last  confined  in  a  monastery. 
He  however  escaped,  and  soon  returned 
with  an  army  to  regain  his  lost  influence. 
His  enemies  and  rivals  were  sacrificed  to 
his  ambition  and  revenge,  and  the  greatest 
atrocities  were  exercised  in  the  name  of 
public  justice.  This  tyrant,  execrated  by 
the  people,  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
Hermanfroi,  a  noble  whose  death  he  medi- 
tated, 681. 

Eccard,  John  George  d',  a  German  his- 
torian and  antiquary,  born  at  Duingen, 
Brunswick,  1670.  He  was  professor  of 
history  at  Helmstadt,  and  succeeded  his 
friend  Leibnitz  in  the  chair  of  Hanover, 
1716.  His  debts  obliged  him  to  leave  his 
situation,  1723,  and  turning  Roman  catho- 
lic, he  retired  to  Wurtzburg,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  office  of  episcopal  counsellor  and 
librarian.  He  was  ennobled  by  the  empe- 
ror, and  died  1730.  His  works  are  Corpus 
historicum  medii  aevi  a  Caroli  magni  tem- 
por.  ad  finem  seculi  xv.  2  vols,  folio,  a 
learned  and  valuable  work, — leges  Franco- 
rum,  &c. — de  Origine  Germanorum, — his- 
toria  studii  etymologici,  &c. 

Ecchellensis,  Abraham,  a  Maronite 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Rome. 
He  translated  from  the  Arabic  into  Latin 
some  of  the  books  of  Apollonius's  conies, 
and  went  to  Paris  to  assist  Le  Jay  in  the 
publication  of  his  polyglott  Bible.  He 
quarrelled  with  Le  Jay,  and  also  with  Fla- 
vigny,  who  had  attacked  his  edition  of  the 
Bible,  and  he  showed  himself  wantonly  se- 
vere and  licentiously  satirical.  He  was 
recalled  from  Paris  to  assist  in  the  transla- 
ting of  the  Scriptures  into  Arabic,  and  died 
at  Rome,  1664. 

Eccles,  Solomon,  an  English  musician, 
who  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame  turned  qua- 
ker  and  destroyed  his  instruments.  He 
now  became  as  ridiculous  as  before  he  had 
been  admired,  and  for  a  while  amused  the 
public  by  his  foolish  plans  to  reconcile  all 
mankind  to  one  religion.  The  confinement 
of  a  prison  at  last  cured  him  of  his  follies, 
but  he  died  without  religion  the  last  years 
of  the  17th  century. 

Echard,  Jacques,  a  Dominican,  who 
was  born  at  Rouen,  and  died  at  Paris, 
March  15th,  1774,  aged  60.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  learned  men  whom  his  or- 
der had  produced,  2  vols,  folio,  Paris,  1719, 
and  1721. 

Echard,  Lawrence,  an  English  histo- 
rian and  divine,  born  at  Bassam,  near 
Bcccles,  Suffolk,  1671,  and  educated  at 
Christ  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  1695.  He  took  orders 
and  obtained  the  livings  of  Welton  and 
Elkinton,  Lincolnshire.  In  1706,  he  pub- 
579 


EDE 


EDU 


lished  his  history  of  England,  from  the 
time  of  the  Romans  to  James  I.  in  1  vol. 
folio,  to  which  he  added  a  second  and  a 
third  volume,  folio,  1718,  up  to  the  settle- 
ment of  William  and  Mary.  He  wrote 
also  an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  an  Eng- 
lish translation  of  Plautus  and  Terence, 
besides  a  gazetteer,  &c.  He  was  made 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1712,  arch- 
deacon of  Stowe,  and  soon  after  presented 
to  the  livings  of  Rendlesham,  Sudborn,  and 
Alford,  Suffolk.  His  declining  state  of 
health  obliged  him  to  go  to  Scarborough 
for  the  waters,  but  he  died  by  the  way, 
while  in  his  chariot,  16th  August,  1730. 
He  was  an  author  of  great  judgment  and 
perseverance,  but  the  labours  of  more 
modern  and  elegant  writers  have  rendered 
his  works  obsolete.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, but  had  no  children. 

Eckius,  John,  a  learned  professor  of  In- 
goldstadt,  born  in  Suabia,  1483.  He  warm- 
ly opposed  the  great  leaders  of  the  refor- 
mation, and  disputed  at  Leinsic  with 
Luther,  before  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  at 
Worms  against  Melancthon.  He  was  a 
divine  of  great  abilities,  warm  zeal,  and 
extensive  erudition.  His  writings  are  chief- 
ly on  controversial  subjects,  in  support  of 
the  popish  supremacy  against  the  Protes- 
tants.    He  died  at  Ingoldstadt,  1548. 

Ecluse,  Charles  de  1'  Clusius,  a  physi- 
cian of  Arras,  who  had  the  care  of  the 
simples  of  Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolphus 
II.  Disliking  the  life  of  a  courtier,  he  re- 
tired to  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  and  then 
to  Leyden,  where  he  died,  professor  of 
botany,  4th  April,  1609,  aged  84.  His 
works  on  botanical  subjects  were  published, 
2  vols,  folio,  Antwerp,  1601-5. 

Ecluse  des  Loges,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  1',  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  was  born  at 
Falaise,  and  obtained  the  prize  of  elo- 
quence at  the  French  academy,  1743,  and 
died  1775.  He  edited,  but  with  great  par- 
tiality, the  memoirs  of  Sully. 

Edelinck,  Gerard,  an  engraver,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1641.  The  munificence  of  Lewis 
XIV.  invited  him  to  France,  where  he  exe- 
cuted, in  the  most  finished  style,  the  holy 
family  of  Raphael,  Alexander  in  Darius's 
tent,  by  le  Brun,  and  Mary  Magdalen,  also 
by  le  Brun.  Some  of  his  portraits  are  ex- 
cellent, especially  his  own.  He  died  1707, 
aged  66,  at  the  hotel  of  the  Gobelins. 

Edema,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
in  Friesland.  He  visited  Surinam,  and  af- 
terwards America,  to  paint  the  views,  the 
trees,  insects,  &c.  of  the  country,  and 
came  to  London,  1670.  He  was  much  ad- 
mired for  the  bold  features  of  his  land- 
scapes ;  and  his  rocks,  mountains,  and 
cataracts  displayed  awful  grandeur.  He 
hastened  his  dissolution  by  excessive  drink- 
ins,  and  died  about  1700. 

Eden,  Charles,  governor  of  North.Caro- 
580 


lina,  arrived  in  the  colony,  May,  1714. 
During  his  administration,  the  noted  pirate 
Theach,  alias  Blackbeard,  surrendered  him- 
self with  his  companions  to  the  govern- 
ment, in  consequence  of  the  king's  procla- 
mation of  pardon.  He,  however,  soon 
afterwards  fitted  out  a  sloop  in  North  Caro- 
lina, recommenced  his  depredations,  and 
was  killed  by  a  party  detached  from  a 
British  frigate  in  quest  of  him.  From  cir- 
cumstances which  afterwards  transpired,  it 
was  believed  that  Eden  and  the  secretary 
of  the  colony  had  been  confederate  with 
him.  He  died  March  27,  1722,  and  the 
administration  devolved  on  Thomas  Pol- 
lock, president  of  the  council.     ICJ^  L. 

Eden,  Sir  Robert,the  last  royal  governor 
of  Maryland,  succeeded  Mr.  Sharpe  in 
1768.  He  was  a  man  of  amiable  manners, 
and  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolu- 
tionary controversy,  was  more  disposed  to 
moderation  than  any  of  the  other  British 
officers,  and  complied,  though  reluctantly, 
with  the  order  of  congress,  to  relinquish 
his  government.  After  the  restoration  of 
peace,  he  returned  from  England  to  Ameri- 
ca for  the  recovery  of  his  estates,  to  which 
he  was  entitled  by  the  treaty  of  1783,  and 
died  at  Annapolis,  September  2,  1784  ;  at 
this  time,  he  enjoyed  a  pension  of  800J. 
from  the  British  government.  He  was  a 
native  of  Durham,  England,  brother  of 
sir  John  Eden,  and  married  lady  Calvert, 
sister  of  lord  Baltimore.  itZP  L. 

Eder,  George,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Friesingen,  and 
counsellor  to  the  emperors  Ferdinand, 
Maximilian,  and  Rodolphus.  His  best 
work  is  Giconomia  bibliorum  seu  partio-> 
num  biblicarum  libri  quinque,  folio. 

Edgar,  succeeded  on  the  throne  of 
England  after  his  brother  Edwy,  959,  and 
deserved  from  his  mildness  the  name  of 
peaceable.  He  was  a  warlike  prince,  and 
obtained  some  important  victories  in  Scot- 
land and  in  Ireland,  and  also  in  Wales, 
where  he  exacted  from  the  inhabitants  a 
tribute  of  wolves'  heads,  which  thus  clear- 
ed the  country  from  those  rapacious  ani- 
mals. After  the  death  of  his  queen  Egel- 
flida,  he  married  the  beautiful  Elfrida, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Devonshire,  whom 
his  favourite  Ethelwolfe,  overpowered 
with  the  love  of  her  beauty,  claimed  for 
himself  instead  of  demanding  her  for  his 
master.     Edgar  died  975,  aged  33. 

Edgar,  son  of  Malcolm  III,  was  king  of 
Scotland,  and  died  1107.  His  sister  mar- 
ried Henry,  king  of  England,  and  by  this 
union,  restored  peace  between  the  two 
countries. 

Edgeworth,  Richard,  was  born  at  Bath 
in  1744,  and  died  at  Edgeworth's  town, 
June  13,  1817.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  next  at  Corpus 
Christi  college^   Oxford,  from  w-hence  he 


LDM 


EDVV 


removed  to  the  temple.  Instead,  however, 
of  studying  the  law,  he  applied  to  the 
mathematical  sciences,  and  became  an  ex- 
cellent mechanic.  In  1767,  he  invented 
the  telegraph,  which  many  years  after  he 
saw  generally  adopted.  He  also  contrived 
several  agricultural  instruments,  and  wheel 
carriages,  upon  new  principles.  On  going 
to  France,  he  was  employed  in  directing 
the  works  across  the  Rhine  at  Lyons. 
In  17S0,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  and  in  1785,  he  was  named  in 
the  patent  for  establishing  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy.  He  proved  a  great  benefactor 
to  that  part  of  the  country  where  he  resi- 
ded, by  making  rail-ways,  draining  bogs, 
and  introducing  an  improved  system  of  ag- 
riculture. Some  years  before  he  died,  he 
formed  a  spire  for  the  church  of  Edge- 
worth's  town,  which  was  all  constructed  of 
frame-work  on  the  ground,  and  then  eleva- 
ted by  machinery  to  the  tower,  where  it 
was  fixed.  Mr.  Edgeworth  published — 1. 
Poetry  Explained.  2.  Readings  in  Poetry. 
3.  Essays  on  Practical  Education,  2  vols. 
8vo.  4.  Professional  Education.  5.  Let- 
ter to  lord  Charlemont  on  the  Telegraph. 
6.  Essay  on  the  Construction  of  Roads  ; 
besides  various  tracts  and  papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  &c. 
He  was  married  four  times,  and  had  seve- 
ral children,  one  of  whom,  Miss  Maria 
Edgeworth,  is  well  known  by  her  excellent 
publications  ;  and  the  continuation  of  her 
father's  memoirs,  from  which  this  is  ex- 
tracted.—IF.  B. 

Edmer,  or  Eadmer,  an  English  bene- 
dictine  of  Canterbury,  afterwards  abbot  of 
St.  Alban's,  and  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in 
Scotland.  He  wrote  the  history  of  his 
own  times  from  1066  to  1122,  called  His- 
toria  novorum,  and  also  the  life  of  An- 
selm  and  Wilfred,  and  some  other  tracts. 
His  historia  was  printed  with  notes  by 
Selden,  1623,  and  reprinted  1675,  by  Ger- 
beron. 

Edmondes,  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman, 
born  in  Devonshire  about  1563,  and  intro- 
duced at  court  under  the  patronage  of  sir 
Francis  Walsingham.  He  was  employed 
by  Elizabeth  in  some  negotiations,  but 
when  her  ambassador  at  Paris,  he  was  al- 
lowed only  20s.  a  day,  so  that  he  complains 
severely  of  his  inability  to  support  the  dig- 
nity of  a  royal  representative,  and  adds 
that  "  he  has  not  the  means  wherewith  to 
put  a  good  garment  on  his  back,  to  appear 
in  honest  company."  He  was  sent  in  1 599 
to  Brussels,  and  was  afterwards  employed 
as  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  privy  council. 
He  was  knighted  by  James  I.  and  engaged 
in  affairs  of  trust  and  importance,  and  af- 
terwards appointed  to  the  offices  of  comp- 
troller of  the  king's  household,  and  privy 
counsellor,  and  in   1618,  of  treasurer  of 


the  household.  In  the  two  first  parlia- 
ments of  Charles  I.  he  sat  for  Oxford,  and 
some  of  his  speeches  are  preserved.  In 
1629,  he  went  as  ambassador  to  the 
French  court,  and  afterwards  retired  from 
office,  and  died  in  peaceful  privacy,  1639. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities,  emi- 
nent as  a  negotiator,  active  as  a  courtier, 
upright,  firm,  and  incorruptible,  as  at- 
tached to  the  privileges  of  his  king  and 
country.  Some  of  his  papers,  which 
once  consisted  of  12  vols,  folio,  have  been 
preserved,  and  some  of  his  letters  are 
published  in  Sawyer's  three  volumes  of 
memorials  of  affairs  of  state,  1725,  and 
Dr.  Birch's  View  of  Negotiations,  &c. 
1749,  8vo. 

Edmondes,  Clement,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Sharwardine  in  Shrop- 
shire, and  educated  at  All-souls  college,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  1590.  By  the 
interest  of  his  father,  he  was  made  secre- 
tary for  the  French  to  Elizabeth,  and  after- 
wards remembrancer  of  the  city  of  London, 
master  of  the  requests,  and  clerk  to  the 
council,  and  in  1617  knighted.  He  was  a 
man  of  learning,  well  skilled  in  arts  and 
sciences.  He  wrote  observations  on  the 
first  5  books  of  Caesar's  civil  wars,  1600, 
folio,  besides  observations  on  the  commen- 
taries, &c.  He  died  in  St.  Martins  in  the 
fields,  12th  October,  1622,  and  was  buried 
at  Preston  near  Northampton. 

Edmund,  St.  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
was  for  his  sanctity  made  one  of  the  saints 
of  the  calendar.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
in  870,  by  Ivar  the  Dane,  and  shot  to  death 
with  arrows,  after  being  fastened  to  a 
tree.  He  was  buried  at  St.  Edmundsbury, 
Suffolk. 

Edmund,  St.  a  native  of  Abingdon,  who 
studied  at  Paris,  and  for  his  eminence  as  a 
preacher  was  made  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury by  Innocent  III.  A  quarrel  with 
Henry  III.  obliged  him  to  leave  the  king- 
dom, and  retire  to  France,  where  he  died 
1240.  He  was  canonized  by  Innocent  IV. 
1249. 

Edmund  I.  son  of  Edward  the  elder,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Athelstan  as  king  of 
England,  941,  and  added  Mercia,  North- 
umberland, and  Cumberland,  to  his  domi- 
nions. He  was  stabbed  to  death  at  Puckle 
church,  Gloucestershire,  948,  by  Leolf,  a 
robber,  whom  he  had  banished. 

Edmund  II.  surnamed  Ironside,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Etheldred,  1016,  and 
took  for  his  partner  on  the  throne  Canute, 
who  opposed  him.  He  was  assassinated  at 
Oxford,  by  two  of  his  servants,  1017. 

Edward,  the  elder,  succeeded  his  father 
Alfred,  as  king  of  England,  900.  He  de- 
feated the  Scotch  and  Welsh,  and  repressed 
the  invasion  of  the  Danes.  He  erected 
five  bishoprics,  and  by  founding  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  he  extended  his  pro- 
581 


EDM 


LDA1 


tection  to  learning.  He  died  925,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  illegitimate  son  Al- 
destan. 

Edward,  St.  or  Martyr,  the  younger, 
son  of  Edgar  the  grtat,  succeeded  to  the 
English  crown  975,  and  was  basely  mur- 
dered at  Corfe  castle,  978,  by  his  step- 
mother Elfrida,  who  wished  to  place  her 
own  son  Ethelred  on  the  throne. 

Edward,  surnamed  the  Confessor,  son 
of  Ethelred,  succeeded  his  brother  Hardi- 
canute,  1041.  He  was  a  weak  and  impo- 
litic prince,  and  suffered  his  kingdom  to  be 
governed  by  earl  Godwin,  whose  daughter 
he  had  married.  At  his  death,  unable  or 
unwilling  to  settle  the  succession  about 
which  he  had  consulted  his  friend  William 
of  Normandy,  he  left  his  kingdom  a  prey 
to  ambitious  factions.  He  died  5th  Janu- 
ary, 1066,  and  after  the  short  but  unfortu- 
nate reign  of  Harold,  he  was  succeeded 
the  following  October  by  William  the  Con- 
queror. 

Edward  I.  king  of  England,  son  and 
successor  of  Henry  III.  was  born  at  Win- 
chester. He  was  recalled  from  his  expedi- 
tion in  Asia  against  the  infidels  to  ascend 
the  throne,  1272,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  vigour  and  wisdom  of  his 
government.  The  Welsh  were  subdued, 
and  to  reconcile  them  to  their  change  of 
master,  the  king  created  his  own  son  prince 
of  Wales.  In  1286  he  was  appointed  um- 
pire between  the  rival  competitors  for  the 
crown  of  Scotland,  and  he  so  artfully  con- 
ducted himself,  that  he  nearly  made  the 
whole  kingdom  subservient  to  his  power. 
He  died  at  Carlisle,  5th  July,  1307,  aged 
6S,  as  he  was  preparing  to  inarch  against 
the  Scots,  who  had  revolted  against  him, 
and  on  his  death-bed  he  recommended  to 
his  son  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  From 
the  wisdom  and  equity  of  the  laws  which 
he  established,  Edward  has  been  called  the 
English  Justinian,  and  to  his  fondness  for 
war  and  his  expensive  levies,  the  people 
may  be  said  to  be  indebted  for  their  liber- 
ties, which  were  cemented  by  the  weight 
and  consequence  given  to  their  representa- 
tives first  called  to  sanction  and  to  support 
the  measures  and  the  taxes  of  government. 
After  the  death  of  his  first  wife  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  HI.  king  of  Castile, 
he  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Philip 
the  hardy,  of  France. 

Edward  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Caernarvon,  and 
ascended  the  throne  1307.  He  was  devoid 
of  that  vigour  and  firmness  requisite  in  the 
head  of  a  turbulent  kingdom,  and  his  ill- 
judged  attachment  to  his  worthless  favour- 
ites, Gaveston  and  the  Spencers,  raised  his 
barons  in  opposition  to  his  measures,  and 
embittered  the  w.iole  of  his  life.  Not  only 
his  people,  but  his  own  wife,  rose  up 
against  him,  and  after  the  punishment  of 
582 


his  favourites,  he  was  solemnly  deposed  by 
the  nobles,  and  shut  up  in  Berkeley  castle, 
where  soon  after  he  was  murdered  in  the 
most  barbarous  and  insulting  manner,  1327, 
aged  42. 

Edward  III.  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Windsor,  1312,  and  ascended  the 
throne  on  his  father's  death,  1327.  After 
a  glorious  campaign  in  Scotland,  where 
Baliol  paid  homage  to  him  for  his  crown, 
he  turned  his  arms  against  Philip  king  of 
France.  His  successes  brought  on  the  ce- 
lebrated victory  of  Cressy,  1346,  in  which 
30,000  French  fell,  and  after  the  capture  of 
Calais,  peace  was  re-established  between 
the  two  countries.  The  succession  of  John 
on  the  French  throne  renewed  the  war,  and 
in  1357  another  dreadful  battle  was  fought 
at  Poictiers,  by  the  black  prince,  who  in  the 
midst  of  the  slaughter  took  the  French  mo- 
narch prisoner.  The  arms  of  Edward  had 
also  been  successful  against  the  Scotch,  and 
their  king  David  Bruce  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  thus  England  saw  two  captive  mo- 
narchs  in  her  capital.  These  glorious  ac- 
tions were  unfortunatety  obscured  by  the 
misfortunes  of  the  latter  end  of  the  king's 
reign.  The  monarch  abandoned  the  cares 
of  government  to  his  rapacious  ministers, 
and  lost  himself  in  the  grossest  sensuality. 
He  died  23d  July,  1377,  aged  65,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  grandson  Richard  II. 
During  his  reign  England  was  greatly  im- 
proved by  her  connexion  with  the  conti- 
nent, and  the  arts  and  manufactures  of  the 
Flemish  were  transplanted  into  the  island, 
where  the  industry  and  the  bold  genius  of 
the  inhabitants  have  since  cherished  and 
improved  them.  The  order  of  the  garter 
was  established  in  this  reign. 

Edward  IV.  son  of  Richard  duke  of 
York,  claimed  the  crown  as  descended  from 
the  second  son  of  Edward  HI.  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  reigning  monarch  Henry  VI. 
the  descendant  of  a  third  son  of  Edward 
II.  This  rivalship,  which  filled  the  king- 
dom with  blood,  had  already  been  disputed 
in  six  battles,  in  one  of  which  Richard  the 
duke  of  York  fell,  and  in  seven  others  it 
continued  to  engage  the  passions  of  con- 
tending armies,  till  Edward  prevailed,  and 
was  crowned  at  Westminster,  1461.  His 
marriage  with  Elizabeth  AVoodville,  dis- 
gusted greatly  his  friend  Warwick,  who 
received  the  surname  of  king-maker,  and 
the  dissatisfaction  was  so  rooted,  that  ano- 
ther civil  war  was  to  decide  the  dispute. 
Warwick  joining  himself  to  the  forces  of 
the  deposed  Henry,  defeated  Edward's 
army  at  Banbury,  1469,  and  soon  after 
took  him  prisoner.  Edward  found  means 
to  escape,  and  Warwick,  defeated  in  his 
turn,  fled  to  France  for  new  applies,  and 
soon  returned  to  place  Henry  from  a  prison 
«a  the  throne.  In  his  turn,  Edward  be- 
came a  fugitive,  but  unbroken  by  misfor- 


EDM 

tunes,  he  collected  forces  on  the  continent, 
and  on  bis  return  defeated  his  enemies,  and 
slew  Warwick  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  in 
another  fight  in  Tewksbury  park,  so  com- 
pletely routed  the  forces  of  Margaret,  the 
heroic  queen  of  the  cowardly  Henry,  that 
no  further  opposition  was  raised  against 
him.  Respectable  as  a  warrior  and  a  ne- 
gotiator, Edward  became  despicable  as  a 
monarch,  and  lost  himself  in  effeminacy, 
and  in  the  indulgence  of  the  most  sensual 
appetites.  He  died  9th  April,  1483,  aged 
4E 

Edward  V.  son  of  Edward  IV.  was  only 
twelve  years  old  on  his  father's  death.  The 
guardianship  of  his  minority  was  intrusted 
to  his  uncle  Gloucester,  whose  ambition 
prompted  him  to  the  commission  of  the 
foulest  crimes.  The  young  monarch,  with 
his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  were  on  pre- 
tence of  greater  safety,  conducted  to  the 
tower,  and  soon  after  barbarously  smother- 
ed, 1483,  and  the  cruel  uncle  ascended  the 
vacant  throne  under  the  name  of  Richard 
III.  The  bodies  of  these  unfortunate 
princes  were  discovered  in  1678,  and  con- 
veyed to  a  decent  burial  in  Westminster 
abbey. 

Edward  VI.  son  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Jane 
Seymour,  ascended  the  English  throne,  at 
the  age  10,  1547.  His  character  exhibited 
strong  marks  of  benevolence,  virtue,  and 
humanity,  but  the  goodness  of  his  inclina- 
tions was  often  prevented  by  the  intrigues 
or  the  malice  of  his  ministers.  He  con- 
tinued the  work  of  the  reformation  begun 
by  his  father,  and  by  the  powerful  co-ope- 
ration of  Cranmer,  nearly  settled  the  reli- 
gious establishment  in  the  form  in  which  it 
now  exists.  To  avoid  the  errors  of  a  po- 
pish reign,  he  set  aside  by  his  will  his  two 
sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and  settled  the 
crown  on  his  cousin  the  lady  Jane  Grey, 
but  his  benevolent  wishes  failed,  and  the 
bloody  reign  of  Mary  overturned  for  a 
while  his  excellent  institutions.  He  died 
of  a  consumption,  1553,  aged  16.  He 
showed  himself  a  munificent  patron  of  lite- 
rature, by  the  foundation  of  several  schools 
in  the  kingdom,  and  by  the  liberal  endow- 
ment of  Christ-church,  Bridewell,  and  St. 
Thomas's  hospital. 

Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  surnamcd  t*ie 
Elack  Prince,  from  the  colour  of  his  ar- 
mour, was  eldest  son  of  Edward  III.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  in  the 
field  of  battle  in  the  wars  of  France  under 
his  father,  especially  at  Cressy,  and  after- 
wards he  commanded  the  English  forces  on 
the  glorious  victory  of  Poictiers,  where  he 
took  John  the  king  of  France  and  one  of 
his  sons  prisoners.  Sensible  of  the  defer- 
ence due  to  royalty,  he  waited  behind  the 
chair  of  this  illustrious  prisoner  on  the 
evening  of  the  battle,  and  when  he  convey- 
ed him   to  London,  he  entered  the  capital 


EDM 

mounted  on  a  small  black  horse,  while  the 
royal  captive  was  borne  by  a  beautiful  white 
charger  richly  caparisoned.     This   warlike 
prince,  who  was  the  idol  of  the  nation,  died 
of  a  consumption  before    bis  father,  1376, 
aged  46  ;  and  by  a  daughter  of  Edmund  of 
Kent,  brother  to   Edward  II.  a  widow,  he 
left  one  son,  Richard,  who   ascended  the 
throne  after  the  death  of  Edward  III.    The 
crest  which  he  took  from  the  blind  king  of 
Bohemia  became   afterwards  the  crest  of 
the  succeeding  princes  of_  Wales,    distin- 
guished by  three  ostrich  feathers  and  the 
motto  Ich  dien,  I  serve.     Edward,  as  bene- 
volent as  he  was  brave,  extended  his  pro- 
tection to  Peter  the  cruel,  king  of  Castile, 
and  received  him  in  Aquitaine,  which  he 
had   obtained  by  the  treaty  of  Bretigny  ; 
but  though  replaced  on  his  throne  by  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  usurping  brother  Henry  count 
of  Transtamare,  the  ungrateful   prince  for- 
got his   obligation  to  the   English  victor, 
and  even  refused  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
the  troops  which  had  restored  his  fortunes. 
Edwards,  Richard,  an  English  writer, 
born  in    Somersetshire,  1523,   admitted  of 
Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  elected 
student  of  Christ-church.     He  was  made 
gentleman  of  Elizabeth's  chapel,  and  taught 
music  to  the  children   of  the  choir.     He 
wrote  three  plays,  the  first  of  which  is  dated 
1562,    besides   poems   published    after  his 
death  in  a  collection  called  "  a  paradise  of 
dainty  devices,"  1578.     He  was  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  his  last  illness  wrote 
"  the  soul's  knell,"  much  esteemed.     He 
died  1566. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree  1609. 
He  was  a  nonconformist,  and  violently  op- 
posed the  royalists  during  the  civil  wars. 
He  generally  preached  about  London,  and 
at  Hertford,  and  after  the  fall  of  royalty, 
he  expressed  his  disapprobation  against  the 
sect  of  independents,  with  such  freedom 
that  upon  the  triumphal  return  of  Crom- 
well to  London,  he  fled  to  Holland,  where 
he  died  of  a  quartan  ague,  24th  August, 
1647,  aged  43.  His  writings,  which  are 
extremely  virulent  and  abusive,  are  chiefly 
in  favour  of  the  puritans,  and  of  the  pres- 
bytery. The  most  known  of  these  are  his 
Gangrama  in  three  parts, — rmtapologia,  &.c. 
Mr.  Edwards  professes  himself  to  be  "  a 
plain  open-hearted  man,  who  hated  tricks, 
reserves,  and  designs,  zealous  for  the  as- 
sembly of  divines,  the  use  of  the  Lord's 
prayer,  &c."  He  was  from  his  zeal  called 
the  young  Luther  at  Cambridge.  He  had 
by  his  wife,  who  was  an  heiress,  four  son? 
and  one  daughter. 

Edwards,  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 

of  England,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bor  i 

at  Hertford  26th  February,  1636.     Me  was 

educated  at  Merchant-tailors'  and  St.  Johr."v 

583 


Emv 


£DW 


college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  took  his  master's  degree  1661, 
and  was  soon  after  ordained,  and  then  un- 
dertook the  cure  of  Trinity  church,  Cam- 
bridge, where  his  sensible  discourses  and 
eloquent  delivery  procured  him  a  large  and 
admiring  audience.  In  1668  he  went  for 
one  year  to  reside  at  St.  Edmundsbury  as 
lecturer,  and  on  his  return  to  the  university, 
in  consequence  of  some  dispute  with  the 
society  of  his  college,  he  removed  to  Trini- 
ty-hall, and  then  became  minister  of  St. 
Sepulchre's  church  there.  In  1676  he 
married  the  widow  of  Mr.  Lane,  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  went  to  reside  on  the 
small  living  of  St.  Peter's,  Colchester, 
where  for  three  years  he  continued  the 
respected  and  beloved  pastor  of  his  parish- 
ioners. In  1697,  displeased  with  the 
conduct  of  the  Colchester  clergy  towards 
him,  he  removed  to  Cambridge,  where  two 
years  after,  he  proceeded  to  his  degree  of 
D.D.  In  1701  he  lost  his  wife,  and  some 
time  after  he  took  for  his  second  wife  a 
niece  of  his  first  wife's  first  husband.  He 
died  16th  April,  1716,  aged  79,  and  his  wife 
survived  him  thirty-nine  years,  and  died 
January  4,  1745,  aged  81.  Dr.  Edwards, 
after  his  return  to  Cambridge,  applied  him- 
self very  assiduously  to  the  service  of  lite- 
rature. Though  he  had  no  collection  of 
books,  he  drew  much  assistance  from  the 
libraries  of  the  university,  and  in  his  wri- 
tings, which  are  numerous,  showed  himself 
most  indefatigable,  well  skilled  in  ecclesi- 
astical history,  and  a  subtle  and  able  po- 
lemic. That  he  was  occasionally  unpopu- 
lar among  the  clergy  arose  from  his  decided 
partiality  for  Calvinistic  principles,  and  his 
bias  towards  the  abjured  doctrines  of  the 
old  puritans.  Dr.  Kippis  has  called  him  the 
Paul,  the  Augustine,  the  Bradwardine,  the 
Calvin,  of  his  age  ;  but  though  he  pos- 
sessed merit  in  a  very  great  degree,  the 
commendation  is  perhaps  immoderate.  His 
writings  are  now  little  known. 

Edwards,  George,  the  father  of  ornitho- 
logists, was  born  at  Stratford,  Essex,  3d 
April,  1694.  He  was  brought  up  to  a  trade, 
but  the  great  powers  of  his  genius  began 
to  be  developed  by  the  perusal  of  books  on 
natural  history,  antiquities,  &c.  and  at  the 
expiration  of  his  apprenticeship,  in  Fen- 
church-street,  he  travelled  abroad,  and 
visited  Holland,  and  two  years  after,  Nor- 
way, where  his  researches  were  attended 
with  the  most  unbounded  friendship  and 
hospitality  from  the  natives.  In  1733,  he 
was,  by  the  recommendation  of  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  chosen  librarian  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  where  he  obtained  apartments  ; 
and  he  became  afterwards  fellow  of  the 
royal  and  antiquarian  societies,  London, 
and  other  learned  societies  abroad.  The 
first  of  his  learned  and  valuable  labours  ap- 
peared in  the  history  of  birds,  4  vols.  4to. 
584 


in  the  years  1743,  1747,  1750,  and  1751  ; 
and  in  1758,  1760,  and  1764,  three  more 
4to.  vols,  were  added  called  "gleanings 
of  natural  history  ;"  two  most  valuable 
works,  containing  engravings  and  descrip- 
tions of  upwards  of  600  subjects  in  natural 
history  never  before  delineated.  This  wor- 
thy man  died  23d  July,  1773,  aged  81. 

Edwards,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  the  Socinians.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  of  which,  on 
the  promotion  of  Dr.  Lloyd  to  the  See  of 
St.  Davids,  he  became  principal,  1686.  His 
writings  are  chiefly  controversial,  and  show 
him  to  have  been  a  zealous  but  bigoted  dis- 
putant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  elegant  writer. 
He  purchased  Turrick,  in  Bucks,  where  he 
chiefly  resided  ;  and  he  died  on  a  visit  to 
his  friend  Richardson,  at  Parson's  Green, 
8th  January,  1757,  aged  58,  and  was  buried 
in  Ellesborough  churchyard,  Bucks.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  critic  and 
a  good  scholar  in  his  canons  of  criticism, 
first  printed  1747,  and  his  letter  to  the  au- 
thor of  a  late  correspondence,  &c.  which 
drew  upon  him  the  severity  of  Warburton's 
vengeance,  illiberally  wreaked  in  a  note  on 
the  Dunciad.  He  also  wrote  some  sonnets, 
thirteen  of  which  are  preserved  in  Dods- 
ley's  collection,  eight  in  Pearch's,  and  four 
in  Nichols'.  His  trial  of  the  letter  Y  is 
elegant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine  of 
the  church  of  England,  born  at  Coventry, 
10th  August,  1729.  He  was  educated  part- 
ly at  Coventry  school,  and  partly  under  his 
father,  who  was  the  vicar  of  St.  Michael's, 
Coventry,  and  in  1747,  he  entered  at  Clare- 
hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. He  early  displayed  his  knowledge  of 
the  learned  languages  by  the  publication  of 
a  new  English  translation  of  the  Psalms 
from  the  original  Hebrew,  with  notes,  Svo. 
1755.  In  1758,  he  was  chosen  master  of 
Coventry  grammar-school,  and  rector  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist  in  that  city  ;  and  the  same 
year  married  the  daughter  of  Stonyer  Par- 
rot, Esq.  by  whom  he  had  one  son,  Dr.  Ed- 
wards, of  Cambridge.  In  1759  he  published 
his  useful  work,  "  the  doctrines  of  irresis- 
tible grace  proved  to  have  no  foundation  in 
the  writings  of  the  New  Testament ;"  and 
in  1752  he  attacked  Dr.  Lowth's  "metrical 
Harianae  brevis  confutatio  ;"  and  by  thus 
supporting  Hare's  metrical  system,  he  be- 
gan a  controversy,  which  was  continued  for 
some  time,  and  after  some  pamphlets  be- 
tween the  rival  divines,  ended  at  last  in  the 
general  opinion  of  the  superiority  of  Lowth's 
arguments.  In  1766  our  author  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  and  in  1770,  upon  obtaining 
the  valuable  living  of  Nuneaton,  Warwick- 
shire, from  the  crown,  he  retired  from  Co- 
ventry, and  fixed  his  residence  there  for  the 
rc=t  of  his  life.     The  loss  of  his  wife.  Mar 


EDW 


EDW 


17S4,  greatly  afflicted  him,  and  he  never  re- 
covered the  shock.  He  died  at  Nuneaton 
30th  June,  1785,  aged  56.  Besides  the 
above,  Dr.  Edwards  published  two  disserta- 
tions on  bigotry,  and  on  the  interpretation 
of  the  New  Testament,  and  some  very 
learned  notes  on  some  of  the  idyllia  of 
Theocritus.  As  a  teacher,  Dr.  Edwards 
was  able  and  assiduous,  and  as  a  minister 
he  was  attentive,  exemplary,  and  devout. 
The  habits  of  a  sedentary  life,  however, 
rendered  him  little  fond  of  company,  and 
though  the  correspondent  of  some  learned 
men,  he  was  the  intimate  friend  of  few, 
among  whom  bishop  Law  of  Carlisle  was 
the  chief. 

Edwards,   Jonathan,   president  of   the 
college  of  New-Jersey,  and  eminent  as  a 
divine  and  metaphysician,  was  the  son  of 
Timothy    Edwards,  minister   of   Windsor, 
Connecticut,  and  born  October  5th,  1703. 
He  was  educated  at  Yale  College,  where 
he  was  graduated   in   1720.     He   studied 
theology  in  the  same  institution,  and  spent 
two   years  there  as  a  tutor,  after  having 
preached  a  short  time  in  New- York.     In 
1727,  he  settled  in  the  ministry  at  North- 
ampton, Massachusetts,  as  colleague  of  his 
grandfather,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stoddard,  where 
he  continued  to  labour  with    remarkable 
success  till    1750,    when  he   was   dismiss- 
ed in  consequence  of  a  disaffection  of  the 
people  on  account  of  his  views  respecting 
the  administration  of  the  Lord's  supper  and 
the  discipline  of  the  church.     In  1751,  he 
settled    as   missionary  to  the  Indians    at 
Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  and  remained 
there  till  his  acceptance  of  the  presidency 
of  the  college  at  Princeton,  New-Jersey,  in 
January,  175S.     He  had  scarcely  entered 
on  the  duties  of  that  station,  when  on  the 
22d  March,  he  fell  a  victim  of  the  smallpox 
in  the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  age.     President 
Edwards,  whether  his  genius,  his  writings, 
or  his  influence  on  religion  and  philosophy, 
are  considered,  must  be  pronounced  one  of 
the  greatest  men,  not  only   of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived,  but  of  modern  times.     His 
treatise  on  the  will  is  deservedly  regarded 
as  one  of  the  ablest  productions  of  the  hu- 
man mind.    By  that  and  other  disquisitions, 
he  settled  several    controverted    subjects 
which  had  perplexed  the  divines   and  phi- 
losophers who  had  gone  before  him,  and 
gained  a  title  to  be  ranked,  like  Locke,  Ba- 
con, and  Aristotle,  among  the  most  distin- 
guished who  have  employed  themselves  in 
the  study  of  metaphysics.      His  treatise  on 
the  will  was  translated  into  several  foreign 
languages,  and  procured  him  the  thanks  of 
several  of  the  professors  of  theology  in  the 
Dutch  Universities.    He  was  not  more  emi- 
nent as  a  metaphysician,  than   as  a  Chris- 
tian and  minister.     His  life  was  character- 
ized   by     pre-eminent    conscientiousness, 
meekness,    humility,    and    reverence    to- 
Vol.  I.  71 


ward  God ;  and  his  official  labours  by  fer- 
vency of  devotion,  seriousness,  plainness, 
love  of  truth,  and  pungency  of  address  to 
the  conscience  ;  his  labours  were  uncom- 
monly successful,  and  his  writings,  which 
were  numerous,  and  which  have  lately  been 
published  in  8  volumes,  octavo,  will  perpe- 
tuate his  usefulness  and  fame.     fCZF"  L. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  D.D.  president  of 
Union  College,  Schenectady,  New-York, 
and  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Northampton  1745.  He  received  from  hi6 
parents  an  early  pious  education.  His 
father's  family,  in  the  infancy  of  this  son, 
removing  to  Stockbridge,  where  the  popu- 
lation was  chiefly  composed  of  native  In- 
dians, and  whose  language,  the  Mahaka- 
neeco,  was  principally  spoken,  Mr.  Ed- 
wards acquired  a  perfect  familiarity  with 
that  language,  which  he  ever  afterwards  re- 
tained. At  a  very  tender  age  he  was  sent, 
in  company  with  the  Rev.  Gideon  Hawley, 
a  missionary  to  reside  among  the  Oneidas 
o_n  the  borders  of  the  Susquehannah,  that 
he  might  himself  become  qualified  for  a 
missionary  life.  His  subsequent  edu- 
cation was  at  Princeton  College,  under 
President  Finley.  Here  he  became  hope- 
fully pious,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
service  of  God,  as  a  minister  of  religion. 
After  residing  two  years  as  a  tutor  at 
Princeton,  he  was  first  settled  in  the  minis- 
try at  New-Haven,  in  Connecticut,  1769, 
afterward,  in  1796,  he  took  the  pastoral 
charge  of  the  church  at  Colebrook,  in  that 
State,  and  in  1799,  was  appointed  president 
of  Union  College,  at  Schenectady.  To  the 
interests  of  this  institution,  he  ardently  de- 
voted the  short  remainder  of  his  life,  till 
August,  1801,  when  he  was  removed  by 
death  in  the  56th  year  of  his  age.  In  per- 
son he  was  somewhat  above  the  ordinary  sta- 
ture, his  features  were  bold  and  prominent, 
and  his  countenance  commanded  respect 
from  all  in  his  presence.  As  a  scholar,  he 
was  critically  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  Greek, 
and  Latin  languages,  and  was  well  versed 
in  all  the  literature  of  the  age.  But  his 
favourite  studies  were  theology  and  the 
philosophy  of  the  mind,  in  which  he  had 
few  superiors.  In  the  structure  of  his 
mind,  in  the  qualities  of  his  heart,  in  the 
pursuits  and  many  remarkable  events  of  his 
life,  he  much  resembled  his  venerable  fa- 
ther. His  literary  works,  published  during 
his  life,  besides  many  occasional  sermons, 
and  contributions  to  the  periodical  religious 
publications  of  the  day,  are  1.  Three  ser- 
mons on  the  nature  of  atonement.  2.  Ob- 
servations on  the  Mahakeneeco  language. 
3.  The  Salvation  of  all  men  examined  and 
refuted.  4.  A  Dissertation  on  Liberty 
and  Necessity.  fCZP  L. 

Edwards,  William,  a  common  mason, 
who,  by  the  strong  powers  of  his  untutored. 
uniins  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  bridsre- 
585 


EEC 


EGE 


builder.  His  bridge  over  the  river  Taaff, 
which  is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the 
chord  of  which  is  147  feet  from  the  surface 
of  the  water,  is  a  remarkable  instance  of 
his  ingenuity.  He  was  occasionally  a  Me- 
thodist preacher  ;  and  died  1789,  aged  81. 
Edwards,  Bryan,  a  historian,  was  born 
in  1743,  at  Westbury  in  Wiltshire.  He  was 
brought  up  by  his  maternal  uncle,  a  planter 
in  Jamaica,  to  whose  property  he  succeed- 
ed, as  he  also  did  to  that  of  Mr.  Hume, 
an  other  merchant  of  the  same  island.  In 
1796,  he  was  elected  into  parliament  for 
Grampound,  which  place  he  represented  till 
his  death,  July  15th,  1800.  His  works 
are — 1.  Thoughts  on  the  trade  of  the  West 
India  Islands,  8vo.  2.  A  Speech  on  the 
Slave  Trade.  3.  History  of  the  British 
Colonies  in  the  West  Indies,  2  vols.  4to. 
and  3  vols.  8vo.  4.  The  Proceedings  of  the 
governor  and  assembly  of  Jamaica  in  re- 
gard to  the  Maroon  Negroes,  8vo. —  W.  B. 
Edwards,  Edward,  an  artist,  was  born 
in  London  in  1738.  He  was  brought  up  to 
his  father's  business  of  a  chair-maker  and 
carver ;  but  quitted  it  for  drawing,  in 
which  he  acquired  skill  enough  to  become 
a  teacher,  and  by  that  means  he  supported 
his  mother  when  a  widow,  and  also  his 
brother  and  sister.  He  obtained  two  pre- 
miums from  the  society  of  arts  for  histori- 
cal pictures,  and  in  1773,  became  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  royal  academy.  After  this  he 
visited  Italy,  and  on  his  return  was  em- 
ployed by  several  gentlemen,  particularly 
Horace  Walpole,  and  Mr.  Hamilton  of 
Bath.  In  1788,  he  was  appointed  teacher  of 
perspective  in  the  Royal  Academy.  He  died 
in  1806.  Mr.  Edwards  published  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Perspective,"  4to.  And  after  his 
death  were  printed  his  "Anecdotes  of  Paint- 
ers," 4to.  with  his  own  life  prefixed. — IV. B. 
Edwy,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edred  as 
king  of  England  955,  and  married  Elgiva, 
who  was  related  to  him  within  the  prohi- 
bited degrees.  This  circumstance  proved 
his  ruin,  and  that  of  his  queen,  who  was 
seized  by  Odo,  the  archbishop,  and  after 
being  branded  with  a  hot  iron  in  the  face, 
to  destroy  her  beautiful  features,  was  ba- 
nished to  Ireland,  where  she  expired  by  a 
most  cruel  and  violent  death.  The  king 
was  also  excommunicated,  and  died  in 
exile  959. 

Eeckhout,  Gerbrant  Vanden,  a  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  19th  of  August,  1621. 
He  studied  the  manner  of  his  master  Rem- 
brandt with  such  success,  that  his  pictures 
drew  equal  applause,  and  possessed  equal 
merit.  He  preferred  historical  subjects  to 
portraits,  and  excelled  chiefly  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  feelings  of  the  soul  in  the 
features  of  the  countenance.  His  best 
pieces  are — a  Jesus  among  the  doctors, — 
the  infant  Jesus  in  the  arms  of  Simeon, — 
Abraham  dismissing  Hasar  and  Ishmael, — 
5S>6 


the  continence  of  Scipio, — and  a  woman 
looking  for  the  fleas  of  her  dog.  He  died 
22d  July,  1674,  a  bachelor. 

Eeckhodte,  Anthony  Vanden,  a  painter, 
born  at  Bruges.  He  travelled  into  Italy 
with  his  brother-in-law  Deyster,  and  while 
he  executed  the  flowers  and  the  fruits,  his 
companion  completed  the  figures  of  the  se- 
veral pictures,  which  were  thus  conjointly 
produced.  After  his  return  home,  Eeck- 
houte  purchased  an  honourable  post  under 
the  bishop  of  Bruges  ;  but,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  all,  he  suddenly  abandoned  his 
country,  where  he  was  loved  and  patroni- 
sed, and  embarked  for  Italy.  In  his  way 
he  was  carried  by  a  storm  to  Lisbon,  where 
his  works  soon  recommended  him  to  gene- 
ral notice  ;  and  after  the  residence  of  two 
years  he  married  a  lady  of  quality,  and  of 
opulent  fortune.  His  rivals,  however, 
viewed  his  success  with  jealousy,  and  as  he 
was  riding  out  in  his  coach,  he  was  shot 
with  a  ball  and  instantly  expired  1695.  The 
causes  of  this  melancholy  catastrophe  are 
unknown.  His  fortune  descended  to  his 
sister,  who  had  married  Deyster. 

Egbert,  last  king  of  the  Saxon  heptar- 
chy, and  first  king  of  England,  was  pro- 
claimed monarch  of  Wessex  800,  and  of  all 
England  in  828.  He  died  ten  years  after, 
distinguished  for  valour  and  success 
against  his  Danish  invaders. 

Egede,  John,  a  Dane,  who  went  as  mis- 
sionary to  Greenland  1721,  where  he  re- 
sided 15  years.  His  description  of  Green- 
land appeared  1729,  and  he  died  1758.  His 
son  Paul  assisted  him  in  his  endeavours  to 
convert  the  Greenlanders,  and  was  appoint- 
ed bishop  of  the  country,  and  died  1789, 
aged  81.  He  republished  his  father's  his- 
tory, besides  a  journal  about  the  occur- 
rences of  Greenland. 

Egerton,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
natural  sen  of  Sir  Richard  Egerton,  of  Rid- 
ley, Cheshire,  born  1540.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford,  and 
removed  to  Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  assi- 
duously applied  himself  to  the  law.  In 
1591  he  was  made  solicitor  general  to  the 
queen,  in  1592  attorney  general,  and 
knighted,  and  afterwards  he  rose  to  the 
office  of  master  of  the  rolls,  and  of  keeper 
of  the  great  seal.  James  I.  in  1603, 
created  him  baron  Ellismere,  and  made 
him  chancellor  of  England.  In  1616,  he 
was  elected  chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  made 
viscount  Brackley.  He  died  15th  March, 
1617,  at  York-house  in  the  Strand,  and 
was  buried  at  Dodleston,  Cheshire.  He 
left  some  law  manuscripts,  and  published 
some  observations  on  his  office,  its  pri- 
vileges and  prerogatives,  and  a  speech  con- 
cerning the  postnati.  His  descendants  now 
enjoy  his  estates  represented  by  the  earl  of 
Bridgewater. 

Egerton,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 


EUAI 


U,> 


30th  November,  1721,  in  London,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  Oriel  college,  Oxford. 
He  was  son  of  the  bishop  of  Hereford,  and 
descended  from  the  earl  of  Bridgewater's 
family.  On  taking  orders  he  was  present- 
ed by  his  father  to  the  living  of  Ross,  after- 
wards made  archdeacon  of  Hereford,  and 
the  year  after  prebendary  of  Hereford. 
In  1748,  he  married  lady  Ann  Sophia, 
daughter  to  the  duke  of  Kent,  and  the  year 
after  became  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in 
1750  was  made  dean  of  Hereford.  In 
1756  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Bangor, 
and  by  diploma  from  Oxford  made  LL.D. 
In  1768  he  was  translated  to  Lichfield,  and 
in  1771  to  the  see  of  Durham.  These 
high  and  rapid  preferments  were  not  un- 
deserved. The  bishop  possessed  among  his 
many  virtues  the  manners  of  conciliation 
and  humility,  and  by  a  temperate  conde- 
scending conduct  he  restored  peace  and 
good  will  among  the  political  contending 
factions  which  unhappily  divided  his  county 
when  he  succeeded  to  Durham.  By  hos- 
pitality and  affability  he  recommended 
himself  to  his  clergy,  and  by  his  anxious 
concern  for  the  general  improvement  of 
agriculture  and  the  encouragement  of  use- 
ful projects  through  the  diocess,  he  ren- 
dered himself  deservedly  popular,  and 
greatly  beloved.  The  respectability  of  the 
pastor,  and  the  comforts  of  the  poor,  were 
always  nearest  to  his  heart,  therefore 
his  patronage  was  extended  only  to  the 
virtuous  and  good,  and  his  charity  tended 
to  encourage  humble  poverty  in  honest 
pursuits  and  in  industrious  diligence.  This 
very  virtuous  and  venerable  prelate,  after 
a  life  usefully  spent  in  distributing  liberally 
and  judiciously  the  many  favours  which 
Providence  had  placed  at  his  command, 
died  at  his  house,  Grosvenor-square,  Lon- 
don, 18th  January,  1787,  and  was  pri- 
vately buried  in  St.  James's  church.  His 
lordship  was  married  to  his  second  wife, 
Mary,  sister  of  Sir  Edward  Boughton,  in 
1782,  who  survived  him  without  issue. 
Though  well  educated,  and  with  a  mind 
stored  with  all  the  learning  of  ancient  and 
modern  times,  he  published  only  three  ser- 
mons preached  on  public  occasions. 

Eggeling,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  who  travelled  over  Europe  to 
increase  his  knowledge  and  enlarge  his 
mind.  On  his  return  he  was  made  secre- 
tary to  his  republic,  and  did  respected  1713, 
aged  74.  He  wrote  explications  of  medals 
and  other  ancient  monuments. 

Eginhart.      Vid.  /Eginhard. 

Egmont,  Lamoral  count,  one  of  the 
lords  of  the  Low  Countries,  born  in  Hol- 
land 1522.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
the  service  of  Charles  V.  in  Africa,  and  also 
under  Philip  II.  at  the  battles  of  St.  Quin- 
tin  and  Gravelines,  where  he  was  general 
of  horse.    Though  attached  to  the  sove- 


reign, he  seemed  unwilling  to  assist  in  tut: 
enslaving  of  his  country,  and  therefore  be- 
ing suspected  by  the  duke  of  Alva  of  fa- 
vouring the  cause  of  the  prince  of  Orange, 
and  moreover  hated  by  the  tyrant  for  his 
superior  abilities,  he  was  beheaded  by  the 
governor's  order  at  Brussels,  5th  June, 
1568,  together  with  Philip  de  Montmo- 
rency count  Horn.  On  this  dreadful  oc- 
casion the  French  ambassador  wrote  to 
his  court  that  he  had  seen  that  head  fall 
which  had  twice  made  France  to  tremble, 
and  Philip  observed  that  the  heads  of  sal- 
mons were  of  greater  account  than  many 
thousands  of  frogs.  Some  others  of  the 
family  were  equally  illustrious  in  arms. 
The  count's  last  descendant  died  1707, 
aged  38,  in  the  service  of  France. 

Egmont,  Justus  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Ley  den  1602.  He  travelled  early,  and  re- 
sided a  long  time  in  France,  where  he 
was  painter  to  Lewis  XIII.  and  XIV.  and 
one  of  the  twelve  elders  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  academy  for  painting  and 
sculpture.  He  returned  to  Antwerp,  where 
he  died  8th  Jan.  1674,  and  his  wife,  June 
1685. 

Egnatius,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Venice  1473.  He  was  pupil  to  the 
famous  Politian,  and  like  him  he  contribu- 
ted by  the  force  and  excellence  of  his  in- 
structions to  the  revival  of  learning. 
When  grown  old,  the  republic  paid  him  the 
highest  honours  for  his  eminent  services  in 
education,  and  for  his  virtues,  and  decreed 
that  his  stipend  should  be  continued  as 
public  teacher,  and  that  he  should  be  ex- 
empted from  all  taxes.  The  works  which 
he  published  are  numerous,  but  they  do  not 
exhibit  any  marks  of  superior  excellence, 
as  the  abilities  of  the  author  consisted 
chiefly  in  an  astonishing  retentive  memory, 
in  a  striking  ready  elocution,  and  in  a  con- 
vincing mode  of  conveying  instruction. 
This  respectable  man  died  at  Venice  1553, 
leaving  his  estate  and  fine  library  to  the 
three  Illustrious  families  of  Molino,  Laure- 
dano,  and  Bragadono.  His  works  are  ora- 
tions,— epistles, — a  poetical  panegyric  on 
Francis  I.  of  France, — de  Romanis  prin- 
cipalis vel  Cajsaribus, — de  exemplis  viro- 
rum  illustrium, — on  the  origin  of  the 
Turks,  &e. 

Ehret,  George  Dionysius,  a  German, 
eminent  as  a  painter  of  flowers.  After 
painting  for  Mr.  Clifford  of  Holland,  the 
beautiful  figures  of  the  Hortus  Cliffortia- 
nus,  he  came  to  England,  where  he  met 
with  great  encouragement,  and  was  made 
member  of  the  royal  society.  One  hun- 
dred of  his  botanical  figures  appeared  in 
the  Plantae  selectae.  He  died  1770,  aged 
60. 

Eisee,  Charles,  an  artist  who  died  poor 
at  Brussels,  January  4th,  1773.  He  made 
excellent  designs  for  Fontaine's  tales,  1762, 

mr 


llb 


LLE 


for  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  1767,   for  the 
Henriade,  &c. 

Eisengrein,  Martin  D.D.  a  native  of 
Stutgard,  chansellor  of  the  university  of 
Ingoldstadt,  died  1578.  Though  he  gloried 
in  abandoning  the  party  of  antichrist,  with 
the  protestants,  he  afterwards  altered  his 
opinion,  embraced  the  popish  religion,  and 
became  a  violent  supporter  of  its  tenets. 
His  writings  were  mostly  controversial. 

Eisenchmidt,  John  Gaspar,  a  German 
mathematician  and  physician,  born  at 
Strasburg,  where  he  died  1712,  aged  56. 
He  was  intimate  with  du  Verney,  Tourne- 
fort,  and  other  learned  men.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  the  weights  and  measures  of 
various  nations,  and  the  value  of  ancient 
coins,  and  a  treatise  on  the  figure  of  the 
earth. 

Ekins,  Jeffery,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
held  successively  the  rectories  of  Quain- 
ton,  Sedgefield,  and  Morpeth,  Durham,  and 
was  made  dean  of  Carlisle.  He  published 
a  translation  of  Apollonius  Rhodius's  loves 
of  Jason  and  Medea,  3  vols.  4to.  1771,  and 
died  1791. 

Elbee,  N.  d',  a  native  of  Poitou,  for 
some  time  engaged  in  the  service  of  Sax- 
ony. During  the  Revolution  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  his  suffering  countrymen  in 
la  Vendee,  and  put  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  royalists  there,  1793,  and,  by  the  most 
masterly  manoeuvres,  the  greatest  intre- 
pidity, and  the  most  consummate  prudence, 
lie  succeeded  in  defeating  all  the  republican 
forces  sent  for  his  destruction.  After  the 
victories  of  Groileau,  Thonars,  Saumur, 
Chatenay,  Clissot,  &c.  he  was  unfortu- 
nately defeated  at  the  battle  of  Chollet, 
and  retired  to  Noirmoutiers,  where  he  was 
taken,  and  condemned  to  be  shot.  This 
extraordinary  man,  the  bravest  and  most 
formidable  of  the  royalists  of  la  Vendee, 
was  then  aged  42. 

Elbene,  Alphonsus  d',  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, bishop  of  Albi,  died  8th  February, 
1608,  in  an  advanced  age.  His  works  are, 
de  regno  Burgundias  et  Arelatis,  4to.  1602 — 
de  familia  Capeti,  1595,  8vo.  &c.  He  was 
succeeded  as  bishop  by  his  nephew  Al- 
phonsus, who  quitted  his  dignity,  in  the 
civil  troubles  of  Languedoc,  and  died  at 
Paris,  counsellor  of  state,  1661. 

Elbert,  Samuel,  governor  of  Georgia, 
and  a  brigadier  general  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  was  appointed  lieutenant  colonel  of 
a  battalion  of  continental  troops  raised 
by  order  of  the  legislature  of  Georgia 
in  1776,  and  was  soon  after  sent  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  southern  frontier.  He  was 
an  officer  in  the  expedition  against  East 
Florida  in  1778.  In  the  action  at  Brier 
Creek,  March  2d,  1779,  he  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  brigade,  which  inspired  by  the 
598 


example  of  its  general,  conducted  with 
great  bravery.  This  action  resulted  how- 
ever in  the  defeat  of  the  Americans,  and 
Elbert  was  taken  prisoner.  He  was  after- 
wards a  major  general  of  the  militia  of 
Georgia,  and  in  1786,  was  elected  go- 
vernor of  the  state.  He  died  at  Savan- 
nah, November  3d,  1788,  aged  45. 

rCJ^L. 
Elbceof,  Rene  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
seventh  son  of  Claude  duke  of  Guise,  died 
1566.  His  grandson  Charles  married 
Catharine,  the  daughter  of  Henry  IV. 
and  Gabrielle  d'Estrees,  and  died  1657. 
These  great  and  illustrious  characters  were 
concerned  in  the  intrigues  and  tumults  of 
the  French  court  under  Richelieu  and 
Mazarin.  The  last  male  descendant  of 
this  noble  house  was  Emanuel  Maurice, 
due  d'Elbceuf,  who  died  in  France  1763, 
aged  86.  He  is  particularly  known  as  the 
discoverer  of  Herculaneum.  As  he  had. 
served  the  emperor  in  Naples,  he  settled 
there,  at  Portici,  and  being  offered  pieces 
of  ancient  marbles,  to  ornament  his  villa, 
by  a  peasant,  who  found  them  in  digging  a 
well,  he  purchased  the  ground,  and  by  care- 
fully making  excavations  Herculaneum  was 
discovered. 

Elbrucht,  John  Van,  a  painter,  born 
at  Elbourg,  near  Campen,  1500.  He  set- 
tled at  Antwerp,  where  some  of  his  pieces 
are  preserved,  especially  in  the  Fishmon- 
ger's chapel,  the  miraculous  draught  of 
fishes.  His  landscapes,  human  figures, 
and  his  stormy  sea,  were  admirable. 

Eleanor,  Dutchess  of  Guienne,  suc- 
ceeded her  father,  William  IX.  in  1137, 
though  only  1 5,  and  the  next  year  she  mar- 
ried Lewis  VII,  king  of  France,  whom  she 
accompanied  to  the  holy  land.  Lewis  was 
a  character  full  of  oddity  and  superstition, 
and  when  he  cropped  his  hair,  and  shaved 
his  head  at  the  instigation  of  Peter  of 
Lombardy,  who  told  him  that  God  hated 
long  hair,  he  soon  appeared  ridiculous,  and 
consequently  despicable  to  his  wife,  who 
was  playful  and  volatile.  His  conduct,  it 
is  said,  produced  inconstancy,  and  Elea- 
nor passed  many  guilty  hours  in  the  com- 
pany of  her  uncle  Raymond,  prince  of  An- 
tioch,  and  of  Saladin,  a  Turk  of  command- 
ing appearance  ;  and  when  Lewis  com- 
plained of  her  levity,  on  his  return  to 
France,  a  quarrel  arose,  and  a  divorce  en- 
sued, 1152.  Six  weeks  after,  Eleanor  mar- 
ried Henry  duke  of  Normandy,  afterwards 
Henry  II.  of  England,  by  whom  she  had 
four  sons  and  a  daughter.  Guienne  and 
Poictou,  the  dowry  which  she  brought  to 
her  husband,  afterwards  proved  the  source 
of  those  dreadful  wars  which  for  three  cen- 
turies deluged  France  with  English  blood. 
Eleanor  gave  up,  in  1162,  Guienne  to  her 
second  son,  Richard,  and  died  1204,  a  nun 
in  the  abbey  of  Fontevrault,     Her  history 


ELI 

was  published  at  Rotterdam  by  Larrey, 
1691,  12mo.  Her  quarrel  with  her  hus- 
band, who  had  an  adulterous  intercourse 
with  the  fair  Rosamond  of  Clifford,  in 
Woodstock-park,  incited  her  to  encourage 
the  rebellion  of  their  sons  against  their  fa- 
Iher,  and  at  last  procured  her  imprisonment 
for  sixteen  years. 

Eleazar,  high  priest  of  Judea  after  his 
brother  Simon,  292  B.  C.  It  is  said  that 
he  gave  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  a  copy  of 
the  Bible,  which  was  by  order  of  the  mo- 
narch translated  by  70  persons,  and  is  now 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Septuagint. 

Eleutherius,  a  native  of  Nicopolis, 
made  pope  170.  He  opposed  the  Valen- 
tinians  with  great  zeal,  and  died  1S5. 

Eli,  the  high  priest  and  the  judge  of  the 
Israelites,  B.  C.  1156,  was  regardless  of 
the  licentious  conduct  of  his  sons,  Hophni 
and  Phinehas,  against  whom  the  anger  of 
the  Lord  was  announced  in  a  vision  re- 
vealed to  the  young  prophet  Samuel. 
The  aged  father  heard  the  threatened  pun- 
ishment with  resignation,  and  when  the 
ark  of  God  was  taken  by  the  Philistines, 
and  his  two  sons  slain  in  battle,  he,  at  the 
melancholy  report,  fell  back  from  his  seat, 
and  broke  his  neck,  the  93d  year  of  his  age. 

Elias,  Matthew,a  painter,  born  atPeene, 
near  Cassel,  of  obscure  parents,  1658.  As 
he  was  one  day  keeping  the  only  cow  be- 
longing to  his  widowed  mother,  Corbeen, 
the  famous  painter,  observed  him  making  a 
fortification  of  mud  by  the  road-side,  and, 
pleased  with  the  regularity  of  his  works, 
and  the  attitude  of  his  figures,  he  stopped, 
and  prevailed  upon  him  to  come  to  Dun- 
kirk and  live  with  him.  Here  he  engaged 
the  affection  of  his  friend  and  patron,  by 
his  great  application  and  his  superior  abili- 
ties ;  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  was  enabled 
to  go  to  Paris,  further  to  improve  himself. 
His  pieces  soon  gained  the  public  attention  ; 
but  though  courted  and  flattered,  Elias 
never  forgot  his  gratitude  and  respect  to  his 
kind  benefactor.  He  married  at  Paris,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  St.  Luke,  and 
raised  to  other  respectable  offices.  He 
afterwards  visited  Dunkirk,  and  settled 
there,  employing  his  pencil  in  adorning  the 
churches  and  chapels  of  that  part  of  France. 
He  lived  always  with  the  same  regularity 
and  temperance.  Mild  in  his  manners,  in- 
offensive in  his  conduct,  he  was  seldom 
seen  but  at  church  and  in  his  work  room. 
He  worked  till  the  last  period  of  life,  and 
expired  22d  April,  1741,  aged  82,  highly 
respected.  He  had  only  one  son,  who  died 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  at  Paris  ;  and  he 
never  had  more  than  one  pupil,  Carlier,  as 
he  rather  discouraged  the  attempts  to  paint- 
ing, which  were  attended  with  great  trou- 
ble, and  often  unrewarded.  Though  cor- 
rect and  grand  in  his  drawings,  he  failed  in 
his   draperies :    and.  «omc  of  his  female 


ELI 

figures  are  represented  without  judgment 
and  without  taste. 

Elias,  Levita,  a  German  rabbi,  of  the 
16th  century.  He  taught  Hebrew  at  Ve- 
nice and  Rome,  and  was  a  very  learned 
man  and  a  most  judicious  critic.  He  pub- 
lished lexicon  Chaldaicum,  1541,  folio — 
traditio  doctrinae,  1538,  4to. — some  He- 
brew grammars — nomenclatura  Hebraica, 
1542,  4to. — collectio  locorum  in  quibus 
Chaldaeus  paraphrastes  interjecit  nomen 
Messiae  Christi,  &c.  1572,  8vo. 

Elich,  Lewis  Philip,  a  native  of  Mar- 
purg,  known  in  the  17th  century  for  his 
foolish  book,  de  magia  diabolica,  which  was 
cancelled  by  the  magistrates,  but  afterwards 
published  at  Frankfort  under  a  different 
title,  1607.  He  now  avoided  persecution 
by  flight,  and  turned  Roman  catholic.  He 
published  another  book  at  Frankfort,  1609, 
de  miseria  homines,  &c.  He  was  immoral 
and  impious  in  his  sentiments,  and  his  con- 
duet  has  been  warmly  attacked  and  ex- 
posed by  his  opponent,  Tandler,  professor 
of  medicine  at  Wittemberg. 

Elichman,  John,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
who  practised  physic  at  Leyden,  and  was 
well  acquainted  with  sixteen  languages, 
and,  according  to  Salmasius,  superior  to 
every  European  in  the  knowledge  of  Per- 
sian. He  wrote  in  Arabic,  de  usu  Arabicae 
linguae  in  medicina,  1636 — a  dissertation  de 
termino  vitae,  &c.  1639 — and  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  Cebes'  picture,  printed  at  Leyden, 
1640,  with  a  Greek  and  Arabic  version. 

Eliezer,  a  rabbi,  of  the  8th  century, 
said  by  some  to  be  contemporary  with 
Christ.  His  valuable  "  chapters,  or  sa- 
cred history,"  were  translated  into  Latin, 
with  notes  by  Vorstius,  1664,  4to. 

Elijah,  an  illustrious  prophet  of  Israel, 
under  Ahab  and  Ahaziah.  After  suffering 
great  persecution  from  queen  Jezebel,  he 
was  taken  up  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  fire, 
895,  B.  C.  and  left  his  mantle  and  his  pro- 
phetic powers  to  his  servant  Elisha. 

Eliot,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Suffolk, 
sheriff  of  Cambridge  under  Henry  VIII. 
He  chiefly  resided  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
the  author  of  the  first  dictionary,  Latin  and 
English,  ever  published  in  England.  He 
died  1546. 

Eliot,  John,  minister  of  Roxbury,  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  usually  denominated  the 
apostle  of  the  Indians,  was  born  at  Nasin, 
Essex  county,  England,  in  1604,  of  parents 
who  were  pious,  and  who  gave  particular 
attention  to  his  religious  instruction.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  University.  In 
1632,  a  year  after  his  arrival  in  Massachu- 
setts, he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Roxbury,  where  he  remained  till  his  death 
in  1690.  But  his  labours  were  not  limited 
to  his  own  people.  He  was  one  of  the 
number  employed  in  1639  to  versify  the 
Psalm*.  The  work,  after  having  been  cor 
589 


ELI 


EU 


Keeted  by  president  Dunster  of  Harvard 
college,  was  long  used  in  New-England, 
and  passed  through  many  editions.  On  be- 
coming acquainted  with  the  Indian  tribes, 
with  which  he  was  surrounded,  he  became 
strongly  desirous  to  promote  their  salva- 
tion. Making  himself  acquainted  with 
their  language,  he  began  in  1646  to  preach 
to  them,  and  possessing  the  happy  talent  of 
expressing  himself  with  great  simplicity, 
tenderness,  and  force,  almost  immediately 
gained  their  attention,  and  soon  succeeded 
in  affecting  their  hearts.  He  usually  made 
a  missionary  tour  once  a  fortnight,  and  ex- 
tended his  labours  to  all  the  tribes  in  the 
colonies  of  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth. 
The  first  Indian  church  established  in 
North  America,  was  formed  of  his  converts 
in  1660  at  Natick,  where  a  house  for  wor- 
ship was  erected  for  its  use.  Many  others 
were  afterwards  established  by  him  and 
others  whom  he  excited  to  the  work  ,  and 
great  numbers  of  the  Indians  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  had  the  happiness  before 
bis  death  to  see  24  native  preachers  en- 
gaged in  teaching  their  countrymen.  Such 
was  his  zeal  to  promote  their  salvation, 
that  he  translated  and  published  the  whole 
of  the  Scriptures  in  their  language,  beside 
a  number  of  smaller  works.  In  richness 
of  endowments,  ardour  of  piety,  self-de- 
nial, extent  of  labour,  and  success,  Mr. 
Eliot  was  the  first  of  missionaries,  and  will 
ever  deservedly  be  commemorated  with 
reverence  and  admiration.  Q~f  L. 

Eliot,  Andrew,  D.D.  minister  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  a  native  of  that  town, 
and  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college,  where 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1737. 
He  commenced  his  ministry  in  Boston  in 
1742,  and  continued  in  its  labours  there  till 
his  death  in  1778,  highly  respected  for  his 
talents,  his  piety,  and  usefulness.  He  re- 
mained in  the  town  while  it  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  British  during  the  war  of  the 
revolution,  and  by  his  affectionate  atten- 
tions did  much  to  alleviate  the  sufferings  to 
which  the  inhabitants  were  subjected.  His 
publications,  consisting  chiefly  of  sermons, 
were  not  numerous,  but  highly  reputable  to 
his  learning  and  taste.  iCF^  L. 

Eliot,  John,  D.D.  congregational  minis- 
ter of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Andrew  Eliot,  D.D.  and  born  at 
Boston,  May  31st,  1754.  He  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  in  1772,  and  ordained  the 
successor  of  his  father,  November  3d, 
1779,  and  continued  there  much  respected 
till  his  death.  He  was  particularly  distin- 
guished for  his  attention  to  the  history  and 
biography  of  New-England,  and  left  in  his 
Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  eminent 
men  of  that  portion  of  the  United  States, 
published  in  1809,  a  monument  of  his  in- 
dustry and  acquirements.  He  was  a  prin- 
cipal founder  of  the  Massachusetts  His- 
sflfi 


torical  Society,  and  contributed  more  thau 
any  other  individual  to  its  collections  and 
library  of  rare  books.  He  died  February 
14th,  1813.  Ir-p  L. 

Eliott,  Sir  John,  a  native  of  Peebles,  of 
obscure  origin.  He  showed  great  applica- 
tion in  his  youth,  and,  by  the  direction  of 
his  father-in-law,  he  became  well  acquaint- 
ed with  Latin  and  Greek.  He  was  first 
employed  in  the  shop  of  an  apothecary 
in  the  Hay-market,  London,  and  quitting 
this  for  more  venturous  services,  he  went 
to  sea  as  a  surgeon.  A  rich  prize  soon  re- 
warded his  labours,  and  enabled  him,  on 
his  return  to  London,  to  assume  the  air 
and  the  name  of  physician.  He  was  in 
this  new  character  befriended  by  sir  Wil- 
liam Duncan,  and  soon  gained  reputation 
and  opulence.  His  address  greatly  recom- 
mended him,  and  though  he  was  neither 
very  learned  nor  very  ingenious,  he  how- 
ever became  one  of  the  most  popular  phy- 
sicians in  London  ;  his  fees  amounted  to 
little  less  than  5000i.  a  year ;  and  such 
was  his  consequence,  that  he  was  created 
a  baronet,  by  the  influence  of  Madame 
Schwellenbergen  and  lord  Sackville.  Thus 
raised  to  eminence,  and  patronised  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  courted  by  the  great, 
sir  John  showed  that  he  knew  well  how 
to  use  the  favours  of  fortune.  His  hospi- 
tality was  very  great ;  but  while  the  friend  of 
the  witty  and  the  learned,  while  courted  by 
M'Pherson,  Horace  Walpole,  As  tit,  ;  own- 
ley,  Whiteford,  Armstrong,  and  others,  he 
did  not  forget  the  labours  of  his  profession, 
nor  did  he,  while  attending  the  opulent, 
disdain  to  administer  to  the  poor  without 
fee  or  reward.  It  is  supposed  that  the  hos- 
pitable treats  with  which  he  delighted  his 
friends,  and  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  ia 
which  he  moderately  indulged,  hastened 
the  decay  of  his  constitution.  In  the  lan- 
guishing hour  of  sickness  he  tried  in  vain 
the  waters  of  Bath  and  other  places,  and 
sea  voyages.  He  died  suddenly,  at  Brock- 
et-hall, it  was  imagined,  from  the  rupture 
of  one  of  the  larger  vessels,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Hatfield,  1787.  He  left  a  hand- 
some fortune,  to  be  divided  among  his 
eight  surviving  children. 

Eliott,  George  Augustus,  the  brave  de- 
fender of  Gibraltar,  was  born  at  Stobbs, 
Roxburgshire,  1718,  the  youngest  of  the 
nine  sons  of  Sir  Gilbert  Eliott,  of  an  an- 
cient family,  said  to  have  accompanied  the 
conqueror  in  his  invasion  of  England.  He 
was  educated  under  a  private  tutor,  and 
then  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  made 
great  progress  in  military  science,  which 
he  completed  at  the  ecole  royale  of  La  Fere 
in  Picardy.  He  afterwards  served  in  the 
Prussian  service,  and  on  his  return  to  Scot- 
land in  his  17th  year,  he  entered  as  volun- 
teer in  the  23d  regiment  of  foot.  The  next 
year  he  went  into  the  engineer  corps  at 


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Woolwich,  and  then  by  his  uncle's  interest 
became  adjutant  of  the  second  troop  of 
horse  grenadiers.  He  went  with  this 
highly  disciplined  regiment  into  Germany, 
and  was  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  where 
he  was  wounded.  After  rising  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  colonel  in  this  regiment,  he 
resigned  his  commission  as  engineer,  and 
was  soon  after  made  aid-de-camp  to  George 
II.  In  1759  he  quitted  his  regiment  to 
raise  and  discipline  the  first  regiment  of 
light  horse,  called  after  him  Eliott's,  and 
with  them  in  the  character  of  brigadier 
general,  he  went  in  an  expedition  to  the 
French  coast,  and  afterwards  to  Germany, 
where  discipline,  activity,  and  enterprise 
reflected  the  highest  honour  on  the  general, 
and  on  the  men.  He  was  recalled  from 
Germany  to  be  second  in  command  in  the 
expedition  against  the  Havanna,  where 
his  intrepid  courage  in  the  action,  and  his 
great  humanity  towards  the  conquered, 
were  eminently  displayed.  At  the  peace, 
the  gallant  regiment  was  reviewed  in  Hyde- 
park  by  the  king,  who  was  so  pleased  with 
their  appearance,  and  so  grateful  for  their 
valour,  that  he  bestowed  upon  them  the  ap- 
pellation of  royals.  In  1775,  general  Eliott 
succeeded  A'Court  as  commander-in-chief 
in  Ireland,  but  before  he  had  completely 
taken  possession  of  his  office,  he  was  no- 
minated governor  of  Gibraltar,  an  appoint- 
ment for  which,  by  his  habits,  his  intrepi- 
dity, and  his  experience,  he  was  well  cal- 
culated. While  he  established  in  the  garri- 
son a  severe  but  salutary  system  of 
discipline,  he  exhibited  to  his  soldiers  an 
example  for  them  to  follow.  He  inured 
himself  to  the  severest  privations,  he  eat 
no  flesh,  nor  drank  wine,  but  lived  on 
vegetables  and  water  ;  he  never  slept  more 
than  four  hours  at  a  time,  and  therefore 
the  abstemiousness  and  the  vigilance  of  the 
general  were  soon  seen  and  imitated  as  the 
best  qualifications  of  a  good  soldier.  Thus 
persevering,  active,  vigilant,  he  maintained 
the  honour  of  his  country,  and  defended  a 
barren  rock  with  victorious  success  against 
the  combined  forces  of  Spain  and  France. 
The  skill  and  valour  displayed  in  the  me- 
morable siege  of  1782,  had  fixed  upon  the 
gallant  commander  and  his  brave  garrison 
the  eyes  and  the  admiration  of  the  world, 
and  therefore  on  his  return  to  England,  at 
the  peace,  he  was  greeted  by  the  nation 
with  acclamations,  by  the  senate  with 
thanks,  and  by  the  king  with  the  honoura- 
ble reward  of  a  peerage  by  the  title  of  lord 
Heathfield,  baron  Gibraltar.  This  illus- 
trious veteran  died  at  his  chateau,  at  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  of  a  second  attack  of  the 
palsy,  sixth  July,  1790,  in  his  73d  year,  at 
a  moment  when  he  was  preparing  to  return 
through  Leghorn  to  his  favourite  garrison. 
His  remains  were  brought  over  to  England, 
and  buried  at  Heathfield,  Sussex,  where  a 
handsome  monument  is  erected.      Lord 


Heathfield  had  married  Anne,  daughter  of 
Sir  Francis  Drake,  who  died  1769,  leaving 
a  son,  who  succeeded  to  his  father's  honours, 
and  a  daughter  married  to  J.  T.  Fuller  of 
Bailey-park,  Sussex. 

Eliott,  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  and  educated 
at  Bennet  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
proceeded  A.B.  and  took  orders.  He  was 
expelled  from  St.  George's  chapel,  Hyde- 
park,  for  printing  a  sermon  on  salvation  by 
faith  without  works,  and  afterwards  became 
minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation, 
Glass-house  yard,  Aldersgate-street.  He 
died  suddenly  in  his  pulpit,  1789.  He  pub- 
lished some  controversial  tracts  and  ser- 
mons, and  defended  himself  against  the 
attack  of  Dr.  Dodd,  about  his  discourse  on 
faith. 

Elisha,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelites. 
He  was  called  from  the  plough  to  become 
the  servant  of  Elijah,  and  afterwards  when 
his  master  was  carried  up  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire,  he  received  his  mantle,  and 
was  appointed  his  successor.  He  was 
highly  respected  by  the  people  of  Judea,  and 
by  the  Syrians,  who  frequently  consulted 
him.  He  died  at  Samaria,  about  830  B.  C. 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VIII.  by  Anne  Boleyn,  was 
born  seventh  September,  1533.  She  was 
declared  illegitimate  by  her  capricious 
father,  but  her  dying  mother  recommended 
her  to  the  care  of  Parker,  afterwards  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  by  whom  her  prin- 
ciples of  religion  were  fixed,  and  her  mind 
cultivated  and  improved.  She  lived  in  pri- 
vacy and  retirement,  but  on  Mary's  acces- 
sion, she  was  imprisoned,  and  nearly  sacri- 
ficed to  the  queen's  bigotry  by  the  influence 
of  bishop  Gardiner,  who  represented  her 
as  the  future  prop  of  protestantism.  Phi- 
lip, however,  interceded  for  her,  as  he 
already  marked  her  for  his  second  wife  on 
Mary's  decease.  She  was  drawn  from 
prison  to  sit  on  the  throne,  1558,  and  thus 
educated  in  the  school  of  adversity,  she 
came  to  govern  a  gallant  and  rising  nation, 
and  by  her  wisdom  and  energy  to  fix  their 
destinies  on  the  most  glorious  basis.  With 
a  soul  heroic  and  magnanimous,  an  under- 
standing polished  by  the  knowledge  of 
literature  and  of  the  learned  languages, 
she  yet  possessed  the  weakness  of  her  sex, 
and  loved  to  be  admired  and  courted  for  the 
elegancies  of  her  dress,  and  the  beauties  of 
her  person.  Prudent  and  discerning  in  all 
her  measures,  she  proceeded  with  caution 
in  her  determination  to  establish  the  pro- 
testant  religion,  she  treated  the  catholic 
party  with  tenderness,  and  professed  a  great 
willingness  to  be  on  amicable  terms  even 
with  pope  Paul  IV.  Before  she  ascended 
the  throne,  the  king  of  Sweden  made  pro- 
posals of  marriage  to  her,  which  she  re- 
jected. Philip  her  brother-in-law  was 
equally  unsuccessful,  and  the  duke  of  Aniou, 
591 


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who  for  a  while  seemed  to  be  treated  with 
partiality  and  affection,  was  dismissed  at  last 
with  coldness  and  indifference.  Her  par- 
liament indeed  interfered,  but  she  declared 
that  she  was  wedded  to  her  people,  and 
that  she  wished  her  tomb-stone  to  record 
that  after  reigning  so  long  she  had  lived 
and  died  a  virgin  queen.  Authors  have 
been  puzzled  to  account  for  this  settled 
aversion  to  the  marriage  state,  and  whilst 
some  have  suggested  that  this  coldness  of 
constitution  arose  from  natural  causes, 
others  have  intimated  that  her  hours  of  re- 
tirement were  not  always  devoted  to  con- 
tinence. The  suspicions  are  wanton,  false, 
and  illiberal ;  though  she  was  beautiful  and 
young,  and  loved  entertainments,  dress, 
and  pleasure,  though  she  selected  the  hand- 
somest and  best  shaped  men,  such  as 
Leicester  and  Essex,  for  her  favourites, 
yet  nothing  can  be  advanced  with  truth 
against  the  chastity  of  her  character. 
Though  she  had  favourites,  in  no  instance 
is  it  mentioned  that  she  forgot  her  rank  or 
the  dignity  of  her  sex,  and  indeed  there 
were  so  many  watchful  eyes  about  her 
court  and  person,  that  had  she  been  incon- 
tinent, her  weakness  would  have  been  di- 
vulged, and  her  amours  recorded  to  pos- 
terity. That  she  wished  to  govern  her  fa- 
vourites, and  by  them  her  people,  by  the 
soft  influence  which  female  charms  possess 
over  the  heart,  is  probable  ;  but  when  it  is 
considered  that  when  settled  on  her  throne 
she  was  nearly  thirty,  that  the  warmer 
passions  of  youth  had  subsided,  and  that 
her  great  ambition  was  to  rule  without  a 
superior  or  rival  in  the  affections  of  her 
subjects,  the  wonders  of  her  celibacy  will 
cease.  She  was  fortunate  in  the  choice  of 
her  ministers,  but  though  she  could  de- 
pend on  Cecil  and  on  Walsingham,  she  yet 
loved  business,  and  regarded  the  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  the  nation  as  her  imme- 
diate care.  It  is  unnecessary  here  to  men- 
tion the  glorious  events  which  marked  her 
reign.  The  most  indelible  blot,  however, 
on  her  character,  is  her  treatment  of  the 
unfortunate  Mary,  whom,  as  her  rival  in 
beauty,  and  as  her  presumptive  heir,  she 
hated.  Instead  of  pitying  her  misfortunes 
indeed  she  deceived  her ;  and  instead  of 
granting  her  liberty,  or  replacing  her  on 
her  throne,  she  ignominiously  led  her  to  a 
scaffold,  and  then  meanly  pretended  to 
blame  the  horrible  proceedings  as  the  act 
of  her  ministers.  After  an  illustrious  reign 
of  44  years  four  months  and  six  days,  and 
after  seeing  her  people  grown  powerful  in 
arms,  successful  in  extending  navigation 
and  commerce,  and  distinguished  in  sci- 
ence and  literature,  this  great  princess  died 
24th  March,  1603,  aged  70.  Never, 
says  a  Jesuit,  did  a  crowned  head  better 
understand  the  art  of  government,  and 
commit  fewer  errors  in  it,  during  a  long 
rrizn.     Her  aim  was  to  reign,  fo  govern-. 


to  be  mistress,  to  keep  her  people  in  sub- 
jection. She  was  not  a  warlike  princess, 
but  she  knew  so  well  how  to  train  up  war- 
riors, that  England  had  not  for  a  long  time 
seen  a  greater  number  of  them,  nor  more 
experienced. 

Elizabeth,  of  Austria,  daughter  of 
Maximilian  II.  was  married  to  Charles  IX. 
of  France,  26th  Nov.  1570,  at  Mezieres. 
The  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
overwhelmed  her  with  grief,  but  as  she 
never  meddled  in  the  public  affairs  of  the 
kingdom,  she  avoided  the  dangers  of  poli- 
tics, and  retained  the  affections  of  her 
capricious  husband,  who  on  his  death-bed 
tenderly  recommended  her  and  her  daugh- 
ter to  the  kindness  of  Henry  IV.  king  of 
Navarre,  his  successor.  Thus  respected 
and  beloved  in  France  as  a  most  virtuous 
wife  and  most  benevolent  queen,  she  re-, 
tired  to  Vienna  after  her  husband's  death, 
and  though  her  sister-in-law,  Margaret  of 
Navarre,  was  different  from  her  in  temper 
and  character,  yet  she  honoured  her  with 
her  friendship,  and  sent  her  two  books  she 
had  written  with  her  own  hand,  one  on  the 
word  of  God,  and  the  other  on  the  remark- 
able events  that  had  occurred  during  her 
residence  in  France.  She  died  at  Vienna, 
in  a  convent  which  she  herself  had  founded, 
1592,  aged  38,  deservedly  beloved  and  sin- 
cerely lamented. 

Elizabeth,  Petrovna,  daughter  of  Peter 
the  Great,  was  born  1709.  Her  rank  and 
personal  attractions  made  her  an  object  of 
admiration  among  her  neighbours,  and 
among  her  suitors  are  mentioned  Lewis 
XV.  of  France,  Charles  Augustus  bishop  of 
Lubec,  Charles  Margrave  of  Anspach, 
Kouli  Khan,  and  Lewis  of  Brunswick,  but 
she  rejected  all.  She  did  not,  however, 
dislike  favourites,  as  her  amours  were  fre- 
quent, and  as  she  declared  to  her  confi- 
dants she  never  was  happy  but  in  love. 
She  ascended  the  throne  of  Russia  in  1741, 
and  received  the  appellation  of  humane, 
because  she  made  a  vow  that  no  capital 
punishment  should  be  inflicted  during  her 
reign.  Severities,  however,  were  practised, 
the  public  prisons  were  filled  with  wretches 
who  frequently  expired  under  tortures, 
and  Elizabeth  herself  gave  a  strong  ex- 
ample of  cruelty,  in  condemning  two  la- 
dies of  her  court,  women  of  beauty  and 
rank,  the  countess  of  Besttuchef  and  La- 
pookin,  to  receive  50  strokes  of  the  knoot, 
in  the  open  square  of  Petersburgh,  to  have 
their  tongues  cut  out,  and  to  be  banished 
to  Siberia,  for  divulging  the  secret  amours 
of  the  empress.  Though  thus  given  to 
private  incontinence,  Elizabeth  pretended 
to  be  a  strict  devotee  ;  she  was  scrupulous 
in  her  yearly  confessions  at  Easter,  she 
expressed  contrition  for  her  faults,  and  was 
most  punctual  in  all  the  external  offices  of 
religion.  She  died  25th  December,  1761, 
in  the  21st  year  of  her  reign,  and 


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tier  age.  The  punishment  of  torture, 
which  hitherto  was  permitted,  was  abolish- 
ed gradually  by  her  successors. 

Eller  de  Brookhusen,  John  Theo- 
dore, physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was 
born  at  Pletzkau,  in  Anhalt-Bernburg,  and 
died  at  Berlin,  1760,  aged  71.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  learning  and  of  extensive  ex- 
perience in  his  profession.  He  wrote  a 
Latin  treatise  on  the  knowledge  and  treat- 
ment of  diseases,  translated  by  Le  Roy  into 
French. 

Ellert,  William,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  born 
at  Newport,  Rhode-Island,  December  llth, 
1727,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1747.  He  rendered  himself  con- 
spicuous at  the  commencement  of  the  re- 
volutionary contest,  by  his  zeal  in  op- 
posing the  oppressive  acts  of  the  British 
government,  and  in  May,  1776,  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  delegates  of  Rhode- 
Island  to  congress.  He  continued  several 
years  in  that  body,  and  was  one  of  its  most 
able,  judicious,  zealous,  and  faithful  mem- 
bers. In  17S6  he  was  appointed  commis- 
sioner of  loans  for  Rhode-Island,  and  in 
1789  collector  of  the  customs  for  Newport. 
He  continued  in  the  latter  office  until  his 
death.  He  possessed  a  discriminating 
mind,  an  excellent  judgment,  and  a  fine 
memory,  was  greatly  distinguished  for  his 
integrity,  promptness,  and  fidelity  in  the 
discharge  of  his  official  duties,  and  retain- 
ed his  activity  and  mental  vigour,  and  con- 
tinued his  usefulness  until  his  death,  Feb. 
15th,  1820,  in  the  93d  year  of  his  age. 
VlZF*  l. 

Elliger,  Ottomar,  son  of  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Gottenburgh,  18th  September, 
1633.  His  father  wished  to  make  him  a 
scholar,  but  nature  had  formed  him  for  a 
painter,  and  at  last  the  inclination  of  the 
son  prevailed,  and  under  Daniel  Scghers, 
the  Jesuit  of  Antwerp,  he  soon  displayed 
superior  excellence  in  painting  flowers  and 
fruit.  He  was  invited  to  Berlin,  where  he 
became  a  great  favourite  at  court.  His 
pieces  are  much  admired  in  Germany.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Elliger,  Ottomar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Hamburgh,  16th  Feb.  1666. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  under 
Michael  Van  Musscher,  at  Amsterdam,  but 
his  great  master  was  Lairesse.  Instructed 
by  him  he  soon  imitated  his  copies,  and 
taking  nature  for  his  model,  he  finished  his 
pictures  in  a  style  pleasing  to  the  man  of 
taste  as  well  as  the  scholar.  In  his  back 
grounds  he  introduced  the  finest  remains  of 
Egyptian,  Grecian,  or  Roman  architecture, 
and  every  where  displayed  correctness  of 
conception  and  sublimity  of  genius.  His 
best  pieces  are  the  death  of  Alexander,  and 
the  nuptials  of  Thetis  and  Peleus,  made 
for  the  elector  of  Mentz,  which  the  prince 
Vot,.  T.  7:") 


wished  to  reward  by  granting  the  painter  a 
handsome  pension,  and  making  him  his 
principal  painter.  These  honours  Eiliger 
refused,  preferring  liberty  to  the  service  of 
the  greatest  potentates.  The  latter  part 
of  his  life  was  clouded  by  intemperance  and 
debauchery.  He  died  24th  Nov.  1732, 
aged  60. 

Ellis,  Clement,  M.A.  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, brought  up  under  his  uncle,  Pot- 
ter, bishop  of  Carlisle.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  at 
the  reformation  obtained  the  living  of 
Kirkby- western,  Notts,  and  in  1693  the 
prebend  of  Southwell.  He  died  1700, 
aged  70.  He  was  learned  and  exemplary 
as  a  divine,  and  wrote  the  genteel  sinner 
— the  scripture  cathechist — the  self-de- 
ceiver, &c. 

Ellis,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  in 
the  parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  London, 
22d  of  March,  1698.  As  his  father  was  a 
man  of  an  eccentric,  unsettled  character, 
and  his  mother  a  fanatical  dissenter,  who 
punished  him  severely  even  for  looking  at 
a  top  on  Sunday,  his  education  was  little 
attended  to,  though  his  application  made 
up  fully  for  the  deficiencies  of  parental 
care.  He  was  placed  in  the  office  of  Ta- 
verner,  a  scrivener,  in  Threadneedle- 
street,  where,  besides  the  knowledge  of  his 
business,  he  heard  and  attended  to  the  clas- 
sical instructions  which  young  Taverner, 
an  idle  scholar  of  Merchant  Tailors'  school, 
regularly  received  from  his  fond  father. 
With  this  indolent  youth,  after  the  father's 
death,  Ellis  was  united  in  partnership,  and 
from  his  imprudence  he  was  a  great  suf- 
ferer, and  was  long  involved  in  difficulties, 
which  injured  his  peace  of  mind,  and  pre- 
vented his  prosperous  settlement  in  the 
world.  His  literary  qualifications  intro- 
duced him  to  the  acquaintance  of  the  learn- 
ed, and  among  his  friends  of  merit  and 
virtue  he  could  number  Mr.  Fayting,  of 
Cambridge,  Dr.  King,  of  Oxford,  Moses 
Mendez,  Esq.  and  Dr.  Johnson.  Though 
for  seventy  years  he  wrote,  without  how- 
ever publishing,  small  poetical  pieces,  ho 
did  not  neglect  his  business,  and  a3  a 
scrivener  of  probity  and  moral  honesty,  he 
was  the  agent  of  many  respectable  families. 
In  1750  he  was  elected  a  common  council- 
man of  London  ;  an  office  which  he  retain- 
ed till  his  death.  He  was  also  for  many- 
years  deputy  of  his  ward,  and  four  times 
elected  master  of  the  scriveners'  company, 
and  so  highly  esteemed  by  that  respectable 
body  that  a  picture  of  him  was  hung  up  in 
their  hall.  By  temperance  and  exercise 
he  attained  a  great  age,  though  he  had  a 
weakness  in  one  of  his  eyes,  which,  in  his 
86th  year,  passed  to  the  other  in  a  singular 
manner,  which  he  has  described  in  a  letter 
to  his  friend  Dr.  Johnson.  The  last  year 
of  his  life  waa  clouded  with  distress,  from 
593 


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which,  however,  his  friends  extricated  him, 
by  relieving  him  from  indigence,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  having  incautiously  trusted 
some  money,  perhaps  the  whole  of  his  pro- 
perty, into  the  hands  of  an  artful  villain, 
who  was  a  bankrupt.  Cheerful  and  strong 
even  to  the  last,  he  was  capable  of  walking- 
twenty  and  even  thirty  miles  a  day  even  to 
his  85th  year.  He  died  gently,  sitting  in 
his  chair,  the  31st  December,  1791,  in  his 
94th  year,  and  was  buried  on  the  5th  of 
January,  in  St.  Bartholomew's  church,  Ex- 
change, attended  by  a  great  number  of  per- 
sons, who  paid  this  last  respect  to  his 
memory.  As  he  had  been  brought  up  a 
dissenter,  he  soon  saw  with  disgust  the 
hypocrisy  of  the  sect,  and  instead  of  fol- 
lowing them,  he  expressed  the  strongest 
aversion  for  them.  His  hours  of  relaxation 
were  always  employed  in  walking ;  and 
when  questioned  why  he  neglected  to  go 
to  church,  he  replied,  "  Nathan  walked 
with  the  Lord."  To  the  character  of  an 
honest,  upright,  and  independent  man,  he 
added  that  of  poetical  merit ;  and  though 
his  pieces  possessed  not  superior  sublimity, 
yet  they  were  distinguished  for  neatness, 
elegance,  spirit,  and  naivete.  Many  of 
his  poems  were  long  preserved  in  manu- 
script. Besides  some  pieces  to  be  found 
in  Dodsley's  collection,  he  wrote  a  transla- 
tion of  Dr.  King's  templum  libertatis — a 
Hudibrastic  travesty  of  Maphaeus — the 
South  Sea  dream — the  surprise,  or  the 
gentleman  turned  apothecary — a  transla- 
tion of  some  of  the  epistles  and  of  the  meta- 
morphoses of  Ovid — same  parts  of  iEsop's 
fables,  of  Cato,  and  others. 

Ellis,  George,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  London,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster school  and  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  one  of  the  writers  of  the 
Rolliad,  a  satirical  publication,  intended  to 
annoy  the  administration  of  Mr.  Pitt ;  but 
afterwards  he  became  much  attached  to 
that  statesman,  and  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Malmesbury  when  he  went 
on  the  embassy  to  Lisle.  Mr.  Ellis  was  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  So- 
cieties, and  died  at  the  age  of  70,  in  1815. 
His  works  are — 1.  Specimens  of  the  early 
English  poets,  3  vols.  8vo. — 2.  Preface, 
Notes,  and  Appendix  to  a  translation  of 
Le  Grand's  Fabliaux,  2  vols.  8vo. — 3.  Speci- 
mens of  English  metrical  Romances,  3 
vols.  8vo—  IF.  B. 

Ellis,  Henry,  F.R.S.  governor  of  Geor- 
gia, was  appointed  1757.  He  succeeded 
Reynolds,  and  continued  governor  until 
1760.  In  1761  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia,  where  he  was  succeeded  by 
Wilmot  in  1764.  He  was  a  lawyer,  educated 
at  the  temple,  and  became  celebrated  as  a 
traveller,  and  as  a  man  of  genius  and 
learning.  He  spent  the  close  of  his  life  in 
Europe,  and  died  at  a  very  advanced  age. 
594  iCF"  L. 


Ellis,  Caleb,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New-Hampshire,  was  born  at 
Walpole,  Massachusetts,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1793,  when  admitted  to 
the  bar,  he  settled  at  Claremont,  N.  H. 
The  talents  and  integrity  which  he  display- 
ed in  his  profession,  the  gentleness  of  his 
manners,  and  the  purity  of  his  life,  render- 
ed him  peculiarly  an  object  of  the  public 
esteem  and  confidence.  In  1804  he  was 
elected  a  representative  in  congress.  He 
was  afterwards  a  member  of  the  council, 
and  in  1S11  elected  a  member  of  the  senate 
of  the  state.  In  1812  he  was  one  of  the 
electors  of  president  and  vice-president. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  continued  in  that  office 
until  his  death,  May  9th,  1816,  aged  49. 
He  was  a  man  of  piety,  and  exhibited  his 
regard  for  religion  by  the  bequest  of  five 
thousand  dollars  for  the  support  of  the 
ministry  in  the  town  where  he  resided. 
ICF-L. 

Ellsworth,  Oliver,  LL.D.  chief  justice 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Windsor, 
Connecticut,  29th  April,  1745,  and  was 
graduated  at  New-Jersey  college  in  1766. 
Devoting  himself  to  the  practice  of  law,  he 
soon  rose  by  the  extraordinary  energy  of  his 
mind  and  force  of  his  eloquence  to  distin- 
guished eminence.  In  1777  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress,  and 
in  1784  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  Connecticut.  He  held  a  seat  in 
the  convention  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  and  useful  in  that 
assembly  illustrious  for  learning,  talents, 
and  patriotism.  On  the  organization  of 
the  federal  government  in  1789,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  senate,  and  conti- 
nued in  the  office  till  he  was  appointed,  in 
1796,  chief  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  After  discharging  the 
duties  of  that  station  with  great  credit  to 
his  legal  science,  integrity,  and  eloquence, 
for  near  four  years,  he  was  appointed,  to- 
ward the  close  of  1799,  envoy  extraordi- 
nary to  France.  The  decline  of  his  health 
disqualifying  him  for  the  duties  of  his 
office  as  judge,  he  resigned  it  toward  the 
end  of  the  year  1800.  After  his  return  to 
Connecticut  he  was  again  elected  into  the 
council  of  that  state,  and  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He  however 
declined  the  latter  office,  and  soon  after 
died  November  26th,  1807,  greatly  regret- 
ted, as  in  his  life  he  had  been  admired  for 
his  extraordinary  endowments,  his  accom- 
plishments as  an  advocate,  his  integrity  as 
a  judge,  his  patriotism  as  a  legislator 
and  ambassador,  and  his  exemplariness  as 
a  Christian.  "  f  CP  L. 

Ellwood,  Thomas,  a  native  of  CrowelJ, 
Oxfordshire,  who  turned  quaker,  by  the 
influence  of  Isaac  Pennington,  and  thus 


ELP 


ELS 


lost  the  protection  of  his  father,  lie  was 
for  some  time  reader  to  Milton,  and  ex- 
posed himself  to  persecution  on  account  of 
his  religious  tenets,  which  he  ably  defend- 
ed. He  wrote  a  sacred  poem  on  the  life  of 
David — a  history  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
taments— besides  an  edition  of  George 
Fox's  journal,  &c.     He  died  1713,  aged  74. 

Ellts,  Anthony,  an  English  prelate,  born 
in  1693,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1724  he  was  vicar  of  St.  Olave's, 
Jewry,  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Ironmonger's 
lane,  the  next  year  prebendary  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  in  1728  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1752  he  was  made  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
and  died  at  Gloucester,  1761,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  cathedral  there.  Besides  three 
occasional  sermons,  he  published,  in  1736, 
a  plea  for  the  sacramental  test,  &c.  4to. — 
remarks  on  Hume's  essay  on  miracles  ; 
and  left  unpublished  tracts  on  the  liberty, 
spiritual  and  temporal,  of  protestants  in 
England,  &c.  the  first  part  of  which  was 
printed,  1763,  the  second  in  1765.  These 
works  prove  the  author  to  have  been  a  man 
possessed  of  learning,  of  candour,  of  be- 
nevolence, and  every  Christian  virtue. 

Elmacinus,  George,  an  Egyptian  of  the 
3  3th  century,  author  of  a  Saracen  history, 
from  Mohammed  to  the  year  1118.  He 
professed  himself  to  be  a  Christian,  and 
held  places  of  honour  under  the  caliphs  ; 
but  the  favourable  manner  in  which  he 
speaks  of  the  mussulmans,  of  Mohammed, 
and  of  his  religion,  suggests  a  suspicion 
that  he  had  little  of  the  Christian  besides 
the  name.  This  history  has  been  transla- 
ted from  the  Saracen  into  Latin  by  Erpe- 
nius,  and  completed  by  Golius,  Leyden, 
1625,  folio,  and  into  French  by  Vattier, 
Paris,  1657  ;  but  both  translations  are  very 
incorrect. 

Elmenhorst,  Geverhart,  a  critic,  of 
Hamburgh,  who  died  1621.  He  published 
Cebes,  Leyden,  1618,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  learned  notes  on  Minutius 
Felix,  and  other  ancient  authors. 

Elmenhorst,  Henry,  author  of  a  Ger- 
man treatise  on  public  spectacles,  Ham- 
burgh, 1688,  4to.  He  does  not  consider 
them  as  injurious  to  manners.  This  sub- 
ject has  been  treated  by  Rousseau  and 
D'Alembert. 

Elphinstone,  William,  a  Scotch  divine, 
born  in  the  county  of  Stirling,  1432,  and 
educated  at  St.  Salvador's,  St.  Andrews, 
and  at  Paris,  where  he  studied  the  law.  On 
his  return  home  he  took  orders,  and  be- 
came arch-deacon  of  St.  Andrews,  provost 
of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  and  bishop  of 
Aberdeen.  In  1483  he  went  as  ambassador 
to  France,  and  in  1489  to  Henry  VII.  of 
England  ;  and  in  1495  he  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  Scotland.  The  death  of  king 
James,  at  the  battle  of  Flodden-field,  1513, 
"0  overpowered  his  spirits  that  he  died 


soon  after,  aged  81.  He  was  a  munificent 
benefactor  to  the  university  of  Aberdeen, 
and  his  learning  is  evinced  by  the  history 
of  Scotland,  a  MS.  copy  of  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  Bodleian. 

Elphinston,  James,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1721, 
being  the  son  of  an  episcopalian  clergyman 
of  that  city.  He  was  educated  at  the 
high-school  and  university  of  Edinburgh  ; 
on  leaving  which  he  became  tutor  to  lord 
Blantyre.  In  1750  he  superintended  an 
edition  of  the  Rambler,  printed  at  Edin- 
burgh, with  translations  of  the  mottos. 
The  year  following  he  settled  near  London, 
and  kept  an  academy  till  about  1778  ;  af- 
ter which  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  the  English  language  at  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow.  He  died  at  Hammersmith,  Oct. 
8,  1809.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  but 
rendered  himself  ridiculous  by  endeavour- 
ing to  introduce  a  new  mode  of  spelling. 
He  translated  Martial  into  English,  and 
published  "  Propriety  ascertained  in  her 
picture,"  2  vols.  4to.  which  was  followed 
by  "  English  Orthography  epitomized," 
and  "  Propriety's  Pocket  Dictionary."  In 
1794  came  out  a  selection  of  his  corres- 
pondence, in  6  vols.  8vo.  ;  but  his  best 
work  is  a  grammar  for  the  use  of  schools, 
2  vols.  12mo.—  W.  B. 

Elsheimer,  Adam,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  1574. 
Though  the  son  of  a  tailor,  he  by  his  indus- 
try was  enabled  to  go  to  Rome,  where  he 
soon  became  a  distinguished  artist.  His 
landscapes,  histories,  and  night-pieces,  are 
so  highly  finished,  so  scarce,  and  so  valua- 
ble, that  they  are  to  be  seen  only  in  the  col- 
lection of  princes.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
melancholy  disposition,  and  died  1610. 

Elsner,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor 
of  theology  and  oriental  languages  at  Lin- 
gen,  and  afterwards  master  of  Joachim's 
school,  Berlin.  In  1730  he  became  pastor 
of  one  of  the  Berlin  churches,  and  was 
made  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences, 
and  confessor  of  the  royal  consistory.  He 
wrote  observationes  sacrae  in  novi  testam. 
libros  Utrae.  1720,  1 728— explanation  of 
the  epistle  to  the  Philippians — state  of  the 
Greek  church  in  Turkey,  8vo.  1737.  He 
died  1750,  aged  58. 

Elstob,  William,  a  learned  divine  and 
Saxon  linguist,  born  at  Newcastle,  1673, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  Catharine-hall, 
Cambridge.  He  afterwards  removed  to 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  thence  was 
chosen  fellow  of  University,  where  he  wa3 
tutor.  In  1702  be  became  rector  of  Saint 
Swithin  and  St.  Mary  Bothaw,  London, 
where  he  died  twelve  years  after.  He 
published  Lupus's  Saxon  history  translated 
into  Latin,  and  also  Ascham's  Latin  letters, 
and  wrote  an  essay  on  the  great  affinity  and 
mutual  agreement  of  the  two  profession?; 
595 


ELW 


ELW 


law  and  divinity.  He  was  engaged  also  in 
the  laborious  edition  of  the  Saxon  laws, 
with  notes,  &c.  which  he  did  not  lire  to 
complete,  and  which  was  finished  by  Dr. 
Wilkins,  1721. 

Elstob,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  prece- 
ding, born  in  1683,  was  well  skilled  in  the 
Saxon  language.  She  retired,  after  her 
brother's  death,  to  Evesham,  Worcester- 
shire, where  she  kept  a  small  school.  By 
lord  Oxford's  interference,  she  obtained 
from  queen  Caroline  an  annuity  of  21/.  but 
after  the  death  of  her  majesty  she  was 
again  reduced  to  poverty,  and  though  skilled 
in  eight  languages,  she  was  obliged  to  be- 
come a  governess.  She  was  then  engaged 
in  the  dutchess  of  Portland's  family,  where 
she  continued  seventeen  years,  and  died  at 
Bulstrode,  30th  May,  1756.  She  gave  an 
English  translation  to  the  homily,  which 
her  brother  published  from  the  Saxon,  1709. 
In  1715  she  published  a  Saxon  grammar, 
and,  as  Rowe  Mores  observes,  "  she  was  the 
indefessa  comes  of  her  brother's  studies,  a 
female  student  of  the  university,  upon  a  gen- 
teel fortune,  but  pursuing  too  much  the  drug 
called  learning." 

Elswich,  John  Herman  d',  a  Lutheran 
divine,  who  was  born  at  Rensburg,  Hol- 
stein,  and  died  at  Stade,  1721,  aged  37. 
He  published  Simon  ius's  book  de  Uteris  pe- 
reuntibus,  with  notes, — Launoius  de  vari& 
Aristotelis  fortuna,  &c. 

Elsynge,  Henry,  an  English  gentleman, 
appointed,  by  Laud's  interest,  clerk  of  the 
house  of  commons.  He  was  born  at  Bat- 
tersea,  1598,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
and  Christ-church,  Oxford.  He  spent  some 
years  in  travelling  ;  and  when  appointed 
clerk  to  the  commons,  he  displayed  such 
correctness  and  ability  in  his  office  that  he 
was  respected  by  all  parties,  and  consulted 
on  every  occasion.  He  resigned  this  ho- 
nourable office  when  he  saw  the  determina- 
tion of  parliament  to  try  the  king  ;  and  he 
retired  to  his  house  at  Hounslow,  where  he 
died,  1654.  To  learning,  and  the  knowledge 
of  French  and  Italian,  he  added  the  noble 
character  of  an  honest  man.  He  published 
"  the  ancient  method  and  manner  of  hold- 
ing parliaments  in  England,"  1663,  reprint- 
ed 1768,  and  wrote  a  tract  concerning  the 
proceedings  in  parliament,  never  published, 
and  other  things. 

Elvius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Upsal,  secre- 
tary to  the  Stockholm  royal  academy  of 
sciences.  He  was  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics  and  his  love  of  sci- 
ence. He  made  surveys  of  the  Swedish 
lakes,  and  of  the  coasts  of  the  country,  be- 
sides observations  on  the  heavenly  bodies, 
from  Uraniburg  ;  and  he  constructed  also 
some  ingenious  machines  worked  upon  by 
water.  He  wrote  a  journal  of  a  tour  in 
Sweden,  published,  Stockholm,  1751.  He 
rtied  1749,  aged  3"9. 
596 


Elwes,  John,  of  saving  memory,  wa« 
son  of  a  brewer  in  Southwark,  of  the  name 
of  Meggot.  Though  he  lost  his  father 
when  four  years  old,  he  was  sent  to  West- 
minster school,  where  he  continued  ten  or 
twelve  years ;  from  whence  he  went  to 
Geneva,  where,  for  three  years,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  dividing  the  palm  of 
horsemanship  with  Mr.  Worsley  and  Sir 
Sydney  Meadows.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  visited,  in  the  assumed  garb  of 
a  miser,  his  uncle,  Sir  Harvey  Elwes, 
who  lived  in  Essex,  and  whose  sole  plea- 
sure was  the  hoarding  up  of  money.  He 
afterwards  succeeded  to  his  fortune,  which 
was  little  less  than  250,000i.  and  agreeable 
to  his  will,  changed  the  name  of  Meggot 
for  that  of  Elwes.  He  was  then  40  years 
old  ;  but  though  known  for  the  last  fifteen 
years,  in  all  the  circles'of  fashion  and  dissi- 
pation in  London,  he  did  not,  upon  the  ac- 
quisition of  such  an  ample  fortune,  to 
which  indeed  his  own  was  equal,  launch 
out  into  the  extravagancies  of  the  times, 
but  following  his  uncle's  example,  he  de- 
termined to  increase  it  with  alt  his  power. 
He  was  naturally  fond  of  gaming,  and  did 
not  give  it  up  till  late  in  life.  "  He  has 
been  known,"  as  his  biographer  has  obser- 
ved, "  after  sitting  up  a  whole  night  at  play, 
for  thousands,  in  elegant  apartments,  or- 
namented with  the  most  splendid  decora- 
tions, and  with  waiters  at  his  call,  to  walk 
out  about  four  in  the  morning,  and  proceed 
to  Smithfield,  to  meet  his  own  cattle  com- 
ing to  market  from  Thoydon-hall,  Essex, 
where  he  had  a  farm.  Forgetful  of  the 
scenes  which  he  had  just  left,  this  singular 
man  would  stand  there,often  in  the  cold  and 
rain,  disputing  with  a  carcass  butcher  for 
perhaps  a  shilling.  Sometimes,  when  the 
cattle  did  not  arrive  at  the  hour  he  expect- 
ed, he  would  walk  on,  in  the  mire  and  dirt, 
to  meet  them,  and  more  than  once  he  has 
gone  the  whole  way  to  his  farm,  without 
stopping,  though  seventeen  miles  from  Lon- 
don. Denying  himself  every  earthly  com- 
fort, he  would  walk  home  to  London  in 
the  rain,  sooner  than  pay  a  shilling  for  a 
coach  ;  he  would  sit  in  wet  clothes,  rather 
than  have  a  fire  to  dry  them  ;  he  would 
eat  his  provisions  in  the  last  state  of  putre- 
faction, sooner  than  have  a  fresh  joint 
from  the  butcher  ;  and  he  wore  a  wig  for  a 
fortnight,  which  I,"  says  the  biographer, 
"  saw  him  pick  up  from  a  rut  in  a  lane." 
Yet  when  this  inordinate  passion  of  saving 
did  not  interfere,  he  performed  very  kind 
offices,  even  went  a  great  way  to  serve 
those  who  applied  to  him.  In  1774,  when 
aged  sixty,  he  was  elected  member  for 
Berkshire,  and  for  twelve  years  served  the 
county,  the  most  independent  man  in  the 
house  of  commons.  He  came  in  without 
expense,  and  therefore  expected  no  favour, 
and  voted  as  in  the  purest  days  of  parlia- 


EMA 


EA1E 


mentary  representation.  In  179S  he  began 
to  feel  the  infirmities  of  age,  but  with  the 
strongest  antipathy  to  the  drugs  and  pills 
of  apothecaries,  he  endeavoured  to  support 
life  by  regular  exercise  and  by  temper- 
ance. In  November,  1789,  nature  seemed 
exhausted,  and  no  longer  able  to  walk,  he 
crept  into  his  bed  on  the  21st,  and  on  the 
26th  expired  without  a  groan,  leaving  be- 
sides entailed  estates  at  Marcham,  Berks, 
in  Essex,  &c.  upwards  of  500,000£.  to  his 
natural  sons.  Though,  however,  so  fond 
of  money,  he  never  did  an  unjust  action  to 
increase  his  store.  He  was  cruel  to  him- 
self, and  benevolent  to  others.  To  others 
he  lent  much,  to  himself  he  denied  every 
thing. 

Elxai,  or  Elx^us,  founder  of  a  sect 
among  the  Jews  in  the  second  century, 
commanded  his  followers,  whenever  they 
prayed,  always  to  direct  their  faces  towards 
Jerusalem.  As  he  was  an  enemy  to  conti- 
nence, he  obliged  all  his  followers  to  marry. 
This  sect  spread  around  Jordan,  Pales- 
tine, and  Arabia,  was  not  extinct  till  the 
4th  century. 

Elyot,  Thomas.     Vid.  Eliot. 

Elys,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow,  and  published  some  di- 
vine poems  and  miscellanea,  in  Latin  and 
English  verse,  1658.  In  1659  he  succeed- 
ed his  father  as  rector  of  East  Allington, 
Devonshire,  from  which  he  was  afterwards 
ejected  as  a  nonjuror.  He  was  a  man  of 
extensive  learning.  His  pamphlet  against 
Tillotson's  sermons  on  the  incarnation,  and 
his  volume  of  letters,  were  much  admired. 
He  died  after  1693. 

Elzevirs,  celebrated  printers  at  Am- 
sterdam and  Leyden,  inferior  to  the  Ste- 
phens in  learning,  but  superior  to  them  in 
the  neatness  and  elegance  of  their  small 
characters.  There  were  five  brothers, 
Lewis,  Bonaventure,  Abraham,  Lewis,  and 
Daniel.  Lewis  became  known  at  Leyden, 
1595,  and  was  the  first  who  marked  the 
distinction  between  v  consonant  and  u 
vowel.  Daniel,  though  he  left  some  chil- 
dren in  his  profession,  was  the  last  of  his 
family  distinguished  over  other  printers. 
He  died  1681.  The  catalogue  of  their 
editions  was  printed  at  Amsterdam  1674, 
12mo.  Their  Virgil,  Terence,  and  Greek 
Testament,  are  most  beautiful  and  valuable 
books. 

Emanuel,  succeeded  John  II.  as  King  of 
Portugal  1495,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  the.  liberal  mariner  in  which  he  patroni- 
sed commercial  adventures  among  his  sub- 
jects. Their  ancient  privileges  were  re- 
stored to  the  nobility  ;  and  by  the  perse- 
vering boldness  of  the  Portuguese,  the 
way  to  India  by  the  Cape  was  discovered 
byGama;  Brazil  was  visited  in  1501  by 
Cabral,  and  a  regular  intercourse  was  es- 


tablished with  the  kingdom  of  Conga 
and  the  other  states  on  the  African 
coast.  This  popular  monarch,  deservedly 
called  the  great,  died  1521,  aged  53. 

Emebraet,  a  Flemish  painter,  who,  af- 
ter living  some  time  at  Rome,  settled  at 
Antwerp,  and  acquired  distinction  in 
landscape  painting.  His  best  piece  is  in 
the  church  of  the  Carmelites  at  Antwerp. 
He  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

Emeri,  Sebastian,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  16th  century, 
known  for  his  independent  spirit  in  refu- 
sing to  defend  the  dutchess  of  Angouleme 
against  the  constable  of  Bourbon.  His 
severe  satire  against  Poyet,  afterwards 
chancellor  of  France,  who  espoused  her 
cause,  procured  his  banishment  from  court. 
He  retired  in  disgust  to  a  monastery,  where 
he  died,  devoted  to  the  services  of  reli- 
gion. 

Emerson,  William,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  14th  May,  1701,  at  Hur- 
worth,  in  the  county  of  Durham.  He  for 
a  while  followed  the  profession  of  his  father 
as  schoolmaster ;  but,  either  from  dislike  to 
the  employment,  or  warmth  of  temper,  he 
resigned  it,  and  lived  satisfied  with  a  small 
paternal  estate  of  about  601.  or  701.  a  year. 
His  mind  had  been  well  cultivated.  He 
was  not  only  a  general  scholar,  but  well 
skilled  in  classical  learning,  and  knew 
something  of  physic.  With  a  noble  indepen- 
dence of  mind,  his  manners,  as  well  as  his 
dress  and  conversation,  were  singular,  and 
eccentric.  His  dress,  when  in  company, 
consisted  of  a  flaxen  wig  without  a  single 
crooked  hair  in  it ;  his  shirt  had  no  opening 
before,  but  buttoned  close  at  the  collar  be- 
hind ;  his  waistcoat  always  open  before, 
except  the  lower  button  ;  and  his  coat,  the 
only  one  he  had,  always  open;  with  one  hat, 
which  served  him  the  whole  of  life,  as  he 
gradually  lessened  the  flaps,  bit  by  bit,  as  it 
lost  its  elasticity.  He  always  walked, 
though  he  kept  ahorse  ;  and  when  pressed 
by  the  duke  of  Manchester,  who  often  was 
delighted  to  pay  him  a  visit,  to  get  into  his 
coach,  he  would  answer,  "  Damn  your 
whim-wham,  I  had  rather  walk."  When  he 
had  any  thing  for  the  press,  he  walked  to 
London,  and  corrected  every  sheet  himself. 
He  was  very  fond  of  fishing,  and  generally 
stood  up  to  his  middle  in  the  water  while 
engaged  in  it.  After  hard  study  he  retired 
to  the  ale-house  for  relaxation,  and  there 
procured  whomever  he  could  to  drink 
and  to  talk  with  him.  He  was  a  married 
man.  He  lived  very  healthy,  till  1781, 
when,  being  afflicted  with  the  stone,  and 
apprehending  his  dissolution,  he  -old  all 
his  books  to  a  York  bookseller.  He  ex- 
pired 26th  May,  1782,  aged  near  81.  His 
publications  were  sixteen  in  number,  and 
all  on  mathematics,  fluxions,  algebra,  optics, 
navigation,  and  mechanics.  They  are  con- 
597 


EML 


EAIL 


sitlered  as  very  learned  and  accurate,  as  he 
never  advanced  a  proposition  before  he  had 
first  tried  it  in  practice. 

Emiliano,  John,  an  Italian  philosopher 
and  physician,  of  the  16th  century,  author 
of  a  tract  published  at  Venice,  1584,  4to. 
called  historia  naturalis  de  ruminantibus  et 
ruminatione. 

Emlyn,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine. He  was  born  at  Stamford,  Lincoln- 
shire, 27th  May,  1663,  and  educated  by  his 
parents  for  the  ministry  among  the  dissen- 
ters. After  being  at  a  private  school,  he 
entered  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where,  however,  he  staid  little  time,  and 
removed  to  Doolittle's  academy,  near  Lon- 
don. He  became,  in  1683,  chaplain  to  the 
countess  of  Donegal,  and  went  over  to  Bel- 
fast in  Ireland,  and  lived  in  her  family  even 
after  her  marriage  to  Sir  William  Franklin. 
He  was  here  so  much  respected  and  be- 
loved that  his  patron  Sir  William  offered 
him  a  living  in  England,  which  he  refused, 
in  consequence  of  his  adherence  to  the 
nonconformists'  doctrines.  The  troubles  of 
Ireland,  however,  soon  put  an  end  to  his 
peaceful  retirement,  and  these,  together 
with  some  domestic  quarrels,  occasioned 
the  breaking  up  of  lady  Donegal's  family, 
so  that  Emlyn  returned  to  London  about 
1688.  Though  be  occasionally  officiated, 
he  acquired  no  permanent  settlement  till 
May,  1689,  when,  on  the  invitation  of  Sir 
Robert  Rich,  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admi- 
rality,  he  undertook  the  care  of  a  dissent- 
ing congregration  at  Leostoff.  Here  he 
continued  about  a  year  and  a  half,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  examination  of  the 
then  warmly  disputed  trinitarian  contro- 
versy. With  Manning,  a  neighbouring 
nonconformist,  he  deeply  studied  the  sub- 
ject ;  but  he  did  not  agree  with  his  friend 
in  embracing  Socinian  doctrines,  but  in- 
clined in  opinion  to  Arianism.  The  flight 
of  James  II.  from  Ireland  allowed  the  dis- 
senters to  re-establish  their  regular  congre- 
gations, and  Emlyn,  who  was  well  known 
as  a  preacher  in  Dublin,  was  invited  to 
settle  there  by  his  friend  Boyse,  and  to 
share  with  him  the  labours  of  the  ministry 
over  his  congregation  in  Wood-street. 
Emlyn  consented,  and  in  1691,  removed  to 
Dublin,  and  three  years  after,  he  married  a 
rich  widow  of  the  name  of  Bury.  In  this 
active  scene,  he  displayed  great  powers  of 
eloquence  as  a  preacher ,  he  was  univer- 
sally followed  ;  and  he  ensured  the  public 
esteem  by  his  discourses,  especially  by  that 
pathetic  sermon  called  funeral  consolations, 
which  he  delivered  in  consequence  of  his 
wife's  death.  This  event,  which  happened 
1701,  and  was  followed  by  the  death  of  his 
mother,  and  soon  after  of  a  son,  affected 
him  most  bitterly  ;  but  to  domestic  calami- 
ties was  now  to  be  added  public  persecu- 
tion.    His  opinions  with  respect  to  'he 


Trinity  began  to  be  suspected  by  some  of 
the  neighbouring  ministers,  and  he  openly 
declared  his  sentiments,  and  after  much 
disputation  he  was  suspended  from  his 
office,  and  persuaded  abruptly  to  leave  the 
country.  He  came  in  consequence  to 
London,  where  he  published  his  case  ; 
but,  after  ten  weeks'  absence,  he  deter- 
mined to  return  to  Dublin  to  his  family, 
and  there  roused  the  indignation  and  the 
animosity  of  all  parties  against  him  by  the 
publication  of  his  "  humble  inquiry  into 
the  Scripture  account  of  Jesus  Christ,  or  a 
short  argument  concerning  his  deity  and 
glory,  according  to  the  gospel."  This 
book,  which,  whatever  were  its  merits  or 
demerits,  ought  to  have  been  candidly  ex- 
amined, drew  the  arm  of  the  law  Upon  its 
author.  He  was  arrested  at  the  instance 
of  the  dissenters,  his  book  was  seized,  and 
he  was  tried,  and  found  guilty  of  blasphe- 
mously asserting  that  Jesus  Christ  was  not 
equal  to  God  the  Father,  to  whom  he  was 
subject,  and  that  with  a  seditious  intention. 
He  was  accordingly  sentenced  by  the  lord 
chief  justice  to  suffer  a  year's  imprisonment, 
to  pay  a  fine  of  lOOOi.  to  the  queen,  and  be 
confined  till  paid,  and  to  find  sureties  for  his 
future  good  behaviour.  The  ignominy  of 
the  pillory  was  not  added  to  this  sentence, 
as  he  was  a  man  of  letters  ;  but  he  was 
conducted  round  the  four  courts  to  be  ex- 
posed with  a  label  on  his  breast.  After 
two  years'  confinement  the  fine  was  redu- 
ced to  70/.  and  he  was  liberated.  He  re- 
turned to  London,  where  he  occasionally 
preached  among  the  dissenters  ;  but  by  the 
death  of  some  of  his  friends  and  supporters, 
his  congregation  was  diminished,  and  at 
last  he  retired  to  peaceful  solitude,  where 
he  engaged  himself  in  polemical  divinity. 
He  was  engaged  with  several  divines  in 
controversy  about  various  parts  of  Scrip- 
ture, especially  about  the  authenticity  of 
the  seventh  verse  of  St.  John's  5th  chapter 
1st  epistle,  which  he  maintained  to  be  sur- 
reptitious; an  opinion  which  several  learned 
men  have  adopted.  Though  his  enemies 
were  numerous,  yet  he  had  several  invita- 
tions to  take  an  active  part  in  the  ministry, 
particularly  at  Exeter  ;  but  all  these  he  re- 
jected, satisfied  with  his  retirement,  and 
the  partial  assistance  which  he  occasionally 
gave  his  friends.  He  was  much  esteemed 
by  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  who  visited  him 
with  real  friendship  and  undisguised  confi- 
dence. Emlyn  died  30th  July,  1743,  aged 
79.  He  was  buried  in  Bunhill-fields,  and 
his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  his 
friend  Mr.  Forster,  and  he  is  represented 
as  "  one  of  the  highest  examples  of  sub- 
stantial unaffected  piety,  of  serious  ration- 
al devotion,  of  a  steady  unshaken  integrity, 
and  an  undaunted  Christian  courage."  His 
writings,  which  are  numerous,  and  on 
controversial  subjects,  are  even  now  held  in 


EMP 


ENF 


estimation  by  some,  who  have  embraced 
his  opinions  as  a  Unitarian  or  high  Arian. 
Some  memoirs  of  his  life  were  also  pub- 
lished by  his  son,  Sollom  Emlyn,  in  1746, 
prefixed  to  a  collection  of  his  works,  2  vols. 
8vo.  Sollom  Emlyn  was  a  counsellor,  and 
edited  lord  Hale's  history  of  the  pleas  of 
the  crown,  2  vols,  folio,  1731,  and  died 
1756.  His  son,  Thomas,  is  a  barrister, 
and  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Emma,  daughter  of  Richard  II.  duke  of 
Normandy,  married  Etheldred  king  of 
England,  with  whom  she  fled,  on  the  inva- 
sion of  the  Danes.  She  afterwards  mar- 
ried Canute  ;  and  when  her  son  Edward, 
called  the  Confessor,  ascended  the  throne, 
she  reigned  conjointly  with  him.  Her 
enemy  the  earl  of  Kent  opposed  her  ;  and 
when  she  appealed  for  assistance  to  her 
relation  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  she  was 
accused  of  criminal  intercourse  with  that 
prelate,  a  circumstance,  from  which  she 
extricated  herself  by  walking  barefoot,  and 
unhurt,  over  nine  burning  ploughshares, 
after  the  manner  of  the  times. 

Emmius,  Ubo,  a  professor  of  Groningen, 
born  at  Gretha,  in  East  Friesland,  1547. 
He  studied  successively  at  Embden,  Bre- 
men, Rostock,  and  Geneva,  and  at  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  rector  of  Norden  col- 
lege, 1579.  He  was,  however,  expelled 
from  his  office,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  the 
confession  of  Augsburg,  and  1538,  he  be- 
came rector  of  Leer  college,  which  he 
raised  to  high  eminence  and  distinction. 
In  1594,  he  was  appointed  over  Groningen 
college,  and  when  it  was  changed,  in  1614, 
into  a  university,  he  was  selected  to  be 
professor  of  history  and  Greek.  After  a 
life  usefully  and  honourably  spent  in  the 
service  of  the  public,  this  worthy  and  learn- 
ed man  died  at  Groningen  1625,  leaving 
several  children  by  two  wives.  He  was 
author  of  several  works,  the  most  known  of 
which  are,  Vetus  Graecia  illustrata,  3  vols, 
published  after  his  death — history  of  Wil- 
liam Lewis,  count  Nassau — decades  rerum 
Frisicarum,  &c. — chronological  and  genea- 
logical works — vita  et  sacra  eleusini  Davi- 
dis,  Georgii,  &c. 

Empedocles,  a  philosopher  of  Sicily, 
who  followed  the  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
B.  C.  444.  He  wrote  tragedies,  &c.  and 
refused  tbe  sovereign  power  over  his 
country,  offered  him  by  his  fellow-citizens. 
According  to  the  more  received  opinion, 
he  threw  himself  into  the  crater  of  mount 
Jitna. 

Empereur,  a  well-known  French  engra- 
ver, in  the  18th  century,  whose  best  pieces 
are,  the  triumph  of  Silenus  and  the  bathers, 
after  Vanloo — Aurora  and  Tithonus,  and 
the  rape  of  Europa,  after  Pierre — Pyramus 
and  Thisbe,  from  Natoire,  &c. 

Empereur,  Constantine  1',  of  Oppyck, 
in  Holland,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at 


Leyden,  and  died  1648,  at  an  advanced 
age.  His  works  are  chiefly  translations  of 
Jewish  and  Talmudical  books,  which  dis- 
play deep  research  and  great  knowledge  of 
oriental  literature.  He  wrote  also  de 
mensuris  templi,  4to.  1630. 

Empoli,  Jacopo  da,  an  historical  painter 
of  Empoli,  born  1554.  He  studied  Andrew 
del  Sarto's  works,  and  rose  to  great  emi- 
nence.    He  died  1640. 

Emporius,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the 
7th  century.  His  writings  on  his  art  were 
printed,  Paris,  1599,  4to. 

Empson,  Sir  Richard,  the  favourite  of 
Henry  VII.  was  son  of  a  sieve-maker  of 
Towcester,  Northamptonshire.  His  con- 
duct in  raising  the  king's  revenues,  and  the 
oppressions  of  which  he  was  guilty,  render- 
ed him  unpopular,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
the  next  reign,  he  was  beheaded,  with  his 
friend  and  coadjutor  Dudley,  1510. 

Encolpius,  the  favourite  of  the  emperor 
Alexander,  whose  history  he  wrote.  The 
work  is  not  extant,  though  a  translation  of 
it  was  introduced  to  th;;  world  by  Thomas 
Eliot,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  who  said 
he  had  obtained  the  original  Greek  manu- 
script from  a  Neapolitan  called  Puderic.  It 
is,  however,  considered  as  an  imposition 
upon  the  public,  probably  attempted  in  con- 
sequence of  the  success  of  the  similar  fraud 
of  Guevara,  who  pretended  to  give  the  life 
of  Marcus  Aurelius  taken  from  an  old  ma- 
nuscript. 

Endicot,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  a  native  of  Dorchester,  England, 
and  came  to  New-England  in  1628,  as 
agent  of  a  company  who  were  establishing 
a  colony  at  Salem,  on  a  territory  purchased 
of  the  Plymouth  company,  lying  between 
Charles  and  Merrimack  rivers,  and  extend- 
ing to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  That  planta- 
tion was  soon  incorporated  into  the  colony 
of  New-England.  In  1636,  he  com- 
manded an  expedition  against  the  Pequod 
Indians.  Recovering  from  the  unpopula- 
rity which  he  incurred  by  his  want  of  suc- 
cess in  that  excursion,  and  by  some  strange 
opinions  relative  to  religion,  with  which  he 
had  disturbed  the  public,  he  was,  in  1641, 
elected  deputy-governor,  and  two  years 
after,  placed  in  the  chair  of  the  chief  ma- 
gistrate, which  he  continued  to  occupy, 
with  few  intermissions,  till  his  death  in 
1665.  He  made  himself  notorious  by 
a  vehement  prejudice  against  the  custom 
of  ladies'  attending  public  worship  without 
veils,  and  of  men's  wearing  long  hair,  and 
stained  his  administration  by  the  execution 
of  four  quakers  as  heretics.  1)  ?   L. 

Enfield,  William,  a  native  of  Sudbury, 
educated  at  Daventry,  under  Dr.  Ashworth, 
and  made  in  1763  the  minister  of  a  dissent- 
ing congregation  in  Liverpool.  He  was 
in  1770,  tutor  in  belles  lettres  to  the  War- 
rington academv,  and  in  1785,  settled  as 
599 


ENG 


ENS 


pastor  of  a  dissenting  meeting  at  Norwich, 
where  he  died  1797,  aged  56.  He  publish- 
ed two  volumes  of  sermons,  of  consider- 
able merit — a  history  of  Liverpool — in- 
stitutes of  natural  philosophy — prayers 
and  hymns — a  history  of  philosophy,  2 
volumes,  4to. — biographical  sermons — the 
speaker,  a  popular  school-book — and  since 
his  death,  3  vols,  of  sermons  have  appear- 
ed, with  his  life,  by  Dr.  Aikin. 

Engelbrecht,  John,  a  German  Luthe- 
ran, born  at  Brunswick,  1599.  After 
working  as  a  clothier,  he  became,  in  1622, 
a  fanatical  visionary,  and  gained  the  atten- 
tion of  the  vulgar  by  his  pretended  inter- 
course with  spirits,  angels,  and  devils,  and 
even  with  Christ  himself,  who,  as  he  said, 
showed  him  his  five  holy  wounds.  As 
Heaven  and  hell  were  thus  open  to  his 
view,  he  received  divine  letters  from  above, 
and  was  called  the  mouth  of  the  Lord.  He 
died,  neglected  and  despised,  in  1641.  His 
doctrines  have  been  revived  by  Sweden- 
borg,  who  appears  to  have  been  a  more  ra- 
tional, though  equally  eccentric  fanatic. 

Ekghelbrechtsen,  Cornelius,  a  paint- 
er, born  at  Leyden,  1498.  He  studied  the 
works  of  John  Van  Eyck,  and  was  the  first 
Dutchman  who  painted  in  oil.  His  Christ 
on  the  cross,  his  Abraham's  sacrifice,  and 
his  descent  from  the  cross,  are  preserved  in 
the  church  of  Notre  Dame  du  Marais ; 
but  his  best  piece  is  a  picture  with  two 
sides,  designed  for  the  tombs  of  the  barons 
Lockhorst,  representing  the  lamb  of  the 
apocalypse.  This  great  painter  died  at 
Leyden,  1533,  aged  65. 

Enghelrams,  Cornelius,  a  painter  in 
water  colours,  born  at  Malines,  1527. 
His  works,  which  are  on  religious  subjects, 
are  scattered  about  Germany ;  but  his 
principal  pieces  are  in  the  church  of  St. 
Rombout,  representing  the  works  of  mercy. 
He  died  1583,  aged  56. 

Enghien,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon,  and  grandson  of  the  prince  of 
Conde,  was  seized  in  the  night  at  his  seat 
at  Ettenheim,  in  the  territories  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Baden,  by  an  armed  force,  by  direc- 
tion of  Buonaparte,  and  hurried  to  Paris. 
This  atrocious  step  was  followed  by  a  mock 
trial,  and  the  prince  condemned  for  having 
carried  arms  against  his  country  during  the 
tyrannical  reign  of  Robespierre.  The 
sentence  of  his  judges  was  carried  into 
execution  in  the  night  of  the  22d  of  March, 
1804,  and  he  was  shot  in  the  wood  of  Vin- 
cennes.  He  died  with  heroic  resignation, 
and  rejoiced  in  his  last  moments  that  the 
soldiers  who  shot  him  were  not  French- 
men, but  the  mercenary  hirelings  of  the 
body  guard  of  his  bloody  murderer. 

English,   Hester,   a  Frenchwoman  by 
descent,  was  eminent   for  fine  writing  in 
Teigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.    Her  per- 
formances are  preserved  in  libraries  and 
600 


private  hands.  One  of  her  pieces  was  pre- 
served by  Mr.  Cripps,  surgeon,  London, 
called  "  Octonaires  upon  the  vanitie  and 
inconstancie  of  the  world,  written  by 
Ester  Inglis,  the  firste  of  Januarie,  1600." 
It  is  an  oblong  8vo.  French  and  English 
verse,  the  French  in  a  print  hand,  the  Eng- 
lish, Italian,  or  secretary,  curiously  orna- 
mented with  flowers  and  fruits,  painted  in 
water  colours,  containing  on  the  first  leaf 
her  own  picture  in  a  small  form,  with  the 
motto  "  de  Dieu  le  bien,  de  moy  le  rein." 
At  the  age  of  40,  she  married  Bartholomew 
Kello,  a  North  Briton,  by  whom  she  had  a 
son,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  who  died 
1700,  minister  of  Speckshall,  Suffolk. 
One  of  her  MSS.  preserved  in  the  Bodleian, 
is  dedicated  to  her  very  singular  friend, 
Joseph  Hall,  bishop  of  Norwich. 

Enjedim,  George,  an  ingenious  unita- 
rian of  Hungary,  who  died  1597.  He 
wrote  a  learned  book  called  explicatio  lo- 
corum  scripturae  veteris  et  novi  testamenti, 
ex  quibus  dogma  Trinitatis  stabiliri  solet, 
4to. 

Ennius,  Quintus,  a  famous  old  Latin 
poet,  born  in  Calabria  about  237  B.  C. 
He  was  the  first  Roman  who  wrote  in  he- 
roic verse.     His  poems  have  perished. 

Ennodius,  Magnus  Felix,  an  eminent 
writer,  born  in  Italy  about  473.  The  loss 
of  an  aunt,  at  the  age  of  16,  reduced  him 
to  poverty,  from  which  he  was  relieved  by 
marrying  a  lady  of  fortune  and  quality. 
He  afterwards  altered  his  mode  of  life,  and 
took  orders  ;  and  his  lady  also  retired  to 
the  seclusion  of  a  religious  life.  His  wri- 
tings raised  his  reputation,  and  in  511,  he 
was  advanced  to  the  bishopric  of  Pavia,  and 
was  afterwards  engaged  to  negotiate  a 
union  between  the  western  and  eastern 
churches.  Though  unsuccessful,  he  dis- 
played great  prudence  as  a  negotiator.  He 
died  at  Padua,  521.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished by  Scotus,  at  Tournay,  1610,  and 
at  Paris,  by  Sirmond,  1611,  with  notes  to 
illustrate  the  history  of  the  age  of  the  au- 
thor. Another  edition  was  published  in 
1696,  at  Paris,  and  one  at  Venice,  1729, 
folio. 

Enoch,  son  of  Jared,  and  the  seventh 
from  Adam,  is  celebrated  in  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures for  his  integrity  and  virtues,  for 
which  he  was  taken  up  to  heaven  without 
dying,  B.  C.  3017,  in  the  365th  year  of  his 
age.  The  prophecies  of  Enoch  are  pre- 
served, but  are  regarded  as  apocryphal. 

Ensenada,  Zeno  Somo  de  Silva,  mar- 
quis de  la,  an  able  minister  of  Spain.  From 
obscurity  and  the  office  of  a  book-keeper 
to  a  banker,  he  rose  to  places  of  honour 
and  trust ;  and  being  ennobled  by  the  king, 
took  the  name  of  Ensenada  (nothing  in  it- 
self,) either  from  modesty  or  from  laudable 
ostentation.  He  was  intimate  with  Fari- 
nella,  who,  like  himself,  had  risen  fromob- 


EOB 


EPA 


scurity  to  consequence  ;  and  when  dismiss- 
ed from  office,  by  the  intrigues  of  the  duke 
of  Huescar,  his  friend  had  the  boldness  to 
reflect  upon  the  severity  of  the  measure  in 
the  presence  of  the  queen.  Though  never 
reinstated  in  the  office  and  influence  of 
prime  minister,  he  yet  retained  in  privacy 
the  esteem  and  good  will  of  his  sovereign. 
He  died  1755. 

Ent,  George,  an  ingenious  physician, 
born  at  Sandwich,  Kent,  6th  November, 
1604,  and  educated  at  Sydney  college, 
Cambridge.  He  afterwards  travelled,  took 
his  degree  of  M.D.  in  Padua,  and  at  his 
return  home,  was  elected  fellow,  and  af- 
terwards president  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians, and,  at  the  restoration,  knighted  by 
Charles  II.  He  died  in  London,  13th  Oc- 
tober, 1689,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Law- 
rence church,  Jewry.  He  was  eminent, 
not  only  for  extensive  practice,  but  great 
learning.  As  the  friend  of  Harvey,  he 
wrote  Apologia  pro  circulatione  sanguinis, 
contra  iEmilium  Parisanum,  8vo.  1641 — 
animadversiones  in  Malachiae  Thrustoni, 
M.D.  diatribam  de  respirationis  usu  pri- 
mario,  8vo. — and  observationes  ponderis 
testudinis,  &c. 

Entice,  John,  an  English  clergyman 
and  schoolmaster  at  Stepney,  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin,  and  of  a  spelling 
dictionary.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of 
the  war  terminated  in  1763,  5  vols.  8vo. 
and  a  history  of  London,  4  vols.  8vo. 
abridged  from  Stow  and  Maitland,  and 
other  works.  He  died  1780,  and  was 
buried  in  Stepney  churchyard. 

Entinope,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in 
the  5th  century,  one  of  the  chief  founders 
of  Venice.  He  fled  from  the  invasion  of 
the  Goths,  in  405,  and  concealed  himself 
in  the  marshes  on  the  borders  of  the  Adri- 
atic, and  the  house  he  built  there  was  the 
beginning  of  the  republic.  The  people  of 
Padua  sought  the  same  residence  after- 
wards, and  twenty-four  houses  were  erect- 
ed there  in  413.  The  house  of  Entinope 
was  afterwards  converted  into  a  church, 
dedicated  to  St.  James,  and  still  exists  in 
the  Rialto. 

Enzinas,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos, 
1515,  known  also  by  the  name  of  Dryan- 
der  and  Du  Chesne.  He  became  a  disci- 
ple of  Melancthon,  and  at  Wittemberg 
turned  protestant,  as  his  brother,  John 
Dryander,  had  done.  He  translated  the 
New  Testament  into  Spanish,  for  which  he 
was  imprisoned  fifteen  months  ;  and  esca- 
ping from  imprisonment,  he  fled  to  Calvin 
at  Geneva,  1545.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
the  Low  Countries,  and  of  Spain,  which 
forms  part  of  the  protestant  martyrology 
printed  in  Germany.  His  brother  was 
burnt  at  Rome  as  a  heretic,  1545. 

Eobanus,  Elias,  surnamed  Hessus,  as 
born  in   an  open  field  near  Hesse,  1448, 

Vol.  I.  76 


was  professor  of  belles  lcltres  at  Erfurt, 
Nuremberg,  and  Marpurg.  Though  a  good 
poet,  an  elegant  scholar,  and  a  learned 
man,  he  was  very  fond  of  drinking,  and  he 
is  said  to  have  conquered  a  hard  German 
drinker  by  emptying  a  bucket  of  beer.  He 
possessed  all  the  ease  and  elegance  of 
Ovid,  though  he  was  inferior  in  imagina- 
tion. He  died  October  5,  1540,  aged  52. 
His  works  are  Latin  translations,  in  verse, 
from  Theocritus  and  from  Homer — elegies 
— sylvae, — bucolics, much  esteemed, — epis- 
tols,  &c.  The  poems  were  published 
under  the  name  of  Poematum  farragines 
duse,  Halle,  1539,  8vo.  and  Frankfort, 
1564,  8vo. 

Eon,  de  l'Etoile,  a  fanatic  of  Brittany. 
Taking  advantage  of  his  name,  he  thought 
himself  the  son  of  God,  and  the  judge  of 
quick  and  dead,  per  eum  qui  justificaturus 
est  vivos  et  mortuos.  He  gave  rank  to  his 
followers,  calling  some  angels,  and  some  in- 
ferior spirits  ;  and  as  he  bribed  those  who 
were  sent  to  seize  him,  it  was  considered 
by  the  vulgar  that  it  was  impossible  to  ap- 
prehend him.  He  was  brought  before 
pope  Eugenius,  at  the  council  of  Rheims, 
in  1143,  and  pretended,  that  when  he  held 
up  to  heaven  the  forked  stick  in  his  hand, 
two-thirds  of  the  world  were  under  the 
power  of  God,  and  the  other  of  himself, 
and  when  he  turned  the  stick  to  the  earth, 
that  his  authority  extended  over  two  parts 
and  that  of  God  only  over  one.  He  died 
wretched  in  prison,  and  some  of  his  fol- 
lowers chose  to  be  burnt  rather  than  ab- 
jure. 

Eon  de  Beaumont,  Charlotte-Gene- 
vieve-Timothee  d',  a  native  of  Tonnerre 
sur  Armencon,  born  5th  October,  1728. 
She  was  brought  up  as  a  boy  by  her  pa- 
rents, who  wished  at  her  birth  to  have  a 
son,  and,  after  going  through  the  labours  of 
a  school  and  college  education,  she  was  re- 
commended to  the  court,  and  sent  three 
times  as  ambassador  to  Russia.  She  af- 
terwards served  in  the  army  under  marshal 
Broglio,and  behaved  with  unusual  couragvv, 
and  after  the  peace  of  1762,  she  was  sent 
as  secretary  to  the  embassy  in  London,  and 
also  succeeded  as  ambassador.  A  wager 
determined  her  sex  in  London,  and  before 
the  king's  bench  she  declared  herself  to  be 
a  woman.  The  pension  she  had  received 
was  continued  by  the  French  king,  but  on 
condition  she  assumed  the  dress  of  her 
sex.  This  extraordinary  woman  died  in 
1790.  She  published  tracts  relative  to  the 
negotiations  in  which   she  had  been  en- 


Epaminondas,  a  Theban  general  of 
great  celebrity.  He  defeated  the  Spartans 
at  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  and  afterwards 
fell  nobly  at  Mantinea,  B.  C.  363. 

Epaphroditus,  a  bishop  of  Philippi., 
who  carried  the  contributions  of  his  coun- 
601 


v.n 


EH 


try  to  the  saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought 
back  St.  Paul's  epistle  to  his  church,  A. 
D.  62. 

Epf.k,  Charles  Michael  de  1',  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  celebrated  for  his  most  hu- 
mane efforts  to  restore  the  deaf  and  dumb 
to  the  blessings  and  the  enjoyment  of  so- 
ciety. By  his  salutary  instruction,  these 
unfortunate  members  of  the  community 
have  been  able  to  acquire  the  knowledge 
of  even  six  different  languages,  they  have 
become  profound  mathematicians,  and 
ready  calculators.  This  worthy  and  most 
benevolent  man,  after  receiving  the  most 
honourable  marks  of  esteem  and  gratitude 
from  the  empress  of  Russia,  the  emperor 
of  Germany,  the  king  of  France,  and  the 
whole  of  Europe,  died  at  Paris,  February, 
1 790.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  benevolent 
institution  by  l'abbe  Sicard. 

Ephorus,  a  historian  of  Cuma,  the 
pupil  of  Isocrates.     His  works  are  lost. 

Ephraim,  son  of  Joseph,  was  adopted, 
with  his  brother  Manasseh,  among  the 
tribes  of  Jacob.  He  was  born  in  Egypt, 
about  1710  B.C. 

Ephrem,  St.  a  father  of  the  church,  born 
at  Edessa,  or  Nisibis  according  to  some. 
He  devoted  himself  to  the  monastic  life, 
and  refused  to  be  a  bishop.  He  wrote 
several  books  in  Syriac,  which  are  highly 
esteemed.  They  have  been  translated, 
and  were  edited  at  Oxford,  in  folio,  1708. 
Ephrem  was  a  man  of  great  charity,  and 
of  uncommon  chastity,  so  that  he  would 
not  even  fix  his  eyes  upon  a  woman.  He 
died  378,  and  ordered  the  monks  who  at- 
tended him  to  keep  his  garments  as  relics, 
but  to  bury  him  without  funeral  pomp.  His 
works  were  edited  at  Rome,  1747,  6  vols, 
fol. 

Epicharmus,  a  Pythagorean  bishop  of 
Cos,  said  to  have  invented  the  letters  ©and 
X.     He  died  aged  97. 

Epicie,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 
His  pieces  in  the  cabinet  de  Crozat  are 
highly  esteemed ;  but  his  finest  perform- 
ance is  considered  to  be  the  bashaw  having 
the  picture  of  his  mistress,  taken  after 
Carlo  Venloo.  The  heads  in  this  piece  are 
most  beautifully  engraved.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Epictetus,  a  stoic  philosopher,  born  at 
Hierapolis  in  Phrygia.  He  wrote,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian,  Enchiridion,  a  work 
abounding  in  excellent  rules  of  morality, 
translated  from  the  Greek  by  Mrs.  Carter. 

Epicurus,  founder  of  the  sect  which 
bore  his  name,  was  born  at  Gargettus,  near 
Athens,  342  B.C.  His  summum  bonum 
was  pleasure,  but  pleasure  produced  and 
tempered  by  virtue,  a  system  which  has 
been  much  misrepresented  and  abused.  He 
died  aged  73. 

Epimenides,  a  poet  of  Crete,  said  to 
have  slept  at  one  time  fifty  vears.  - 
602 


Epiphanius,  a  father  of  the  church, 
bishop  of  Salamis.     He  died  403. 

Epiphanius,  a  writer  of  the  6th  century, 
who  translated  the  histories  of  Socrates, 
Sozomen,  and  Theodoret. 

Epiphanius,  son  of  Carpocrates,  was 
the  author  of  a  heresy.  He  supported  the 
necessity  of  a  community  of  women,  and 
attempted  to  vindicate  some  of  his  opinions 
from  the  words  of  St.  Paul,  which  mention 
that  before  the  law  there  was  no  sin.  He 
was  after  death  revered  as  a  saint,  and  had 
a  temple  at  Sama  in  Cephelenia  consecra- 
ted to  him. 

Episcopius,  Simon,  an  able  divine,  bom 
of  protestant  parents  at  Amsterdam,  1583, 
and  educated  there  and  at  Leyden.  During 
the  controversy  between  Gomarus  and  Ar- 
minius  about  predestination,  he  embraced 
the  opinions  of  the  latter,  and  was  conse- 
quently exposed  to  persecution  and  obloquy, 
and  considered  as  the  public  disturber  of 
the  church.  He  was  ordained  in  1610,  and 
two  years  after  he  was  appointed  divinity 
professor  at  Leyden,  in  the  room  of  Go- 
marus. In  1615,  he  went  to  Paris  ;  but 
this  journey,  undertaken  for  purposes  of 
curiosity,  was  viewed  with  suspicion  by  his 
enemies,  and  he  was  on  his  return  accused 
of  concerting  with  father  Cotton,  the  ruin 
of  the  Protestant  church  and  the  United 
States.  He  was  consequently  obliged  to 
appear  before  the  synod  at  Dort,  and  be- 
cause he  and  his  friends  refused  to  submit 
to  the  authority  of  arbitrary  judges,  they 
were  deposed  from  their  functions,  and 
banished  from  the  territories  of  the  com- 
monwealth. He  retired  to  Antwerp,  and  in 
his  banishment  employed  his  pen  in  the 
support  of  his  opinions,  and  in  severe 
attacks  upon  the  popish  tenets.  He  after- 
wards visited  Paris  ;  and  in  the  revolutions 
of  party  zeal  and  religious  persecution  he 
was  again  permitted  to  return  to  Holland, 
in  1626,  where  he  became  minister  of  the 
remonstrants'  church  at  Rotterdam.  In 
1627  he  married,  and  in  1634,  he  was 
chosen  rector  of  the  college  founded  by  his 
sect  at  Amsterdam.  He  died  4th  April, 
1643,  of  a  retention  of  urine,  a  dreadful 
disorder,  which  had  two  years  before 
carried  off  his  wife.  As  the  moon  was 
under  an  eclipse  at  the  moment  of  his 
death,  his  friends,  in  the  wildness  of  their 
grief,  considered  it  as  the  emblem  of  the 
church,  which  lost  its  brightest  light  by  the 
departure  of  that  shining  luminary  Episco- 
pius. Though  a  man  of  great  learning 
and  vast  erudition,  Episcopius  did  not 
always  act  with  that  humility  of  temper 
and  moderation  so  becoming  a  Christian. 
His  character  was  highly  respected  by  Gro- 
tius,  who  always  carried  with  him  his 
theological  institutions  ;  and  even  Mabillon, 
though  a  papist,  has  spoken  much  in  his 
commendation.     As  an  ArminiaD,  and  the 


ERA 


ERA 


leader  of  the  remonstrants,  he  was  engaged 
in  severe  controversies,  in  which  he  dis- 
played commanding  eloquence  and  ardent 
zeal.  His  works  have  appeared  in  2  vols, 
folio,  the  first  published  in  his  lifetime,  and 
the  last  after  his  death,  under  the  care  of 
Limborch,  who  had  married  his  brother's 
daughter. 

Eppendorf,  Henry,  a  German  noble, 
who  acquired  celebrity  by  his  dispute  with 
Erasmus.  He  was  born  near  Friburg,  a 
city  of  Misnia,  and  though  he  boasted  of 
his  nobility,  he  was  the  son  of  a  plebeian. 
He  reflected  with  vulgar  severity  on  the 
illegitimate  birth  of  Erasmus,  who  in  his 
turn  retorted  against  his  adversary,  and 
censured  him  for  his  petulance,  falsehood, 
and  defamation.  The  interference  of 
friends  at  last  produced  a  reconciliation, 
but  it  was  momentary,  and  a  war  of  letters 
arose  more  fierce  and  inveterate  than  be- 
fore. These  things  are  to  be  lamented  in 
the  life  of  men  of  literary  merit  and 
Christian  virtue,  buttoo  many  unfortunately 
forget  their  character  and  profession  while 
intent  to  repel  or  avenge  an  injury.  The 
time  of  Eppendorf 's  death  is  not  recorded. 

Erasistratus,  a  Greek  physician, 
known  for  discovering  the  passion  which 
Antiochus  had  conceived  for  his  mother-in- 
law.  He  is  said  to  have  first  dissected 
human  bodies. 

Erasmus,  Desiderius,  a  most  illustrious 
character  in  the  republic  of  literature,  and 
in  the  cause  of  religion,  was  born  28th 
October,  1467,  at  Rotterdam.  His  father 
Gerard,  who  lived  at  Tergou,  fell  in  love 
with  Margaret,  daughter  of  Peter,  a  physi- 
cian of  Lovenbergen,  and  after  mutual 
promises  of  marriage,  which  were  never 
realized,  the  lovers  forgot  themselves  in 
criminal  intercourse,  and  gave  birth  to  two 
sons.  One  of  these  died  early,  and  the 
other  was  called  Gerard  after  his  father,  a 
name  which  he  exchanged  for  Desiderius, 
which  in  Latin  signifies  the  same  as  Gerard 
in  Dutch,  that  is,  amiable.  The  conduct 
of  Gerard  gave  such  uneasiness  to  his  re- 
lations that  they  determined  to  make  him 
an  ecclesiastic,  but  he  fled  from  their  pur- 
suits to  Rome,  where  he  maintained  him- 
self by  transcribing  ancient  authors.  In 
this  distant  retreat  he  was  falsely  inform- 
ed by  his  friends  that  his  beloved  Margaret 
was  no^nore,  and  in  despair  he  devoted 
himself  to  that  profession,  to  avoid  which 
he  had  abandoned  his  home,  and  became  a 
priest.  On  his  return  to  Tergou,  however, 
he  was  astonished  to  find  his  Margaret 
alive,  but  displeased  as  he  was  with  the 
meanness  of  his  relations,  and  attached  by 
the  tenderest  feelings  to  the  first  object  of 
his  love,  he  abstained  from  all  improper 
intercourse,  and  Margaret  herself,  faithful 
to  her  .first  vows,  led  ever  after  a  life  of 
seclusion   and  celibacv.     Gerard  now  de- 


voted himself  to  the  education  of  his  only 
son,  and  saw  with  admiration  the  opening 
of  those  powers,  which,  according  to 
Rhenanus  the  master  of  Deventer  college, 
would  some  time  prove  the  envy  and  won- 
der of  all  Germany.  His  studies  at  De- 
venter,  where  he  had  for  his  friend  and 
fellow-student  pope  Adrian  VI.  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  plague,  which  proved  fatal  to 
his  mother,  who  from  excessive  affection 
had  accompanied  her  son  to  this  seat  of 
learning.  The  death  of  Margaret  was  fol- 
lowed by  that  of  Gerard,  who  through  grief 
could  not  survive  the  woman  in  whom  all 
his  affections  had  centred,  and  Erasmus, 
now  an  orphan,  was  removed  from  Deven- 
ter to  Tergou,  about  the  age  of  14,  and 
placed  under  the  care  of  guardians,  who 
wished  to  obtain  possession  of  his  small 
patrimony  by  devoting  him  to  the  seclusion 
of  a  monastery.  He  was  first  sent  to  a 
convent  at  Bois-le-duc,  where,  as  he  says, 
he  lost  three  years  of  his  life,  then  re- 
moved to  Sion  near  Delft,  and  afterwards 
to  Stein  near  Tergou,  where  overpowered 
by  the  unceasing  solicitations  of  his  guar- 
dians, he  became  a  regular  canon,  I486. 
In  the  retreat  of  a  convent,  which,  as  he 
describes,  is  a  place  of  impiety  rather  than 
of  religion,  where  every  thing  was  done  to 
which  a  depraved  inclination  could  lead, 
under  the  sanction  and  mask  of  piety,  and 
where  it  was  hardly  possible  for  any  one  to 
keep  himself  pure  and  unspotted,  Erasmus 
could  not  long  be  confined.  He  was  intro- 
duced to  Henry  a  Bergis,  archbishop  of 
Cambray,  who  wanted  a  learned  secretary 
on  his  visit  to  Rome  ;  but  though  the  jour- 
ney was  laid  aside  by  the  prelate,  Erasmus 
determined  not  to  return  to  the  convent, 
but  after  being  ordained  priest  at  Utrecht, 
1492,  he  set  out  for  Paris,  in  1496,  to 
prosecute  his  studies.  To  maintain  him- 
self he  instructed  some  pupils,  some  of 
whom  were  Englishmen,  and  among  them 
William  Blunt,  lord  Montjoy,  who  ever 
after  treated  him  with  respect.  In  1497 
he  left  Paris,  and  was  kindly  received  at 
Cambray  by  the  bishop,  who  had,  however, 
violated  his  promise  of  supporting  him 
while  in  the  capital  of  France.  The  same 
year  he  visited  England  under  the  patron- 
age of  his  pupil  lord  Montjoy,  and  he 
entered  at  St.  Mary's  college,  Oxford, 
where,  in  the  company  and  conversation  of 
Colet,  Grocyn,  Linacer,  Latimer,  and 
Moore,  he  devoted  himself  to  classical 
studies,  and  especially  to  the  learning  of 
Greek,  which  now  began  to  revive  in  Eng- 
land, and  of  which  he  knew  nothing. 
After  nearly  a  year's  residence,  he  return- 
ed to  Paris,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
plague  which  prevailed  in  that  city,  he 
passed  to  Orleans,  and  in  1493,  completed 
his  Adagia.  The  kindnesses  he  had  ex- 
perienced in  England  could  never  be  for- 
603 


ERA 


ERA 


gotten,  and  he  again,  in  1499,  visited  for  a 
little  time  that  country,  which  he  describes 
as  abounding  with  humanity,  politeness, 
and  learning.  His  Adagia  was  published 
a*  Paris,  1500,  and  to  it  he  added  a  pane- 
gyric on  England,  and  soon  after  he  printed 
his  book  de  copici  verborum,  et  de  conscri- 
bendis  epistolis.  But  whilst  rising  in 
literary  fame,  and  devoted  zealously  to  the 
cultivation  of  literature,  Erasmus  was 
poor  ;  and  though  be  flattered  his  patrons, 
he  found  them  indifferent,  and  frequently 
regardless  of  his  necessities.  The  prelate 
of  Cambray  pretended  to  be  offended  with 
him,  lord  Montjoy's  assistance  was  slow, 
and  from  the  marchioness  of  Vere,  and 
Antonius  a  Bergis,  abbot  of  St.  Bertin,  he 
could  receive  little  but  fair  words  and  un- 
meaning promises.  It  was  his  intention  to 
study  divinity  in  Italy,  but  this  plan  he  did 
not  immediately  adopt,  as  in  1502,  he  was 
pursuing  theological  studies  at  Louvain, 
under  his  friend  Adrian  Florent,  afterwards 
Adrian  VI.  In  1503,  he  published  his 
"  Enchiridion  militis  Christiani,"  which 
assailed  the  corruptions  and  the  supersti- 
tion of  the  Romish  church.  He  had  now 
applied  closely  for  three  years  to  the  Greek, 
and  he  displayed  his  proficiency  by  pub- 
lishing some  translations  from  Greek 
authors.  One  of  Plutarch's  treatises  he 
dedicated  to  Henry  VIII.  the  Hecuba  of 
Euripides  to  archbishop  Warham,  and 
Lucian's  Toxaris  to  Fox,  bishop  of 
Winchester.  He  now  travelled  to  Italy, 
and  taking  his  degree  of  D.D.  at  Turin,  he 
proceeded  to  Florence,  and  was  present 
at  the  pompous  and  triumphal  entry  of 
pope  Julius  II.  into  the  conquered  city  of 
Bologna,  a  ceremony,  which  excited  his 
surprise  and  indignation,  when  he  compared 
the  meek  entry  of  the  lowly  Jesus  into  Je- 
rusalem, to  the  splendid  magnificence  of 
his  proud  vicegerent.  After  staying  about 
a  year  at  Bologna,  he  went  to  Venice,  where 
Aldus  printed  a  new  improved  edition  of 
his  Adagia,  and  of  his  translations  from 
Euripides,  Terence,  and  Plautus.  At  Padua 
he  superintended  the  education  of  Alexan- 
der the  natural  son  of  James  IV.  of  Scot- 
land, then  nominally  appointed  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews.  He  afterwards  passed  to 
Sienna,  and  to  Rome,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived with  all  the  respect  and  deference 
due  to  his  merit  and  learning  by  the  car- 
dinals and  great  men  of  the  city.  The  so- 
licitations which  he  had  to  settle  there,  par- 
ticularly from  the  pope  himself  and  from 
cardinal  Grimani,  were  so  pressing,  that  he 
would  have  accepted  them,  had  he  not  pre- 
viously engaged  to  return  to  England.  Go- 
ing back  therefore  to  Sienna,  where,  he  had 
left  his  royal  pupil,  he  parted  with  him  at 
Cumae,  and  had  afterwards  the  misfortune 
to  hear  that  he  had  perished  in  the  bloody 
battle  of  Flodden-field  1513.  From  Italv, 
r,0\ 


Erasmus  passed  through  Constance,  Bri?- 
gau,  Strasburg,  Holland,  Antwerp,  and  ar- 
rived in  England  in  the  beginning  of  1510. 
Though  flattered  with  expectations,  and 
promised  an  honourable  settlement  by  his 
friends,  he  found  himself  greatly  disappoint- 
ed, and  regretted  seriously  he  had  not  fixed 
his  residence  at  Rome.  While  in  England 
he  lodged  in  the  house  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  where  in  the  course  of  a  week  he 
wrote  his  "  encomium  moriae,"  in  which  he 
lashed  the  indolence  and  the  follies  of  the 
church  of  Rome.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Cambridge  upon  the  invitation  of  Fisher, 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  chancellor  of  the 
university,  by  whose  recommendation  he 
was  appointed  lady  Margaret's  divinity  pro- 
fessor, and  also  professor  of  Greek.  How 
long  he  continued  in  these  offices  is  not 
known,  he  had  unfortunately  a  fondness 
for  wandering,  which  distracted  the  plans 
of  his  best  friends,  and  the  poverty  which 
still  persecuted  him  in  the  midst  of  his  lite- 
rary reputation,  rendered  him  easily  dissa~ 
tisfied  with  the  slow  progress  of  prefer- 
ment, which,  while  it  frequently  falls 
rapidly  on  the  head  of  persons  of  no  merit, 
with  difficulty  overtakes  those  whose  services 
have  been  most  active  and  successful  in  the 
cause  of  science  and  of  virtue.  In  1514, 
Erasmus  was  in  Flanders,  and  was  flattered 
with  the  title  of  counsellor  to  Charles  of 
Austria  at  the  court  of  Brabant,  and  in 
1515  be  went  to  Basil,  with  the  intention 
of  printing  there  his  New  Testament,  his 
epistle  of  St.  Jerome,  and  other  works. 
The  New  Testament  appeared  in  1516,  and 
as  it  was  the  first  time  it  was  printed  in 
Greek,  it  drew  upon  the  editor  the  envy 
and  the  censure  of  ignorant  and  malevo- 
lent divines.  But  to  his  labours,  perhaps, 
more  than  to  any  other  man,  was  learning 
indebted  for  its  revival.  The  comprehen- 
sive powers  of  his  mind  were  employed  not 
only  in  producing  before  the  public  correct 
editions  of  respectable  writers,  but  in  rous- 
ing by  his  various  compositions  the  atten- 
tion and  improving  the  taste  of  mankind,  af- 
ter a  gloomy  period  of  ignorance,  supersti- 
tion,bigotry,  and  persecution.  Whilethus  en- 
gaged in  the  cause  of  literature,  the  opinions 
of  the  world  were  agitated  by  the  opposition 
of  Luther  to  the  papal  authority,  and  the 
principles  of  the  church  of  Rome.  It  was 
expected  that  Erasmus  would  have  zealous- 
ly joined  the  reformer,  as  in  his  Enchiridion 
he  had  ridiculed  the  popish  ceremonies, 
and  as  he  was  considered  by  many  "  to 
have  laid  the  egg  which  Luther  hatched  ;" 
but  though  solicited  by  Luther,  he  declined 
to  take  a  share  in  the  dispute,  and  express- 
ed his  hopes  that  a  reconciliation  might  be 
effected.  This  timidity  from  Erasmus  was 
agreeable  to  neither  party,  who  eagerly 
wished  each  for  his  great  abilities  to  defend 
and  support  their  cause,  and  therefore  whila 


ERA 


ERA 


lie  pretended  on  one  side  to  be  well  affected 
towards  the  pope,  and  on  the  other  hand, 
commended  the  conduct  and  talents  of  Lu- 
ther, and  declared  that  he  learned  more  from 
one  page  of  his,  than  from  all  the  volumes 
of  Thomas  Aquinas,  he  at  last  found  that 
his   wavering  disposition  exposed  him   to 
the  odium  and  persecution  of  all.     In  1518 
he  was  invited  with  oners  of  great  presents 
from  Henry  VIII.  to  settle  in  England,  but 
he  was  suspicious  of  Wolsey,  and  thanked 
the  king  in  general  terms.     At  last  to  an- 
swer the  expectations  of  some  of  his  friends, 
Erasmus  attacked  Luther  on  free-will,  and 
bestowed   high    encomium    on    the  book 
which   Henry  VIII.  had  published  against 
the   reformer,   but    these  things  appeared 
feeble  to  the  catholics,  and  the  publication 
of  the  Colloquia,   proved  that  the  author 
had  no  objection  to  ridicule  the  indulgences 
of  the  pope,  and  the  vicious  follies  of  his 
monks.     The  book,  though  full  of  wit  and 
good  sense,  was  afterwards  condemned  by 
the  faculty  of  theology  at  Paris,  and  pro- 
hibited by  the  pope.     On  the  succession  of 
Adrian  VI.  to  the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  Eras- 
mus congratulated  his  old  friend  and  school- 
fellow, but  though  repeatedly  invited  by  him 
to  come  to  Rome,  with  every  offer  of  pa- 
tronage and  protection,    he  refused  to  trust 
himself  into  the   hands  of  men  whom  he 
had  in  his  writings  and  conversation  offend- 
ed, and  with  justice,  for  he  soon  discovered 
that  the  advice    which   he   offered  about 
healing  the  dissensions  of  the  church,  was 
received  at  the  Vatican  not  only  with  in- 
difference, but  with  evident  marks  of  dis- 
pleasure.    The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  chiefly  at  Basil,  where  his  laborious 
studies,  the  precarious  state  of  his  health, 
and  the  malevolent  reflections  of  his  ene- 
mies, all  tended  to  enfeeble  his  constitution. 
Though  exasperated  by  Luther,  who  in  his 
answer  to  his  book,  in  a  mixture  of  com- 
pliment, scorn,  ridicule,  and  invective,  call- 
ed it  "an  excrement   in  a  golden  dish," 
and  displeased  with  the  philippics  of  Julius 
Scaliger  against  his  "  Ciceronianus,"  he  still 
preserved  that  neutrality  which  either  the 
love  of  ease,  or  more  properly  cowardice, 
had  suggested  him  to  follow.     It  is  said  that 
as  his  health  declined  he  was  flattered  with 
a  cardinal's  hat,  and  with  the  highest  pre- 
ferment of  the  court  of  Rome,  which  no 
doubt  would  have  been  lavished  upon  him, 
but  he  firmly  ^resisted.     He  died  at   Basil, 
12th  July,  1536,  aged  69,  and  was  buried 
there  in  the  cathedral,  where  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion is  placed   on  his   tomb.      Basil   still 
retains  her  respect  for  the  ashes  of  this 
great  man,   the  house  in  which   he  died 
is  shown  with  enthusiastic  ceremony,  and 
his  cabinet,  containing  his  ring,  his  seal,  his 
swor !,  knife,  pencil,   and  his   will   written 
by  himself,  and  his  picture  by   Holbein,   is 
still  visited  with  veneration  bv  the  curious. 


Rotterdam  also  has  not  forgotten  the  cele- 
brity she  derives  from  giving  birth  to  her  fa- 
vourite citizen.     The  house  in  which  he 
was  born  is  marked  out  to  the  admiration 
of  the  traveller  by  a  becoming   inscription, 
the   college  bears   the  name  of  Erasmus, 
and  a  beautiful  copper  statue  erected  in 
1622,  in   an  open  part  of  the  city,  points 
out  with   how  much   pride  the  inhabitants 
reckon  Erasmus  in  the  number  of  their  fel- 
low-citizens.    The  person  and  the  manners 
of  Erasmus  have  been  faithfully  delineated 
by  his  friend    Beatus    Rhenanus,   and   his 
features  are  most  correctly  expressed  by 
the  pencil  of  Hans  Holbein.      Great  and 
respectable  as  the  character  of  Erasmus  is, 
he  had  his  failings.    Too  fickle  in  his  attach- 
ments, and  irresolute  in  his  opinions,  he 
has  been  censured  by  Le  Clerc  for  luke- 
warmness,  timidity,  and  unfairness  in  the 
reformation.     Though  disgusted  with  the 
superstition  and   hypocrisy   of   Rome,  his 
meek  spirit  was  equally  hurt  by  the  violence 
and  animosity  of   the  reformers,  and  per- 
haps to  the  prejudices  of  his  early  educa- 
tion may  be  ascribed  the  conduct  he  pur- 
sued in  not  warmly  embracing  the  tenets  of 
Luther.      Indifferent     to   the    success    ov 
jealous   of  the  labours  of  the  reformers, 
Erasmus  claims   the  gratitude  of  posterity 
by  the  number  and  excellence  of   his   wri- 
.  tings,  in  the  composition  of  which  he  spent 
a  long  and  laborious  life,  in  opposing  igno- 
rance and  superstition,  and  in  promoting 
literature    and   true    piety.      His   works, 
which  are  very  numerous,  and  which  display 
the  eloquence  and  the   graces  of    Cicero, 
were  correctly  published  in  10  vols,  folio, 
by  Le  Clerc.     The  life  of  Erasmus  has  been 
given  to  the  world  by  Dr.  Jortin. 

Erastus,  Thomas,  a  physician  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Baden  1524.  He  was  edu- 
cuated  at  Basil,  and  afterwards  studied  at 
Bologna,  and  after  10  years  spent  in  Italy  he 
returned  to  his  native  country.  He  prac- 
tised physic  with  great  reputation  at  Hen- 
neberg,  and  at  the  court  of  Frederic  III. 
elector  palatine,  and  became  professor  of 
physic  at  Heidelberg  university.  The  dis- 
putes about  the  real  presence  at  the  sacra- 
ment engaged  his  pen,  and  he  attended  the 
conference  held  on  the  subject  between  the 
divines  of  Wirtemberg  and  the  palatinate, 
and  he  eloquently  maintained  that  the  words 
flesh  and  blood  are  to  be  used  metaphori- 
cally. He  retired  to  Basil  afterwards, 
where  he  died  31st  December,  1583.  Of 
his  books  on  divinity  the  best  known  is  "de 
excommunicatione  ecclesiasticA,"  published 
after  his  decease,  which  was  attacked  by- 
various  divines,  who  wished  to  maintain 
that  the  censures  of  the  church  extended 
beyond  this  life. 

Erastosthenes,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Cyrene,  librarian  at  Alexandria.     He  first 
di«covered  the  method  of   measuring  the 
6.0* 


liRX 


ERI 


-earth's  circumference,  and  died  194  years 
before  Christ. 

Erchembert,  a  Lombard,  in  the  ninth 
century,  who  from  a  soldier  became  a  be- 
nedictine  monk,  and  retired  to  the  monas- 
tery of  Monte  Cassino.  He  wrote  a 
chronicle  of  the  Lombards,  from  774  to 
888,  which  is  supposed  to  be  lost,  but  an 
abridgment  of  it  was  published  by  Carac- 
cioli,  at  Naples,  1620,  in  4to.  and  by  Ca- 
millus  Peregrinus,  1643,  4to. 

Ercill-ya-Cuniga,  Don  Alonzo  d',  a 
Spaniard,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian. 
He  was  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin  under 
Philip  II.  in  1557,  and  afterwards  travelled 
through  France,  England,  and  Italy.  Ani- 
mated with  romantic  bravery,  he  went  to 
the  attack  of  the  Indians  who  had  revolted 
in  Chili  and  Peru,  and  he  defeated  them, 
and  made  his  adventures  the  subject  of  his 
poem  called  Araucana.  This  poem,  which 
consists  of  thirty-six  cantos,  contains 
many  tedious  repetitions,  but  it  abounds  in 
bold  descriptions,  and  possesses  all  the 
charms  of  animated  poetry.  The  best 
edition  is  that  of  Madrid,  1632,  in  12mo. 
Erckern,  Lazarus,  a  German,  super- 
intendent of  the  mines  of  Hungary,  the 
Tyrol,  &c.  He  published  a  useful  work  on 
metallurgy,  at  Frankfort  1694,  which  has 
been  translated  into  Latin. 

Ercole,  a  painter,  son  of  Carl  Antonio, 
the  pupil  of  his  uncle  Julio  Cesare.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  court  of  Savoy,  and 
died  1676,  aged  80. 

Eremita,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Scaliger,  and  by  his  introduc- 
tion with  Cassaubon.  He  went  with  M. 
de  Vic  the  ambassador  to  Switzerland,  and 
by  his  persuasion  >vas  converted  to  the  Ro- 
mish religion.  He  was  insinuating  in  his 
manners,  but  without  principle,  and  in  his 
conversation  very  licentious.  He  was  by 
his  intrigues  recommended  to  the  great 
duke  of  Florence,  and  obtained  a  pension 
for  his  verses  on  the  marriage  of  the  duke 
with  Magdalen  of  Austria,  1600.  He 
went  in  the  suite  of  the  duke's  envoy  to 
Germany,  and  made  himself  ridiculous  on 
his  return,  by  the  bold  and  shameless  un- 
truths which  he  delivered.  He  became 
afterwards  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leghorn, 
1617.  His  opera  varia  were  published  at 
Utrecht  by  Graevius,  among  which  were 
his  four  books,  de  aulica  vit&  ac  civili, 
written  with  elegance,  ease,  and  purity  of 
style.  He  wrote  besides  Latin  poems,  and 
relatio  de  itinere  Germanico,  &c. — and  de 
Helveticorum,  &c.  situ,  &.c. 

Eric  IX.  king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  after  Margaret,  1412,  married  the 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  Engl&nd.  His 
pilgrimage  to  the  holy  land,  and  his  capti- 
vity in  Syria,  disordered  the  affairs  of  bis 
kingdom,  and  on  his  return  to  Europe  he 
found  the  Swedes  dissatisfied  with  his  go- 
6T>6 


vernment,  and  the  Danes  anxious  to  revolt 
from  him,  because  he  wished  to  render 
their  crown  hereditary  and  not  elective. 
Though  he  attempted  to  maintain  his 
authority  by  arms,  he  found  opposition 
unavailing,  he  was  solemnly  deposed, 
1439,  and  retired  to  Pomerania,  where  he 
died  in  privacy,  1459.  He  wrote  in  his  exile 
a  history  of  Denmark  to  the  yearl288. 

Eric  XIV.  succeeded  his  father  Gusta- 
vus  on  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  became 
the  unsuccessful  suitor  of  Elizabeth  queen 
of  England.  His  marriage  with  the 
daughter  of  an  obscure  peasant,  rendered 
him  unpopular  and  his  people  dissatisfied. 
His  cruelties  increased  the  general  dissatis- 
faction, and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  re- 
sign the  crown,  1568,  and  died  in  confine- 
ment, 1578. 

Eric,  Peter,  a  Venetian  admiral,  who 
seized  in  1584  a  vessel  which  was  carrying 
the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli  to 
Constantinople  with  all  her  treasures.  Not 
satisfied  to  obtain  the  gold,  he  put  to  death 
the  sailors,  and  offered  violence  to  the  fe- 
males, and  then  cut  their  bodies  to  pieces 
and  threw  them  into  the  sea.  This  barba- 
rity was  punished,  and  Eric  was  beheaded 
by  order  of  the  Venetian  senate,  and  his 
plundered  riches  restored  to  Amurath  em- 
peror of  Turkey. 

Erigena,  John  Scotus,  a  celebrated 
scholar  in  the  ninth  century,  born  at  Ayr 
in  Scotland,  though  others  give  him  a 
Welsh,  others  an  Irish  origin.  Eager  in 
the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  he  quitted  his 
native  country,  where  only  ignorance  and 
superstition  prevailed,  and  travelled  into 
foreign  lands,  and  at  Athens  so  perfected 
himself  in  classical  and  oriental  literature 
and  science  that  he  proved  the  greatest  phi- 
losopher and  most  learned  man  of  the  age. 
At  the  invitation  of  Charles  the  Bald  he 
resided  for  some  years  at  the  French  court, 
and  the  king  offered  him  the  most  munifi- 
cent and  honourable  patronage,  and  bore 
with  the  severity  of  his  raillery  with  good 
humour  and  most  forgiving  composure.  As 
the  monarch  and  the  philosopher  sat  one 
day  opposite  each  other  at  table,  Charles 
asked  him  in  a  merry  mood,  Pray,  what  is 
between  a  Scot  and  a  sot  ?  Nothing  but  the 
table,  answered  the  bold  courtier.  The 
king  heard  the  rebuke  without  being  offend- 
ed, but  laughed  heartily.  Scotus  in  this 
happy  retreat  wrote  some  works  at  the  re- 
commendation of  his  royal  patron,  but 
though  all  admired  his  learning,  the  clergy 
were  offended  with  the  boldness  with  which 
he  attacked  their  notions  of  predestination, 
and  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation.  His 
books  therefore  were  regarded  as  heretical 
by  Wemlo  archbishop  of  Sens,  and  as  they 
seemed  to  contain  all  the  errors  of  Pela- 
gius,  they  were  attacked  by  Pnidentius 
bishop  of  Troves,  and  by  Floras  a  deacon 


ERI 


ERP 


«of  Lyons.  His  next  work  was  a  transla- 
tion of  the  works  of  Dionysius,  which  the 
Greek  emperor  had  sent  as  a  present  to 
Charles,  and  which  Erigena  at  the  request 
of  his  sovereign  presented  to  the  world  in 
a  Latin  dress.  The  work,  as  being  consi- 
dered though  falsely  the  labour  of  Diony- 
sius the  Areopagite,  the  first  Christian 
preacher  of  France,  was  received  with 
gratitude  by  the  western  clergy,  but  as  it 
attacked  in  some  passages  the  acknowledg- 
ed faith  of  the  Romish  church,  pope  Nicho- 
las sent  a  threatening  letter  to  the  French 
king,  desiring  the  banishment  of  Erigena, 
and  his  appearance  at  Rome.  Charles  had 
too  much  regard  for  his  learned  friend  than 
to  trust  him  into  the  hands  of  the  pope,  he 
therefore  permitted  him  to  escape  to  Eng- 
land. Here  he  was  employed  under  Alfred 
in  restoring  literature  in  Oxford.  Accord- 
ing to  Tanner  he  was  in  879  professor  of 
mathematics  and  astronomy  in  that  univer- 
sity, and  in  consequence  of  some  dispute, 
after  three  years'  residence  he  retired  to 
Malmsbury,  where  he  opened  a  school. 
His  severity  in  this  place  was  said  to  be  so 
great  that  his  pupils  murdered  him  with 
iron  bodkins,  the  instruments  with  which 
they  then  wrote,  though  some  imagine  that 
the  atrocious  deed  was  committed  at  the 
instigation  of  the  monks,  who  were  jealous 
of  Scotus  for  his  learning  and  heterodoxy. 
This  event  is  placed  in  the  year  883,  by 
some  in  834,  and  by  others  in  886,  but  by 
Mackenzie  in  874,  ten  years  after  his  re- 
turn to  England.  The  most  celebrated  of 
Scotus's  work  sis  his  treatise  on  the  division 
of  nature,  published  from  the  MS.  by  Dr. 
Gale  1681,  Oxford.  It  is  written  with 
great  acuteness  and  metaphysical  subtilty, 
and  must  rank  its  author  if  not  among  athe- 
istical philosophers,  yet  among  fanatical 
enthusiasts. 

Erinna,  a  Grecian  poetess,  cotemporary 
with  Sappho. 

Erizzo,  Lewis  and  Mark  Anthony,  two 
brothers  of  a  noble  Venetian  family.  They 
conspired  in  the  murder  of  their  uncle,  a 
senator  of  Ravenna,  1546,  to  obtain  his 
great  riches.  Their  bloody  deed  was  dis- 
covered by  a  soldier,  who  was  an  accom- 
plice, and  Lewis  was  beheaded  and  Mark 
died  in  prison. 

Erizzo,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same 
family,  governor  of  Negropont.  When 
obliged  to  capitulate  to  the  Turks,  on  con- 
dition of  having  his  life  spared,  Mahomet 
II.  disregarding  his  promises,  ordered  him, 
1469,  to  be  sawn  in  two,  and  cut  off,  with 
his  own  hands,  the  head  of  his  daughter, 
who  indignantly  refused  to  gratify  his  licen- 
tious passions. 

Erizzo,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian, 
author  of  an  Italian  treatise  on  medals, 
4to.  Venice,  1571.  He  wrote  also — des 
nouvelles  en  six  journees  1567,  4to.  and 


trattato  della  via  inventrice  e  dell'  instru-* 
mcnto  de  gli  antichi,  Venice,  1554.  He. 
died  1585. 

Erkivins,  a  famous  architect  of  Stein- 
bach,  who  died  1305.  He  began  the  erec- 
tion of  Strasburg  tower,  which  was  not 
completed  till  1449. 

Erlach,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  head  of  the  six  families  of  that  name, 
so  illustrious  in  Switzerland.  He  chose  a 
military  life,  and  so  distinguished  himself 
in  the  service  of  France,  especially  in  the 
taking  of  Brisach,  1639,  and  at  the  battle 
of  Lens,  1648,  that  Lewis  XIV.  made  him 
commander  in  chief  of  his  troops  on  the 
defection  of  Turenne.  He  died  1650, 
aged  55,  at  Brisach,  of  which  he  was 
governor,  when  the  French  monarch  was 
preparing  to  send  him  as  a  negotiator  to 
Nuremberg,  and  to  bestow  upon  him  great- 
er marks  of  honour  and  of  confidence.  - 

Ernesti,  John  Augustus,  a  native  of 
Tennstadt,  professor  of  theology  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  afterwards  of  ancient  literature 
and  eloquence.  He  died  1781,  aged  74, 
universally  respected  for  learning,  and  in- 
defatigable zeal  in  the  service  of  literature. 
Besides  excellent  editions  of  Cicero,  Xeno- 
phon,  Suetonius,  Homer,  Tacitus,  Cal- 
limachus,  &c.  with  learned  notes,  he  pub- 
lished institutio  interpretis  Novi  Testam. 
Leips.  1761 — opuscula  oiatoria,  orationes 
prolusiones  et  elogia,  8vo. — opusculorum, 
oratorum  novum  volumen,  8vo.  1791 — 
opuscula  critica,  8vo.  &c. 

Erostratus  or  Eratostratus,  an 
Ephesian,  who,  to  acquire  celebrity,  set 
the  temple  of  Diana  on  fire,  B.  C.  356. 

Erpenius,  Thomas,  or  Van  Erpe  in 
Dutch,  a  learned  writer,  born  at  Gorcum 
in  Holland,  11th  September,  1584.  He 
studied  at  Leyden,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  in  philosophy  1608,  and  af- 
terwards travelled  for  four  years  into  Eng- 
land, France,  Italy,  and  Germany.  His 
extensive  learning,  and  the  fame  of  his 
works,  made  him  known  to  the  learned  of 
Europe,  and  among  his  friends  and  corres- 
pondents were  Cassaubon,  Joseph  Scaliger, 
Bedell,  Vossius,  &c.  In  1612  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Arabic  and  of  oriental 
languages  at  Leyden,  where  he  died  of  a 
contagious  disease,  13th  November,  1624, 
His  abilities  were  so  much  admired  that  he 
was  earnestly  solicited  to  settle  in  Eng- 
land, also  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain,  and  his 
knowledge  of  Arabic  was  so  correct  that 
the  emperor  of  Morocco  showed  his  nobles, 
as  a  curiosity  for  its  elegance  and  purity, 
a  letter  in  Arabic,  which  he  had  received 
from  him,  as  the  interpreter  and  corres- 
ponding secretary  of  the  states  of  Holland, 
to  the  powers  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Though 
he  was  but  40  years  old  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  yet  he  published  19  various  works, 
on  oriental  history,  and  on  subjects  con- 
fin? 


ERX 


ESC 


nected  with  his  professorship,  in  which  he 
displayed  the  great  powers  of  his  mind, 
and  the  vast  stores  of  his  retentive 
memory. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Alloa,  1628,  and  educated  there  and  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.  A.  He  was  made  minister  of  Falkirk 
in  1654,  but  ejected  for  nonconformity, 
1662,  and  when  afterwards  imprisoned  by 
by  the  persecution  of  his  enemies,  he  was 
liberated  by  the  influence  of  his  kinsman, 
the  Earl  of  Mar.  On  the  re-establishment 
of  the  presbytery  by  the  toleration  act  of 
James  II.  he  was  made,  1690,  minister  of 
Churnside,  Berwick,  where  he  died  1696, 
aged  6S.  He  left  some  Latin  MSS.  on  diffi- 
cult passages  of  Scripture,  never  published. 

Erskine,  Ebenezer,  son  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1680,  in  the  prison  of  Bass, 
where  his  father  was  confined  in  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  times.  In  1701,  he  took  his 
master's  degree  at  Edinburgh,  and  the  next 
year  was  ordained  minister  of  Portmoak, 
Fifeshire,  from  whence  he  removed,  in  1728, 
to  Stirling.  In  1747,  in  consequence  of 
some  disputes  with  the  clergy,  he  joined 
the  seceders  called  burghers,  and  died  at 
Stirling,  1755,  aged  75.  Four  volumes  of 
his  sermons  were  printed  at  Glasgow, 
1702,  8vo.  and  a  fifth  at  Edinburgh,  1765. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Roxburgh,  1682,  and  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his 
master's  degree  1704.  He  was  minister  of 
Dunfermline,  Fifeshire,  1711,  and  was 
deposed  by  the  general  assembly  1734,  for 
joining  the  seceders.  He  died  1751,  aged 
69,  much  respected  as  a  divine  and  as  a 
preacher.  His  works  were  published  two 
vols.  fol.  1760,  consisting  of  a  polemical 
treatise,  gospel  sonnets,  and  above  200 
sermons,  &c. 

Erskine,  James,  lord  Alva,  was  born 
at  Edinburgh  20th  June,  1722,  and  made 
one  of  the  barons  of  the  Scotch  exchequer, 
1754,  which  he  resigned  in  1761,  on  being 
appointed  to  the  supreme  civil  court  of 
Scotland.  He  assumed  the  name  of  lord 
Barjarg,  which  he  afterwards  exchanged 
for  that  of  Alva.  He  died  at  Drums- 
heugh,  near  Edinburgh,  13th  May,  1796. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  had  children 
only  by  his  first  wife,  two  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

Erving,  William,  who  bequeathed  to 
Harvard  College,  Massachusetts,  1000J. 
towards  establishing  a  professorship  of 
chymistry  and  materia  medica,  was  a  gra- 
duate of  that  institution,  and  obtained  his 
degree  in  1753.  He  served  for  some  time 
as  an  officer  in  the  British  army,  but  quit- 
ted it  on  the  commencement  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolution.  He  died  at  Roxbury,  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1791.  IC33*  L. 

Erxleben,  John  Christian  Polycarp.  a 


native  of  Quedlinburg,  who  studied  at  Got 
tingen,  and  gave  lectures  in  physic,  the  ve- 
terinary art,  and  natural  history.  He  was 
an  able  naturalist,  and  his  principles  of  na- 
tural history,  in  8vo.  1768,  are  particularly 
admired.     He  died  1771,  aged  33. 

Ertceira,  Ferdinand  de  Meneses  count 
d',  was  born  at  Lisbon  1614,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  military  affairs,  as  go- 
vernor of  Penicha  and  of  Tangiers.  He  was 
also  an  able  historian,  and  wrote  the  his- 
tory of  Tangiers,  fol.  printed  1723, — his- 
tory of  Portugal,  2  vols,  folio,  from  1640  to 
1657, — and  the  life  of  John  I.  king  of 
Portugal. 

Ertceira,  Francis  Xavier  de  Meneses 
count  d\  great-grandson  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born  at  Lisbon,  1673,  and  died  1743. 
He  was  known  also  as  a  literary  and  mili- 
tary character.  He  was  honoured  by  seve- 
ral princes,  aud  many  learned  men,  and  by 
the  present  of  their  works  and  other  muni- 
ficent donations,  he  increased  the  valuable 
library  of  his  ancestors  with  15,000  new 
volumes,  and  1000  manuscripts.  He  wrote 
above  100  different  publications,  the  best 
known  of  which,  are  his  memoirs  on  the 
value  of  the  coins  of  Portugal, — reflections 
on  academical  studies, — 58  parallels  of  il- 
lustrious men, — and  12  of  illustrious  wo- 
men,— the  Henriade  of  Voltaire,  transla- 
ted, with  observations,  &c.  4to.  &c. 

Erytrophilus,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  minister  of  Ha- 
nover, who  wrote  a  methodical  commentary 
on  the  history  of  the  passion — and  catenas 
aureae  in  harmoniam  evangelicam,  4to. 

Es,  James  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
well  known  for  his  pictures  of  birds,  flow- 
ers, fishes,  and  fruit.  His  lobsters,  crabs, 
oysters,  &c.  are  incomparable,  and  in  his 
grapes,  nature  is  so  skilfully  imitated,  that 
the  stones  are  visible  through  the  skin. 

Esau,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  sold  his 
rights  of  primogeniture  to  his  brother  Ja- 
cob, who  afterwards  also  obtained  by  arti- 
fice his  father's  blessing.  This  conduct  of 
Jacob  proved  so  offensive  to  Esau,  that  he 
meditated  his  death,  but  though  he  caused 
him  to  fly  into  Mesopotomia,  he  was  after- 
wards reconciled  to  him.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  Edomites,  and  died  about 
1710  B.C.  aged  126. 

Escalo,  Mastin  de  1',  was  elected  po- 
destat  of  Verona  1259,  but  though  pru- 
dent and  humane  in  the  administration  of 
affairs,  he  raised  himself  enemies  by  whom 
he  was  assassinated,  1273.  The  sovereign 
authority  remain  ever  in  his  family, 

and  his  descendant  Mastino  III.  added  Vi- 
cenza,  Brescia,  and  even  Padua  to  his 
dominions.  His  tyranny  at  last  was  re- 
pressed by  the  Venetians,  and  he  died 
1387,  after  a  life  of  cruelty  and  perilous 
adventures.  The  families  of  l'Escalo  and 
the  Carraras  of  Padua  had  long  and  bloody 


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ESP 


contests,  but  Verona  at  last  became  inde- 
pendent till  overpowered  by  the  intrigues 
of  her  neighbours. 

Escalquens,  William,  capitou  of  Tou- 
louse, 1326,  rendered  himself  known  by 
causing  himself  to  be  carried  in  a  coffin, 
with  all  the  funeral  pomp  of  a  departed 
saint,  to  the  cathedral,  and  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  solemnity,  inviting  the  at- 
tendants of  this  ridiculous  ceremony  to  a 
sumptuous  entertainment.  The  circum- 
stance was  agitated  by  the  bishop  and  cler- 
gy in  full  council,  and  it  was  forbidden  to 
practise  such  superstitious  ceremonies  on 
pain  of  excommunication.  Charles  V. 
however,  renewed  it  in  Spain  about  200 
years  after. 

Escobar,  Bartholomew,  a  learned  Jesuit 
of  Seville,  who  went  to  America  as  a  monk 
employed  in  works  of  charity.  He  died  at 
Lima,  1624,  aged  66.  He  wrote  some  re- 
ligious pieces  in  Latin,  scarce  known  in 
Spain. 

Escobar,  Marine  d',  a  native  of  Valla- 
dolid,  who  died  9th  June,  1633,  aged  79, 
and  is  known  as  the  foundress  of  the  re- 
conciliation of  St.  Bridget  in  Spain.  Her 
memoirs  have  been  written  in  folio,  by 
lather  Dupont,  her  confessor. 

Escobar,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
surnamed  of  Mendoza,  who  died  4th  July, 
1669,  aged  SO.  His  works,  which  are 
theological,  in  16  vols,  folio,  and  his  prin- 
ciples of  morality  in  7  vols,  folio,  have  been 
ridiculed  by  Pascal. 

Escocbleau,  Francis  d',  cardinal  de 
Sourdis,  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux,  was  a 
great  favourite  with  pope  Leo  IX.  and  his 
four  successors.  He  was  a  warm  advo- 
cate for  church  discipline.  He  died  8th 
February,  16S6,  aged  53. 

Escoubleau,  Henry  d',  brother  and  suc- 
cessor to  the  preceding,  as  archbishop  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  was  at  the  siege  of  Ro- 
chelle,  under  Lewis  XIII.  and  at  the  re- 
taking of  the  isles  of  Lerins  under  Har- 
court.  He  quarrelled  with  the  duke  of 
Epernon,  who  struck  him  a  blow,  which 
was  punished  by  the  excommunication  of 
the  guilty  lord,  which  disgrace,  however, 
was  removed  by  his  falling  on  his  knees 
before  the  haughty  prelate.     He  died  1645. 

Escure,  N.  de  1',  one  of  the  generals  of 
La  Vendee,  remarkable  for  his  loyalty,  cou- 
rage, and  virtues.  With  a  small  force  he 
defeated  the  more  numerous  army  of  the 
republicans  at  Thouars,  but  unfortunately 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chollet,  and 
died  in  consequence  of  the  wounds,  1794, 
aged  26. 

Espagnac,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sa- 
puguet  Damarzil,  baron  d',  a  French  gene- 
ral, born  at  Brive-la-Gaillarde,  25th  March, 
1713,  and  died  at  Paris,  28th  February, 
1783.  He  signalized  himself  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  Italy  and  Bavaria,  and  was  made 

Vol.  I.  77 


major-general  of  the  army  under  marshal 
Saxe,  and  as  governor  of  the  Hotel-des- 
invalides,  he  introduced  some  useful  regu- 
lations. He  wrote  several  books  on  the 
military  profession,  among  which  are  his 
campaignes  du  roi,  1745,  &c.  4  vols.  8vo. 
essai  sur  la  science  de  la  guerre,  a  valuable 
work,  3  vols.  8vo. — Histoire  du  marechal 
de  Saxe,  3  vols.  4to.  &c.  He  had  four 
son3  and  a  daughter  by  his  wife  baroness 
de  Beyer. 

Espagnandel,  Matthew  1',  an  eminent 
sculptor,  who,  though  a  protestant,  adorned 
several  of  the  Paris  churches,  and  also  the 
park  of  Versailles,  by  his  works.  He  lived 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  17th  century. 

Espagne,  John  d',  a  native  of  Dauphine, 
who  came  to  England  in  James's  reign, 
and  officiated  as  minister  of  a  French  pro- 
testant congregation  in  London,  till  the 
restoration.  He  wrote  a  treatise  of  some 
merit  on  popular  errors  in  religion,  with 
some  strictures  on  Calvin's  principles,  de- 
dicated to  Charles  I.  His  works  appeared 
together  in  2  vols.  12mo.  1674,  Hague. 

Espagnet,  John  d',  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  became  known 
by  his  Enchiridion  physicae  restitutae,  in 
which  he  establishes  a  complete  system  of 
physics  contrary  to  the  tenets  of  Aristotle. 
He  considers  earth  and  water  to  be  the 
only  elements,  and  he  places  the  real  fire 
of  the  world  in  the  sun,  which  he  calls  the 
eye,  not  only  of  the  universe  but  of  the 
Creator.  He  wrote  also  arcanum  hermi- 
ticas  philosophic  opus,  on  the  philosopher's 
stone,  &c.  In  1616  he  published  an  old 
manuscript,  called  le  Rozier  des  guerres, 
of  which  an  earlier  edition  had  appeai'ed  in 
1523. 

Espagnolet,  Joseph  Riberia  I',  a  Spa- 
nish painter,  born  at  Xativa,  in  Valencia, 
1580.  He  studied  the  manner  of  Carava- 
gio,  and  surpassed  him  in  correctness.  In 
poverty  he  was  extremely  happy  in  his  de- 
lineations, but  prosperity  rendered  him 
indolent,  and  regardless  of  his  art.  The 
countenances  of  his  figures  were  extremely 
expressive,  and  he  was  particularly  suc- 
cessful in  the  representation  of  terror,  an- 
guish, and  ferocity.  He  was  patronised  at 
Naples,  where  he  died  1656,  aged  76.  His 
chief  works  are  preserved  in  the  Escurial 
and  at  Naples. 

Esparron,  Charles  d'Arcussia  Viscount 
d',  a  Provencal  nobleman,  who  wrote  a  va- 
luable treatise  on  hawking  and  falconry, 
4to.  Rouen,  1644,  amusements  to  which  he 
was  very  partial. 

Espen,  Zeger  Bernard  Van,  was  bom 
1646,  at  Louvain,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  laws.  His  observations  on  the 
formulary,  and  on  the  bull  unigenitus, 
proved  the  sources  of  great  bitterness  to 
him,  so  that  to  avoid  persecution,  he  retired 
to  Maestricht,  and  afterwards,  to  Amer? 
609 


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fort,  wliere'he  died  2d  October,  1728,  aged 
83.  His  works,  which  are  considered  as 
valuable,  especially  his  jus  ecclesiasticum 
universum,  were  published  at  Paris,  1753, 
in  4  vols,  folio. 

Espence,  Claude  d',  a  native  of  Chalons- 
sur-Marne,  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris, 
and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne.  He  attended 
the  cardinal  de  Lorraine  in  Flanders,  and 
likewise  at  Rome,  1555,  where  he  display- 
ed so  much  eloquence  as  an  orator,  that 
the  pope  Paul  IV.  wished  to  bestow  on  him 
a  cardinal's  hat,  which  he  refused.  He 
died  of  the  stone  at  Paris,  5th  October, 
1571,  aged  60.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  moderation.  He  wrote  some 
commentaries  on  Paul's  epistles  to  Timo- 
thy and  Titus,  and  some  controversial 
tracts.  His  Latin  works  were  printed 
1619,  folio,  Paris. 

Esper,  John  Frederic,  a  native  of  Dros- 
senfeld,  in  Bayreuth,  who  studied  at  Er- 
langen,  and  applied  himself  to  botany  and 
natural  history.  He  wrote  an  accurate 
description  of  the  lately  discovered  zoolites 
of  unknown  animals,  and  of  several  ca- 
verns, &c.  Nuremberg,  fol.  1774,  a  method 
of  determining  the  orbits  of  the  comets, 
and  other  celestial  bodies,  without  astro- 
nomical instruments  and  mathematical 
calculations,  &c.     He  died  1781,  aged  49. 

Esperiente,  Philip  Callimachus,  a  na- 
tive of  St.  Geminiano,  in  Tuscany,  who 
under  Pius  II.  formed  an  academy,  the 
members  of  which  assumed  Greek  or  Latin 
names.  Under  Paul,  Pius's  successor,  the 
academy  was  considered  as  an  assembly  of 
seditious  men,  and  the  founder  therefore 
fled  to  Poland,  where  be  became  preceptor 
to  the  children  of  king  Casimir  III.  He 
was  also  employed  as  ambassador  to  Con- 
stantinople, Vienna,  Venice,  and  Rome, 
and  on  his  return  to  Poland,  an  accidental 
fire  destroyed  his  house,  library,  and  ma- 
nuscripts, and  overwhelmed  him  with  grief. 
He  died  soon  after  at  Cracow,  1496.  His 
works  are  commentarii  rerum  Persicarum, 
folio — historia  de  iis  qua;  a  Venetis  tentata 
sunt,  Persis  et  Tartaris  contra  Turcas  mo- 
vendis, — Attilla  historia  de  rege  Vladislao, 
4to. 

Espremenil,  James  Duval  d',  a  French- 
man, born  at  Pondicherry,  the  nephew  and 
heir  of  Duval  de  Leyril,  the  governor  of 
the  city,  and  the  accuser  of  Lally.  He  be- 
came an  advocate,  and  counsellor  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  and  was  remarkable  for 
his  violent  proceedings  during  the  revolu- 
tion. He  was  guillotined  April  23d,  1794. 
He  was  asked  by  his  old  opponent  Chape- 
lier,  as  he  was  going  to  the  scaffold  with 
him,  To  which  of  us  two  are  the  shouts  of 
the  mob  addressed  ?  To  both,  replied  D'Es- 
premenil.  He  wrote  remonstrances,  pub- 
lished by  the  parliament  1789, — nullitv  and 
610 


despotism  of  the  assembly,  8vo.  actual  state 
of  France,  1790,  Svo. 

Esprit,  James,  an  agreeable  writer,  born 
at  Beziers,  1611.  For  five  years  he  was 
member  of  the  oratory,  which  he  quitted, 
and  afterwards  became,  by  his  wit,  sense, 
and  elegant  manners,  the  friend  of  Seguier, 
Rochefoucault,  and  Conti.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy,  and  died  1678, 
aged  67.  He  wrote  paraphrases  on  the 
psalms,  the  fallacy  of  human  virtues,  2  vols. 
12mo.  which  is  a  commentary  on  Roche- 
foucault's  reflections. 

Essars,  Pierre  des,  a  French  nobleman, 
who  served  in  the  Scotch  army  against  the 
English,  and  was  taken  prisoner,  in  1402. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  by  whom  he 
was  raised  to  places  of  trust  and  honour, 
but  he  became  suspected  of  partiality  to 
the  duke  of  Guienne,  and  fled  to  Cherbourg, 
of  which  he  was  the  governor.  In  1413 
he  secretly  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  thrust 
into  the  bastile,  and  soon  after  condemned, 
and  he  lost  his  head,  1st  July,  1413.  His 
body  was  interred  in  the  Mathurins'  church, 
by  his  widow,  who  obtained  the  restitution 
of  his  property. 

Essars,  Charlotte  des,  countess  of  Re- 
morentin,  and  daughter  of  lieutenant- 
general  des  Essars  in  Champagne,  was  a 
lady  of  great  beauty.  She  was  in  England 
with  the  countess  de  Beaumont,  and  on  her 
return  to  France,  she  was  introduced,  1590, 
to  Henry  IV.  by  whom  she  had  two  chil- 
dren, afterwards  legitimated.  She  after- 
wards lived  with  Louis  de  Lorraine,  cardi- 
nal de  Guise,  by  whom  she  had  a  son  called 
the  chevalier  de  Romerentin,  and  she  mar- 
ried, in  1638,  marshal  de  l'Hopital,  known 
under  the  name  of  Hallier.  Her  wishes 
to  advance  her  son  Romerentin  by  her  in- 
trigues proved  fatal  to  her,  as  she  fell  under 
the  resentment  of  the  French  king  and 
Richelieu,  by  whom  she  was  arrested,  and 
placed  in  confinement,  where  she  died 
1651. 

Essex,  James,  F.A.S.  was  born  1723, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  great  know- 
ledge of  architecture.  He  repaired  and 
improved  King's  college  chapel,  Cambridge, 
and  the  cathedrals  of  Ely  and  Lincoln,  be- 
sides other  colleges  in  Cambridge,  which 
will  remain  lasting  monuments  of  his  great 
skill  and  judgment.  His  proposals  for  pub- 
lishing plans  and  sections  of  King's  col- 
lege chapel,  appeared  in  the  Brit.  Topog. 
vol.  1.  p.  237,  and  he  enriched  that  valua- 
ble collection  with  many  other  curious  and 
ingenious  communications.  He  died  14th 
September,  1784,  in  his  61st  year,  at 
Cambridge,  his  native  town,  where  his  fa- 
ther had  acquired  some  property  as  a  car- 
penter. 

Estaing,  Charles  Henry  count  d',  a 
Frewh  admiral,  born  in  Auvergne.     He 


EST 


EST 


was  under  Lally  in  the  East  Indies,  and 
escaped  from  an  English  prison,  by  break- 
ing his  parole.  He  was  commander  of 
the  French  squadrons  in  the  American 
war,  and  he  took  Grenada.  At  the  revolu- 
tion he  became  member  of  the  assembly  of 
notables,  and  was  at  last  guillotined  29th 
April,  1793,  as  a  suspected  character. 

Estampes,  Anne  of  Pisseleu,dutchess  of, 
a  woman  of  great  beauty,  daughter  of  de 
Heilli.  She  attended,  as  maid  of  honour, 
Louisa  of  Savoy,  when  she  went  to  meet 
her  son  Francis  I.  of  France  at  Madrid, 
and  she  was  no  sooner  seen  than  loved  by 
the  amorous  monarch.  Though  Francis 
forgot  himself  in  the  arms  of  his  favourite 
mistress,  he  yet  attempted  to  cover  her 
dishonour  by  marrying  her  to  one  of  his 
flatterers,  whom  he  created  duke  of  Es- 
tampes. In  the  declining  years  of  the  mo- 
narch, the  dutchess,  who  still  possessed  the 
influence  of  her  charms,  entered  into  cor- 
respondence with  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
to  counteract  the  views  of  the  dauphin, 
afterwards  Henry  II.  and  of  his  mistress 
Diana  de  Poitiers  ;  and  by  informing  the 
foreign  monarch  of  the  plans  of  the  court 
she  gained  his  confidence,  and  ensured  his 
promises  towards  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the 
dauphin's  brother,  whose  cause  she  es- 
poused. By  her  perfidious  communica- 
tions Charles,  at  the  head  of  an  almost  mu- 
tinous and  famished  army,  was  enabled 
suddenly  to  take  Epernay  and  Chateau- 
Tierri,  where  the  magazines  of  the  French 
troops  were  deposited  without  apprehen- 
sion of  attack  ;  and  as  no  measures  were 
taken  by  the  dauphin  without  consultation 
with  Francis,  every  secret  was  imparted  to 
the  faithless  mistress,  and  by  her  to  the 
enemy,  so  that  the  ruin  of  the  kingdom 
seemed  inevitable.  A  quarrel  however 
arose  between  Charles  and  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  and  the  peace  of  Cressy  saved 
France.  After  the  death  of  Francis  the 
worthless  favourite  returned  to  her  country 
seat,  and  was  saved  from  the  prosecution 
of  her  husband,  who  wished  to  punish  her 
for  adultery,  by  the  interference  of  the 
reigning  monarch.     She  died  a  protestant. 

Estampes,  Leonor  d',  bishop  of  Chartres 
in  1620,  and  in  1641  archbishop  of  Rheims, 
was  zealous  in  the  assembly  of  the  French 
clergy  against  the  Jesuits,  1626,  who  in 
two  publications  had  attacked  the  authority 
of  the  king  in  church  affairs.  The  cen- 
sure of  d'Estampes  was  however  resisted, 
and  the  French  clergy  showed  such  in- 
fluence that  in  the  states  general  of  1614 
the  tiers  etat  could  never  obtain  the  de- 
claration, "  that  no  power,  temporal  or 
spiritual,  has  the  right  to  dispose  of  the 
kingdom,  and  to  dispense  the  subjects  from 
their  oaths  of  fidelity."  The  monks,  how- 
ever, were  silenced  by  pope  Benedict  XIV. 

Esrcorr.T,  Richard,  a  native  nf  Tewkes- 


bury, Gloucestershire,  who  at  the  age  of 
15  escaped  from  his  friends  and  joined  a 
company  of  strolling  players  at  Worcester, 
where  he  first  appeared  on  the  stage  in 
women's  clothes,  in  the  part  of  Roxana  in 
Alexander  the  Great.  His  disguise  did 
not  prevent  his  discovery,  he  was  pursued 
to  Chipping-Norton,  by  his  father,  who 
immediately  bound  him  to  an  apothecary  in 
Hatton-garden,  London.  In  this  engage- 
ment he  continued  till  business  failed  him, 
though  others  declare  he  quitted  his  mas- 
ter abruptly,  and  wandered  about  the 
country  for  two  years.  He  went  after- 
wards to  Ireland,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived, and  appeared  at  Drury-lane  for  the 
first  time,  in  the  part  of  Dominic  in  the 
Spanish  Fryar.  His  chief  merit  consisted 
in  mimicry.  Without  great  powers  of  his 
own,  he  could  imitate  with  wonderful  suc- 
cess the  greatest  players  of  the  time, 
though  he  frequently  offended  the  audience 
by  the  introduction  of  sentences  which  the 
author  never  wrote.  He  became,  by  his 
manners  and  conversation,  a  great  favourite 
of  the  town,  and  when  the  chief  wits  and 
leading  men  of  the  times,  and  among  them 
the  duke  of  Marlborough,  erected  the  beef 
steak  club,  Estcourt  was  appointed  provi- 
dore,  and  wore  as  the  badge  of  his  office,  a 
gold  gridiron  suspended  from  his  neck  by 
a  green  silk  ribbon.  Some  years  before  his 
death  he  quitted  the  stage.  He  died  1713, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Paul's, Covent-garden. 
He  left  two  dramatic  pieces,  Fair  example, 
a  comedy,  1706,  4to.  and  Prunella,  an  in- 
terlude, 4to. 

Esther,  a  Jewess,  mistress  to  Casimir 
III.  king  of  Poland,  in  the  14th  century, 
from  whom  she  obtained  great  privileges 
for  her  nation. 

Esther,  a  Jewish  maid,  of  the  tribe  of 
Benjamin,  whom  Ahasuerus  king  of  Persia 
took  for  his  wife,  after  his  divorce  from 
Vashti.  She  had  the  good  fortune  to  de- 
feat the  machinations  of  Haman  against 
her  nation,  and  she  saw  her  cousin  Mor- 
decai  raised  to  the  same  honours  which  the 
fallen  favourite  possessed.  This  great  de- 
liverance of  the  Jews  was  celebrated  by  a 
particular  feast  called  Purim.  The  Aha- 
suerus of  Scripture  is  supposed  to  be  Da- 
rius son  of  Hystaspes. 

Estius,  William,  a  native  of  Gorcum  in 
Holland,  divinity  professor,  and  chancellor 
of  Douay  university,  where  he  died  1613, 
aged  71.  He  was  author  of  commentaries 
on  the  epistles,  two  vols. — annotationes  in 
prscipua  et  difficiliora  Scripturae  loca,  fol. 
— martyri  Edmundi  Campiani,  &c. 

Estoile,  Pierre,  de  1',  grand  auditor  of 
the  chancery  of  Paris,  died  1611.  From 
his  MSS.  were  published  his  journal  of 
Henry  III.  beginning  May,  1574,  to  August, 
1589,  improved  by  du  Fresnoy,1744, 5  vols. 
8vo. — Journal  of  the  reign  of  Henrv  IV, 
611 


EST 


EST 


four  vols.  Svo.  improved  also  by  du  Fres- 
noy.  These  works  are  valuable,  and  illus- 
trate the  private  history  of  France.  The 
author  under  the  character  of  ease  and 
openness,  conceals  a  severe  and  sarcastic 
disposition. 

Estoile,  Claude  de  1',  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  member  of  the  French  academy 
1632,  and  died  1652,  aged  54.  He  was 
one  of  the  five  authors  consulted  by  Riche- 
lieu in  the  making  of  his  bad  plays. 
D'Estoile  wrote  some  poems  and  plays,  and 
said  that,  like  Moliere  and  Malherbe,  he 
read  his  pieces  for  the  stage  to  his  maid- 
servant, on  whose  approbation,  proceeding 
from  simple  and  ingenuous  motives,  he 
could  depend.  His  odes  are  published  in 
the  recueil  des  poetes  Francois,  1692,  five 
vols.  l2mo. 

Estouteville,  William  d',  of  an  illus- 
trious Norman  family,  was  archbishop  of 
Rouen,  and  a  cardinal.  He  reformed  the 
university  of  Paris,  and  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  Charles  VII.  and  Lewis  XI.  and 
was  a  man  of  great  firmness  of  character, 
and  of  the  strictest  integrity,  and  very 
charitable.  He  died  at  Rome  22d  Decem- 
ber, 1483,  aged  80.  Besides  his  archbish- 
opric he  held  six  bishoprics  in  France  and 
Italy,  four  abbeys,  and  three  grand  priories, 
and  was  dean  of  the  cardinals. 

Estrades,  Godfrey  count  d',  marshal  of 
France,  and  viceroy  of  America,  was  also 
an  able  negotiator.  He  was  ambassador 
in  England  in  1661,  and  the  next  year  he 
negotiated  with  Charles  II.  for  the  evacua- 
tion of  Dunkirk,  which  he  effected,  though 
contrary  to  the  wishes  of  the  English  par- 
liament. In  1666,  he  had  a  dispute  with 
Vatteville  the  Spanish  ambassador,  about 
the  precedency  in  London,  and  the  year 
following  he  negotiated  the  peace  of  Breda, 
and  in  1673,  assisted  at  the  conferences  of 
Nimeguen.  He  died  26th  February,  16S6, 
aged  79.  His  negotiations  were  printed 
at  the  Hague  1742,  nine  vols.  12mo.  from 
the  originals, which  consisted  of  22  vols.  fol. 
Estrees,  John  d',  page  to  queen  Anne 
-of  Brittany,  was  afterwards  grand  master 
of  the  artillery  of  France,  and  died  1567, 
aged  81.  He  distinguished  himself  greatly 
in  several  battles,  and  especially  at  the 
taking  of  Calais  1558.  He  improved  the 
manner  of  casting  cannon.  He  was  the 
first  gentleman  of  Picardy  who  embraced 
the  protestant  religion. 

Estrees,  Francis,  Annibal  d,'  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1573,  and  embraced 
the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Laon  by  Henry  IV.  He  soon 
however  quitted  the  church  for  the  army, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of 
Treves,  and  by  other  military  exploits. 
He  was  made  duke,  peer,  and  marshal  of 
France,  and  was  employed  in  1636,  as  am- 
bassador to  the  court  of  Rome,  where  he 
612 


offended  the  pope  Urban  and  his  nephew?, 
for  which  he  was  recalled.  He  died  at 
Paris  5th  May,  1670,  aged  98.  He  wrote 
in  an  unadorned  style,  but  with  great  fide- 
lity, memoirs  of  the  regency  of  Mary  de 
Medicis,  printed  1666,  12mo.  and  relation 
of  the  siege  of  Mantua  in  1630,  and  an- 
other of  the  conclave  which  elected  Gre- 
gory XV.  pope,  1621. 

Estrees,  Caesar  d',  cardinal,  abbot  of 
St.  Germain  des  Pres,  was  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  was  born  1628.  He  was 
made  bishop  of  Laon  1653,  and  produced 
a  reconciliation  between  the  pope's  nuncio, 
and  four  of  the  French  bishops  who  resist- 
ed his  authority.  He  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed by  the  French  king  at  the  court  of 
Bavaria,  and  also  at  Rome,  where  he  skil- 
fully conducted  himself  to  procure  the 
elections  of  the  popes  Alexander  VIII.  In- 
nocent XII.  and  Clement  XI.  He  accom- 
panied Philip  V.  when  he  took  possession  of 
the  Spanish  throne,  and  he  died  18th  De- 
cember, 1714,  aged  87,  respected  as  an  able 
negotiator,  a  benevolent  man,  and  an 
agreeable  companion. 

Estrees,  Gabrielle  d',  sister  of  Francis 
Annibal  d'Estrees,  became  the  favourite 
mistress  of  Henry  IV.  who  saw  her  first  in 
1591,  at  the  castle  of  Coeuvres.  The  king 
was  so  partial  to  her  that  to  please  her  he 
embraced  the  popish  religion,  and  deter- 
mined to  marry  her,  though  he  was  him- 
self married  to  Margaret  de  Valois.  While 
engaged  in  procuring  the  divorce,  Ga- 
brielle died  suddenly,  10th  April,  1599.  It 
was  suspected  that  she  was  poisoned  by  the 
financier  Zamet,  as  her  head  the  day 
after  her  death  was  so  distorted  that  her 
beautiful  features  had  totally  disappeared. 
During  her  amours  she  had  married  d'Amer- 
val,  lord  of  Liancourt,  with  whom  how- 
ever she  never  cohabited.  She  had  three 
children  by  Henry.  The  king  put  on  mourn- 
ing for  her,  and  honoured  her  memory  as 
if  she  had  been  a  queen.  Though  pas- 
sionately fond  of  her,  Henry  did  not  how- 
ever forget  his  duties  to  his  subjects  ;  and 
when  Gabrielle  was  displeased  with  some  of 
his  ministers,  and  solicited  their  dismission, 
he  firmly  replied  that  he  would  sooner  part 
with  ten  mistresses  than  one  of  his  favourite 
and  long-tried  servants. 

Estrees,  Victor  Marie  d',  vice  admiral 
of  France,  after  his  father  John,  was  born 
1660.  He  bombarded  Barcelona  and  Ali- 
cant,  1691,  and  again  in  1697  he  besieged 
Barcelona.  In  1701  he  was  made  comman- 
der-in-chief of  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets, 
and  in  1703  was  created  marshal  of  France, 
and  afterwards  grandee  of  Spain,  and 
knight  of  the  golden  fleece.  He  was  a  man 
well  acquainted  with  literature,  as  he  was 
member  of  several  learned  bodies.  He 
died  at  Paris  28th  December,  1737,  aged  77. 
Estrees,  Lewis  Caesar  duke  d\  marshal 


ETH 


ETT 


of  France  and  minister  of  state,  was  born 
first  July,  1695.  His  father  was  I.ancis 
Michael  le  Tellier  de  Courtanvaux,  and  by 
his  mother  he  was  descended  from  John 
eount  d'Estrees,  vice-admiral  of  Fiance.  He 
first  distinguished  himself  in  the  ivar  against 
Spain,  and  afterwards  in  the  war  ol  1741, 
where,  at  the  blockade  of  Egra,  the  battle 
of  Fontenoi,  the  sieges  of  Mons  and  Char- 
leroi,  and  the  victory  of  Lafeldt,  under 
marshal  Saxe,  his  bravery  was  conspicuous, 
and  his  services  were  most  meritorious.  In 
the  war  of  1756  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  French  forces  in  Germany,  and  he 
gave  battle  to'the  duke  of  Cumberland  at 
Hastenback,  and  paved  the  way  for  the 
success  of  Closterseven,  which  Richelieu, 
who  superseded  him  through  intrigue,  ob- 
tained over  the  Hanoverians.  He  was 
made  a  duke  in  1763,  and  died  1771,  se- 
cond January,  aged  76,  leaving  no  children 
behind  him. 

Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  became  a 
Christian  by  the  preaching  of  Austin,  who 
came  to  England  at  the  invitation  of  Ber- 
tha the  queen,  daughter  of  Caribert  king  of 
France.  He  enacted  a  code  of  laws,  and 
died  616,  in  the  56th  year  of  his  reign. 

Ethelbert,  second  son  of  Ethelwolf, 
succeeded  his  brother  Ethelbald  as  king  of 
England  860,  and  was  a  popular  and  be- 
nevolent prince. 

Ethelred,  son  of  Edgar,  was  king  of 
England  after  his  brother  Edward  the  Mar- 
tyr, 978.  To  deliver  himself  from  the  op- 
pressive tax  which  he  paid  to  the  Danes, 
called  Danegelt,  he  caused  those  unfortu- 
nate foreigners  to  be  all  murdered,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  Sweyn,  the  Danish  king, 
invaded  the  kingdom,  and  obliged  him  to 
fly  to  Normandy.  After  Sweyn's  death  he 
resumed  his  authority,  and  died  1016. 

Ethelwolf,  king  of  England  838,  went 
to  Rome  to  improve  the  education  of  his 
son,  the  great  Alfred.  He  died  857,  and 
was  buried  at  Winchester. 

Etherege,  George,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  1636,  of  an  ancient  family  in  Oxford- 
shire. It  is  supposed  that  he  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  applied  himself 
to  the  law  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court  in 
London.  His  comedy  of  "  The  comical 
revenge,  or  love  in  a  tub,"  appeared  in 
1664,  and  recommended  him  to  the  wits  of 
the  times,  to  Charles  duke  of  Dorset,  Vil- 
liers,  duke  of  Bucks,  Wilmot  earl  of  Ro- 
chester, sir  Car  Scroop,  Sedley,  Saville, 
&c.  in  whose  company  he  shone  as  a  man 
of  humour,  lively  in  his  conversation,  and 
of  a  refined  taste.  His  second  play 
appeared  with  equal  applause  in  1668, 
called  "  She  would  if  she  could,"  and  the 
last  in  1676,  called  the  "  Man  of  mode,  or 
sir  Fopling  Flutter."  Of  these  three  plays 
the  last  was  the  most  finished,  and  as  it 
represented  the  characters  and  censures  on 


the  vices  of  some  of  the  fashionable  men 
of  the  times,  it  was  for  some  time  very 
popular.  His  gayety  and  intemperance 
rendered  him  poor,  but  to  recruit  his  finan- 
ces, he  paid  his  addresses  to  a  rich  old 
widow,  who  however  refused  to  marry  him 
except  he  was  knighted  ;  and  to  make  her 
a  ;ady,  therefore,  and  obtain  her  fortune,  he 
solicited  the  honour  of  knighthood,  which 
was  conferred  about  1683.  Etherege, 
whose  manners  were  so  fascinating  that  he 
was  humorously  called  gentle  George, 
and  easy  Etherege,  was  greatly  patronised 
by  the  dutchess  of  York,  in  whose  house- 
hold he  was,  and  by  whose  influence  he 
was  sent  ambassador  abroad.  He  was  at 
Ratisbon,  in  1683,  where,  after  entertain- 
ing some  company,  and  probably  drinking 
with  more  freedom  than  prudence,  he  tum- 
bled down  stairs  and  broke  his  neck, 
though  some  accounts  state  that  he  follow- 
ed his  master  James  II.  to  France  upon  his 
abdication,  and  died  soon  after.  Etherege 
had  no  children  by  his  wife,  but  he  had  a 
daughter  by  Mrs.  Barry,  the  actress,  with 
whom  in  those  days  of  licentiousness  and 
general  depravity  he  lived.  Besides  his  plays 
he  wrote  various  sonnets,  songs,  and  short 
poems,  which  with  great  ease  and  elegance 
contain  the  voluptuous  descriptions,  and 
the  immoral  levities  which  were  so  fashion- 
able in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  His  come- 
dies, though  very  popular,  are  not  free 
from  licentiousness  ;  and  however  we  may 
admire  the  politeness  of  the  dialogue,  the 
sprightliness  of  the  conversation,  the  faith- 
ful delineation  of  the  characters,  and  the 
interesting  intricacies  of  the  plots,  yet  the 
loose  tendency  and  the  impurities  of  the 
whole  cannot  escape  the  severest  censures 
of  every  friend  of  virtue  and  morality.  Sir 
George  Etherege  had  a  brother,  who  was 
a  soldier  in  the  wars  of  king  William,  and 
who  died  at  Ealing,  in  Middlesex,  about 
the  third  or  fourth  of  George  I. 

Ethryg,  George,  or  Etheridge,  or  Edry- 
cus,  a  native  of  Thame,  Oxfordshire,  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  1539.  In  1553  he 
was  appointed  king's  Greek  professor,  but 
in  Elizabeth's  reign  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  office  in  consequence  of  the  persecution 
which  he  had  encouraged  against  the  pro- 
testants  in  Mary's  reign.  He  then  prac- 
tised medicine  at  Oxford  with  success,  and  . 
engaged  in  the  education  of  young  persona 
of  his  persuasion,  though  he  was  exposed 
to  severe  trials  on  account  of  his  popish 
tenets.  He  was  living  in  1588,  but  the 
year  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  excelled 
in  the  knowledge  not  only  of  the  Greek 
and  Hebrew,  and  of  medicine,  but  also  of 
music.  Some  of  his  musical  compositions 
and  of  his  Latin  poems  are  extant  in 
manuscript. 

Ettlager,    Christopher,   a   writer   of 
613 


EVA 


EVA 


Steirmark,  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century.  He  wrote  Synopsis  rei  nummaria? 
veterum,  Steyer.  1724,  12mo. 

Ettmuller,  Michael,  a  physician,  born 
at  Leipsic,  26th  May,  1644,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  M.D.  1666.  After  travelling 
through  France,  England,  Holland,  and 
Italy,  he  was  appointed  assessor  of  the 
medicinal  faculty  1676,  and  in  1681  profes- 
sor of  botany.  He  died  in  consequence  of 
an  unsuccessful  operation  in  chymistry, 
March  9th,  1683.  He  wrote  several  things 
on  medicinal  subjects,  and  some  of  his 
works  were  published  by  his  son  at  Frank- 
fort, 1708,  and  afterwards  by  professor 
Cyrillo,  five  volumes,  folio,  Naples,  1729. 

Ettmuller,  Michael  Erne  St.,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Leipsic  26th 
August,  1673,  and  educated  there  and  at 
Wittemberg.  He  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
at  Leipsic,  1699,  after  visiting  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany,  and  was  elected 
professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  the 
Lazaretto,  Leipsic,  1706,  and  after  many 
honourable  appointments  he  was  made  in 
1730  director  of  the  imperial  academy  of 
naturae  curiosorum,  and  died  25th  Sep- 
tember, 1732.  He  published  his  father's 
works,  with  a  preface,  and  wrote  several 
learned  and  curious  treatises  on  medical 
subjects. 

Evagoras,  king  of  Cyprus,  was  defeated 
by  the  Persians,  and  was  assassinated  374, 
B.C.  His  grandson  of  the  same  name 
was  deposed  by  his  uncle  Protagoras,  and 
at  last  put  to   death  by  Artaxerxes  Ochus. 

Evagoras,  a  Greek  writer  in  the  age 
of  Augustus,  author  of  a  history  of  Egypt, 
&c. 

Evagrius,  a  monk  of  the  fifth  century, 
author  of  Altercatio  Simonis  Judxi  et 
Theophili  Christiani. 

Evagrius,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  whose 
election  was  disputed  by  Flavianus.  He 
died  392. 

Evagrius,  Scolasticus,  a  historian  of 
Epiphania,  in  Syria,  in  the  sixth  century, 
author  of  six  books  of  ecclesiastical  history 
from  431  to  594,  printed  Paris,  1544,  and 
edited  again,  Cambridge,  1720,  fol. 

Evagrius,  Ponticus  or  Hyperborita,  a 
monk  of  the  fourth  century,  surnamed  Pon- 
ticus, from  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was 
archdeacon  of  Constantinople,  and  wrote 
some  treatises,  in  which  he  espoused  the 
tenets  of  Origen. 

Evangelista,  a  capuchin  of  Canobio, 
in  the  Milanese,  who  was  general  of  his 
order,  and  died  after  his  return  from  the 
council  of  Trent,  1595,  aged  84.  He  was 
also  a  learned  civilian,  and  wrote  consulta 
varia  in  jure  canonico,  &c. — Annotationes 
in  L.  L.  decretalium,  Milan,  1591. 

Evans,  Cornelius,  son  of  a  Welchman, 
by  a  Provence  woman,  was  born  at  Mar- 
614 


seilles.  During  the  civil  wars  he  played 
the  part  of  an  impostor,  and  came  to  an 
inn  at  Sandwich,  in  1648,  pretending  that 
he  was  the  prince  of  Wales  who  had  esca- 
ped from  France.  When  the  imposition 
was  discovered  he  was  sent  to  Newgate, 
but  he  had  the  dexterity  to  extricate  him- 
self from  confinement,  and  though  search 
was  made  after  him,  it  never  was  known 
what  became  of  him. 

Evans,  Arise,  a  Welch  conjurer,  brought 
up  at  Oxford.  He  took  orders,  and  resi- 
ded on  a  curacy  at  Enfield,  in  Stafford- 
shire, from  which  place  he  fled  on  account 
of  the  irregularities  and  the  immorality  of 
his  conduct.  He  came  to  London  in  1632, 
where  Lilly  learned  astrology  under  him. 
He  was  considered  as  so  powerful  in  the 
management  of  supernatural  beings,  that 
he  was  solicited  by  lord  Bothwell  and  sir 
Kenelm  Digby  to  show  them  a  spirit.  At 
the  appointed  time,  when  all  were  within 
the  magical  circle,  and  after  some  invoca- 
tions, Evans  was  suddenly  carried  out  of 
the  room,  and  thrown  into  a  field  at  Bat- 
tersea-causey,  near  the  Thames,  where  he 
was  found  by  a  countryman  the  next  morn- 
ing asleep.  These  astrological  incanta- 
tions were  the  fashionable  study  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  and  when 
nobles  and  learned  men  lent  their  influence 
to  the  profession,  it  is  no  wonder  the  vul- 
gar believed  them.  Evans  died  about  the 
time  of  the  rebellion. 

Evans,  Abel,  known  best  by  the  name  of 
Dr.  Evans  the  epigrammatist,  was  of  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  M.A.  1699,  and  of  D.D.  1711. 
He  was  intimate  with  the  wits  and  poets  of 
the  times,  especially  Pope,  dean  Swift,  &c. 
He  was  vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Oxford,  and 
bursar  of  his  college.  His  poetry  is  now 
forgotten.  A  good  specimen  of  it  may  be 
seen  in  Nichols's  select  collections,  espe- 
cially his  "  apparition,"  &c.  and  "  Vertum- 
nus,"  and  some  epigrams. 

Evans,  John,  D.D.  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  in  Shropshire,  1680.  He  was 
ordained  minister  of  a  meeting  in  Shrop- 
shire, and  in  1716  succeeded  Dr.  Williams 
as  pastor  in  Petty  France,  Westminster. 
He  was  popular  as  a  preacher.  He  print- 
ed some  occasional  sermons,  but  his 
thirty-eight  sermons  on  the  Christian  tem- 
per is  his  best  work,  in  great  esteem  with 
many  divines.  He  died  of  the  dropsy, 
1732,  aged  52. 

Evans,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Bristol,  where 
his  father  was  a  dissenting  baptist  minis- 
ter. He  became  also  himself  a  preacher, 
and  instructed  young  people  for  the  dis- 
senting ministry.  He  was  made  D.D.  by 
the  king's  college,  Aberdeen,  and  died 
1791,  aged  54.  He  published  Scripture 
doctrine  of  the  Son  and  Holy  Spirit— hymns 


EVA 


EVA 


for  public  worship — address  to  serious 
professors  of  Christianity — the  doctrine  of 
atonement,  or  Christ  crucified. 

Evans,  Evan,  a  native  of  Cardiganshire, 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford.  Though 
a  clergyman,  he  obtained  no  preferment, 
but  unfortunately  addicted  himself  to  in- 
temperate drinking,  and  died  1790,  aged 
60.  He  published  two  vols,  of  sermons 
by  Tillotson  and  others,  translated  into 
Welch — the  love  of  our  country,  an  Eng- 
lish poem — dissertatio  de  bardis,  with  spe- 
cimens of  Welch  poetry,  4to. 

Evans,  John,  deputy  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, arrived  in  that  capacity  Decem- 
ber, 1703.  His  administration  was  un- 
popular, and  he  was  removed  by  impeach- 
ment. Gookin  succeeded  him  in  March, 
1709.  ICJ^  L. 

Evans,  Nathaniel,  minister  and  poet, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1742,  and  graduated  at  the  college  in  that 
city  in  1765.  Having  been  ordained  by 
the  bishop  of  London,  he  entered  on  a 
mission  near  the  close  of  that  year,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Society  for  Propaga- 
ting the  Gospel,  in  Gloucester  county, 
New-Jersey,  where,  after  labouring  nearly 
ten  years,  he  died  29th  October,  1767. 
He  had  a  high  reputation  for  talents,  and 
left  a  variety  of  manuscripts,  from  which  a 
selection  of  poetry  and  prose  was  soon 
after  published.  fCF3  L. 

Evanson,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warring- 
ton, educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, after  which  he  became  curate  to  his 
uncle  at  Mitcham,  Surrey,  and  then  ob- 
tained in  1768  South  Mimms  living,  Mid- 
dlesex. In  1770  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Tewkesbury,  Gloucestershire,  and 
afterwards  to  Longdon,  Worcestershire. 
His  conduct  in  these  parishes,  and  the  al- 
terations which  he  presumed  to  introduce 
in  the  liturgy  and  in  the  forms  of  the  church 
duty,  highly  offended  his  auditors  ;  but, 
though  he  escaped  the  punishment  of  the 
ecclesiastical  law,  from  some  irregularity  in 
the  proceedings  adopted  against  him,  his 
unpopularity  continued  to  increase,  and 
he  resigned  his  livings  in  1778.  He  after- 
wards resided  at  Mitcham,  where  he  took 
some  pupils,  and  he  died  at  Colford,  Glou- 
cestershire, 25th  September,  1805,  aged 
74.  He  published  without  his  name  in 
in  1772,  the  doctrines  of  a  trinity  and  the 
incarnation  of  God,  examined  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  reason  and  common  sense,  &c. — 
the  dissonance  of  the  four  generally  re- 
ceived evangelists,  1792,  8vo. — Argument 
against  and  for  the  observance  of  Sunday, 
&c. — letter  to  Dr.  Priestley — reflection  on 
the  state  of  religion  in  Christendom,  &c. — 
and  he  was  also  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  bishop  Hurd,  on  the  subject  of  prophe- 
cy. An  account  of  the  prosecution  esta- 
blished against  him  was  published  1774,  fol. 


Evantics,  an  old  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
"  de  ambiguis,  sive  hybridis  animalibus," 
generally  printed  with  Petronius  et  Achros- 
ticon  in  funus  genitoris  sui  Nicholai,"  in- 
serted among  the  works  of  Eugenius  of 
Toledo. 

Evantus,  called  also  Evantius,  Even- 
tius,  and  Aventius,  a  bishop  of  Vienne  in 
the  sixth  century.  He  assisted  at  several 
councils,  and  died  586. 

Evaristus,  bishop  of  Rome,  100,  was 
martyred  nine  years  after.  He  gave  to 
the  emperor  an  excellent  apology  for  the 
Christian  religion. 

Ebulides,  a  philosopher  of  Miletus,  au- 
thor of  some  comedies,  and  a  tract  against 
Aristotle. 

Euchadius,  Augustinus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, author  of  "  vita?  octo  imperatorum  et 
descriptio  Danubii,"  preserved  in  the  libra- 
ry at  Vienna. 

Eucharios,  or  Houcharius,  Eligius,  a 
divine  and  poet  of  Ghent,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  then  settled  in  his  native  coun- 
try, in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century. 
He  wrote  the  lives  of  St.  Levinus,  Coleta, 
and  Bertulfius — a  comedy  of  the  patience 
of  Chryselleis — panegyric  of  St.  Agnes 
and  Catherine — and  some  other  works. 

Eucherius,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  was 
canonized  for  his  great  piety.  He  assist- 
ed at  some  councils,  and  wrote  various 
works,  in  the  ascetic  taste  of  the  times  5 
and  died  about  454. 

Euclid,  a  celebrated  mathematician  of 
Alexandria,  whose  books  of  geometry  are 
well  known.  Ptolemy  was  among  his  pu- 
pils.    He  flourished  B.  C.  300. 

Euclid,  a  philosopher  of  Megara,  the 
disciple  of  Socrates,  and  the  founder  of 
the  sect  of  wranglers. 

Eud.emon,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  born 
in  the  Island  of  Candia,  died  at  Rome 
1625.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is 
"  admonitio  ad  regem  Ludovicum  XIII." 
4to.  which  was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne, 
and  the  assembly  of  the  clergy,  and  an- 
swered by  Garasse. 

Eudes,  John,  brother  of  the  historian 
Mezerai,  was  born  at  Rye,  in  the  diocess 
of  Sees,  in  1601.  In  1643,  he  founded  the 
congregation  of  the  Eudists,  which  greatly 
increased  in  Normandy  and  Brittany.  He 
died  at  Caen  19th  August,  1680,  aged  79, 
and  left  several  devotional  works. 

Eudocia,  or  Athenais,  an  Athenian 
lady,  daughter  of  the  philosopher  Leon= 
tius.  When  left  little  property  by  her  fa- 
ther, who  bequeathed  his  inheritance  to 
his  two  sons,  she  went  to  Constantinople, 
and  became  the  favourite  of  the  empress 
Pulcheria,  and  in  421,  married  the  empe- 
ror Theodosius,  who,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy, 
divorced  her.  She  retired  upon  this  to  Je- 
rusalem, where  sho  died,  devoted  to  reli- 
615 


EVE 


EVE 


gious  duties,  460.  She  wrote  some  Greek 
poems,  &c. 

Eudocia,  or  Eudoxia,  surnamed  Ma- 
crembolitissa,  ascended  the  imperial  throne 
of  Constantinople  at  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, Constantine  Ducas,  1067.  One  of 
her  generals,  Romanus  Diogenes,  con- 
spired against  her ;  but  the  empress  con- 
demned him  to  death,  and  afterwards, 
struck  with  the  elegance  of  his  person, 
she  pardoned  him,  and  when  he  had  re- 
trieved his  character  by  valour  and  fidelity, 
she  made  him  her  husband.  In  1071,  her 
son  Michael  proclaimed  himself  emperor, 
and  shut  up  his  mother  in  a  monastery, 
where  she  ended  her  days  in  devotion  and 
study.  Some  MSS.  of  her  writing  on 
mythology,  &c.  were  preserved  in  the 
French  king's  library. 

Eudocia,  Feodoreuna,  daughter  of  the 
boyar  Feodor  Lapookin,  was  made,  16S9, 
the  first  wife  of  Peter  the  Great,  whom  he 
chose  out  of  the  hundred  young  girls  that 
he  had  by  proclamation  assembled  at  Mos- 
cow. Her  complaints  against  the  infidelity 
of  her  husband  produced  her  disgrace. 
She  was  hurled  from  the  throne,  divorced 
in  1696,  and  confined  in  a  convent  at  Sus- 
dal.  In  her  retirement  she  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  general  Glebof,  and,  trusting  to 
the  predictions  of  a  fanatic  bishop,  she  ex- 
pected the  death  of  her  husband,  and  her 
restoration  to  power  under  the  reign  of 
her  son.  Peter  was  informed  of  her  plans, 
and  she  was  scourged  by  two  nuns,  and 
then  immured  in  the  convent  of  Nova  La- 
doga, and  afterwards  in  the  fortress  of 
Shlusselburgb,  from  which  she  was  released 
at  the  accession  of  her  grandson  Peter  II. 
at  whose  coronation  she  was  present. 
She  died  in  the  monastery  of  Devitza, 
1731,  aged  59.  Glebof  was  cruelly  put  to 
death  by  order  of  the  inhuman  Peter,  and 
with  his  last  breath  he  asserted  his  inno- 
cence, and  that  of  the  injured  empress. 

Eudoxius,  an  Arian  of  Arabisso,  in 
Lesser  Armenia,  bishop  of  Germanicia, 
and  then  of  Antioch,  from  which  he  was 
deposed.  He  was  made  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople by  Constantius,  and  died  370, 
at  Nicaea.  He  wrote  a  discourse  on  the 
incarnation  of  the  Word. 

Eudoxus,  of  Cnidus,  studied  in  Egypt 
with  Plato,  and  opened  a  school  of  philoso- 
phy at  Athens. 

Evelyn,  John,  a  learned  writer,  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  and  respectable  fami- 
ly, in  the  county  of  Salop.  He  was  born 
at  Wotton,  in  Surrey,  31st  October,  1620  ; 
and  after  being  educated  at  Lewes  gram- 
mar-school, he  entered  at  Baliol  college  in 
1637.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars, 
he  obtained  permission  to  travel  from 
king  Charles  himself,  and  in  1644,  he  left 
England.  To  enlarge  his  mind  by  obser- 
vations on  the  manners  and  habits  of  va- 
616 


rious  countries,  to  examine  accurately 
their  commercial  and  agricultural  concerns, 
and  the  curiosities,  the  productions,  the 
antiquities,  the  arts,  and  the  sciences,  of 
every  place,  was  the  great  and  the  com- 
mendable object  of  his  intentions  ;  and  to 
these  pursuits,  so  honourable  to  himself, 
and  so  advantageous  to  his  countrymen, 
about  seven  years  of  his  life  were  devoted. 
In  1647,  while  at  Paris,  he  married  Mary, 
the  only  daughter  of  sir  Richard  Browne, 
bart.  the  king's  minister  at  the  French 
court ;  and  on  his  return  to  England,  in 
1651,  he  fixed  his  residence  at  her  seat,  at 
Sayes  court,  near  Deptford,  in  Kent.  At- 
tached by  choice  to  a  life  of  retirement, 
he  had  little  concern  with  public  affairs  ; 
but  after  the  expulsion  of  Richard  Crom- 
well from  the  protectorate,  he  was  zealous- 
ly engaged  in  promoting  the  restoration  of 
the  royal  family,  and  his  services  were  ac- 
knowledged by  Charles  at  his  return.  At 
the  establishment  of  the  royal  society,  in 
1662,  Mr.  Evelyn  was  appointed  one  of 
the  first  fellows,  and  counsel ;  a  distinc- 
tion to  which  he  was  entitled  by  his  vir- 
tues and  the  great  merit  of  his  works.  In 
1664,  he  was  made  one  of  the  commission- 
ers of  the  sick  and  wounded,  and  was  af- 
terwards appointed  one  of  the  commission- 
ers for  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Paul's.  In 
1669,  he  visited  Oxford,  where  he  was  ho- 
noured with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  This 
was  granted  out  of  respect,  not  only  to  his 
great  abilities  and  universal  beneficence, 
but  the  active  part  which  he  had  taken  in 
procuring  the  Arundelian  marbles,  which, 
by  his  intercession  with  lord  Henry  How- 
ard, were  handsomely  presented  to  that 
learned  body,  for  which  he,  together  with 
the  noble  donor,  received  the  thanks  of 
the  university  by  their  delegates.  About 
this  time,  he  was  nominated  one  of  the 
members  of  the  board  of  trade  ;  and  under 
James  II.  he  was  one  of  the  commission- 
ers to  execute  the  office  of  lord  privy  seal ; 
and  after  the  revolution,  he  became  treasu- 
rer of  Greenwich  hospital.  This  great 
and  good  man  died  in  the  86th  year  of  his 
life,  27th  February,  1706,  and  was  interred 
at  Wotton,  in  a  stone  coffin,  over  which 
was  this  inscription  :  "  That  living  in  an 
age  of  extraordinary  events  and  revolu- 
tions, he  had  learned  from  thence  this 
truth,  which  he  desired  might  thus  be 
communicated  to  posterity,  that  all  is  vani- 
ty which  is  not  honest,  and  that  there  is 
no  solid  wisdom  but  in  real  piety."  His 
wife  survived  him  till  9th  February,  1709, 
in  her  74th  year,  and  she  was  deposited  in 
a  stone  coffin  near  him.  By  her  he  had 
five  sons  and  three  daughters.  All  the 
sons  except  one  died  young,  and  only  one 
daughter  survived  him,  Susannah,  married 
to  Mr.  Draper,  of  Addiscombe,  Surrey. 
Mr.  Evelvn's  works  amount  to  more  thaa 


EVE 

25  various  publications,  besides  communi- 
cations and  other  papers   inserted  in  the 
transactions   of  the  royal  and  other  socie- 
ties.    Of  these,  the    most   known  are  his 
sculptura,  or  the  history  and  art  of  chalco- 
graphy and  engraving  in  copper,  with  an 
ample  enumeration  of  the  most  renowned 
masters    and   their  works,  with  the   new 
manner    of    engraving,    or    mezzo-tinto, 
communicated  by  his  highness  prince  Ru- 
pert to  the  author  of  this  treatise,  London, 
1662,    8vo.   a  very  learned  and  valuable 
work,  edited    again  in    1755,   and  highly 
commended  by  Mr.  Walpole — Sylva,  or  a 
discourse  of  forest-trees,  and  the  propaga- 
tion of  timber  in  his  majesty's  dominions, 
to  which   is  annexed,  Pomona,  concerning 
fruit-trees,  &c.  1664,  folio,  a  popular  work, 
which,  as  the   author  says  in  the  second 
edition,   1669,   was  the  cause  that   more 
than    two    millions    of   timber-trees   had 
been  furnished    in    the   three  kingdoms. 
The   sixth  edition  of  this   excellent  book 
was  published  by  Dr.  A.  Hunter,  of  York, 
enriched  with  notes  and  a  life  of  the  au- 
thor, 1776.     He  wrote  also   a  parallel  of 
ancient  architecture  with  the  modern,  &c. 
the  third   edition    of  which   appeared   in 
1733,  folio — kalendarium  Hortense,  1664, 
a  publication  many  times  edited,  and  from 
which  all  modern  gardening  books  are  bor- 
rowed— public  employment  and  active  life 
preferred  to  solitude,  in  reply  to  Sir  George 
Mackenzie's  book  on  a  contrary  title — the 
perfection  of  painting  demonstrated  from 
the  principles  of  art,  &c. — a  philosophical 
discourse  of  earth,  relating  to  the  culture 
and  improvement  of  it  for  vegetation,  &c. 
— mundus  muliebris,  or  the  lady's  dressing- 
room  unlocked,  and  her  toilet  spread,  in 
burlesque — Numata,a  discourse  on  medals, 
ancient  and  modern,  with  some  account  of 
heads  and  effigies,  &c.     Besides  these,  he 
planned,  but    never  completed,  a  general 
history  of  all  trades — also  elysium  Britan- 
nicum.     It  was  a  happy  addition  to  the 
virtues    and  extensive    powers  of   mind 
which  he  possessed,  that  he  was  in  easy 
and  independent  circumstances,  which  left 
him  no  wish  unsatisfied  which  a  man  of 
worth  and  virtue  could  form.     His  library 
was  large  and  selected  ;    his  grounds  and 
gardens  about  his  mansion  were  neatly  cul- 
tivated, and  adorned  with  all  the  embellish- 
ments of  nature  and  art  which  his  fertile 
genius    could    suggest ;    and   among   his 
friends  he  could  number  the  greatest  and 
the  most  ingenious  and  learned  men  of  the 
times.     His  services  to  literature  and  man- 
kind have  been  celebrated  by  Cowley,  Jo- 
seph Glanville,  Dr.  Wotton,  bishop  Burnet, 
Roger  North,  &c.  and,  among  foreigners, 
by  Morhoff,  and  others.     He  was  also  an 
artist,  for  "  if  he  had  not  been,"  says  Mr. 
Walpole,  "  I  should  have  found  it  difficult 
to  deny  myself  the  pleasure  of  allotting 
Vol.  I.  78 


EVE 

him  a  place  among  the  arts  he  loved,  pro- 
moted, patronised.  If  I  have  once  or 
twice  criticised  him,  they  are  trifling  ble- 
mishes, compared  with  his  amiable  virtues 
and  beneficence.  It  may  be  remarked,  that 
the  worst  to  be  said  of  him  is,  that  he  knew 
more  than  he  always  communicated.  His 
life  was  a  course  of  inquiry,  study,  curio- 
sity, instruction,  and  benevolence.  The 
works  of  the  Creator,  and  the  mimic  la- 
bours of  the  creature,  were  all  objects  of 
his  pursuit.  He  adored  from  examination, 
was  a  courtier  that  flattered  only  by  in- 
forming his  prince,  and  was  really  the 
neighbour  of  the  Gospel,  for  there  was  no 
man  that  might  not  have  been  the  better 
for  him.  He  promoted  the  royal  society, 
he  obtained  the  Arundelian  marbles  for  the 
university  of  Oxford,  and  he  proposed  to 
Mr.  Boyle  the  erection  of  a  philosophical 
college  for  retired  and  speculative  persons, 
and  he  had  the  honesty  to  write  in  defence 
of  active  life  against  Mr.  Mackenzie's  es- 
say on  solitude.  He  knew  that  retirement 
in  his  own  hands  was  industry  and  benefit 
to  mankind,  in  those  of  others  laziness  and 
inutility." 

Evelyn,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Sayes  court,  near  Deptford,  14th 
January,  1654.  In  1666,  he  went  to  Ox- 
ford, under  the  care  of  Dr.  Bathurst,  of 
Trinity  college,  but  did  not  till  two  years 
after  become  a  member  of  the  university. 
When  little  more  than  15,  he  wrote  that 
elegant  Greek  poem  which  is  prefixed  to 
the  second  edition  of  his  father's  Sylva. 
The  powers  of  genius  thus  early  displayed 
were  cultivated  with  the  greatest  attention, 
and  gave  birth  to  some  other  original  pieces 
of  poetry,  inserted  in  Dryden's  miscella- 
nies. He  also  translated,  in  elegant  lan- 
guage, the  four  books  of  gardens  from  the 
poems  of  Renatus  Rapinus,  1673 — besides 
Alexander's  life,  from  Plutarch,  inserted  in 
the  4th  volume  of  Plutarch,  by  several 
hands — and  the  history  of  the  grand  vi- 
ziers, &c.  with  the  secret  intrigues  of  the 
seraglio,  1677,  8vo.  He  married  Martha, 
daughter  of  Richard  Spenser,  Esq.  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters. He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  revenue  in  Ireland,  and  died  in  the 
flower  of  his  age,  in  London,  24th  March, 
163S,  aged  45.  His  eldest  son  and  two 
daughters  died  infants  ;  the  other  daughter 
married  the  eldest  son  of  lord  chancellor 
Harcourt;  and  the  son  married,  1705,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Boscawen,  and  was  in 
1713,  created  a  baronet.  He  was  a  com- 
missioner of  the  customs,  and  fellow  of 
the  royal  society. 

Everard,  Sir  Richard,  baronet,  gover- 
nor of  North  Carolina  under  the  proprie- 
tors, was  appointed  in  1724,  but  did  not 
arrive  in  the  colony  until  1725.  Burring- 
ton  was  his  predecessor.  His  administra- 
617 


EUG 


ELG 


tlon  was  disturbed  by  frequent  altercations 
with  the  council.  In  1729,  the  proprietors 
of  Carolina  surrendered  the  province  into 
the  hands  of  the  king,  who  appointed  Bur- 
lington governor  of  the  northern  division. 
He  died  in  London,  Feb.  17th,  1733,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Richard,  in  his 
title  and  estate.  iQ^  L. 

Everdingen,  Caesar  Van,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er, born  at  Alcmaer,  died  1679,  aged  73. 
His  victory  of  David  over  Goliath,  in  the 
church  of  Alcmaer,  is  his  best  piece.  His 
nephew,  Albert,  was  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.     He  died  1675,  aged  54. 

Eugene,  Francis,  prince  of  Savoy,  was 
born  in  1663.  He  was  son  of  Eugene 
Maurice,  general  of  the  Swiss  and  Grisons, 
governor  of  Champagne,  and  earl  of  Sois- 
sons,  by  Olyrapia  Mancini,  niece  of  cardi- 
nal Mazarin.  He  was  early  intended  for 
the  church,  and  received  an  abbey  from  the 
French  king,  as  a  step  to  a  cardinal's  hat ; 
but  the  death  of  his  father,  before  he  was 
10  years  of  age,  altered  the  prospects  of 
his  future  life.  The  unjust  banishment  of 
his  mother  to  the  Low  Countries  raised  his 
indignation  ;  and  as  Curtius  and  Caesar 
seemed  more  favourite  authors  with  him 
than  all  the  divines  of  the  church,  he  pant- 
ed for  military  employments,  and  when 
refused  by  the  king  he  removed  to  Vienna 
with  his  brother  Philip.  The  emperor  re- 
ceived them  with  great  courtesy,  and  from 
that  time  the  two  brothers,  rejecting  the 
offers  of  France,  determined  to  become 
the  faithful  subjects  of  the  imperial  house. 
They  soon  distinguished  themselves  against 
the  Turks  ;  but  the  death  of  Philip,  whilst 
bravely  fighting,  left  Eugene  to  avenge  his 
fall,  and  to  conduct  his  regiment  to  victory. 
In  1683,  Eugene  displayed  astonishing 
powers  of  valour  in  the  presence  of  the 
princes  and  generals  of  the  Austrian  troops, 
in  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna  ;  and 
at  New  Lausel  and  Buda  his  bravery  again 
became  so  conspicuous,  that  the  duke  of 
Lorraine,  in  presenting  him  to  the  emperor, 
said,  "  May  it  please  your  majesty,  this 
young  Savoyard  will  some  time  or  other  be 
the  greatest  captain  of  the  age."  The 
declaration  of  war  against  the  empire  by 
Lewis  XIV.  called  forth  all  the  abilities  of 
Eugene  ;  he  was  removed  from  the  less 
important  campaign  against  the  Turks,  to 
resist  the  French  ;  and  he  so  effectually 
blocked  up  Mantua,  that  for  two  years  his 
enemies  were  unable  to  advance  a  single 
step  in  Italy.  The  peace  between  Savoy 
and  France,  in  1696,  enabled  Lewis  to 
negotiate  with  Eugene  ;  but  the  offer  of 
the  government  of  Champagne,  of  a  mar- 
shal's baton,  and  of  an  annual  pension  of 
2000  pistoles,  could  not  shake  his  fidelity  to 
the  emperor.  His  attachment  was  so  well 
tried,  that  he  was  made  commander-in-chief 
of  the  imperial  forces  in  Hnngarv,  where 
61? 


he  completed  the  campaign  by  the  total  de- 
feat of  the  Turkish  army,  commanded  by 
the  grand  seignor  in  person,  1697.  In  this 
famous  battle,  fought  at  Zenta,  near  Peter- 
wardin,  the  Turks  lost  20,000  men  killed, 
12,000  drowned,  and  6000  prisoners,  be- 
sides oxen,  camels,  and  horses,  and  a  booty 
which  amounted  to  several  millions  of 
pounds  sterling,  whilst  the  Germans  had  no 
more  than  430  men  killed.  The  peace  of 
Carlowitch,  in  1699,  was  thus  ensured  by 
the  valour  of  Eugene,  and  put  an  end  to  a 
war  of  15  years,  but  new  laurels  awaited 
the  hero,  on  the  death  of  the  king  of  Spain. 
While  France  claimed  the  succession,  the 
emperor  set  forth  also  his  title  to  the 
crown,  and  Eugene  was  sent  to  Italy  to  op- 
pose the  French  forces  under  Villeroi. 
Though  inferior  in  numbers,  Eugene  ob- 
tained the  superiority  in  every  encounter, 
and  planned  his  measures  with  such  wis- 
dom that  he  surprised  Cremona,  and  carried 
Villeroi  away  his  prisoner,  by  a  coup-de- 
main.  To  the  imperialists  were  soon  add- 
ed the  English,  who  viewed  with  jealousy 
the  elevation  of  the  duke  of  Anjou  to  the 
throne  of  Spain,  and  resented  the  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  pretender  for  king  of  Eng- 
land by  Lewis.  Eugene  at  the  head  of  the 
imperial  council  of  the  war,  and  in  the 
field,  displayed  his  usual  abilities,  and  the 
battles  of  Schellenburg,  Blenheim,  Turin, 
&c.  became  the  scenes  of  the  superior 
powers  of  his  mind  and  of  the  successful 
execution  of  his  plans.  His  influence  was 
so  great  that  his  enemies  determined  to  cut 
him  off  by  poison.  He  accordingly,  in 
1710,  received  a  letter,  enclosing  a  paper 
poisoned  to  such  a  degree  that  it  made 
him,  and  three  more  who  touched  it,  ready 
to  swoon,  and  killed  a  dog  upon  the  spot 
upon  his  swallowing  the  noxious  contents. 
In  1712,  he  came  over  to  England,  to  in- 
duce the  court  to  continue  the  war  ;  but 
he  was  surprised  to  find  his  friend  and 
comrade  Marlborough  in  disgrace,  and  a 
new  ministry  totally  averse  to  his  measures. 
He,  however,  received  the  honour  due  to 
his  rank  and  merit ;  he  was  magnificently 
feasted  in  the  city  of  London  ;  he  received 
a  sword  worth  5000J.  from  the  queen,  which 
he  wore  on  her  birthday  ;  but  in  the  midst 
of  the  compliments  paid  him  he  still  show- 
ed his  respect  for  Marlborough,  by  taking 
his  abode  solely  with  him.  Unsuccessful 
in  London  as  a  negotiator,  he  returned  to 
the  armies,  where  he  was  forced  to  act  upon 
the  defensive,  to  check  the  advance  of  the 
French  forces  into  Germany.  In  March, 
1714,  he  signed  with  marshal  Villars,  pre- 
liminary articles  of  peace,  which  were  the 
September  following  concluded  by  a  solemn 
treaty.  He  was  received  at  Vienna  in  the 
most  flattering  manner  by  the  emperor ; 
but,  in  the  bosom  of  peace,  new  victories 
awaited  him.     The  Turks  began  to  threaten 


LLC, 


ell 


the  imperialists  in  1716,  and  Eugene,  pla- 
cing himself  at  the  head  of  the  army  in 
Hungary,  defeated  them  with  dreadful 
slaughter,  and  took  Tameswaer,  of  which 
they  had  had  possession  164  years,  and 
afterwards  besieged  and  reduced  Belgrade. 
After  the  peace  with  the  Turks,  Eugene 
had  little  to  do  with  the  disputes  between 
Spain  and  the  emperor.  In  1733,  he  was, 
however,  engaged  in  the  wars  between  the 
imperialists  and  the  kings  of  France,  Spain, 
and  Sardinia,  where  his  usual  prudence  and 
success  were  eminently  displayed.  He  died 
at  Vienna,  10th  April,  1736,  aged  73.  His 
death  was  sudden,  as  the  preceding  day  he 
had  entertained  company,  and  he  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  choked  in  the  night  by 
a  strong  defluetion  of  rheum.  This  heroic 
general  deserved  equal  commendation  in 
the  character  of  a  private  man.  He  was 
affable,  modest,  generous,  and  humane. 
He  was  also  the  patron  of  learned  men, 
and  himself  no  indifferent  scholar.  Tho- 
mas a  Kempis's  book,  de  imitatione,  was 
the  constant  companion  of  his  travels  and 
campaigns,  and  he  wisely  observed,  with 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  that  a  good  Christian 
always  made  a  good  soldier.  His  collec- 
tion of  books,  pictures,  and  prints,  is  pre- 
served in  the  imperial  library.  His  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  by  cardinal  Passionei, 
nuncio  at  Vienna,  from  these  words  of 
Maccabees,  "  Alexander,  son  of  Philip  the 
Macedonian,  made  many  wars,  took  many 
strong  holds,  went  through  the  ends  of  the 
earth,  took  spoils  of  many  nations.  The 
earth  was  quiet  before  him.  After  these 
things  he  fell  sick,  and  perceived  that  he 
should  die." 

Eugenius  I.  St.  pope,  after  Martin,  654, 
died  three  years  after,  1st  June.  He  was 
a  pious  and  benevolent  pontiff. 

Eugenius  II.  succeeded  Pascal  I.  824, 
and  died  three  years  after,  27th  October. 
He  supported  the  water  ordeal,  and  was  an 
advocate  for  image  worship,  though  it  was 
condemned  by  the  council  of  Paris. 

Eugenius  III.  was  made  pope  1145; 
but  dissatisfied  with  the  tumultuous  con- 
duct of  the  Romans,  he  retired  to  Pisa, 
and  thence  to  Paris,  and  to  Rheims,  where 
he  called  a  council.  He  died  at  Tivoli, 
7th  July,  1153. 

Eugenius  IV.  Gabriel  Condolmero,  a 
Venetian,  elected  pope  1431,  after  Martin 
V.  He  had  a  violent  dispute  with  the 
council  which  had  assembled  at  Basil, 
and  issued  a  bull  to  dissolve  it ;  but  the 
bishops  resisted  his  authority,  and  he  was 
at  last  obliged  to  assent  to  their  resolutions, 
and  to  confirm  them.  Another  council  at 
Eerrara  was  equally  obstinate,  though  the 
pope  proposed  a  reconciliation  and  union 
between  the  eastern  and  western  churches, 
supported  by  the  presence  and  authority  of 
the  emperor  John  Palrcologus,  and  of  seve- 


ral Greek  bishops.  The  sudden  breaking 
out  of  a  plague  dispersed  the  council, 
which  removed  to  Florence  ;  but  the  terms 
of  pacification  which  were  there  adopted 
were  soon  violated.  The  council  of  Basil 
presumed  to  depose  the  pontiff,  and  to  ap- 
point Amadeus  VIII.  duke  of  Savoy  in  his 
room,  under  the  title  of  Felix  V.;  but  the 
cause  of  the  dishonoured  Eugenius  pre- 
vailed, and  he  died  at  Rome  in  the  lull 
enjoyment  of  his  privileges,  1447,  aged  64. 
Eugenius,  a  grammarian,  whom  count 
Arbogastus  proclaimed  emperor  in  Dau- 
phine,  after  the  death  of  Valentinian  the 
younger,  392.  Though  successful  in  his 
first  attempts  upon  Milan,  and  in  his  inva- 
sion of  Italy,  he  was  soon  after  defeated  by 
Theodosius,  and  fell  in  battle,  394. 

Euler,  Leonard,  an  illustrious  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Basil,  14th  July,  1707.  His 
father,  Paul  Euler,  who  was  Protestant 
minister  of  Richen,  intended  him  for  the 
ministry,  and  he  instructed  him  himself  in 
mathematics,  for  the  groundwork  of  all 
other  improvements  ;  but  the  genius  of  the 
son  was  bent  to  philosophical  pursuits, 
rather  than  theology.  Encouraged  by  the 
Bernoullis,  he  soon  followed  them,  1727, 
to  Petersburgh,  where  Catherine  I.  had 
founded,  in  1723,  an  academy  of  sciences, 
and  in  1727,  he  was  appointed  adjutant  to 
the  mathematical  class  of  the  academy. 
His  different  publications  on  the  nature  and 
propagation  of  sound,  on  curves,  on  the 
calculus  integralis,  the  movement  of  the 
celestial  bodies,  and  other  useful  subjects, 
had  already  i-aised  his  reputation,  and  rank- 
ed him  among  the  greatest  of  philosophers. 
The  powers  of  his  mind  were  indeed 
astonishing.  While  his  fellow-academi- 
cians asked  four  months  to  complete  an 
important  calculation,  he  finished  it  in 
three  days,  but  so  intense  had  been  his  ap- 
plication that  it  produced  a  fever,  which 
robbed  him  of  the  sight  of  one  of  his  eyes. 
He  gained,  in  1740,  with  Maclaurin  and 
D.  Bernoulli,  the  prize  of  the  academy  of 
Paris,  on  the  nature  of  tides  ;  and  the  la- 
bours of  these  three  illustrious  men,  thus 
adjudged  equally  meritorious,  traced  the 
effects,  though  by  different  roads,  to  the 
same  causes.  In  1741,  he  removed  to  Ber- 
lin, at  the  invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  assisted  the  monarch  in  the  establish- 
ment of  an  academy  of  sciences,  whose 
memoirs  he  enriched  by  valuable  commu- 
nications. Still  indefatigable,  he  produced 
his  theory  of  the  motions  of  the  planets 
and  comets,  the  theory  of  magnetism,  the 
theory  of  light  and  colours  against  New- 
ton's system  of  emanations,  and  the  theory 
of  the  equilibrium  and  motion  of  floating 
bodies  and  the  resistance  of  fluids.  In 
1773  he  also  published  his  theorie  complette 
de  la  construction  et  de  la  manoeuvre  des 
varsseaux,  which  valuable  work  was  tran«- 
619 


£UL 


EYE 


Jated  into  all  languages,  and  was  rewarded 
with  6000  livrcs  from  the  French  king,  as 
his    theorems  before   had   been   rewarded 
with  300/.  from  the  British  parliament.  His 
labours  of  thirty  years  on  the  most  intricate 
subject  of  infinitesimals  were  communica- 
ted to   the  public  by  his  "  introduction  to 
the  analysis  of  infinitesimals,"  and  followed 
by  lessons  on  the   calculus  integralis,  and 
differentialis.     Thus  engaged  in  the  cause 
of  science,  and  for  the  benefit  of  mankind, 
lie  continued  in  the  enjoyment  of  health  to 
a  good  old  age,   and  while    arranging  his 
thoughts  on  the  motion  of  the  aerostatical 
globes,  and  conversing  with  his  friend  Lex- 
ell  on  the  new  planet,  he  was  suddenly  at- 
tacked by  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  as  he  played 
with   one  of  his  grandchildren  at  tea-time. 
The  stroke  was  sudden,  and  immediately 
fatal.     "lam  dying,"  were  his  last  words, 
and  a  few  hours  after  he  expired,  7th  Sep- 
tember, 1783,  aged  76  years  five  months  and 
three  days.  Besides  the  works  already  enu- 
merated,   there  are  many  others,  equally 
valuable,  on  geometrical  and  philosophical 
subjects.     He   was  a  man,  indeed,  as  his 
impartial  and  eloquent  eulogist,  Fuss,  has 
mentioned,    of  astonishing  powers,  great 
and  extensive  erudition,  and  of  such  reten- 
tive memory  that  he  could  repeat  the  whole 
of  the  iEneid,  and  in   one  night  he  calcu- 
lated in  his  head  the  six  first  powers  of  all 
the  numbers  above  20,   which  he  repeated 
the  next   day  most  correctly  to  his  asto- 
nished friends.     Affable,  humane,  and  be- 
nevolent in  his  conduct,  he  could  abandon 
the  most  abstruse  studies  to  mix  with  the 
general  amusements  of  society,  and,  with 
unusual  vivacity,  enter  into  all  the  trifles 
and  the  frivolous  anecdotes  which  often  fill 
up  the  vacuum  of  company.      His  piety 
was  ardent  but  sincere,  he  loved  mankind, 
and  defended  the  great  truths  of  religion 
with   earnestness  and    fidelity.      He  was 
twice  married,  and  was  father  of  thirteen 
children  ;  four  of  whom  only  survived  him. 
The  eldest  son  was  his  assistant  and  suc- 
cessor ;  the  second,  physician  to  the  em- 
press ;  and  the  third,  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the   artillery  ;   the  daughter  married  major 
Bell.     These  four  children  gave  him  thirty- 
eight  grandchildren,  among   whom  he  was 
viewed  as  a  venerable  and  deservedly  res- 
pected patriarch.      The   list  of  his  works 
makes  fifty  pages,  fourteen  of  which  con- 
tain the  MS.  works.     The  printed  works 
amount  to  thirty-eight  volumes,  and  are 
found    in    the  Petersburg,    Paris,    Berlin 
acts,  &c. 

Eulogius,  a  patriarch  of  Alexandria, 
intimate  with  Gregory  the  great.  He 
wrote  against  the  Novatians,  and  died  608. 
Eulogius,  the  martyr  of  Cordova,  put 
to  death  by  the  Saracens,  859,  after  being- 
elected,  but  not  consecrated,  archbishop  of 
r,20 


Toledo.     He  wrote  a  history  of  some  mar- 
tyrs,  &c. 

Eumathius,  a  Greek  writer  of  amato- 
rial  compositions.  He  wrote  Ismenias  and 
Ismene.  The  age  in  which  he  lived  is  un- 
known. He  is  sometimes  called  Eusta- 
thius. 

Eumenes,  a  celebrated  general  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  He  was  at  last  overpow- 
ered in  the  dissensions  which  divided  the 
generals  of  Alexander,  and  put  to  death  by 
Antigonus,  316  B.  C. 

Eumenes,  a  king  of  Pergamus,  B.  C. 
263.  His  nephew  of  the  same  name,  was 
king,  197  B.  C.  and  reigned  38  years. 

Eumenius,  an  eminent  orator,  about 
310  A.  D. 

Eunapius,  a  physician  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury, a  violent  enemy  of  Christianity.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  philosophers  and  sophists, 
the  history  of  the  Cssars,  &c. 

Eunomius,  a  native  of  Cappadocia,  in 
the  4th  century,  disciple  of  vEtius,  and 
founder  of  a  sect  called  Eunomians,  who 
denied  the  essential  deity  of  Christ.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  360,  but  was 
several  times  banished  for  his  fanatical  opi- 
nions, and  died  very  old,  394,  after  expe- 
riencing a  great  variety  of  sufferings. 

Euphemia,  Flavia  Elia  Marcia,  the  con- 
cubine, and  then  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Justin  I.  died  without  children,  523.  She 
showed  herself  a  great  and  benevolent  prin- 
cess on  the  throne. 

Euphemius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  quarrelled  with  the  popes  about 
the  insertion  of  names  among  the  saints, 
and  was  banished  by  Anastasius  to  Ancyra, 
where  he  died,  515. 

Euphorion,  a  Greek  poet  and  historian 

of  Chalcis,  in  Eubcea,   B.   C.  274.     There 

were  two  other  writers  of  the  same  name. 

Euphranor,  an  Athenian  painter  and 

sculptor,  B.  C.  352. 

Euphrates,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century. 
He  and  his  followers  imagined  that  our 
first  parents  were  deceived  by  Christ,  in  the 
form  of  a  serpent,  and  therefore  they  paid 
divine  honours  to  serpents,  and  thence 
were  called  ophites,  or  serpentarians. 
There  was  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  this 
name  under  Perdiccas,  and  another,  a  stoic, 
in  the  age  of  Adrian. 

Eupolis,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  B.  C. 
435,  said  to  have  been  thrown  into  the  sea 
by  Alcibiades,  because  he  had  written  a 
play  to  satirize  him. 

Evermond,  St.  Charles  de  St.  Denis  lord 
of,  a  well-known  French  writer,  of  a  noble 
family  in  Normandy,  born  at  St.  Denis  le 
Guast,  April  1st,  1613.  He  was  educated 
in  the  college  of  Clermont,  Paris,  and  at 
Caen,  and  being  a  younger  son,  was  in- 
tended for  the  law,  but  his  inclinations 
turned  to  a  military  life,  and  before  he  was 


EYE 


ELS 


sixteen,  he  obtained  an  ensigncy.  He  sig- 
nalized himself  in  the  army,  and  was  as 
well  known  for  his  politeness  and  literary 
accomplishments,  as  for  his  valour  in  the 
field,  so  that  the  duke  of  Enghien  admiring 
his  character,  made  him  lieutenant  of  his 
guards  to  have  him  near  his  person.  He 
was  at  the  siege  of  Arras,  in  1640,  and 
served  in  the  campaigns  of  Rocroy  and 
Friburg,  and  was  wounded  in  the  knee,  in 
the  battle  of  Nortlingen.  After  the  taking 
of  Fumes  in  1646,  the  duke  commissioned 
him  to  convey  the  news  to  the  court,  and 
to  concert  with  Mazarin  measures  for  the 
siege  and  reduction  of  Dunkirk,  but  he  was 
in  1648,  for  some  satirical  remarks,  dismiss- 
ed from  the  confidence  and  friendship  of 
the  duke,  who  unfortunately  loved  raillery, 
but  was  not  magnanimous  enough  to  par- 
don it.  He  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
the  court,  and  the  king,  well  acquainted 
with  his  merits,  made  him  in  1552,  a  major 
general,  and  granted  him  a  pension  of  3000 
livres  a  year.  He  served  in  Guienne  un- 
der the  duke  of  Candale,  and  after  a  con- 
finement of  three  months  in  the  Bastile  for 
reflections  on  Mazarin's  character,  he  was 
permitted  to  attend  the  campaign  of  Flan- 
ders in  1654.  In  1657,  he  fought  a  duel 
with  the  marquis  de  Force,  which  proved 
so  offensive  to  the  court,  that  he  retired 
into  the  country,  till  his  friends  could  pro- 
cure his  pardon.  In  the  campaign  of  1649 
he  served  in  Flanders,  and  soon  after,  he 
accompanied  Mazarin  in  the  negotiation  and 
conclusion  of  a  treaty  with  the  Spanish 
ministry.  Of  this  journey  and  negotiation 
he  gave  a  written  account  to  the  marquis 
of  Crequi,  which  contained  such  severe  re- 
flections on  the  character  of  Mazarin,  and 
such  odious  charges  of  sacrificing  the  ho- 
nour of  France  to  private  interest,  that  the 
composition  was  considered  as  treasonable, 
and  though  the  cardinal  was  dead,  the  wri- 
ter was  obliged  to  fly  to  Holland,  in  1661, 
from  the  persecution  of  the  court.  From 
Holland  he  immediately  passed  to  England, 
where  he  had  been  sent  the  year  before  by 
the  French  king,  to  congratulate  Charles 
on  his  restoration,  and  he  was  received 
with  great  courtesy  by  Buckingham,  and 
the  English  nobility.  Devoting  himself 
here  to  literature,  and  the  society  of  his 
friends,  he  did  not,  however,  forget  his  na- 
tive country,  and  he  solicited  his  return 
from  the  court,  but  to  no  purpose.  He  af- 
terwards visited  Flanders,  Spa,  and  Liege, 
and  wished  to  fix  his  residence  in  Holland, 
but  the  invitations  of  Charles,  by  the  hands 
of  Sir  William  Temple  and  lord  Arlington, 
prevailed  upon  him  to  return  to  England, 
where  the  king  granted  "him  a  pension  of 
300Z.  a  year.  On  the  death  of  Charles  he 
lost  his  pension,  and  his  applications  to  the 
French  king  for  pardon,  by  the  means  of 
his  friend  Crequi,  proved  ineffectual ;  but 


though  deserted  by  his  country,  he  refused 
to  accept  near  James's  person  the  honour- 
able office  of  private  secretary  of  the  cabi- 
net. The  revolution  proved  more  favour- 
able to  his  interests,  William  honoured  the 
illustrious  stranger  with  his  friendship,  and 
while  he  liberally  patronised  him,  he  de- 
lighted in  his  conversation,  and  eagerly 
heard  from  him  the  recital  of  the  wars  and 
adventures  of  his  youthful  days.  At  last 
the  French  king  relented,  and  offers  of  re- 
conciliation were  sent  by  count  Grammont, 
but  St.  Evremond  now  refused  to  quit  a 
country  where  he  had  been  so  hospitably 
treated,  and  where  his  old  age  and  infirmi- 
ties could  meet  with  a  continuation  of  long- 
experienced  comforts.  He  died  on  the. 
9th  of  September,  1703,  of  a  strangury,  in 
his  95th  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  a  monument  was  erected 
to  his  memory.  St.  Evremond  was  an 
accomplished  gentleman,  and  though  his 
morals  were  not  rigid,  he  was  generous  in 
his  conduct,  humane,  and  benevolent. 
Though  suspected  by  Bayle  of  being  a  free- 
thinker, he  always  professed  the  Romish 
faith,  and  though  occasionally  giving  a 
loose  to  satire,  and  making  pleasure  the 
sole  business  of  life,  he  never  spoke  with 
jocularity,  or  indecorous  freedom  of  reli- 
gion or  morality.  Common  decency,  says 
he,  and  the  regard  due  to  one's  fellow-crea- 
tures, will  not  suffer  it.  He  describes  him- 
self as  a  phi'osopher  equally  remote  from 
superstition  and  impiety,  a  voluptuary, 
who  has  no  less  aversion  for  debauchery 
than  inclination  for  pleasure,  who  lived  in  a 
condition,  despised  by  those  who  have 
every  thing,  and  envied  by  those  who  have 
nothing,  but  relished  by  those  who  make 
reason  the  foundation  of  their  happiness. 
He  is  well  pleased  with  nature,  and  does 
not  complain  of  fortune,  he  hates  vice,  is 
indulgent  to  frailties,  arul  laments  misfor- 
tunes. He  searches  not  after  the  failings 
of  men  to  expose  them,  and  only  finds  out 
the  ridiculous  in  them  for  his  own  diver- 
sion. Of  his  works,  which  consist  of  light 
pieces  of  poetry  and  prose,  the  best  edition 
is  that  of  Amsterdam  1726,  five  vols.  12mo. 
with  two  other  volumes  of  pieces  attributed 
to  his  pen,  with  his  life  prefixed  by  des 
Maizeaux.  They  have  been  translated, 
London,  1728,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Euripides,  a  Greek  tragic  poet,  born  at 
Salamis  about  480  B.  C.  Only  nineteen  of 
his  sublime  tragedies  are  extant. 

Eurydice,  wife  of  Ainyntas,  king  of 
Macedonia,  was  the  mother  of  Philip,  the 
father  of  Alexander,  and  conspired  against 
her  husband. 

Eurydice,  daughter  of  Aridaeus,  was 
put  to  death  by  Olympias,  with  the  rest  of 
her  family. 

Eusden,    Lawrence,    an   English  poet, 
descended  from  an  Irish  family,   and  born 
6-21 


UUS 


EUT 


at  Spotsworth  in  Yorkshire,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  rector.  He  was  educated  at  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  and  upon  taking 
orders,  was  made  chaplain  to  lord  Wil- 
loughby  de  Broke.  He  was  also  patro- 
nised by  lord  Halifax,  and  by  the  duke  of 
Newcastle,  whose  marriage  with  lady  Hen- 
rietta Godolphin  he  celebrated  in  verse,  for 
which  the  duke,  on  Rowe's  death,  ap- 
pointed him  laureate,  1718.  This  elevation 
was  viewed  with  jealousy  by  the  contempo- 
rary bards  :  and  Pope,  without  any  known 
cause,  assigned  to  the  laureat  a  distinguish- 
ed place  in  his  Dunciad.  Eusden  died  at 
his  rectory  at  Coningsby,  Lincolnshire, 
27th  September,  1730.  One  of  his  biogra- 
phers has  asserted,  that  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  he  became  a  very  great  drunkard, 
but  perhaps  without  authority.  He  left 
a  MS.  translation  of  Tasso.  Some  of 
his  poems  are  preserved  in  Nichols's  select 
collection. 

Eusebia,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  or  St. 
Saviour's,  at  Marseilles,  who  is  said  to 
have  cut  off  her  nose,  to  secure  herself 
from  the  brutality  of  Saracen  ravishers. 
Her  nuns  followed  her  example,  but  they 
were  all  murdered  by  the  disappointed 
barbarians,  731.  A  similar  story  is  re- 
lated of  an  abbess  of  Coldingham  in 
England. 

Eusebius,  a  Greek  bishop  of  Rome  after 
Marcellus,  310.  He  violently  opposed  the 
readmission  of  lapsed  Christians  to  the 
communion,  for  which  he  was  banished  to 
Sicily  by  the  emperor  Maxentius,  and  died 
the  same  year. 

Eusebius,  Pamphilius,  an  ecclesiastical 
historian,  born  at  Palestine,  and  made 
bishop  of  Caesarea,  313.  He  opposed 
Arius,  though  his  personal  friend,  and  died 
about  33S.  He  wrote  the  life  of  Constan- 
tine, — an  ecclesiastical  history,  &c. 

Eusebius,  a  bishop  of  Berytus,  and 
afterwards  of  Constantinople,  who  died 
341. 

Eusebius,  a  bishop  of  Emesa,  in  Syria, 
author  of  some  homilies.     He  died  360. 

Eusebius,  bishop  of  Vercell,  in  Pied- 
mont, strenuously  defended  Athanasius, 
and  died  371. 

Eusebius,  bishop  of  Samosala,  favoured 
but  afterwards  opposed  Arianism,  and  died 
by  the  fall  of  a  tile,  378. 

Eusebius,  bishop  of  Doryleum  in  Pbry- 
gia,  was  deposed  by  the  Eutychians,  whom 
lie  opposed,  449. 

Eustace,  John  Skey,  an  officer  who 
served  in  the  American  army  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  He  held  for  some 
time  the  place  of  aid-de-camp  to  general 
Lee,  and  afterwards  served  in  that  capacity 
with  general  Greene.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  removed  to  Georgia,  and  entered 
on  the  practice  of  the  law.  While  there 
he  received  the  appointment  of  adjutant 
622 


general.  In  1794  his  love  of  a  military  life 
led  him  to  France,  where  he  obtained  the 
commission  of  brigadier  general,  and  after- 
wards that  of  major  general,  in  which  sta- 
tion he  served  the  French  for  a  considera- 
ble time.  In  1797  he  commanded  a  divi- 
sion of  the  French  army  in  Flanders.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1800,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  retire- 
ment in  the  state  of  New-York.  His  death 
took  place  at  Newburgh  in  1805. 

icy  l. 

Eustache,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
of  Montpellier,  sent  in  1669  by  the  Synod 
of  Ludun,  to  address  the  French  king.  His 
speech  to  the  monarch  on  this  occasion 
was  much  admired.  He  was  author  of 
some  theological  and  controversial  tracts. 

Eustachius,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician  of  the  16th  century,  born  at  San 
Severino.  He  settled  at  Urbino,  and  after- 
wards at  Rome,  where  his  anatomical  ta- 
bles were  engraved  in  1552,  though  not 
published  till  1714,  and  the  second  edition 
1728.  His  opuscula  anatomica  were  re- 
published by  Boerhaave,  1707.  He  died 
1570. 

Eustathius,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Bcerea  and  Antioch.  He  was  banished  by 
Constantius  for  opposing  the  Arians,  and 
he  died  at  Trajanopolis  360.  His  writing's 
are  lost. 

Eustathius,  a  learned  Greek  commen- 
tator on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geogra- 
pher. He  was  bishop  of  Thessalonica,  and 
died  about  1194. 

Eustochium,  a  Roman  lady,  like  her 
mother  Paula,  well  skilled  in  Greek  and 
Hebrew.  She  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Jerome, 
and  lived  in  a  monastery  at  Bethlehem, 
from  which  she  fled  during  a  persecution, 
and  died  419. 

Eustratius,  a  bishop  of  Nice,  whose 
commentaries  on  Aristotle's  analytics  and 
ethics,  have  been  published  at  Venice  1534 
and  1536,  and  Paris  1543.  He  lived  in  the 
12th  century.  There  was  a  priest  of  Con- 
stantinople of  that  name  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, author  of  a  work  on  the  state  of  the 
dead. 

Euthtmius,  an  Isaurian,  made  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  by  Leo  VI.  906, 
and  displaced  by  Alexander  II.  He  died 
in  exile  910  or  911,  and  was  buried  at 
Constantinople. 

Euthtmius,  Zigabenus,  or  Zigadenus,  a 
Greek  monk  of  Constantinople,  the  favour- 
ite of  Alexius  Comnenus.  He  wrote  at 
the  emperor's  command,  Panoplia  dogmati- 
ca  orthodoxae  fidei,  or  the  whole  armour  of 
the  orthodox  faith,  against  heretics.  He 
wrote  nine  other  works  besides.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown,  though  it  was 
after  1118. 

Eutocius,  a  Greek  mathematician  of 
Ascalon,  in  Palestine,  who  wrote  common- 


EWA 


EYK 


laries  on  the  conies  of  Apollonius,  pub- 
lished in  Halley's  edition.  He  wrote  also 
commentaries  on  Archimedes,  published  at 
Oxford  1792.  He  is  a  very  learned,  accu- 
rate, and  judicious  commentator.  He 
nourished  in  the  sixth  century. 

Eutropius,  Flavius,  a  Latin  historian, 
secretary  to  Constantine.  He  wrote  an 
epitome  of  the  Roman  history. 

Eutropius,  an  eunuch,  minister  to  Ar- 
cadius.  He  was  consul  399,  but  proved 
in  his  conduct  so  tyrannical,  that  he  was 
banished,  and  afterwards  beheaded. 

Euttches,  abbot  of  a  convent  near  Con- 
stantinople, opposed  violently  the  Nesto- 
rians,  and  maintained,  in  his  zeal,  that 
Christ's  body  was  an  aerial  form,  and  there- 
fore not  human.  These  notions  were 
censured  in  the  council  of  Constantinople, 
448,  and  Eutyches  was  deposed,  though 
another  council  was  summoned  to  reverse 
the  sentence  ;  and  a  third,  composed  of 
630  bishops,  confirmed  the  sentence  of 
the  first,  and  declared  that  in  Christ  were 
united  two  natures  without  mixture  or 
confusion. 

Eutychianus,  pope,  a  native  of  Tusca- 
ny, successor  of  Felix  275,  and  succeeded 
in  283,  by  Caius,  on  his  martyrdom. 

Eutychius,  a  monk  of  Amasea,  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  by  Justinian 
553,  and  deposed  by  him  564.  He  was 
restored  by  Tiberius  II.  and  died  5S5,  aged 
73. 

Eutychius,  a  Christian  author,  born  at 
Cairo  876.  He  practised  physic  with  great 
success  among  the  Mahometans,  and  after- 
wards became,  in  933,  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria, and  exchanged  his  name  of  Said 
Ebn  Batrick  for  its  Greek  correspondent 
word  Eutychius.  He  wrote,  in  Arabic, 
annals  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to 
900,  curious,  but  not  always  authentic. 
He  wrote  also  de  rebus  Sicilian,  preserved 
in  M"v  in  Cambridge  public  library ;  and 
died  nM.  An  extract  from  his  annals 
relating  to  the  church  of  Alexandria  ap- 
peared, in  Arabic  and  Latin,  at  Oxford,  by 
Selden,  1642,  4to.  and  the  whole  annals 
were  published,  Arabic  and  Latin,  by  Po- 
cock,  1659,  4to. 

Euzorius,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  de- 
posed and  condemned  by  the  council  of 
Nice  for  his  attachment  to  the  tenets  of 
Arius.  He  satisfied  Constantine  on  arti- 
cles of  faith  afterwards,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Antioch  361.    He  baptized  Con- 

stantius,  and  died  376. Another  of  the 

same  name  was  bishop  of  Casarea. 

Ewald,  John,  a  native  of  Copenhagen, 
who,  in  the  hopes  of  seeing  the  world,  em- 
braced the  military  profession,  and  became 
a  sergeant  in  the  Prussian  service.  He 
afterwards  deserted  from  his  regiment,  and 
returned  to  Denmark,  where  he  studied 
divinity,   but  did  not  enter  into  orders. 


Poetry  was  his  favourite  pursuit,  and,  to 
enlarge  his  understanding,  he  studied  the 
best  English  poets.  He  wrote  poems  in 
the  style  of  Ossian — Adam  and  Eve,  a 
dramatic  poem — a  theatrical  piece  called 
the  fisherman — and  other  poems,  which 
possess  great  merit,  and  rank  high  in  the 
temple  of  poetry.  He  died  1781,  aged  38, 
and  his  works  were  collected  together  at 
Copenhagen  in  1791,  in  4  vols. 

Ewing,  John,  D.D.  provost  of  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  East 
Nottingham,  Maryland,  in  1732.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  college  at  Princeton, 
New- Jersey,  in  1755 ;  and  afterwards 
served  two  years  as  a  tutor  in  that  semi- 
nary. In  1759  he  was  settled  pastor  of  the 
first  presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia, 
and  continued  in  the  labours  of  the  office 
till  his  death.  He  was  in  1779  elected 
provost  of  the  University  of  Philadelphia, 
a  station  for  which  he  was  excellently 
qualified  by  his  extraordinary  attainments 
in  science,  and  happy  talent  for  instruc- 
tion ;  and  whose  duties  he  discharged  with 
a  high  reputation.  He  was  accounted  one 
of  the  best  scholars  among  his  cotempora- 
ries,  both  in  literature  and  science,  and 
one  of  the  most  able  preachers.  He  died 
in  1802.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  and  his 
lectures  on  natural  philosophy  have  been 
given  to  the  public,  and  are  honourable 
monuments  of  his  talents  and  learning. 
SCP"  L. 

Expilli,  Claude  d',  president  of  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  was  born  at  Voiron, 
Dauphiny,  and  died  at  Grenoble  1636,  aged 
75.  He  was  a  writer  of  some  merit,  though 
better  known  as  an  upright  magistrate. 
He  published  pleadings,  Paris,  4to.  1612 — 
poems,  4to.  1624 — a  life  of  Bayard,  1650 
— a  treatise  on  French  orthography,  1618, 
fol. 

Exuperius,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Toulouse,  distinguished  for  his  charity  in 
the  time  of  a  famine,  after  parting  with  all 
his  property,  he  sold  the  gold  and  silver 
utensils  of  the  church,  to  supply  the  neces- 
sities of  the  poor.     He  died  about  417. 

Eyck,  Hubert  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Maseik  on  the  Maese,  died  1426,  aged  60. 
He  painted  much  for  Philip  the  good,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  his  friend  and  patron. 

Eyck,  John  Van,  brother  and  disciple  to 
the  preceding,  died  1441,  aged  71.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  the  inventor  of  painting  in 
oil,  which  he  discovered  by  mixing  linseed 
oil  in  the  composition  of  a  brilliant  varnish. 
The  secret  was  conveyed  to  Italy  by  one 
of  his  pupils,  and  divulged  to  the  world. 
He  is  sometimes  called  John  of  Bruges. 
His  historical  pieces  and  landscapes  are 
much  admired. 

Eykens,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1599.     His  last  supper,    and  John 
preaching   in   the     desert,    are    admired 
623 


EZE 


EZR 


pieces,  preserved  in  the  churches  at  Ant- 
werp. 

Etmar,  A.  M.  d',  a  deputy  from  Forcal- 
quier  to  the  states-general  in  17S9,  evinced 
his  attachment  to  the  opinions  and  the  sys- 
tem of  Rousseau,  as  a  lover  of  republican- 
ism. He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Pied- 
mont, and  discovered  the  treaty  which 
the  Sardinian  king  had  made  to  espouse 
the  cause  of  the  confederates  against 
France  ;  and  in  consequence  of  this,  by 
his  intrigues,  he  forced  the  unfortunate 
monarch  from  his  Italian  dominions.  He 
was  afterwards  prefect  of  Leman,  and  died 
at  Geneva  1805.  He  wrote  some  small 
tracts,  not  devoid  of  merit. 

Ezekiel,  the  third  of  the  great  pro- 
phets, was  son  of  Buzi,  and  descended  from 
Aaron.  He  was  a  captive  at  Babylon  with 
Jehoiachim  king  of  Judah,  597  before 
Christ,  and  there  he  wrote  his  prophecies, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Chebar.  His  style, 
according  to  bishop  Lowth,  is  bold,  vehe- 


ment, and  tragical,  abounding  with  figura- 
tive expressions,  and  worked  up  occasion- 
ally to  a  degree  of  tremendous  dignity. 
He  foretold  to  his  people  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah,  and  their  restoration. 

Ezekiel,  a  Greek  Jew  and  poet,  author 
of  some  tragedies  on  Scripture  subjects. 
Large  fragments  of  his  tragedy  of  the  de- 
parture of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt  are 
preserved  by  Clemens  of  Alexandria  and 
Eusebius.  It  is  supposed  that  he  flourish- 
ed about  300,  or  according  to  some,  200 
years  before  Christ. 

Ezra,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron, 
son  of  Seraiah.  He  shared  the  captivity 
of  Babylon,  and  was  permitted  by  Arta- 
xerxes  to  conduct  a  colony  of  his  country- 
men to  Jerusalem,  and  to  rebuild  the  tem- 
ple and  establish  the  laws  of  Moses,  about 
467  before  Christ.  A  book  bearing  his 
name  in  the  Bible,  and  two  in  the  Apocry- 
pha, are  preserved.  He  died  in  Persia,  or 
according  to  Josephus,  at  Jerusalem. 


FAB 

J?  ABER,  John,  a  German  divine,  born  in 
Suabia,  and,  from  one  of  his  works  against 
the  reformers,  called  the  Mallet  of  Here- 
tics. He  was  made,  1526,  confessor  to 
Ferdinand,  king  of  the  Romans,  and  in 
1531,  advanced  to  the  see  of  Vienna, 
where  he  died,  1542,  aged  63.  He  owed 
his  elevation  to  his  zeal  in  the  defence  of 
the  papists  against  Luther  and  his  adhe- 
rents. His  works,  which  display  warmth 
and  fluency  of  language,  are  contained  in 
3  vols,  folio,  Cologne,  1537—1541. 

Faber,  Basil,  a  zealous  Lutheran,  born 
1520,  at  Soraw,  in  Lusatia.  He  was 
teacher  in  the  schools  of  Nordhausen, 
Tennstadt,  and  Quedlinburg,  and  rector  of 
Erfurt.  His  chief,  and  most  valuable 
work  is  Thesaurus  Eruditionis  Scholastics, 
published  1571,  and  improved  afterwards 
by  Cellarius  and  others.  The  best  edition 
is  2  vols.  fol.  1735.     Faber  died  1576. 

Faber,  Antonius.   Vid.  Fevre,  Anthony. 

Faber,  Jacobus.      Vid.  Fevre,  James. 

Faber,  Nicolaus.     Vid.  Fevre,  Nicolas. 

Faber,  Tanaquil.      Vid.  Fevre. 

Fabert,  Abraham,  an  officer,  who 
raised  himself,  by  his  extraordinary  merit, 
to  the  dignity  of  marshal  of  France  under 
Lewis  XIV.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
1635,  at  the  siege  of  Turin,  1640,  when  he 
was  badly  wounded,  at  the  siege  of  Fer- 
pignan,  1642,  and  in  1654,  at  the  taking  of 
Stenai.  As  he  was  not  duly  qualified 
by  nobility  of  ancestors,  he  refused  the 
collar  of  the  royal  order,  observing,  he 
would  not  be  decorated  with  a  cross,  with 
624 


FAB 

his  soul  disgraced  by  an  imposture.  Though 
brave,  he  was  childishly  addicted  to  astro- 
logical calculations. 

Fabian,  Robert,  a  merchant  of  London, 
sheriff  and  alderman  of  his  native  city, 
where  he  died,  1512.  He  had  some  skill 
in  Latin  and  English  poetry  ;  but  his  chief 
work  is  his  "  Chronicle  of  England  and 
France,"  first  printed  1516,  and  again 
1553,  2  vols,  folio.  The  first  volume  begins 
with  Bute,  and  ends  at  the  death  of  Henry 
II.  and  the  second,  which  is  very  valuable, 
ends  1504.  Stow  calls  the  work  a  painful 
labour,  to  the  great  honour  of  the  city,  and 
of  the  whole  realm.  Because  he  spoke 
too  plainly  of  the  revenues  of  the  church, 
Wolsey  caused  as  many  copies  of  the  book 
as  possible  to  be  destroyed.  .  Fabian  was 
buried  at  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill. 

Fabian,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  church, 
made  pope  326.  He  was  active  in  the  dis- 
semination of  Christianity  and  the  building 
of  churches,  and  he  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of   Decius. 

Fabius,  Maximus  Rullianus,  a  Roman, 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  dictator  Papi- 
rius.  He  triumphed  over  seven  nations, 
and  was  himself  dictator,  B.  C.  287. 

Fabius,  Maximus  Quintus,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  who  opposed  Annibal  in  Italy, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  dilatory,  but 
salutary  measures,  was  called  Cunctator. 
When  the  senate  refused  to  ratify  a  ransom 
of  prisoners  on  which  he  had  agreed,  he 
sold  his  estates  to  pav  the  monev.  He 
died  B.  C.  203. 


LAB 


FAB 


Fabius,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  histo- 
rian mentioned  among  the  Romans,  B.  C. 
225. 

Fabre,  Jean  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  ora- 
tory of  Paris,  who  died  there  t753,  aged 
85.  He  is  known  as  a  laborious,  but  not 
judicious,  compiler.  He  wrote  two  dic- 
tionaries, an  indifferent  translation  of  Vir- 
gil, and  a  continuation  of  Fleury's  Eccle- 
siastical History,  and  some  articles  of 
Richelet's  Dictionary. 

Fabre,  N.  a  native  of  Languedoc,  fa- 
mous for  his  filial  piety.  When  his  father 
was  condemned  to  the  galleys  for  his  adhe- 
rence to  Calvinism,  in  1752,  he  unper- 
eeived,  took  his  place  among  the  condemn- 
ed, and  remained  there  for  six  years  in  con- 
finement, till  this  virtuous  sacrifice  was 
made  known  to  Mirepoix,  the  governor  of 
the  province,  who  liberated  him,  and  pre- 
sented him  to  the  court  as  an  illustrious 
character. 

Fabre,  d'Eglantine,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  was  born  at  Carcassone,  28th 
Dec.  1755,  and,  with  a  restless  spirit,  be- 
came successively  an  actor,  a  comic  writer, 
and  a  statesman.  In  the  convention  he 
was  the  friend  and  confidential  associate  of 
Danton,  Des  Moulins,  and  the  other  pro- 
moters of  the  massacres,  and  of  the  mise- 
ries of  France,  and  though  originally  poor, 
he  soon  became  very  rich.  Robespierre, 
ivho  viewed  his  assumed  consequence  with 
jealousy,  hurled  him  from  his  eminence 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  he 
was  guillotined,  5th  April,  1794.  He  wrote 
some  plays  which  possess  merit,  and  he  is 
particularly  known  as  the  person  who  re- 
commended and  introduced  in  France  that 
puerile  calendar  which  combated  the  ha- 
bits, the  opinions,  and  the  prejudices  of  the 
rest  of  Europe. 

Fabretti,  Raphael,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  at  Urbino  1619.  He  studied  at  Cagli 
and  Urbino,  and  then  practised  at  Rome  as 
an  advocate.  He  was  sent  by  cardinal 
Imperiali  to  negotiate  into  Spain,  and  he 
conducted  himself  there  with  such  success 
and  ability  that  he  was  made  procurator 
fiscal  of  the  kingdom.  After  13  years'  re- 
sidence in  Spain  he  returned  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  appointed  judge  of  appeals 
to  the  capitol,  and  afterwards  auditor  of 
the  legation  of  Urbino,  under  Cerri  the 
legate.  Some  time  after  he  was  engaged 
in  drawing  up  the  apostolical  briefs  of  the 
popes  vicar,  and  lastly  was  secretary  of 
the  memorials  to  pope  Alexander  VIII. 
After  Alexander's  death  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  favourite  pursuits,  the  study  of 
antiquities,  and  with  his  horse,  to  which 
his  friends  gave  the  name  of  Marco  Polo, 
he  made  excursions  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Rome  to  visit  and  examine  whatever  was 
most  rare,  curious,  and  valuable.  Inno- 
cent XII.  had  such  respect  for  him  that  he 
Vol.  I.  79 


drew  him  from  his  retirement  to  make  him 
master  of  the  secrets  of  the  pope's  tempo- 
ral state.  He  died  7th  Jan.  1700.  He 
published  the  valuable  works,  De  Aquis 
et  Aquaeductibus  Veteris  Roma?  Disserta- 
tiones  tres,  4to.l680 — De  Columns  Trajanii 
Syntagma,  &c.  fol.  1683.  Jasitheiad  Gro- 
novium  Apologema,  in  ejusque  Titivilitiii, 
sive  de  Tito  Livio  Somnia  Animadver- 
siones,  1686,  4to. — Inscriptionum  Antiqua- 
rum,  &c.  Explicatio,  fol.  1699,  &c.  He 
was  learned,  and  in  his  researches  indefati- 
gable. 

Fabri,  Honore,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bellay,  near  Lyons,  1607 ;  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Lyons,  and  penitentiary  at 
Rome,  where  he  died  1688.  He  wrote 
several  large  works  on  theology,  optics, 
plants,  &c.  and  he  is  said  by  some  to  have 
discovered  the  circulation  of  the  blood  be- 
fore Harvey. 

Fabriano,  Gentile  da,  a  historical 
painter  of  Verona,  who  merited  to  be  raised 
to  the  honours  of  Venetian  nobility,  and 
died  1412,  aged  80. 

Fabricius,  Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
obtained  some  victories  over  the  Samnites 
and  Lucanians,  and  indignantly  rejected 
the  offers  of  Pyrrhus,  who  attempted  to 
bribe  his  integrity.  He  afterwards  disco- 
vered to  Pyrrhus  the  plot  which  his  physi- 
cian had  formed  to  poison  him.  He  died 
B.  C.  250. 

Fabricius,  George,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Chemnitz,  in  Misnia,  1516,  and  fa- 
mous for  his  Latin  poetry.  He  travelled  to 
Italy  as  tutor  to  a  nobleman,  and  at  Rome 
he  composed  his  work  called  Roma,  con- 
taining an  interesting  and  very  animated 
description  of  that  city.  After  returning 
home,  he  was  for  26  years  master  of  the 
school  of  Messein,  where  he  died  1571. 
His  poems,  which  are  written  with  great 
powers  of  genius,  and  in  the  most  elegant 
and  correct  language,  appeared  at  Basle 
1567,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  WTote  also  some 
odes,  hymns,  &c.  besides  prose  works, 
such  as  the  Annals  of  Messein,  in  seven 
books,  Origines  Saxonicae,  2  vols,  folio, 
&c.  2  vols,  on  the  affairs  of  Germany,  &c. 
Fabricius,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physician, 
called  Aquapendente,  from  the  place  of  his 
birth.  He  studied  languages  at  Padua,  and 
acquired  his  medical  knowledge  under  Fal- 
lopius.  He  practised  for  40  years  at  Padua, 
and  with  such  repute  that  Venice,  sen- 
sible of  his  great  merits,  settled  an  annual 
pension  of  1000  crowns  of  gold  on  him, 
besides  the  honour  of  a  golden  chain,  and 
of  a  statue.  He  died  about  1603,  and  left 
2  vols,  folio,  the  one  on  surgery,  published 
Holland,  1723,  and  the  other  on  anatomy, 
Leyden,  1733. 

Fabricius,    William,    a   surgeon,    born 
near  Cologne,  who  became  public  physician 
at   Berne,  where  he   died   1634,  aged  74, 
695 


FA1 


lAi. 


author  of  Qurrstiones  de  Christianis  otfieiis 
Ct  Casibus  Conscientise,  in  Ecclesia;  Prae- 
cepta — de  Justitia?,  &c.  He  died  at  Lisbon 
1645,  aged  69. 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel  Daniel,  an  inge- 
nious experimentalist,  born  at  Dantzie,  14th 
May,  1686.  He  was  intended  for  com- 
merce, but  his  genius  was  bent  to  philoso- 
phical pursuits.  In  17-20  he  improved  the 
thermometer  by  substituting  mercury  for 
spirits  of  wine,  and  fixed  the  extremity  of 
his  scale  at  the  point  of  cold,  which  he  had 
observed  in  Iceland  in  1709,  but  at  Peters- 
burg the  cold  had  been  known  forty  degrees 
below  the  °  of  this  thermometer.  The 
English  in  general  have  adopted  his  scale, 
but  the  French  adhere  to  Reaumur's.  He 
travelled  through  Holland  and  on  the  con- 
tinent in  pursuit  of  knowledge,  and  died 
16th  Sept.  1736.  He  wrote  a"Dissertation 
on  Thermometers,  1724. 

Faille,  William  de  la,  a  syndic  of  Tou- 
louse, who  died  1711,  aged  96.  He  wrote 
an  interesting  though  inelegant  history  of 
his  native  city,  2  vols.  fol. 

Fairclough,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ha- 
veril,  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  minister  of  Barnardiston, 
and  afterwards  of  Ketton,  Suffolk,  and  was 
ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662.  He  was 
a  most  amiable  character  in  private  life, 
and  though  he  disapproved  of  some  things 
in  the  liturgy,  he  was  the  friend  of  episco- 
pacy. He  published  a  sermon  preached  at 
sir  Nat.  Barnardiston's  funeral,  and  some 
other  tracts,  and  died  167S,  aged  84.  His 
son  Samuel  was  ejected  from  Houghton 
Conquest  rectory,  Bedfordshire,  and  died 
1691,  and  his  other  son  Richard  was  also 
ejected  from  Wells  living,  Somersetshire, 
and  died  1692. 

Fairfax,  Edward,  an  English  poet  in  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James,  son  of  sir 
Thomas  Fairfax  of  Denton,  Yorkshire. 
He  early  displayed  practical  talents,  and 
according  to  Dryden  himself,  a  judge  of 
merit,  he  deserved  to  be  ranked  above 
Spenser  in  point  of  harmony.  His  first 
attempt  was  a  translation  of  Tasso's  God- 
frey of  Bouillon,  a  performance  very  re- 
spectable, and  highly  valued  by  the  wits  of 
the  times,  and  esteemed  greatly  by  James 
and  Charles  I.  He  wrote  also  some  ec- 
logues, beside  controversial  treatises  on  the 
pope's  infallibility,  &.c.  and  deserved  the 
amiable  character  of  a  modest,  benevolent 
man,  who  preferred  solitude  and  peace  to 
the  war  and  tumults  of  the  times.  He 
died  about  the  year  1632,  at  Newhall,  be- 
tween Denton  and  Knaresborough.  His 
son  William  translated  Diogenes  Laertius 
into  English. 

Fairfax,  Thomas  lord,   eldest    son   of 
Ferdinando  lord  Fairfax,  was  born  at  Den- 
ton,  Yorkshire,   1611.     He  early  devoted 
himself  to  the  profession  of   arms,  and  af- 
G*28 


ter  serving  in  Holland  under  lord  Vere  with 
great  credit,  be  embraced  the  party  of  the 
Presbyterians    in   the  civil  war,  and  fought 
against  the  king.     He  was  engaged  in  the 
North,    where    he    suffered   some  defeats, 
especially  at  Adderton  Moor  1643,  but  he 
retrieved   his   affairs   and    his   fame  in  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices  was  intrusted   with    the   chief  com- 
mand of  the   army   on   the  resignation  of 
lord  Essex.     He  contributed  greatly  to  the 
king's  defeat  at  Naseby  1645,  and  afterwards 
marched  to  the  reduction  of  the  West.     In 
1649,  he  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  who  had  like  himself  been 
very  active  in  the  cause  of  the  parliament, 
and  the  same  year  he  reduced   Colchester, 
and  much  to  his  disgrace,  ordered  the  brave 
defenders,  sir  George  Lisle,  and  sir  Charles 
Lucas,  to  whom  he  had  promised  pardon, 
to  be  shot.     On  the  king's  trial  it  was  sup- 
posed that  he  would  interfere,  but  during 
the  execution   he  was  kept  at  a  distance 
from  the  dreadful  scene,  engaged  with  Col. 
Harrison,  by  the  intrigues  of  Cromwell,  in 
the   hypocritical    attitude    of  offering   up 
prayers  to  God.     After  the  destruction  of 
royalty  he  favoured  the  views  of  the  usurp- 
er, he  was  made  doctor  of  laws  at  Oxford, 
and  treated  with  unusual  ceremony  in  Lon- 
don,   but  when   offered  by  the  parliament 
the  command  of  the  army  against  the  re- 
volted presbyterians  of  Scotland,  he  pertina- 
ciously refused  it,   and   it   was  granted  to 
Cromwell.       He  afterwards  lived  in  retire- 
ment, and  at  the  restoration  he  was  recon- 
ciled to  the  king,   and  went  to  the  Hague 
to  congratulate  him  on  the  change  of   the 
republican  government.       He  wrote  an  in- 
teresting account   of   his   public   life,  and 
died  1671. 

Fairthorne,  William,  an  English  paint- 
er, who  became  a  soldier  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  being  taken  at  Basing-house  was 
banished  for  refusing  to  swear  allegiance  to 
Cromwell.  He  studied  abroad  under 
Champagne,  and  on  his  return  home  ap- 
plied himself  chiefly  in  engraving,  in  which 
he  also  excelled.  He  wrote  a  book  "  upon 
drawing,  graving,  and  etching,"  celebrated 
by  Flatman  the  poet,  and  died  at  Blackfriars 
1691,  aged  75.  His  son  William  acquired 
celebrity  by  mezzotinto  engraving. 

Faistenberger,  Anthony,  a  painter  of 
Inspruck,  who  died,  1722,  aged  44.  His 
landscapes,  cascades,  rocks  and  rivers,  were 
all  in  a  masterly  style.  His  younger  bro- 
ther Joseph  was  equally  eminent  in  land- 
scape painting. 

Falcandus,  Hugo,  a  respectable  and  ac- 
curate historian  of  Sicily,  who  published 
an  account  of  the  affairs  of  his  afflicted 
country  for  23  years  under  William  I.  and 
II.  His  preface  was  written  1126.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Falconberg.    Marv,    countess   of.    the 


1  AL 


i  Al 


third  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and 
second  wife  of  Thomas  viscount  Falcon- 
berg.  She  possessed  great  beauty,  and  so 
much  spirit  and  activity  that,  as  Burnet  ob- 
serves, she  was  more  worthy  to  be  protec- 
tor than  her  brother.  On  Richard's  depo- 
sition she  exerted  herself  strenuously  for 
the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  with  whom 
her  husband  was  in  great  favour.  She  died 
]4th  March,  1712. 

Falcone,  da  Benevento,  secretary  to 
pope  Innocent  II.  was  author  of  a  Chroni- 
cle or  History  of  Naples  from  1102  to 
1140. 

Falconer,  William,  a  Scotsman,  who 
came  to  London  in  1672,  where  he  pub- 
lished the  "  Shipwreck,"  in  three  cantos,  a 
very  ingenious  and  pathetic  poem.  H- wrote 
also  that  useful  compilation  the  Marine 
Dictionary,  4to.  His  merits  recor  mended 
him  to  the  patronage  of  the  great,  and  es- 
pecially of  the  late  duke  of  York.  As  he 
was  a  sailor,  he  unfortunately  perished 
in  the  Aurora,  in  1769.  This  ship  was 
proceeding  to  the  East  Indies  with  Messrs. 
Vansittart,  Scrafton,  Ford,  and  other  gen- 
tlemen, and  after  touching  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  was  never  heard  of. 

Falconet,  Camille,  a  French  physician, 
the  friend  of  Malebranche,  born  at  Lyons 
1671.  He  was  elected,  in  1716,  into  the 
French  academy,  and  from  his  excellent 
collection  of  nearly  500,000  volumes,  he 
liberally  enriched  the  royal  library  with 
such  books  as  were  deficient.  He  had  lived 
to  the  age  of  91  in  1762,  and  is  supposed  to 
have,  like  Fagon,  prolonged  life  by  his 
medical  skill.  He  wrote  a  translation  of 
Villemont's  Systema  Planetarum — an  edi- 
tion of  the  Pastorals  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe, 
translated  by  Amyot — an  edition  of  Des- 
perier's  Cymbalum  Mundi,  besides  Disser- 
tations. 

Falcovia,  Proba,  a  Latin  poetess  in  the 
age  of  Theodosius,  born  at  Horta  in  Etru- 
ria.  She  wrote  from  Virgil  a  poetical  canto, 
containing  the  History  of  the  Creation,  and 
of  the  life  of  our  Saviour. 

Falda,  Giovanni  Baptista,  an  Italian  en- 
graver of  the  last  century,  whose  etching- 
in  aqua  fortis  are  much  admired.  His  views 
of  palaces,  fountain*,  kc.  in  Rome,  are 
esteemed  very  curious. 

Faleti.  Jeronimo,  a  poet  of  Savona, 
near  Genoa,  who  published  in  1557  a  poem 
on  the  Wars  of  Charles  V.  ^ni  other  po- 
ems. He  was  also  distinguished  as  an  ora- 
tor, historian,  and  statesman,  and  was 
employed  as  ambassador  to  Venice,  by 
Hercules,  duke  of  Ferrara. 

Falieri,  Ordelafo,  a  do?e  of  Venice, 
who  went  with  a  fleet  in  1102  to  assist 
Baldwin  of  Jerusalem  in  the  conquest  of 
Syria.  On  his  return  he  conquered  Dal- 
matia,  Croatia,  and  other  provinces,   and 


afterwards  lost  his  life  at  the  siege  of  the 
revolted  city  of  Zara  in  Dalmatia,  1120. 

Falieri.  Marino,  a  doze  of  Venice,  1354. 
who  conspired  to  make  himself  absolute  by 
the  assassination  of  all  the  senators.  His 
plot  was  discovered,  and  he  lost  his  head  at 
the  age  of  80,  and  more  than  400  of  his 
associates  were  hanged. 

Falk,  John  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  born 
at  Westrogothia,  and  educated  at  Upsal. 
where  he  studied  medicine  and  also  botany 
under  Linnaeus.  He  was  made  professor  of 
botany  in  the  Apothecaries'  garden  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  keeper  of  the  natural  history 
cabinet,  and  he  published  Observations  on 
his  Travels,  3  vols.  4to.  1785,  Petersburg. 
In  a  fit  of  melancholy,  to  which  he  was 
often  subject,  he  unfortunately  destroyed 
hirn=elf,  1774,  aged  47. 

Falkenstein,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Franconia,  made,  in  1714,  director  of  the 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Erlingen.  He  was 
next  in  the  service  of  the  bishop  of  Eich- 
stadt,  and  afterwards  of  the  mar/rave  of 
Anspach.  He  left  the  protestant  for  the 
Roman  catholic  religion,  and  died  1760, 
aged  78.  He  published  the  Antiquities  of 
Nordgan  in  the  diocess  of  Eichstadt,  3  vols, 
folio,  and  other  works  on  ecclesiastical  and 
antiquarian  subjects. 

Falkland,  lord.      Vid.  Cart. 

Falle,  Philip,  author  of  the  History  of 
Jersey,  where  he  was  born  1655.  He  en- 
tered, at  the  age  of  14,  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Alban 
hall.  He  was  rector  of  St.  Saviour's  in 
the  island,  and  came  over  as  one  of  the 
deputies  of  the  states  to  William  and  Mary. 
He  also  published  three  sermons  preached 
at  St.  Hilary's,  1692,  Whitehall,  1694,  and 
before  the  lord  mayor,  1695. 

Fallopics,  Gabriel,  a  celebrated  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  at  Modena, 
1490.  He  travelled  through  Europe,  and 
afterwards  practised  with  the  greatest  suc- 
cess and  reputation.  He  was  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Pisa,  1548,  and  three  vears 
after  at  Padua,  where  he  died  9th  October, 
1563,  aged  72.  He  made  various  discove- 
ries in  anatomy,  and  especially  the  tubes 
bv  which  the  ova  descend  from  the  female 
ovarium  into  the  uterus,  called  from  him 
"  Fallopian  tubes."  His  works,  which  are 
all  on  subjects  of  medicine  and  anatomy, 
wrre  published  in  3  vols,  folio,  Venice. 
15  viand  ?606. 

Fals.  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  born 
at  Stockholm.  1658.  He  settled  at  Paris. 
where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  1200  litres, 
and  died  at  Berlin,  1703. 

Faister,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic  of 
Flensburg,  the  time  of  whose  death  is  not 
accurately  ascertained.  He  wrote  supple- 
mentum  Linguae  Latina;.  1717 — Animad- 
versiones  Epistolicae — Qua-stiones  Roman? 
— Cositatione  Philologic* — Sermo  Panegv- 
fi-29 


PAIS 


PAR 


ricus,  &c.  Vigilia  prima  Noctium  Ripensium 
— Amoenitates  Philologies,  3  vols. — the 
14th  satire  of  Juvenal  translated  into  Da- 
nish, 1731. 

Fancourt,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  in  the  west  of  England.  He  set- 
tled at  Salisbury,  where  for  20  years  he 
took  some  pupils,  and  had  the  care  of  a  con- 
gregation ;  but  his  writings  against  Calvin- 
ism exposed  him  to  persecution,  and  driven 
from  his  residence,  he  came  to  London. 
About  the  year  1740,  or  1745,  he  establish- 
ed the  first  circulating  library  in  the  king- 
dom ;  but,  however,  his  plans  did  not  suc- 
ceed to  his  wishes,  and  after  advertising 
for  subscribers,  and  offering  to  teach  the 
classics,  so  as  to  enable  his  pupils  to  write 
and  speak  fluently  in  12  months  for  12 
guineas,  he  sunk  into  poverty  and  neglect, 
and  from  the  corner  of  one  of  the  streets 
in  the  Strand,  where  he  had  a  shop,  he  re- 
tired to  Hoxton  square,  where  his  indigence 
was  relieved  by  the  charitable  contributions 
of  his  friends.  He  died  8th  June,  1768, 
aged  90.  As  a  preacher  it  is  said  that  he 
was  zealous  and  persuasive,  without  being 
popular  or  eloquent.  His  publications, 
which  were  numerous,  are  mentioned  in 
the  Gent.  Magazine,  1784,  p.  271. 

Fanning,  Edmund,  LL.D.  was  a  native 
of  Connecticut,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1757.  He  studied  law  and  set- 
tled at  Hillsborough,  North  Carolina,  and 
at  the  time  of  the  insurrection  of  that  state 
in  1770,  suffered  severely  from  the  regula- 
tors, in  his  person  and  property.  He  em- 
braced the  British  cause  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  and  commanded  a 
party  of  royalists,  and  was  celebrated  for 
bis  talents,  activity,  and  severity  towards 
the  Americans.  After  leaving  the  country, 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia  and  of  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
and  promoted  to  the  rank  of  general.  He 
died  at  London  in  1818.  fCP  L. 

Fannius,  surnamed  Strabo,  a  Roman, 
who  is  known  -  by  his  law  to  curb  the  ex- 
travagance of  his  countrymen.  His  son 
was  an  elegant  orator.  A  historian  of  the 
same  name  in  Trajan's  age,  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  Nero's  reign,  now  lost. 

Fanshaw,  Sir  Richard,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, 10th  son  of  Sir  Henry  Fanshaw,  of 
Ware  park,  Herts,  where  he  was  born 
1607.  After  studying  at  Cambridge,  he 
travelled  on  the  continent,  and  in  1635,  was 
engaged  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.  who 
sent  him  as  envoy  to  Spain.  In  1644  he 
attended  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  was  made 
by  the  university  doctor  of  laws,  and  af- 
terwards appointed  secretary  to  Charles 
prince  of  Wales,  whose  wanderings  he 
shared  in  the  west  of  England,  and  in  the 
islands  of  Scilly  and  Jersey.  He  was 
treasurer  of  the  navy  under  Rupert,  in 
1648,  and  was  created  1650,  a  baronet  by 


Cbarles  It.  and  sent  as  envoy  to  Spain. 
He  was  taken  at  the  battle  of  Worcester, 
and  imprisoned  in  London,  from  which, 
however,  he  was  liberated  in  consequence 
of  a  severe  illness,  by  giving  bail.  In 
1659,  he  visited  the  king  at  Breda,  by  whom 
he  was  knighted,  and  at  the  restoration  he 
was  made  master  of  requests,  and  secretary 
of  the  Latin  language.  He  afterwards  was 
ambassador  in  Portugal,  to  negotiate  the 
marriage  of  Charles  and  the  infanta  Ca- 
tharina,  and  on  his  return,  1663,  he  was 
sworn  of  the  privy  council.  He  was  in 
1664  sent  as  ambassador  to  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain,  with  whose  successor  he  concluded 
a  treaty  of  peace  in  1665.  He  died  at  Ma- 
drid, 16th  June,  1666,  of  a  fever,  as  he  was 
preparing  to  return  home.  His  body  was 
embalmed,  and  brought  over  to  England, 
and  deposited  in  All-Saints'  church,  Hert- 
ford, and  afterwards  removed  to  a  new 
vault  in  Ware  church.  He  had  by  his  wife 
Anne,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Harrison,  six 
sons,  and  eight  daughters,  of  whom  only 
one  son,  and  four  daughters  survived  him. 
Though  engaged  in  political  affairs,  he 
found  time  to  write  some  respectable  pieces, 
and  among  them  a  translation  in  rhyme  of 
Guarini's  Pastor  Fido,  1646,  a  translation 
of  Fletcher's  Faithful  Shepherdess  into  La- 
tin verse — Odes  of  Horace  translated  into 
English — Virgil's  fourth  iEneid — and  Ca- 
moens'  Lusiad,  translated  into  English, 
besides  some  poems  and  original  letters, 
published  during  his  embassies  in  Spain 
and  Portugal,  1702. 

Fardella,  Michael  Angelo,  an  eminent 
professor  of  natural  history  and  astronomy 
at  Padua,  was  born  at  Trapani  in  Sicily, 
and  died  at  Naples  1718,  aged  68.  He 
wrote  several  works,  now  little  known. 

Fare,  Charles  Augustus,  marquis  de  la, 
a  captain  in  the  French  guards,  better 
known  as  a  writer,  and  as  the  author  of 
Memoirs  and  Reflections  on  the  reign  of 
Lewis  XIV.  12mo.  and  of  some  little  pieces 
of  poetry  which  possess  genius  and  merit. 
He  began  to  be  a  poet  when  60  years  old, 
and  died  1712,  aged  68. 

Farel,  William,  an  able  reformer,  born 
at  Gap  in  Dauphine,  1489.  He  studied 
with  great  assiduity  at  Paris  the  Hebrew 
and  Greek  tongues,  but  soon  after  he  be- 
came a  teacher,  the  spirit  of  persecution 
against  the  protestants  drove  him  from 
France.  He  went  to  Strasburg,  and  then 
to  Switzerland,  and  he  successfully  engaged 
with  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg,  to  introduce 
the  reformation  into  Montbeliard,  Aigle, 
Morat,  and  other  places.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Geneva,  but  his  violence  against 
popery  was  resisted  by  the  clergy,  and  he 
retired,  though  in  1534  he  was  recalled.  In 
1538  he  was  again  banished  from  Geneva 
with  Calvin,  and  retired  to  Basil,  and  then 
to  Neufchatel.     Zealous  in  the  cause  of 


FAR 


FAR 


reformation,  he  laboured  assiduously  as  a 
preacher,  and  though  exposed  to  a  thou- 
sand dangers  from  persecution  and  from 
the  jealousy  of  the  papists,  he  escaped  them 
all,  and  after  increasing  his  proselytes  at 
Metz  and  the  neighbouring  places,  he  vi- 
sited Calvin  on  his  death-bed  at  Geneva, 
1514,  and  expired  himself  the  next  year  on 
the  13th  Sept.  at  Neufcbatel.  At  the  age 
of  69  he  married,  an  event  in  his  life  which 
exposed  him  to  the  ridicule  of  his  enemies. 
Erasmus,  among  others,  has  spoken  of  him 
severely,  but  rather  unjustly,  when  he  calls 
him  a  false,  virulent,  and  seditious  evan- 
gelist. Nothing  could,  indeed,  resist  the 
zeal  of  Farel,  though  surrounded  by  drawn 
swords,  though  interrupted  by  the  ringing 
of  bells,  and  by  the  clamours  of  his  ene- 
mies, he  yet  preached  boldly  and  success- 
fully, and  made  as  many  converts  as  any 
of  the  reformers.  He  wrote  some  few 
things  on  controversial  subjects. 

Faret,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  mem- 
bers of  the  French  academy,  known  more 
for  the  excellent  statutes  which  he  formed 
for  the  new  Institution,  than  the  books  he 
wrote.  He  was  the  friend  of  count  d'Har- 
court  and  Vaugelas  St.  Amand,  and  died 
1646,  aged  46. 

Farin,  Emanuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese 
knight,  who  accompanied  Rodrigo,  as  am- 
bassador to  Rome.  He  died  at  Madrid, 
1650,  aged  60,  reduced  to  poverty,  by  his 
negligence  of  his  property.  He  wrote  po- 
ems in  a  manly  and  nervous  style,  collected 
into  seven  volumes  after  his  death,  besides 
moral  and  political  discourses,  commen- 
taries on  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens,  a  history 
of  Portugal  to  the  reign  of  Henry  the  car- 
dinal, and  Portuguese  Europe,  Asia,  Af- 
rica, and  America.  Though  a  Portuguese, 
he  preferred  the  Castilian  language  to  his 
own. 

Farinaccio,  Prosper,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
born  at  Rome,  died  1618,  aged  64.  His 
works  in  13  vols.  fol.  are  much  esteemed 
at  Rome.     They  are  all  on  law  subjects. 

Farinato,  Paul,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Verona  1522.  His  mother  died  in  giving 
him  birth,  and  he  and  bis  wife  both  expired 
at  the  same  moment  in  1606.  One  of  his 
paintings  in  St.  George's  church,  Verona, 
is  as  much  admired  as  that  of  Paul  Vero- 
nese, which  is  placed  near  it.  He  was 
equally  eminent  as  an  orator,  sculptor,  and 
architect,  and  it  is  said  that  he  was  also  a 
good  swordsman. 

Farinelli.   Vid.  Broschi. 

Faringdon,  Anthony,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Sunning,  B<  rks,  1596.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor,  and  af- 
terwards he  was  vicar  of  Bray,  near  Mai- 
denhead, 1634,  and  divinity  reader  in 
Windsor  chapel.  In  the  civil  wars,  he  was 
ejected  from  his   parish,  and  reduced  to 


great  poverty,  till  invited  by  Sir  John  Ro- 
binson, alderman  of  London,  to  officiate  at 
St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Milk-street,  London, 
where  he  died  September,  1658.  He  pub- 
lished in  1657,  a  folio  volume  of  his  ser- 
mons, dedicated  to  his  patron  Robinson, 
and  after  his  death  two  other  folio  volumes 
of  his  MS.  sermons  were  published  by  his 
friends. 

Farmer,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister, 
educated  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  He  settled 
at  Walthamstow,  and  lived  in  the  house  of 
his  friend  Mr.  Snell,  where  he  died  5th 
Feb.  1787.  He  wrote  a  dissertation  on 
Miracles,  8vo. — a  treatise  on  the  Worship 
of  Human  Spirits  among  the  Heathens, 
Svo. — on  Christ's  Temptation,  8vo. — and 
on  the  Demoniacs,  Svo. 

Farmer,  Richard,  a  learned  native  of 
Leicester,  educated  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  fellow  and 
tutor,  and  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  1760. 
In  1766  he  published  his  valuable  essay  on 
the  learning  of  Shakspeare,  in  which  he 
maintains  that  the  bard  obtained  his  know- 
ledge of  ancient  history  and  mythology 
from  translations,  and  not  from  original 
classical  authors.  He  was  in  1767  made 
one  of  the  Whitehall  preachers,  and  in 
1775  he  was  elected  master  of  his  college, 
and  then  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  He  ob- 
tained afterwards  a  prebend,  and  the  chan- 
cellorship in  Litchfield  cathedral,  the  place 
of  librarian  in  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
a  prebend  of  Canterbury,  which  he  ex- 
changed for  a  residentiary  ship  of  St.  Paul's. 
He  had  collected  materials  for  the  h^tory 
of  his  native  town,  which  however  he  gave, 
together  with  the  plates,  to  his  friend  Mr. 
Nichols,  for  his  Leicestershire  history.  He 
died  1797,  aged  62,  and  his  valuable  col- 
lection  of  scarce   and   curious  books  was 

sold  by  public  auction,  after  his  death. 

He  was  born  May  4th,  1735.  His  ances- 
tors for  several  generations  had  resided  in 
■  Warwickshire,  and  one  of  the  family  emi- 
grated from  Anceley,  in  that  couiity,  to 
New-England  about  1673,  and  settled  at 
Bellerica,  Massachu-etts,  where  his  de- 
scendants still  continue.  rCP*  L. 

Farnabt,  Thomas,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian, born  in  London,  1575.  He  was 
servitor  of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and 
was  seduced  by  the  Jesuits,  and  persuaded 
to  leave  his  country  and  religion,  and  re- 
tire to  Spain.  Tired  of  the  discipline  of 
his  new  instructers,  he  at  last  with  diffi- 
culty escaped,  and  went  a  voyage  with  S  ir 
Francis  Drake  and  Sir  John  Hawkins, 
1595.  He  afterwards  served  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Low  Countries,  and  then  returned 
to  Cornwall,  poor  and  destitute.  He  set- 
tled at  Martock,  Somersetshire,  where  he 
taught  grammar  with  great  success,  and 
then  came  to  London,  where  he  met  with 
much  encouragement,  and  had  not  less 
631 


FAR 


FAR 


than  three  hundred  pupils.  In  1616  he 
took  his  master's  degree  at  Cambridge, 
and  was  admitted  ad  eundem  at  Oxford, 
and  about  1636,  on  account  of  the  sickness 
prevalent  in  London,  ho  removed  to  Seven 
Oaks,  Kent,  where  his  usual  success  at- 
tended him,  and  enabled  him  to  purchase 
an  estate  there,  and  another  in  Sussex. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  became  obnoxious 
to  the  parliament,  because  he  had  said  it 
was  better  to  have  one  king  than  600.  He 
was  therefore  imprisoned  in  Newgate,  and 
though  his  enemies  wished  to  transport 
him  to  America,  he  way  removed  to  Ely 
house,  Holborn,  where  he  continued  till 
within  a  year  of  his  death.  He  died  12th 
June,  1647,  and  was  buried  at  Seven  Oaks. 
His  works  were — Notae  ad  Juvenalis  et 
Persii  Satiras,  1612 — Notae  ad  Senecae  Tra- 
gaedias,  1613 — ad  Martialis  Epigr.  1615 
— ad  Lucani  Pharsalia,  1618 — Index  Rhe- 
toricus,  &c.  1625 — Florilegium  Epigram- 
mat.  Grsec.  1629— Notae  ad  Virgil.  1634 — 
Systema  Grammatic.  1641,  &c.  His  works 
display  every  where  great  erudition,  and 
his  notes,  says  Boyle,  are  of  great  use, 
being  short,  learned,  and  designed  to  clear 
up  the  text. 

Farnese,  Peter  Louis,  son  of  pope  Paul 
III.  by  a  secret  marriage,  before  he  became 
a  cardinal,  was  made  duke  of  Parma  and 
Placentia.  His  debaucheries,  and  the  ty- 
ranny of  his  government,  rendered  him 
so  unpopular,  that  he  was  assassinated 
at  Placencia,  1547,  two  years  after  his 
elevation. 

Farnese,  Alexander,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1520.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Parma  by  Clement  VII.  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  purple  in  1 534,  by  his  grand- 
father Paul  III.  by  whom  he  was  employed 
as  ambassador  to  Germany,  France,  and 
the  Low  Countries.  His  talents  as  a  nego- 
tiator were  very  great,  and  he  was  respect- 
ed for  his  learning,  as  well  as  patronage  of 
literature,  and  of  learned  men.  He  died 
at  Rome,  1589.  Chailes  V.  said  of  him, 
when  dean  of  the  sacred  college,  that  if 
all  the  members  resembled  him,  the  col- 
lege would  be  the  most  august  assembly  in 
the  world. 

Farnese,  Alexander,  third  duke  of  Par- 
ma, was  nephew  to  the  cardinal.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  siege  of  Lepanto, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Antwerp,  and  succeed- 
ed in  1578  John  of  Austria,  as  governor  of 
the  Low  Countries.  He  received  a  mortal 
wound  at  Rouen,  when  it  was  besieged  by 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  he  died  at 
Arras,  1592. 

Farneworth,  Ellis,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Bonteshall,  Derbyshire,  where  his 
father  was  rector,  and  educated  at  Chester- 
field and  Eton,  and  then  at  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  presented  tp  the  rec- 
tory of  Carsington,  Derbyshire,  1762,  by 
63-2 


dean  Vorke,  and  died  there  25th  March, 
1763.  He  wrote  the  life  of  pope  Sixtus  V. 
from  the  Italian  of  Leti,  folio.  1754 — Da- 
vila's  history  of  France,  2  vols.  4to.  1757 
— Machiavel's  works  translated  1761,  re- 
printed 1775,  4  vols.  8vo. 

Farquhar,  George,  an  eminent  comic 
poet,  son  of  a  clergyman,  born  at  London- 
derry, 1678.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
college,  and  afterwards  engaged  himself 
with  a  company  of  players.  In  this  em- 
ployment, at  the  representation  of  Dryden's 
Indian  Emperor  he  was  nearly  converting 
the  play  into  a  real  tragedy,  for  forgetting 
to  exchange  his  sword  for  a  foil,  he,  as 
Guyomar,  wounded  his  antagonist  Velas- 
quez so  dreadfully  that  from  that  moment 
he  in  terror  bid  adieu  to  the  stage.  He 
came  to  London  in  1696,  and  at  the  re- 
peated solicitations  of  Wilks,  the  actor,  he 
turned  his  thoughts  to  the  composition  of 
a  theatrical  piece.  His  opportunities  of 
study  and  meditation  were  improved  by 
the  kindness  of  lord  Orrery,  who  gave  him 
a  lieutenant's  commission  in  his  regiment. 
In  1698  his  first  comedy  appeared,  called 
"  Love  in  a  Bottle,"  and  was  well  received. 
In  1700  "  The  Constant  Couple,  or  Trip 
to  the  Jubilee,"  was  acted,  and  gave  Wilks 
the  opportunity  of  displaying  Sir  Harry 
Wildair  with  all  the  gayety,  animation,  and 
vivacity  of  the  character.  The  same  year 
Farquhar  was  in  Holland,  and  he  has  given 
a  facetious  and  interesting  account  of  the 
place  and  people  in  two  letters.  In  1701 
appeared  "  Sir  Harry  Wildair,  or  the  se- 
quel to  the  Trip  to  the  Jubilee,"  which  was 
received  with  uncommon  approbation.  He 
published  in  1702  miscellanies,  or  collec- 
tions of  poems,  letters,  and  essays,  and  the 
next  year  came  out  his  "  Inconstant,  or  the 
Way  to  Win  him."  In  1704  appeared  his 
"  Stage  Coach,"  the  next  year  "The  Twin 
Rivals,"  and  in  1706  "  The  Recruiting  Offi- 
cer," dedicated  to  "  all  friends  round  the 
Wreckin,"  a  hill  near  Shrewsbury,  where 
he  had  observed  on  a  recruiting  party  the 
manner  in  which  clowns  are  inveigled  into 
the  army,  and  the  milk-maids  are  robbed 
of  their  virtue  and  happiness,  by  the  arts  of 
military  men.  His  last  comedy  was  the 
Beaux'  Stratagem,  the  good  success  of 
which  he  did  not  see,  as  the  unkindness  of 
a  courtier,  who  had  promised,  and  forgot, 
to  patronise  him,  and  the  pressure  of 
his  debts,  broke  his  heart.  He  died 
April,  1707,  before  he  had  reached  his 
thirtieth  year.  He  had  married  in  1703  a 
lady  who  had  fallen  in  love  him,  and  who 
to  gain  the  affections  of  a  needy  and  dissi- 
pated suitor,  had  falsely  represented  her- 
self as  a  woman  of  great  opulence.  He 
married,  but  though  bitterly  disappointed, 
he  never  upbraided  his  wife  with  the  arti- 
fice, but  became  a  tender  and  indulgent 
husband.     He  left  two  daughters,  whom  in 


FAU 


FAU 


his  papers  he  had  recommended  to  the 
friendship  and  patronage  of  Wiiks.  Wilks 
became  a  father  to  them,  he  procured  a 
benefit  for  each  of  them,  and  continued  his 
parental  fondness,  even  after  they  were 
settled  in  business.  For  the  success  of  his 
comedies,  Farquhar  is  indebted  to  the  natu- 
ral delineation  of  his  characters,  the  in- 
teresting tendency  of  his  plots,  and  the 
flowing  graces  and  sprightliness  of  his  wit. 
The  same  popularity  attends  them  now  as 
upon  their  original  production,  though  it  is 
to  be  lamented,  that  a  licentiousness  and 
spirit  of  indelicacy  much  to  be  censured  are 
observed  throughout,  to  be  attributed  not 
so  much  to  depravity  of  heart  in  the 
author,  as  to  the  impure  taste  of  the  age  in 
which  he  wrote. 

Fastolff,  Sir  John,  a  valiant  general, 
of  an  ancient  family,  born  at  Yarmouth,  in 
Norfolk,  about  1377.  He  attended  the 
duke  of  Clarence,  as  lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
about  1405  and  1406,  and  in  1408  he  mar- 
ried a  rich  widow  of  that  kingdom,  and  soon 
after  went  over  to  France,  where,  under 
the  English  regency,  he  was  promoted  to 
places  of  trust  and  honour.  He  returned 
home,  1440,  covered  with  laurels  bravely 
won  in  the  field,  and  in  his  private  conduct 
now  he  exhibited  the  hospitable,  generous, 
and  benevolent  man.  He  bestowed  large 
legacies  on  Cambridge,  to  build  the  schools 
of  philosophy  and  civil  law,  and  was  a  most 
liberal  benefactor  to  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  founded  by  his  friend  Wainfleet. 
He  died  1459,  aged  upwards  of  80,  accord- 
ing to  what  Caxton,  his  cotemporary,  has 
mentioned.  Shakspeare  has  been  severely 
censured  for  abusing  this  great  and  good 
man  under  the  character  of  Sir  John 
Falstaff.  The  age  and  the  name  of  these 
two  knights  are  so  different,  that  the  appa- 
rent coincidence  must  be  purely  accidental. 
Fastolff,  as  is  well  observed,  was  a  young 
and  grave,  discreet  and  valiant,  chaste  and 
sober  commander  abroad,  and  eminent  for 
every  virtue  at  home  ;  but  the  Falstaff  of 
the  poet  is  an  old,  humorous,  vapouring, 
cowardly,  lewd,  lying,  drunken  debauchee. 
It  is  besides  to  be  recollected,  that  Shaks- 
peare's  Falstaff  was  first  acted  under  the 
name  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  though  modern 
critics  dispute  it. 

Favart,  Charles  Simon,  a  Parisian, 
known  for  his  operas,  which  are  numerous, 
and  deservedly  admired.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1793,  aged  83. 

Favart,  Marie  Justine  Benoite,  a  fa- 
mous French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Avignon,  1727.  Her  maiden  name 
was  du  Roncerai.  She  was  never  sur- 
passed in  the  sensibility,  ease,  and  liveli- 
ness of  her  comic  characters.  She  died  at 
Paris,  1772. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
historiographer  to  Henry  IV.    He    died 

Vol.  I.  m 


1601,  aged  72,  overwhelmed  in  debts.  The 
monuments  of  his  extensive  reading  and 
deep  researches  are  to  be  found  in  his  Gaul- 
ish and  French  antiquities — a  treatise  on 
the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  Church — on  the 
origin  of  Knights,  Armorial  Bearings,  and 
Heralds — origin  of  Dignities  and  Magistra- 
cies in  France.  These  works,  printed  to- 
gether in  4to.  1610,  are  curious,  but  so 
inelegant,  that,  it  is  said,  the  perusal  of 
them  gave  Lewis  XIII.  a  distaste  for 
reading. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dome,  in 
the  Nivernois,  who  became  vicar-general  to 
the  archbishop  of  Bruges,  and  preacher  to 
Lewis  XVI.  The  theatrical  manner,  and 
ridiculous  affectation  of  his  delivery,  how- 
ever, offended  the  devotion  of  the  monarch, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  disgrace,  Fau- 
chet, at  the  revolution,  was  most  hostile  to 
the  government.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
active  in  the  destruction  of  the  Bastile, 
and  preached  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on 
the  event,  and  in  his  enthusiastic  conduct 
showed  himself  so  forgetful  of  his  charac- 
ter and  profession,  that  he  called  Jesus 
Christ  the  first  sansculotte  of  Judea.  These 
extravagancies  rendered  him  popular  with 
the  mob  ;  he  was  deputy  from  Calvados  in 
the  national  assembly  and  in  the  conven- 
tion, and  became  the  constitutional  bishop 
of  Bayeaux.  He  was  at  last  accused  as  a 
disaffected  person  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  and  guillotined  1793,  in  his  49th 
year.  He  wrote  a  panegyric  on  St.  Lewis, 
before  the  French  academy — a  funeral  ora- 
tion for  the  duke  of  Orleans — discourse  on 
Universal  Manners — eloge  on  Benjamin 
Franklin,  &c. 

Faucheur,  Michael  le,  a  French  pro- 
testant  divine,  admired  as  a  preacher  at 
Montpellier,  Charenton,  and  Paris.  After 
hearing  him  discourse  on  duelling,  marshal 
de  la  Force  said,  "  if  a  challenge  was  sent 
to  me,  I  would  refuse  it."  He  died  uni- 
versally regretted  at  Paris,  1667.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  Oratorical  Action — sermons 
in  8vo. — Christian  Prayers  and  Medita- 
tions— a  treatise  on  the  Eucharist,  against 
cardinal  Perron,  Geneva,  folio. 

Faugeres,  Margaretta  V.  an  American 
lady,  was  the  daughter  of  Ann  Elizabeth 
Bleecker,  born  in  1777,  and  was  distin- 
guished for  her  literary  accomplishments. 
Her  youth  was  spent  at  Tomhanic.  She  af- 
terwards resided  and  married  in  New- York. 
Many  of  her  poetical  pieces  were  published 
in  the  periodical  works  of  the  day,  and 
much  admired.  To  the  volume  of  her 
mother's  works,  which  she  published,  she 
added  memoirs  of  her  own  life,  and  seve- 
ral essays  of  her  own,  and  afterwards  she 
produced  the  tragedy  of  Bellisarius.  By 
the  profligacy  of  her  husband,  Peter  Fau- 
geres, a  physician  of  New- York,  she  was 
reduced  to  extreme  poverty,  and  after 
fi3'3 


FAU 


FAW 


his  death,  in  1798,  resorted  to  teaching 
for  support.  She  died  in  January,  1801. 
ICP  L. 

Faulkner,  George,  a  printer  of  emi- 
nence, the  first  who  raised  his  profession 
in  Ireland  to  credit  and  respectability.  He 
was  the  friend  of  dean  Swift,  and  of  lord 
Chesterfield,  whose  letters  to  him  under 
the  name  of  Atticus,  are  much  admired. 
He  had  the  misfortune  to  break  his  leg,  in 
consequence  of  which  Foote,  with  more 
humour  than  good  breeding,  introduced 
him  in  his  Orators,  1762,  in  the  character 
of  Peter  Paragraph.  The  insult  was  felt, 
and  Faulkner  commenced  an  action  against 
the  mimic,  which,  however,  was  dropped 
by  the  interference  of  lord  Townshend. 
He  raised  himself  to  opulence  by  the  suc- 
cess of  his  "  Journal,"  and  was  universally 
respected  for  his  fair  and  upright  conduct 
in  his  profession.  He  died  Alderman  of 
Dublin,  28th  August,  1775. 

Fauquier,  Francis,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Virginia,  succeeded  Dinwiddie  in  the 
administration  in  1768.  He  was  a  man  of 
fine  talents  and  education,  of  great  excel- 
lence of  character,  and  a  warm  friend  to 
liberty,  science,  and  religion.  His  admi- 
nistration was  pre-eminently  popular  and 
useful.  He  did  much  to  polish  manners, 
raise  the  standard  of  taste,  and  promote 
the  progress  of  knowledge  in  the  colony. 
He  died  March  3d,  1768.  iCJ*  L. 

Favolius,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  author  of  Hodoeporican  Byzantium, 
in  3  books,  published  at  Louvain,  1563.  He 
died  1585. 

Favorinus,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Adrian.  He  was  born  at  Aries  in 
Gaul,  and  taught  at  Rome. 

Favorinus,  Varinus,  originally  Guarini 
of  Favera,  near  Camerino,  in  Italy,  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  a  disciple  of  Poli- 
tian,  and  became  a  Benedictine  monk.  In 
1512,  he  was  keeper  of  the  Mendicean 
library  of  Florence,  and  in  1514,  was  made 
bishop  of  Nocera,  and  died  1537.  He 
published  in  1523,  his  Greek  Lexicon  at 
Rome,  one  of  the  first  of  modern  Lexicons, 
compiled  from  Suidas,  the  Etymologicum 
Magnum,  Hesychius,  &c.  the  best  edition 
of  which  is  that  of  Bartoli,  folio,  Venice, 
1712.  He  wrote  besides  Cornucopia  et 
Horti  Adonidis,  and  Stobasus'  Apophtheg- 
mata,  translated. 

Faur,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  a  native 
of  Toulouse,  eminent  as  an  advocate,  and 
sent  by  Charles  IX.  as  ambassador  to  the 
council  of  Trent,  where  he  manfully  de- 
fended the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church. 
In  1565,  he  was  made  advocate  general  in 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  in  1570,  coun- 
sellor of  state.  In  1572,  he  vindicated  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  no  doubt 
compelled  by  his  superiors,  as  his  own 
character  was  mild,  humane,  and  far  from 
B34 


vindictive.  He  made  peace  between  the 
court  and  the  protestants  under  Henry  III. 
whom  he  had  accompanied  to  Poland, 
when  he  was  elected  king  there.  He  pos- 
sessed great  influence  with  his  master,  and 
was  created  one  of  the  chief  presidents  of 
the  court  of  law.  He  died  1584,  aged  56. 
He  published  some  speeches,  but  he  is  best 
known  by  his  "  Quatrains,"  or  Moral 
Stanzas  of  four  lines,  so  much  admired 
at  that  time,  that  they  were  translated 
into  all  languages,  and  into  English  by 
Sylvester. 

Favre,  Anthony,  Faber  in  Latin,  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  born  1557,  at  Bresse.  He 
was  governor  of  Savoy,  and  was  engaged 
in  several  negotiations  between  that  duke- 
dom and  France.  He  died  1624.  He 
wrote  10  volumes,  folio,  on  jurisprudence 
and  civil  law,  besides  quatrains  preserved 
among  those  of  Faur,  lord  of  Pibrac. 

Favre,  Claude.  Vid.  Vaugelas. 

Faust.   Vid.  Fust. 

Fausta,  Flavia  Maximiana,  second  wife 
of  the  great  Constantine,  caused  by  false 
accusation  the  death  of  Crispus,  her  son- 
in-law.  She  was  suffocated  in  a  bath  for 
her  incontinence,  327. 

Faustina,  Anna  Galeria,  daughter  of 
Ann.  Verus,  and  wife  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  141.  Her  daughter  was  equally  licen- 
tious. 

Faustus,  an  English  monk  of  the  fifth 
century.  He  was  abbot  of  the  monastery 
of  the  Lerin  Islands  433,  and  in  466 
made  bishop  of  Riez,  in  Provence.  He 
wrote  a  homily  on  Maximus,  his  predeces- 
sor in  the  bishopric.  He  was  banished 
from  his  see  in  481,  and  died  soon  after. 

Fawcett,  Sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, born  at  Shipden-hall,  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire.  He  received  his  education  at 
a  grammar-school  in  Lancashire,  and  early 
embraced  the  military  profession,  and 
served  in  Germany  during  the  seven  years' 
war  under  Eliot  and  Granby.  His  abilities 
were  applauded  by  the  king  of  Prussia. 
who  made  him  liberal  offers  to  accept  a 
command  in  his  army,  but  he  preferred  the 
service  of  his  native  country,  and  was  gra- 
dually promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  general, 
and  made  knight  of  the  bath,  colonel  of 
the  third  regiment  of  dragoon  guards,  and 
governor  of  Chelsea  hospital.  He  died 
1804,  and  was  buried  with  great  military 
pomp  in  Chelsea  college  chapel.  He  trans- 
lated from  the  French  count  Saxe's  reve- 
ries, or  Memoirs  on  the  Art  of  War,  4to. 
1757 — Regulations  for  the  Prussian  Ca- 
valry, from  the  German,  1757 — Regula- 
tions for  the  Prussian  Infantry,  and  the 
Prussian  Tactics,  1759. 

Fawkes,  Francis,  an  ingenious  poet, 
born  in  Yorkshire,  1721,  and  educated  at 
Leeds  school,  and  afterwards  at  Jesus  col- 


1A\ 


FEC 


lege,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  arts.  Upon  taking  orders,  he 
settled  at  Bromham,  Yorkshire,  and  then 
removed  to  Croydon,  Surrey,  where  Her- 
ring, the  primate,  noticed  him,  and  gave 
him,  in  1755,  the  vicarage  of  Orpington, 
with  St.  Mary  Clay,  Kent,  which  he  ex- 
changed in  1774  for  the  rectory  of  Hayes. 
He  died  26th  Aug.  1777.  He  published 
an  ode  inscribed  to  .his  patron  Herring, 
and  lamented  his  death  in  1757,  in  a  pa- 
thetic elegy.  His  poems  appeared  by  sub- 
scription, 1761,  in  8vo.  but  his  chief  merit 
was  translation,  as  is  evinced  by  his  spirit- 
ed versions  of  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Bion, 
Moschus,  and  Musaeus,  1760,  12mo. — and 
the  Idyllia  of  Theocritus,  1767,  8vo.  His 
Apollonius  Rhodius  appeared  1780.  A 
Bible,  with  notes,  was  published  in  his 
name. 

Faydit,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or 
troubadour  of  celebrity,  noticed  by  the 
princes  of  his  time  for  his  wit  and  the  ele- 
gance of  his  manners.  He  was  relieved 
from  indigence  by  the  liberality  of  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion,  who  admired  his  poetry, 
and  he  died  at  Aix,  1220.  He  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  his  benefactor  Rich- 
ard, the  Palace  of  Love,  imitated  after- 
wards by  Petrarch,  besides  comedies,  one 
of  which  "  Heregia  dels  Prestes,"  re- 
flected severely  on  the  corruption  of  the 
church. 

Faydit,  Peter,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
who  was  born  at  Riom  in  Auvergne,  and 
died  there  1709,  aged  60.  He  is  known  for 
his  satirical  attacks  on  great  characters,  es- 
pecially Bossuet  and  Fenelon,  for  his  Tele- 
machus,  and  his  illustrations  of  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,  8vo. — his  treatise  on  the  Trini- 
ty, &c. 

Fayette,  Louisa  de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celebrity.  She  was  maid  of  honour 
to  Anne  of  Austria,  and  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence of  Lewis  XIII.  without  sullying 
her  good  name  or  her  virtue.  So  great 
was  her  influence  upon  this  monarch  that 
she  reconciled  him  to  his  queen,  and  when 
she  had  thus  served  the  man  whom  she  re- 
spected, she  retired  uncontaminated  to  a 
convent,  and  took  the  veil.  Lewis  visited 
her  in  her  retreat,  but  she  resisted  every 
invitation  to  the  court.  She  died  in  her 
convent,  universally  beloved,  and  deserved- 
ly admired  for  that  uncommon  display  of 
virtue  and  self-command  which,  in  a  young 
and  beautiful  woman,  could  resist  the  most 
flattering  offers  of  distinction  and  of  rank, 
and  sacrifice  the  world  and  her  innocent 
attachment  to  a  king,  to  the  meek  spirit  of 
devotion. 

Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess 
of,  daughter  of  Aymer  de  la  Vergne,  go- 
vernor of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  wife  of 
count  de  la  Fayette,  is  celebrated  for  her 
knowledge  of  literature  and  of  the  fine 


arts,  and  her  intimacy  with  Rochel'oucauli . 
Huetius,  Menage,  Segrais,  and  other  learn- 
ed men.  She  died  1693.  Though  abused 
for  levity  of  conduct  by  the  author  of  the 
memoirs  of  Madam  de  Maintenon,  she  is 
represented  by  Madam  de  Sevigne  as  a 
woman  of  respectable  and  exemplary  cha- 
racter. She  wrote  Zaide — La  Princesse  de 
Cleves — La  Princesse  de  Montpensier,  ro- 
mances— Memoires  de  la  Cour  de  France, 
1688  and  1689  — Histoire  d'Henriette 
d'Angleterre — divers  portraits,  &c.  These 
works  are  still  esteemed.  She  is  the  first, 
says  Voltaire,  who  exhibited  in  her  ro- 
mances the  manners  of  people  of  fashion 
in  a  graceful,  easy,  and  natural  way. 

Featley,  Daniel,  or  Fairclough,  an 
English  divine,  born  at  Charlton,  Oxford- 
shire, March,  1582.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  college  school  and  CorpusChristi, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow,  1602. 
He  distinguished  himself  so  much  by  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  school  divinity, 
and  by  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher,  that 
he  was  sent  as  chaplain  to  sir  Thomas  Ed- 
mund's embassy  to  France,  where  he  con- 
tinued three  years.  He  became  in  1613, 
rector  of  Northill,  Cornwall,  and  chaplain 
to  Abbot,  the  primate,  who  made  him  rec- 
tor of  Lambeth.  In  1617,  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  afterwards  received  from 
his  patron,  the  primate,  the  rectory  of  All- 
Hallows,  Bread-street,  London,  which  he 
exchanged  for  Acton,  and  he  was  the  last 
provost  of  Chelsea  college.  He  suffered 
much  in  his  property  by  the  civil  wars,  and 
hardly  escaped  with  his  life,  as  he  was 
seized  and  imprisoned  in  1643,  for  oppo- 
sing the  covenant.  He  grew  so  weak  and 
dropsical  from  the  confinement,  that  he 
was  permitted  to  remove  to  Chelsea  col- 
lege, where  he  died,  April,  1645.  He  was 
a  very  able  disputant,  and  a  most  smart 
scourge,  says  Wood,  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  He  published  nearly  40  works,  all 
of  the  polemical  kind,  besides  "  Cygnea 
Cantio,"  1629,  and  the  scholastic  duel  be- 
tween him  and  king  James. 

Fecht,  or  Fechtius,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine  of  Brisgaw,  who  settled  at  Dour- 
lach,  and  afterwards  at  Rostock.  He  died 
1716,  aged  80.  He  wrote  a  History  of 
Cain  and  Abel,  with  notes,  &c.  8vo. — a 
treatise  on  the  Religion  of  the  modern 
Greeks — another  against  the  Superstitions 
of  the  Mass,  &c. 

Feckenham,  John  de,  so  called  as  being 
born  of  poor  parents,  near  that  forest  in 
Worcestershire.  His  right  name  was 
Howman.  His  promising  abilities  were 
observed  and  improved  by  the  priest  of  his 
parish,  and  he  was  educated  carefully  in 
the  monastery  of  Evesham,  and  afterwards 
at  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford,  where,  in  1539, 
he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  He  was  af- 
terwards chaplain  to  Bishops  Bell  and  Bor  - 
635 


FAU 


FAW 


his  death,  in  1798,  resorted  to  teaching 
for  support.  She  died  in  January,  1801. 
ICjP  L. 

Faulkner,  George,  a  printer  of  emi- 
nence, the  first  who  raised  his  profession 
in  Ireland  to  credit  and  respectability.  He 
was  the  friend  of  dean  Swift,  and  of  lord 
Chesterfield,  whose  letters  to  him  under 
the  name  of  Atticus,  are  much  admired. 
He  had  the  misfortune  to  break  his  leg,  in 
consequence  of  which  Foote,  with  more 
humour  than  good  breeding,  introduced 
him  in  his  Orators,  1762,  in  the  character 
of  Peter  Paragraph.  The  insult  was  felt, 
and  Faulkner  commenced  an  action  against 
the  mimic,  which,  however,  was  dropped 
by  the  interference  of  lord  Townshend. 
He  raised  himself  to  opulence  by  the  suc- 
cess of  his  "  Journal,"  and  was  universally 
respected  for  his  fair  and  upright  conduct 
in  his  profession.  He  died  Alderman  of 
Dublin,  28th  August,  1775. 

Fauquier,  Francis,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Virginia,  succeeded  Dinwiddie  in  the 
administration  in  176S.  He  was  a  man  of 
fine  talents  and  education,  of  great  excel- 
lence of  character,  and  a  warm  friend  to 
liberty,  science,  and  religion.  His  admi- 
nistration was  pre-eminently  popular  and 
useful.  He  did  much  to  polish  manners, 
raise  the  standard  of  taste,  and  promote 
the  progress  of  knowledge  in  the  colony. 
He  died  March  3d,  1768.  id*  L. 

Favolius,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  author  of  Hodoeporican  Byzantium, 
in  3  hooks,  published  at  Louvain,  1 563.  He 
died  1585. 

Favorinus,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Adrian.  He  was  born  at  Aries  in 
Gaul,  and  taught  at  Rome. 

Favorinus,  Various,  originally  Guarini 
of  Favera,  near  Camerino,  in  Italy,  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  a  disciple  of  Poli- 
tian,  and  became  a  Benedictine  monk.  In 
1512,  he  was  keeper  of  the  Mendicean 
library  of  Florence,  and  in  1514,  was  made 
bishop  of  Nocera,  and  died  1537.  He 
published  in  1523,  his  Greek  Lexicon  at 
Rome,  one  of  the  first  of  modern  Lexicons, 
compiled  from  Suidas,  the  Etymologicum 
Magnum,  Hesychius,  &c.  the  best  edition 
of  which  is  that  of  Bartoli,  folio,  Venice, 
1712.  He  wrote  besides  Cornucopias  et 
Horti  Adonidis,  and  Stobaeus'  Apophtheg- 
mata,  translated. 

Faur,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  a  native 
of  Toulouse,  eminent  as  an  advocate,  and 
sent  by  Charles  IX.  as  ambassador  to  the 
council  of  Trent,  where  he  manfully  de- 
fended the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church. 
In  1565,  he  was  made  advocate  general  in 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  in  1570,  coun- 
sellor of  state.  In  1572,  he  vindicated  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  no  doubt 
compelled  by  his  superiors,  as.  his  own 
character  was  mild,  humane,  and  far  from 
634 


vindictive.  He  made  peace  between  the 
court  and  the  protestants  under  Henry  III. 
whom  he  had  accompanied  to  Poland, 
when  he  was  elected  king  there.  He  pos- 
sessed great  influence  with  his  master,  and 
was  created  one  of  the  chief  presidents  of 
the  court  of  law.  He  died  1584,  aged  56. 
He  published  soma  speeches,  but  he  is  best 
known  by  his  "  Quatrains,"  or  Moral 
Stanzas  of  four  lines,  so  much  admired 
at  that  time,  that  they  were  translated 
into  all  languages,  and  into  English  by 
Sylvester. 

Favre,  Anthony,  Faber  in  Latin,  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  born  1557,  at  Bresse.  He 
was  governor  of  Savoy,  and  was  engaged 
in  several  negotiations  between  that  duke- 
dom and  France.  He  died  1624.  He 
wrote  10  volumes,  folio,  on  jurisprudence 
and  civil  law,  besides  quatrains  preserved 
among  those  of  Faur,  lord  of  Pibrac. 

Favre,  Claude.  Vid.  Vaugelas. 

Faust.   Vid.  Fust. 

Fausta,  Flavia  Maximiana,  second  wife 
of  the  great  Constantine,  caused  by  false 
accusation  the  death  of  Crispus,  her  son- 
in-law.  She  was  suffocated  in  a  bath  for 
her  incontinence,  327. 

Faustina,  Anna  Galeria,  daughter  of 
Ann.  Verus,  and  wife  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  141.  Her  daughter  was  equally  licen- 
tious. 

Faustus,  an  English  monk  of  the  fifth 
century.  He  was  abbot  of  the  monastery 
of  the  Lerin  Islands  433,  and  in  466 
made  bishop  of  Riez,  in  Provence.  He 
wrote  a  homily  on  Maximus,  his  predeces- 
sor in  the  bishopric.  He  was  banished 
from  his  see  in  481,  and  died  soon  after. 

Fawcett,  Sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, born  at  Shipden-hall,  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire.  He  received  his  education  at 
a  grammar-school  in  Lancashire,  and  early 
embraced  the  military  profession,  and 
served  in  Germany  during  the  seven  years' 
war  under  Eliot  and  Granby.  His  abilities 
were  applauded  by  the  king  of  Prussia, 
who  made  him  liberal  offers  to  accept  a 
command  in  his  army,  but  he  preferred  the 
service  of  his  native  country,  and  was  gra- 
dually promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  general, 
and  made  knight  of  the  bath,  colonel  of 
the  third  regiment  of  dragoon  guards,  and 
governor  of  Chelsea  hospital.  He  died 
1804,  and  was  buried  with  great  military 
pomp  in  Chelsea  college  chapel.  He  trans- 
lated from  the  French  count  Saxe's  reve- 
ries, or  Memoirs  on  the  Art  of  War,  4to. 
1757 — Regulations  for  the  Prussian  Ca- 
valry, from  the  German,  1757 — Regula- 
tions for  the  Prussian  Infantry,  and  the 
Prussian  Tactics,  1759. 

Fawkes,  Francis,  an  ingenious  poet, 
born  in  Yorkshire,  1721,  and  educated  ar 
Leeds  school,  and  afterwards  at  Jesus  col- 


l'A\ 


FEL 


lege,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  arts.  Upon  taking  orders,  he 
settled  at  Bromham,  Yorkshire,  and  then 
removed  to  Croydon,  Surrey,  where  Her- 
ring, the  primate,  noticed  him,  and  gave 
him,  in  1755,  the  vicarage  of  Orpington, 
with  St.  Mary  Clay,  Kent,  which  he  ex- 
changed in  1774  for  the  rectory  of  Hayes. 
He  died  26th  Aug.  1777.  He  published 
an  ode  inscribed  to  .his  patron  Herring, 
and  lamented  his  death  in  1757,  in  a  pa- 
thetic elegy.  His  poems  appeared  by  sub- 
scription, 1761,  in  8vo.  but  his  chief  merit 
was  translation,  as  is  evinced  by  his  spirit- 
ed versions  of  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Bion, 
Moschus,  and  Musajus,  1760,  l2mo. — and 
the  Idyllia  of  Theocritus,  1767,  8vo.  His 
Apollonius  Rkodius  appeared  1780.  A 
Bible,  with  notes,  was  published  in  his 
name. 

Faydit,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or 
troubadour  of  celebrity,  noticed  by  the 
princes  of  his  time  for  his  wit  and  the  ele- 
gance of  his  manners.  He  was  relieved 
from  indigence  by  the  liberality  of  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion,  who  admired  his  poetry, 
and  he  died  at  Aix,  1220.  He  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  his  benefactor  Rich- 
ard, the  Palace  of  Love,  imitated  after- 
wards by  Petrarch,  besides  comedies,  one 
of  which  "  Heregia  dels  Prestes,"  re- 
flected severely  on  the  corruption  of  the 
church. 

Faydit,  Peter,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
who  was  born  at  Riom  in  Auvergne,  and 
died  there  1709,  aged  60.  He  is  known  for 
his  satirical  attacks  on  great  characters,  es- 
pecially Bossuet  and  Fenelon,  for  his  Tele- 
machus,  and  his  illustrations  of  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,  8vo. — his  treatise  on  the  Trini- 
ty, &c. 

Fayette,  Louisa  de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celebrity.  She  was  maid  of  honour 
to  Anne  of  Austria,  and  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence of  Lewis  XIII.  without  sullying 
her  good  name  or  her  virtue.  So  great 
was  her  influence  upon  this  monarch  that 
she  reconciled  him  to  his  queen,  and  when 
she  had  thus  served  the  man  whom  she  re- 
spected, she  retired  uncontaminated  to  a 
convent,  and  took  the  veil.  Lewis  visited 
her  in  her  retreat,  but  she  resisted  every 
invitation  to  the  court.  She  died  in  her 
convent,  universally  beloved,  and  deserved- 
ly admired  for  that  uncommon  display  of 
virtue  and  self-command  which,  in  a  young 
and  beautiful  woman,  could  resist  the  most 
flattering  offers  of  distinction  and  of  rank, 
and  sacrifice  the  world  and  her  innocent 
attachment  to  a  king,  to  the  meek  spirit  of 
devotion. 

Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess 
of,  daughter  of  Aymer  de  la  Vergne,  go- 
vernor of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  wife  of 
count  de  la  Fayette,  is  celebrated  for  her 
knowledge  of  literature  and  of  the  fine 


arts,  and  her  intimacy  with  Rochefoucault. 
Huetius,  Menage,  Segrais,  and  other  learn- 
ed men.  She  died  1693.  Though  abused 
for  levity  of  conduct  by  the  author  of  the 
memoirs  of  Madam  de  Maintenon,  she  is 
represented  by  Madam  de  Sevigne  as  a 
woman  of  respectable  and  exemplary  cha- 
racter. She  wrote  Zaide — La  Princesse  de 
Cleves — La  Princesse  de  Montpensier,  ro- 
mances— Memoires  de  la  Cour  de  France, 
1688  and  1689— Histoire  d'Henriette 
d'Angleterre — divers  portraits,  &c.  These 
works  are  still  esteemed.  She  is  the  first, 
says  Voltaire,  who  exhibited  in  her  ro- 
mances the  manners  of  people  of  fashion 
in  a  graceful,  easy,  and  natural  way. 

Featley,  Daniel,  or  Fairclough,  an 
English  divine,  born  at  Charlton,  Oxford- 
shire, March,  1582.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  college  school  and  CorpusChristi, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow,  1602. 
He  distinguished  himself  so  much  by  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  school  divinity, 
and  by  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher,  that 
he  was  sent  as  chaplain  to  sir  Thomas  Ed- 
mund's embassy  to  France,  where  he  con- 
tinued three  years.  He  became  in  1613, 
rector  of  Northill,  Cornwall,  and  chaplain 
to  Abbot,  the  primate,  who  made  him  rec- 
tor of  Lambeth.  In  1617,  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  afterwards  received  from 
his  patron,  the  primate,  the  rectory  of  All- 
Hallows,  Bread-street,  London,  which  he 
exchanged  for  Acton,  and  he  was  the  last 
provost  of  Chelsea  college.  He  suffered 
much  in  his  property  by  the  civil  wars,  and 
hardly  escaped  with  his  life,  as  he  was 
seized  and  imprisoned  in  1643,  for  oppo- 
sing the  covenant.  He  grew  so  weak  and 
dropsical  from  the  confinement,  that  he 
was  permitted  to  remove  to  Chelsea  col- 
lege, where  he  died,  April,  1645.  He  was 
a  very  able  disputant,  and  a  most  smart 
scourge,  says  Wood,  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  He  published  nearly  40  works,  all 
of  the  polemical  kind,  besides  "  Cygnea 
Cantio,"  1629,  and  the  scholastic  duel  be- 
tween him  and  king  James. 

Fecht,  or  Fechtius,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine  of  Brisgaw,  who  settled  at  Dour- 
lach,  and  afterwards  at  Rostock.  He  died 
1716,  aged  80.  He  wrote  a  History  of 
Cain  and  Abel,  with  notes,  &c.  8vo. — a 
treatise  on  the  Religion  of  the  modern 
Greeks — another  against  the  Superstitions 
of  the  Mass,  &c. 

Feckenham,  John  de,  so  called  as  being 
born  of  poor  parents,  near  that  forest  in 
Worcestershire.  His  right  name  was 
Howman.  His  promising  abilities  were 
observed  and  improved  by  the  priest  of  his 
parish,  and  he  was  educated  carefully  in 
the  monastery  of  Evesham,  and  afterwards 
at  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford,  where,  in  1539, 
he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  He  was  af- 
terwards chaplain  to  Bishops  Bell  and  Bon- 
635 


1'EI 


FEL 


ner,  and  in  1549,  he  was  committed  to  the 
tower  for  refusing,  it  is  said,  to  administer 
the  sacraments  after  the  manner  of  the 
protestants.  On  Mary's  accession  he  was 
released,  and  raised  to  distinction  in  the 
church.  In  1554,  he  disputed  at  Oxford 
with  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer,  before 
they  suffered  martyrdom ;  but  though  fa- 
voured by  the  papists,  he  exercised  every 
office  of  benevolence  and  kindness  towards 
the  suffering  protestants.  In  1556,  he 
was  made  D.  D.  by  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, in  compliment  to  his  great  learning, 
and  his  many  private  virtues,  and  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  abbot  of  Westmin- 
ster. On  Mary's  death,  Elizabeth,  before 
her  coronation,  sent  for  him,  and  as  he  had 
interested  himself  warmly  in  her  favour 
during  the  last  reign,  she  acknowledged 
his  services,  and  offered  him  the  archbi- 
shopric of  Canterbury  if  he  would  conform, 
which  he  absolutely  refused.  In  the  queen's 
first  parliament  he  was  the  last  abbot  that 
sat  there,  and  he  then  spoke  so  boldly 
against  the  reformation,  that  he  was  sent 
to  the  tower  in  1560.  He  continued  in 
custody,  either  in  the  house  of  some  bishop, 
or  in  a  public  prison,  the  rest  of  his  life  ; 
but  though  he  acknowledged  the  queen's 
supremacy,  he  never  would  conform  to  the 
reformation.  He  died  a  prisoner  in  Wis- 
bech castle,  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  1585. 
Though  a  violent  papist,  he  was  a  most  hu- 
mane and  charitable  man,  whose  mildness, 
piety,  and  goodness  of  heart,  have  been 
warmly  commended  by  Camden,  Fuller, 
Burnet,  Dart,  and  Reyner.  His  works 
were  chiefly  sermons  and  controversial 
tracts,  now  little  regarded. 

Feijoo,  Benedict  Jerom,  a  Spanish  Be- 
nedictine, who  attempted  by  his  writings 
and  example,  to  correct  and  reform  the 
vitiated  notions  of  his  countrymen.  His 
Teatro  Critico,  in  14  vols.  4to.  is  a  work 
of  great  merit,  which,  with  great  freedom 
and  spirit,  censures  the  ignorance  arid 
licentiousness  of  the  clergy,  and  exposes 
the  futility  of  pilgrimages,  pretended  mira- 
cles, and  superstitious  exorcisms.  This 
unusual  boldness  against  the  prejudices  of 
the  times,  proved  very  offensive  to  the 
church,  and  the  author  was,  with  difficulty, 
saved  from  the  horrors  of  the  inquisition. 
He  died  1765. 

Feithus,  Everard,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Elburgh,  in  Guelderland.  After 
devoting  himself  with  great  assiduity  to 
literature  at  Berne,  he  returned  home  ;  but 
the  invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under  Spi- 
nola  so  terrified  him,  that  he  retired  to 
France,  where  he  taught  Greek,  and  was 
honoured  with  the  friendship  of  Casaubon, 
Thuanus,  Du  Puy,  and  other  learned  men. 
As  he  walked  one  day  at  Rochelle,  attend- 
ed by  a  servant,  he  was  invited  into  a  house 
bv  one  of  the  citizens,  and  from  that  mo- 
6*6 


merit,  it  never  could  be  known  what  be- 
came of  him,  though  the  mysterious  occur- 
rence was  diligently  inquired  into  by  the 
magistrates  of  the  place.  He  was  then 
young,  but  had  given  great  specimens  of 
superior  learning.  Of  his  MS.  works 
were  published  Antiquitatum  Homericarum 
Libri  Quatuor,  12mo.  Leyden,  1677 — De 
Atheniensium  Republica — De  Antiquit. 
Atticis,  &c.   very  learned   and  interesting. 

Felibien,  Andrew^  counsellor  and  his- 
toriographer to  the  French  king,  was  born 
at  Chartres,  1619.  He  improved  himself 
at  Paris,  and  also  at  Rome,  where  he  at- 
tended as  secretary  de  Fontenay-Mareuil, 
ambassador  to  that  court  from  France.  On 
his  return  he  was  patronised  by  Fouquet 
and  Colbert,  and  placed  by  the  king  in  offi- 
ces of  respectability  and  importance.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions  and  medals,  and  died 
June  11th,  1695,  aged  76,  leaving  five  chil- 
dren. His  principal  works  are  Entretiens 
sur  les  Vies  et  les  Ouvrages  des  plus  Ex- 
cellens  Peintres,  Anciens  et  Modernes,  5 
vols.  4to. — Les  Principes  de  1' Architecture, 
de  la  Sculpture,  et  de  la  Peinture,  avec 
un  Dictionnaire  des  Termes  Propres,  de  ces 
Ars,  de  l'Origine  de  la  Peinture,  &c. — De- 
scriptions of  several  Entertainments  given 
by  the  king,  &c. — the  Conferences  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Painting,  &c. — the  de- 
scription of  the  Abbey  de  la  Trappe,  &c, 
His  Dialogues  on  the  Lives  of  the  Painters 
is  the  work  most  admired.  It  is  elegant 
and  profound.  In  his  private  character, 
Felibien  was  very  amiable,  a  good  man,  not 
ambitious,  but  possessed  of  every  Christian 
virtue.  He  first  gave  the  name  of  great 
to  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  inscriptions  of  the 
Hotel  de  Ville. 

Felibien,  John  Francis,  succeeded  his 
father  in  all  his  appointments,  and  inherit- 
ed all  his  taste  and  knowledge  of  the  fine 
arts.  He  wrote  an  Historical  Collection 
of  the  Lives  and  Works  of  the  most  cele- 
brated Architects,  4to.  1687 — Description 
of  Versailles,  ancient  and  modern,  12mo. 
— Description  of  the  Church  of  Invalids, 
folio,  1706,  and  1756.     He  died  1733. 

Felibien,  James,  brother  of  Andrew, 
was  archdeacon  of  Chartres,  and  died  25th 
Nov.  1716.  He  wrote  Des  Instructions 
Morales — and  Pentateuchus  Historicus. 

Felibien,  Michael,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
of  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  and  was 
engaged  to  write  the  History  of  Paris, 
which  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  It  was 
finished  by  Lobineau,  5  vols.  fol.  1725. 
He  died  10th  Sept.  1719,  aged  53.  He  had 
published,  in  1706,  the  history  of  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Denys,  in  folio. 

Felix,  was  the  governor  of  Judea  before 
whom  Paul  preached  with  such  effect  as  to 
cause  him  to  tremble.  He  was  recalled  by 
Nero  for  his  oppression. 


EEL 


EEL 


Felix,  Bishop  of  Urgella  in  Spain,  sup- 
posed, with  his  friend  Elipand,  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  that  Christ  was  Son  of  God  only 
by  adoption,  an  opinion  which  drew  upon 
him  the  resentment  of  Charlemagne,  and 
his  deposition  from  his  see.  He  died  an 
exile  at  Lyons,  815. 

Felix  I.  pope  after  Dionysius,  269,  was 
put  to  death  274,  and  canonized.  His 
epistle  against  Sabellius  and  Paulus  Samo- 
satenus  is  preserved. 

Felix  II.  was  in  355  elevated  to  the  pa- 
pal chair  by  Constans,  during  the  exile  of 
Laberius.  On  the  return  of  his  rival,  Fe- 
lix, supported  by  the  authority  of  Con- 
stans, wished  to  retain  his  office  conjunctly 
with  him,  but  the  Romans  exclaimed,  "  one 
God,  one  Christ,  one  pope,"  and  he  retired 
to  exile,  and  died  365. 

Felix  III.  successor  of  Simplicius,  quar- 
relled with  the  emperor  Zeno,  in  defence  of 
the  privileges  of  the  Western  church,  and 
died  492. 

Felix  IV.  a  native  of  Beneventum,  was 
raised  to  the  papal  chair  after  John  I.  526, 
and  died  four  years  after.  He  was  a  pre- 
late of  great  piety  and  exemplary  goodness. 
He  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  ex- 
treme unction  in  the  church. 

Fell,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
at  Longworth,  Berks,  23d  June,  1625. 
He  was  educated  at  Thames  school,  and  at 
the  age  of  11  was  admitted  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  his  father  was  dean. 
During  the  civil  war  he  bore  arms  for  the 
king,  and  for  his  loyalty  he  was  expelled 
from  the  college,  and  lived  in  retirement 
till  the  restoration,  when  he  was  made  pre- 
bendary of  Chichester,  and  canon  and 
dean  of  Christ-church.  He  was  very  libe- 
ral to  his  college,  and  built  the  tower  over 
the  principal  gate,  into  which  in  1683  he 
caused  to  be  removed  the  bell  called  great 
Tom,  said  to  have  been  originally  brought 
from  Oseney  abbey.  In  1666,  and  the 
three  following  years,  he  served  the  office 
of  vice-chancellor,  and  by  his  indefatiga- 
ble attention  he  contributed  much  to  re- 
store the  good  order  and  ancient  discipline 
of  the  university.  In  1675-6  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Oxford,  without  giving  up  his 
deanery,  and  now,  besides  charitable  con- 
tributions, he  applied  a  large  part  of  his 
income  to  the  rebuilding  of  Cuddesden 
palace.  He  died  10th  July,  1686,  and  was 
buried  in  Christ-church  cathedral,  where 
an  inscription  by  Aldrich,  his  successor, 
marks  his  grave.  He  wrote  the  Lift* of  Dr. 
Hammond,  1660— Historia  et  Antiquitates 
Universitatis  Oxon,  2  vols,  folio,  translated 
from  Wood's— Alcinoi  in  Platonicam  Phi- 
losophiam  Introductio— In  Laudem  Mu- 
sices  Carmen  Sapphicum— St.  Clement's 
two  Epistles  to  the  Corinthians,  Greek  and 
Latin — Allestree's  Life — sermons — an  edi- 
tion of  Cyprian's  works,  and  other  clas- 


sics. The  bishop's  father,  Dr.  Samuel 
Fell,  was  born  in  St.  Clement  Danes  pa- 
rish, London,  1594,  and  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ-church.  He  was 
successively  minister  of  Freshwater,  isle 
of  Wight,  chaplain  to  James  I.  prebendary 
of  Worcester,  dean  of  Lichfield,  and  in 
1638  dean  of  Christ-church.  He  died 
1st  Feb.  1648-9,  of  a  broken  heart,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  murder  of  his  royal  mas- 
ter. He  wrote  Primitiae,  seu  Oratio,  &c. 
1626,  and  Concio  Latina  ad  Baccalau- 
reos,  &c.  1627. 

Fell,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  born 
at  Cockermouth,  1732.  He  was  originally 
a  tailor  ;  but  after  living  in  that  employ- 
ment in  London,  he  acquired  some  know- 
ledge of  the  classics,  and  became  pastor  of 
a  congregation  at  Beccles,  Suffolk,  and 
afterwards  Thaxsted,  Essex.  He  was 
afterwards  tutor  at  an  academy  at  Homer- 
ton,  from  which  he  was  dismissed,  says  his 
biographer,  for  reading  a  newspaper  on  a 
Sunday.  A  subscription  of  100  guineas 
was  made  that  he  should  preach  sermons 
on  the  evidences  of  Christianity.  Four 
only  of  these  discourses  were  delivered  at 
the  Scots'  church,  London  Wall,  when  the 
preacher  fell  a  victim  to  a  dropsy,  13th 
Sept.  1797.  The  sermons  were  continued 
and  published  by  Dr.  H.  Hunter.  Fell  was 
the  author  of  Answers  to  Farmer's  Essay- 
on  the  Demoniacs — and  his  treatise  on  the 
Idolatry  of  Greece  and  Rome — Genuine 
Protestantism — an  Essay  on  the  Love  of 
one's  Country — a  Letter  to  Burke  on  the 
Penal  Laws — an  Essay  on  English  Gram- 
mar, &c. 

Feller,  Joachim  Frederic,  a  learned 
German,  born  at  Leipsic,  1673.  He  was 
secretary  to  the  duke  of  Weimar,  and 
travelled  much  to  visit  foreign  libraries. 
He  died  1726.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  is  Monumenta  Varia  Inedita,  Jena, 
1714,  in  12  numbers,  4to.  He  wrote  also 
Miscellanea  Leibnitiana — Genealogy  of  the 
House  of  Brunswick. 

Feller,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ex-jesuit, 
born  at  Brussels.  He  wrote  an  Historical 
and  Literary  Journal  from  1774  to  1794,  at 
Luxemburg — a  Geographical  Dictionary — 
Observations  on  Newton's  Philosophy — 
and  Buffon's  Epochs  of  Nature  examined 
— an  Historical  Dictionary,  8  vols.  8vo. 
Liege,  said  by  the  editors  of  the  Nouveau 
Dictionnaire  Historique,  to  be  pirated  from 
their  own  work.  He  died  at  Ratisbon, 
1802,  aged  67. 

Felltham,  Owen,  an  English  writer 
born  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  in  Suffolk, 
where  his  family  had  been  settled  for  seve- 
ral generations.  Few  particulars  are 
known  of  his  history,  though  it  appears 
that  his  learning  and  virtues  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  earl  of  Thomond, 
in  whose  family  he  lived  for  some  years  in 
R37 


FEN 


ELL 


easy  and  honourable  dependence.  He 
■wrote  Resolves,  Divine,  Moral,  and  Politi- 
cal, a  work  of  great  merit,  and  singular  ex- 
cellence, of  which  the  12th  edition  ap- 
peared in  1709,  in  8vo.  This  book,  so  valu- 
able for  its  refined  sentiments  of  morality, 
its  pointed  delineations  of  duty,  and  its 
interesting  tendency  to  instruct  the  mind 
and  improve  the  heart  in  the  road  of  vir- 
tue, has  lately  been  edited  with  a  few  altera- 
tions by  Mr.  Cumming,  and  deservedly 
recommends  itself  to  universal  perusal. 
Fellthain  wrote  besides  some  prayers  for  the 
use  of  lady  Thomond's  family,  &c.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown,  though  he 
■was  living  in  1677. 

Felton,  John,  an  Englishman,  known 
in  history  as  the  assassin  of  Villiers,  duke 
of  Buckingham,  1628,  a  crime  which  he 
committed  out  of  fanatic  zeal,  in  the  full 
"persuasion  that  he  thus  served  God  and 
man.  He  was  tried  and  executed  for  the 
foul  deed.  He  had  been  a  lieutenant  in 
the  army  which  besieged  the  isle  of  Rhe, 
and  because  he  did  not  succeed  to  a  com- 
pany on  the  death  of  his  captain,  who  was 
slain  in  the  attack,  he  quitted  the  army  in 
disgust,  and  became  a  bigoted  dissatisfied 
puritan.  His  grandfather  of  the  same 
name  had,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  affixed 
on  the  palace  gates  of  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, the  bull  of  Pius  V.  by  which  the 
queen  was  declared  a  heretic,  and  her  sub- 
jects incited  to  rebellion.  He  was  tried 
and  executed  for  this  conduct,  1570.  His 
son  Thomas  was  a  Franciscan,  and  came 
to  England  as  a  missionary,  for  which  he 
was  executed,  1588. 

Felton,  Henry,  principal  of  Edmund- 
hall,  Oxford,  dedicated  to  his  pupil,  the 
duke  of  Rutland,  his  dissertation  on  reading 
the  Classics,  and  forming  a  Just  Style,  a 
work  of  merit.  He  wrote  also  a  volume 
of  sermons,  and  died  1739. 

Fendall,  Josias,  governor  of  Maryland, 
who  exercised  also  the  powers  of  chief 
justice,  received  his  appointment  from  the 
commissioners  of  parliament  in  1658.  He 
had  previously  been  appointed  governor  by 
the  proprietors,  but  rendered  himself  un- 
worthy of  their  confidence  by  his  intrigues, 
■which  caused  great  confusion  in  the  pro- 
Aince.  In  June,  1660,  he  was  succeeded 
by  Philip  Calvert.  Twenty  years  after  he 
was  fined  forty  thousand  pounds  of  tobac- 
(  o,  and  banished  from  the  province  for  his 
seditious  practices.  ICJ^  L. 

Fenelon,  Francis  de  Salignac  de  la 
Motte,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  was  born 
of  an  illustrious  family  at  the  castle  of 
Fenelon,  in  Perigord,  6th  August,  1651. 
lie  %vas  educated  at  Cahors,  and  after- 
wards finished  his  studies  at  Paris,  and 
began  early  to  acquire  popularity  as  a 
preacher.  At  the  age  of  24  he  took  orders, 
•md  in  1686,  after  the  revocation  of  the 
658 


edict  of  Nantes,  he  was  sent  by  the  king 
at  the  head  of  the  missionaries  who  were 
to  convert  the  protestants  of  the  coast  of 
Saintonge  and  the  Pays  de  Aunis,  who  had 
not  yet  submitted  to  the  influence  of  mili- 
tary force.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  tu- 
tor to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Anjou,  and 
Berri,  and  he  displayed  such  abilities  in  the 
education  of  these  princes,  that  the  king 
in  gratitude  for  his  services  gave  him  the 
abbey  of  St.  Valery,  and  soon  after  the 
see  of  Cambray,  to  which  he  was  conse- 
crated by  Bossuet,  1695.  In  1697  he  was 
exposed  to  religious  persecution,  by  the 
publication  of  his  explication  of  "  the 
maxims  of  the  Saints  concerning  the  In- 
terior Life,"  in  which  he  supported  the 
claims  of  Madame  Guyon  to  exalted 
devotion,  and  her  mystical  interpreta- 
tion of  Solomon's  Song.  There  was  little 
in  her  book,  that  merited  attention,  but  as 
Fenelon  defended  her  cause,  his  authority 
alarmed  some  of  the  French  prelates,  and 
conferences  were  held  for  some  months  be- 
tween him  and  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux, 
Noialles,  bishop  of  Chalons,  and  Troncon, 
superior  of  St.  Sulpicius.  Fenelon  was  of- 
fered to  sign  a  recantation  of  his  opinions, 
and  when  he  refused,  the  affair  was  referred 
to  the  king,  and  then  to  the  decision  of  the 
pope,  who  in  condemning  the  archbishop's 
book,  declared  that  he  had  erred  from  ex- 
cess of  love  of  God,  and  his  opponents  from 
excess  of  love  of  their  neighbour.  This  af- 
fair, to  which  such  importance  was  attach- 
ed, was  supposed  to  arise  from  the  wish  of 
preventing  the  appointment  of  Fenelon  to 
the  office  of  almoner  to  the  dutchess  of 
Burgundy,  which  was  immediately  filled  by 
Bossuet.  Fenelon,  with  true  Christian 
meekness,  submitted  to  the  decision  of  the 
pope,  and  read  the  sentence,  and  his  recan- 
tation in  his  own  diocess,  where,  by  his 
exemplary  life,  he  gave  lustre  to  the  epis- 
copal office.  He  afterwards  assisted  the 
Jesuits,  in  their  successful  attack  against 
the  Jansenists,  and  procured  the  disgrace 
of  Noialles  their  patron,  and  the  condem- 
nation of  their  writings.  The  work  from 
which  Fenelon  derives  immortality  is  his 
"  Telemachus."  It  was  indeed  exposed  to 
the  jealousy  of  Lewis  and  his  courtiers, 
who  pretended  to  see  the  character  of  Ma- 
dam de  Montespan  in  Calypso,  of  Made- 
moiselle de  Fontanges,  in  Eucharis,  of  the 
dutchess  of  Burgundy,  in  Antiope,  of  Lou- 
vois,  in  Protesilaus,  of  James  II.  in  Ido- 
meneus,  and  of  Lewis  XIV.  in  Sesostris, 
but  though  its  publication  was  prohibited  in 
France,  it  appeared  at  Paris  surreptitiously 
in  1699,  and  in  a  corrected  form  at  the 
Hague,  1701.  Such  is  the  merit  of  the 
work,  that  it  ranks,  though  in  prose,  among 
epic  poems,  and  by  the  elegance  of  its  style, 
and  the  sublimity  of  its  moral,  it  has  secured 
universal  applause,  and  has  been  translated 


FEN 

into  all  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 
The  last  part  of  Fenelon's  life  was  spent  in 
the  conscientious  discharge  of  the  pastoral 
office  in  his  diocess,  where  his  benevo- 
lence and  goodnesslof  heart  gained  him 
the  affection  and  gratitude  of  his  people, 
and  his  reputation  the  respect  even  of  his 
enemies,  for  Marlborough,  when  victorious 
in  the  country,  ordered  the  lands  of  the 
great  and  good  Fenelon  to  be  spared.  This 
amiable  prelate  died  7th  Jan.  1715,  aged 
63.  Besides  his  Telemachus,  and  his  Ex- 
plication of  the  Maxims,  he  wrote  some 
other  valuable  works,  a  treatise  on  the 
Education  of  daughters,  12mo.  much  ad- 
mired— Dialogues  of  the  Dead,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Dialogues  on  Eloquence,  and  the 
Eloquence  of  the  Pulpit,  12mo — Lives  of 
ancient  Philosophers,  abridged,  l2mo. — 
Spiritual  Works,  4  vols.  12mo. — a  Demon- 
stration of  the  Existence  of  God,  12mo. — 
Directions  for  the  Conscience  of  a  King — 
sermons,  &c. 

Fenner,  Arthur,  succeeded  Mr.  Collins 
as  governor  of  Rhode-Island  in  1789,  and 
continued  in  office  until  1S05.  He  was 
the  son  of  Arthur  Fenner,  Esq.  whose  an- 
cestors were  among  the  earliest  inhabitants 
of  Providence  ;  and  previously  to  his  elec- 
tion as  governor,  was  clerk  of  the  superior 
court.  He  died  at  Providence,  October 
15th,  1305,  aged  60.  fCF"  L. 

Fen  ton,  Elijah,  an  English  poet,  the 
youngest  of  twelve  children,  born  at  Shel- 
ton,  near  Newcastle-under-Line,  Stafford- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but 
his  opposition  to  government  prevented  his 
entering  into  orders,  and  he  became  usher 
in  Mr.  Bonwicke's  school  at  Headly  in 
Surrey.  He  afterwards  was  master  of  Seven 
Oaks  school,  and  next  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  lord  Orrery,  and  tutor  to  his  son 
lord  Boyle.  By  Pope's  recommendation, 
he  was  placed  as  a  useful  assistant  near 
Craggs,  secretary  of  state,  whose  early 
death  prevented  his  comfortable  settle- 
ment. Though  not  rich,  he  ended  his 
life  in  ease  and  tranquillity,  and  died  at  the 
house  of  lady  Trumbal,  East-Hainstead, 
Berks,  13th  July,  1730.  He  published  in 
1709,  "  Oxford  and  Cambridge  verses," 
and  in  1717,  a  volume  of  his  own  poems, 
and  in  1723,  his  tragedy  of  Mariamne, 
collected  out  of  Josephus.  He  also  assist- 
ed Pope  in  the  Odyssey,  and  translated  the 
1st,  4th,  19th,  and  20th  books.  He  also 
edited  Waller's  poems,  with  notes,  and 
published  a  life  of  Milton,  commended  by 
Dr.  Johnson.  Fenton,  though  of  no  superior 
genius  as  a  poet,  yet  possessed  great  merit, 
as  the  choice  and  friendship  of  Pope  fully 
testify.  His  epitaph  was  written  by  Pope, 
and  the  praises  bestowed  on  him  are  not 
overcharged,  for  he  was  an  honest  man, 
iinenvied  by  rivals,  mild,  humane,  and  be- 


FER 

nevolent  in  his  conduct,  and  he  lived  "  con- 
tent with  science  in  the  vale  of  peace." 

Fenton,  Sir  Geoffrey,  an  eminent 
writer,  descended  from  a.  good  family  in 
Nottinghamshire.  He  served  queen  Eliza- 
beth in  Ireland,  where  he  became  member 
of  the  privy  council,  1581,  and  where  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Dr.Robert  Weston, 
lord  chancellor  of  the  Island.  He  was  af- 
terwards appointed  to  the  secretaryship  of 
the  lord  lieutenant,  and  continued  in  that 
responsible  office  under  all  the  changes  of 
government.  He  died  19th  October,  1608, 
in  Dublin,  at  the  house  of  the  earl  of  Cork, 
who  had  married,  in  1603,  his  only  daugh- 
ter. He  translated  Guiciardini's  Wars  of 
Italy,  dedicated  to  queen  Elizabeth,  besides 
Golden  epistles  from  Guevara's  works,  &c. 

Ferajuoli,  Nuzio,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  in  1661.  He  was  pupil  to  Luca  Gior- 
dano, and  is  eminent  for  the  beauty  and 
correctness  of  his  landscapes,  and  the 
transparency  of  the  waters. 

Ferdinand  I.  emperor  of  Germany, 
second  son  of  the  archduke  Philip,  was 
born  at  Medina,  in  Castile,  1503.  He  was 
crowned  king  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia 
1527,  on  the  death  of  his  brother-in-law, 
Louis  the  younger,  the  last  king,  and  in 
1531,  he  was  elected  king  of  the  Romans, 
and  in  1558,  he  succeeded  as  emperor  on 
the  abdication  of  his  brother  Charles  V. 
He  governed  with  moderation  and  pru- 
dence, and  after  making  peace  with  the 
Turks,  and  producing  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  kings  of  Sweden  and  Denmark, 
he  died  of  a  dropsy  at  Vienna,  25th  July, 
1564,  aged  61. 

Ferdinand  II.  archduke  of  Austria,  and 
son  of  Charles,  duke  of  Stiria,  was  made 
king  of  Bohemia  1617,  and   of  Hungary 

1618,  and    raised   to  the  imperial  throne 

1619,  His  subjects  of  Bohemia  revolted, 
and  placed  on  the  throne  Frederic  V.  elec- 
tor Palatine,  but  Ferdinand  attacked,  and 
defeated    them  at   the  battle  of   Prague, 

1620,  and  the  dukedom  of  the  usurper  was 
given  to  Maximilian,  duke  of  Bavaria. 
The  fortunes  of  the  unfortunate  Palatine 
were  supported  by  Christian,  king  of  Den- 
mark, but  the  victories  of  Tully,  the  impe- 
rial general,  rendered  his  opposition  hope- 
less, and  obliged  him  to  sue  for  peace,  1629. 
These  brilliant  successes  roused  against 
Ferdinand,  the  king  of  France,  and  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  and  the  Imperial 
general  was  defeated  at  Leipsic,  1631, 
though  soon  after  the  Swedish  conqueror 
fell,  covered  with  glory,  in  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Lutzen.  The  battle  of  Nortlingen 
in  1634,  proved  favourable  to  the  cause  of 
the  Germans,  and  the  following  year,  tran- 
quillity was  restored  among  the  rival  pow- 
ers. Ferdinand  died  at  Vienna,  8th  Feb. 
1637,  aged  59. 


fer 


FER 


Ferdinand  III.  surnamed  Ernest,  eld- 
est son  of  the  preceding,  was  made  king  of 
Hungary  1625,  of  Bohemia  1627,  and  of 
the  Romans  1636,  and  elected  emperor 
on  his  father's  death.  He  pursued  the 
same  plans  of  ambition  and  aggrandize- 
ment as  his  father,  but  in  his  war  against 
the  Swedes,  his  troops  were  defeated  by 
Bernard  duke  of  Weimar,  who  in  four 
months  gained  four  important  victories. 
The  French  under  the  great  Conde  sup- 
ported the  Swedish  arms,  and  Ferdinand 
was  besieged  in  Ratisbon  where  he  held  a 
diet  of  the  empire.  In  1645,  another  bat- 
tle was  fought  and  won  by  Conde  at  Nort- 
lingen  on  the  same  spot,  where  the  Swedes 
had  been  eleven  years  before  defeated. 
Tranquillity  was  at  last  restored  to  the 
empire  b)  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  1648, 
and  the  treaties  of  Osnaburg  and  Munster, 
which  granted  Pomerania  to  the  Swedish 
monarch,  and  made  him  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Germanic  body,  and  tolerated 
the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists  in  the  midst 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  em- 
peror died  1657,  aged  49.  He  was  three 
times  married. 

Ferdinand  I.  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
surnamed  the  Great,  was  son  of  Sancho 
III.  king  of  Navarre.  He  defeated  in  bat- 
tle Alphonso  king  of  Leon,  1037,  and 
caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king  of 
Leon,  and  of  the  Asturias,  the  next  year. 
He  next  marched  against  the  Moors,  took 
several  of  their  towns,  and  penetrated  into 
the  heart  of  Portugal,  and  afterwards  he 
attacked  his  brother  Garcias,  king  of  Na- 
varre, whom  he  deprived,  in  a  decisive 
battle,  of  his  crown  and  of  his  life.  He 
died  1065,  and  divided  his  kingdom  among 
his  sons,  and  thus  created  causes  for  civil 
wars. 

Ferdinand  II.  younger  son  of  Alphon- 
so VIII.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile,  made  war 
against  the  Portuguese,  and  took  their 
king  Alphonso  Henriques  prisoner.  He 
made  the  wisest  and  most  temperate  use  of 
his  victory,  and  died  1187,  after  a  reign  of 
thirty  years. 

Ferdinand  III.  St.  son  of  Alphonso 
IX.  obtained  the  crown  of  Castile  by  the 
abdication  of  his  mother  Berengere,  1217, 
and  ascended  the  throne  of  Leon  on  his  fa- 
ther's death,  1230.  He  made  successful 
war  against  the  Moors,  and  took  Cordova, 
Murcia,  Seville,  Xeres,  Cadiz,  &c.  and 
died  1252,  as  he  was  meditating  an  invasion 
of  the  kingdom  of  Morocco.  He  was  a 
wise  monarch,  and  he  established  some  sa- 
lutary laws  for  the  protection  of  his  sub- 
jects, and  the  more  impartial  administra- 
tion of  justice.  He  was  canonized  by  Cle- 
ment X.  1617. 

Ferdinand  IV.  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Castile   1295,  at  the  age  of  ten.     His 
minority   was  governed  bv    the  prudent 
640 


administration  of  his  mother  Mary.  He 
made  war  against  the  Moors,  and  against 
Grenada,  and  died  suddenly,  1312,  aged  27. 

Ferdinand  V.  surnamed  the  Catholic, 
was  son  of  John  II.  king  of  Arragon.  He 
married  in  1469,  Isabella  of  Castile,  and 
thus  united  the  two  kingdoms  of  Castile 
and  Arragon.  He  made  war  against  Al- 
phonso king  of  Portugal,  and  defeated  him 
at  Toro  1476,  and  he  next*turned  his  arms 
against  the  kingdom  of  Grenada,  which  he 
totally  subdued  after  a  war  of  eight  years, 
and  thus  put  an  end  to  the  Moorish  power, 
which  for  800  years  had  flourished  in  Spain. 
Ambitious  and  enterprising,  Ferdinand  next 
turned  his  arms  against  Navarre,  and  by 
means  of  his  brave  general  Gonsalvo  of 
Cordova,  he  conquered  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  but  whilst  his  dominions  were 
thus  enlarged  in  Europe  and  in  Africa,  a 
new  continent  submitted  to  his  power  by 
the  great  discoveries  of  the  immortal  Co- 
lumbus. Ferdinand  left  four  daughters, 
and  died  1516. 

Ferdinand  VI.  surnamed  the  Wise, 
was  son  of  Philip  V.  and  Mary  of  Savoy, 
and  succeeded  his  father  1746.  He  was  a 
most  benevolent  prince,  he  restored  liberty 
to  prisoners,  he  extended  his  forgiveness 
to  deserters  and  smugglers,  and  appointed 
two  days  in  the  week  when  he  freely  gave 
access  to  his  subjects,  and  redressed  pe- 
sonally  their  grievances.  He  engaged  in  the 
war  of  1741,  and  in  the  peace  of  1748,  he 
obtained  for  one  of  his  brothers  the  crown 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  and  for  the  other  the 
dutchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia.  In  his 
government  he  was  prudent,  and  deservedly 
popular,  industry  was  encouraged,  abuses 
were  reformed,  and  canals  were  made  to 
convey  plenty  and  commerce  through  the 
country.  He  died  without  children  at 
Madrid,  10th  August,  1759,  aged  46. 

Ferdinand  I.  succeeded  in  1458  to  Al- 
phonso of  Arragon  as  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily.  Though  he  protected  com- 
merce, and  encouraged  the  liberal  arts 
among  his  subjects,  yet  he  was  unpopular 
on  account  of  his  debaucheries  and  cruel- 
ties. He  died  little  regretted  1494, 
aged  seventy. 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Portugal,  after 
Peter,  1367,  died  1383.  He  assumed  the 
title  of  king  of  Castile,  after  the  death  of 
Peter  the  cruel,  and  in  consequence,  was 
engaged  in  war  with  Henry  of  Transta- 
mare,  whose  daughter  he  was  obliged  to 
marry  to  re-establish  the  general  tranquil- 
lity. He  was  again  unfortunate  in  ano- 
ther war,  though  supported  by  the 
English. 

Ferdinand  I.  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
after  his  brother  Francis  II.  1587,  was 
eminent  for  his  wisdoni  in  the  government, 
and  for  the  vigour  with  which  he  made 
war  against  the  pirates  who  disturbed  the 


1EK 


FER 


commerce  of  his  subjects  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean.    He  died  much  respected,  1609. 

Ferdinand  II.  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
succeeded  Cosmo  II.  and  gained  the  re- 
spect of  the  neighbouring  princes,  by  the 
firm  neutrality  which  he  maintained  during 
the  wars  between  France  and  Spain.  He 
ably  supported  the  Venetians  in  their  war 
in  Candia,  and  died  1668,  after  a  reign  of 
forty-eight  years. 

Ferdinand  of  Cordova,  a  learned  Spa- 
niard of  the  loth  century,  who  was  not  only 
well  skilled  in  the  logic  of  Aristotle,  and 
the  learning  of  the  ancients,  but  an  ac- 
complished master  in  the  polite  arts,  so 
that  he  passed  among  the  vulgar  for  a  ma- 
gician. He  wrote  de  Artificio  Omnis 
Scibilis — and  Commentaries  on  Ptolemy's 
Almagest,  and  on  the  Bible. 

Ferdinand  Lopez,  a  Portuguese,  who 
went  to  the  East-Indies  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  published  an  interesting  account 
of  his  voyage,  &c. 

Ferdinand,  Charles,  a  native  of  Bru- 
ges, known  as  a  poet  and  philosopher.  He 
died  at  Paris  1494,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
the  Tranquillity  of  the  Soul. 

Ferdinand,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Toledo, 
author  of  Divinarum  Scripturarum  The- 
saurus, fol.  1594.  He  died  at  Valencia 
1595,  aged  59.  Another  of  that  name 
was  a  Dominican  of  Arragon,  who  pub- 
lished a  commentary  on  Ecclesiastes,  and 
died  1625. 

Ferdinand  de  Jesus,  a  Carmelite 
monk  in  Spain,  very  eloquent,  so  that  he 
was  surnamed  the  Golden  mouthed.  He 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Aristotle,  the 
Bible,  &c.  in  the  17th  century. 

Ferdinandi,  Epiphanius,  a  native  of 
Obianto,  eminent  as  a  physician.  He 
wrote  Observations  et  Casus  Medici — 
de  Vita  Propaganda — de  Peste — Theo- 
remata  Medica,  &c.  He  died  1638,  aged 
69. 

Ferdonsi,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  a  Per- 
sian poet,  whose  epic  poem  called  Schana- 
meh  is  very  celebrated.  It  is  the  labour 
of  thirty  years,  and  consists  of  60,000 
verses,  each  of  which  is  a  distich.  It  con- 
tains the  annals  of  the  kings  of  Persia. 
He  died  at  Thous  1020. 

Ferg  or  Fergire,  Francis  Paul,  a 
painter,  born  at  Vienna  1689.  He  studied 
under  Hans  Graaf  and  Grient,  and  im- 
proved himself  by  travelling.  He  came 
to  London,  where  he  was  much  esteemed, 
but  an  imprudent  marriage  ruined  all  his 
expectations.  He  was  found  dead  at  the 
door  of  his  lodging  1740,  worn  out  with 
disease  and  wretchedness.  His  landscapes 
are  beautifully  enriched  with  ruins  of  cas- 
tles and  towers. 

Fergus  I.  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  Fer- 
gus king  of  the  Irish  Scots.    It  is  said  that 
he  assisted  the  Scot?  in  repelling  the  Picts, 
Vol.  T  «] 


and  that  for  his  services  he  was  elected 
king.  He  was  drowned  as  he  returned  to 
Ireland,  404. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  a  divine,  ejected 
from  the  living  of  Godmarsham  in  Kent, 
for  nonconformity  1662.  He  afterwards 
kept  a  school,  and  then  devoted  himself  to 
politics,  and  became  a  court  spy.  He  was 
next  the  associate  of  the  unfortunate  Mon- 
mouth, whom  as  it  is  thought  he  betrayed, 
as  he  was  fickle  in  his  attachments,  and 
faithful  to  no  party.  He  wrote  the  Inte- 
rest of  Reason  in  Religion,  8vo. — a  Dis- 
course concerning  Justification,  &c.  and 
died  poor,  1714. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  studied  divinity,  but  preferred 
poetry  and  literary  fame  to  all  other  pur- 
suits. He  obtained  a  place  in  the  sheriff 
clerk's  office,  Edinburgh,  but  dissipation 
abridged  his  days,  and  he  died  insane  in 
the  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Edinburgh  1774, 
aged  24.  His  pastoral,  humorous,  and 
lyric  poems  have  been  edited  in  Dr.  Ander- 
son's collection. 

Ferguson,  James,  an  ingenious  Scotch- 
man, self-taught  as  a  philosopher,  born  of 
poor  parents  at  Keith  in  Bamffshire,  1710. 
He  was  for  four  years  a  common  shepherd, 
and  in  this  solitary  employment  he  marked 
accurately  the  position  of  the  stars  with  a 
thread  and  bead.  His  ingenuity  was  ob- 
served and  encouraged  by  his  opulent 
neighbours,  who  had  him  instructed  in 
arithmetic,  algebra,  and  geometry,  and 
under  the  patronage  of  sir  James  Dunbar, 
for  many  years,  he  supported  himself  by 
drawing  and  taking  portraits.  His  inge- 
nuity was  so  great  that  after  the  accidental 
sight  of  a  watch  and  of  a  clock,  he  made 
one  of  each  with  wood.  In  1744  he  came 
to  London,  and  in  consequence  of  his  as- 
tronomical rotula  to  show  the  new  moon 
and  eclipses,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
learned  and  ingenious,  and  made  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
offensive manners,  mild  and  benevolent  in 
his  character.  George  III.  at  his  ac- 
cession granted  him  a  pension  of  501.  a 
year,  and  occasionally  took  great  delight 
in  his  conversation.  He  invented  some 
useful  instruments,  and  died  16th  Nov. 
1776.  He  wrote  "  Select  Mechanical 
exercises,"  1773 — Introduction  to  Elec- 
tricity, 1770 — to  Astronomy,  1772 — trea- 
tise on  Perspective,  1775 — and  Astronomy 
Explained  on  Newton's  principles,  edited 
for  the  fourth  time  1770 — Lectures  on 
Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  Hydraulics, 
Pneumatics,  &c.  edited  the  fifth  time. 
1776,  &c. 

Ferguson,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
who  died  1690.  He  travelled  into  Italy, 
and  excelled  in  representing  dead  birds, 
game,  and  still  life. 

Ferguson,  Adam,  a  distinguished  wri- 
641 


FER 


FER 


icr,  was  born  in  1724,  at  Logierait,  in 
Scotland,  of  which  parish  his  father  was 
minister.  He  was  educated  at  the  school 
of  Perth,  from  whence  he  removed  to  St. 
Andrews,  and  after  obtaining  his  degree 
of  master  of  arts,  he  went  to  Edinburgh  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  ministry.  His  first 
situation  as  a  clergyman  was  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  chaplain  to  the  42d  regiment  of 
foot,  with  which  he  served  in  Flanders  till 
the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Edinburgh  ;  where,  in  1759,  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philoso- 
phy, which  chair  he  afterwards  resigned 
for  that  of  moral  philosophy.  In  1767  he 
published  his  "  Essay  on  Civil  Society," 
which  was  well  received,  and  the  author 
honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws.  Soon  after  this  he  married  a  niece 
of  Dr.  Black;  and  in  1773  he  accompanied 
the  late  earl  of  Chesterfield  on  his  travels. 
In  1776  he  published  an  answer  to  Dr. 
Price  on  "  Civil  Liberty,"  which  procured 
him  the  favour  of  the  ministry,  who  ap- 
pointed him  secretary  to  the  mission  sent 
to  America  in  1778,  to  effect  a  reconcilia- 
tion between  the  two  countries.  On  his 
return,  Dr.  Ferguson  sat  down  to  the  du- 
ties of  his  professorship,  and  the  compo- 
sition of  his  "  History  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public," which  work  was  published  in  3 
vols.  4to.  in  17S3.  He  now  resigned  his 
professorship  in  favour  of  Mr.  Dugald 
Stewart,  and  took  that  of  mathematics  as 
less  laborious.  In  1793  he  reduced  his 
lectures  to  the  form  of  "  a  Treatise  on 
Moral  and  Political  Science,"  2  vols.  4to.  ; 
and  not  long  afterwards  went  abroad.  On 
his  return  he  settled  at  St.  Andrews,  and 
died  there,  Feb.4  22,  1816.  Besides  the 
works  already  noticed,  he  published  "  In- 
stitutes of  Moral  Philosophy,"  8vo.  as  a 
text  book  for  students  in  that  class. 

W.  B. 

Fermat,  Peter,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Toulouse  1590,  where  from 
his  knowledge  of  the  law  he  became  coun- 
sellor in  the  parliament,  and  an  upright 
magistrate.  As  a  philosopher  he  may  be 
said  to  have  prepared  the  way  for  the  In- 
finites of  Newton  and  Leibnitz,  and  to 
have  introduced  new  geometry.  He  was 
connected  with  Des  Cartes,  Huygens,  and 
Pascal,  and  died  1664.  His  works,  highly 
valued,  were  published  at  Toulouse,  2  vols, 
fol.  1679.  His  son  Samuel  was  eminent 
as  a  literary  man,  and  wrote  some  learned 
dissertations. 

Febmor,  William  count  Von,  a  native 
of  Phaskow,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman.  He, 
like  his  father,  was  in  the  Russian  service, 
and  greatly  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Turks.  In  1755  he  was  commander  of 
the  Russian  forces,  and  for  his  services  in 
defeating  the  Prussians  he  was  made  count 
'■f  the  empire  by  the  emperor  Francis. 
M2 


He  defeated  the  king  of  Prussia  at  the 
famous  battle  of  Zorndorf,  and  afterwards 
took  Berlin.     He  died  1771,  aged  64. 

Fernandez,  Anthony,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  Isaiah,  and  the  Visions  of  the 
Old  Testament,  was  superior  of  the  Portu- 
guese Jesuit  missionaries  in  India,  and  died 
in  Portugal  1628. 

Fernandez,  Benedict,  a  Portuguese 
Jesuit,  author  of  Commentaries  on  Gene- 
sis, and  on  St.  Luke's  Gospel.  He  died  at 
Lisbon  1630. 

Fernandez,  Alphonso,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican, author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history 
of  his  own  times,  and  of  other  works. 
He  died  about  1640. 

Fernel,  John  Francis,  physician  to 
Henry  II.  of  France,  was  born  at  Mont- 
didier  in  Picardy,  1506.  He  applied  him- 
self to  study  with  the  most  indefatigable 
zeal  at  Paris,  and  he  made  such  progress 
that  his  lectures  on  philosophical  subjects 
were  greatly  admired  for  eloquence  and 
erudition.  He  afterwards  studied  physic, 
and  when  admitted  to  practice,  he  divided 
his  time  between  his  patients  and  his 
books,  allowing  himself  scarce  five  hours 
of  rest  in  24.  When  invited  to  court  by 
the  king,  whose  friendship  and  good  opi- 
nion he  had  secured  by  curing  one  of  his 
favourites,  he  excused  himself,  and  when 
solicited  to  accept  honours  and  places  of 
emolument,  he  modestly  refused,  and  pre- 
ferred the  retirement  and  studies  of  private 
life  to  every  other  pursuit.  On  the  death 
of  the  king's  first  physician,  he  was  at  last 
obliged  to  settle  at  the  court,  but  the  sud- 
den death  of  his  wife,  who  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
her  grief  in  leaving  her  relations  to  come 
to  live  at  Fontainbleau,  so  affected  him  that 
he  died  within  a  month  after,  1558.  He 
wrote  several  works  on  medical  subjects  in 
high  repute,  as  he  was  considered  one  of 
the  great  restorers  of  medicine.  His  prac- 
tice was  so  great  that  his  gains  were  yearly 
12,000  livres. 

Fernouillot  de  Falbaire,  Charles 
George,  a  French  author,  who  died  May, 
1801,  aged  74.  He  wrote  some  articles  in 
the  Encyclopedie,  besides  dramatic  pieces 
of  considerable  merit. 

Ferracino,  Bartolomeo,  a  self-taught 
mechanic,  born  at  Bassan  in  Padua  1692. 
He  was  a  sawyer,  and  his  invention  of  a 
saw  Which  worked  by  the  wind  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the  great. 
He  built  a  famous  bridge  over  the  Brenta 
in  his  native  town,  and  died  soon  after  the 
completion  1764.  An  account  of  his  life 
and  inventions  was  published  by  Memo, 
Venice. 

Ferrand,  James,  a  French  physician  of 
Agen.  He  wrote  a  book  "  on  the  Distem- 
per of  Love,"  Paris,  1622,  which  in  treat- 
ing of  the  passion  as  of  a  bodily  disease, 
and-of  the  frequent  uneasiness,  and  fat*) 


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consequences  of  its  pleasures,  shows  the 
great  erudition  of  the  author. 

Ferrand,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  born 
at  Toulon  1645.  He  was  an  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  there 
1699.  His  works,  which  are  neither  accu- 
rate nor  brilliant,  are  chiefly  on  religious 
subjects. 

Ferrand,  Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  there  1719,  aged  42.  His 
madrigals,  songs,  epigrams,  &c.  are  well 
known.  He  was  the  rival  of  J.  B.  Rous- 
seau in  poetry. 

Ferrand,  James  Philip,  a  French  paint- 
er in  enamel,  was  born  at  Joigni  in  Bur- 
gundy, and  died  at  Paris  1732,  aged  79. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Enamel  Painting, 
and  another  on  Miniatures,  12mo. 

Ferrandus,  Fulgentius,  a  deacon  of 
Carthage,  who  died  before  551.  He  was 
disciple  of  St.  Fulgentius,  and  wrote  some 
books,  enumerated  by  Cave. 

Ferrar,  Robert,  a  native  of  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  Cambridge  and  Ox- 
ford, and  made  bishop  of  St.  David's  by 
the  influence  of  Cranmer,  to  whom  he  had 
been  chaplain.  He  was  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  in  Edward's  reign,  and  under 
Mary  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic  at  Caer- 
marthen,  1555. 

Ferrar,  Nicholas,  native  of  London, 
son  of  an  East  India  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  after  travelling 
on  the  continent,  he  was  made  secretary 
to  the  Virginia  company,  and  in  1624 
elected  member  of  parliament,  and  direct- 
ed, with  two  others,  to  draw  the  impeach- 
ment against  lord  Cranfield,  the  treasurer. 
He  soon  after  retired  to  Little  Gidding, 
Huntingdonshire,  where  he  established  a 
protestant  monastery,  and  devoted  himself 
to  devotional  pursuits.  In  1626  he  took 
deacon's  orders,  and  died  1637.  He  had 
translated  from  the  Spanish  Valdesso's 
Considerations  on  Religion. 

Ferrari,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Milan,  who 
studied  under  Cardan,  and  became  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  where  he 
died  1565,  aged  45.  He  is  known  for  his 
invention  of  the  method  of  resolving  bi- 
quadratic equations. 

Ferrari,  Antony  Mary  Zaehary  Bar- 
tholomew, founder,  with  James  Morigia, 
of  the  order  of  the  Barnabites  at  Milan, 
1520,  confirmed  by  pope  Paul  III.  1535. 
This  order  flourished  greatly.  Ferrari 
died  superior  of  his  foundation,  1544. 

Ferrari,  Octavian,  an  Italian  author, 
born  at  Milan,  1518.  He  was  much  re- 
spected as  a  professor  of  ethics  and  poli- 
tics at  Venice,  Padua,  Milan,  and  other 
places  of  Italy.  He  died  at  Milan,  1586, 
considered  for  his  learning  as  a  second 
Aristotle.  He  wrote  de  Sermonibus  Exo- 
xeticis,    1575 — de    Origine   Romanorum, 


1607 — a  Latin  translation  of  Athenaeus,  antl 
Notes  on  Aristotle. 

Ferrari,  Francisco  Bernardino,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Milan,  1577.  He  was  a  doctor  of  the  Am- 
brosian  college,  and  he  was  encouraged  by 
the  archbishop  of  Milan,  to  travel  not  only 
to  improve  himself,  but  to  make  a  collection 
of  books.  This  valuable  selection,  made 
in  Spain,  Italy,  and  in  other  countries,  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  Ambrosian  library. 
Ferrari  died  at  Milan,  1669,  aged  92.  He 
wrote  de  Antiquo  Ecclesiastiearum  Episto- 
laruin  Genere,  Libri  tres,  1613 — de  Ritu 
Sacrarum  Ecclesiae  Catholicae  Concionum, 
Libri  tres,  1620 — de  Veterum  Acclamation- 
ibus  et  Plausu,  Libri  septem,  1627.  These 
works  are  very  curious,  and  display  the 
great  erudition  and  deep  researches  of  the 
author. 

Ferrari,  Octavio,  of  the  same  family, 
was  born  at  Milan,  1607,  and  educated  at 
the  Ambrosian  college,  of  which  he  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  age  of  21,  on 
account  of  his  great  proficiency.  Six  years 
after  he  was  invited  by  the  republic  of  Ve- 
nice to  Padua,  where  as  professor  of  Greek, 
of  eloquence,  and  politics,  he  collected  a 
great  number  of  pupils,  and  restored  the 
declining  reputation  of  the  university.  His 
learning  was  so  extensive,  and  his  fame  so 
deservedly  established,  that  Christina  of 
Sweden  honoured  him  with  presents,  and 
Lewis  XIV.  settled  on  him  a  pension  of 
500  crowns  for  seven  years.  He  died, 
1682,  respected  for  his  amiable  manners, 
and  that  sweetness  and  humanity  of  cha- 
racter which  procured  him  the  name  of 
Pacificator.  His  works  are  chiefly  on  clas- 
sical antiquities,  the  most  known  of  which 
is  Origines  Linguae  Italics,  fol.  1676,  a  sub- 
ject treated  before  by  Scaliger,  in  24  books, 
now  lost. 

Ferrari,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  of  Sien- 
na, who  published  a  Syriac  Dictionary,  4to. 
1622,  to  explain  the  Syriac  words  in  the 
Bible.  He  wrote  also  de  Malorum  Aureo- 
rum  Cultura,  et  de  Florum  Cultural,  1633, 
and  1646,  and  died  1655. 

Ferrari,  Giovanni  Andrea,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  1669,  aged  70.  He  ex- 
celled in  the  representation  of  flowers, 
fruits,  &c. 

Ferrariensis,  a  general  of  the  Domi- 
nicans, who  died  1528.  His  real  name 
was  Francis  Sylvestre.  He  wrote  on  phi- 
losophy, &c. 

Ferrars,  George,  a  learned  man,  born 
of  an  ancient  family  near  St.  Albans,  1512. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  removed 
to  Lincoln's  inn,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  an  advocate  under  the  patronage 
of  Cromwell,  earl  of  Essex.  He  became 
afterwards  a  favourite  with  Henry  VIII. 
and  his  arrest,  when  he  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Plymouth,  created  such  con- 
643 


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fusion,  that  in  the  event,  it  established  the 
privileges  of  the  members  of  the  house. 
On  the  fall  of  Somerset  under  Edward  VI. 
he  was  named  lord  of  Misrule,  to  entertain 
the  public  with  pastimes,  and  for  twelve 
days  he  exhibited  at  Greenwich  all  the  pomp 
and  magnificence  of  assumed  greatness,  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  and  the  grati- 
fication of  the  populace.  Ferrars  possess- 
ed such  versatile  talents,  that  though  the 
religion  of  the  court  frequently  changed  at 
the  caprice  of  the  sovereign,  he  continued 
still  a  favourite  with  all,  and  died  a  protes- 
tant  at  Flamstead,  Herts,  1579.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  Queen  Mary,  which  was  in- 
serted in  the  chronicle  under  the  name  of 
Richard  Grafton.  He  also  contributed  to 
the  poetical  work,  called  "  the  Mirror  for 
Magistrates,"  published  1559 — the  Fall  of 
Robert  Tresilian,  Chief  Justice,  &c. — the 
tragedy  of  Thomas  Woodstock,  duke  of 
Gloucester — tragedy  of  king  Richard  II. 
— the  story  of  Eleanor  Cobham,  &c. 

Ferrars,  Edward,  a  Warwickshire  poet, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  a  favourite 
with  Henry  VIII.  and  died  1564.  He  wrote, 
according  to  Wood,  some  comedies  and  tra- 
gedies. 

Ferrars,  Henry,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  educated  also  at  Ox- 
ford, and  made  large  collections  for  the  his- 
tory of  his  native  county.  His  valuable 
papers  laid  the  foundation  of  Dugdale's  An- 
tiquities of  Warwickshire.  He  was  esteem- 
ed by  Camden,  and  distinguished  himself 
also  as  a  poet.  He  died  1633,  aged  84, 
leaving  behind  him,  says  Wood,  the  cha- 
racter of  a  well-bred  gentleman,  a  good 
neighbour,  and  an  honest  man. 

Farraud,  N.  a  native  of  Daure,  near 
the  Pyrenees,  who  was  a  deputy  in  the  con- 
vention, and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
enmity  to  the  monarchy.  He  was  com- 
missary in  the  armies  of  the  Rhine,  where 
he  behaved  with  coolness  and  intrepidity, 
and  on  his  return  to  Paris,  when  opposing 
the  attack  made  on  the  convention,  26th 
May,  1795,  he  was  shot  through  the  heart 
with  a  pistol.  His  murderer  was  executed, 
and  the  convention  appointed  a  day  to  cele- 
brate his  obsequies. 

Ferrein,  Antony,  a  French  anatomist, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1769,  aged  76.  He  pub- 
lished lectures  which  he  bad  read  on  medi- 
cine, and  lectures  on  Materia  Medica,  each 
3  vols.  12mo. 

Ferreas,  Don  John  of,  a  Spanish  di- 
vine born  at  Rabanezza  1652,  and  educated 
at  Salamanca.  His  wit  and  learning  re- 
commended him  to  the  court,  from  whose 
favours  he  refused  the  pressing  offer  of 
two  bishoprics.  He  was  made  member 
of  the  academy  of  Madrid  1713,  and  ap- 
pointed Librarian  to  the  king.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  the  Spanish  Dictionary, 
jmblished  by  the  academv,  1739,  in  6  vols. 
644 


fol.  He  died  1735,  leaving  several  works 
in  philosophy,  divinity,  and  history,  the 
best  known  of  which  is  his  history  of 
Spain,  translated  into  French,  by  Her- 
milly,  10  vols.  4to. 

Ferreti,  or  Ferretus,  a  poet  and  his- 
torian of  Vicenza,  of  the  14th  century, 
who  contributed  much  to  the  revival  of 
learning  in  Europe.  He  wrote  a  history 
of  his  own  times  from  1259  to  1328,  in 
seven  books,  and  other  works  in  verse  and 
prose,  in  Italian. 

Ferreti,  Emilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  born 
at  Castelfranco,  Bologna,  1489.  He  was 
employed  at  Avignon,  by  Leo  X.  to  whom 
he  was  secretary.  He  died  at  Avignon, 
1552.  His  Opera  Juridica  were  published 
after  his  death. 

Ferrety,  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  Vicenza,  who  published  at 
Verona,  in  1672,  "  Musae  Lapidariae,"  in 
folio,  which  contain  inscriptions  from  an- 
cient monuments.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown. 

Ferri,  Paul,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Metz,  1591,  and  educated  at  Montauban. 
He  became  a  minister  in  his  native  town, 
and  gained  popularity  by  his  eloquence,  and 
his  dignified  address  as  a  preacher.  He 
zealously  employed  himself  to  reconcile  the 
protestants,  and  for  these  benevolent  mo- 
tives he  was  accused  by  his  enemies  of  be- 
ing bribed  by  Richelieu  to  form  a  coalition 
of  the  two  religions.  He  died  1669,  of 
the  stone,  and  more  than  80  calculi  were 
found  in  his  bladder.  He  published,  1616, 
Scholastici  Orthodoxici  Specimen,  a  book 
approved  by  Du  Plessis  Mornay — Vin- 
diciae  pro  Scholastico  Orthodox  1619 — and 
General  Catechisme  de  la  Reformation, 
1654. 

FERRi,Ciro,  a  painter,  born  at  Rome  1634. 
He  was  the  disciple  and  happy  imitator 
of  Peter  de  Cortona,  and  the  excellence 
of  his  pieces,  on  which  he  set  a  very  high 
price,  recommended  him  to  the  patronage  of 
pope  Alexander  VII.  and  of  his  three  suc- 
cessors. The  duke  of  Florence  also  grant- 
ed him  a  pension  to  finish  the  imperfect  pic- 
tures of  Cortona,  and  honourably  nomina- 
ted him  chief  of  the  Florentine  school. 
Ferri  was  equally  great  as  an  architect,  and 
several  palaces  and  altars  at  Rome  were 
raised  from  his  designs.  It  is  said  that  he 
died  through  chagrin  at  seeing  the  superior 
colouring  of  Bacici's  picture  of  angels  near 
his  own  works  in  the  palace  of  Navona, 
1689,  at  the  age  of  55. 

Ferrier,  Arnaud  de,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Toulouse,  1506,  and,  from  the  greatness  of 
his  abilities,  called  the  Cato  of  France. 
He  was  professor  of  the  university,  and  af- 
terwards counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Toulouse,  and  he  was,  in  1562,  deputed  by 
the  French  king  to  the  council  of  Trent, 
wh^re  the  boldness  of   his  harangues  in 


FER 


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favour  of  his  master  offended  some  of  his 
Italian  hearers.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Venice,  where  he  assisted  father  Paul  in 
the  collection  of  materials  for  the  History 
of  the  council  of  Trent.  He  was  at  heart 
a  protestant,  and  professed  it  at  the  solici- 
tation of  Du  Plessis  Mornay.  He  was 
made  chancellor  to  the  king  of  Navarre, 
and  he  formed  the  design  to  declare  the 
French  king  head  of  the  Church,  after  the 
example  of  England.  He  died  in  his  79th 
year.     He  wrote  some  works. 

Ferrier,  Jeremy,  a  divinity  professor  at 
Nismes,  who,  from  protestant  became  pa- 
pist, even  after  declaring  in  a  public  dispu- 
tation that  Clement  VIII.  was  Antichrist. 
He  was  afterwards  made  state  counsellor 
to  the  French  king,  and  he  attended  him  in 
Brittany  in  1626.  He  was  patronised  by 
Richelieu,  and  wrote  some  tracts,  especial- 
ly "  Catholique  d'Etat,"  in  favour  of  his 
religion  and  principles.  He  died  of  a  hec- 
tic fever  1626.  He  had  a  large  family, 
but  only  one  daughter,  who  married  Tar- 
dieu,  and  of  whom  some  anecdotes  are  re- 
corded in  Boileau's  tenth  satire. 

Ferrier,  Lewis,  a  poet,  born  at  Avig- 
non. He  was  imprisoned  for  some  licen- 
tious verses  in  his  "  Preceptes  Galantes," 
but  liberated  by  interest.  He  wrote  Anne 
of  Brittany,  Adrastus,  and  Montezuma, 
tragedies,  which,  in  a  feeble  style,  have 
some  pathetic  passages.  He  died  in  Nor- 
mandy 1721,  aged  69. 

Ferrier,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Rodez,  in 
Rouergne,  confessor  to  the  French  king 
after  Annat,  in  1670.  He  opposed  the 
Jansenists,  and  wrote  his  famous  book,  on 
probability,  against  tbcm.  He  died  1674. 
Ferrieres,  Claude  de,  a  doctor  of  civil 
law  at  Paris,  who  wrote  several  valuable 
books  on  jurisprudence.  His  compositions 
enriched  the  booksellers,  but  left  him  and 
his  family  very  poor.  He  died  1715,  aged 
77.  His  works  are,  the  Jurisprudence  of 
the  Justinian  Code — of  the  Digest — of  the 
Novelise,  &c.  His  son  Claude  Joseph 
wrote  a  Dictionary  of  Law,  2  vols.  4to. 
1771. 

Ferron,  Arnauld  du,  a  lawyer  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  died  1563,  aged  4S.  He  wrote 
in  elegant  Latin  in  the  style  of  Terence, 
and  continued  to  the  reign  of  Francis  I. 
the  Latin  History  of  France  by  Paulus 
iEmilius  the  Veronese.  It  was  published 
at  Paris  1555,  and  very  highly  esteemed 
for  curious  and  interesting  details. 

Ferte,  Henry  de  Senecterre  Mareschal 
de,  a  famous  general  under  Lewis  XIII. 
and  his  successor,  distinguished  at  the 
siege  of  Rochelle  1626,  and  at  the  battles 
of  Rocroi  and  Lens.  In  1650,  he  defeated 
the  duke  of  Lorraine  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Nicholas,  and  was  made  marshal  of  France, 
but  in  1656  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  Va- 


lenciennes by  the  Spaniards.  He  died 
1681,  aged  82,  respected  as  a  warrior, 
hut  inferior  to  Turenne,  whose  fame  he 
envied. 

Ferus,  John,  a  superior  of  the  Gray 
Friars  at  Metz,  known  as  a  preacher,  and 
as  an  able  commentator  on  the  Bible.  His 
works,  which  favour  the  protestants,  are 
inserted  in  the  Index  Expurgatorius.  He 
died  1654. 

Festus,  Porcius,  was  the  proconsul  of 
Judea,  before  whom  the  apostle  Paul  ap- 
peared, and  by  whom  he  was  on  his  appeal 
sent  to  Rome. 

Festus,  Pompeius,  an  ancient  gramma- 
rian, author  of  a  Tract  de  Significatione 
Verborum,  abridged  from  Flaccus. 

Fetti,  Dominico,  a  painter  born  at 
Rome,  1589,  and  educated  under  Ludovico 
Civoli.  of  Florence.  He  studied  and  imi- 
tated the  paintings  of  Julio  Romano,  and 
was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Mantua, 
whose  palaces  he  adorned  with  his  higjly 
finished  pieces.  He  ruined  his  constitu- 
tion by  licentious  indulgences  at  Venice, 
and  died  in  his  35th  year.  His  pictures 
are  very  scarce,  and  much  sought  after. 
His  sister,  a  nun,  was  also  a  good  painter, 
and  she  adorned  her  convent  at  Mantja,. 
with  some  of  her  pieces. 

Fevardentius,  or  Fewardent,  Fran- 
cis, a  Franciscan  friar  of  Constance,  N»r- 
mandy,  born  1541.  He  was  a  furious 
and  bigoted  opposer  of  the  protestanls, 
against  whom  he  preached  with  great  vio- 
lence. Even  the  third  and  fourth  Hennes 
were  objects  of  his  attack,  and  against 
thein  he  directed  all  his  thunder  from  tie 
pulpit.  He  published  the  five  books  >f 
Irenaeus,  corrected  and  illustrated  wiih 
learned  notes,  and  edited  the  last  time  et 
Paris,  1639.  He  wrote  also  controversial 
tracts.      He  died  1641. 

Feullee,  Lewis,  a  French  naturalist 
born  in  Provence,  1660.  His  great  abili- 
ties were  honourably  employed  by  Lewi? 
XIV.  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  to 
advance  the  knowledge  of  natural  history, 
and  at  his  return  he  received  a  pension, 
and  an  observatory  was  built  for  his  resi- 
dence at  Marseilles,  where  he  died  1732. 
He  wrote  a  journal  of  observations  physi- 
cal, botanical,  &c.  on  the  coasts  of  South 
America,  3  vols.  4to.  and  presented  the 
French  king  with  a  large  folio  of  curious 
drawings,  &c.  executed  in  the  South  Seas. 

Feuquieres,  Anthony  de  Pas,  marquis 
of,  a  native  of  Artois,  distinguished  as  a 
general,  and  made  a  marshal  for  his  ser- 
vices in  Germany.  He  wrote  Military 
Memoirs,  4  vols.  12mo.  in  which  he  spoke 
with  unusual  severity  against  the  general 
officers  of  his  age,  and  died  1711,  aged  63. 

Feurborn,  Justus,  a  German  protestant 
of  Westphalia,  author  of  several  theologi  • 
645 


FEV 


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eal  works  in  Latin.    He  died  rectof  of  the 
"university  of  Giessen,  1656,  aged  69. 

Fevre,  Claude,  a  French  painter,  who 
died  in  London,  1675,  aged  42.  His  por- 
traits, flowers,  historical  pieces,  &c.  were 
much  admired. 

Fevre,  Guy  le,  sieur  de  la  Boderie,  a 
"poet,  born  in  Lower  Normandy.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  oriental  literature,  and  pub- 
lished some  works  in  Syriac  and  Chaldee, 
and  assisted  in  editing  Montanu's  Poly- 
glott  Bible.     He  died  1598,  aged  57. 

Fevre,  Anthony  le,  brother  to  Guy,  was 
employed  near  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  sent  as  ambassador  to  England, 
and  to  other  countries.  He  died  1615,  aged 
(0.  His  memoirs  appeared  at  Paris,  5  vols. 
Jl2mo. 

Fevre,  Nicholas  le,  a  French  Jesuit, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  true  religion — and  a 
critical  examination  of  Bayle's  works.  He 
died  1755. 

Fevre,  James  le,  or  Jacobus  Faber,  a 
lcsarned  Frenchman,  born  at  Estampes,  in 
Picardy,  1440.  He  was  suspected  of  pro- 
testantism, and  therefore  exposed  to  perse- 
cution, and  after  taking  refuge  at  Meaux, 
Blois,  and  Guienne,  he  at  last  found  a  safe 
retreat  at  Nerac,  under  the  protection  of 
Margaret,  queen  of  Navarre,  sister  of 
Francis  I.  He  died  there  1537,  nearly  100 
years  old.  Though  not  professedly  a  pro- 
testant,  he  yet  disapproved  of  many  of  the 
tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome,  and  he  held 
a  conference  with  Bucer  and  Captio,  at 
Strasburg,  about  the  reformation  of  the 
church.  In  1512,  he  published  a  transla- 
tion of  St.  Paul's  epistles,  with  notes,  and 
gave  the  rest  of  the  New  Testament  in 
1522,  with  copious  commentaries.  Though 
the  intimate  friend  and  correspondent  of 
Erasmus,  he  quarrelled  with  him  in  conse- 
quence of  some  disputed  passages  in  Scrip- 
lure,  and  Erasmus,  much  to  his  honour, 
after  repelling  the  attack,  solicited  the  con- 
tinuance of  his  friendship.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  after  weeping 
in  the  presence  of  queen  Margaret,  and  la- 
menting that  he  had  not,  like  many  of  his 
disciples,  had  the  fortitude  to  become  a 
martyr  in  the  defence  of  his  opinions. 

Fevre,  Nicholas  le,  or  Nicholaus  Faber, 
an  ingenious  and  learned  man,  born  at 
Paris,  2d  June,  1544.  In  his  youth,  he  had 
a  dreadful  accident,  while  cutting  a  pen,  a 
small  piece  of  the  quill  flew  into  his  eye, 
and  caused  such  acute  pain,  that  he  lifted, 
in  sudden  anguish,  the  knife  to  his  eye, 
and  struck  it  out  of  the  socket.  He  stu- 
died the  civil  law  at  Toulouse,  Padua,  and 
Bologna,  and  after  residing  18  months  in 
Rome,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  applied 
himself  to  belles  lettres.  His  edition  of 
Seneca  appeared  in  1587,  with  learned 
notes.  He  also  devoted  some  time  to  ma- 
thematics, and  with  such  success  that  he 
646 


discovered  the  falsity  of  Scaliger's  demon, 
stration  of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  On 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  to  the  crown, 
he  was  made  preceptor  to  the  duke  of 
Conde,  and  after  the  king's  death,  he  held 
the  same  office  in  the  education  of  Lewis 
XIII.  He  died  1611.  His  works,  which 
are  few,  were  collected  after  his  death  by 
his  friend  le  Begue,  in  a  4to.  volume,  1614, 
Paris.  He  was  not  indeed  anxious  to  ap- 
pear as  an  author,  but  he  was  more  willing 
to  communicate  instruction  and  intelli- 
gence to  those  who  enriched  the  world 
with  literary  productions,  and  therefore  for 
his  liberality,  and  for  his  modesty,  and  the 
amiable  qualities  of  a  private  character,  he 
is  deservedly  commended  by  Baillet,  Lip- 
sius,  and  others. 

Fevre,  Tanaquil,  or  Tannequi,  a  learn- 
ed man,  father  of  Madame  Dacier,  was  born 
at  Caen  in  Normandy,  1615.  After  study- 
ing with  the  greatest  success  at  home,  and 
under  the  care  of  his  uncle,  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  was  soon  recommended  to  the 
patronage  of  Richelieu,  who  settled  a  pen- 
sion of  2000  livres  upon  him,  to  inspect 
the  books  published  at  the  Louvre.  The 
death  of  his  patron,  and  the  neglect  of  the 
next  minister  Mazarin,  altered  his  plans 
of  life,  and  he  turned  protestant,  and  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  in  the  university  of 
Saumur.  Here  his  learning  and  his  repu- 
tation drew  pupils  from  all  quarters,  but  an 
unfortunate  assertion  that  he  could  pardon 
Sappho's  love  for  her  own  sex,  since  it  pro- 
duced a  beautiful  ode,  proved  the  cause  of 
a  dispute  with  the  university,  and  at  last  in 
1672,  he  was  invited  to  remove  to  Heidel- 
berg. A  fever  however  prevented  his  de- 
parture, and  he  died  12th  Sept.  1672.  He 
left  a  son  of  his  own  name,  who  was  a  pro- 
testant divine  in  Holland,  and  at  London, 
but  became  a  Roman  catholic  at  Paris,  and 
published  a  Tract  de  Futilitate  Poetices, 
1697,  and  besides  Madame  Dacier,  another 
daughter  married  to  Paul  Bauldri,  pro- 
fessor at  Utrecht.  Faber  was  agreepa  <■■•  in 
his  person,  but  rather  effeminate,  as  to 
appear  with  neatness  he  procured  gloves, 
&c.  from  London,  and  essences  from  Rome. 
He  published  among  other  books,  Luciani 
de  Morte  Peregrini  Libellus,  4to.  1563. — 
Diatribe  Flavii  Josephi  de  Jesu  Christi 
Testimonium  suppositum  esse,  1655,  8vo. 
— Epistolarum,  Pars  Prima,  1659,  Secunda, 
1665, — a  short  account  of  the  lives  of 
Greek  poets — the  life  of  Theseus,  from 
Plutarcli — Methode  pour  Commencer  les 
Humanites  Grecques  et  Latines — editions 
of  Xenophon's  Convivium,  of  Plato's  Alcibi- 
ades,  of  Plutarch's  de  Superstitione,  besides 
notes  on  Apollodorus,  Longinus,  and  other 
classics. 

Fevre,  Roland  le,  a  painter,  born  at 
Anjou,  though  called  sometimes  a  Vene- 
tian.    His  naked  figures  were  much  ad* 


FIC 

mired.  He  stained  marble  curiously.  He 
died  in  England,  1677. 

Fevret,  Charles,  a  French  civilian,  born 
at  Saumur,  1583.  He  studied  the  law  at 
Hedleberg  under  Godefroy,  and  in  1607  he 
returned  to  Dijon,  where  he  married  Anne 
Brunet  of  Beaulne,  by  whom  he  had  19 
children,  14  of  which  were  born  in  eight 
years.  He  was  a  popular  advocate  at  Di- 
jon, and  became  counsellor  of  the  three 
estates  of  the  province.  When  Lewis  XIII. 
came  to  Dijon  to  punish  an  insurrection, 
Fevret  was  the  only  person  considered  as 
capable  to  plead  the  cause  of  the  insur- 
gents, and  to  petition  the  monarch,  and  so 
eloquent  and  persuasive  was  his  address, 
that  the  king  desired  him  to  print  it,  and 
forgave  the  rebels.  His  abilities  rendered 
him  universally  known,  the  princes  of 
Conde  appointed  him  their  counsellor,  and 
he  held  the  same  honourable  office  also 
with  Frederic  Casimir  the  palatine  of  the 
Rhine.  He  died  at  Dijon,  1661,  aged  78. 
He  published,  1645,  a  Latin  treatise  de 
Claris  Fori  Burgundici  Oratoribus — and  in 
1653  his  famous  "  Traite  de  l'Abus," 
which  has  been  frequently  reprinted.  He 
also  translated  Pibrae's  Quatrains  into  Latin 
verse,  &c. 

Fevret  de  Fontette,  Charles  Marie, 
great  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Dijon,  1710,  and  became  eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  and  obtained  a  pension  from  go- 
vernment. He  was  member  of  the  acade- 
my of  belles  lettres,  and  was  laboriously 
employed  in  editing  "  le  Long's  Biblio- 
theque  Historique  de  la  France,"  which  he 
enlarged  from  one  to  five  large  folio  vols. 
He  died  1772. 

Feustking,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Hol- 
stein,  who  became  professor  and  doctor  of 
divinity  in  the  university  of  Wittemberg. 
He  was  also  confessor  to  the  elector  of 
Saxony,  and  counsellor  to  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Gotha,  and  died  171 3,  aged  41.  He 
wrote  various  works  in  German  and  in 
Latin. 

Feydeau,  Matthew,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  born  at  Paris,  1616.  He  was  a 
zealous  Jansenist,  and  died  in  exile  at  An- 
nonai,  in  Vivares,  1694.  He  wrote  "  Me- 
ditations on  Providence  and  the  Mercy  of 
God,"  under  the  name  of  Pressigny,  and  the 
"  Catechism  of  Grace,"  &c. 

Fiasella,  Dominico,  an  Italian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  died  1669,  aged  80.  He 
was  also  called  Sarazena  from  the  place  of 
his  birth  near  Genoa. 

Fichard,  John,  a  lawyer  and  syndic,  of 
Frankfort  on  the  Mayne,  where  he  died 
1581,  aged  69.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  Virorum  Qui  Superiori  Nos- 
troque  Saecolo  Eruditione  et  Doctrina  II- 
lustres  atque  Memorabiles  Fuerunt,  Vitre, 
1536,  4to. — Vitae  Juris-consultorum,  1565 
— Onomasticon    Philosophico-Medicn  &y- 


nonymura,  1574— de  Cautilis,  1577— Cou« 
eilium  Matrimoniale,  1580. 

Ficinus,  Marsilius,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Florence,  1433,  and  educated  at  the 
expense  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  to  whom 
his  father  was  physician.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able  scholar,  a  great  philoso- 
pher, physician,  and  divine,  and  under  the 
patronage  of  his  friends  Lorenzo  and  Cos- 
mo de  Medicis,  he  restored  in  the  west  the 
study  of  the  platonic  Philosophy,  and  trans- 
lated not  only  his  favourite  author  Plato, 
but  also  Plotinius,  Proclus,  Iamblicus,  Por- 
phyrins, &c.  Though  originally  a  skeptic, 
the  eloquent  preaching  of  Savanorola 
brought  him  to  a  due  sense  of  religion  and 
of  religious  duties,  but  like  many  of  the 
learned  of  his  time,  he  still  remained  de- 
voted to  astrology.  By  care  and  a  proper 
regimen  he  supported  his  naturally  feeble 
constitution  to  the  age  of  66.  He  died  at 
Correggio,  1499,  and  soon  after,  as  Baro- 
nius  gravely  affirms,  appeared  according  to 
his  promise  to  his  friend  Michael  Merca- 
tus,  to  prove  thus  the  immortality  of  the 
soul.  His  writings  sacred  and  profane  arc 
very  numerous ;  they  were  collected  and 
printed  at  Venice,  1516,  "and  at  Paris  1641T 
in  2  vols,  folio. 

Ficoroni,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medalist, 
who  died  1747,  aged  83.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral works  in  Italian,  on  medals  and  anti- 
quities, published  at  Rome. 

Fidanza,  Johannes,  a  philosopher,  poet, 
and  theologist  of  Tuscany,  called  also  St. 
Bonaventure,  and  from  his  learning  styled 
the  seraphic  doctor.     He  died  1274,  aged 

53,  author  of  some  books  now  little  known. 
Fiddes,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 

at  Hunmanby  near  Scarborough,  York- 
shire, 1671.  He  entered  at  Corpus  Christi 
college,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Uni- 
versity college,  Oxford,  and  after  taking 
his  bachelor's  degree  he  returned  to  Yorfc> 
shire,  where  in  1693  he  married.  In  1694 
he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Halsham, 
but  the  marshy  situation  of  the  place 
proved  so  injurious  to  him  that  he  was  sud- 
denly deprived  of  his  speech,  and  never 
after  completely  recovered  it.  Thus  disa- 
bled from  performing  his  duty,  he  came  to 
London  1712,  and  no  longer  able  to  shine 
as  before  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  he  deter- 
mined to  maintain  himself  by  his  pen.  By  the 
friendship  of  Swift  he  was  recommended  to 
lord  Oxford,  who  made  him  his  chaplain,  but 
the  hopes  of  preferment  and  independence 
vanished  at  the  death  of  the  queen  and  the 
changes  of  the  ministry.  By  the  recom- 
mendation of  Dr.  Radcliffe,  his  relation, 
he  took  his  degree  of  B.D.  and  afterwards 
was  honoured  with  that  of  D.D.  by  the 
university.     He  died  at  Putney,  1725,  aged 

54,  leaving  in  destitute  circumstances  his 
wife  and  six  children.  Of  his  writings  the 
m^t  known   are,.  "  a  Body  of  Divinity 

K47 


11E 


M.E 


Explaining  the  Principles  and  the  Duties  of 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion,  2  vols.  fol. 
1 — 52  Discourses — and  the  Life  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  in  fol.  These  works  appeared 
under  the  patronage  of  a  large  subscrip- 
tion, but  their  popularity  was  severely  at- 
tacked. Stackhouse  found  great  fault  with 
the  body  of  divinity,  and  for  the  life  of 
Wolsey  the  author  was  acrimoniously  cen- 
sured in  the  London  journal,  as  being  a 
friend  to  popery,  and  the  secret  enemy  of 
the  reformation.  Dr.  Knight  afterwards, 
in  his  life  of  Erasmus,  repeats  the  accusa- 
tion, and  charges  Fiddes  with  favouring 
the  claims  of  the  pretender,  as  he  wrote 
his  book  in  the  house  and  under  the  e  of 
Atterbury,  whose  opposition  to  the  liano- 
verian  family  was  then  very  unpopular. 
These  charges  may  now  be  considered  as 
puerile.  Fiddes  wrote  for  his  bread,  but 
he  certainly  wrote  for  a  party,  and  while 
he  wished  to  please  one  part  jf  the  na- 
tion, he  was  sure  that  his  compositions 
would  be  viewed  with  a  jaundiced  eye  by 
the  other. 

Field,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Hempstead,  Herts,  1561,  and  educated 
at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Magdalen-hall,  and  soon 
distinguished  himself  as  a  preacher  and  a 
powerful  disputant,  so  that  in  1594  he  be- 
came reader  to  Lincoln's  Inn  Society,  from 
one  of  whose  members  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Burrowclere,  Hants.  In  159S  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  queen  Elizabeth, 
and  under  James,  her  successor,  he  was 
made  successively  canon  of  Windsor  and 
dean  of  Gloucester.  The  bishopric  of  Ox- 
ford was  intended  for  him,  but  he  died 
before  the  appointment  was  conferred  in 
form,  21st  Nov.  1616,  aged  55.  He  was  a 
man  highly  respected  for  his  learning,  and 
anxiously  devoted  to  the  healing  of  dissen- 
sions in  t'  j  church,  so  that  at  one  time 
James  wished  to  employ  his  great  abilities 
to  produce  a  reconciliation  between  the 
Lutherans  and  Calvinists  of  Germany. 
The  first  time  the  king  heard  him  preach 
he  quaintly  observed,  "  this  is  a  field  for 
God  to  dwell  in,"  and  almost  in  similar 
words  he  was  styled  by  Fuller,  "  that  learn- 
ed divine,  whose  memory  smelleth  like  a 
field  which  the  Lord  hath  blessed."  The 
most  famous  of  his  works  is  his  "  Fonr 
Books  of  the  Church,"  augmented  with  a 
fifth  in  the  second  edition,  which  appeared 
1610.  His  memory  was  retentive  to  a  sur- 
prising degree,  so  that  whatever  he  read 
lie  accurately  remembered.  He  was  not, 
however,  only  a  learned  man,  but  he  was 
most  universally  benevolent,  exemplary  in 
his  family,  religious  in  his  behaviour,  and 
in  every  thing  a  good  Christian. 

Fielding,  Henry,  the  celebrated  novel- 
ist, was  born  at  Sharpham  park,  Somerset- 
shire, 22d  April,  1707,     His  father  was  a 
648 


lieutenant-general  in  the  army,  and  grand- 
son to  an  earl  of  Denbigh,  and  his  mother 
was  daughter  of  the  first  judge  Gould. 
Young  Fielding  was  educated  at  home,  un- 
der the  care  of  Mr.  Oliver,  a  clergyman, 
whom  he  afterwards  turned  to  ridicule  in 
the  humorous  but  coarse  character  of 
parson  Trulliber  in  Joseph  Andrews.  He 
then  went  to  Eton,  where  he  formed  an 
early  intimacy  with  the  future  leading  men 
of  the  age ;  with  Lyttleton,  Fox,  Pitt, 
Hanbuiy,  Williams,  and  others,  and  then, 
when  18,  he  passed  to  Leyden,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  civil  law 
for  two  years.  Being  ill  supplied  with 
money  by  his  father,  who  had  taken  a  se- 
cond wife,  and  had  another  rising  family  to 
provide  for,  he  returned  to  London,  and  in 
that  scene  of  dissipation,  regardless  of  the 
calls  of  temperance  and  of  virtue,  he  grati- 
fied every  passion,  and  laid  the  seeds  of 
future  evils  and  of  lasting  infirmities. 
With  a  straitened  purse  he  soon  found  that 
something  must  be  done  for  bread.  He 
therefore  commenced  author,  and  produ- 
ced his  first  dramatic  piece,  "  Love  in 
several  Masques,"  1727,  which,  together 
with  "  the  Temple  Beau,"  the  next  year, 
drew  forth  the  applauses  of  crowded 
audiences.  He  was  not,  however,  always 
successful,  and  he  ventured  to  publish  one 
of  his  pieces,  bearing  in  the  title,  "  as  it 
icas  damned  at  the  theatre-royal,  Drury- 
lane ;"  but  the  severity  of  criticism,  and  the 
frowns  of  disapprobation  were  unheeded 
in  the  friendship  and  patronage  of  the  great 
and  powerful,  especially  of  the  duke  of 
Argyle  and  lord  Lyttleton.  About  the 
year  1734  he  married  Miss  Craddock  at 
Salisbury,  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  and  a 
fortune  of  about  1500Z.  but  this,  together 
with  the  estate  of  Stower,  Dorsetshire, 
which  fell  to  him  by  his  father's  death,  and 
which  with  economy  might  have  rendered 
him  comfortable  and  independent,  was 
quickly  squandered  away  in  expensive  hos- 
pitality, and  an  improper  show  of  equipage 
and  magnificence,  and  at  30  Fielding  found 
himself  poor,  and  destitute  of  every  re- 
source. He  now  applied  to  the  law,  and 
in  due  time  was  called  from  the  Temple  to 
the  bar,  and  began  to  make  a  respectable 
figure  in  Westminster  hall  ;  but  the  fre- 
quent attacks  of  the  gout,  and  all  the  dis- 
eases ingrafted  on  a  licentious  youth,  pre- 
vented the  success  which  his  abilities  fair- 
ly promised.  To  maintain  himself  and  a 
wife  and  children,  whom  he  tenderly  loved, 
he  again  had  recourse  to  his  pen,  and  va- 
rious pamphlets  and  tracts  were  ushered 
into  the  world  anonymously.  In  the  full 
vigour  of  genius  he  produced  his  Joseph 
Andrews,  and  Tom  Jones,  novels  so  uni- 
versally admired,  as  to  be  above  the  praise 
of  his  biographer.  His  "Wedding  Day,'' 
however,  did  not  meet  on  the  stage  the 


FtE 


FIE 


success  which  he  expected,  and  while  he 
meditated  on  the  gloomy  aspect  of  his 
affairs,  the  death  of  his  wife  came  to  em- 
bitter the  cup  of  his  affliction,  and  it  pro- 
ved so  poignant,  that  his  friends  dreaded 
the  loss  of  his  senses.  By  time  he  re- 
covered the  severity  of  the  blow,  and  he 
began  again  to  struggle  against  fortune, 
he  undertook  to  contribute  to  two  periodi- 
cal papers,  but  reduced  as  his  income  was, 
he  found  great  assistance  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  which  was  procured  by  the 
influence  of  his  friends,  and  which,  though 
unpopular  and  odious,  was  discharged  by 
him  with  impartiality  and  attention.  In  the 
busy  avocations  of  this  office  he  planned  and 
executed  his  Amelia,  a  work  very  respecta- 
ble, but  certainly  inferior  to  Tom  Jones.  His 
constitution  was  now  so  enfeebled  that  his 
friends  advised  his  removing  to  the  softer 
climate  of  Lisbon,  and  two  months  after  he 
arrived  there  he  died,  1754,  aged  48.  Yet 
though  weak,  and  labouring  under  the  at- 
tacks of  disease,  he  employed  his  pen  in 
the  humorous  journal  of  his  voyage  to 
Lisbon,  published  in  London,  1755.  Be- 
sides the  works  already  mentioned,  he 
■wrote  an  Essay  on  Conversation — on  the 
Knowledge  and  Characters  of  Men — a 
Journey  from  this  World  to  the  next — 
the  History  of  Jonathan  Wild,  &c.  His 
dramatic  pieces  are  twenty-six  in  number, 
and  the  whole  of  his  works  has  been  pub- 
lished in  several  sizes,  with  an  Essay  on 
his  Life  and  Genius,  by  Arthur  Murphy. 
He  left  a  second  wife  with  four  children. 
His  biographer,  who  views  his  character 
with  the  partiality  of  a  friend,  and  the  can- 
dour of  a  historian,  attributes  much  in  the 
history  of  Fielding's  life  to  slander  and  de- 
famation ;  but  he  wisely  observes,  that 
quick  and  warm  passions  should  be  early 
controlled,  and  that  to  their  licentious  in- 
dulgence the  author  of  Tom  Jones  sacri- 
ficed his  health,  his  happiness,  and  the 
prospect  of  a  lengthened  life.  When  poor 
he  was  no  longer  the  master  of  his  actions, 
and  he  had  often  recourse  for  subsistence 
to  those  measures  which  his  honour  dis- 
owned, and  his  pride  regarded  with  shame. 
So  fatal  to  all  happiness  and  peace  is  the 
%vild  indulgence  of  those  passions  which 
providence  has  given  to  man  for  his  com- 
fort, if  decently  enjoyed,  and  for  his  misery 
if  riotously  abused.  Some  years  after 
Fielding's  death,  the  French  consul  at  Lis- 
bon, de  Meyrionnet,  offered  to  erect  a  mo- 
nument over  his  grave,  but  the  English 
factory,  roused  by  the  generous  views  of  a 
stranger,  discharged  a  debt  due  to  departed 
literary  merit. 

Fielding,  Sarah,  third  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1714,  and  died  unmar- 
ried, 1768.  She  possessed  the  abilities 
and  genius  of  her  brother,  which  she  evin- 

Vo%.  I.  82 


ced  in  the  Cry,  and  in  David  Simple,  and 
in  the  letters  published  as  from  the  princi- 
pal characters  of  the  work.  She  also 
translated  Xenophon's  Memorabilia. 

Fielding,  Sir  John,  the  fourth  half 
brother  to  Henry  Fielding,  was  his  succes- 
sor in  the  office  of  Westminster  magistrate. 
Though  blind  from  his  youth,  he  discharged 
his  duty  with  great  activity  and  impartia- 
lity, and  for  his  services  to  the  public  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knighthood,  1761.  He 
published  various  tracts  on  subjects  of  po- 
lice, charges  to  the  grand  jury,  essays  on 
important  subjects,  but  it  is  supposed  that 
most  of  these  appeared  under  his  borrowed 
name,  and  that  he  wrote  nothing  but  Cau- 
tions against  the  Tricks  of  Sharpers,  1777. 
He  died  at  Brompton,  Sept.  1780. 

Fiennes,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele, 
born  at  Broughton,  Oxfordshire,  1582,  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  as  rela- 
ted to  the  founder.  He  was  raised  from 
the  dignity  of  baron  to  that  of  viscount  by 
James  I.  but  in  the  reign  of  his  successor 
he  showed  himself  violent,  inconstant,  and 
vindictive.  In  the  long  parliament  of 
1640  he  was  very  active  with  Hampden  and 
Pym,  and  though  made  master  of  the  court 
of  wards,  he  slighted  all  reconciliation  with 
the  king,  so  that  he  was  attainted  of  trea- 
son for  not  attending  the  king's  person  at 
Oxford.  After  the  king's  death  he  left  the 
presbyterians,  whom  he  had  hitherto  sup- 
ported, and  joined  himself  to  the  inde- 
pendents, and  during  the  usurpation  he 
was  created  one  of  Cromwell's  peers.  At 
the  restoration  he  was  greatly  noticed  by 
Charles  II.  made  lord  privy  seal,  and  lord 
chamberlain,  though,  as  Wood  observes,  he 
had  been  a  grand  rebel  for  20  years,  and 
while  others  who  had  been  reduced  to  a 
bit  of  bread  for  his  majesty's  cause,  were 
left  to  pine  and  languish  under  insult  and 
disappointment,  and  though  a  promoter  of 
the  rebellion,  and  in  some  respect  acces- 
sary to  the  murder  of  Charles,  he  died 
quietly  in  his  bed,  14th  April,  1662,  and 
was  buried  with  his  ancestors  at  Brough- 
ton. He  is  called  by  Whitlock  a  man  of 
great  parts,  wisdom,  and  integrity,  and 
Clarendon,  allowing  him  the  same  merit, 
describes  him  as  ambitious,  the  enemy  of 
the  church,  and  a  violent  and  dangerous 
leader  of  the  discontented  party.  He  wrote 
some  political  tracts,  besides  an  attack 
against  the  quakers,  who  it  seems  were 
numerous  and  troublesome  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood. 

Fiennes,  Nathaniel,  second  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Broughton,  1608,  and 
like  his  father,  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
a  fellow.  He  travelled  on  the  continent, 
and  at  Geneva,  and  in  Switzerland,  con- 
firmed that  aversion,  M'hich  he  derived 
649 


P1L 


FIH 


worn  bis  father,  against  the  church.  At 
his  return  he  was  made  member  for  Ban- 
bury, and  displayed  the  same  violence 
against  the  royal  party  as  his  father.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  was  colonel  of  horse, 
under  Esses,  and  governor  of  Bristol, 
which  he  too  easily  yielded  to  the  assault 
of  prince  Rupert,  for  which  he  was  con- 
demned to  lose  his  head.  His  father's  in- 
fluence, however,  saved  him,  and  he  left 
the  army  disgraced,  but  still  virulently  ani- 
mated against  the  king.  He  joined  the 
independents,  like  his  father,  and  when 
Cromwell  became  protector,  he  was  made 
one  of  his  privy  council,  and  sent  among 
his  lords.  At  the  restoration  he  retired 
into  the  country,  and  died  at  his  seat  of 
Newton  Tony,  near  Salisbury,  1669.  He 
wrote  some  things  in  support  of  Cromwell's 
usurpation,  and  in  another  tract  defended 
his  conduct  at  Bristol.  Clarendon  repre- 
sents him  as  an  able  man,  and  in  council 
inferior  only  to  the  great  Hampden. 

Fienus,  Thomas,  a  physician,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1566.  He  travelled  over  Italy, 
and  at  his  return  was  made  professor  of 
physic  at  Louvain,  and  physician  to  the  duke 
of  Bavaria.  He  died  at  Louvain,  1631. 
He  wrote  "  de  Viribus  Imaginations, "  in 
which  he  relates  a  curious  story  of  a  hypo- 
chondriac who  thought  himself  so  large  that 
he  could  not  get  out  of  his  room — de  For- 
matione  et  Animatione  Foetus — Apologia 
pro  ecdem — de  Cauteriis — Libri  Chirur- 
gici. 

Fiescho,  John  Lewis,  a  noble  Genoese, 
who  conspired  against  Andrew  Doria,  with 
the  intention  of  delivering  the  galleys  to 
the  French,  and  of  making  himself  sove- 
reign in  the  room  of  his  rival.  He  was 
drowned  in  the  attempt,  1st  Jan.  1547,  and 
the  plot  abandoned  by  his  associates,  and 
his  family  banished  from  Genoa  to  the  fifth 
generation.  He  was  then  only  22  years 
old. 

Figino,  Ambrozio,  a  painter  born  at 
Milan,  the  disciple  of  Lomazio.  His  de- 
scent from  the  cross  is  seen  at  Wilton,  and 
much  admired.     He  died  1590. 

Figrelius,  Edmundus,  a  learned  Swede, 
professor  of  history  at  UpsaL  He  wrote  a 
book  de  Statuis  Illustrium  Romanoruro, 
1656,  and  died  1676. 

Filangeri,  Gaetano,  a  native  of  Naples, 
who  studied,  but  never  practised  the  law. 
He  was  in  1777  employed  about  the  court 
as  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber,  and  as 
an  officer  of  marine,  and  in  17S7  was 
raised  to  an  office  in  the  college  of  Fi- 
nance. He  wrote  a  popular  work  on 
legislation,  the  first  vol.  of  which  appeared 
in  1780,  and  the  Sth  in  1791.  He  died 
17S7,  aged  35. 

Filelfo,  Francis,  or  Philephcs.  fid. 
Philelphcs. 

Filesac,  John,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne. 
•S9 


and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  theology  at  Pan?, 
died  1638.  His  works  appeared  1621,  3 
vols.  4to. 

Filicaja,  Vincentio  di,  an  elegant  poet 
of  Florence,  who  died  1707,  aged  65.  He 
was  senator  in  his  native  city,  and  his 
wants  were  honourably  and  liberally  re- 
lieved by  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden. 
His  poems,  which  are  in  a  delicate  and  re- 
fined style,  were  collected  by  his  son  in 
folio,  and  reprinted  at  Venice,  3  vols- 
i2mo.  1747. 

Filmer,  Sir  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  East  Sutton,  in  Kent,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  died 
1688.  He  wrote  the  Anarchy  of  a  limited 
and  mixed  Monarchy — "  Patriarchia,"  in 
which  he  proves  the  original  government 
to  be  monarchical,  derived  from  the  patri- 
archs and  heads  cf  families — and  "the 
Freeholders'  Grand  Inquest."  His  Patri- 
archa  was  attacked  by  Locke. 

Fixers,  Orontius  Fine,  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  college  founded  by 
Francis  I.  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Briancon, 
Dauphine,  1494.  By  his  genius  and  appli- 
cation he .  recommended  himself  to  the 
notice  of  the  great,  but  though  as  a  mathe- 
matician, and  as  a  man  of  letters,  he  was 
highly  respectable,  yet  he  was  pinched  by 
poverty,  and  at  his  death,  in  1555,  he  left 
his  wife  and  six  children  in  very  reduced 
and  distressed  circumstances.  He  invent- 
ed a  clock  in  1553,  and  pretended  that  he 
had  found  out  the  quadrature  of  the  circle. 
His  works  were  collected  in  3  vols,  folio, 
1532,  1542,  and  1556. 

Finch,  Heneage,  earl  of  Nottingham, 
son  of  Sir  Heneage  Finch,  recorder  of 
London,  was  born  in  1621.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  and  at  the  inner  temple 
he  assiduously  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  law.  He  was  made  solicitor-general  to 
Charles  II.  and  created  a  baronet,  and  in 
1661,  he  was  elected  member  for  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  He  was  very  active  in 
the  impeachment  of  lord  Clarendon,  in 
1667,  and  in  1670,  he  was  made  attorney- 
general,  and  three  years  after  lord  keeper, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1675,  he  was 
appointed  lord  chancellor,  and  in  16S1,  he 
was  created  earl  of  Nottingham,  and  died 
the  year  after.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
wisdom  and  eloquence,  and  though  born  in 
dangerous  and  troublesome  times,  he  so 
conducted  himself  that  he  retained  in  every 
situation  the  good  opinion  of  the  king  and- 
of  the  people.  Burnet  has  commended 
him  for  his  attachment  to  the  church,  Dry- 
den  has  recorded  him  in  his  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  in  the  character  of  Amri,  and 
for  his  powers  in  oratory,  he  acquired  and 
deserved  the  name  of  the  Roscius  and 
Cicero  of  England.    Some  of  his  speeches 


FIN 


MB 


m  parliament,  and  on  judicial  causes,  have 
been  published. 

Finch,  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1647.  Though 
he  was  one  of  the  privy  counsellors  who 
proclaimed  the  elevation  of  the  duke  of 
York  to  the  throne,  he  never  appeared  at 
court  during  the  reign  of  James,  but  upon 
his  abdication  he  wished  the  appointment 
of  a  regent,  and  not  the  setting  up  of 
another  king.  He  was  secretary  under 
"William,  and  held  the  same  office  under 
Anne,  till  1704.  At  the  accession  of 
George  I.  he  was  one  of  the  lords  for  the 
administration  of  affairs,  and  was  declared 
president  of  the  council.  He  retired  from 
public  affairs  1716,  and  died  1730.  He 
wrote  a  very  elaborate  book  in  reply  to 
Whiston's  letter  to  him  on  the  Trinity,  for 
which  he  was  thanked  by  the  university  of 
Oxford. 

Finch,  Edward,  brother  of  Sir  Heneage 
Finch,  first  earl  of  Nottingham,  was  vicar 
of  Christ  church,  London,  from  which  he 
was  ejected  by  the  parliamentary  inquisi- 
tors. The  crimes  alleged  against  him 
were,  that  he  preached  in  a  surplice,  wor- 
shipped the  great  idol  set  up  in  the  church, 
i.  e.  the  altar,  and  associated  with  women. 
He  died  Feb.  1st,  1642,  much  respected. 

Finck,  Thomas,  a  native  of  South  Jut- 
land, who  took  his  medical  degrees  at  Basil, 
and  became  physician  to  the  duke  of  Sles- 
wick.  He  was  made,  in  1691,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and  in  1602, 
professor  of  eloquence,  and  1603,  of  medi- 
cine. He  wrote  tracts,  Geometriae  Ro- 
tundi — de  Constitutione  Matheseos — de 
Medicina,  kc.     He  died  1656,  aged  95. 

Finet,  Sir  John,  a  gentleman  of  respect- 
ability among  the  courtiers  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  He  was  born  at  Soulton,  near 
Dover,  in  Kent,  and  died  1641,  aged  70. 
He  wrote  "  Fineti  Philoxenus,"  a  book  on 
the  precedency,  treatment,  audience,  and 
punctilios  observed  towards  foreign  ambas- 
sadors at  the  English  court,  1656. 

Fin'let,  Samuel,  D.D.  president  of  the 
college  at  Princeton,  New-Jersey,  was  a 
native  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  and  born  in 
1715.  He  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1734, 
and  devoting  several  years  to  the  study  of 
the  classics  and  theology,  was  ordained  as 
an  evangelist  in  1740.  Happening  in  his 
itinerant  labours  to  preach  at  New-Haven, 
in  violation  of  a  law  prohibiting  such 
ministers  to  teach  in  that  state,  he  was 
seized  by  the  magistrates,  and  carried  out  of 
the  colony.  In  1744,  he  was  settled  at 
Nottingham,  Maryland,  where  he  laboured 
near  seventeen  years  with  distinguished 
fidelity  and  success.  He  also  established  a 
useful  academy  there.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Davies,  he  was  ehosen  president  of  the 
college  of  New-Jersey,  and  removed  to 
Princeton  in  July,  1761.     After  occupying 


that  station  with  reputation  rive  years,  he 
died  at  Philadelphia,  July  17th,  1766.  He 
possessed  a  vigorous  mind,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  piety,  and  rendered  his  life  highly 
useful,  both  to  the  church  and  the  semi- 
nary over  which  he  presided.      IdP"  L. 

Finley,  Robert,  D.D.  a  highly  respect- 
able and  useful  minister  of  the  American 
Presbyterian  church,  was  born  at  Prince- 
ton, New-Jersey,  in  1772.  He  early 
entered  the  college  of  his  native  town,  and 
was  graduated  A.B.  in  his  sixteenth 
year.  After  spending  several  years  in  the 
instruction  of  youth  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages, in  New-Jersey  and  South  Carolina, 
he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  Gospel  in 
Sept.  1794  ;  and  in  June,  1795,  ordained  to 
the  work  of  the  Gospel  ministry,  and  install- 
ed pastor  of  the  church  of  Basking-Ridge. 
in  his  native  state.  Here  he  remained, 
highly  useful,  and  universally  beloved, 
until  1817,  when  he  accepted  the  presiden- 
cy of  the  university  of  Athens,  in  Georgia. 
He  had  scarcely  entered  on  the  duties  of 
this  office,  when  he  was  removed  by  death, 
deeply  regretted  by  the  friends  of  the  insti- 
tution, and  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons,  which  were  con- 
sidered creditable  both  to  his  talents  and 
piety.  But  his  highest  distinctions  were 
activity  and  usefulness  as  a  pastor,  and 
great  sagacity,  address,  and  judgment  in 
the  instruction  and  management  of  youth. 
The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was 
conferred  upon  him  a  few  months  before 
his  death,  in  the  46th  year  of  his  age. 

Firenzuola,  Angelo,  an  Italian  poet., 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope 
Clement  VII.  He  was  for  some  time  an 
advocate,  and  then  became  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  died  at  Rome,  1545.  His  prose  works 
were  published  at  Florence,  1543,  8vo.  and 
his  comedies  and  other  poetical  pieces  the 
year  after,  and  in  1763,  in  3  vols. 

Firmicius  Maternus,  Julius,  a  Chris- 
tian writer  of  the  fourth  century,  of  whom 
little  is  known.  His  book,  "  de  Errore 
Profanarum  Religionum,"  has  been  often 
printed,  and  is  a  valuable  performance. 
The  eight  books  of  astronomy  or  mathe- 
matics, printed  at  Venice,  1497,  which  bear 
his  name,  are  supposed  not  to  be  by  him. 
or  at  least  to  have  been  written  by  him  be- 
fore he  was  converted  from  heathenism  to 
Christianity. 

Firmiliav,  bishop  of  Cxsarea,  in  Cap- 
padocia,  was  the  friend  of  Origen,  and 
president  of  the  council  of  Antioch  against 
Paul  of  Samosata.     He  died  269. 

Firmin,  Thomas,  a  most  benevolent 
Englishman,  born  at  Ipswich,  June,  16X2. 
He  was  apprenticed  by  his  parents  who 
were  puritans,  to  a  linen  manufacturer  in 
London,  and  in  1660,  married  a  citizen's 
daughter,  who  died  after  bringing  him  two 
851 


KIS 


ELS 


children.  He  married  again  in  1664,  and 
had  several  cliildren.  He  was  very  pros- 
perous in  bis  business,  and  he  honourably 
employed  the  fruits  of  his  industry  and 
success  to  the  most  charitable  purposes. 
He  was  in  his  religious  opinions  a  Socinian, 
but  he  nevertheless  was  held  in  esteem  by 
the  clergy,  by  Wilkins,  Whichcot,  and 
especially  Tillotson,  who  frequented  his 
company  even  when  archbishop.  He 
was  settled  in  Lombard-street,  and  the 
ravages  of  the  plague  in  1665,  and  the  fire 
of  1666,  gave  full  activity  to  his  extensive 
benevolence.  In  1676,  he  erected  a  ware- 
house in  Little-Britain  for  the  industrious 
employment  of  the  poor  in  the  linen  manu- 
facture, and  in  1682,  he  established  another 
manufactory  of  the  same  kind  at  Ipswich 
for  the  benefit  of  the  protestants  who  had 
fled  from  France  on  account  of  religious 
persecutions.  For  the  last  20  years  of  his 
life,  he  was  governor  of  Christ  hospital, 
London,  to  which  he  was  a  great  benefac- 
tor. There  was  indeed  scarce  a  charitable 
institution  to  which  he  did  not  liberally 
contribute,  with  the  most  humane  and  be- 
nevolent of  intentions.  This  worthy  and 
great  character,  died  20th  Dec.  1697,  aged 
66,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of 
Christ  hospital,  where,  in  the  wall  near  his 
grave  an  inscription  records  his  real  merits. 
He  published  in  1678,  Proposals  for  the 
Employing  of  the  Poor,  and  the  Preven- 
tion of  Beggary,  &c.  4to. 

Firmin,  Giles,  a  native  of  Suffolk,  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  where  he  studied  phy- 
sic, which  he  afterwards  practised  in  New- 
JEngland.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
took  orders,  and  became  minister  of  Shal- 
ford,  from  which  he  was  ejected  for  non- 
conformity, 1662.  He  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  physic,  and  died  1697,  aged  SO. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  "  the 
Real  Christian." 

Firon-zabadi,  surnamed  Sharazi,  a 
learned  Persian,  author  of  Al  Tanbidh,  or 
general  information  on  the  Mahometan  law 
in  the  11th  c,entury.  Another  of  the  same 
name  wrote  the  Ocean,  or  a  dictionary  of 
the  Arabic  language,  and  died  1414. 

Fish,  Simon,  a  native  of  Kent,  educated 
at  Oxford,  from  whence  he  went  to  Gray's 
Inn,  and  studied  the  law.  He  fled  into 
Germany  in  consequence  of  his  acting  in 
a  play,  in  which  severe  censures  were 
thrown  upon  Wolsey,  and  there  he  met 
William  Tyndale,  likewise  an  exile.  He 
wrote,  in  1527,  "the  Supplication  of  Beg- 
gars," which  is  a  violent  satire  on  bishops 
and  clergy,  and  the  perusal  of  this  piece  by 
Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn,  restored 
him  to  favour,  and  after  Wolsey's  fall  he 
returned,  and  was  graciously  treated  by  the 
king.  He  died  of  the  plague,  1571.  He 
translated  the  Dutch  book  called  the  Sum 
"f  the  Scriptures.  -  —  , 

<!5? 


Fisher,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born 
at  Beverley,  Yorkshire,  1459.  He  was 
educated  at  Michael-house,  a  college  after- 
wards incorporated  with  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  in  1495,  when  fellow,  he 
served  the  office  of  proctor,  and  that  same 
year  he  was  elected  master  of  Michael-house, 
and  then  became  confessor  to  Margaret, 
dutchess  of  Richmond,  mother  to  Henry 
VII.  who  by  his  advice  founded  St.  John's 
and  Christ  colleges,  at  Cambridge,  and 
among  other  acts  of  great  benevolence, 
founded  both  the  divinity  professorships  in 
the  universities.  In  1501,  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  was  made  vice-chancellor 
of  Cambridge,  and  in  1504,  was  nominated 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  the  next  year 
accepted  the  headship  of  Queen's  college, 
Cambridge.  On  Luther's  appearance  he 
stood  forth  as  the  champion  of  Rome,  but 
though  long  favoured  by  the  king,  he  fell 
under  his  displeasure,  1527,  on  account  of 
his  zealous  defence  of  the  queen,  in  the 
affair  of  her  divorce.  In  1530  he  narrowly 
escaped  poisoning  by  one  Rouse,  who 
threw,  in  the  cook's  absence,  poison  into  the 
gruel,  of  which,  luckily,  the  bishop  did  not 
taste,  but  which  proved  fatal  to  two  of  the 
servants,  and  nearly  so  to  15  others  who 
partook  of  it.  Upon  the  question  of  the 
king's  supremacy  in  1531,  Fisher  opposed  it 
with  great  freedom,  and  increased  the  dis- 
satisfaction of  the  court,  by  listening  to  the 
predictions  of  the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  and 
more  at  last  by  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of 
allegiance  to  the  king,  and  to  his  children, 
by  Anne  Boleyn.  He  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  for  this  contumacy,  and  though 
solicited  by  his  friends  he  refused  to  alter 
his  opinion,  or  assent  to  the  lawfulness  of 
the  divorce,  and  the  marriage  of  the  king. 
He  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but  he 
might  have  languished  in  confinement  the 
rest  of  life,  had  not  the  gratitude  of  the 
pope  been  unseasonably  manifested  to- 
wards him.  Pleased  with  the  firmness  of 
the  venerable  bishop,  Paul  III.  in  1535, 
created  him  a  cardinal,  an  honour  which 
displeased  Henry  so  much,  that  he  gave 
orders  that  none  should  bring  the  hat  into 
his  dominions.  The  measure  was  unwor- 
thy of  a  king,  but  when  Fisher,  more  am- 
bitiously than  wisely,  had  declared  to  Crom- 
well, whom  Henry  had  sent  to  examine 
him,  that  he  would  receive  from  the  pope 
the  cardinal's  hat,  the  angry  monarch  swore 
by  the  mother  of  God,  that  he  should  wear 
it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  he  would  leave 
him  never  a  head  to  set  it  on.  He  was 
therefore  soon  after  arraigned,  and  con- 
demned to  suffer  death  for  high  treason, 
and  on  the  22d  June,  1535,  he  was  be- 
headed, and  his  head  fixed  on  London- 
bridge  the  next  day.  He  was  then 
nearly  77.  Of  his  learning,  his  several 
works,  which  are  chiefly  on  controversial. 


Etr 


E1X 


subjects,  &c.  which  appeared  together  at 
Wurtzburg,  in  folio,  1595,  are  evident 
proof.  As  he  was  the  literary  opponent  of 
Erasmus,  the  opinion  of  that  illustrious 
author  must  be  considered  as  impartial. 
He  describes  him  as  a  man  of  great  and 
extensive  powers  of  mind,  and  for  in- 
tegrity, sweetness  of  temper,  and  greatness 
of  soul,  far  superior  to  all  the  men  of  his 
age. 

Fisher,  Mary,  an  enthusiastic  quaker, 
in  the  17tb  century,  who  travelled  to  Con- 
stantinople, with  the  chimerical  intention 
of  converting  the  grand  Signior.  Maho- 
met heard  her  with  patience,  and  sent  her 
back  to  her  country  in  safety.  She  after- 
wards married  a  preacher  of  her  persua- 
sion, and  then  went  into  Languedoc,  to  at- 
tempt the  conversion  of  the  protestants 
there  to  the  tenets  of  the  quakers. 

Fisher,  Alexander  M.,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  Yale 
College,  Connecticut,  was  born  in  Frank- 
lin, Massachusetts,  in  1794.  He  was  gra- 
duated at  Yale  College,  in  the  year  1813, 
and  in  1815  appointed  a  tutor  in  that  semi- 
nary. In  1817,  he  was  advanced  to  the 
professorship  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy.  He  early  discovered  very  un- 
common talents  for  the  acquisition  and 
communication  of  knowledge,  and  excited 
the  highest  expectations  of  his  usefulness 
and  distinction.  His  power  of  attention, 
quickness  and  clearness  of  apprehen- 
sion, rapid  discernment  of  the  relations  of 
objects,  accuracy  of  judgment,  and  inde- 
pendence, caution,  and  originality  in  inves- 
tigation, are  rarely  equalled,  and  consti- 
tuted a  genius  of  the  highest  order  for  the 
department  of  science  to  which  he  devoted 
his  attention  ;  and  his  attainments  were  as 
extraordinary  as  his  endowments.  After 
having  once  delivered  his  course  of  lec- 
tures, he  undertook  a  voyage  to  Europe,  to 
improve  himself  in  his  professional  studies, 
and  perished  in  the  wreck  of  the  packet 
Albion,  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  on  the  22d 
of  April,  1822.  He  possessed  great 
amiableness,  modesty,  and  delicacy  of 
taste,  and  his  conduct  was  marked  by  an 
uncommon  regard  to  religious  obligation. 
Several  of  his  scientific  papers  may  be 
seen  in  Silliman's  Journal  of  Science  and 
the  Arts.  1CP  L. 

Fitzgibbon,  John,  earl  of  Clare,  was  the 
son  of  an  Irish  barrister,  and  born  in  1749. 
He  was  educated  at  Dublin  and  Oxford, 
after  which  he  studied  the  law  ;  and,  in 
1784,  became  attorney-general  in  Ireland. 
In  1789  he  received  the  great  seal,  and 
was  created  baron  Fitzgibbon.  In  1793 
he  was  made  viscount  Clare,  and  in  1795 
was  raised  to  the  earldom.  To  these  ho- 
nours was  added  an  English  barony  in 
1799.  He  was  the  great  promoter  of  the 
union  of  the  two  countries,  and  died  at 


Dublin,  January  28th,   1802,  leaving  two 
sons  and  two  daughters. — W.  B. 

Fitzherbert,  Sir  Anthony,  a  learned 
lawyer,  born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Nor- 
bury,  Derbyshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
London,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  as 
a  lawyer.  In  1511,  he  was  made  sergeant 
at  law,  in  1516  knighted,  and  in  1523  ap- 
pointed justice  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  After  a  life  supported  in  his  high 
station  with  integrity  and  honour,  he  died 
27th  May,  1538,  and  was  buried  at  Nor- 
bury,  leaving  a  numerous  family  well  pro- 
vided for.  He  wrote  the  office  of  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  &c. — the  office  of  Sheriffs, 
&c.  and  other  law  tracts,  besides  "  of  the 
Surveying  of  Lands" — and  the  book  of 
husbandry,  &c. 

Fitzherbert,  Thomas,  grandson  to  Sir 
Anthony,  was  born  in  Staffordshire  1552, 
and  educated  at  Oxford,  either  at  Exeter 
or  Lincoln  college.  As  he  was  a  zealous 
catholic,  he  left  the  university  without  a 
degree,  and  retired  to  privacy,  but  on  ac- 
count of  his  bigoted  principles,  and  his  at- 
tachment to  the  Jesuits  Campian  and  Par- 
sons, he  exposed  himself  to  difficulties,  and 
fled  as  a  voluntary  exile  to  France,  1582. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Madrid  and  Milan, 
and  at  last  entered  into  the  society  of 
Jesus  at  Rome,  1614.  He  was  afterwards 
at  Brussels,  and  for  22  years  presided  over 
the  English  college  at  Rome,  where  he 
died  1640,  aged  88,  and  was  buried  in  the 
college  chapel.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  he  wrote  several  books  on 
controversial  subjects,  against  Barlow, 
Downe,  Andrews,  and  other  divines.  His 
treatise  concerning  policy  and  religion,  in 
three  parts,  was  much  admired  by  papists 
and  protestants. 

Fitzherbert,  Nicholas,  grandson  to 
Sir  Anthony,  and  cousin  to  Thomas,  was 
born  1550,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford.  In  1572,  he  went  abroad  as  a 
voluntary  exile,  on  account  of  his  religious 
principles,  and  settled  at  Bologna,  and  af- 
terwards at  Rome,  in  the  house  of  William 
Alan,  the  English  cardinal.  He  was  un- 
fortunately drowned  in  a  journey  from 
Rome  1612.  He  wrote  Casae  Galatsi  de 
Bonis  Moribus,  1595 — Oxoniensis  in  An- 
glia  Academiae  Descriptio  1602 — de  Anti- 
quitate  et  Continuatione  Catholicae  Reli- 
gionis  in  Anglia,  1608 — Cardinalis  Alani 
Vitae  Epitome,  1608. 

Fitzjames,  James,  duke  of  Berwick, 
natural  son  of  the  duke  of  York,  after- 
wards James  II.  by  Arabella  Churchill, 
sister  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  was 
born  at  Moulines,  1671.  He  was  early 
inured  to  the  labours  of  a  military  life,  and 
was  wounded  at  Buda  1686,  and  signalized 
himself  at  the  defeat  of  the  Turks  at  Mo- 
hatz.  and  afterwards  in  Ireland  at  the  siesie 
«r,3 


FLA 


F.LA 


of  Londonderry,  and  at  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne.  In  1703,  he  headed  the  French 
troops  in  Spain,  reduced  the  rebels  in  the 
Cevennes,  and  in  1705,  took  Nice,  and  for 
his  services  was  made  marshal  of  France 
by  the  king.  He  gained  the  famous  vic- 
tory at  Almanza,  over  the  English  and 
Portuguese  under  Galloway,  1707,  and  thus 
secured  the  Spanish  crown,  on  the  head  of 
Philip  V.  He  was  killed  at  the  head  of 
the  French  army,  by  a  cannon  ball,  at  the 
siege  of  Philipsburg,  in  Germany ,  1 734.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  benevolent  character,  gene- 
rally poor  from  the  great  sacrifices  which  he 
made  to  support  the  emigrants  in  his  fa- 
ther's cause.  Montesquieu  has  drawn  up  his 
character,  and  2  vols,  of  his  memoirs  have 
been  published,  12mo.  by  Margon. 

Fitz-Stephen,  William,  a  monk  of 
Canterbury,  of  Norman  extraction.  He 
was  present  at  the  murder  of  Becket,  of 
which  he  wrote  an  account.  His  descrip- 
tion of  London  in  that  account  is  very 
eurious,  and  is  the  oldest  extant.  He  died 
1191. 

Fixmillner,  Placidus,  a  native  of  Linz, 
in  Austria,  who  early  studied  mathematics, 
at  Strasburg,  under  Stuard,  and  afterwards 
embraced  a  monastic  life,  and  was  eccle- 
siastical professor  for  40  years  at  Krems- 
munster.  He  directed  also  his  attention 
to  celestial  observations,  and  published 
some  ingenious  works  on  astronomical 
subjects,  besides  tracts  on  the  canon  law, 
and  on  ecclesiastical  affairs.  He  died 
1791,  aged  71. 

Fizes,  Anthony,  a  famous  physician  of 
Montpellier,  who  died  there  1765,  aged 
75.  His  works  are  esteemed.  Opera 
Medica,  4to.  1742 — Lecons  de  Chymie, 
1750. — Tractatus  de  Febribus,  12mo. 
1749.— Tractatus  de  Physiologia,  12mo. 
1750,  and  dissertations. 

Flaccour,  F.  de,  directing  general  of 
the  French  East  India  Company,  was  also 
at  the  head  of  a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in 
1648,  which  he  was  obliged  to  quit.  On 
his  return  to  France,  he  published  an  ac- 
count of  the  island,  in  one  vol.  4to. 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet 
in  the  age  of  Vespasian,  author  of  the  Ar- 
gonautica. 

Flacius,  or  Francowitz,  Matthias. 
Vid.  Francowitz. 

Flameel,  Bertholet,  a  historical  pain- 
ter of  Liege,  who  died  1675,  aged  61.  He 
improved  himself  in  Italy,  and  was  noticed 
at  Florence  by  the  grand  duke.  Some  of 
his  pieces  adorn  the  churches  of  Paris  and 
of  Liege. 

Flamel,  Nicolas,  a  notary  of  Paris, 
born  at  Pontoise.  He  suddenly  rose  from 
poverty  to  extensive  opulence,  and  gave 
rise  to  a  report  that  he  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stone.  His  riches,  however, 
ivere  nobly  used  in  the  relief  of  indi- 
654 


genee,  and  in  the  erection  of  hospitals.  It 
is  supposed  that  his  riches  arose  from  suc- 
cessful speculations  in  commerce,  at  that 
time  little  known.  He  was  living  in  1 399, 
and  Lucas  amused  his  readers  by  declaring 
that  he  had  seen  him  in  India  after  his  de- 
cease. Some  works  on  Alchymy  have  been 
attributed  to  him. 

Fjlaminio,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator, 
poet,  and  historian  of  Bologna,  author  of 
the  lives  of  Albertus  Magnus,  of  St.  Do- 
minic, &c.     He  died  1536,  aged  72. 

Flaminio,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the 
preceding,  born  at  Imola.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  cardinal  Farnese,  who  appoint- 
ed him  his  secretary  at  the  council  of  Trent, 
an  office,  which  his  infirmities  prevented 
him  to  execute.  He  died  at  Rome  1550, 
aged  57.  His  letters  and  epigrams  appear- 
ed 1561,  8vo. — and  his  paraphrase  of 
thirty  Psalms,  1558.  His  latinity  is  very 
pure.  He  was  learned,  and  his  other  wri- 
tings are  much  esteemed. 

Flaminius,  or  Flamininus,  Titus  Quin- 
tus,  a  Roman  consul,  celebrated  for  his 
defeat  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  B.C.  198,  and 
his  restoration  of  the  liberties  of  Greece. 
He  prevailed  upon  Prusias  to  deliver  up 
Hannibal. 

Flaminius,  Nobilis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
as  a  divine,  and  as  a  critic.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Predestination,  corrected  the 
Vulgate  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  and  died 
at  Lucca,  1590. 

Flamsteed,  John,  an  able  astronomer, 
born  at  Derby,  Aug.  19th,  1646.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  but  a  severe 
distemper  prevented  the  designs  of  his  pa- 
rents, in  sending  him  to  the  university, 
and  when  he  left  school  in  1662,  he  saw 
for  the  first  time  an  astronomical  book, 
Sacrobosko's  de  Sphaera.  This  fixed 
deeply  his  attention,  and  directed  all  his 
thoughts  to  astronomical  subjects.  He  not 
only  constructed  dials,  but  by  the  help  of 
Street's  Caroline  tables,  he  calculated  very 
accurately  an  eclipse,  which  was  to  happen 
22d  June,  1666,  and  so  ingenious  did  this 
appear,  that  the  calculation  was  shown  to 
Mr.  Halton,  a  gentleman  of  property  and 
mathematical  knowledge  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, who  applauded  the  young  astrono- 
mer, and  supplied  him  with  fresh  books  for 
his  studies.  In  1669,  he  communicated 
his  calculations  of  the  eclipses  nf  the  fixed 
stars  by  the  moon,  to  the  Royal  Society, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  that  body,  by 
the  hands  of  its  secretary  Oldenburg,  and 
one  of  its  members,  Collins.  In  1670,  his 
father,  who  had  hitherto  viewed  his  studies 
with  jealous  dissatisfaction,  pleased  with 
his  correspondence  with  learned  men,  ad- 
vised him  to  go  to  London,  which  he  will- 
ingly did  to  visit  his  friends  Collins  and 
Oldenburg.  At  Cambridge,  he  became 
acquainted  with  Barrow,  Wroe,  and  New- 


i:la 


FM 


ton,  and  he  now  entered  at  Jesus  college 
at  that  university,  where  he  continued  his 
astronomical  studies  with  increasing  zeal. 
In  1673-4,  he  wrote  his  Ephemeris,  to 
show  the  folly  of  astrology,  to  which  he 
added  tables  of  the  moon's  rising  and  set- 
ting, and  at  the  request  of  his  friend  Sir 
Jonas  Moore,  he  compiled  an  account  of 
the  tides,  and  constructed  a  barometer  for 
the  use  of  the  king.  On  taking  his  mas- 
ter's degree  at  Cambridge,  he  wished  to 
take  orders,  but  his  friend  Sir  Jonas  dis- 
suaded him,  and  procured  him  the  place  of 
astronomer  royal,  with  a  salary  of  1001. 
a  year.  This,  however,  did  not  prevent 
Flamsteed's  purpose,  he  was  ordained  by 
bishop  Gunning,  and  when,  in  1675,  the 
first  stone  was  laid  for  the  building  of 
Greenwich  observatory,  he  lodged  at  the 
queen's  house  there,  and  observed  the  ap- 
pulses  of  the  moon  and  planets  to  the  fixed 
stars,  and  in  1681  published  the  doctrine 
of  the  Sphere,  in  Sir  Jonas  Moore's  post- 
humous work  of  a  new  System  of  Mathe- 
matics in  4to.  In  1684,  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Burstow  in  Surrey,  the  only  pre- 
ferment he  ever  held,  but  though  his  genius 
entitled  him  to  higher  emoluments,  his  be- 
nevolent heart,  was  satisfied  with  moderate 
competence,  more  pleased  in  the  pursuit  of 
his  favourite  studies,  and  in  the  friendship 
of  such  men  as  Newton,  Halley,  Molineux, 
Wallis,  Casini,  Wotton,  Keil,  &c.  than  in 
the  possession  of  unbounded  opulence. 
This  great  and  illustrious  character  died  of 
a  strangury,  31st  Dec.  1712,  and  thus, 
though  of  a  very  feeble  constitution,  lived 
more  than  73  years.  He  was  married,  but 
left  no  children.  His  Historia  Ccelestis 
Britannica,  of  which  the  best  part  was 
printed  before  his  death,  was  published  by 
his  widow  1725,  in  3  vols.  fol.  and  dedi- 
cated to  the  king.  His  papers,  as  he  himself 
tells  us  in  his  preface,  had  been  examined 
by  the  direction  of  George,  prince  of  Den- 
mark, by  Roberts,  Newton,  Gregory,  Ar- 
buthnot,  Wren,  and  others,  and,  under  this 
high  recommendation,  were  afterwards 
presented  to  the  public. 

Flandrin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Lyons, 
who  studied  the  veterinary  art  under  his 
uncle  professor  Chabert,  and  acquired  some 
celebrity  in  the  knowledge  of  comparative 
anatomy.  He  visited  England  and  Spain 
in  search  of  information  about  the  ma- 
nagement of  cattle  and  the  improvement  of 
wools,  and  published  an  interesting  trea- 
tise on  the  subject.  He  wrote  besides  va- 
rious memoirs,  and  was  made  member  of 
the  national  institute.     He  died  1796. 

Flassans,  Taraudet  de,  a  Provencal 
poet  of  the  14th  century,  born  at  Flassans. 
He  wrote  a  poem  called  Lessons  to  avoid 
the  Treacheries  of  Love,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  by  de  Ponteves  with  a  piece  of 
land.    He  was  employed  by  queen  Joan  to 


make  a  remonstrance  to  the  emperor 
Charles  IV.  which  he  ably  executed. 

Flatman,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Aldersgate-street,  London,  1633, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  left  the  university  with- 
out a  degree,  and  became  barrister  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  but  never  followed  the  law 
as  a  profession.  He  now  turned  author, 
and  wrote  several  light  poems,  one  of  which, 
on  the  death  of  lord  Ossory,  was  read  by 
the  father,  the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  such 
gratification  that  he  sent  the  author  a 
mourning  ring,  with  a  diamond  in  it,  worth 
100/.  In  his  younger  days  Flatman  ex- 
pressed his  abhorrence  to  the  marriage 
state  by  a  song  beginning  with  these  lines  : 

Like  a  dog  with  a  bottle  tied  close  to  his  tail, 
Like  a  toad  in  a  bog,  or  a  thief  in  a  jail,  &c. 

and  when,  as  Wood  says,  he  was  afterwards 
smitten  with  a  fair  virgin,  and  more  with 
her  fortune,  he  espoused  her  in  1672,  and 
on  his  wedding  night  his  jovial  companions 
serenaded  him  with  his  favourite  song. 
He  died  in  Fleet-street,  London,  168S. 
He  was  an  indifferent  poet ;  but,  says 
Granger,  succeeded  better  as  a  painter,  as 
one  of  his  heads  is  worth  a  ream  of  his 
Pindarics.  His  poems,  third  edition,  were 
printed  1682,  in  one  vol.  8vo. 

Flavel,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  Worcestershire,  and  educated  at  Univer- 
sity college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  B.A.  He  was  ejected  from  his 
living  at  Dartmouth,  in  1662,  for  noncon- 
formity, and  retired  to  Hudscott,  near 
South  Molton.  He  returned  to  his  living- 
on  the  indulgence  granted  by  Charles  II. 
and  died  there  1692.  He  wrote  Naviga- 
tion and  Husbandry  spiritualized,  &c. 
His  works,  which  are  respectable,  were 
published  2  vols.  fol.  and  6  vols.  8vo. 

Flavian,  a  patriarch  of  Antioch,  where 
he  died  404. 

Flavian,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
after  Proclus  447.  He  condemned  the 
Eutychian  heresy  in  a  synod,  for  which, 
by  the  opposite  faction,  he  was  deposed, 
scourged,  and  banished  to  Lydia,  where  he 
died  in  consequence  of  the  ill  treatment 
which  he  had  received. 

Flavigni,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Itheims,  and  Hebrew 
professor  of  the  royal  College,  was  born  at 
Laon,  and  died  at  Paris  1G7J,  very  old. 
He  assisted  in  the  Polyglott  of  Le  Jay,  and 
was  a  violent  polemic. 

Flavitas,  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
after  Accacius.  Zeno,  the  emperor,  was 
so  superstitious  as  to  suppose  that  an  angel 
would  come  down  to  inscribe  the  name  of 
the  new  prelate  on  a  piece  of  paper  which 
he  left  on  the  altar  ;  but  Flavitas,  by  bribing 
the  chamberlain,  inserted  his  own  name, 
and  was  made  bishop ;  but  died  three 
655 


ULE 


i;le 


months  after,  and  the  artifice  heing,  in  con- 
sequence, discovered,  cost  the  guilty  cham- 
berlain his  life. 

Flaust,  John  Baptist,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Rouen.  He  was  fifty  years 
employed  in  the  composition  of  his  Expli- 
cation of  the  Jurisprudence  Usage  of  Nor- 
mandy^ vols,  folio.  He  died  1783,  aged  72. 

Flechier,  Esprit,  a  celebrated  French 
prelate,  born  1632,  at  Perne,  near  Avig- 
non. He  distinguished  himself  as  a  popu- 
lar preacher,  and  became  known  as  an 
elegant  scholar,  by  his  poetical  description 
of  a  carousal  in  pure  Latinity.  His  funeral 
orations  were  much  admired,  especially 
that  on  Turenne,  and  that  on  Montauser, 
•which  raised  him  to  the  same  rank  of  re- 
putation with  the  well-known  Bossuet. 
In  1679  he  wrote  his  history  of  Theodo- 
sius  the  Great,  and  in  1685  he  was  honour- 
ably promoted  to  the  see  of  Lavaur,  on 
which  occasion  the  king  said,  Be  not  sur- 
prised I  have  so  long  delayed  to  reward 
your  merit ;  I  was  afraid  of  losing  the 
pleasure  of  hearing  your  discourses.  In 
1687  he  was  translated  to  Nismes,  where, 
as  a  preacher  and  a  bishop,  he  was  success- 
ful in  drawing  many  of  the  protestants  to 
the  catholic  faith.  In  the  famine  of  1709 
his  charity  and  benevolence  were  unbound- 
ed. This  most  virtuous  and  exemplary 
man  died  1710,  lamented,  says  d'Alem- 
bert,  by  the  catholics,  regretted  by  the 
protestants,  having  exhibited  to  his  bre- 
thren an  excellent  model  of  zeal  and  cha- 
rity, simplicity  and  eloquence.  His  works 
arc  (Euvres  Melees — Panegyric  of  Saints 
— Funeral  Orations — sermons,  3  vols. 
12mo. — the  History  of  Theodosius — Gra- 
tiani  de  Casibus  Illustr.  Vir.  the  Life  of 
Ximenes,  4to.  letters,  2  vols.  12mo. — the 
Life  of  Cardinal  Commendon,  4to. — post- 
humous works.  Those  who  compare  Bos- 
suet with  Flechier  observe,  that  the  former 
has  less  elegance  but  greater  strength,  and 
that  the  style  of  his  rival  is  more  flowing, 
finished,  and  uniform.  Bossuet  owes  all  to 
nature,  Flechier  much  to  art. 

Flecknoe,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
formerly,  it  is  said,  a  Jesuit.  At  the  revo- 
lution, when  Dryden  was  dismissed,  as  be- 
ing a  catholic,  from  the  office  of  laureate, 
Flecknoe  was  appointed  as  his  successor, 
■which  so  exasperated  the  bard,  that  he 
vented  his  indignation  in  a  severe  satirical 
poem,  called,  from  his  humble  antagonist, 
Mac  Flecknoe.  He  wrote  some  plays,  one 
only  of  which  was  acted.  His  Damoiselles 
A-la-mode,  and  his  Love's  kingdom  were 
both  hissed  off  the  stage.  He  wrote  be- 
sides enigmas  and  epigrams,  besides  the 
"  Diarium,"  in  burlesque  verse.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Fleetwood,  William,  an  English  law- 
yer,  recorder  of   London   in   Elizabeth's 
veign,  was  natural  son  of  Mr.  Fleetwood  of 
6«? 


Hesketh,  Lancashire.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  studied  the  law  in  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  abilities.  He  was  made  re- 
corder of  London  1569,  he  showed  him- 
self very  active  against  mass-houses,  and 
popish  priests.  In  1580  he  was  made 
sergeant  at  law,  and  in  1592  sergeant  to 
the  queen.  He  died  1593,  and  was  buried 
at  Great  Missenden,  Bucks,  where  he  had 
an  estate.  He  was  married,  and  had  some 
children  who  survived  him.  He  was  an 
eloquent  orator,  says  Wood,  and  his  skill 
as  a  politician  recommended  him  much  to 
the  notice  of  Leicester.  He  published  an 
oration  at  Guild-hall  before  the  lord  mayor 
— a  table  to  Ploten's  Reports — the  Office 
of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  1658 — Anna- 
lium  tam  Regum  Edwardi  V.  Richardi  III. 
Henrici  VII.  quam  Henrici  VIII. — Titulo- 
rum  Ordine  Alphabet  et  Elenchus,1579  and 
1597. 

Fleetwood,  William,  an  English  pre- 
late, descended  from  the  Lancashire  Fleet- 
woods, and  born  in  the  tower  of  London 
1st  Jan.  1656.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  on 
taking  orders,  became  an  eloquent  preach- 
er. He  was  made  chaplain  to  king 
William,  and  afterwards  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship at  Eton,  and  the  rectory  of  St.  Aus- 
tin's, London.  He  was  installed  canon  of 
Windsor  1702,  but  in  1705,  he  quitted  the 
tumults  of  the  town,  and  much  to  the  con- 
cern of  large  audiences,  who  attended  his 
eloquent  and  persuasive  discourses,  he  re- 
tired to  the  privacy  of  Wexham  rectory, 
in  Bucks.  In  1706,  without  any  solicita- 
tion on  his  part,  or  that  of  his  friends,  he 
was  nominated  to  succeed  Beveridge  in 
the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  and  in  1714  he  was 
translated  to  Ely.  He  died  at  Tottenham, 
in  Middlesex,  where  he  had  retired  for 
change  of  air,  4th  August,  1723,  and  he  was 
buried  in  Ely  cathedral,  where  his  lady, 
who  soon  followed  him  to  the  grave,  erect- 
ed a  monument  over  him.  His  only  son, 
Dr.  Charles  Fleetwood,  rector  of  Cotten- 
ham,  Cambridgeshire,  did  not  long  survive 
him.  Bishop  Fleetwood's  character  was 
respectable  in  every  point  of  view.  Ad- 
mired as  a  preacher,  he  made  an  exem- 
plary life,  and  a  benevolent  heart,  the  no- 
blest ornaments  of  his  persuasive  eloquence 
in  the  pulpit.  As  a  bishop  he  was  beloved 
by  his  clergy,  and  did  not  arrogantly  as- 
sume that  superiority  over  them  which  con- 
scious merit  disdains,  but  illiberal  pride 
asserts.  As  a  writer  he  was  highly  re- 
spected, his  sermons  and  divinity  tracts 
were  widely  circulated  ;  but  the  firmness 
of  his  opinions,  however,  drew  upon  him 
the  censure  of  the  house  of  Commons. 
His  preface  to  his  sermons,  on  the  deaths 
of  Mary,  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
of  William,  and  on  the  accession  of  Anne. 


fLE 


1LE 


gave  such  offence  to  tbe  ministry  that  the 
book  was  burned  publicly,  12th  May,  1712  ; 
but  it  was  more  universally  read,  and  even 
appeared  in  the  Spectator,  No  334.  Be- 
sides these,  Fleetwood  published  Inscrip- 
tionum  Antiquarum  Sylloge,  8vo.  1691 — a 
translation  of  Jurieu's  Method  of  Devo- 
tion, 1692,  the  27th  edition  of  which  ap- 
peared 1750 — an  Essay  on  Miracles,  8vo. 
1701 — the  reasonable  Communicant,  1704 
— Sixteen  Practical  Discourses  on  the  Re- 
lative Duties  of  Parents,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo. 
1705 — the  Thirteenth  of  Romans  vindica- 
ted, 1710 — the  Judgment  of  the  Church 
of  England  in  Lay  Baptism  and  Dissen- 
ters' Baptism,  1712 — the  Life  of  St. 
Wenefrede,  1713 — Chronicon  Preciosum, 
or  Account  of  English  Money,  Price  of 
Corn  and  other  Commodities  for  the 
last  600  Years,  1797,  besides  smaller  works. 

Fleming,  Robert,  a  North  Briton,  born 
at  Bathens,  1630.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrews,  and  at  the  age  of  33  be- 
came pastor  of  a  congregation,  from  which 
office  he  was  ejected  after  the  restoration. 
He  then  settled  at  Rotterdam,  in  Holland, 
as  minister  of  the  Scots'  congregation 
there,  and  died  25th  July,  1694.  His 
"  Fulfilling  of  the  Scriptures"  has  been  a 
popular  work  among  the  dissenters. 

Fleming,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
Leyden  and  Utrecht.  He  settled  at  Ley- 
den  as  minister,  and  then  removed  to  Am- 
sterdam, from  whence  he  came  to  London, 
and  officiated  at  the  Scotch  church,  Loth- 
bury,  and  at  Salters'  hall.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  sermons — tracts — 
Christology,  3  vols.  8vo. — the  Rise  and  Fall 
of  Popery,  of  which  it  is  said  that  many 
passages  are  particularly  applicable  to  the 
first  events  of  the  French  revolution.  He 
died  1716. 

Fleming,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Notting- 
ham, pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
London,  and  in  1752,  called  to  be  assistant 
to  Dr.  Foster  at  Pinner's  hall.  He  wrote 
a  Survey  of  the  Search  after  Souls,  and 
other  tracts,  and  in  his  tenets  he  was  a 
strict  Arian.     He  died  1773,  aged  75. 

Flemming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard,  a 
native  of  Croston,  Yorkshire,  educated  at 
University  college,  Oxford,  and  made  pre- 
bendary of  York  1408.  He  was,  in  1442, 
made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  went  as  de- 
puty to  the  council  of  Constance.  The 
pope  raised  him  to  York  ;  but  as  the  king 
refused  his  consent  he  continued  bishop  of 
Lincoln  till  his  death,  1431.  He  was 
founder  of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  and 
was  a  strenuous  opposer  of  Wickliffe's 
doctrines,  which  he  afterwards  as  warmly 
embraced.  To  his  disgrace  he  was  in- 
strumental, however,  in  digging  up  the 
bones  of  that  bold  reformer,  according  to 

Vol.  I.  83 


the  impotent  resolutions  of  the  Constance 
council. 

Flesselles,  N.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
respectable  for  his  loyalty,  and  the  mild- 
ness of  his  manners.  He  attempted  in 
vain  to  repress  the  tumults  which  preceded 
the  revolution  ;  but  on  the  14th  of  July, 
1789,  his  benevolent  and  patriotic  interfer- 
ence proved  fatal  at  the  taking  of  the 
Bastile.  He  received  a  shot  from  a  pis- 
tol, and  his  head,  being  cut  off,  was  car- 
ried on  a  pike  in  triumph  through  the 
streets. 

Fletcher,  Dr.  Richard,  father  of  the 
dramatic  poet,  was  born  in  Kent,  and  edu- 
cated at  Benet  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  He  was  made 
dean  of  Peterborough,  1583,  and  three 
years  after  attended  the  Scotch  Mary's  ex- 
ecution, where  he  displayed  more  zeal  than 
good  sense  in  pressing  that  unfortunate 
queen  to  turn  protestant.  In  1589  he  was 
advanced  to  the  see  of  Bristol,  in  1592 
translated  to  Worcester,  and  1594  to  Lon- 
don. "After  the  death  of  his  wife  he  took 
a  second,  lady  Baker,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  about  1595,  and  this  so  offended 
Elizabeth,  who  was  averse  to  the  marriage 
of  the  clergy,  especially  of  bishops,  that 
she  caused  Whitgift  to  suspend  him. 
Though  afterwards  restored  to  favour,  the 
queen's  conduct  sat  heavily  upon  him,  and 
he  died  suddenly  in  his  chair  1596.  As  he 
was  fond  of  tobacco,  then  little  known, 
Camden  imputes  his  death  to  an  immode- 
rate use  of  it. 

Fletcher,  Giles,  brother  to  the  bishop, 
was  educated  at  Eaton  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  1581.  His  abilities  were  employed 
by  queen  Elizabeth,  as  commissioner  in 
Scotland,  Germany,  and  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1588,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Russia,  to  reconcile  the  Russians  to  the 
English  commerce,  and  to  efface  the  disad- 
vantageous impressions  which  the  jealousy 
of  the  Dutch  and  other  powers  had  excited. 
On  his  return  he  was  made  secretary  to  the 
city  of  London,  and  in  1597  treasurer  of 
St.  Paul's.  He  died  1610.  He  wrote  a 
curious  account  "of  the  Russian  Common- 
wealth," with  a  description  of  the  fashions 
and  manners  of  the  people,  1590,  8vo.  The 
book  was  suppressed,  but  appeared  in  Hak- 
luyt's  collection,  1643. 

Fletcher,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  son 
of  the  bishop  of  London,  was  born  in  North- 
amptonshire 1576.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  probably  Benet  college,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  writer  of  plays 
conjointly  with  Beaumont.  He  also  assist- 
ed Ben  Jonson  in  his  "  Widow,"  and  after 
Beaumont's  death  he  consulted  Shirley  in 
the  formation  of  the  plots  of  his  pieces. 
The  respective  share  of  these  joint  authors 
is  not  known,  though  it  is  said  that  Beau- 
657 


FLE 


FLE 


mont's  judgment  corrected  the  redundan- 
cies of  Fletcher's  wit.  Once  at  a  tavern  the 
brother  bards  debated  upon  the  plot  of  a 
tragedy,  and  Fletcher  being  overheard  by 
the  waiter  to  say  that  he  would  kill  the 
king,  he  and  his  friend  were  both  seized 
for  high  treason,  till  explanations  proved 
to  the  magistrate  that  the  intended  murder 
was  the  innocent  sacrifice  of  a  theatrical 
hero.  Fletcher  died  of  the  plague  in  Lon- 
don 1625,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary 
Overy's  church,  Southwark.  Fletcher  was 
ranked  with  Jonson  and  Shakspeare,  in  the 
great  triumvirate  of  chief  dramatic  authors, 
by  Edward  Philips,  and  Dryden  says  that 
his  plays,  as  possessing  gayety  in  the  comic 
parts,  and  pathos  in  the  more  serious  cha- 
racters, were  acted  more  frequently  than 
those  of  Jonson  or  Shakspeare.  Now, 
though  they  possess  great  merit,  the  plays 
of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  are  little  regard- 
ed, and  seldom  appear  on  the  stage.  The 
plays  of  the  poet,  amounting  to  above  50, 
were  first  edited  together,  1679,  folio,  and 
lately  by  Colman,  10  vols.  Svo.  177$. 

Fletcher,  Phinehas,  a  poet,  son  of 
Giles  Fletcher.  He  was  educated  at  Eaton, 
and  elected  to  King's  college,  Cambridge, 
1600.  He  was  made  minister  of  Hilgay, 
in  Norfolk,  1621,  by  sir  Henry  Willough- 
by,  and  died  there  about  1650.  He  is 
known  as  the  author  of  "  Purple  Island,"  a 
poem  containing  an  allegorical  description 
of  man,  and  very  popular  at  the  time  of  its 
publication.  He  wrote  besides  "  Piscatory 
Eclogues,"  which  were  published  at  Edin- 
burgh 1772,  and  the  Purple  Island,  with 
Giles's  "Christ's  Victory,"  1783,  London. 

Fletcher,  Giles,  brother  of  Phinehas, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  jhe  took  the  degree  of  B.D.  He 
died  at  his  living  of  Alderton,  Suffolk,  1623, 
equally  beloved,  says  Wood,  of  the  muses 
and  graces.  His  "  Christ's  Victory,"  was 
first  published  1610,  and  again  1640,  and 
it  is  a  poem  of  some  merit,  as  the  personi- 
fications are  very  natural,  and  the  language 
dignified. 

Fletcher,  Andrew,  son  of  sir  Robert 
Fletcher,  of  Saltoun,  Scotland,  was  born 
1653.  He  was  educated  under  bishop  Bur- 
net, and  when  in  parliament  he  so  strongly 
epposed  the  measures  of  the  court  that  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  and  go  to 
Holland.  He  landed  in  the  West  of  Eng- 
land with  Monmouth  16S5,  and  afterwards 
fought  against  the  Turks  in  the  Hungarian 
army.  The  revolution  restored  him  to  his 
country,  and  he  became  a  commissioner  to 
settle  the  government  of  Scotland.  He  died 
in  London  1716.  His  works,  which  are  all 
on  political  subjects,  and  in  the  bold  style 
of  theory,  appeared  together  in  1  vol.  Svo. 
1732. 

Fletcher,  Abraham,  a  native"  of  Little 
Broughton,  Cumberland,  brought  up  under 
658 


his  father,  as  a  tobacco-pipe  manufacturer. 
From  this  humble  occupation,  by  severe  ap- 
plication, he  raised  himself  to  public  notice, 
and  though  self-taught  in  reading  and  in 
writing,  he  so  improved  himself  that  he 
became  at  the  age  of  30  a  teacher  of  mathe- 
matics ;  and  as  astrologer  and  universal 
doctor,  he  acquired  a  fortune  of  3000Z. 
His  Universal  Measurer,  Svo.  is  a  work  of 
great  merit,  and  exhibits  in  the  most  favour- 
able view  his  perfect  knowledge  of  mathe- 
matics.    He  died  1793,  aged  79. 

Fletcher,  Benjamin,  governor  of  New- 
York,  succeeded  Ingoldsby  in  August,  1692, 
and  continued  in  the  administration  until 
1698.  He  was  passionate,  avaricious,  and 
arbitrary,  and  rendered  himself  unpopular. 
He  gave  the  colony  of  Connecticut  some 
trouble  by  endeavouring  to  obtain  the  com- 
mand of  its  militia,  which  had  been  impro- 
perly given  him  in  his  commission.  Piracy 
prevailed  on  the  coast  during  bis  adminis- 
tration, and  he  was  accused  of  countenan- 
cing it.  He  was  during  the  same  period 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  but  resigned  the 
administration  into  the  hands  of  Markham, 
his  deputy.  IdF*  L. 

Fleurieu,  Charles  Peter  Clarel  de,  a 
hydrographer,  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  1738. 
He  became  a  captain  in  the  marine  service, 
and,  in  1790,  was  appointed  minister  of 
that  department.  In  1792  he  was  made 
tutor  to  the  dauphin,  but  soon  afterwards 
was  thrown  into  prison  by  the  revolutiona- 
ry party.  Buonaparte  nominated  him  to 
the  offices  of  intendant  of  horse  and  gover- 
nor of  the  Thuilleries,  which  places  he  re- 
signed in  1805.  He  died  in  1810.  Fleu- 
rieu  published  a  work,  entitled  "  Deeou- 
vertes  des  Francois  en  1768  et  1769,  dans 
le  sud-est  de  la  Nouvelle  Guinee,"  4to. 
2.  A  voyage  to  prove  some  time-pieces,  2 
vols.  Svo.  He  spent  many  years  in  com- 
pleting a  great  "  Hydrographic  Atlas,"  but 
left  it  unfinished.—  W.  B. 

Fleurt,  Claude,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  Paris  1640.  After  being  at  the  bar 
nine  years  he  took  orders,  and  in  1672  be- 
came preceptor  to  the  princess  of  Conti, 
and  in  16S0  to  the  count  de  Vermandois. 
Under  Fenelon  he  was  subpreceptor  to  the 
dukes  of  Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri,  and 
for  his  services  he  was  made  abbot  of  Loc- 
dieu,  which  he  resigned  in  1706  for  the  rich 
priory  of  Argenteuil.  In  1716  he  was  con- 
fessor to  Lewis  XV.  and  died  1723,  aged 
82,  greatly  respected  for  his  learning  and 
virtues.  His  works  are  numerous,  the 
chief  of  which  are,  Manners  of  the  Israel- 
ites— Manners  of  the  Christians — Ecclesi- 
astical History,  in  13  vols.  4to.  a  valuable 
book — Institution  of  Ecclesiastical  Law — 
a  treatise  on  the  choice  and  method  of 
Studies — Duties  of  Masters  and  Servants 
— treatise  on  Public  Law,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Fleurt.  Julian,  the  learned  editor  of  the 


FLI 


FLO 


Delphin  Apuleius,  in  2  vols.  4to.  He  began 
Ausonius,  but  did  not  complete  it. 

Fleurt,  Andre  Hercule  de,  a  famous 
cardinal,  born  at  Lodeve  in  Languedoc, 
1653,  and  educated  at  Paris.  Recommend- 
ed by  abilities,  and  by  a  pleasing  address 
and  handsome  figure,  he  rose  from  canon 
of  Montpellier  to  be  bishop  of  Frejus,  and 
was  appointed  by  Lewis  XIV.  preceptor  to 
his  grandson,  after  Bossuet  and  Fenelon. 
In  1726  he  was  made  cardinal  and  prime 
minister,  though  aged  70,  and  so  active  was 
his  conduct,  and  sagacious  his  measures, 
that  the  kingdom  of  France  prospered 
greatly  under  his  administration,  the  suc- 
cession war  was  gloriously  finished,  and 
Lorraine  added  to  the  French  dominions. 
His  economy,  however,  neglected  and  ruin- 
ed the  marine,  and  in  the  war  of  1740,  his 
plans  were  not  crowned  with  victory,  so 
that  it  is  said,  he  died  with  a  heart  broken 
with  grief,  1743.  Without  the  pride  of 
Richelieu,  and  the  avarice  of  Mazarin,  he 
possessedgreat  abilities, and  though  themis- 
fortunes  of  the  last  war  were  attributed  to 
him,  he  rather  deserved  the  gratitude  of  the 
nation  for  his  prudent  management  of  the 
finances,  and  more  for  the  benevolence  of 
his  heart. 

Flinders,  Matthew,  a  navigator,  was 
born  at  Donington,  in  Lincolnshire,  and 
was  bred  to  the  sea,  in  the  merchant  ser- 
vice, till  the  year  1795,  when  he  went  as 
midshipman  with  captain  Hunter  to  New 
South  Wales,  where  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Mr.  George  Bass,  a  surgeon, 
who  had  a  great  ardour  for  voyages  of  dis- 
covery. These  two  friends  ventured,  in  a 
small  boat  called  "  Tom  Thumb,"  to  ex- 
plore the  coast  of  that  extensive  country. 
An  account  of  the  discoveries  which  they 
made  was  published  by  colonel  Collins,  in 
his  account  of  that  settlement.  In  1801 
Mr.  Flinders  was  sent  out  in  the  command 
of  the  Investigator,  to  prosecute  his  re- 
searches in  those  seas  ;  which  mission  he 
discharged  with  great  credit  ;  but  his  vessel 
was  afterwards  lost,  and,  in  his  voyage 
home,  aboard  a  schooner,  he  was  obliged 
to  put  into  the  Isle  of  France  ;  where  the 
governor,  De  Caen,  in  defiance  of  the  law 
of  humanity,  condemned  the  vessel,  and 
detained  the  commander  above  six  years. 
Though  he  obtained  his  liberty  at  last,  he 
could  not  recover  his  journal,  which  the 
French  kept,  in  order  to  appropriate  to 
themselves  the  merit  of  those  discoveries  in 
Terra  Australis,  which  belonged  to  our 
countryman.  Captain  Flinders,  however, 
drew  up  an  account  of  his  voyages,  which 
was  just  completed  at  the  press  when  he 
died  of  a  disorder  occasioned  by  the  cruelty 
he  had  experienced  in  1814. — W.  B. 

Flink,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil 
of  Rembrandt.  He  died  1660,  aged  44.  He 
imitated  his  master  in  the  execution  of  his 


pieces,  but  afterwards  studied  the  Italian 
manner. 

Flipart,  John  James,  a  French  en- 
graver, who  died  at  Paris,  11th  July,  178:?, 
aged  67.  He  possessed  great  merit,  and  in 
private  life  was  an  amiable  man. 

Flocquet,  Stephen  Joseph,  a  musician 
of  eminence,  was  born  at  Aix  in  Provence, 
and  died  at  Paris  1785,  aged  35.  His 
operas  were  received  with  the  most  flatter- 
ing applause  on  the  French  stage. 

Flodoard,  or  Frodoard,  a  French  his- 
torian of  Epernai.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic 
in  the  church  of  Rheims,  where  he  wrote  a 
Chronicle  from  916  to  966 — and  a  History 
of  his  Church  from  its  foundation  to  9 19. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  1617.  He  wrote 
also  poetry,  and  died  966,  aged  73. 

Flogel,  Charles  Frederic,  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Human  Understanding — 
History  of  Comic  Literature — Present  State 
of  the  Belles  Lettres  in  Germany,  &c.  in 
German,  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  noblemen  at  Leignitz,  where  he 
died  178S,  aged  59. 

Flood,  Henry,  an  Irish  orator,  son  of 
the  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  educated  at  Dublin  univer- 
sity, and  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  honour- 
ed with  the  degree  of  M.A.  1752.  He  sat 
in  the  Irish  house  of  commons  for  Kilkenny, 
and  afterwards  for  Callan,  and  he  acquired 
great  popularity  by  his  eloquence  and  the 
measures  which  he  proposed,  but  his  con- 
sequence ceased  when  he  obtained  a  seat 
among  the  English  commons,  and  his  ad- 
dresses on  subjects  of  reform  and  on  public 
occasions  were  received  with  little  interest. 
He  died  1791.  He  wrote  a  Pindaric  Ode 
to  Fame — a  Poem  on  the  death  of  Frederic 
Prince  of  Wales,  found  in  the  Oxford  col- 
lection, and  some  of  his  speeches  have  also 
appeared  in  print.  His  property  after  the 
death  of  his  wife  is  bequeathed  to  Dublin 
university  for  the  foundation  of  a  professor- 
ship, and  for  enriching  the  public  library 
by  the  purchase  of  MSS.  &c. 

Florentino,  Stephano,  a  historical  pain- 
ter of  Florence,  who  studied  under  Giotto, 
and  died  1350,  aged  49. 

Florian,  John  Peter  Claris  de,  a  native 
of  Languedoc,  educated  under  the  care  of 
his  relation  Voltaire,  by  whose  influence  he 
obtained  the  office  of  page  to  the  duke  of 
Penthievre.  Though  honoured  by  his  pa- 
tron, and  promoted  in  the  army,  he  prefer- 
red literary  reputation  to  all  other  objects, 
and  published  in  1782  his  first  work  Gala- 
thee,  a  romance.  He  tvrote  afterwards 
Theatre,  Voltaire  et  le  Serf  de  Jura,  which 
obtained  the  prize  of  the  French  academy 
— Estelle — Numa  Pompilius,  &c.  During 
the  revolution  his  sentiments  expressed  in 
Numa  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
Robespierre,  who  imprisoned  him,  but  after 
the  tyrant's  death  he  was  liberated,  and 
659 


FAL 


von 


died  at  Seaux,  13th  Sept.  1704,  aged  39. 
lie  began  during  his  confinement  a  poem 
on  William  Tell,  which  was  never  com- 
pleted, lie  wrote  also  Ebrahim,  a  poem,  &c 

Florimond  pf.  Rf.moxp,  a  native  of 
Guienne,  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  opposed  warmly  the  Cal- 
vinists,  and  wrote  on  Antichrist — the  Ori- 
gin of  the  Heresies,  &c.  and  died  1602. 

Florio,  John,  the  Resolute,  as  he  styled 
himself,  was  born  i,n  London  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.  His  parents,  who  were 
Waldcnses,  and  descended  from  the  Florii 
of  Sienna  in  Tuscany,  had  fled  from  the 
persecutions  of  popery  in  the  Valteline,  and 
settled  finally  in  England  under  Elizabeth, 
after  a  short  absence  during  Mary's  bigoted 
reign.  Florio  taught  Italian  and  French  in 
the  university  of  Oxford,  and  was  admitted 
at  Magdalen  college.  He  was  tutor  in 
those  languages  to  prince  Henry,  and  to 
Anne  the  queen  of  James  I.  to  whom  he 
was  clerk  of  the  closet.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  Fulham  162  ">,  aged  SO.  Of  his 
works  the  principal  are,  "  first  Fruits  and 
second  Fruits,"  containing  proverbs  and 
witty  sentences — Garden  of  Recreation — a 
translation  of  Montaigne's  Essays — and  an 
Italian  and  English  Dictionary,  fol.  1597,  a 
work  of  merit.  He  married  the  sister  of 
Sam.  Daniel,  the  poet. 

Floris,  Francis,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1.520.  He.  was  like  his  father  a  sculp- 
tor till  the  age  of  20,  and  then  he  studied 
painting  under  Lambert  Lombard,  and  by 
imitating  Angelo  he  acquired  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  worked  seven  hours  each 
day,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  the  time  to 
drinking.  He  died  at  the  age  of  50.  He 
was  called  the  Raphael  of  Flanders. 

Florus,  Lucius  Annaeus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, related  to  Seneca  and  Lucan.  He 
wrote  an  abridgment  of  the  Roman  histo- 
ry, 116,  A.  D. 

Florus,  surnamed  Master,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons  in  the  9th  century,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  St.  Paul's  Epistles — an  An- 
swer to  Erigcna,  on  predestination,  and 
ether  works. 

Floyd,  William,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  cor- 
respondence of  New- York  in  1774,  and  a 
delegate  to  congress  from  Suffolk  county. 
He  continued  in  that  station  until  near  the 
close  of  the  revolution,  after  which  he 
removed  to  the  then  unsettled  valley  of 
Oneida,  and  resided  there  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  In  1789  he  was  again 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  In  1792 
he  was  one  of  the  electors  of  president 
and  vice  president,  and  was  repeatedly  ap- 
pointed to  the  same  office  at  subsequent 
elections.  He  died  at  Western,  August 
3d,  1S21,  aged  89.  ET  L. 

fifiO 


1'i.otf.r,  sir  John,  a  native  of  HiQlere, 
Staffordshire,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  medical  degrees. 
He  afterwards  settled  as  a  respectable 
practitioner  at  Lichfield,  and  was  knighted. 
He  wrote  the  Touchstone  of  Medicines,  2 
vols.  8vo — the  Virtues  of  Cold  Water,  8vo. 
and  died  1720,  aged  71. 

Fludd,  Robert,  an  English  philosopher, 
son  of  sir  Thomas  Fludd,  knight,  born  at 
Milgate,  Kent,  1574.  He  was  of  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  and  after  taking  his 
degrees  in  arts,  applied  to  physic,  and  tra- 
velled in  France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many, to  improve  himself.  He  took  his 
degrees  in  medicine  1605,  and  settled  in 
London,  and  became  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians.  He  began  to  publish  about 
1616,  and  was  a  voluminous  writer,  chiefly 
on  the  powers  and  wonders  of  Alchymy, 
and  the  Rosicrucian  doctrines.  His  works 
are  in  Latin,  and  written  in  an  obscure  and 
mysterious  language.  They  amount  to 
about  20,  and  are  all  mentioned  in  Wood's 
Athenae.  Two  of  his  productions  were 
against  Kepler  and  Mersenus,  and  they 
were  answered  by  those  great  philosophers. 

Pltnt,  Henry,  minister,  was  a  native 
of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  16!).".. 
Seven  years  after  he  was  chosen  a  fellow 
of  that  institution,  and  in  1705  appointed 
a  tutor,  which  office  he  held  during  the  ex- 
traordinary period  of  forty-nine  years,  and 
assisted  in  the  education  of  many  of  the. 
most  eminent  men  of  his  country.  Ho 
was  respectable  for  learning,  and  esteemed 
as  a  preacher.    He  died  in  1760.    ICP  L. 

Foes,  or  Foesius,  Anutius,  a  learned 
physician,  born  at  Metz  1528.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  Greek  and  Latin,  and  trans- 
lated the  works  of  Hippocrates  into  Latin, 
as  also  the  commentaries  of  Galen.  His 
abilities  are  praised  by  Huetius.  He  prac- 
tised physic  at  Lorraine  with  reputation, 
and  died  1596. 

Foglieta,  or  Folieta,  Uberto,  a 
learned  Genoese  priest,  banished  from  his 
country  on  account  of  the  freedom  of  his 
writings.  Cardinal  d'Este,  at  Rome,  be- 
came his  patron,  and  he  died  there  1581, 
aged  63.  He  wrote  Historia  Genucnsium, 
12  hbr.  fol.  1585 — de  Ratione  Scribendae 
Historias  Elogia  Clarorum  Ligurum,  4to. 
— de  Causis  Magnitudiuis  Turcarum  Im- 
perii— Delia  Rcpublica  di  Genoa,  8vo.  &c. 

Fohi,  the  first  king  of  China,  and  the 
founder  of  the  monarchy,  about  20  years 
after  the  deluge.  He  removed  the  seat  of 
empire  from  Xen  Si,  to  Chin  Cheu,  and  he 
invented  instruments  of  music,  and  esta- 
blished proper  laws  respecting  marriage, 
instead  of  the  prevalent  promiscuous  inter- 
course of  the  sexes.  It  is  said  that  he 
reigned  115  years,  but  fable  is  strongly  in- 


FQL 


FON 


fermixed  with  his  history.     His  memory 
is  still  revered  by  the  Chinese. 

Foinard,  Frederic  Maurice,  a  native  of 
Conches  in  Normandy,  who  was  eminent 
as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  and  became  vice- 
principal  of  the  college  of  du  Plessis.  He 
published  Breviarium  Ecclesiasticarium,  2 
vols.  8vo. — Genesis  Explained,  French  and 
Latin,  2  vols.  12mo. — the  Psalms  in  histo- 
rical Order,  &.c.  and  died  1743. 

Foix,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Jesuit,  eminent 
as  a  preacher.  He  died  provincial  of  the 
college  of  Billon,  Auvergne,  1G87,  aged 
60.  He  published  the  Art  of  Preaching — 
the  Art  of  Educating  a  Prince,  12mo.,  &c. 

Foix,  Odel  de,  lord  of  Lautrec,  a  French 
general  of  eminence.  He  was  wounded 
under  Lewis  XII.  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna, 
1512,  and  appointed  governor  of  Milan  by 
Francis  I.  The  success  of  Colonna,  how- 
ever, soon  after  drove  him  from  Milan, 
Pavia,  Lodi,  Parma,  and  Placentia,  and 
after  the  unfortunate  battle  of  Bieoque  he 
retired  to  Guienne,  1522.  In  1528  he  re- 
entered Italy,  took  Pavia,  and  boldly  be- 
sieged Naples,  before  which  he  died.  His 
body  was  conveyed  to  Spain,  and  20  years 
after  buried  in  the  tomb  of  the  great  Gon- 
salvo  of  Cordova. 

Foi.ard,  Charles,  a  French  officer  born 
at  Avignon  1669.  His  military  genius  was 
roused  by  the  reading  of  Caesar's  commen- 
taries, and  at  the  age  of  16  he  became  a 
soldier.  His  father  confined  him  in  a  mo- 
nastery, but  he  escaped,  and  still  more 
attached  to  the  army,  became  aid-de-camp 
to  Vendome,  who  commanded  in  Italy 
1702,  and  intrusted  him  with  part  of  his 
forces.  He  was  honoured  for  his  services 
with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis,  and  had  a 
pension  of  400  livrcs  settled  on  him.  In 
1705  he  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cas- 
sano,  and  in  consequence  lost  the  use  of 
his  left  hand.  In  1706  he  defended  Mo- 
dena  against  prince  Eugene,  by  whom  he 
was  taken  prisoner  some  time  after  the 
battle  of  Blenheim.  In  1711  he  was  made 
governor  of  Bourbourg,  in  1714  he  assisted 
in  the  defence  of  Malta  against  the  Turks, 
and  afterwards  went  into  the  service  of 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  He  accompa- 
nied him  in  his  invasion  of  Norway,  and 
was  present  at  his  death,  at  the  siege  of 
Frederickshall,  1718.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  served  as  colonel  under  the 
duke  of  Berwick,  and  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  military  art. 
He  died  at  Avignon  1752,  aged  83.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  commentaries  on  Po- 
lybius,  in  6  vols.  4to.  a  book  .of  new  disco- 
veries in  war — a  treatise  Concerning  the 
Defence  of  Places.  Though  not  an  accom- 
plished writer,  yet  his  publications  show 
great  knowledge  of  the  military  art. 

Folengo,  Theophilus,  known  by  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Merlin  Coccaye,  was  of  a 


noble  family  in  Mantua.  He  fled  from 
Bologna,  and  for  some  time  was  in  the 
military  profession,  which  he  quitted  for 
the  society  of  the  Benedictines  in  St.  Eu- 
phemia  monastery.  He  died  1544,  aged  51, 
at  the  priory  of  St.  Croce,  Bassano.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  "  Opus  Ma- 
caronicum,"  1651,  a  popular  work — Orlan- 
dino,  1526,  and  Chaos  del  Triperuno,  two 
licentious  poems — on  the  three  Ages  of 
Man,  1527, — le  Humanita  del  Figlio  di 
Dio,  1533. 

Folengo,  John  Baptist,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  Mantua,  who  died  at  Treviso, 
1559,  aged  69.  He  was  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Epistles  of  St.  James, 
St.  Peter,  and  the  first  of  John,  1555, 
8vo. — a  Commentary  on  the  Psalms,  1557, 
folio,  &c. 

Folkes,  Martin,  an  English  antiquary 
and  philosopher,  born  at  Westminster 
1690.  He  was  of  the  Royal  Society,  Lon- 
don, and  became  its  president  after  sir 
Hans  Sloane  1741.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  philosophical  transactions,  and  was 
a  groat  connoisseur  of  old  and  modern 
coins.  He  died  in  London  1754.  Boyer's 
anecdotes  contain  an  ample  account  of  him. 
ile  wrote  a  4to.  volume  of  English  Silver 
Coin,  from  the  Conquest  to  his  own  time. 

Foncemagne,  Stephen  Laurent  de,  a 
native  of  Orleans,  who  died  at  Paris  26th 
Sept.  1779,  aged  83.  He  was  first  precep- 
tor to  the  duke  of  Chartres,  and  is  known 
for  some  memoirs  in  the  academy  of  in- 
scriptions, of  which  he  was  a  member. 

Fonseca,  Anthony  de,  a  Dominican  of 
Lisbon,  educated  at  Paris,  where  he  pub- 
lished remarks  on  Cajetan's  Commentaries 
on  the  Bible,  1539.  He  was  preacher  to 
the  king,  and  theological  professor  at  the 
university  of  Coimbra. 

Fonseca,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
author  of  a  system  of  metaphysics  in  4 
vols,  folio.     He  died  1559. 

Font,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  comic  wri- 
ter, author  of  five  comedies  and  some 
operas.  He  died  1725,  aged  39,  hurried 
to  his  grave  by  his  intemperance  and  love 
of  pleasure. 

Font,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine, 
who  died  1699.  He  wrote  "  Entretiens 
Ecclesiastiqucs,"  5  vols.  12mo.  and  4  vols, 
of  sermons. 

Fontaine,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  poet,  born  at  Chateau-Thierry,  8th 
July  1621.  After  a  liberal  education  he 
was  admitted  at  19  among  the  fathers  of 
the  oratory,  whom  he  soon  left,  but  he  dis- 
played no  genius  for  poetry  till  the  age  of 
22,  when  the  accidental  hearing  of  Mal- 
herbe's  odes  on  the  assassination  of  Henry 
roused  his  powers  into  a  flame.  He  read 
with  eagerness  the  best  poets  of  Greece 
and  Home,  of  Italy,  and  of  his  country, 
and  in  the  writings  of  Plato  and  Plutarch 
661 


FON 


FON 


collected  all  that  morality  which  has  en- 
riched and  beautified  his  fables.  He  mar- 
ried to  please  his  parents,  but  though  he 
had  shown  such  partialities  to  his  wife  as  to 
intrust  her  in  confidence  with  his  compo- 
sitions, he  left  her  soon  with  indifference 
to  ioIIow  his  patroness  the  dutchess  of 
Bouillon  to  Paris.  Here  he  procured  a 
pension,  and  became  gentleman  to  Hen- 
rietta of  England,  after  whose  death  he 
was  received  into  the  house  of  the  witty 
Madam  de  la  Sabliere,  who  jocosely  ob- 
served in  parting  with  her  household,  she 
kept  only  three  animals,  her  dog,  her  cat, 
and  her  la  Fontaine.  In  the  company  of 
this  learned  lady  he  continued  about  20 
years,  not,  however,  without  paying  annu- 
ally formal  visits  to  his  neglected  wife, 
and  upon  the  death  of  his  patroness  he 
refused  the  invitations  of  St.  Evremond, 
and  others,  to  come  to  settle  in  England. 
He  was  attacked  by  a  severe  illness  in  1692, 
and  then  began  to  think  of  death  and  of 
religion,  at  the  representation  of  the  priest 
who  attended  him.  The  holy  monitor  re- 
minded him  that  his  tales  had  an  evil  ten- 
dency, and  were  frequently  licentious,  and 
hostile  to  good  morals,  and  la  Fontaine  at 
last  acknowledged  the  imputation,  and 
promised  amendment.  Though  not  a 
libertine  he  was  most  indifferent  to  reli- 
gious truths,  and  he  informed  the  priest 
with  great  composure  that  he  had  the  New 
Testament,  which  he  thought  a  tolerable 
good  book.  He  died  13th  April,  1695,  and 
it  is  said  that  he  was  found  with  a  hair  shirt 
on,  a  proof  of  sincere  repentance  according 
to  some.  In  his  character,  la  Fontaine  was 
a  very  absent  man,  who,  in  the  indulgence 
of  his  reveries  and  poetical  ideas,  would 
often  say  the  most  unbecoming  things,  and 
do  the  most  incoherent  actions.  Meeting 
one  day  his  son,  without  knowing  him,  he 
observed  that  he  was  a  youth  of  parts  and 
spirit,  and  when  informed  that  it  was  his 
own  son,  he  replied  with  unconcern,  I  am 
really  glad  of  it.  In  the  company  of  some 
wits  and  of  some  eminent  ecclesiastics,  he 
asked  if  St.  Austin  had  more  wit  than 
Rabelais.  One  of  the  divines  eyeing  him 
from  top  to  toe,  answered  only  by  observing, 
that  "  he  had  put  on  one  of  his  stockings 
the  wrong  side  outward,"  which  was  the 
case.  In  consequence  of  his  great  merit, 
it  is  said  the  intendant  forbad  taxes  to  be 
levied  on  his  family,  an  honourable  mark  of 
respect  paid  to  genius.  He  wrote  besides 
"  Tales," — fables — comedies — Amours  de 
Psyche,  a  romance — letters,  &c.  all  of 
which  possess  great  originality.  Four 
vols,  of  his  miscellanies  appeared  at  Paris, 
1744. 

Fontaine,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  scrivener, 
admitted  at  the  age  of  20  among  the  society 
of  Port  Royal,  where  he  had  afterwards 
662 


the  superintendence  of  the  pupils.  In 
1664  he  was  confined  for  four  years  in  the 
bastile  with  Sacy,  and  at  last  finally  settled 
at  Melun,  where  he  died  1709,  aged  84. 
He  wrote  "  Lives  of  the  Saints  of  the 
Old  Testament,"  4  vols.  8vo. — Lives  of 
Saints  in  General.  4  vols.  8vo. — the  Figu- 
rative Language  of  the  Bible,  4to. — Me- 
moirs of  the  Solitaries  of  Port-Royal,  2 
vols.  12mo.  Chrysostorn's  Homilies  on 
St.  Paul's  epistles,  translated,  7  vols.  8vo. 
For  private  worth,  for  learning,  and  piety, 
and  for  indefatigable  and  patient  industry, 
Fontaine  not  only  equalled  but  surpassed 
his  contemporaries. 

Fontaines,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  des,  a 
French  critic,  born  at  Rouen  1685.  He 
took  the  habit  of  a  Jesuit  at  15,  and  quitted 
the  society  at  30.  For  some  time  a 
priest,  he  became  a  man  of  wit,  and  in 
1724,  he  was  intrusted  by  Bignon  with 
the  care  of  the  "  Journal  des  Scavans." 
The  severity  of  his  censures  drew  upon 
him  the  accusation  of  an  abominable 
crime  from  his  enemies,  but,  after  some 
confinement,  his  character  was  cleared  up 
and  re-established.  In  1731  he  began  the 
"  Nouvelliste  du  Parnasse,  on  Reflexions 
sur  les  Ouvrages  Nouveaux,"  of  which  he 
wrote  2  vols,  till  the  work  was  suppressed 
for  the  severity  of  its  contents.  In  1735, 
he  began  "  Observations  sur  les  Ecrits 
Modernes,"  which,  after  33  vols,  were 
completed,  was  also  suppressed,  1743.  The 
next  year  another  periodical  paper,  "  Juge- 
mens  sur  les  Ouvrages  Nouveaux,"  was 
undertaken  ;  but  after  11  vols,  had  ap- 
peared, death  stopped  the  labours  of  the 
critic,  1745.  He  published  translations  of 
Virgil  and  other  classics,  besides  those  of 
Pope,  Swift,  Fielding,  and  others. 

Fontana,  Dominico,  a  Roman  archi- 
tect and  mechanic,  born  at  Milan,  1543. 
His  chief  work  was  the  setting  up  of  the 
obelisk,  in  front  of  St.  Peter's,  which  had 
been  buried  for  many  years,  and  consider- 
ed as  an  impracticable  thing  by  all  other 
mechanics.  He  was  deservedly  commend- 
ed and  rewarded  for  the  bold  and  success- 
ful execution  of  this,  and  in  1592,  he 
removed  to  Naples  as  an  architect  to 
the  king,  and  died  there  greatly  respected, 
1607. 

Fontana,  Prospero,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bologna,  1512.  He  was  an  able  artist,  and 
had  among  his  pupils  Ludovico  and  Annibal 
Caracci. 

Fontana,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, died  1602,  aged  50.  She  was  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  and  was  patronised  by 
pope  Gregory  XIII.  whose  picture  she  drew 
in  a  very  superior  style. 

Fontanges,  Marie  Angelique,  dutchess 
of,  successor  to  de  Montespan  in  the  good 
graces  of  Louis  XIV.  was  beautiful  as    an 


FON 


FOO 


angel,  but  silly  as'a  goose,  says  abbe  Cho- 
si.  She  died  in  child- bed,  June  1681,  aged 
only  20. 

Fontanini,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancyra, 
was  born  in  the  Frioul,  and  died  at  Rome, 
1736.  His  chief  works  are  Bibliotheca  Delia 
Eloquenza  Italiana,  2  vols.  4to.  1753. — a 
Literary  History  of  Aquileia,  1742 — a  col- 
lection of  Bulls  of  Canonization  from  John 
XV.  to  Benedict  XIII. 

Fonte-Moderata,  a  Venetian  lady, 
whose  real  name  was  Modesta  Pozzo.  She 
was  born  at  Venice  1555,  and  though  placed 
at  first  in  a  monastery,  she  married,  and  af- 
ter 20  years  of  conjugal  happiness,  died  in 
child-bed  1 592.  Her  memory  was  so  reten- 
tive that  she  could  repeat  verbatim  a  dis- 
course when  only  once  heard.  She  wrote 
a  poem  called  "  il  Floridoro,"  and  another 
on  the  Passion  and  resurrection  of  Christ, 
besides  "  Dei  Meriti  Delle  Donne,"  a  prose 
work  in  which  she  maintains  that  the  female 
sex  is  not  inferior  in  understanding  to  the 
male. 

Fontenat,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris.  He  was  engaged  to 
continue  LonguevaFs  History  of  the  Galli- 
can  Church,  and  died  1742. 

Fontenay,  John  Baptiste  Blain  de,  a 
French  painter,  disciple  of  Monoyer,  born 
at  Caen  1654.  His  fruits  and  flowers  are 
very  fine,  and  the  insects  on  them  have  the 
appearance  of  real  life.  He  was  patronised 
by  Louis  XIV.  who  granted  him  a  pension, 
and  apartments  in  the  Louvre.  He  died  at 
Paris  1715. 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  son 
of  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Rouen, 
by  a  sister  of  the  grer.t  dramatic  Corneille, 
was  born  at  Rouen,  11th  Feb.  1657.  Though 
so  weak  at  his  birth  that  his  surviving  was 
unexpected,  he  attained  the  age  of  100, 
never  troubled  with  attacks  of  disease  till 
his  90th  year,  when  his  eyes  became  dim 
and  his  hearing  dull.  He  died  Jan.  1757. 
He  displayed  early  proofs  of  genius,  and 
before  he  had  reached  his  20th  year  he  had 
written  a  great  part  of  his  Bellerophon,  a 
tragic  opera.  He  did  not,  however,  shine 
as  a  dramatic  writer  equal  to  his  uncle  Cor- 
neille, but  in  his  other  pieces  he  exhibits 
great  powers,  delicacy  of  wit,  and  profound- 
ness of  thought,  so  that  Voltaire  has  truly 
observed  that  he  was  the  most  universal 
genius  which  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  pro- 
duced. His  "Plurality  of  Worlds"  is  a 
most  fascinating  performance,  in  which  he 
introduces  a  lady  conveying  the  sublimer 
truths  of  philosophy  in  a  dialogue,  pleasing, 
lively,  and  refined.  In  his  office  of  secre- 
tary to  the  academy  of  sciences,  in  which 
he  continued  more  40  years,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  "  History"  of  that  learned 
body,  and  introduced  elegance  of  language 
into  the  most  abstruse  parts  of  science. 
The  "  Eloges"  delivered  on  deceased  mem- 


bers are  perused  with  particular  attention 
and  delight,  and  his  apology  for  Des  Cartes' 
virtues,  though  in  favour  of  an  exploded 
system,  must  be  read  with  interest  and  ad- 
miration due  to  a  great  but  mistaken  genius. 
No  man  more  than  Fontenelle  deserved 
and  enjoyed  the  respect  and  confidence  of 
his  contemporaries.  In  his  temper  he  was 
mild  and  affable,  and  with  the  feelings  of 
a  true  Christian  he  observed  that  a  man 
should  be  sparing  in  superfluities  to  him- 
self, that  he  may  supply  necessities  to 
others.  Though  originally  poor,  he  ac- 
quired, by  industry  and  commendable 
economy,  an  independent  fortune  ;  but  not 
despising  the  rest  of  the  world  for  his  su- 
periority of  mental  talents,  and  of  riches, 
he  said  that  men  are  foolish  and  wicked, 
but  such  as  they  are,  we  must  live  among 
them.  He  wrote  besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  Pastoral  poems,  1688 — History 
of  the  French  Theatre  to  Corneille — Re- 
flections on  Theatrical  Poetry,  particularly 
Tragedy,  a  judicious  and  valuable  work — 
Elements  of  Geometry — of  Infinities,  1727 
— a  tragedy,  and  six  comedies — Endymion 
— Moral  Discourses — the  History  of  Ora- 
cles— Dialogues  of  the  Dead,  &c.  His 
works  have  been  published  at  Paris  in  8 
vols.  Svo.  His  Eloge  was  pronounced  by 
Le  Cat. 

Fontenu,  Lewis  Francis  de,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Lilledon,  in  Gatinois  1667. 
He  was  a  great  antiquarian,  and  contribu- 
ted much  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions.  A  list  of  his  works  is 
preserved  in  Saxius'  Onomasticon  1714.  He 
died  1759,  aged  92. 

Fontius,  Bartholomew,  a  historian  of 
Florence,  intimate  with  Picus  Mirandula, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  was  librarian 
to  Matthew  Corvinus  king  of  Hungary  at 
Buda,  and  died  1513,  aged  68.  He  wrote 
a  commentary  on  Persius,  and  some  ora- 
tions. 

Foote,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer,  called 
the  English  Aristophanes,  was  born  at 
Truro,  Cornwall,  1722.  His  father  was 
commissioner  of  the  prize  office,  and  mem- 
ber for  Tiverton,  and  his  mother  inherited 
the  paternal  estates  of  her  family  by  the 
unfortunate  quarrel  of  her  two  brothers, 
Sir  John  Dinely  Goodere,  bart.  and  Sir 
Samuel  Goodere,  captain  of  the  Ruby  man 
of  war,  in  which  both  unhappily  fell.  He 
was  at  Worcester  college,  Oxford,  and  then 
removed  to  the  Temple,  but  the  law  was 
too  dry  and  abstruse  a  pursuit  for  his  vola- 
tile temper,  and  he  therefore  went  on  the 
stage.  He  appeared  first  in  Othello,  but 
his  success  in  performing  the  character  of 
other  writers  did  not  please  him,  and  he 
commenced  author  and  actor,  in  the  Hay- 
market,  where,  in  1747,  he  first  appeared 
before  the  public  in  "  the  Diversions  of  the 
Morning."  This  entertaining  piece,  at  first 
663 


rujf. 


10ft 


opposed  by  the  Westminister  justices,  as 
representing  characters  in  real  life,  was 
altered  to  "  Mr.  Foote's  giving  Tea  to  his 
Friends, "  and  thus  for  upwards  of  40  morn- 
ings drew  crowded  and  applauding  audien- 
ces. The  next  year  presented  "  An  Auction 
of  Pictures,"  which  met  with  equal  approba- 
tion, though  it  reflected  on  the  popular  cha- 
racters of  the  day,  on  Sir  Thomas  de  Veil  the 
justice,  Cock  the  Auctioneer,  and  Henley 
the  orator.  From  17i»2,  to  1761,  his  suc- 
cess continued  uninterrupted  by  the  intro- 
duction of  new  pieces,  and  the  versatility 
■with  which  he  himself  represented  various 
characters,  and  the  little  theatre,  Hay-mar- 
ket, was  now  considered  as  the  regular  sum- 
mer theatre,  after  the  close  of  the  other  two. 
In  1766,  he  had  the  misfortune  while  at 
lord  Mexborough's  to  break  his  leg  by  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  and  to  suffer  an  ampu- 
tation, but  the  accident  so  interested  the 
duke  of  York,  who  was  present,  that  in 
consequence  of  his  influence,  a  patent  was 
obtained  that  year  for  the  little  theatre. 
In  1776,  his  attempt  to  introduce  on  the 
stage  the  dutchess  of  Kingston,  a  lady 
whose  conduct  was  then  much  canvassed 
before  the  public,  not  only  proved  abortive, 
but  brought  upon  him  the  malicious  accu- 
sation of  unnatural  practices.  Though 
acquitted  of  this  foul  charge,  yet  the  blow 
he  felt  from  the  imputation  weakened  his 
constitution,  and  brought  on  a  paralytic  fit. 
He  recovered,  but  the  following  year,  as  he 
proceeded  to  France  by  the  advice  of  his 
physicians,  he  was  taken  ill  and  died  a  few 
hours  after  at  Dover,  20th  Oct.  1777.  In 
his  private  character,  Foote  was  respecta- 
ble, and  the  wit  and  humour  of  his  con- 
versation were  very  powerful.  Dr.  John- 
son, as  Boswell  relates,  met  him  for  the 
first  time  at  Fitzherbert's.  Having  no  good 
opinion  of  the  fellow,  says  he,  I  was  resolved 
not  to  be  pleased,  and  it  is  very  difficult  to 
please  a  man  against  his  will.  I  went  on 
eating  my  dinner,  pretty  sullenly,  affecting 
not  to  mind  him,  but  the  dog  was  so  very 
comical,  that  I  was  obliged  to  lay  down  my 
knife  and  fork,  throw  myself  back  in  my 
chair,  and  fairly  laugh  it  out.  Sir,  he  was 
irresistible.  His  dramas  are  20  in  number, 
mostly  built  on  temporary  topics,  and  full 
of  personalities.  He  borrowed  liberally 
from  Moliere,  but  made  all  his  own  by  his 
own  peculiar  powers  of  humour  and  origin- 
ality. His  works  have  been  collected  and 
published  in  4  vols.  8vo.  His  life  has  been 
published  with  entertaining  anecdotes  by- 
Mr.  Cooke. 

Foppens,  John  Francis,  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Lou  vain,  and  archdeacon  of  Mech- 
lin, edited  Miraeus'  Opera  historica  Diplo- 
matica,  and  compiled  Bibliotheca  Belgica, 
2  vols.  4to.  from  the  labours  of  learned 
Belgians,  and  other  works,  and  died  1761, 
aged  72. 

G64 


Forbes,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  prelate,  of  a 
noble  family,  born  in  Aberdeenshire  1564. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  St.  An- 
drews, and  being  ordained  presbyter  at  the 
age  of  28,  he  was,  in  1618,  raised  to  the 
See  of  Aberdeen,  much  against  his  will,  but 
at  the  pressing  solicitations  of  king  James. 
This  great  and  good  man  died  1635,  aged 
71.  His  Commentary  on  the  Revelations 
appeared,  London,  1613.  He  was  a  great 
benefactor  to  Aberdeen  university,  of  which 
be  was  chancellor,  and  he  revived  the  pro- 
fessorship of  law,  physic,  and  divinity. 

Forbes,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  bishop  of  Aberdeen  by  king  James. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  divinity  profes- 
sorship at  Aberdeen  by  the  Covenanters, 
and  after  two  years  residence  in  Holland, 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and  end- 
ed his  days  at  his  estate  at  Corse,  1648. 
He  was  a  very  learned  man,  as  his  theolo- 
gical and  historical  institutions  fully  evince. 
His  works  were  published  at  Amsterdam, 
2  vols.  fol.  1703. 

Forbes,  William,  bishop  of  Edinburgh, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen  1585,  and  educated 
there.  After  studying  at  Leyden,  and  in 
the  universities  of  Germany,  he  came  to 
England,  where  he  rejected  the  Hebrew 
professorship  at  Oxford,  that  he  might  re- 
establish his  health  by  returning  to  the  air 
of  his  native  country.  He  was  highly  es- 
teemed by  his  countrymen,  and  as  his  health 
would  not  permit  his  frequent  preaching, 
he  was  appointed  principal  of  the  Maris- 
chal  college,  Aberdeen.  On  the  foundation 
of  the  see  of  Edinburgh  by  Charles  I.  Dr. 
Forbes  was  honourably  placed  by  the  mo- 
narch to  fill  it,  but  he  enjoyed  his  dignity 
only  three  months,  and  died  1634.  He 
was  a  man  of  extensive  learning,  but  was 
very  moderate  in  his  opinions,  and  pacific 
in  his  temper,  as  his  treatise  to  diminish 
controversies,  printed,  London,  1653,  and 
reprinted  at  Frankfort  1707,  fully  proves. 

Forbes,  Duncan,  a  Scotch  judge,  born 
at  Culloden,  1685.  He  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh, Utrecht,  and  Paris,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Scotland,  1710,  practised  as  an  ad- 
vocate. In  1722,  he  was  elected  member 
for  Invernesshire,  and  1725  was  made  lord 
advocate.  In  1742,  he  was  raised  to  be 
lord  president  of  the  court  of  sessions,  and, 
in  the  rebellion  of  1745,  he  nobly  opposed 
the  Pretender,  but  the  refusal  of  govern- 
ment to  refund  what  he  had  lost  by  his 
liberal  support  of  the  royal  cause,  proved 
so  disagreeable  to  his  feelings,  that  it  pro- 
duced a  fever,  of  which  he  died  1747,  aged 
62.  He  was  a  good  Hebrew  scholar,  and 
wrote  Thoughts  on  Religion, — a  Letter  to 
a  bishop  on  Hutchinson's  writings, — Re- 
flections on  Incredulity,  2  volumes,  l2mo. 
1750. 

Forbes,  John,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
British  army,  and  commander-in-chief  of 


F.OR 

the  forces  employed  in  the  expedition 
against  fort  Duquesne  in  1758,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Petincrief,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  and 
educated  a  physician.  He  left  his  profes- 
sion, entered  the  army,  and  in  1745  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel. 
He  acted  as  quartermaster  general  of  the 
army  under  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  and 
in  1757  was  appointed  brigadier  general, 
and  sent  to  America.  In  the  expedition 
against  fort  Duquesne  he  was  successful ; 
the  fort  was  abandoned  on  his  approach, 
and  he  changed  its  name  to  that  of  Pitt,  in 
compliment  to  the  prime  minister.  After 
having  concluded  treaties  with  the  Indian 
tribes  on  the  Ohio,  he  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  there  died,  March  13th,  1759, 
aged  49.  pr^p  L. 

Forbes,  Eli,  D.D.  minister,  was  born  at 
Westborough,  Massachusetts,  in  1726,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1751. 
He  was  settled  in  1752  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Brookfield.  In  1762  he  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  the  Oneidas,  among  whom  he  es- 
tablished a  church,  and  instituted  a  school. 
On  his  return  he  brought  four  Indian 
youths,  whom  after  educating  he  sent  back 
to  instruct  their  nation.  In  1776,  being 
groundlessly  suspected  of  toryism,  he  was 
dismissed  from  his  charge  in  Brookfield, 
and  soon  after  resettled  at  Gloucester, 
where  he  continued  till  his  death  in  1804. 

Forbin,  Claude  Chevalier  de,  a  French 
naval  officer,  born  in  1656.  He  was  early 
brought  up  to  the  sea  service,  and  in  1686 
became  chief  admiral  to  the  king  of  Siam  in 
the  East  Indies.  He  afterwards  distin- 
guished himself  in  Europe,  on  the  coast  of 
Spain,  and  in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIV. 
The  king  was  pleased  with  his  valour,  and 
the  disinterestedness  and  generosity  of  his 
character,  but  though  favoured  by  the 
prince,  he  was  neglected  by  the  ministers, 
and  therefore  he  retired  in  discontent  from 
the  service,  1710.  He  died  1733,  aged 
77.  His  maxims  to  persons  in  the  sea 
service  were  two,  never  to  interfere  with 
any  thing  not  belonging  to  their  employ- 
ment, and  to  pay  a  blind  obedience  to  the 
orders  they  received,  however  repugnant 
to  their  private  opinions. 

Forbisher,  Vid.  Frobisher. 

Forbonnais,  Francis  Veron  de,  inspec- 
tor general  of  the  manufactures  of  France, 
was  born  at  Mans,  2d  October,  1722,  and 
died  at  Paris  at  the  end  of  1800.  He  was 
well  acquainted  with  commerce,  and  the 
real  resources  of  a  kingdom,  and  he  pub- 
lished various  intelligent  tracts  on  sub- 
jects of  finance,  politics,  and  mercantile 
concerns. 

Force,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumont  de  la, 
a  French  poetess,  who  died  1724,  aged  70. 
Her  Castle  in  Spain,  a  poem — her  secret 

Vol.  T.  «{ 


FOB 

history  of  Burgundy,  a  romance — her  tales, 
and  other  works,  possess  merit. 

Force,  James  duke  de  la,  son  of  Fran- 
cis, lord  of  la  Force,  who,  with  his  eldest 
son  Arnaud,  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  on 
the  fatal  night  of  St.  Bartholomew.  He 
was  then  nine  years  old,  and  was  be- 
tween his  father  and  his  brother  in  the 
bed,  but  being  unperceived  by  the  assassins 
he  escaped  with  his  life,  a  circumstance 
which  Voltaire  has  recorded  in  the  2d  canto 
of  his  Henriade.  He  fought  under  Henry 
IV.  and  espoused  the  side  of  the  protestants 
against  Lewis  XIII.  especially  at  Montau- 
ban,  1621.  He  soon  after  made  his  peace 
with  the  king,  upon  which  he  was  created 
marshal  of  France,  a  duke,  lieutenant 
general  of  the  army  of  Piedmont,  besides 
a  present  of  200,000  crowns.  He  after- 
wards took  Pignerol,  and  defeated  the  Spa- 
niards at  Carignan,  1630.  He  was  after- 
wards engaged  in  the  German  wars,  and 
took  Spires,  after  raising  the  siege  of 
Philipsburgh.  He  died  full  of  years  and  of 
glory,  1652,  aged  89. 

Ford,  John,  a  dramatic  poet,  in  the 
reigns  of  James  and  Charles  I.  He  was 
of  the  middle  Temple,  but  the  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  He  wrote  12  plays, 
published  between  1629,  and  1636. 

Fordun,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian, 
who  flourished  about  1377.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  his  country  called  Scoti-Chroni- 
con,  a  curious  but  not  accurate  perform- 
ance, published  by  Hearne,  at  Oxford,  5 
vols.  8vo.  and  by  Goodall,  fol.  Edinburgh. 

Fordyce,  David,  a  learned  Scotsman, 
born  at  Aberdeen,  1720,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  where  he  became  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  in  the  Marischal  college. 
He  travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
other  parts  of  Europe,  and  was  drowned 
on  his  return,  in  a  storm  on  the  coast  of 
Holland,  1751.  He  wrote  Dialogues  con- 
cerning Education,  2  vols.  8vo. — treatise 
of  Moral  Philosophy— Theodorus,  a  dia- 
logue concerning  the  Art  of  Preaching — 
the  Temple  of  Virtue,  a  dream,  &c. 

Fordyce,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  brother 
to  the  above,  born  at  Aberdeen,  and  edu- 
cated there.  He  was  minister  of  Brechin, 
and  afterwards  of  Alloa,  and  in  1762  he 
removed  to  Monkwell-street,  London, 
where  he  was  assistant,  and  then  successor 
to  Dr.  Lawrence.  He  afterwards  settled 
in  Hampshire,  and  died  at  Bath,  1796,  in 
his  77th  year.  He  is  author  of  Sermons 
to  young  Women,  2  vols.— Address  to 
young  Men,  2  vols.— Addresses  to  the  Deity 
— a  sermon  on  the  Eloquence  of  the  Pulpit 
— poems — single  sermons,  &c. 

Fordyce,  George,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  near  Aberdeen,  and  edu- 
cated in  that  university,  where  at  the  age 
of  14  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  After 
some  residence  with  his  uncle,  who  was  an 
665 


for 


FOR 


apothecary  and  surgeon  at  Uppingham, 
Rutlandshire,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  and 
to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree, 1758.  He  settled  the  following  year 
in  London,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  lecturer  on  the  Materia  Medica,  and 
the  practice  of  physic,  and  in  1770  he  be- 
came physician  to  St.  Thomas's  hospital, 
and  six  years  after  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  was  in  1787  made  a  fellow  of 
the  college  of  physicians  speciali  gratid, 
an  unusual  honour,  and  he  died  1802,  aged 
66.  His  works  are  essays  on  Fevers — on 
Digestion — Elements  of  the  Practice  of 
Physic — Elements  of  Agriculture  and  Ve- 
getation, &c. 

Fordtce,  Sir  William,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian of  great  repute,  who  died  in  London, 
1792. 

Foreiro,  Francis,  a  Dominican  monk, 
Lorn  at  Lisbon,  and  sent  by  the  king  of 
Portugal  to  the  council  of  Trent,  where  he 
was,  in  consequence  of  his  abilities,  invited 
to  draw  up  a  general  catechism.  He  pub- 
lished, with  a  commentary,  a  translation 
of  Isaiah's  prophecy,  Venice,  1562,  and 
died  at  Lisbon,  1581. 

Forest,  Peter,  or  Forestus,  a  Dutch 
physician,  born  at  Alcmaer,  1522.  He 
studied  physic  in  Italy,  and  died  medical 
professor  at  Leyden,  1597.  The  most 
known  of  his  works  is  "  Observations  on 
Medicine,"  6  vols.  fol.  Frankfort,  1623. 

Forest,  John,  a  French  landscape  pain- 
ter, born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1712, 
aged  76.  He  was  painter  to  the  French 
king,  and  in  his  manner  imitated  Titian, 
Giorgione,  and  the  Bassans. 

Forest,  or  Foresta,  James  Philip, 
known  by  the  name  of  Philip  Bergamo,  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  an  Augustine  monk, 
and  wrote  a  chronicle  from  Adam  to  the 
year  1503,  a  work  not  very  valuable.  He 
wrote  a  confessional,  fol.  Venice,  1487 — 
and  a  treatise  of  Illustrious  Women,  fol. 
1497,  Ferrara. 

Formet,  John  Henry  Samuel,  a  native 
of  Berlin,  minister  of  the  French  church 
there,  and  afterwards  professor  of  philoso- 
phy in  the  French  college,  and  then  secre- 
tary to  the  royal  Berlin  academy  of  sci- 
ences, and  privy  counsellor.  He  died 
1797,  aged  86.  He  was  author  of  Abridg- 
ment of  Ecclesiastical  History — History  of 
Philosophy  abridged,  both  translated  into 
English — Researches  on  the  Elements  of 
Matter — Considerations  on  Cicero's  Tus- 
culanum — the  Christian  Philosopher — Pen- 
sees  Raisonables — Anti-Emile  against  Rous- 
seau, and  other  works,  and  he  conducted, 
with  Beausobre,  the  Bibliotheque  Ger- 
manique. 

Formosus,  bishop  of  Porto,  near  Rome, 

succeeded  Stephen  V.  as  pope,  891.     He 

was  very  unpopular  in  his  government,  and 

after  death  his  bodv  was  dragged  from  his 

606 


s;i  ave  by  the  populace,  and  thrown  into  tiis 
Tiber. 

Forskal,  Peter,  a  Swedish  naturalist, 
who  studied  at  Gottingen  and  at  Upsal  un- 
der Linnaeus.  He  went  in  1761  with  Nie- 
buhr  to  Arabia,  and  died  there  at  Jerim, 
1763,  aged  27.  He  was  author  of  Thoughts 
on  Civil  Liberty,  1759,  and  from  his  papers 
Niebuhr  published  Icones  Rerum  Natu- 
ralium  quas  in  Itinere  Orientali  depingi 
curavit  Forskal,  4to. — Descriptiones  Ani- 
malium  et  Equae,  &c.  4to. — Flora  iEgyp- 
tiaco-Arabica,  4to. 

Forster,  John,  a  protestant  Hebraist 
of  Wittemburg,  born  at  Augsburg,  1495. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Luther,  Reuchlin, 
and  Melancthon,  and  died  1556.  He  pub- 
lished a  Hebrew  Lexicon,  1564,  folio, 
Basle.  Another  person  of  the  same  name 
published  Commentaries  on  Isaiah,  and 
other  works. 

Forster,  George,  an  ingenious  natu- 
ralist, who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world.  He  was  profes- 
sor in  the  university  of  Cassel,  and  after- 
wards at  Wilna  and  Mayence.  He  next 
visited  Paris,  to  enable  himself  to  travel  to 
Thibet,  but  died  in  the  midst  of  his  prepa- 
rations, 1792,  aged  39.  He  was  then  re- 
presentative of  Mentz  in  the  national 
assembly.  He  wrote  a  tract  on  the  English 
Constitution — a  Journal  of  Cook's  second 
voyage,  2  vols.  4to.  which  he  defended 
against  Wales — a  Philosophical  Journey 
along  the  Rhine,  2  vols.  8vo. — a  Journey 
through  England,  1790. 

Forster,  Dr.  John  Reinold,  father  to 
the  above,  studied  at  Halle,  and  was  minis- 
ter at  Dantzic,  and  after  being  some  time 
in  Russia  he  came  to  England,  and  was 
tutor  in  German  and  French  in  Warring- 
ton academy.  He  accompanied  Cook  in 
his  second  voyage,  and  after  his  return 
in  1775,  he  was  created  LL.D.  by  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  He  lost  his  public  cha- 
racter in  England  for  publishing,  contrary 
to  agreement,  an  account  of  the  plants  dis- 
covered in  his  voyage,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  left  the  country  for  Germany. 
He  died  at  Halle,  in  Saxony,  1799.  He  is 
author  of  Observations  made  round  the 
World — History  of  Discoveries  in  the 
North — treatises  on  the  Byssus  of  the  An- 
cients, and  other  valuable  tracts  on  natural 
history. 

Forster,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Plym- 
stock,  Devonshire,  educated  at  Plymouth 
and  Eton  school,  and  afterwards  at  Corpus 
Christi,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow. 
He  obtained  Hethe  rectory,  Oxfordshire, 
and  in  1750  was  chaplain  to  Butler,  of 
Durham,  who  made  him  his  executor.  He 
was  in  1752  chaplain  to  Herring,  the  pri- 
mate, and  two  years  after  obtained  a  pre- 
bend in  Bristol  cathedral,  and  Rochdale 
vicarage,  Lancashire.  In  1756  he  was  chap- 


LOR 


FOR 


5am  to  the  king,  and  then  preacher  to  the 
Rolls.  He  died  1757,  aged  40.  He  pub- 
lished Platonis  Dialogi  quinque,  &c.  1745 
—Reflections  on  the  Antiquity  of  Egypt — 
Appendix  Liviana,  1746 — Popery  destruc- 
tive of  the  Evidence  of  Christianity,  a  ser- 
mon— Dissertation  on  Josephus's  Account 
of  our  Saviour — Biblia  Hebraica,  sine 
Punctis,  4to. — on  the  Marriage  of  Minors, 
8vo.  &c. 

Forstner,  Christopher,  an  Austrian 
lawyer,  who  died  1667,  aged  69.  After 
travelling  in  Italy  he  was  engaged  in  the 
negotiations  of  the  peace  of  Munster,  and 
for  his  services  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Aulic  council.  He  wrote  De  Princi- 
pal Tiberii  Notas  Politico  ad  Taciturn — 
collection  of  his  letters  on  the  peace  of 
Munster — Hypomnemata-Politica,  &o. 

Fort,  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  from  military  zeal,  served  in  Holland 
at  the  age  of  16,  and  afterwards  entered 
into  the  army  of  Peter  I.  of  Russia.  He 
gained  the  favour  of  that  prince,  and  was 
intrusted  in  1696  with  the  siege  of  Azof, 
and  in  this  arduous  affair  he  displayed  such 
abilities,  that  the  emperor  made  him  com- 
mander of  his  forces  and  his  prime  minis- 
ter. The  resources  of  his  great  genius 
were  employed  in  new  modelling  the  army, 
and  improving  the  affairs  of  his  imperial 
patron.  He  died  at  Moscow,  1699,  and 
the  Czar,  afflicted  for  his  loss,  paid  the  last 
honours  to  his  remains  with  the  most  mag- 
nificent obsequies. 

Fortescue,  Sir  John,  an  English  law- 
yer, born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Wear 
Gifford,  in  Devonshire.  He  was,  accord- 
ing to  Tanner,  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  In  1441  he  was  made  king's 
sergeant  at  law,  and  the  next  year  chief 
justice  of  the  king's  bench.  His  integrity, 
wisdom,  and  firmness  recommended  him 
to  Henry  VI.  by  whom  his  salary  was 
raised  ;  but  his  attachment  to  the  house  of 
Lancaster  proved  the  source  of  perse- 
cution. In  the  first  parliament  of  Edward 
IV.  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  and 
he  followed  his  exiled  master  into  Scot- 
land, where  he  was  nominated  chancellor 
of  England.  He  embarked  for  Holland  in 
1463  with  queen  Margaret,  and  continued 
several  years  in  exile  in  Lorraine.  In  this 
foreign  country  he  employed  himself  in  the 
composition  of  his  book  "  De  Laudibus 
Legum  Angliae,"  written  for  the  instruction 
of  young  prince  Edward  ;  but  not  published 
till  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  after- 
wards accompanied  the  queen  back  to 
England  ;  but  their  affairs  became  more 
desperate,  and  with  greater  love  of  ease, 
perhaps  than  attachment  to  his  master,  he 
reconciled  himself  to  the  reigning  monarch 
hj  writing  an  apology  for  his  own  conduct, 


and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  retire- 
ment and  solitude.  The  year  of  his  death 
is  unknown,  though  he  lived  to  nearly  his 
90th  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Ebrington,  Gloucestershire,  where,  in  1677, 
one  of  his  descendants  repaired  his  monu- 
ment. He  wrote  besides,  "  the  Difference 
between  an  absolute  and  limited  monarchy, 
&c."  published  by  J.  Fortescue  Aland, 
1714,  besides  other  works  remaining  in 
MS.  The  best  edition  of  his  book  "  De 
Laudibus"  is  that  of  1741.  His  character 
was  very  respectable  for  piety,  learning, 
and  benevolence,  and,  as  attached  to  his 
country,  none  deserves  a  better  name. 

Fortiguerra,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  pre- 
late and  poet,  born  1674.  He  was  made  a 
bishop  by  Clement  XI.  but  he  was  so  often 
disappointed  by  Clement  XII.  who,  as  the 
patron  of  poets,  had  promised  him  a  cardi- 
nal's hat,  that  he  fell  ill  in  consequence,  and 
died  1735,  aged  61.  He  wrote  "Ricciar- 
detto,"  a  burlesque  poem  in  thirty  cantos, 
in  a  short  time,  to  prove  to  some  of  his 
friends  the  ease  with  which  he  could  write 
in  the  manner  of  Ariosto.  This  poem, 
though  very  faulty,  exhibits  sallies  of  plea- 
santry and  strokes  of  genius.  It  has  been 
translated  into  French  by  du  Mourrier. 
Fortiguerra  translated  Terence  into  Ita- 
lian 1736. 

Fortius,  or  Fortis,  Joachim,  a  teach- 
er of  Greek  and  of  mathematics  at  Ant- 
werp, intimate  with  Erasmus,  and  other 
learned  men.  He  died  1536.  He  wrote 
"  De  Ratione  Studendi,"  and  other  works. 

Foscari,  Francis,  a  noble  Venetian,  elect- 
ed doge  1423.  He  enlarged  the  Venetian 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Brescia  and 
Bergamo,  and  the  towns  of  Crema  and 
Ravenna,  and  other  places  ;  but  these  victo- 
ries cost  so  dear  that  the  Venetians  loudly 
murmured,  and  deposed  their  unfortunate 
leader.  His  son  shared  also  his  disgrace, 
and  was  banished,  under  false  accusations, 
and  the  wretched  father  died  two  days 
after  his  deposition,  1457,  aged  84.  The 
son  also  soon  after  died  in  prison,  upon  the 
false  charge  of  murdering  a  senator. 

Foscarini,  Michael,  a  Venetian  senator 
and  historian.  He  continued  Nani's  his- 
tory of  Venice,  at  the  public  request,  and 
died  1692,  aged  64.  His  work  was  printed 
1692,  4to.  and  makes  the  10th  vol.  of  Ve- 
netian historians.     He  also  wrote  novels. 

Fosse,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  painter, 
pupil  to  Le  Brun,  born  at  Paris  1640.  He 
studied  in  Italy,  and  at  his  return  he  paint- 
ed the  dome  of  the  hotel  of  Invalids.  Lewis 
XIV.  gave  him  a  pension  of  1000  crowns, 
and  he  became  professor  and  rector  of  the 
academy  for  painting.  He  was  for  some 
time  engaged  in  adorning  the  duke  of 
Montague's  house,  now  the  British  museum 
in  London,  and  received  a  handsome  offer 
667 


FOS 


FOS 


from  king  Wiliiam,who  admired  his  genius, 
and  wished  him  to  settle  in  England  ;  but 
he  declined.     He  died  at  Paris  1716. 

Fosse,  Anthony  de  la,  nephew  to  the 
nbove,  was  born  at  Paris  1G58.  He  was 
lord  of  Aubigny,  by  the  purchase  of  the 
estate  which  bears  that  title,  and  he  was 
secretary  to  the  marquis  de  Crequi.  When 
his  patron  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lu- 
zara,  he  brought  back  his  heart  to  Paris, 
and  celebrated  his  fall  in  poetry.  He  was 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  the  duke  d'Au- 
mont,  but  he  distinguished  himself  chiefly 
by  his  tragedies.  His  Manlius,  which  is 
his  best  play,  is  considered  by  the  French 
as  equal  to  the  tragedies  of  Corneille  ;  but 
he  is  less  known  than  he  deserves.  This 
amiable  poet  died  in  the  retirement  and 
modest  solitude  which  he  loved,  1708, 
aged  50. 

Foster,  Samuel,  an  English  mathema- 
tician, born  in  Northamptonshire,  and 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1623. 
He  was  elected  in  1636,  to  the  professor- 
ship of  astronomj  in  Gresham  college, 
which  he  resigned  the  same  year,  and  to 
which  he  was  again  elected  in  1641.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  formed  one  of  that 
society  of  learned  men  who  united  for 
philosophical  purposes,  and  were  afterwards 
incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  Royal 
Society  by  Charles  II.  He  not  only  ap- 
plied himself  to  astronomy,  and  to  curious 
and  intelligent  observations  on  eclipses  and 
on  celestial  bodies,  but  he  constructed  and 
improved  with  great  ingenuity,  several 
mathematical  and  astronomical  instru- 
ments. He  died  at  Gresham  college,  of  a 
decline,  1652.  The  chief  of  his  works  are 
"  the  Art  of  Dialling,"  4to.  163S— four 
treatises  of  Dialling,  4to.  1654 — Miscella- 
nies or  Mathematical  Lucubrations — des- 
criptions of  several  Instruments  invented 
and  improved.  There  were  two  other 
mathematicians  of  the  name  of  Foster  in 
the  same  century ;  William,  a  disciple  of 
Oughtred,  and  author  of  the  Circles  of 
Proportion,  and  the  Horizontal  Instrument, 
1633,  4to.  and  Mark,  who  published  a  trea- 
tise of  Trigonometry. 

Foster,  James,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  16th  Sept.  1697,  at  Exeter,  at  the 
grammar  school  and  in  an  academy  of  which 
place  he  was  educated.  With  great  abilities, 
a  sound  judgment,  and  a  ready  elocution, 
he  began  to  preach  1718,  but  the  warm 
disputes  which  prevailed  in  the  west  of 
England,  and  especially  Exeter  about  the 
trinity,  rendered  his  situation  in  Devon- 
shire unpleasant,  and  he  removed  to  Mel- 
bourne, Somersetshire,  and  soon  after  to 
Ashwick.  He  published  in  1720  his 
"  Essay  on  Fundamentals,"  and  his  sermon 
"  on  the  Resurrection  of  Christ ;"  but  his 
finances  were  so  low,  and  his  hopes  of  im- 


proving  his  income  so  uncertain,  that  he 
almost  determined  to  learn  the  trade  of 
glover  from  Mr.  Norman,  in  whose  house 
he  lived  at  Trowbridge  in  Wilts,  after  his 
removal  from  Somersetshire.  He  was, 
however,  soon  after  received  as  chaplain  in 
the  family  of  Rob.  Houiton,  Esq.  and  in 
1724,  he  was  chosen  to  succeed,  at  Barbi- 
can, Dr.  Gale,  a  person  by  whose  book  on 
adult  immersion,  he  had  been  persuaded  to 
be  baptized.  In  1731,  he  published  his 
Defence  of  the  Usefulness,  Truth,  &c.  of 
Christian  Revelation  against  Trindal,  and 
in  1744,  after  20  years'  service  at  Barbican, 
he  was  chosen  pastor  of  the  independents 
at  Pinners  hall,  and  in  1748,  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  the  university  of 
Aberdeen.  He  attended  lord  Kilmarnock 
after  his  trial  in  1746,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  paralytic  stroke,  5th  Nov. 
1753.  His  character  for  humanity  and 
benevolence  of  heart  was  equal  to  his  learn- 
ing, popular  as  a  preacher,  and  liberal  in 
his  religious  sentiments.  He  wrote  be- 
sides the  above,  "  Tracts  on  Heresy,"  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Stebbing — 4  vols,  of 
sermons,  8vo. — 2  vols,  of  Discourses  on 
Natural  Religion,  and  Social  Virtue,  4to. 
Bolingbroke  attributes  to  him  that  false 
aphorism,  "  that  where  mystery  begins  re- 
ligion ends."  Pope  has  mentioned  him 
with  commendation  in  the  preface  to  his 
satires. 

Foster,  John,  an  elegant  scholar,  born 
at  Windsor  1731,  and  educated  at  Eton 
college,  where  under  the  able  tuition  of 
Plumptree  and  Rurton,  he  distinguished 
himself  as  a  superior  proficient  in  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.  In  1748, 
he  was  elected  to  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterwards  became  assistant  to 
Dr.  Barnard,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1765, 
in  the  mastership  of  Eton  college.  But 
though  eminent  in  learning,  and  great  in 
mental  powers,  he  was  deficient  in ,, man- 
ners, in  temper,  and  in  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  world,  which  are  so  necessary 
for  such  a  situation,  and  which  were  pos- 
sessed in  a  high  degree  by  his  predecessor 
Barnard,  so  that  his  authority  became  un- 
popular, and  he  at  last  resigned.  His  me- 
rits, however,  were  rewarded  by  a  canonry 
at  Windsor  in  1772,  but  his  infirmities  were 
increasing  so  rapidly,  that  he  did  not  enjoy 
his  honours  long.  He  went  to  the  German 
Spa  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and 
died  there  Sept.  1773.  His  remains  were 
afterwards  brought  over  to  England,  and 
buried  at  Windsor  near  those  of  his  father 
who  had  been  mayor  of  the  town,  and  over 
his  tomb  is  an  elegant  Latin  inscription 
written  by  himself.  He  wrote  besides  a 
prize  dissertation  on  the  doctrines  of  Epi- 
curus, and  the  Stoics,  Cambridge — an 
Essay  on  the  Different  Nature  of  Accents 
and  Quantity,  with  their  Use  and  Applica- 


FOT 


VOL" 


tion  in  the  Pronunciation  of  the  English, 
Latin,  and  Greek  Tongues,  with  the  De- 
fence of  the  Greek  Accentual  Marks, 
against  Js.  Vossius,  Sarpedonius,  Dr.  Galy, 
&c.  8vo.  1762.  It  is  a  curious  and  valuable 
performance. 

Foster,  Michael,  a  learned  judge,  born 
at  Marlborough,  Wilts.  He  was  educated 
at  Marlborough  school,  and  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  in  1707,  entereu  at  the 
Middle  Temple.  In  1737,  he  was  electea  re- 
corder of  Bristol,  and  in  1745,  he  was  made 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  king's  bench,  and 
then  knighted.  He  died  1765,  aged  74. 
He  published  an  Examination  of  the 
Scheme  of  Church  Power,  laid  down  in 
bishop  Gibson's  Codex,  1735 — Report  of 
some  Proceedings  on  the  Commission  for 
the  Trial  of  Rebels  in  1746,  in  the  county 
of  Surrey,  1762. 

Foster,  Jedediah,  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  And- 
over  in  1726,  and  was  graduated  in  1744, 
at  Harvard  College.  He  established  him- 
self at  Brookfield,  where  highly  respected 
for  his  talents  and  integrity,  he  enjoyed  a 
number  of  civil  and  military  offices.  He 
took  his  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  superior 
court  in  1776.  He  was  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  body  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  Massachusetts,  and  died 
during  its  session  17th  October,  1779. 

f!CP  L. 
Fothergill,  George,  D.  D.  eldest  of 
seven  sons,  was  born  the  last  day  of  the 
year  1705,  at  Lockholme,  Westmoreland, 
of  an  ancient  family.  He  was  educated 
there,  and  at  Kendal  school,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  In  1751,  he 
was  made  head  of  St.  Edmund  hall,  and 
vicar  of  Bramley,  Hampshire.  He  died 
of  an  asthma,  5th  Oct.  1760,  and  was  buried 
in  the  chapel  of  his  hall.  He  was  author 
of  2  vols,  of  sermons. 

Fothergill,  John,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  8th  March,  1712,  at  Carr-end, 
Yorkshire,  of  respectable  quakers.  He 
was  educated  at  Sedburgh  school,  York- 
shire, and  in  1718,  bound  apprentice  to  an 
apothecary  at  Bradford.  In  1736,  he.  re- 
moved to  London,  and  studied  two  years 
under  Wilmot  at  St.  Thomas's  hospital, 
and  then  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree.  He  afterwards 
visited  Leyden,  and  travelled  through 
France  and  Germany,  and  1740  settled  in 
London.  He  was  a  licentiate  of  the  col- 
lege of  physicians,  London,  and  fellow  of 
Edinburgh,  and  of  the  Royal  and  Antiqua- 
rian Societies.  He  continued  to  rise  in 
fame  and  practice,  so  that  his  business 
brought  him  little  less  than  7000/.  per  ann. 
and  enabled  him  to  accumulate  a  property 
of  80,000/.  He  died  of  an  obstruction 
in  the  bladder,  at  his  house  in  Harpur- 


stieet,  26th  Dec.  1780,  and  his  remains 
were  interred  in  the  quakers'  burying 
ground,  W'inchmore  hill.  Besides  his 
medical  engagements,  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  natural  history,  and  -made  a 
collection  of  shells  and  other  natural  curio- 
sities, which  were  sold  after  his  death,  to 
Dr.  Hunter,  for  1200/.  He  formed  an  ex- 
cellent botanical  garden,  at  his  house  at 
Upton  in  Essex,  and  he  liberally  endowed 
a  seminary  of  young  quakers  at  Acworth 
near  Leeds,  for  the  education  and  clothing 
of  above  300  children.  He  published  some 
tracts,  the  best  of  which  is  "  on  the  Ulce- 
rous Sore  Throat,"  and  was  a  great  patron 
of  learned  men.  He  assisted  Sydney  Park- 
inson in  his  account  of  his  South  Sea  voy- 
age, and  at  the  expense  of  2000/.  printed  a 
translation  of  the  Bible,  from  the  Hebrew 
and  Greek  original,  by  Anthony  Purver  the 
quaker,  2  vols.  fol.  1764,  and  in  1780  pub- 
lished Percy's  Key  to  the  New  Testament, 
for  the  use  of  his  seminary.  His  books 
were  sold  by  auction  in  1781,  and  his  por- 
traits and  prints  were  bought  for  200  gui- 
neas by  Mr.  Thane. 

Fothergill,  Samuel,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  eminent  as  a  preacher 
among  the  quakers.  He  travelled  over 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  North 
America  to  propagate  his  doctrines,  and 
died  1773,  much  respected  for  his  private 
character. 

Foucault,  Nicolas  Joseph,  an  antiquary 
born  at  Paris,  1643.  He  was  intendant  in 
Normandy,  and  within  six  miles  of  Caen, 
he  discovered,  in  1704,  the  ancient  town  of 
the  Viducassians,  of  which  he  published  an 
interesting  account,  with  the  history  of  the 
marbles,  coins,  inscriptions,  &c.  found 
there.  He  discovered  in  the  abbey  of 
Moissac  in  Querci  a  MS.  of  Lactantius 
de  Mortibus  Persecutorum,  afterwards 
published  by  Baluce.  He  died  1721,  res- 
pected for  his  erudition,  his  mildness  of 
manners,  and  his  benevolence. 

Foucher,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  who 
died  at  Paris,  1696,  aged  52.  He  was 
author  of  a  treatise  on  Hygrometers — on 
the  Wisdom  of  the  Ancients — Letters  on 
the  History  and  Principles  of  the  Acade- 
mic Philosophy,  6  vols.  &c. 

Fouchier,  Bertram  de,  a  dutch  painter 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  disciple  to  Vandyck. 
He  studied  the  manner  of  Tintoretto  at 
Rome,  and  adopted  at  his  return  home  the 
style  of  Brouwer.  His  portraits  and  con- 
versations are  much  admired.  He  died 
1674,  aged  65. 

Foccquet,  Nicolas,  marquis  of  Belle- 
Isle,  was  born  1615,  and  for  his  talents  was 
early  advanced  in  the  state.  He  was  at  the 
age  of  35  procurator-general  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  at  38,  superintendent 
of  the  finances.  His  peculation  and  ex- 
travagance, however,  were  little  calculated 
669 


FoL 


FOU 


to  repair  the  mismanagement  of  Mazarin, 
and  when  he  had  spent  above  150,000/.  of 
the  public  money  in  adorning  his  seat  at 
Vaux,  and  attempted  to  rival  his  master  in 
the  affection  of  la  Valliere,  his  ruin  was 
complete.  He  was  arrested  in  1661,  and 
condemned  to  perpetual  banishment,  ex- 
changed alterwardi  for  imprisonment.  He 
died  March,  1680,  aged  65,  in  the  citadel 
of  Pignerol. 

Foucquet,  Charles  Lewis  Augustus, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  mareschal  Bellisle,  was 
born  1684.  He  entered  early  into  the 
army  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege 
of  Lisle,  for  which  Lewis  XIV.  promised 
him  his  favour  and  protection.  After  that 
monarch's  death,  he  shared  the  disgrace  of 
the  minister  le  Blanc,  and  was  confined  in 
the  Bastile,  till  his  modest  justification 
recommended  him  to  the  court,  and  paved 
his  way  to  promotion  and  honour.  He 
was  commander  in  Flanders  in  the  war  of 
1733,  and  became  the  adviser  and  confi- 
dential friend  of  cardinal  Fleury.  In  1741 
he  was  created  mareschal  of  France,  and 
in  1742  he  assisted  at  Frankfort  at  the 
election  of  the  emperor  Charles  VII. 
where  his  influence  was  equal  to  his  great 
magnificence.  Afterwards  being  deserted 
by  the  Prussians  and  Saxons,  he  effected 
his  escape  with  great  difficulty  from  Prague, 
but  with  sagacious  dexterity,  so  that  he  was 
created  by  the  emperor  member  of  the 
Golden  Fleece,  and  a  prince  of  the  empire. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  in  1743  at  Elbin- 
gerode,  near  Hanover,  and  brought  over  to 
England.  He  afterwards  served  against 
the  Austrians  in  Provence,  and  was  made 
peer  of  France  1748.  He  was  made  prime 
minister  1757,  and  died  four  years  after,  a 
sacrifice  to  his  zeal  in  the  service  of  his 
country,  and  his  anxiety  to  restore  her 
finances  and  commerce  to  a  prosperous 
course.  He  died  Jan.  1761,  aged  77. 
He  was  a  great  character,  respected  in 
private  life,  and  much  attached  to  the  glory 
of  his  country.  He  was  a  patron  of  merit, 
and  free  from  blame,  except  in  his  criminal 
partiality  for  the  fair  sex.  His  only  son, 
born  of  a  second  wife,  was  killed  in  battle, 
1758. 

Fougeroux,  Augustus  Denys,  an  emi- 
nent writer,  born  at  Paris,  10th  Oct.  1732. 
He  was  nephew  of  Duhamel,  and  with  him 
he  examined  with  a  philosophic  eye  the 
quarries  of  Anjou,  Brittany,  Naples,  &c. 
and  every  where  made  judicious  and  valu- 
able observations  on  the  various  productions 
of  the  natural  kingdom.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy,  28th  Dec.  1789.  He  wrote 
Memoir  on  the  formation  of  Bone — l'Art 
de  l'Ardoisier — l'Art  du  Tonnellier — l'Art 
de  Travailler  les  Cuirs  Dores,  &c._ 

Fouillon,  James,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Fochelle,  and  though  educated  amona;  the 
670 


jesuits,  a  favourer  of  the  Jansenists.  He 
edited  Arnauld's  Letters,  and  had  a  share 
in  the  History  of  the  Case  Of  Conscience, 
8  vols.  1705 — and  in  the  Hexaples  against 
the  Bull  Unigenitus,  7  vols.  &c. 

Foulon,  William,  in  Latin  Gnaphaeus, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  where  he  kept  a 
school.  He  wrote  three  Latin  comedies, 
Martynum  Johannis  Pistorii — Hypocrysis 
et  Acolastus  de  Filio  Prodigo,  the  most 
admired,  edited  with  learned  notes  by  Pra- 
teolus  at  Paris,  1554.  He  died  at  Horden 
in  Friesland,  where  he  was  burgomaster, 
1558,  aged  75. 

Foulon,  John,  author  of  a  Commentary 
on  the  Maccabees — Historia  Leodiensis, 
3  vols,  folio,  &.c.  was  a  Jesuit  of  Liege  who 
died  1668. 

Foulon,  N.  a  French  politician,  who  ad- 
vised the  government  to  recover  its  credit 
by  a  general  bankruptcy.  He  was  placed 
over  the  finances  at  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution,  but  in  the  midst  of  the  general 
confusion  he  became  one  of  its  first  victims. 
He  in  vain  attempted  to  conceal  himself, 
when  discovered  22d  July,  1789,  he  was 
dragged  with  the  greatest  insult,  and  in  the 
most  excruciating  manner  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  hanged  amidst  the  acclamations  of 
a  rejoicing  and  ferocious  populace. 

Fountaine,  Sir  Andrew,  an  antiquarian, 
born  at  Narford,  Norfolk,  and  educated  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  He  studied  here 
the  Anglo-Saxon  language,  and  published 
a  specimen  of  his  great  proficiency  in  his 
instructer  Hickes'  Thesaurus,  under  the 
title  of  Numismata  Anglo-Saxonica  and 
Anglo-Danica,  breviterlllustrataab  Andrei 
Fountaine,  eq.  aur.  and  aedis  Christi  Oxon. 
Alumno,  1 705.  He  was  knighted  by  king 
William,  and  afterwards  travelled  through 
Europe  in  making  a  collection  of  valuable 
pictures,  medals,  statues,  and  inscriptions. 
He  was  the  intimate  friend  and  correspon- 
dent of  Swift,  and  he  embellished  his  Tale 
of  the  Tub,  with  excellent  designs.  Sir 
Andrew,  as  a  masterly  connoisseur  of  me- 
dals and  antiques,  improved  his  property 
greatly  by  collecting  for  some  of  the  largest 
cabinets  in  the  kingdom.  He  was  vice- 
chamberlain  to  Caroline,  when  princess  of 
Wales,  and  queen,  and  in  1727  was  made 
warden  of  the  mint,  an  office  which  he  held 
till  his  death,  4th  Sept.  1753.  He  was  buried 
at  Narford  ;  a  portrait  of  him  by  Hoare  is 
preserved  at  Wilton-house.  He  is  men- 
tioned with  great  applause  by  Montfaucon. 

Fouquier-Tinville,  Anthony  Quentin, 
a  Frenchman  of  infamous  memory,  born 
at  Herouan,  near  St.  Quentin.  From  a 
bankrupt,  he  became  the  friend  of  Robes- 
pierre, and  so  sanguinary  was  his  con- 
duct, and  so  ferocious  his  principles,  that 
he  was  deemed  by  the  tyrant  worthy  to  be 
the  public  accuser.  In  this  office  he  dis- 
played the  most  bloody  and  vindictive  cha- 


rou 


l'OU 


meter.  The  young,  the  aged,  tbe  innocent, 
were  hurried  with  insulting  indifference  to 
the  scaffold,  and  in  one  instance,  in  four 
hours,  80  individuals  were  devoted  to  im- 
mediate death.  When  one  of  the  jailers 
observed  that  a  person  brought  up  before 
the  tribunal  was  not  the  accused,  Fouquier 
observed  with  unconcern,  that  one  was  as 
good  as  the  other,  and  the  unhappy  victim 
marched  to  the  guillotine.  On  another 
occasion,  under  a  similar  mistake,  he  ex- 
claimed, it  matters  little,  to-day  is  as  good 
as  to-morrow,  and  the  wretched  prisoner 
suffered  death.  The  fall  of  Robespierre 
checked  not  the  hand  of  this  monster  ;  on 
the  day  of  the  tyrant's  arrest,  he  observed, 
on  signing  the  condemnation  of  42  persons, 
that  justice  must  have  her  course.  At  last 
punishment  came  though  late,  the  vindic- 
tive Fouquier  appeared  before  that  tri- 
bunal where  he  had  exercised  such  bloody 
tyranny,  and  on  the  7th  May,  1794,  he  was 
guillotined,  aged  48,  and  universally  exe- 
crated. 

Fouquieres,  James,  a  Flemish  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  1580.  He  was  the  dis- 
ciple of  Velvet  Breughel,  and  painted  for 
Rubens.  He  worked  for  the  elector  pala- 
tine at  Heidelberg,  and  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  died  poor  through  imprudence, 
1659.  His  landscapes  are  so  finely  finished 
as  to  be  scarce  inferior  to  Titian's. 

Four,  du.     Vid.  Longuerue. 

Fourcroi,  N.  an  eminent  French  engi- 
neer, who  planned  the  junction  of  the 
rivers  Scheldt,  Moselle,  Sambre,  Oise, 
Rhine,  and  Meuse,  by  means  of  canals. 
He  published  some  valuable  tracts,  and 
died  12th  Jan.  1791,  aged  76. 

Fourcroy,  Anthony  Francis,  a  French 
chymist,  was  born  at  Paris,  June  15th, 
1755.  He  studied  at  the  college  of  Har- 
court,  after  which  he  applied  to  medicine, 
and  the  sciences  connected  with  it.  In 
1776  he  published  a  translation  of  Ramaz- 
zini,  "  On  the  Diseases  of  Artisans  ;"  and 
in  1780,  received  the  degree  of  doctor  in 
physic.  In  1784,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  chymistry  in  the  royal  gardens, 
and  the  year  following,  was  admitted  into 
the  academy  of  sciences.  He  bore  a  part 
in  the  revolution,  and  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  national  convention  :  though  he 
did  not  take  his  seat  till  after  the  murder  of 
the  king.  In  1794,  he  became  a  member 
of  the  committee  of  public  safety,  and  was 
consulted  on  several  subjects  of  importance. 
On  the  foundation  of  the  institute  he  was 
nominated  professor  of  chymistry.  He 
died  December  16th,  1809.  His  works 
are — 1.  Lecons  elementaires  d'bistoire 
naturelle  et  dechimie,  5  vols.  8vo.  2.  Me- 
moires  et  observations  pour  servir  de  suite 
aux  Elemens  de  Chimie,  8vo.  3.  Principes 
de  Chimie  a  l'usage  de  l'ecole  Veterinaire, 
1  vols.  12mo.    4.  L'Art  de  connoitre  et 


d'employer  les  medicamens  dans  les  mala* 
dies  qui  attaquent  le  corps  humain,  2  vols. 
8vo.  5.  Annales  de  Chimie,  18  vols.  8vo. 
6.  La  Medicine  eclairee  par  les  Sciences 
Physiques,  12  vols.  7.  Philosophic  Chi- 
mique.  8.  Tableaux  pour  servir  de  resume 
aux  lecons  de  Chimie,  faites  a  l'6cole  de 
Medicine  de  Paris.  9.  Systeme  des  Con- 
noissances  Chimiques,  10  vols.  8vo.  &c. — 
W.  B. 

Fourmont,  Stephen,  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  Chinese  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Her- 
belai  near  that  city,  1683.  He  devoted 
himself  with  unusual  application  to  study, 
and  had  so  retentive  a  memory,  that  the 
most  difficult  passages  became  familiar  to 
him.  He  was  so  well  known  as  a  man  of 
erudition,  that  once  or  twice  a  week,  con- 
ferences were  held  at  his  house,  on  literary 
subjects,  by  learned  Frenchmen  and 
foreigners.  He  was  liberally  invited  by 
count  de  Toledo,  to  settle  in  Spain,  which 
he  declined.  He  succeeded  Galland  in 
1715,  as  Arabic  professor,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  learned  societies  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
and  London,  and  was  afterwards  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Orleans  his  friend  and 
patron.  He  died  1743.  His  works  are 
"  the  Roots  of  the  Latin  Tongue  in  Metre," 
— Critical  Reflections  on  Ancient  History, 
to  the  time  of  Cyrus,  2  vols.  4to. — Medi- 
tationes  Sinica?,  folio — a  Chinese  Grammar 
in  Latin,  folio — Dissertation  in  the  Me- 
moirs of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions. 

Fourmont,  Michael,  brother  to  the 
above,  was  an  ecclesiastic  and  professor  of 
Syriac  in  the  Royal  college,  and  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  He  died 
1746. 

Fournjer,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  en- 
graver and  letter-founder,  born  at  Paris, 
1712.  In  1737,  he  published  a  table  of 
proportions  to  be  observed  between  letters, 
to  determine  their  height.  He  wrote  also 
dissertations  on  the  rise  and  progress  of 
the  typographical  art,  published  since  in  1 
vol.  8vo.  divided  into  three  parts,  His 
great  work  is  "  Manuel  Typographique 
utile  aux  Gens  de  Lettres,  et  a  ceux  qui 
exercent  les  Differentes  Parties  de  l'Art  de 
i'lmprimerie,  8vo.  2  vols.  This  excellent 
character,  who  had  done  so  much  for  his 
profession,  died  1768. 

Fournt,  Honore  Caille  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  pere  Anselme  in 
his  second  edition  of  Histoire  Genealo- 
gique  et  Chronologique  de  la  Maison  de 
France  et  des  Grands  Officiers  de  la 
Couronne,  1712,  since  continued  to  9  vols, 
fol.  He  was  auditor  of  the  Paris  chamber 
of  accounts,  and  died  1731. 

Fourquevaux,  Raymond  of  Pavia,  baron 
of,  an  Italian,  of  the  family  of  Beccari  in 
Pavia,  who  came  to  France  in  the  wars  of 
the  Guelphs  and  Gibbelines,  and  signalized 
himself  in  the  defence  of  Toulouse  against. 
671 


vow 


l:0\ 


the  Huguenots  in  1562.  He  was  for  Ins 
services  made  governor  of  Narbonne, 
where  he  died,  1574,  aged  66.  He  wrote 
the  lives  of  14  great  French  generals,  4to. 
Paris,  1543,  much  esteemed. 

Fowler,  John,  an  English  printer,  born 
at  Bristol,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New-college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow  1555.  He  resigned  in  1559 ;  and 
went  to  Antwerp  and  Louvain,  where  he 
learned  printing,  and  employed  his  talents 
for  the  papists  against  the  protestants.  He 
was,  according  to  Wood,  a  learned  man, 
well  skilled  in  Greek  and  Latin,  a  poet  and 
orator,  and  a  judicious  critic.  He  wrote, 
as  well  as  printed  books  in  favour  of  his 
religion.  He  died  at  Newmark  in  Ger- 
many, 1578. 

Fowler,  Christophe,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  born  at  Marlborough,  1611,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen-college,  and  Edmund- 
hall,  Oxford.  He  took  orders,  but  in  1641, 
declared  himself  a  presbyterian,  and  drew 
crowds  after  him  by  the  oddity  of  his  ges- 
tures and  the  violence  of  his  appeals  in  the 
pulpit.  He  afterwards  was  vicar  of  St. 
Mary's,  Reading,  and  then  fellow  of  Eton, 
and  an  able  assistant  to  the  Berkshire  com- 
missioners in  the  ejection  of  what  then 
were  called  ignorant  and  insufficient  minis- 
ters. At  the  restoration  he  was  ejected 
from  his  preferments,  and  died  1676,  con- 
sidered as  little  better  than  distracted. 
His  writings  are  not  worth  mentioning. 

Fowler,  Edward,  an  English  prelate, 
born  1632,  at  Westerleigh,  Gloucestershire, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  school,  Gloucester, 
and  removed  to  Corpus  Christi  college, 
Oxford.  As  he  had  been  brought  up  among 
the  puritans,  he  at  first  objected  to  con- 
formity with  the  church,  but  became  after- 
wards one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  As 
he  was  an  able  preacher  he  was  made  by 
the  primate,  Sheldon,  rector  of  All-Hallows, 
Bread-street,  1673,  and  two  years  after  he 
became  prebendary  at  Gloucester,  and  in 
1681,  vicar  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  when 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  He  was  an 
able  defender  of  protestantism,  and  ap- 
pears as  the  second  of  the  London  clergy, 
who  refused  to  read  king  James's  declara- 
tion for  liberty  of  conscience,  in  1688.  He 
was  rewarded  for  his  eminent  services  in 
the  cause  of  religion,  and  in  the  promo- 
tion of  the  revolution,  by  being  made,  in 
1691,  bishop  of  Gloucester.  He  died  at 
Chelsea,  17 14,  aged  82.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  by  his  first  wife  had  several 
children.  He  wrote  sermons  and  various 
pieces  on  divinity,  the  most  known  and 
useful  of  which  is  his  "  Design  of  Chris- 
tianity," often  printed,  and  defended  by 
the  author  against  Bunyan,  the  writer  of 
the  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Fowler,  Thomas,  a  physician,  was  born 
672 


at  York  in  1736.  He  commenced  business 
as  an  apothecary  in  his  native  city  in  1760 ; 
but  in  1774,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  and 
graduated  there  in  1778.  After  this  he 
settled  at  Stafford,  as  physician  to  the  in- 
firmary ;  but  in  1791  he  returned  to  York. 
He  died  in  1801.  His  works  are — 1.  Me- 
dical Reports  on  the  Effects  of  Tobacco, 
1785.  2.  Medical  Reports  on  the  Effects 
of  Arsenic,  8vo.  3.  Medical  Reports  on 
the  Acute  and  Chronic  Rheumatism. — 
W.  B. 

Fox,  Edward,  an  English  prelate  and 
statesman,  born  at  Dursley,  Gloucester- 
shire, and  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
provost  1528.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  Wolsey,  by  whom  he 
was  engaged  as  an  ambassador  to  Rome 
with  Gardiner,  to  promote  the  divorce  of 
the  king  from  Catharine  of  Arragon.  He 
was  afterwards  sent  on  embassies  to  France 
and  Germany,  and  in  1535  raised  to  the 
see  of  Hereford.  He  was  an  active  pro- 
moter of  the  reformation,  and  if  inferior  to 
Cranmer  in  abilities,  he  was  his  superior  in 
dexterity.  When  in  Germany  he  zeal- 
ously invited  the  protestant  divines  to 
unite  themselves  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church  of  England.  He  died  in  London 
1538.  He  wrote  in  the  midst  of  his  po- 
litical engagements,  a  book  called  de  Verai 
Differentia  Regiae  Protestatis  et  Ecclesias- 
tics et  quae  sit  ipsa  Veritas,  et  Virtus 
utriusque,  1534 ;  translated  into  English 
by  lord  Strafford.  His  maxims  were,  that 
"  an  honourable  peace  lasts  long,  but  a 
dishonourable  peace  no  longer  than  till 
kings  have  power  to  break  it ;  the  surest 
way  therefore  to  peace  is  a  constant  pre- 
paredness for  war,"  and  "  two  things  must 
support  a  government,  gold  and  iron, — gold 
to  reward  its  friends,  and  iron  to  keep  under 
its  enemies." 

Fox,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  eccle- 
siastical historian,  born  at  Boston,  Lin- 
colnshire 1517.  He  was  entered  at  Bra- 
zen-nose college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
chosen  fellow  of  Magdalen,  and  in  1543, 
he  became  M.A.  In  his  younger  years  he 
displayed  poetical  genius  in  the  publication 
of  some  Latin  plays  on  Scriptural  subjects, 
but  he  afterwards  turned  all  his  thoughts 
to  divinity,  and  to  the  reformation  which 
now  engaged  the  attention  of  Europe. 
To  acquire  the  judgment  and  information 
necessary  on  such  important  points,  he 
read  with  great  care  the  Greek  and  Latin 
fathers,  studied  Hebrew,  and  perused  every 
work  from  which  he  could  reap  informa- 
tion ;  but  his  seclusion,  and  his  frequent 
absence  from  public  worship,  alarmed  his 
friends  and  encouraged  his  enemies.  He 
was  therefore  accused  of  heresy  in  1545, 
and  with  difficulty  escaped  with  his  life  by 
expulsion  from  college.     In  his  distress. 


FOX 


FOX 


Sud  abandoned  by  his  father-in-law,  he  was 
generously  received  in  the  house  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy  of  Warwickshire,  to  whose 
children  he  became  tutor.  He  afterwards 
married  a  person  of  Coventry,  and  after 
residing  there  some  time,  be  came  to  Lon- 
don, still  exposed  to  the  privations  of  a 
narrow  income.  His  wants,  however, 
says  his  son,  were  relieved  by  an  unknown 
stranger,  who  gave  him  an  untold  sum  of 
money,  and  bade  him  hope  for  better  times, 
which  in  three  days  arrived  by  his  being 
admitted  into  the  service  of  the  dutchess 
of  Richmond,  and  made  tutor  to  her  ne- 
phew lord  Surrey's  children.  He  lived  at 
Rj  egate  under  the  kind  protection  of  this 
noble  family,  and  though  the  persecuting 
Gardiner,  in  the  bloody  reign  of  Mary, 
plotted  his  ruin,  he  remained  for  some  time 
unhurt  by  the  influence  and  the  dexterity 
of  his  worthy  pupil,  now  duke  of  Norfolk. 
At  last,  he  escaped  from  the  pursuit  of  the 
artful  prelate  to  the  continent  with  his 
wife,  and  passing  through  Antwerp  and 
Frankfort,  he  settled  at  Basil,  and  there 
maintained  himself  by  correcting  the  press 
for  the  famous  printer  Oporinus.  Here  he 
formed  the  plan  of  his  great  work,  and  at 
the  end  of  Mary's  reign  returned  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  received  with  all  the 
respect  due  to  his  merits.  His  pupil,  the 
duke  of  Norfolk,  settled  a  pension  on  him, 
and  Cecil  obtained  for  him  a  prebend  in  the 
church  of  Salisbury,  but  though  he  might 
have  risen  high  in  preferment  by  the  in- 
terest of  his  friends  Walsingham,  Drake, 
Gresham,  Grindal,  Pilkington,  &c.  he  re- 
fused to  subscribe  to  some  of  the  canons, 
and  when  urged  by  Parker  the  primate,  he 
produced  a  Greek  Testament,  adding,  to 
this  only  will  I  subscribe.  This  worthy 
man,  so  much  and  so  deservedly  respected, 
was  greatly  afflicted  at  the  ejection  of  his 
son  from  Magdalen  college  by  the  puritans  ; 
but  while  he  exhibited  the  most  perfect 
moderation  in  his  religious  sentiments,  he 
dreaded  the  evils  which  party  and  dissen- 
sion might  bring  upon  the  church.  He 
died  1587,  aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  of  which 
for  some  time  he  had  been  vicar.  He  left 
two  sons,  Samuel,  afterwards  fellow  of 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  and  author  of 
his  father's  life,  and  Thomas,  fellow  of 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  physician 
in  London.  Fox  is  deservedly  celebrated 
as  the  author  of  the  history  of  the  acts 
and  monuments  of  the  church,  called 
"  Book  of  Martyrs,"  published  in  London 
1563,  in  one  volume  folio,  and  afterwards 
improved  and  enlarged,  and  published  in  a 
ninth  edition  1684,  in  3  vols.  fol.  This 
work  was  highly  valued  by  the  protestants, 
while  the  papists  abused  it  under  the  name 
of  Fox's  golden  legend.  That  Fox  is 
occasionally  intemperate  and  abusive  can- 
Vol.  I.  85 


not  be  denied,  but  though  Jeremy  Collie) 
accuses  him  of  disingenuity  and  ill-na- 
ture, he  is  still  to  be  read  with  interest,  as 
he  is  accurate,  minute,  and  generally  im- 
partial. 

Fox,  George,  the  first  preacher  of  the 
sect  called  quakers,  was  born  at  Drayton 
in  the  Clay,  Leicestershire,  1624.  He  was 
bound  by  his  father,  who  was  a  weaver,  to 
a  shoemaker  and  grazier,  and  the  occupa- 
tion of  his  youth  was  chiefly  the  tending  of 
sheep.  He  did  not  however  follow  the 
professions  in  which  he  had  been  engaged, 
as,  in  1643,  he  began  his  wandering  life, 
and  after  retiring  to  solitude,  and  at  other 
times  frequenting  the  company  of  religious 
and  devout  persons,  he  became  a  public 
preacher  in  1647  or  1648.  He  inveighed, 
with  sullen  bitterness,  against  the  drunken- 
ness, the  injustice,  and  the  vices  of  the 
times,  he  attacked  the  clergy,  and  the  es- 
tablished modes  of  worship,  and  asserted 
that  the  light  of  Christ,  implanted  in  the 
human  heart,  was  alone  the  means  of  sal- 
vation and  the  right  qualification  of  the  gos- 
pel ministry.  Such  doctrines  produced 
persecution,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Not- 
tingham in  1649,  and  during  the  whole 
course  of  his  laborious  life,  he  suffered  the 
same  treatment  eight  times  more,  and 
often  with  great  severity.  He  married  in 
1669,  Margaret  the  widow  of  Thomas  Fell, 
a  Welsh  judge,  who  was  nine  years  older 
than  himself,  but  as  she  had  to  attend  to  a 
family,  by  her  former  husband,  and  as  his 
avocations  were  of  a  spiritual  kind,  and  in 
distant  countries,  they  did  not  long  live  to- 
gether. In  his  pious  zeal,  Fox  visited  not 
only  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  but 
he  extended  his  travels  to  Holland  and 
Germany,  to  the  American  colonies,  and 
the  West-India  Islands,  recommending  in 
his  life  and  conduct  the  merits  of  a  meek, 
devout,  and  inoffensive  character.  He  died 
in  London  1690.  Though  illiterate  he 
wrote  much.  His  journal  was  printed 
1694,  his  epistles  1698,  his  doctrinal  pieces, 
about  150  in  number,  1706.  The  name  of 
quakers  was  first  given  to  him  and  his  fol- 
lowers at  Derby,  in  consequence  of  the 
odd  contortions  of  their  body. 

Fox,  Richard,  a  native  of  Grantham, 
Lincolnshire.  Though  of  obscure  origin, 
he  was  well  educated  at  Boston  school, 
and  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  from  which 
he  removed  in  consequence  of  the  plague, 
to  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge.  He  was 
by  the  friendship  of  Morton  bishop  of  Ely, 
recommended  at  Paris,  to  the  notice  of 
Henry  earl  of  Richmond,  who  on  his  acces- 
sion to  the  English  throne,  made  him  a 
privy  counsellor,  and  raised  him  to  the  see 
of  Exeter.  His  abilities  were  employed 
by  the  monarch  in  various  embassies  on 
the  continent,  and  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  Durham,  and  then  to  Winchester- 
073 


FOX 


FOX 


Me  was  a  liberal  patron  of  learning,  and 
founded  besides  several  free-schools,  Cor- 
pus Christi  college,  Oxford.  He  died 
1528. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  an  eminent  states- 
man, born  13th  Jan.  1749.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  lord  Holland,  by  the  sister 
of  the  duke  of  Richmond,  and  to  the  ac- 
cidental favours  of  high  rank,  and  of  titled 
relatives,  he  added  the  more  solid  advan- 
tages of  extraordinary  natural  genius,  and 
strong  powers  of  mind.  These  promising 
talents  were  seen  and  cherished  by  his  fa- 
ther, he  was  instructed  to  think  with  free- 
dom, and  to  speak  with  readiness  and  with 
energy,  and  after  a  short  initiation  at  West- 
minster school,  he  was  removed  to  Eton, 
and  during  his  residence  in  that  illustrious 
seminary,  he  published  the  periodical  paper 
called  the  Spendthrift,  in  20  numbers. 
From  Eton,  where  he  formed  an  increas- 
ing friendship  with  some  of  the  future 
leaders  of  the  senate,  he  removed  to  Ox- 
ford, and  then  devoted  himself  so  zealously 
to  dramatic  literature,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  read  every  play  written  in  the  Eng- 
lish language.  After  making  the  usual 
tour  of  Europe,  he  was  elected,  even  be- 
fore he  was  of  age,  into  parliament  for 
Midhurst,  and  his  first  speech  was  in  fa- 
vour of  ministry,  and  against  Mr.  Wilkes, 
and  the  Middlesex  election.  After  sharing 
the  favours  of  the  minister  as  a  lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  afterwards  as  a  lord  of  the 
Treasury,  he  was  dismissed  from  his  offices, 
and  had  the  singular  fortune  before  he 
reached  his  24th  year,  of  being  the  ablest 
supporter  of  the  government  during  one 
session,  and  in  the  next  of  becoming  one 
of  its  most  eloquent  and  dangerous  oppo- 
nents. During  the  American  war  he  was 
a  regular,  consistent,  and  active  antago- 
nist of  the  ministry,  and  on  the  removal  of 
lord  North  he  was  raised  to  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet  as  secretary  of  state.  The  death 
of  lord  Rockingham  soon  after  dissolved 
the  new  ministry,  and  Mr.  Fox  after  some 
time  opposing  the  measures  of  lord  Shel- 
burne  returned  to  power  by  his  well-known 
coalition  with  lord  North.  This  event  is 
regarded  as  an  indelible  stigma  in  the  po- 
litical life  of  Fox,  who  in  the  ardour  of  his 
zeal  had  often  declared  that  he  would  not 
trust  himself  in  the  same  room  with  lord 
North,  but  he  would  employ  all  his  powers 
to  bring  bim  to  the  scaffold  for  the  flagi- 
tiousness  of  his  pretended  public  crimes. 
So  heterogeneous  a  union  gave  great  of- 
fence to  the  people,  and  reflected  little 
honour  on  the  integrity  of  the  two  col- 
leagues, and  therefore  the  memorable  In- 
dia-bill proved  fatal  to  their  interests,  and 
brought  on  their  downfal.  The  French 
revolution  was  an  event  which  Fox  hailed 
as  the  harbinger  of  freedom,  happiness, 
and  prosperity,  not  onlv  to  France,  but  to 
674 


neighbouring  nations,  but  he  lived  to  wit  - 
ness  the  fallacy  of  his  rash  conclusions. 
Deserted  by  some  of  his  once  faithful  as- 
sociates, who  regarded  his  systematical 
opposition  to  the  ministry  as  disloyal  if  not 
treacherous,  he  formed  the  design  of  with- 
drawing from  his  attendance  in  parliament, 
except  on  great  and  constitutional  occa- 
sions, and  the  measure  was  deservedly  cen- 
sured, even  by  his  warmest  supporters.  In 
his  addresses  at  some  of  the  public  meet- 
ings at  the  Crown  and  Anchor  tavern, 
which  were  now  considered  as  substitutes 
for  his  parliamentary  services,  he  gave  of- 
fence to  the  ministry,  and  in  consequence 
of  his  speeches,  in  which  he  affected  to 
treat  the  sovereign  with  disrespect,  his 
name  was  struck  off  from  the  list  of  the 
privy  counsellors.  In  1803,  he  returned  to 
his  parliamentary  duty,  and  on  the  lament- 
ed death  of  his  great  rival  Pitt,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1806,  he  was  drawn  from  the 
ranks  of  opposition,  and  by  the  advice  of 
lord  Grenville,  placed  as  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  affairs,  in  the  number  of  those 
who  were  most  capable  of  guiding  the  desti- 
nies of  the  empire  in  times  of  the  greatest 
danger  and  difficulty.  In  this  new  and  un- 
expected situation  he  had  the  opportunity 
of  witnessing  the  chicane  and  perfidy  of 
the  government,  whose  cause  he  had  so 
long  advocated  in  parliament,  and  in  his 
negotiation  with  France  he  experienced 
how  ill  calculated  for  the  happiness  and  in- 
dependence of  Europe,  was  the  political 
system  of  that  people,  whose  extravagancies 
and  crimes  he  had  once  regarded  as  the 
ebullitions  of  freemen,  and  as  the  forerun- 
ner of  national  forbearance,  and  of  uni- 
versal peace.  Having  thus  lived  to  feel  the 
disappointment  which  a  generous  mind 
must  experience  in  a  diplomatic  intercourse 
conducted  on  one  part  with  frankness  and 
sincerity,  and  on  the  other  with  artifice  and 
duplicity,  this  illustrious  statesman  fell  a 
prey  to  the  insurmountable  attacks  of  a 
dropsy.  He  died  at  Chiswick-house,  13th 
Sept.  1806,  after  undergoing  three  times 
in  five  weeks  the  painful  operation  of  tap- 
ping, and  his  remains  were  publicly  buried 
on  the  10th  Oct.  following  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey.  Of  this  extraordinary  charac- 
ter, it  must  be  acknowledged  that  he  was 
one  of  the  greatest  men  this  country  ever 
produced.  As  an  orator  his  powers  were 
gigantic,  his  eloquence  irresistible,  vehe- 
ment, and  sublime.  It  was  a  torrent  which 
in  its  impetuous  force  hurried  along  its 
hearers  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  His 
mind,  capacious  and  intelligent,  at  one  view 
grasped  the  whole  subject  of  debate,  at  one 
glance  he  saw  the  weak  and  the  strong  parts 
of  his  adversary's  defence,  and  with  mas- 
terly dexterity  he  combated  the  most  for- 
midable opponent,  and  improved  every  ad- 
vantage which  in  the  field  of  debate  lav 


vox 


11U 


exposed  to  his  attacks.  If  he  was  less  co- 
pious, less  elegant,  and  less  sententious 
than  Pitt,  if  he  was  deficient  in  the  dazzling 
and  flowery  profusion,  in  the  lively  sallies 
of  imagination  of  his  great  master  Burke, 
he  possessed  the  pathos,  the  forcible  argu- 
ment, the  convincing  language,  the  imposing 
earnestness  which  captivated  and  enchained 
every  hearer.  With  the  most  retentive 
memory,  he  has  been  known  after  the  lapse 
of  many  hours,  when  the  powers  of  the 
mind  might  grow  languid,  to  answer  the 
arguments  of  various  speakers,  and  with 
the  most  minute  arrangement.  His  man- 
ner, if  not  graceful,  was  peculiarly  animated 
and  impressive,  and  the  fire  of  his  eye  was 
rapid  and  commanding.  His  replies  always 
exhibited  him  as  very  great,  and  with  all 
the  ardour  of  genuine  oratory  he  enliven- 
ed the  debate,  not  only  with  new  ideas, 
but  with  all  the  clearness  of  argumentation, 
and  the  extensive  information  with  which 
his  comprehensive  mind  was  stored.  In  a 
profound  acquaintance  with  the  human  cha- 
racter, and  a  mature  knowledge  of  domes- 
tic and  foreign  politics,  he  was  above  all 
others  supremely  happy.  In  private  life  he 
was  universally  beloved.  He  was  the  con- 
vivial friend,  the  pleasing  companion,  the 
man  of  integrity  and  honour.  He  possess- 
ed in  a  high  degree  the  talent  which  dis- 
tinguishes man,  and  the  genius  which  ele- 
vates him,  nor  was  he  deficient  in  a  portion 
of  that  virtue  which  rises  superior  to  both. 
His  laults,  as  Burke  observed,  though  they 
might  tarnish  the  lustre,  and  sometimes 
impede  the  march,  of  his  abilities,  were  not 
formed  to  extinguish  the  fire  of  great  virtues. 
In  his  faults  there  was  no  mixture  of  de- 
ceit, of  hypocrisy,  of  pride,  of  ferocity,  or 
complexional  despotism.  That  much  of 
the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed  arose  from 
his  opposition  to  his  great  rival  Pitt,  as  well 
as  from  the  vast  extent  of  his  own  mighty 
powers,  cannot  be  doubted.  Though  re- 
garded for  many  years  by  his  friends  as  the 
only  man  whose  talents  could  support  and 
confirm  the  tottering  fabric  of  the  state, 
it  is  remarkable  that  after  all  his  determin- 
ed and  systematic  opposition  to  his  rival, 
he  when  in  office  pursued  the  same  plan 
of  politics,  and  from  the  champion  of  po- 
pular right,  became  the  accommodating 
colleague,  and  the  pliant  imitator  of  his 
predecessor.  As  a  man  of  letters,  Mr. 
Fox  is  highly  respectable.  His  letter 
to  the  electors  of  Westminster,  passed 
through  several  editions,  not  only  on  ac- 
count of  the  political  situation  of  the 
times,  but  the  abilities  and  the  force  of  ar- 
gument displayed  in  the  address.  Some 
copies  of  his  verses  are  preserved,  and 
show  great  genius  and  strong  poetic  fire. 
It  was  said  that  he^was  engaged  in  the  com- 
position of  a  History  of  England  from 
the  Revolution,  and  that  he  visited  Paris 


during  the  short  interval  of  peace,  after 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  to  collect  materials, 
but  probably  little,  if  any,  progress  was 
made  in  the  work. 

Fox  de  Morzillo,  Sebastian,  a  native 
of  Seville,  author  of  tracts  de  Studii  Philo- 
sophici  Ratione, — de  Naturfi  Philosopho- 
rum,  &c.  He  was  invited  to  become  the- 
tutor  of  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  HI.  of 
Spain,  but  was  unfortunately  drowned  as 
he  passed  from  Louvain. 

Foxcraft,  Thomas,  minister,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1714.  In 
1717  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first 
church  in  Boston,  where  he  continued  to 
labour  with  great  popularity  as  an  elegant 
scholar  and  a  devout  and  faithful  teacher, 
till  his  death  in  1769.  He  published  a 
considerable  number  of  occasional  sermons, 
which  display  a  vigorous  and  accomplished 
mind,  extensive  learning,  and  unfeigned 
piety.  ICP  L- 

Fracastorio,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  poet 
and  physician,  born  at  Verona,  1483.  Two 
singular  things  are  related  of  him  in  his  in- 
fancy. When  born  his  lips  adhered  so 
closely  together,  that  the  knife  of  a  sur- 
geon was  necessary  to  separate  them,  and 
his  mother  when  she  took  him  up  in  her 
arms  was  killed  by  lightning,  and  he  re- 
mained unhurt.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
parts  and  address.  By  his  influence  pope 
Paul  III.  removed  the  council  of  Trent  to 
Bologna,  on  pretence  of  a  contagious  dis- 
ease. He  was  also  eminent  as  an  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  and  the  intimate 
friend  of  cardinal  Bembo,  of  Julius  Scali- 
ger,  who  esteemed  him  inferior  only  to  Vir- 
gil, and  other  learned  men.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy  at  Gesi  near  Verona,  1553,  and 
six  years  after  the  town  of  Verona  honour- 
ed his  memory  with  a  statue.  His  chief 
poem  is  "  Siphilis,  or  de  Morbo  Gallico," 
his  medical  pieces — de  Sympathia  et  Anti- 
pathia, — de  contagione  et  Contagiosis  Mor- 
bis, — de  Causis  Criticorum  Dierum,  &.c. 
The  works  were  printed  collectively,  the 
best  edition  that  of  Padua,  2  volumes,  4to. 
1735. 

Frachetta,  Girolamo,  a  political  writer 
of  Ro\  igno,  engaged  in  several  public  af- 
fairs. His  great  services  procured  him 
enemies,  and  to  escape  from  their  persecu- 
tion he  retired  to  Naples,  where  he  vindi- 
cated his  conduct  to  the  Spanish  court, 
and  was  protected  by  Benevento,  viceroy 
of  Naples,  and  received  a  liberal  pension. 
He  died  at  Naples  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century.  His  great  work  is  "  II  Se- 
minario  de  Governi  di  Stato  et  di  Guerra," 
which  contains  about  8000  military  and 
state  maxims.  The  work  is  highly  esteem- 
ed. The  best  edition  is  that  of  Genoa 
1648, 4to, 

Fragttif.r,   Claude  Francis,   a  French 
676 


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FJRA 


writer  bpm  at  Paris,  1666,  and  educated 
among  the  Jesuits,  Rapin,  Jouvenci,  La 
Rue,  &c.  He  taught  belles  lettres  at  Caen 
for  four  years,  but  on  his  return  to  Paris 
he  quitted  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  1694, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  greater  culti- 
vation of  his  mind,  and  to  literary  pursuits. 
As  he  was  well  skilled  in  the  classics,  and 
in  modern  languages,  he  assisted  the  abbe 
Bignon  in  the  Journal  des  Scavans,  and  un- 
dertook a  translation  of  Plato.  He  ex- 
posed himself  unfortunately  to  the  cold  air 
of  the  night,  which  brought  on  convulsions 
in  his  head,  and  though  he  outlived  the  at- 
tack nineteen  years,  he  yet  was  unable  to 
labour,  and  died  at  last   of  an   apoplexy, 

1728,  aged  62.  His  works  consist  of  Latin 
poems  published  at  Paris  1729,  12mo.  with 
dissertations  concerning  Socrates,  and 
other  subjects  inserted  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  academy  of  inscriptions,  of  which  he 
was  a  member. 

Francesca,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
eminent  in  his  representation  of  night 
pieces  and  battles.     He  died  1443. 

Franceschini,  Mark  Antony,  a  painter 
of  Bologna,  disciple  to  Carlo  Cignani,  whose 
manner  he  successfully  imitated.     He  died 

1729,  aged  81. 

Franchi,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  dutchess  of 
Florence,  for  whom  he  painted  several 
beautiful  pieces.     He  died  1709,  aged  71. 

Francia,  Francesco,  a  painter  born  at 
Bologna,  1450.  He  was  originally  a  gold- 
smith, afterwards  a  graver  of  medals,  and 
at  last  an  eminent  painter.  His  Sebastian 
tied  to  a  tree,  was  an  admirable  piece,  from 
which  succeeding  painters  drew  the  im- 
provement of  their  art.  This  story  is  re- 
lated of  his  death.  When  requested  by  his 
friend  Raphael  to  place  in  one  of  the 
churches  of  Bologna  his  picture  of  St.  Ce- 
cilia, he  was  so  struck  with  the  perfection  . 
of  a  piece  which  his  best  skill  could  not 
excel,  that  he  fell  into  melancholy,  and  be- 
coming consequently  consumptive,  died 
1518,  or  according  to  some  1530. 

Francis,  a  Romish  saint,  born  at  Assisi 
in  Umbria,  1182.  He  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  his  father  as  merchant,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  austerity.  He  founded 
one  of  the  four  orders  of  mendicant  friars, 
which  was  approved  and  confirmed  by  In- 
nocent III.  1210.  His  followers  increased 
so  rapidly  that  in  1219,  his  order  consisted 
of  five  thousand  members.  He  afterwards 
travelled  to  the  Holy  Land,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  converting  the  sultan  Meledin,  and 
offered  to  throw  himself  into  the  flames  to 
prove  the  truth  of  what  he  preached.  He 
died  at  Assisi  1226,  and  was  canonized  by 
Gregory  IX.  four  years  after.  His  order 
rose  to  great  consequence  in  time, 'and  was 
distinguished  not  onlv  for  its  services  to 
67R 


the  Roman  see,  but  for  the  popes  and  other 
great  men  whom  it  nurtured. 

Francis  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint,  born 
at  Paulo  in  Calabria,  1416,  and  founder  of 
the  Minims.  He  retired  to  a  cave,  where 
his  austerities  drew  around  him  a  great 
number  of  penitents,  who  built  there  a 
monastery.  He  was  very  rigid  in  his  rules, 
enjoining  perpetual  abstinence  from  wine, 
fish,  and  meat,  with  many  bodily  mortifica- 
tions. He  was  invited  to  France  to  cure 
Lewis  XI.  by  his  venerable  presence,  but 
instead  of  curing  the  monarch,  he  died  at 
Plessis  du  Pare  1507,  aged  91.  He  was 
canonized  by  Leo  X.  1519. 

Francis  Xavier,  a  famous  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  Xavier  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees, 
7th  April,  1506.  He  taught  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  there  became  acquainted  with 
Ignatius  Loyola,  whom  he  assisted  in  the 
establishment  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  and 
with  whom  and  five  others  he  made  a  vow 
to  labour  in  the  conversion  of  infidels. 
Consequently  he  embarked  at  Lisbon  1541 
for  Goa,  and  as  the  apostle  of  the  Indies  he 
preached  on  the  coast  of  Comorin,  at  Ma- 
lacca, in  the  Moluccas,  and  at  Japan  ;  but 
as  he  formed  the  design  of  proceeding  as 
far  as  China,  he  was  cut  off  by  disease, 
1552.  He  was  canonized  by  Gregory  XV. 
1622.  He  wrote  five  books  of  Epistles, 
Pavia,  1631,  8vo. — a  Catechism  and  Opus- 
cula. 

Francis  de  Sales,  a  Romish  saint,  born 
at  Sales,  near  Geneva,  21st  Aug.  1567.  He 
studied  at  Paris  and  Padua,  and  in  his  zeal 
is  said  to  have  converted  to  the  faith  70,000 
protestants.  In  1612  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Geneva,  and  founded  the  order  of  the 
Visitation,  established  by  pope  Paul  V. 
1618.  Though  invited  to  settle  in  France 
by  Henry  IV.  he  refused  to  quit  Geneva. 
He  died  at  Lyons  1622,  aged  56,  and  was 
canonized  by  Alexander  VI.  1665.  His 
works  are,  Introduction  to  a  Devout  Life — 
a  treatise  on  the  Love  of  God,  and  letters, 
all  displaying  much  piety  and  goodness  of 
heart. 

Francis,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, was  son  of  Leopold  duke  of  Lorraine, 
and  was  born  1708.  He  married  in  1736 
Maria  Theresa,  the  daughter  of  the  empe- 
ror Charles  VI.  and  after  his  father-in-law's 
death  1740,  he  was  associated  in  the  em- 
pire by  his  wife,  and  after  the  death  of  his 
opponent  Charles  VII.  he  was  elected  em- 
peror 1745.  The  war  which  a  disputed 
succession  had  occasioned  was  terminated 
by  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1747,  but 
new  disturbances  arose  in  1756,  and  ho-ti- 
lities  again  began,  till  the  treaty  of  Huberts- 
burg  in  1763  restored  tranquillity  to  the 
empire.  Francis  was  a  great  patron  of 
literature,  of  the  arts,  and  of  commerce, 
among  his  subjects.  He  died  suddenly  at 
Inspnick.  18th  Aug.  1765,  aged  58. 


FRA 


FRA 


Francis  I.  king  of  France,  son  of  Charles 
of  Orleans,  and  Louisa  of  Savoy,  was  born 
at  Cognac,  12th  September,  1494.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  French  throne  on  the  death 
of  Lewis  XII.  1515,  and  immediately  de- 
termined to  obtain  possession  of  the  Milan- 
ese, which  he  claimed  as  descended  from 
duke  Valentine  his  maternal  gran  'father. 
His  progress  was  stopped  by  the  Swiss,  but 
he  defeated  them  in  the  dreadful  battle  of 
Marignan,  Sept.  1515,  and  entering  the 
Milanese  obliged  the  duke  Maximilian 
Sforza  to  resign  his  power  into  his  hands. 
After  making  treaties  with  the  Genoese 
and  the  pope,  Francis  in  1516  met  Charles 
V.  at  Noyon,  and  swore  eternal  peace  be- 
tween their  dominions.  This  pledge  so 
solemnly  given  was  observed  only  two  days, 
and  Francis,  dissatisfied  that  his  rival  had 
obtained  the  imperial  crown  against  him, 
sought  revenge  in  war.  Successful  for  a 
while  in  Navarre,  Francis  acquired  greater 
advantages  over  his  enemies  in  Flanders, 
and  took  Landrecies,  Bouchain,  &c.  In 
1522  the  French  under  Lautrec  were  defeat- 
ed at  Bicoque,  Cremona  and  Genoa  were 
taken,  Toulon  and  Marseilles  were  besieg- 
ed, and  Provence  was  invaded.  Francis 
flew  to  the  relief  of  his  suffering  provinces, 
and  began  the  siege  of  Pavia,  but  was  soon 
after  defeated,  24th  Feb.  1525,  in  battle, 
and  made  prisoner  with  the  bravest  men  of 
his  army.  On  this  melancholy  occasion  he 
wrote  to  his  mother,  and  declared  that  all 
was  lost  except  his  honour.  A  prisoner  at 
Madrid,  Francis  was  treated  by  Charles 
with  great  and  unpardonable  severity,  and 
he  was  restored  to  liberty  in  1526,  only  up- 
on signing  his  renunciation  to  Naples,  the 
Milanese,  Genoa,  Aost,  Flanders,  and  Ar- 
tois.  The  peace  of  Cambray  1529  put  an 
end  to  the  disputes  between  the  rival  sove- 
reigns. Francis  took  for  his  second  wife 
Eleanora  the  emperor's  sister,  and  agreed 
to  ransom  for  a  large  sum  his  two  sons  who 
were  still  detained  as  hostages  at  Madrid. 
Still  jealous  of  the  power  of  his  rival, 
Francis  in  1535  seized  upon  Savoy,  while 
he  saw  his  provinces  of  Provence  invaded, 
and  Marseilles  again  besieged,  but  at  last 
a  reconciliation  was  effected  by  means  of 
the  pope  Paul  III.  1538.  The  peace  was 
of  short  duration,  Francis  attacked  Italy, 
Rousillon,  and  Luxemburg,  but  though  his 
general,  the  duke  of  Enghien,  defeated  the 
imperialists  at  Cevisoles  in  1544,  his  enemy, 
supported  by  the  powerful  assistance  of 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  made  a  formidable 
invasion  in  Picardy  and  Champagne.  Bou- 
logne and  Soissons  opened  their  gates  to 
the  conquerors,  and  fresh  victories  appear- 
ed probable,  when  the  protestant  princes 
united  their  forces  against  the  conqueror, 
and  stopped  his  career.  Peace  was  restored 
with  Germany  1544,  and  two  years  after 
with  England.     Francis  died  at  Rambouil- 


let,  31st  March,  1547,  aged  53.  He  had 
in  consequence  of  his  debaucheries  contract- 
ed the  foul  disease,  which,  after  a  continu- 
ance of  nine  years  of  increasing  pains, 
proved  at  last  fatal.  By  his  first  wife, 
Claude  of  France,  he  had  two  sons  and  four 
daughters,  and  none  by  the  second.  Great- 
er as  a  warrior  than  as  a  king,  his  whole 
reign  was  disturbed  by  a  spirit  of  jealousy, 
which  he  cherished  to  the  last  against  the 
power  of  his  rival  the  emperor,  but  the  pro- 
tection which  he  extended  to  literature,  and 
which  procured  for  him  the  honourable  title 
of  father  of  letters,  has  eclipsed  the  weak- 
nesses of  an  administration  too  often  guided 
by  prejudice,  and  disgracefully  influenced 
by  the  ascendency  of  mistresses  and  of  fa- 
vourites. He  was  the  founder  of  the  royal 
college  of  Paris.  His  life  has  been  written 
by  Gaillard,  eight  vols.  12mo. 

Francis  II.  son  of  Henry  II.  and  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  was  born  1544,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  France, 
1559.  He  had  married  the  preceding  year 
Mary  Stuart  of  Scotland,  and  he  died  after 
a  reign  j,of  seventeen  months,  5th  Decem- 
ber, 1560,  aged  17.  The  confidence  which 
he  placed  in  the  Guises  proved  the  source 
of  much  misery  to  France,  and  kindled  the 
flames  of  civil  war. 

Francis,  duke  of  Alencon,  Anjou,  and 
Berri,  son  of  Henry  II.  and  brother  of  the 
preceding,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
malcontents  when  his  brother,  Henry  HI. 
ascended  the  throne.  He  was  seized  and 
imprisoned  by  order  of  his  mother  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  but  his  brother  the  king 
restored  him  to  liberty,  and  thus  enabled 
him  to  excite  fresh  troubles.  He  supported 
the  disturbances  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
was  at  last  crowned,  1582,  duke  of  Bra- 
bant, but  the  oppressive  conduct  of  his 
government  revolted  his  new  subjects 
against  him,  and  the  next  year  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  to  France  for  safety.  He 
died  there  10th  Feb.  1584,  aged  29.  He 
is  known  in  English  history  as  the  suitor 
of  queen  Elizabeth  in  1581,  who  flattered 
his  vanity,  but  with  unbecoming  coquetry 
rejected  his  addresses,  after  she  had  given 
him  a  ring  as  a  pledge  of  her  affection. 

Francis,  of  Bourbon,  count  of  St.  Pol 
and  Chaumont,  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Marignan  1515.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Pavia  with  Francis  I.  but  es- 
caped from  captivity.  He  died  at  Cotignan 
nearRheims  1st  Sept.  1545,  aged  55. 

Francis  de  Bourbon,  Count  Enghien, 
displayed  his  valour  in  the  service  of  Fran- 
cis I.  and  took  Nice  and  obtained  the  fa- 
mous victory  of  Cerisoles,  1544.  He  was 
killed  by  accident  23d  Feb.  1545,  aged  27. 

Francis  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Mont- 

pensier,  behaved  with  valour  at  the  siege  of 

Rouen,  and  at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and  of 

Montcontour,  1572.     He  was  a  faithful  as* 

677 


FRA 


ERA 


sociate  of  Henry  IV.  and  he  ably  distin- 
guished himself  in  his  service  at  Arques 
and  Ivri.  He  died  at  Lisieux,  1592,  aged 
50. 

Francis,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guise, 
and  of  Aumale,  was  born  at  Bar,  17th  Feb. 
1519.  He  early  displayed  courage  and 
abilities  in  war,  and  his  defence  of  Metz, 
in  1553,  against  the  arms  of  Charles  V.  is 
deservedly  commended.  The  next  year  he 
distinguished  himseif  at  the  battle  of  Renti, 
in  which  he  defeated  the  Germans,  and  af- 
ter some  glorious  campaigns  in  Italy  and 
Flanders,  he  was  named  lieutenant-general 
of  all  the  king's  armies.  His  next  exploit 
was  against  Calais,  which  he  took  after  a 
siege  of  eight  days  from  the  English,  who 
had  possessed  it  for  210  years,  and  this  was 
followed  by  the  fall  of  Thionville.  His 
services  were  such  that  he  governed  the 
kingdom  under  Henry  II.  and  Francis  II. 
and  received  from  the  parliament  the  glo- 
rious title  of  the  saviour  of  his  country. 
The  death  of  Francis  II.  was  the  signal  for 
civil  war,  and  while  the  duke  supported 
the  cause  of  the  catholics,  the  interests  of 
the  protestants  were  ably  protected  by  the 
valour  of  Coligni.  He  took  Rouen  and 
Bourges,and  defeated  his  enemies  at  Dreux, 
1562,  and  he  was  preparing  to  besiege  Or- 
leans, the  chief  and  strongest  town  of  the 
protestants,  when  he  was  assassinated  by  a 
pistol  shot  from  the  hands  of  Poltrot  de 
Mere,  one  of  the  Huguenots,  24th  Feb. 
1563. 

Francis  de  Borgia,  St.  duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  grandson 
of  pope  Alexander  VI.  and  after  filling  high 
offices  in  the  state,  he  embraced  the  eccle- 
siastical profession  on  the  death  of  his  wife, 
and  entered  among  the  Jesuits.  He  refused 
the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  other  ecclesiasti- 
cal honours,  and  died  at  Rome,  renowned 
for  his  piety,  30th  Sept.  1572,  aged  62. 
He  was  canonized  by  Clement  X.  1671. 
He  is  author  of  some  pious  tracts  in  Spa- 
nish, which  have  been  translated  into  Latin 
by  Deza  the  Jesuit. 

Francis,  Lucas,  a  native  of  Mechlin, 
employed  as  a  painter  by  the  kings  of 
Spain  and  France.  His  portraits  and  his- 
torical pieces  possessed  merit.  He  died 
1643,  aged  69.  His  son  Lucas,  called  the 
Young,  was  born  also  at  Mechlin,  and  after 
studying  under  Gerhard  Segers,  acquired 
celebrity  as  an  artist.  He  died  1654,  aged 
48. 

Francis,  Simon,  a  native  of  Tours,  emi- 
nent as  a  portrait  painter.  He  died,  1671, 
aged  65. 

Francis  Romain,  a  Dominican  of  Ghent. 
He  was  an  able  architect,  and  finished  the 
bridge  of  Maestricht,  and  afterwards  was 
engaged  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  completion 
of  the  Pont-Royal  at  Paris,  which  had  been 
teft  imperfect  by  Gabriel.  He  was  liberal- 
67F 


ly  rewarded  for  his  services  and  abilities 
by  the  French  monarch,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1735,  aged  89. 

Francis,  James  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  engraver,  born  at  Nancy.  From 
Lyons  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  was  libe- 
rally patronised,  but  his  merits  raised  him 
enemies,  which  circumstances,  it  is  said, 
hastened  his  death.  He  died  1769,  aged 
52.  He  published  Recueil  des  Chateaux 
de  Lorraine — Corps-de-Garde  after  Venloo, 
&c. 

Francis,  Philip,  D.  D.  an  eminent  di- 
vine, son  of  an  Irish  dean.  He  is  known 
by  his  excellent  translations  of  Horace  and 
Demosthenes.  He  wrote  also  Eugenia 
and  Constantia,  two  tragedies  not  very  suc- 
cessful, and  for  his  services  as  a  political 
writer,  it  is  said,  he  was  rewarded  by  go- 
vernment with  the  rectory  of  Barrow,  Suf- 
folk, and  the  Chaplainship  of  Chelsea  col- 
lege. He  died  at  Bath,  March,1773,  leaving 
a  son,  now  member  of  parliament,  and 
formerly  one  of  the  supreme  council  of 
Bengal. 

Francis,  Sir  Philip,  was  born  in  Ireland 
in  1740.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
school ;  after  which  he  obtained  a  place  in 
the  secretary  of  state's  office.  In  1760  he 
went  in  the  suite  of  the  English  ambassa- 
dor to  Lisbon  ;  but  in  1763  he  was  a  clerk 
in  the  war  office  ;  and  in  1773  he  went  out 
to  India  as  a  member  of  the  council  of 
Bengal,  where  he  fought  a  duel  with  Mr. 
Hastings,  and  was  wounded.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1781,  and  in  the  next  par- 
liament was  elected  member  for  Yarmouth 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The  impeachment  of 
Mr.  Hastings  followed,  and  in  that  concern 
his  old  antagonist  had  a  principal  share, 
though  he  was  not  made  one  of  the  mana- 
gers. He  became,  however,  an  active 
member  of  the  opposition.  When  his 
friends  came  into  power,  he  was  made 
knight  of  the  bath.  He  died  December  22, 
1818.  Some  time  before  his  demise,  an 
essay  was  published  endeavouring  to  show 
that  he  was  the  author  of  Junius's  Letters. 
He  published  several  political  pamphlets 
and  speeches. —  W.  B. 

Francisca,  or  Frances,  a  Roman  lady, 
founder  of  a  convent  at  Rome.  She  fol- 
lowed the  doctrines  of  St.  Benedict.  She 
was  born  1384,  and  was  canonized  1608. 

Francius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, whp  studied  at  Leyden  under  Grono- 
vius.  After  travelling  over  France  and 
England  he  became,  1674,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  history  at  Amsterdam.  He 
wrote  Orationes — Specimen  Eloquentiae 
Exterioris — besides  poems  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  which  possess  considerable  merit. 
He  died,  1704. 

Franck,  George,  a  native  ofNaumburg, 
who  so  early  displayed  his  abilities  that  at 
the  age  of  18  he  received  the  poetic  crowii3 


FRA 


FRA 


for  his  Latin,  Greek,  German,  and  Hebrew 
poetry.  He  became  professor  of  medicine 
at  Heidelberg,  and  Wittemberg,  and  died 
1704,  aged  61.  He  is  author  of  Flora 
Francica,  12mo. — Satyrae  Medicae,  4to. 
— Epistolae,  &c. 

Franck,  Augustus  Herman,  a  native  of 
Lubeck,  professor  of  oriental  languages, 
and  of  divinity,  at  Halle.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the  most  active  benevolence, 
and  founded  at  Halle  an  orphan-house, 
which,  in  1727,  contained  2196  children, 
and  more  than  130  preceptors.  He  also 
promoted  the  establishment  of  a  mission  to 
propagate  the  Gospel  on  the  coast  of  Mala- 
bar. He  wrote  Methodus  Studii  Theolo- 
gici — Introductio  ad  Lectionem  Propheta- 
rum — Commentaria  de  Scopo  Veteris  et 
Novi  Test. — Manuductio  ad  Lectionem  S. 
Scriptural — Observationes  Biblicae — Ser- 
mons— Book  of  Devotions,  &c.  He  died 
1727,  aged  64. 

France,  or  Francken,  Franciscus,  a 
Flemish  painter,  called  Old  Franck,  died 
1616,  aged  72.  He  executed  his  historical 
pieces  from  the  Scriptures,  some  of  which 
possess  great  merit,  especially  in  the  colour- 
ing, and  in  the  expression  of  the  figures. 

Franck,  Franciscus,  son  to  the  above, 
called  Young  Francis,  died  1642,  aged  62. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  improved 
himself  at  Venice.  His  idolatry  of  Solomon 
in  the  Notre  Dame  of  Antwerp  is  his  best 
piece. 

Francken,  Christian,  a  German  in  the 
16th  century,  successively  a  Jesuit,  a  Soci- 
nian  in  Poland,  a  unitarian,  and  lastly  a 
Roman  catholic.  He  wrote  Breve  Collo- 
quium Jesuiticum,  a  severe  satire  against 
the  Jesuits — de  Honore  Christi,  and  other 
works. 

Franckenstein,  Christian  Godfrey,  a 
native  of  Leipsic,  distinguished  as  an  advo- 
cate, and  more  as  a  man  of  letters.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Christina  of  Sweden — 
History  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries — 
and  a  continuation  of  PuffendorFs  Intro- 
duction to  History,  and  died,  1717,  aged 
56.  His  son  James  wrote  de  Collatione 
Honorum — de  Juribus  Judsorum  Singula- 
ribus  in  Germania,  &c.  and  died,  1733. 

Franco,  Nicolo,  a  satirist,  the  friend 
and  rival  of  Aretin,  born  at  Benevento 
1510.  He  was  condemned  to  death  at 
Rome,  1569,  for  severe  satires  on  some  il- 
lustrious persons  of  that  city  ;  but  it  is  un- 
known whether  he  suffered.  He  was  an 
able  writer. 

Franco,  Battista,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
who  imitated  the  manner  of  Michael  An- 
gelo  Buonarotti.     He  died  1561,  aged  63. 

Francois,  Abbe  Laurent,  an  able  oppo- 
nent of  the  French  philosophers,  who  died 
1 782,  aged  84.  His  works,  which  were  use- 
ful, were  a  book  of  Geography — Proofs  of 
the  Religion  of  Jesus  Christ,  4  vols.  12mo, 


— Defence  of  Religion,  4  vols.  12mo. — Ex- 
amination of  the  Catechism  of  an  honest 
Man — of  the  Facts  on  which  Christianity  is 
founded,  3  vols.  12mo. — Observations  on 
the  Philosophy  of  History,  8vo. 

Francois,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Tours.  He  was  self-taught,  and 
acquired  great  reputation.  He  died  1671, 
aged  65. 

Francois,  Lucas,  a  historical  painter, 
called  the  Old,  was  born  at  Mechlin,  and 
died  very  rich  1643,  aged  69.  He  was 
in  the  service  of  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain. 

Francois,  Lucas,  son  of  the  above,  call- 
ed the  Younger,  was  brought  up  under  his 
father,  and  studied  under  Gerhard  Segers. 
He  died  greatly  respected  as  a  painter,  1654, 
aged  48. 

Francowitz,  Matthias,  a  protestant  di- 
vine, the  pupil  of  Luther  and  Melancthon, 
born  at  Albano  in  Illyria,  1520,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Flaccus  Illyricus.  He  taught  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages  at  Wittemberg  private- 
ly, and  was  afterwards  public  professor. 
He  opposed  the  interim  of  Charles  V.  and 
was  concerned  in  the  drawing  up  of  the 
centuries  of  Magdeburg.  He  died  1575. 
His  best  work  is  a  Key  to  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures, 2  vols.  fol.  He  wrote  besides  a 
Catalogue  of  the  Witnesses  of  the  Truth, 
4to. — de  Translatione  Imperii  Rom.  ad 
Germanos — de  Electione  Episcoporum,  &.c. 

Francus,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabap- 
tist of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  by  writing  books,  which  were  re- 
futed by  Luther  and  Melancthon. 

Frank-Floris.      Vid.  Floris. 

Franklin,  Thomas,  D.D.  son  of  Rich- 
ard Franklin  the  editor  of  the  Craftsman, 
an  anti-ministerial  paper,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1720.  He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow.  For  some 
time  also  he  was  Greek  professor.  He  was 
in  1758  made  vicar  of  Ware  and  Thund- 
ridge,  and  afterwards  obtained  the  rectory 
of  Brasted  in  Kent.  He  was  also  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  the  king,  and  died  March 
15th,  1784.  He  possessed  learning,  genius, 
and  application.  He  translated  Phalaris, 
Sophocles,  and  Lucian,  and  he  wrote  the 
earl  of  Warwick,  and  Matilda,  two  trage- 
dies which  were  received  with  great  ap- 
plause, and  also  "  the  Contract,"  a  comedy 
in  two  acts,  performed  at  the  Hay-market. 
Voltaire's  works  appeared  translated  under 
his  name ;  but  only  two  tragedies,  the 
Orestes  and  Electra,  were  by  him.  He  pub- 
lished also  some  sermons  on  the  relative 
duties. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  an  American  phi- 
losopher and  statesman,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton,  New-England,    1706.     He  was   well 
educated  under  his  father,  who  was  a  tal- 
679 


F.RA 


URA 


low-chandler  and  soap  boiler,  and  after  be- 
ing for  a  little  while  engaged  in  the  business, 
he  was  bound  to  his  father's  elder  brother, 
who  was  a  printer.  Eager  after  knowledge, 
he  read  attentively  in  the  :>ight,  the  works 
which  he  had  printed  in  the  day,  and 
from  the  pages  of  Xenophon  he  derived 
that  energetic  ardour  which  at  last  raised 
him  to  fame  and  distinction.  A  difference 
with  his  uncle  removed  him  from  New- 
York  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  maintained 
himself  for  some  time  by  his  industry,  till 
he  was  noticed  by  the  governor,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Keith,  and  encouraged  to  set  up  busi- 
ness for  himself.  With  this  view  he  came 
to  London  ,  but  soon  discovered  that  the 
warm  assurances  of  his  patron  for  assistance 
and  protection,  were  the  unmeaning  pro- 
fessions of  polished  life,  and,  therefore, 
after  working  for  some  time  as  a  journey- 
man-printer, he,  in  1726,  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  settled.  By  the  means 
of  his  friends  he  began  business,  and  pub- 
lished a  periodical  paper,  which  was  read 
with  avidity.  In  1730  he  married  a  widow, 
whom  he  had  known  and  courted  before 
her  first  marriage,  and  the  next  year  he 
began  the  public  library  of  Philadelphia, 
which  was  enriched  by  the  valuable  contri- 
butions of  the  Penn  family,  of  Collinson, 
and  others,  and  spread  knowledge  and  in- 
formation through  the  province.  His  Poor 
Richard's  Almanac  appeared  in  1732,  and 
so  pleased  the  public,  on  account  of  the 
many  aphorisms,  and  the  valuable  maxims 
of  prudence  and  economy  which  it  con- 
tained, that  not  less  than  10,000  copies 
■were  sold  in  one  year.  He  was,  in  1736, 
made  clerk  to  the  general  assembly  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  next  year  he  obtained  the 
office  of  post-master  at  Philadelphia.  In 
1738  he  formed  an  association  for  pre- 
serving the  houses  of  Philadelphia  from  fire, 
and  in  the  war  of  1744  he  ably  promoted 
some  popular  measures  for  the  defence  of 
the  province,  by  the  voluntary  force  of  the 
citizens.  In  1747  he  addressed  an  ac- 
count of  his  discoveries  on  electricity  to 
lite  friend  Collinson,  and  explained  in  a 
very  satisfactory  manner  the  Aurora  Bo- 
realis,  and  the  laws  of  thunder  and  light- 
ning, and  he  not  only  recommended  the 
propriety  of  guarding  buildings  against  the 
effects  of  storms,  by  means  of  conduc- 
tors, but  showed  that  the  lightning  from  the 
clouds  is  the  same  as  the  electric  fire.  Dis- 
tinguished as  a  philosopher,  he  was  equally 
so  as  a  statesman,  and  the  measures  which 
he  recommended  in  the  public  assemblies  of 
the  province  proved  his  patriotism  and  sa- 
gacity. By  his  advice  the  militia  bill  was 
passed,  and  he  was,  in  consequence,  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  Philadelphia  district. 
On  his  appearance  in  England  in  1757,  as 
agentfor  Pennsylvania, he  was  received  with 
respect  and  attention  bv  the  public  men, 
6B0 


and  he  was  honoured  with  a  seat  in  the 
Royal  Society,  and  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws  in  the  universities  of  St.  Andrews, 
Edinburgh,  and  Oxford.  He  returned 
home  in  1762,  and  two  years  after  he  again 
visited  England,  as  agent  from  his  country- 
men. The  spirit  which  now  began  to  ap- 
pear in  America  roused  the  attention  of  the 
government,  and  Franklin,  as  a  man  of 
knowledge  and  influence,  was  called  to  the 
bar  of  the  Commons,  and  examined  with 
respect  to  the  stamp  act.  His  conduct  on 
this  occasion  was  firm  and  manly,  and  his 
answers  so  clear,  that  they,  and  not  the 
questions,  appeared  to  have  been  prepared 
with  the  nicest  discrimination  of  circum- 
stances and  of  facts.  He  returned,  in 
1775,  to  America,  and  was  elected  one  of 
the  members  of  Congress,  and  during  the 
war  he  displayed  the  most  active  zeal,  and 
proposed  the  strongest  measures  for  the 
full  emancipation  of  the  colonies  from 
the  mother  country.  He  was  next  em- 
ployed in  completing  the  negotiations  of 
America  with  France,  and  as  the  re- 
sources of  his  country  were  low,  he  em- 
barked with  a  cargo  of  tobacco,  which  he 
sold  at  Nantes,  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
his  mission.  He  was  received  with  great 
distinction  by  the  French  court ;  the  peo- 
ple admired  the  singularity  of  his  dress  and 
the  simplicity  of  his  republican  manners  ; 
the  poets  of  the  age,  and  Voltaire  particu- 
larly, paid  respect  to  his  merits,  and  the 
government  at  last,  by  signing  a  treaty  of 
offensive  and  defensive  alliance  with  him, 
declared  war  with  England.  The  inde- 
pendence of  America  was  at  last  acknow- 
ledged by  the  mother  country,  and  Frank- 
lin, who  had  continued  at  Paris,  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace  in  1783,  and  advanced  the 
interests  and  glory  of  his  country  by  form- 
ing new  connexions  with  the  kings  of  Prus- 
sia and  Sweden.  He  returned  to  America 
in  1785,  and  was  received  by  his  country- 
men as  a  venerable  father,  he  was  made 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as  a  repre- 
sentative he  applied  the  strong  powers  of 
his  mind  to  heal  the  differences  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  province,  by  wise  laws  and 
conciliating  regulations.  This  respectable 
man  died  full  of  years  and  of  glory,  17th 
April,  1790,  aged  84  years  and  three 
months,  and  his  memory  was  respected  by 
his  countrymen,  who  ordered,  on  the  occa- 
sion, a  public  mourning  for  two  months. 
The  epitaph  which  he  composed  for  himself 
is  well  known.  His  discoveries  in  electri- 
city, and  his  services  in  the  emancipation 
of  his  country  were  depicted  by  the  pen  of 
Turgot  in  this  bold  line,  placed  under  his 
portrait :  , 

Eripuit  calo  fulmen  scepUiimque  tyrannis. 

By  his  patient  industry  he  rose  from  obscu- 
rity, and  amassed  a  very  large  fortune,  part 


Utii 


KRE 


of  which  he  left  for  charitable  and  public 
purposes.  He  wrote  an  entertaining  ac- 
count of  the  first  part  of  his  life,  which 
contains  many  valuable  maxims  for  health, 
industry,  and  economy,  which  has  appeared 
in  two  small  vols.  12mo.  with  some  essays. 
His  political,  miscellaneous,  and  philoso- 
phical pieces  have  been  published  in  4to. 
and  in  8vo.  He  contributed  some  valua- 
ble papers  also  to  the  philosophical  institu- 
tions of  America. 

Franklin,  William,  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  was  appointed  in  1762  governor 
of  New- Jersey,  and  was  the  last  royal  go- 
vernor of  that  province.  When  the  revo- 
lution commenced  he  adhered  to  the  Bri- 
tish interest,  and  was  sent  prisoner  to 
Connecticut  in  June,  1776.  He  was  ulti- 
mately permitted  to  retire  to  England,  and 
was  there  the  agent  for  the  loyalists  of 
New-Jersey  and  New- York  to  support  their 
petition  for  relief,  agreeably  to  the  treaty 
of  1783.     He  died  in  England. 

fCFL. 

Franks,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1573.  His  landscapes  and  con- 
versation pieces  were  much  admired. 

Franks,  John  Baptist,  supposed  to  be 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Ant- 
werp 1600.  He  studied  very  successfully 
the  manner  of  Vandyck  and  Rubens. 

Frantzius,  Wolfgang,  a  German  divine, 
born  at  Plawen,  in  Voigtland,  was  profes- 
sor of  divinity  at  Wittemberg,  where  he 
died  1620,  aged  56.  He  wrote  Animalium 
Historia  Sacra — Tractatus  de  Interpreta- 
tione  Sacrarum  Scriptuarum,  4to. — Schola 
Sacrificiorum  Patriarch.  Sacra — Commen- 
tar.  in  Leviticum,  &c.  and  other  works. 

Frasson,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  born 
at  Peronne,  in  Picardy.  He  was  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  theological  professor  at  Paris, 
and  superior  of  the  Franciscan  convent 
there.  He  wrote  Dissertationes  Biblicae,  2 
vols.  4to. — a  valuable  system  of  Philosophy, 
2vols.  4to.     He  died  1711,  aged  91. 

Fratellini,  Giovanna,  a  paintress,  born 
at  Florence  1666,  and  patronised  by  the 
Archdutchess  Victoria.  Her  historical 
pieces  and  miniatures  were  much  admired. 
She  died  1731. 

Fratellini,  Lorenzo  Maria,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1690.  He  painted 
under  Dominico  Gabbiani,  and  his  histori- 
cal pieces^  his  landscapes,  and  fruit  were 
highly  finished.     He  died  1729. 

Frauwenlob,  Henry,  a  German  writer 
who  died  1317.  He  wrote  in  favour  of 
the  ladies,  and  they,  it  is  said,  attended  his 
funeral,  and  poured  such  quantities  of  wine 
into  his  grave,  as  almost  inundated  the 
church. 

Fredegarius,  the  earliest  French  histo- 
rian, after  Gregory  of  Tours,  was  called  the 
Scholastic.  His  chronicle,  in  barbarous 
language,  extends  to  the  year  641,  and  is 

Vol.  I.  86 


found  in  the  collections  of  Duchesne,  and 
Bouquet. 

Fredegonde,  wife  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  at  Avancourt  in  Picardy, 
of  obscure  parents.  She  was  in  the  queen's 
retinue,  and  by  her  arts,  and  by  the  influ- 
ence of  her  personal  charms,  she  became 
the  third  wife  of  the  weak  Chilperic. 
Raised  to  the  throne,  she  sacrificed  the 
members  of  the  royal  family  to  her  pride 
and  ambition,  and  by  the  sword,  a3  well  as 
by  poison,  she  cut  off  all  those  whom,  either 
on  account  of  talents,  influence,  or  birth, 
she  regarded  as  enemies  or  rivals.  She  at 
last  completed  the  measure  of  her  iniqui- 
ties, by  the  death  of  Chilperic,  who  was 
assassinated  in  hunting,  that  the  guilty 
queen  might  indulge  her  criminal  passions 
for  her  favourite  Landri.  This  detested 
character,  who  possessed  bravery  in  the 
field  of  battle,  died  597. 

Frederic  I.  surnamed  Barbarossa,  was 
born  1121,  and  succeeded  his  father  Frede- 
ric as  duke  of  Swabia  1147,  and  in  1152 
he  ascended  the  imperial  throne  after  the 
death  of  his  uncle  Conrad  III.  He  passed 
in  1155  into  Italy,  where  after  some  diffi- 
culties on  account  of  the  superiority  which 
the  pope  claimed  over  him,  he  obtained  the 
crown,  and  consecration  from  the  hands  of 
Adrian  IV.  The  disputes  between  him 
and  the  holy  see  were  kindled  anew  on  the 
death  of  Adrian,  and  Alexander  III.  the 
next  successor,  was  soon  opposed  by  the 
successive  elevation  of  three  anti-popes  to 
the  chair  of  St.  Peter.  The  advantages 
obtained  at  Rome  were  followed  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Milanese,  and  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  their  city,  and  the  overthrow  of 
Brescia  and  Plaeentia,  but  at  last  the 
troops  of  Frederic  were  conquered  at  the 
battle  of  Como,  and  this  disaster  produced 
a  peace.  The  emperor  met  the  pope  at 
Venice,  and  a  reconciliation  was  effected  in 
1177.  New  quarrels  however  soon  arose, 
till  Frederic  was  prevailed  upon  by  Urban 
III.  to  undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin. 
At  the  head  of  a  numerous  army  he 
marched  into  the  East,  and  after  defeating 
the  Greeks  and  the  Turks,  he  penetrated 
into  Syria,  where  death  stopped  his  victo- 
ries. He  died  10th  June,  1190,  in  conse- 
quence of  bathing  imprudently  in  the  Cyd- 
nus,  in  Cilicia,  where  Alexander  the  Great, 
some  ages  before,  had  nearly  fallen  a  sa- 
crifice to  the  same  recreation.  During  the 
38  years  of  his  reign,  Frederic  compensa- 
ted for  the  odious  vices  of  pride  and  am- 
bition by  courage,  liberality,  and  benevo- 
lence, and  the  forbidding  characters  of  the 
tyrant  were  forgot  in  the  amiable  and  con- 
ciliating manners  of  the  man.  By  his  se- 
cond wife  Beatrix  he  left  five  sons,  one  of 
whom,  Frederic,  duke  of  Swabia,  attended 
him  in  his  Asiatic  expedition,  and  behaved 
with  great  valour  in  the  Holy  Land,  till 
691 


FRE 


IRE 


lie  was  cut  oft'  by  a  severe  distemper, 
which  proved  also  fatal  to  a  great  part  of 
his  army  at  the  siege  of  Ptolemais. 

Frederic  II.  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
and  son  of  Henry  VI.  was  born  1194,  and 
was  elected  king  of  the  Romans  two  years 
after.     In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of 
Germany,   on    the    excommunication    of 
Otho  IV.  by  Innocent  III.  but  he  obtained 
peaceful  possession  of  his  power,  only  after 
the  death  of  his  rival  121S.     After  settling 
his  afl'airs  in  Germany,  he  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  was  solemnly  crowned  by  the 
hands  of  Honorius  III.  1220,  and  promised 
to  extend  the  papal  power  by  undertaking 
a  crusade.     This  distant  expedition  was 
put  off  for  some  time  till  the  fear  of  ex- 
communication from  the  next  pope  Gregory 
IX.  obliged  him  to  set  out  for  Jerusalem  in 
1228.     His   invasion  of  the   Holy  Land 
was  so  formidable,  that  Saladin,  Sultan  of 
Babylon,   not  only  made  a  truce   of   10 
years  with  him,  but  yielded  to  him  some 
of  the  Asiatic  cities  near  Jerusalem.    This 
conduct  provoked  the  resentment  of  the 
pope,  who  stirred  up  war  against  Frederie, 
and  incited  his  son  and  his  father-in-law 
to  take  up   arms  against   him.     Frederic 
hastened  back  to  Europe  to  oppose  this 
unnatural  conspiracy,  and  seizing  Romag- 
na,   Ancona,    Spoletto,    and    Benevento, 
defeated  the  plans  of  his   enemies.     His 
partisans  in  these  troublous  times  bore  the 
name  of  Gibbelins,  while  those  of  the  pope 
were  called  Guelphs,  and  carried  on  their 
shoulders  the    impressions   of  two   keys. 
At  last  however  tranquillity  was  restored, 
and  Frederic  made  peace  with  the  Roman 
pontiff  1230,  to  be  enabled  to  reduce  to 
obedience  his  rebellious  son  Henry,  whom 
he  degraded  from  the  title  of  king  of  the 
Romans  in  favour  of  his  second  son  Con- 
rad.    In   1240,  Frederic  passed  again  to 
Italy,  and  reduced  the  Milanese  and  Sar- 
dinia,   and    after  defeating  the  Genoese 
and  Venetians,  and  seizing  Tuscany  and 
Urbino,  he  laid  siege  to  Rome.     The  pope 
opposed  his  attack  by  the  terrible  denun- 
ciation of  excommunication,  but  Frederic 
disregarded  the  impotent  thunders  of  the 
Vatican,  and  defeated  all  the  forces  which 
were  sent  to  check    his  progress.     The 
death  of  the  pope  soothed  for  a  while  the 
enmities  between  Rome  and  Germany,  but 
at  last  Innocent  IV.  had  the  courage  to 
depose   this  powerful  enemy  of  the  holy 
see,  at  a  council  at  Lyons  1245,  and  Frede- 
ric, rendered  unpopular  by  the  artifice  of 
his  opponents,  saw  Henry  of  Thuringia 
elected  in  1246,  to  fill  the  imperial  throne, 
and  the  next  year,  William,  count  of  Hol- 
land.    Thus  insulted  and  harassed  by  the 
insurrections  of  his  subjects  in  Naples  and 
Parma,   Frederic  at  last  sunk  under  his 
misfortunes,  and  died  at  Fiorenzuola,  in 
Apulia,  13th  Dec.  1250,  aged  57.    He  was 
682 


succeeded  by  Conrad  his  son  by  his  second 
wife  Volande,  daughter  of  John  of  Bri- 
enne,  king  of  Jerusalem. 

Frederic  III.  surnamed  the  Fair,  was 
son  of  Albert  of  Austria,  and  was  elected 
emperor  1314,  by  some  of  the  electors, 
though  the  majority  placed  the  crown  on 
his  more  successful  rival  Lewis  of  Bavaria. 
The  battle  of  Micheldorff,  1322,  proved 
decisive  against  the  claims  of  Frederic, 
who  was  taken  prisoner,  and  died  13th 
Jan.  1330. 

Frederic  IV.  surnamed  the  Pacific, 
was  son  of  Ernest,  duke  of  Austria,  and 
ascended  the  imperial  throne  1440,  in  his 
25th  year.  He  was  crowned  at  Rome 
1452,  by  Nicholas  V.  and  was  the  last  of 
the  German  princes,  who  submitted  to  that 
ceremony  in  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
world.  He  was  a  weak,  indolent,  and  su- 
perstitious prince,  and  he  suffered  with  the 
greatest  indifference  Hungary  to  rebel  and 
to  separate  itself  from  his  power,  and 
afterwards  he  fled  from  Vienna  before  his 
enemies,  satisfied  to  beg  his  bread  from 
convent  to  convent.  This  worthless  mo- 
narch died  7th  Sept.  1493,  in  consequence, 
of  the  amputation  of  one  of  his  legs  which 
mortified,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Maximilian. 

Frederic  I.  the  Pacific,  king  of  Den-. 
mark  1523,  after  the  expulsion  of  Chris- 
tian, distinguished  himself  by  the  wisdom 
of  his  measures,  and  by  his  alliance  with 
Gustavus  I.  of  Sweden,  and  with  the  Han- 
seatic  towns.  After  the  conquest  of  Co- 
penhagen, he  reconciled  to  his  government 
the  Danish  nobility,  and  rendered  himself 
popular  by  his  liberality,  and  the  prudence 
and  utility  of  his  public  measures,  and  by 
the  introduction  of  Lutheranism  among 
his  subjects.     He  died  1533. 

Frederic  II.  king  of  Denmark,  after 
his  father  Christian  III.  increased  his  do- 
minions by  the  conquest  of  Diethmarsia. 
He  was  the  patron  of  learning,  and  of 
learned  men,  and  the  protection  which  he 
extended  to  Tycho  Brahe,  added  celebrity 
to  his  reign.  He  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged in  war  with  Sweden,  but  tranquillity 
was  restored  in  1570.  He  died  4th  April, 
1588,  aged  54. 

Frederic  III.  archbishop  of  Bremen, 
sacceeded  his  father  Christian  IV.  in  1648, 
as  king  of  Denmark.  Though  he  lost  some 
places  in  a  war  with  Sweden,  he  enlarged 
the  happiness  of  his  people,  by  rendering 
them  more  independent  of  the  nobles,  and 
by  making  the  crown  hereditary,  and  no 
longer  elective.  He  died  9th  Feb.  1670, 
aged  61. 

Frederic  IV.  succeeded  his  father 
Christian  V.  as  king  of  Denmark,  1699. 
He  joined  the  Czar  Peter,  and  the  king  of 
Poland  in  hostilities  against  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  btjt  he  was  obliged  to  make 


FR£ 


1'llE 


peace,  by  tbe  rapidity  of  the  victories  of 
his  enemy.  During  the  captivity  of 
Charles  in  Turkey,  Frederic  drove  the 
Swedes  from  his  dominions,  and  recovered 
some  of  the  places  which  the  fortune  of 
war  had  wrested  from  his  hands.  He  died 
1730,  aged  59. 

Frederic  V.  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
ascended  the  throne  1746,  and  died  after  a 
reign  of  20  years.  On  his  death-bed,  he 
called  his  son  and  successor  Christian  VII. 
and  addressed  him  in  these  remarkable 
words,  "  It  is  a  great  consolation  to  me, 
my  son,  in  my  last  moments,  to  reflect  that 
I  have  offended  no  one,  and  that  I  have 
shed  the  blood  of  none  of  my  subjects." 

Frederic  Augustus  I.  king  of  Poland, 
was  son  of  John  George  III.  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, and  was  born  at  Dresden  1670.  He 
succeeded  to  the  electorate  after  the  death 
of  his  brother  1694,  and  distinguished 
himself  against  the  French  on  the  Rhine, 
and  defeated  the  Turks,  in  1696,  at  the 
battle  of  Oltach.  By  embracing  the  catho- 
lic religion,  he  recommended  himself  to 
the  Polish  nobles,  and  was  in  1696  elected 
king,  but  the  glories  which  he  acquired  in 
foreign  wars,  were  eclipsed  by  the  suc- 
cesses of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  and 
Frederic  beaten  at  Riga,  Cliesow,  and 
Frawstadt,  was  obliged  to  sign  the  peace  of 
1706,  by  which  he  was  stripped  of  his  do- 
minions, and  corisented  to  see  the  crown 
of  Poland  placed  on  the  head  of  Stanislaus. 
The  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  the  defeat  of 
the  Swedes,  proved  favourable  to  his  views, 
he  recovered  the  Polish  throne,  and  main- 
tained his  power  and  independence  till  his 
death,  1st  Feb.  1733,  in  his  63d  year.  He 
was  in  his  person  very  athletic,  and  pos- 
sessed of  prodigious  bodily  strength.  His 
court  was  for  a  long  time  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  in  Europe,  and  the  patronage 
which  he  extended  to  literary  characters, 
and  to  the  arts,  reflected  the  highest  honour 
on  his  memory. 

Frederic  Augustus  II.  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1696,  and  succeeded  his 
rather  on  the  Polish  throne  1734.  The 
last  years  of  his  life  were  unhappily  em- 
bittered by  the  miseries  of  war,  and  the 
king  of  Prussia  invaded  his  dominions,  and 
obliged  him  soon  to  yield  to  the  rigorous 
fate  of  unconditional  submission.  Augus- 
tus was  permitted  indeed  to  return  to  Po- 
land, but  Saxony  remained  in  the  hands  of 
the  conqueror,  till  the  peace  of  Hubers- 
burg,  15th  Feb.  1763.  Augustus  died  the 
following  October.  Respectable  in  private 
life,  this  monarch  was  unequal  to  the  ar- 
duous duties  of  reigning,  and  whilst  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  pleasures  of  luxury 
and  to  indolence,  he  made  no  preparations 
against  the  attacks  of  his  powerful  neigh- 
bours of  Russia  and  Prussia.  By  his  wife 
Mary  Josephine,  daughter  of  the  emperor 


Joseph,  he  left  several  daughters,  one  of 
whom  was  the  mother  of  the  unfortunate 
Lewis  XVI.  of  France. 

Frederic,  prince  of  Hesse  Cassel,  mar- 
ried in  1715,  Ulrica  Eleanora,  sister  of 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  and  he  obtained 
possession  of  the  Swedish  throne  1720, 
after  the  abdication  of  his  wife,  who  had 
succeeded  on  the  death  of  her  brother. 
He  made  unsuccessful  war  against  the 
Russians,  and  died  1751,  aged  75,  without 
issue. 

Frederic  William,  surnamed  the 
Great,  elector  of  Brandenburg,  was  born 
at  Cologne,  on  the  Spree,  1620.  He  made 
successful  war  against  the  Poles,  but  the 
treaty  of  Braunsberg,  in  1657,  put  an  end 
to  hostilities.  In  1674  he  joined  himself 
against  Lewis  XIV.  with  Spain  and  Hol- 
land, and  invaded  Alsace,  but  his  progress 
was  checked  by  the  intelligence  that  the 
Swedes  had  laid  waste  several  of  his  cities, 
and  he  returned  hastily  to  repel  them,  and 
seized  the  towns  of  Stralsund,  Ferscbantz, 
and  Grispwald.  Peace  was  soon  after  re- 
stored, and  Frederic  directed  all  his  atten- 
tion to  improve  the  commerce  of  his  do- 
minions, and  joined  the  Spree  to  the  Oder 
by  the  opening  of  a  canal.  He  died  1688, 
aged  68,  highly  respected  by  his  subjects 
as  a  liberal,  generous,  benevolent  and  pa- 
triotic prince. 

Frederic  I.  elector  of  Brandenburg, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Konigs- 
berg  1657.  The  ambition  of  this  prince 
was  flattered  with  the  hopes  of  erecting  his 
dutchy  into  a  kingdom,  and  Leopold  the 
emperor,  although  he,  in  1695,  had  reject- 
ed his  solicitations,  granted  his  requests  in 
in  1700,  provided  he  assisted  him  in  the 
war  against  France,  England,  Holland, 
Sweden,  and  Poland  ;  and  in  consequence 
of  this  elevation  his  title  was  fully  ac- 
knowledged at  the  peace  of  Utrecht. 
The  Prussian  dominions  were  increased 
under  him  by  the  acquisition  of  Gueld- 
ers,  of  the  county  of  Tecklenburg,  and 
of  the  principalities  of  Neuchatel  and 
Valengin.  Frederic  died  1713,  aged  60. 
He  founded  the  university  of  Halle,  the 
royal  academy  of  Berlin,  and  the  academy 
of  nobles.  He  was  three  times  married. 
By  his  second  wife,  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Hanover,  and  sister  of  George  afterwards 
king  of  England,  he  had  a  son  who  suc- 
ceeded him. 

Frederic  William  I.  king  of  Prus- 
sia, was  born  at  Berlin,  15th  Aug.  1683, 
and  succeeded  his  father  just  mentioned 
1713.  His  reign  was  begun  by  a  strict  re- 
form in  the  expenditure  of  the  kingdom, 
and  of  the  100  chamberlains  kept  for  os- 
tentation by  his  father  only  12  were  re- 
tained. He  unwillingly  engaged  in  war 
against  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  from 
whom  he  took  Strahnnd.  Eager  to  encou- 
6S3 


IRE 


FEE 


rage  commerce  and  industry  among  his 
subjects,  he  invited  foreign  artisans  into  his 
dominions  by  the  offer  of  liberal  rewards, 
and  while  he  contributed  to  the  prosperity  of 
the  nation,  he  watched  over  its  safety,  and 
created  a  large  standing  army  of  sixty 
thousand  men.  The  latter  part  of  his  life 
was  clouded  by  an  unhappy  disagreement 
with  his  son  the  prince  royal,  and  though 
he  married  him  to  the  princess  of  Wolfen- 
buttle  in  1733,  he  did  not  derive  from 
that  union  that  concord  and  reconciliation 
which  he  fondly  expected.  He  died  31st 
May,  1740,  aged  52.  By  Sophia  Doro- 
thea, daughter  of  George  of  Hanover,  he 
had,  besides  his  successor,  three  sons  and 
six  daughters. 

Frederic  II.  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  24th  Jan.  1712,  and  ascended  the 
throne  of  Prussia,  1740.  His  conduct  had 
been  viewed  with  jealousy  by  his  father, 
and  his  attachment  to  music  and  to  belles 
lettres  was  regarded  as  a  mean  and  disho- 
nourable propensity  ;  but  when  he  attempt- 
ed to  escape  from  the  harsh  treatment 
which  he  experienced,  he  was  not  only 
seized  and  sent  as  prisoner  to  Custrin,  but 
was  obliged  to  be  a  spectator  of  the  execu- 
tion of  Kar,  the  friend  and  the  companion 
of  his  domestic  sufferings.  On  his  acces- 
sion to  the  throne,  Frederic  laid  claims  to 
the  province  of  Silesia  which  had  been  long 
occupied  by  the  German  emperor,  and  all 
the  attempts  of  Maria  Theresa  to  defend  it 
against  his  invasion  proved  abortive.  Count 
Neuperg  the  Hungarian  general  was  de- 
feated at  Molwitz,  and,  in  1741,  all  Lower 
Silesia  submitted  to  the  conqueror,  and  his 
possession  was  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of 
Breslaw,  1743.  The  following  year  war 
was  rekindled,  and  Frederic  advanced  with 
100,000  men  to  the  siege  of  Prague,  which 
he  took  with  16,000  prisoners,  and  this  ad- 
vantage was  soon  followed  by  the  decisive 
victory  of  Friedburg,  over  prince  Charles  of 
Lorraine.  Another  treaty,  signed  at  Dres- 
den 1745,  again  restored  peace  to  the  con- 
tinent, and  Austria  ceded  to  the  Prussian 
conqueror  all  Silesia,  together  with  the 
county  of  Glatz.  In  1755  a  new  war, 
called  the  seven  years' war,  burst  forth  with 
increased  violence,  and  while  Prussia  had 
for  its  auxiliary  the  English  nation,  Austria 
was  supported  by  France  and  by  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  and  Frederic  soon  saw  the  num- 
ber of  his  enemies  augmented  by  the  acces- 
sion of  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Germany. 
Undismayed  in  the  midst  of  his  powerful 
enemies,  Frederic  laid  the  foundation  for 
victory  and  success  in  the  strict  discipline 
of  his  army,  and  in  the  fortitude  and  resig- 
nation with  which  he  supported  the  re- 
verses of  fortune,  and  shared  the  fatigues 
of  his  soldiers.  Though  France  .attacked 
his  dominions  from  Guelders  to  Minden, 
and  Russia  penetrated  into  Prussia,  and 
084 


the  Austrians  into  Silesia,  Frederic  on 
all  sides  rose  superior  to  misfortunes. 
Though  defeated  by  the  Russians  he  routed 
the  Austrians,  and  again  suffered  a  check  in 
Bohemia,  but  on  the  5th  Nov.  1757,  he 
avenged  himself  by  the  terrible  defeat  of  the 
Austrians  and  French  at  Rosbach,  and  by 
an  equally  splendid  victory  the  next  month 
over  the  Austrian  forces  at  Liss  near  Bres- 
law. These  important  successes  appalled 
his  enemies,  the  Russians  and  Swedes  re- 
tired in  dismay  from  Prussia,  and  Frederic, 
supported  by  a  liberal  supply  of  money 
from  the  English  government,  and  by  an 
army  of  Hanoverians  under  the  duke  of 
Brunswick,  penetrated  into  Moravia,  and 
laid  siege  to  Olmutz.  Though  here 
checked  by  marshal  Daun,  he  rapidly  ad- 
vanced against  the  Russians  at  Custrin,  and 
defeated  them  in  the  dreadful  battle  of 
Zorndoff.  The  battle  of  Hochkircheu 
against  Daun  was  adverse  to  his  fortunes, 
and  he  also  suffered  a  severe  check  at  the 
doubtful  fight  of  Cunnersdorff  against  the 
Russians,  and  in  consequence  of  these  re- 
peated disasters,  Brandenburg  and  the 
capital  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victorious 
enemy  1761.  The  defeat  of  Daun  at  Tor- 
gau  gave  a  new  turn  to  the  affairs  of  the 
undaunted  monarch,  his  territories  were 
evacuated  by  the  enemy,  and  he  in  every 
situation  displayed  such  activity,  such  vigi- 
lance, and  such  resources  of  mind,  that  in 
1762,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded 
with  Russia  and  Sweden,  and  the  next 
year  with  France  and  the  Empire,  by 
which  Silesia  was  for  ever  confirmed  in  his 
possession.  While  cultivating  the  arts  of 
peace,  Frederic  was  still  intent  on  enlar- 
ging his  dominions,  and  he  joined  with  Aus- 
tria and  Russia,  in  1772,  in  that  unpardon- 
able league  which  dismembered  the  defence- 
less territories  of  Poland,  and  added  some 
of  its  most  fertile  provinces  to  his  king- 
dom. In  1777,  the  death  of  the  duke  of 
Bavaria  without  children  kindled  the  flames 
of  discord  and  of  war  between  Austria  and 
Prussia,  Frederic  placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  troops,  but  the  differences  of  the 
rival  princes  were  settled  by  the  peace  of 
Teschen,  13th  May,  1779.  The  last  years 
of  Frederic's  life  were  earnestly  devoted  to 
the  encouragement  of  commerce  and  of  the 
arts,  justice  was  administered  with  impar- 
tiality, useful  establishments  were  created, 
and  the  miseries  of  the  indigent  and  unfor- 
tunate were  liberally  relieved  by  the  bene- 
volent cares  of  the  monarch.  Frederic 
died  17th  Aug.  1786,  aged  75,  and  he  met 
death  with  all  the  resignation  which  philo- 
sophy, unaided  by  religion,  can  show.  As 
Frederic  was  brought  up  in  the  school  of 
adversity,  he  early  learnt  lessons  of  stoic- 
ism and  philosophical  wisdom,  and  un- 
yielding to  the  caresses  of  prosperity,  he 
was  taught  not  to  sink  under  the  frowns  of 


FEE 


fre 


fortune.  From  necessity  as  well  as  from 
choice  attached  to  literature  in  the  years  of 
his  privacy,  he  cultivated  the  muses  on  the 
throne,  and  liberally  patronised  the  lovers 
of  sciences  and  of  the  fine  arts.  His 
evenings  were  generally  spent  in  the  easy 
society  of  men  of  letters,  and  after  the  fa 
tigues  of  the  day  he  unbent  the  hero  and 
the  king  to  the  wit,  the  scholar,  and  the 
literary  disputant.  His  invitations  to 
learned  foreigners  were  sincere  and 
honourable,  and  Maupertius,  and  es- 
pecially Voltaire,  were  for  a  while  objects 
of  his  particular  regard  and  of  his  unfeign- 
ed esteem.  Anxious  to  redress  the 
grievances  of  his  subjects,  he  paid  the  mi- 
nutest attention  to  their  applications,  and 
a  word  written  at  the  bottom  of  each  peti- 
tion by  his  hand  served  for  his  secretaries 
to  convey  to  the  eager  suppliants  either 
refusal  or  reprehension,  encouragement  or 
promises.  At  five  in  the  morning  Frederic 
generally  rose  from  his  bed,  and  after  the 
day  was  divided  between  business,  recrea- 
tion, and  literature,  he  retired  to  his  cham- 
ber at  ten  in  the  evening,  and  as  his  meals 
were  regular  and  simple,  and  as  he  was 
through  life  a  stranger  to  the  licentious 
propensities  which  too  often  dishonour  the 
great  and  the  powerful,  heenjoyed  a  strong 
constitution  with  a  placid  and  serene  even- 
ness of  temper.  His  conduct  in  war,  the 
heroic  firmness  with  which  he  withstood 
his  numerous  enemies,  and  the  astonishing 
presence  of  mind  which  he  displayed  in 
every  difficult  situation,  not  less  than  his 
wisdom,  the  equity  of  the  laws  which  he 
established,  and  the  paternal  care  with 
which  he  watched  over  the  happiness  of  his 
people,  proved  him  to  be  a  monarch  of  su- 
perior excellence  ;  but  though  he  thus  de- 
served the  appellation  of  Great,  it  is  painful 
to  observe  the  inconsistency  of  his  princi- 
ples, the  wavering  tenets  of  his  faith,  and 
the  mighty  influence  of  those  two  dan- 
gerous passions  by  which  he  was  guided, 
ambition  and  avarice.  Great  as  a  monarch, 
Frederic  was  an  infidel  at  heart,  and  while 
he  wished  to  bind  to  obedience  to  his  go- 
vernment the  affection  of  his  subjects  by 
the  imposing  rites  of  religion,  and  by  the 
expectations  of  another  life,  he  was  him- 
self a  skeptic  in  the  most  offensive  degree, 
and  regarded  the  ties  which  unite  men  to 
an  overruling  providence  only  so  far  as 
they  secured  his  power  or  contributed  to 
his  aggrandizement.  As  Frederic  did  not 
cohabit  with  his  wife,  whom  he  had  married 
only  in  obedience  to  his  father,  without 
affection  or  esteem,  he  died  without  issue. 
His  works  are  numerous  and  respectable. 
Four  volumes  in  octavo  were  published  in 
his  lifetime,  and  fifteen  since  his  death. 
The  chief  of  these  are  Memoirs  of  the  house 
of  Brandenburg — a  Poem  on  the  art  of 
War,  a  composition  of  great  Merit — The 


History  of  his  own  Times — the  History  of 
the  Seven  Years'  War.  All  these  have 
been  collected  together  in  25  vols.  8vo. 
1790,  with  an  account  of  his  life.  M. 
de  Segur  has  among  others  published  an 
account  of  his  reign  and  of  his  extraordi- 
nary character. 

Frederic,  surnamed  the  Wise,  elector 
of  Saxony,  was  born  1463.  He  enjoyed 
the  good  opinion  and  shared  the  councils 
of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  after  whose 
death  he.  might  have  been  placed  on  the 
Imperial  throne,  an  honour  which  he  re- 
fused, while  he  supported  the  election  of 
Charles  V.  He  was  one  of  the  first  and 
most  zealous  friends  of  Luther,  and  con- 
tributed much  to  the  establishment  of  the 
reformed  church.  He  died  1526,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  John,  surnamed 
the  Constant,  whose  son  John  Frederic, 
when  raised  to  the  sovereign  power,  became 
a  powerful  protector  of  the  reformers,  and 
was  chief  of  the  famous  league  of  Sinalk- 
alde  1536.  In  the  war  which  followed  this 
league  John  Frederic  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Charles  V.  and  condemned  to  lose  his 
head,  but  the  sentence  was  reversed  on 
condition  that  he  consented  to  the  renun- 
ciation of  the  electoral  dignity  for  himself 
and  his  posterity.  He  died  3d  March, 
1554,  aged  51. 

Frederic  V.  elector  of  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederic  IV.  married  a  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England.  He  was  elected  in  1619, 
king  of  Bohemia  by  the  protestants,  but 
his  elevation  was  opposed  by  his  rival  Fer- 
dinand of  Austria,  and  though  supported 
by  France  and  by  England,  he  was  defeated 
the  following  year,  and  totally  ruined  near 
Prague.  The  great  Gustavus  in  his  inva- 
sion of  Germany  promised  to  re-establish 
him  in  his  rights  and  dominions,  but  the 
death  of  that  heroic  chief  at  the  battle  of 
Lutzen  1632,  not  only  shattered  all  his 
fond  hopes,  but  weighed  so  heavily  on  his 
spirits  that  he  died  a  month  after. 

Frederic,  Colonel,  son  of  Theodore,  the 
unfortunate  king  of  Corsica,  was  early  en- 
gaged in  the  military  profession,  and  ser- 
ved the  elector  of  Wirtemberg,  who  ho- 
noured him  with  his  friendship  and  pre- 
sented him  with  the  insignia  of  the  order  of 
merit.  He  came  to  England  as  the  agent 
of  the  elector,  but  either  unsuccessful  iu 
his  political  negotiations,  or  overwhelmed 
with  debts  and  poverty,  he  in  a  rash  mo- 
ment committed  suicide  by  shooting  him- 
self through  the  head  in  the  portal  of 
Westminster  abbey  1796.  This  unhappy 
youth,  who  seemed  to  inherit  the  misfor- 
tunes and  the  imprudence  of  his  father, 
was  author  of  some  publications  of  merit, 
Memoires  pour  servir  al'Histoire  de  Corse, 
8vo.  1768 — a  description  of  Corsica,  with 
an  account  of  its  short  Union  to  the  Bri- 
tish Crown,  &c.  1798,  8vo.  &c. 


ERE 


EKE 


Feef.ke,  William,  an  English  Socinian, 
born  1664.  He  wrote,  in  questions  and  an- 
swers, a  dialogue  on  the  Deity,  and  a  con- 
futation of  the  doctrines  of  Trinity,  which 
drew  down  the  severity  of  the  House  of 
Commons  upon  him.  He  was  fined  500Z. 
his  book  was  burnt,  and  he  made  a  recan- 
tation in  the  four  courts  of  Westminster- 
hall. 

Freeman,  John,  a  painter,  in  the  age  of 
Charles  II.  His  life  was  attempted  by  poi- 
son in  the  West  Indies,  and  his  constitution 
ever  after  retained  the  fatal  effects.  In 
the  decline  of  life,  he  painted  scenes  for 
Covent  garden  theatie. 

Fregoso,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa  1478, 
from  which  office  he  was  deposed  for  his 
haughtiness,  and  banished  to  Fregui.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown  He  wrote, 
like  Valerius  Maximus,  nine  books  of  Me- 
morable Actions — the  Life  of  Martin  V — a 
Latin  Treatise  on  learned  Ladies — an  Ita- 
lian Treatise  against  Love. 

Freher,  Marquard,  a  German,  born  at 
Augsburgh,  1565.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  under  Cujacius,  and  at  the  age  of 
23  was  counsellor  to  Casimir  prince  Pala- 
tine. He  was  afterwards  professor  of  law 
at  Heidelberg,  and  engaged  in  important 
affairs  by  the  elector  Frederic  IV.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  49.  His  books  on  law,  criti- 
cism, and  history,  are  very  numerous  and 
respectable.  His  abilities,  and  the  amia- 
ble character  of  his  private  life,  are  highly 
commended  by  Douza,  Melchior  Adam, 
Scioppius,  Casaubon,  and  others. 

Freigius,  John  Thomas,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Friburgh,  son  of  a  husband- 
man. He  studied  the  law  under  Zasius 
and  Ramus,  and  taught  first  at  Friburgh, 
and  afterwards  at  Basil,  and  then  at  the 
moment  when  he  thought  of  retiring  from 
the  ingratitude  of  the  world  to  the  peace 
of  a  rural  life,  he  was  appointed  rector  of 
the  new  college  of  Altorf,  1575.  He  died 
1583  of  the  plague,  following  to  the  grave 
a  son  and  two  daughters,  one  of  which 
had,  at  the  age  of  12,  very  promising 
talents,  and  a  great  taste  for  literature. 
Of  his  works  the  chief  are  Questiones 
Geometricae,  and  Stereo-Metricae  Logica 
Consultorum — Ciceronis  Orationes  Per- 
petuis  Notis  Logicis,  &c  3  volumes,  Svo. 
Basil,  1583. 

Freind,  John,  an  English  physician  of 
eminence,  born  1675,  at  Croton,  in  North- 
amptonshire, where  his  father  was  rector. 
He  was  educated  under  Busby,  at  West- 
minster, and  came  in  1690  to  Christ- 
church,  where  Aldrich  presided.  His  abili- 
ties as  a  scholar  were  already  so  distin- 
guished that  he  then,  in  conjunction  with 
a  friend,  published  an  elegant  edition  of 
Demosthenes,  and  iEschines  de-  CoronS, 
and  about  the  same  time  revised,  for  pub- 
lication,   the    Delphin   edition  of  Ovid's 


Metamorphoses.  He  now  directed  his 
attention  to  physic,  and  displayed  great 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  by  addressing  a 
letter  concerning  the  hydrocephalus  to  Sir 
Hans  Sloane  in  1699,  and  another  in  1701 
de  Spasmi  Rarioris  Historic,  which  are  in- 
serted in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
No.  256  and  270.  In  1703  he  drew  the 
public  attention  to  a  useful  and  valuable 
work,  called  "  Emmenologia,  in  qua  Fluxus 
Muliebris  Menstrui,  &c."  and  in  1704  was 
elected  cbymical  professor  at  Oxford.  The 
year  after  be  accompanied  lord  Peterbo- 
rough in  his  Spanish  expedition,  and  after 
two  years'  attendance  on  the  army,  he 
visited  Italy  and  Rome,  and  conversed  with 
Baglivi  and  Lancisi,  men  of  eminence  and 
medical  celebrity.  On  his  return  in  1707, 
he  published  an  account  of  the  earl  of  Pe- 
terborough in  Spain,  &c.  as  an  able  vindi- 
cation of  the  honour  and  character  of  his 
friend  since  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Bar- 
celona, and  during  the  campaign  of  Valen- 
cia ;  and  the  work  became  very  popular, 
and  passed  rapidly  to  a  third  edition.  At  this 
time  he  was  created  M.D.  and  two  years 
after  he  published  his  Praelectiones  Chy- 
micae,  dedicated  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  This 
work  was  censured  in  the  Acta  Eruditorum 
by  the  German  philosophers,  and  drew 
forth  a  defence  from  the  author,  insert- 
ed in  the  philosophical  transactions. 
In  1711  he  was  elected  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  that  year  went  with  the 
duke  of  Ormond  as  physician  to  Flanders. 
In  1716  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  at  that  time  had  a  con- 
troversy with  Dr.  Woodward,  of  Qresham 
college,  in  consequence  of  his  publication 
of  Hippocrates  de  Morbis  Popularibus,  and 
afterwards  on  the  subject  of  the  fever  in 
the  smallpox,  in  which  unpleasant  dispute 
more  acrimony  was  shown,  on  both  sides, 
than  prudence  or  decorum  could  approve. 
In  1722  he  was  elected  M.  P.  for  Launces- 
ton,  in  Cornwall,  and  the  freedom  and 
eloquence  of  his  speeches  in  the  house, 
together  with  his  intimacy  with  Atterbury, 
drew  upon  him  the  suspicion  that  he  was 
concerned  in  the  plot  of  that  unfortunate 
bishop,  and  consequently  he  was  committed 
to  the  Tower,  March,  1722-3,  from  which 
he  was  bailed  the  June  following.  In  his 
confinement  he  wrote  a  letter  on  some 
kind  of  smallpox,  addressed  to  his  friend 
Mead,  and  he  formed  the  plan  of  his  great 
work,  "  the  History  of  Physic,"  the  first 
part  of  which  appeared  in  1725,  and  the 
second  1726.  He  became  physician  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  on  his  accession  to 
the  throne  to  the  queen,  whose  confidence 
and  esteem  he  fully  enjoyed.  He  died  of 
a  fever,  26th  July,  1728,  in  his  52d  year, 
and  was  buried  at  Hicham,  Bucks,  but  a 
monument  was  erected  to  him  in  West- 
minster   abbey.      He   left    one   son,    af- 


FRE 


FRE 


terwards  student  of  Christ  church.  His 
Latin  works  were  published  together,  Lon- 
don, 1733,  in  fol.  by  Wigan,  who  added  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  History  of  Physic, 
with  an  elegant  dedication  to  the  queen. 
Dr.  Freind's  brother,  Robert,  was  head  of 
Westminster  school,  and  a  very  learned 
man.  He  published  Cicero  de  Oratore, 
and  died  1754. 

Freinshemius,  John,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Ulm,  in  Swabia,  1608.  He  was 
professor  of  eloquence  at  Upsal,  librarian 
to  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  afterwards 
professor  at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died 
1660.  He  was  a  most  able  classical 
scholar,  and  to  the  knowledge  of  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  Latin,  united  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  all  the  languages  of 
Europe.  His  critique  on  Florus,  and  his 
notes  on  Phaedrus  and  Tacitus  are  valua- 
ble, but  he  derives  his  greatest  celebrity 
from  his  excellent  supplements  to  Livy  and 
Quintus  Curtius,  in  which  he  has  been  so 
successful  that  we  almost  cease  to  lament 
the  loss  of  the  originals. 

Freire  de  Andrada,  Hyacinthe,  a  Por- 
tuguese, abbot  of  St.  Mary  de  Chans,  born 
at  Beja,  1697.  He  was  in  great  favour 
with  John  IV.  of  Portugal,  who  wished  to 
make  him  a  bishop.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  levity  of  character,  which  probably 
prevented  his  advancement  in  the  state,  as 
his  abilities  might  have  promised.  He  died 
at  Lisbon,  1657.  His  "  Life  of  don  Juan 
de  Castro,"  is  esteemed  as  one  of  the  best 
written  books  in  Portuguese.  He  wrote 
sdso  some  poems. 

Freminet,  Martin,  a  French  painter, 
who  died  at  Paris,  his  birthplace,  1619, 
aged  52.  He  was  chiefly  painter  to  Henry 
IV.  and  honoured  with  the  order  of  St. 
Michael  by  Lewis  XIII.  He  imitated  with 
success  the  beauties  of  Michael  Angelo, 
and  of  Joseph  of  Arpino. 

Fremont  d'Ablancourt,  Nicholas,  ne- 
phew and  pupil  of  Perrot  d'Ablancourt, 
retired  to  Holland  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer to  the  prince  of  Orange.  Be- 
sides a  defence  of  his  uncle  Tacitus 
against  la  Houssaye,  he  translated  Lucian's 
dialogue  between  the  letters  and  the  sup- 
plement to  the  true  history,  and  after  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1693,  his  Me- 
moirs of  the  History  of  Portugal  appeared 
in  12mo. 

Frenicle  de  Bessy,  Bernard,  a  mathe- 
matician, author  of  a  treatise  on  Right- 
angled  Triangles — on  Combinations — on 
Resolving  Problems  by  Exclusions,  &c. 
He  was  very  intimate  with  Mersenne,  Fer- 
mat,  Des  Cartes,  and  other  learned  men, 
and  died  1675. 

Freres,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  at 
Enkhuysen,  1643.  The  best  of  his  pieces 
are  preserved  in  the  great  hall  of  Amster- 


dam. His  drawings  and  designs  were  m 
high  esteem.  He  resided  for  some  time 
at  Rome. 

Freret,  Nicolas,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  1688.  Though  bred  to  the 
law  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  his- 
tory, and  at  the  age  of  25  was  admitted 
into  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  Discourse  on  the  Origin  of 
the  French.  This  valuable  treatise  was 
considered  as  offensive  to  the  court,  and 
the  author  was  sent  to  the  Bastile,  where 
the  reading  of  Bayle's  dictionary  rendered 
him  skeptical.  He  wrote  letters  "ofThra- 
sybulus  to  Leucippe,"  in  favour  of  atheism 
— Examination  of  the  Apologists  for  Chris- 
tianity, &c.     He  died  1749,  aged  61. 

Freron,  Elie  Catherine,  a  French  jour- 
nalist, and  an  able  opponent  of  the  new 
philosophy,  was  born  at  Quimper,  1719. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  but  in 
1739  he  left  them,  and  began  the  life  and 
profession  of  author.  His  "  Letters  on 
Certain  Writings  of  the  Times,"  appeared, 
in  1749,  and  were  continued  to  13  vols. 
In  1754  he  began  his  "  Annee  Literaire," 
in  7  vols,  to  which  he  added  yearly  8  vols, 
to  his  death  in  1776.  He  was  an  able  and 
acute  critic,  but  his  remarks  on  Voltaire 
drew  upon  him  all  the  violence  and  fury  of 
the  satirist,  and  he  became  the  hero  of  his 
Dunciad.  To  a  well-informed  mind,  Freron 
added  an  excellent  private  character.  He 
died  10th  March,  1776,  and  besides  his 
periodical  publications,  wrote  miscella- 
nies, 3  vols. — les  Vrais  Plaisirs,  from  Ma- 
rino, and  part  of  a  translation  of  Lucre- 
tius, &.C. 

Fresnate,  John  Vauquelin  de  la,  an 
early  French  poet,  king's  advocate  for 
Caen,  and  afterwards  president  of  that 
city.  He  died  1606,  aged  72.  He  wrote 
"  Satires,"  which,  though  inferior  to  those 
of  Boileau  and  Regnier,  yet  possess  merit 
— "  the  Art  of  Poetry" — two  books  of  Idyl- 
lia — a  poem  on  the  Monarchy,  all  published 
at  Caen,  1605. 

Fresne,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  1610.  He 
studied  the  law  at  Orleans,  and  was  advo- 
cate of  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  spent 
some  time  in  his  native  town  in  the  pur- 
suits of  literature  and  philosophy,  and  then 
settling  at  Paris,  he  was  in  1668  engaged 
by  Colbert  to  make  a  collection  from  all 
authors  who  had  written  on  the  history  of 
France.  His  labours,  however,  did  not 
please  the  minister,  and  he  resigned  all  his 
engagements  in  the  undertaking,  and  then 
finished  his  "  Glossarium  Mediae  et  Infimae 
Latinitatis,"  3  vols.  fol.  an  excellent  and 
useful  work,  often  reprinted.  He  after- 
wards wrote  a  Greek  Glossary  of  the  mid- 
dle age,  in  2  vols,  folio.  He  wrote  also 
the  History  of  Constantinople  under  the 
French  emperors,  and  published  besides, 
687 


IRE 


ERl 


editions  of  Nicephorus,  Cinnamus,  Anna 
Comnena,  Zonaras,  &c.  with  learned  notes. 
He  died  1688,  aged  78,  leaving  four  chil- 
dren, who  were  honourably  pensioned  by 
Lewis  XIV.  in  consequence  of  their  father's 
merit.  Du  Cange's  Latin  Glossary  was 
afterwards  enlarged  and  improved,  and 
afterwards  abridged  in  6  volumes,  8vo. 
Halle,  1772. 

Fresnot,  Charles  Alphonso  du,  a  poet 
and  painter,  born  at  Paris,  1611.  His  fa- 
ther, who  was  a  surgeon,  educated  him  for 
a  physician,  but  the  love  of  poetry  was  su- 
perior to  paternal  authority.  Under  Per- 
rier  and  Vouet  he  learned  design,  and  in 
1634  travelled  to  Rome,  where  his  wants, 
in  consequence  of  the  neglect  of  his  offend- 
ed parents,  were  very  great,  till  relieved  by 
the  liberality  of  his  friend  Mignard.  De- 
voting himself  to  classical  studies,  he  did 
not,  however,  pay  less  attention  to  anato- 
my, the  rules  of  perspective  and  architec- 
ture, and  the  elements  of  geometry,  and 
with  a  mind  well  stored  with  poetical 
images,  he  produced  his  elegant  and  la- 
boured poem  "  De  Arte  Graphics."  His 
pictures  were  not  numerous,  scarce  fifty  in 
number,  and  always  parted  with  for  little, 
and  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  moment. 
On  his  return  from  Italy,  in  1656,  he  was 
solicited  to  publish  his  poem  ;  but  though 
encouraged  by  de  Piles,  his  friend,  who  un- 
dertook a  French  translation  of  it,  he  de- 
ferred it,  and  died  before  the  completion, 
1665,  aged  53.  The  poem  appeared  after 
his  death,  with  notes  by  de  Piles,  and 
its  excellent  precepts  have  been  made 
known  to  the  English  by  the  translations 
of  Dryden,  of  Graham,  and  lastly  of  Ma- 
son, in  blank  verse,  with  notes.  In  the 
colouring  of  his  pieces  Fresnoy  imitated 
Titian,  and  the  Caraccis  in  their  designs. 

Fresnt,  Charles  Riviere  du,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Paris,  1648.  To  a  strong 
taste  for  music,  painting,  and  sculpture,  he 
joined  a  great  knowledge  of  gardening. 
He  was  overseer  of  the  king's  gardens  ; 
but  he  sold  the  appointment  to  supply  his 
extravagance,  and  retired  to  Paris  to  live 
by  his  pen.  As  a  dramatic  writer  he  ac- 
quired some  celebrity.  His  follies  were 
such  that,  as  Le  Sage  has  mentioned  in 
the  Diable  Boifeux,  he  actually  married 
his  laundress,  thus  to  discharge  his  bills. 
Besides  his  comedies  he  wrote  cantatas  and 
songs,  which  he  himself  set  to  music.  He 
died  1724,  aged  7G.  His  works  were  col- 
lected in  six  vols.  12mo.  and  d'Alembert 
has  drawn  a  parallel  between  him  and 
Destouche»  as  a  comic  writer. 

Freteau  de  St.  Just,  Emmanuel  Marie 
Michael  Philip,  a  French  nobleman,  who, 
through  disappointment,  embraced  the 
popular  party  against  the  court  at  the  revo- 
lution. After  acquiring  some  popularity 
in  the  assembly  and  the  convention  bv  his 
6<a« 


speeches,  he  was  marked  for  destruction 
by  Robespierre,  and  was  guillotined  15th 
June,  1793,  aged  49. 

Frewen,  Accepted,  an  English  prelate, 
born  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
and  president.  He  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
I.  1631,  was  made  dean  of  Gloucester,  and 
in  1643  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 
He  was  translated  to  York  at  the  restora- 
tion, and  died  at  Thorpe  castle,  1664,  aged 
75. 

Fret,  John  Cecil,  a  German  physician, 
who  pretended  to  be  the  first  in  Europe 
who  defended  theses  in  philosophy  in  the 
Greek  language.  He  died  of  the  plague, 
1631,  and  his  Opuscula  appeared  after  his 
death  by  Baledrens. 

Freytag,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgo- 
master of  Nuremberg,  who  died  1776,  aged 
53.  He  was  author  of  Rhinoceros  Vete- 
rum  Scriptorum  Monumentis  Descriptus, 
1747  ;  Analecta  Literaria  de  Libris  Rariori- 
bus,  1751, — Oratorum  et  Rhet.  Graec. 
quibus  Status  Honor.  Causa  positae  sunt, 
1752, — an  Account  of  scarce  Books,  &c. 
1776,  &c. 

Frezier,  Amadee  Francis,  a  native  of 
Chambery,  descended  from  a  Scotch  family. 
He  took  a  survey  of  Chili  and  Peru,  of 
which  he  published  an  account,  1716,  and 
deserved  the  cross  of  St.  Lewis  for  his 
judicious  labours  in  the  fortifying  of  St. 
Maloes.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Les  feux 
d'Artifice, — Elemens  de  Stereotomie,  &.C. 
and  died  at  Brest,  1772,  aged  90. 

Friart,  Rowland,  an  architect  of  the 
17th  century,  who  translated  Palladio,  and 
drew  a  parallel  between  ancient  and  modern 
architecture. 

Friche,  or  Frische,  James  de,  a  Bene- 
dictine, born  in  Normandy.  He  edited 
Ambrose's  works,  ten  vols.  fol.  Paris,  and 
wrote  the  Life  of  St.  Augustine,  and  died 
at  Paris,  1693,  aged  52. 

Frisbie,  Levi,  a  distinguished  professor 
of  the  university  in  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, first  of  the  Latin  language,  and  after- 
wards of  moral  philosophy.  He  was  born 
in  the  year  1784,  and  died  in  the  year  1822. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  integrity  and  deep 
sense  of  religion  ;  and  for  his  acuteness 
and  force  of  mind.  For  the  last  eighteen 
years  of  his  life,  he  was  afflicted  by  a  dis- 
ease of  his  eyes,  which  almost  deprived  him 
of  their  use  for  the  purposes  of  study  ;  and 
prevented  him  from  giving  to  the  world 
many  proofs  of  his  uncommon  powers  of 
intellect.  He  was,  however,  the  author  of 
several  publications,  which,  after  his  death, 
were  collected  and  edited,  together  with 
some  extracts  from  the  manuscript  notes  of 
his  lectures.  His  prose  composition^  have 
great  merit ;  and  his  version  of  the  Epistle 
of  Horace  to  Julius  Harus,  is  much  supe- 
rior to  that  of  Francis.     See  ' '  A  Collection 


fri 


FRO 


*f  the  miscellaneous  writings  of  Professor 
Frisbie  ;  with  some  notices  of  his  life  and 
character,"  Boston,  1823,  8vo.  |c~P  L. 

Frisch,  John  Leonard,  a  native  of  Saltz- 
bach,  founder  of  the  silk  manufactures  at 
Brandenburg,  and  the  first  encourager  of 
the  cultivation  of  the  mulberry-tree  in 
Prussia*  He  belonged  to  the  academy  of 
sciences  at  Berlin,  and  died  there,  1743, 
aged  77.  He  wrote  a  German  and  Latin 
Dictionary, — a  Description  of  German  In- 
sects— Dictionnaire  Nouveau  des  Passages 
Francois  Allemands,  &c.  8vo. 

Frischlin,  Nicodemus,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Baling,  in  Swabia,  1547.  He 
was  educated  under  his  father,  who  was  a 
minister,  and  at  Tubingen,  and  so  great 
were  his  powers  that  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
he  could  write  with  elegance  Greek  and 
Latin  poetry.  He  became,  at  twenty,  pro- 
fessor at  Tubingen,  and  in  1580,  published 
an  oration  in  praise  of  a  country  life,  with 
a  paraphrase  on  Virgil's  Eclogues  and  Geor- 
gics.  In  this  celebrated  work  he  inveighed 
severely  against  courtiers,  and  the  satire 
was  felt  and  resented.  Even  his  life  was 
in  danger,  so  that  he  fled  to  Laubach,  in 
Carniola,  where  he  opened  a  school ;  but 
the  insalubrity  of  the  air,  and  the  ill  health 
of  his  wife  and  children,  obliged  him  to  re- 
turn home.  He  afterwards  passed  to  Frank- 
fort, and  thence  into  Saxony,  and  to  Bruns- 
wick, and  at  last,  overpowered  by  his  neces- 
sities, he  wrote  to  the  prince  of  Wirtemberg 
for  relief ;  but  his  application  was  disregard- 
ed, and  be  afterwards  imprisoned  in  Wirtem- 
berg castle.  From  this  illiberal  treatment 
he  determined  to  escape,  but  unfortunately 
in  the  attempt,  the  ropes  which  he  used 
were  so  weak  that  he  fell  down  a  deep  pre- 
cipice, and  was  dashed  to  pieces  on  the 
rocks,  in  1590.  He  left  behind  him  the 
character  of  an  unfortunate,  persecuted 
man,  whose  abilities,  however,  were 
strongly  exhibited  in  his  tragedies,  come- 
dies, elegies,  and  elegant  translations  from 
Greek  and  Latin  authors,  and  also  by  a 
well-digested  Latin  Grammar. 

Frischmuth,  John,  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia,  who  died  rector  of  Jena  university, 
1687,  aged  68.  He  was  author  of  Illus- 
trations and  Dissertations  on  difficult  Pas- 
sages of  Scripture. 

Frisius,  John,  a  native  of  Zurich.  He 
became  principal  of  the  college  there,  and 
introduced  the  study  of  the  Hebrew,  and 
other  oriental  languages.  Besides  a  Latin 
and  German  Dictionary  he  translated  some 
of  the  Scriptures  into  German  from  the 
Hebrew,  and  died  1565,  aged  60.  His  son 
John  James,  was  professor  of  theology 
and  philosophy,  and  died  1610. — Another 
son  succeeded  him  as  professor.  Henry, 
of  the  same  family,  was  professor  of  lan- 
guages at   Zurich,  where  he  died,   1718, 

Vol.  I.  87 


author  of  a  treatise  De  Sede  Animas  Ka* 
tionis, — De  Communione  Sanctorum,  &c. 

Frith,  John.     Vid.  Fryth. 

Frizon,  Peter,  author  of  a  History  of 
French  Cardinals, — a  History  of  the  Grand 
Almoners  of  France, — the  Life  of  Spon- 
daeus,  &c.  and  editor  of  the  French  Bible, 
translated  by  the  Louvain  divines,  with 
notes,  died  at  Paris,  master  of  the  Jesuits* 
college  of  Navarre,  1651. 

Frobenius,  John,  an  eminent  German 
printer,  born  at  Hammelburg,  Franconia. 
He  was  educated  at  Basil,  and  after  great 
progress  in  literature  began  the  business  of 
printer  there.  The  respectability  of  his 
character,  and  his  constant  care  of  never 
printing  any  thing  offensive  to  morals  and 
religion,  produced  him  both  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of 
Erasmus,  and  he  printed  his  works.  From 
his  press  issued  a  great  many  valuable  edi- 
tions of  different  authors,  of  Jerome, 
Augustine,  &c.  He  had  formed  the  design 
of  publishing  all  the  Greek  fathers,  but 
death  prevented  the  completion.  His 
death,  which  happened  at  Basil  1527,  was 
supposed  to  have  been  occasioned  by  a  fall 
five  years  before,  which  at  last  ended  in  a 
dead  palsy.  He  was  universally  lamented ; 
but  by  none  more  than  Erasmus,  who  loved 
him  sincerely,  and  who,  in  proof  of  his 
affection,  wrote  his  epitaph  in  Greek  and 
Latin.  He  left  his  business  to  his  son 
Jerome  Frobenius,  and  his  son-in-law, 
Nicolas  Episcopius. 

Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  a  celebrated  na-* 
vigator,  born  near  Doncaster,  in  Yorkshire* 
He  was  early  brought  up  to  a  sea  life,  and1 
was  the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  to 
discover  a  northwest  passage  to  China. 
After  fruitless  endeavours  to  complete  his 
favourite  scheme  for  15  years,  he  at  last 
obtained  the  protection  of  Dudley,  earl  of 
Warwick,  and  with  three  barks  he  sailed 
from  Deptford,  8th  June,  1576,  in  the  sight 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  who,  waving  her  hand 
bade  him  farewell.  After  risking  the 
•oasts  of  Greenland,  and  penetrating  to  a 
strait  to  which  he  gave  his  own  name,  he 
returned,  and  arrived  at  Harwich,  the  2d 
October.  As  he  brought  with  him  some  of 
the  produce  of  the  lands  which  he  visited,- 
a  black  and  heavy  stone,  which  was  on 
board,  was  discovered  to  contain  gold,  and 
in  consequence  a  new  expedition  was 
quickly  planned.  With  a  ship  of  the  roya! 
navy  and  two  barks,  he  sailed  from  Har- 
wich, 31st  May,  1577;  and  after  passing 
by  some  very  dreadful  islands  of  ice  on  the 
coast  of  Friezland,  he  discovered  and  gave 
names  to  various  bays  and  isles ;  and  at 
last,  after  loading  his  ships  with  some  of 
the  golden  ore  of  which  he  was  in  pursuit, 
he  came  back  and  reached  England  at  the 
end  of  September.  The  queen  receive*} 
him  with  great  condescension.  The  ore 
689 


FRO 


FRY 


he  had  brought  was  examined  before  com- 
missioners, and  was  proved  to  be  valuable  ; 
and  another  expedition  was  prepared  to 
make  still  further  discoveries.  The  third 
expedition,  consisting  of  fifteen  ships,  sail- 
ed from  Harwich,  on  the  31st  of  May,  and 
returned  back  with  the  usual  success,  at 
the  beginning  of  October.  Afterwards 
Frobisher  served  in  Sir  Francis  Drake's  ex- 
pedition to  the  West-Indies  ;  and  three 
years  after,  in  1588,  he  commanded  the 
Triumph  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  ar- 
mada. He  was  knighted  in  his  own  ship 
for  his  great  services  ;  and  afterwards  was 
employed  to  command  a  fleet  on  the  Spa- 
nish coast.  In  1594,  he  supported  Henry 
IV.  against  the  leaguers  and  Spaniards  ; 
but  in  an  attack  against  Croyzon  near  Brest, 
he  was  unfortunately  wounded  by  a  ball  in 
the  hip,  7th  November,  and  died  soon  after, 
it  is  said,  through  the  ignorance  of  his 
surgeon,  who,  by  neglecting  to  extract  the 
wadding,  did  not  prevent  the  festering  of 
the  affected  part.  This  brave  man  was 
buried  at  Plymouth. 

Froelich,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Gratz 
in  Styria.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  me- 
tallic history.  He  wrote  Quatuor  Teuter- 
mina  in  Re  Nummaria,  4to. — Annales  Re- 
gum  Styriae,  fol. — de  Figura  Telluris,  4to. 
and  died  1758,  aged  58. 

Froidmont,  Libert,  a  native  of  Liege, 
dean  of  St.  Peter's,  and  philosophical  pro- 
fessor at  Louvain.  He  wrote  Dissertatio 
de  Cometa, — Meteorologicorum,  Libri 
Quinque — Brevis  Anatomia  Hominis — in 
Actus  Apostol.  Commentar.  He  died 
1653,  aged  66. 

Froila  I.  king  of  Spain  after  Alphonsus, 
757,  is  known  for  the  famous  victory  which 
he  obtained  over  the  Saracens  in  Galicia, 
760.  He  established  very  excellent  laws, 
hut  his  murder  of  his  brother  Vimazan  was 
cowardly  and  cruel ;  and  in  consequence 
of  this  he  lost  his  life  by  the  hand  of  his 
other  brother  Aurelius,  768. 

Froila  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Ordo- 
guo  on  the  Spanish  throne,  923,  and  died 
of  a  leprosy  two  years  after.  He  was  so 
cruel  in  his  government  that  the  Castilians 
revolted  against  him. 

Froissard  or  Froissart,  John,  an  emi- 
nent historian,  born  at  Valenciennes,  1337. 
Though  bred  to  the  church,  he  was  fond  of 
gayety,  and  travelled  through  England, 
Scotland,  Italy,  and  other  places.  He  was 
for  some  time  in  great  favour  with  Philippo, 
the  queen  of  Edward  III.  and  died  canon 
and  treasurer  of  Chimai  about  1410.  His 
"  Chronicle"  is  a  valuable  work,  containing 
an  account  of  the  events  which  took  place 
in  England,  France,  and  Spain,  from  1326 
to  1400.  The  best  edition  is  that-of  Lyons, 
4  vols.  fol.  1599.  It  has  been  abridged  by 
Sleidan,  and  continued  to  1466  by  Mon- 


strelet.  It  has  been  lately  edited  and  eltf» 
cidated  by  the  labours  of  Mr.  Johnes. 

Fromage,  Peter,  a  superior  of  the  Je- 
suits sent  to  Egypt  and  Syria.  He  pub- 
lished, in  Arabic,  various  religious  pieces, 
at  St.  John's  monastery  near  Antura,  where 
he  had  established  a  press.  He  died  in 
Syria,  after  some  years'  residence  there, 
1740. 

Fronteac,  John,  a  native  of  Angers, 
chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  after- 
wards prior  of  Benay  in  Angers,  and  St. 
Magdalen  of  Montargis,  where  he  died, 
1662,  aged  48.  He  wrote  the  Philosophy 
of  Alamandus, — Antitheses  Augustini  et 
Calvini,  de  Diebus  Festivus,  fol. 

Frontenac,  Louis,  count,  governor 
general  of  Canada,  entered  on  the  office  in 
1672.  He  built  a  fort  on  lake  Ontario, 
which  bore  his  name.  In  1682  he  was 
recalled,  but  was  reappointed  to  the  office 
in  1689.  Though  haughty,  revengeful, 
and  ambitious,  his  administration  was  able, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  province.     He  died  in  1698. 

ICP  L. 

Frontinus,  Sextus  Julius,  a  Roman 
writer  under  Trajan.  He  wrote  de  Re 
Agraria, — Libri  Tres  Stratagematum,  &c. 

Fronto,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman 
orator,  preceptor  to  Vereus  and  M.  Aure- 
lius. 

Frowde,  Philip,  an  English  poet,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  where  his  intimacy  with 
Addison  introduced  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  great.  He  was  author  of  some  very 
elegant  Latin  poems  in  the  Musse  Angli- 
canae,  and  wrote  besides,  two  tragedies, 
"the  Fall  of  Saguntum"  and  "  Philotas." 
He  died  in  Cecil-street,  Strand,  1738, 
leaving  a  most  amiable  character  behind 
him.  No  man,  says  his  biographer,  could 
live  more  beloved,  no  private  man  could 
die  more  lamented. 

Frugoni,  Charles  Innocent,  an  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Genoa  1692.  He  entered  into 
the  society  of  the  Sommasques,  but  after- 
wards with  the  pope's  leave  laid  aside  the 
clerical  character,  and  became  perpetual 
secretary  to  the  academy  of  fine  arts  at 
Padua.  He  died  1768  aged  76.  His  works, 
consisting  of  minor  poems,  were  published 
at  Parma  1779  in  9  vols.  8vo. 

Frumentius,  a  Romish  saint,  the  apostle 
of  the  ^Ethiopians,  among  whom  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  331,  by  Athanasius. 
He  died  360. 

Frie,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Dublin,  who 
settled  in  London,  where  he  acquired  some 
eminence  as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  a  China  manufactory  at  Bow,  but 
ill  success  obliged  him  to  return  to  his  pal- 
let. He  attempted  also  mczzotinto  en- 
graving. His  picture  of  the  prince  of 
Wales  painted  for  Sadlers-hall  in  1738,  was 


FUL 


FUL 


admired  as  a  well-executed  piece.     He  died 
in  London  1762,  aged  52. 

Fryth,  John,  an  English  martyr,  born 
at  Seven  Oaks  in  Kent.  He  was  educated 
at  King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards went  to  Oxford,  where  he  became 
one  of  the  canons  in  Wolsey's  college. 
The  acquaintance  and  conversation  of 
Tyndale  converted  him  to  the  tenets  of 
Luther,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned. 
Upon  his  liberation  in  1528  he  left  Eng- 
land, and  two  years  after  returned,  and  be- 
gan with  increased  zeal  to  preach  his 
opinions.  His  influence  was  so  great  that 
he  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  refusing  to  recant  he  was  con- 
demned by  the  catholic  commission,  and 
was  burnt  in  Smithfield  1533.  He  wrote 
several  treatises  against  popery,  which 
were  reprinted  in  London  in  fol.  1573. 

Fuchsius,  or  Fochs,  Leonard,  a  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  1501,  at  Wembdin- 
gen  in  Bavaria.  He  practised  at  Munich 
and  Ingoldstadt,  and  was  raised  to  eques- 
trian honours  by  Charles  V.  He  died 
1 566,  aged  65.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  is  "  Historia  Stirpium,"  1543,  folio, 
Bale. 

Fuessli,  John  Gaspard,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  eminent  as  an  artist  and  as  a  re- 
spectable man.  He  wrote  the  History  of 
the  Artists  of  Switzerland,  a  work  of 
merit,  and  died  1782,  aged  76.  His  son  of 
the  same  name  was  a  bookseller  at  Zurich, 
and  published  some  interesting  works  on 
entomology.     He  died  1786. 

Fugger,  Huldric,  a  learned  man,  born 
at  Augsburg  in  1526,  of  an  ancient  and 
opulent  family.  He  spent  much  of  his 
property  in  the  purchasing  of  books  and 
manuscripts,  which  he  printed  at  the  press 
of  Henry  Stephens,  but  his  relations  were 
so  displeased  with  his  extravagance,  as 
they  called  it,  in  the  protection  and  en- 
couragement of  literature,  that  they  had 
him  declared  by  a  court  of  justice  incapa- 
ble of  managing  his  affairs.  He  retired  to 
Heidelberg,  where  he  died  1584,  bequeath- 
ing his  library  to  the  elector  Palatine,  with 
a  fund  for  the  decent  maintenance  of  six 
scholars. 

Fulbert,  an  Italian,  educated  under 
pope  Sylvester  II.  He  acquired  great 
celebrity  in  France  as  a  public  preacher, 
and  obtained  the  bishopric  of  Chartres. 
He  wrote  with  strong  zeal  against  Berenga- 
rius  on  the  eucharist,  and  was  the  first  who 
introduced  into  France  the  worship  paid  to 
the  Virgin  Mary.  He  died  1028.  His 
works  and  letters  are  extant. 

Fulda,  Charles  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Wimpfen  in  Swabia,  eminent  as  a  Luthe- 
ran divine,  and  also  as  a  mechanic.  He 
died  at  Einzigen  1788,  aged  66.  He  was 
author  of  a  Dictionary  of  the  German 
Hoots — an  Inquiry  into  Language — on  the 


Origin  of  the  Goths — on  the  Cimbri — or 
the  Deities  of  Germany — a  Chart  of  His- 
tory, &c. 

Fulgentics,  St.  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
born  of  a  noble  family  at  Talepta  about 
468.  After  a  liberal  education  he  took  the 
monastic  vows,  and  founded  a  monastery. 
He  was  elected  bishop  of  Vinta  in  507,  and 
afterwards  of  Ruspa,  but  he  shared  the 
persecution  of  the  African  prelates,  and 
was  banished  by  Thrasimond,  king  of 
the  Vandals,  into  Sardinia.  After  the 
death  of  Thrasimond  he  returned  to  Afri- 
ca, and  died  there  533,  the  first  day  of  the 
year,  aged  55.  Of  the  works  of  this  learn- 
ed father,  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Paris, 
4to.  1684. 

Fulginas,  Sigismund,  a  writer  of  the 
15th  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Ju- 
lius II.  He  wrote  a  history  of  his  owtt 
times. 

Fulke,  William,  an  English  divine,  borh 
in  London,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low 1564.  He  spent  six  years  at  Clif- 
ford's Inn,  but  his  fondness  for  literature 
was  greater  than  his  partiality  for  the  law, 
though  against  the  wishes  of  his  father. 
In  consequence  of  his  acquaintance  with 
Cartwright,  he  was  suspected  of  puritun- 
ism,  and  was  expelled  from  his  college, 
but  the  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Leicester 
restored  him  to  public  favour,  and  pre- 
sented him,  1571,  to  the  living  of  Warley, 
Essex,  and  two  years  after  to  Didington, 
Suffolk.  He  afterwards  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  at  Cambridge,  and  accompanied  as 
chaplain  his  patron  when  ambassador  to 
France,  and  on  his  return  he  was  made 
master  of  Pembroke  hall,  and  Margaret 
professor.  He  died  1589.  He  wrote  se- 
veral works  in  Latin  and  English,  chiefly 
against  the  papists,  and  dedicated  to  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  to  her  favourite  Leicester. 
His  Comment  upon  the  Rheims  Testament 
is  the  most  known  of  his  works.  It  ap- 
peared in  1580,  and  again  in  1601,  1617, 
and  1633,  in  fol. 

Fuller,  Nicolas,  was  born  at  South- 
ampton 1557,  and  educated  at  the  free- 
school  there.  He  became  secretary  to 
Home  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  to  Wat- 
son his  successor,  and  afterwards  he  went 
as  tutor  to  a  Mr.  Knight's  sons  at  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  and  took  his  degrees  in 
arts  at  Hart  hall.  He  became  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  and  rector  of  Bishop's  Wal- 
tliani,  Hants,  and  died  1622.  He  was  an 
able  scholar,  well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  and 
superior  to  all  the  critics  of  his  time. 
His  "  Miscellanea  Theologica,"  in  four 
books,  a  valuable  book,  M'as  published  in 
Oxford  1616,  and  London  1617,  and  it  is 
inserted  with  some  other  works  in  Poole'* 
Synopsis  Criticorum.  Some  of  his  MSS, 
are  preferred  in  the  Bodleian  library. 
691 


FUL 


FUL 


Fuller,  Thomas,  an  English  historian 
and  divine,  born  in  1608,  atAkle  in  North- 
amptonshire, where  his  father  was  minis- 
ter. His  proficiency  was  so  great  that  at 
the  age  of  12  he  was  sent  to  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  arts,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Sidney  college,  of  which  he  was  chosen 
fellow  1631.  That  year  he  obtained  a  pre- 
bend at  Salisbury,  and  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Broad  Windsor, 
Dorsetshire,  where  he  married.  Upon  the 
loss  of  his  wife  about  1641,  he  removed  to 
London,  and  became  minister  of  the  Savoy. 
In  1642  he  preached  at  Westminster  ab- 
bey, and  gave  such  offence  in  his  sermon 
by  his  zealous  support  of  the  royal  cause, 
that  his  life  was  considered  in  danger. 
He  joined  the  king  at  Oxford  in  1643,  but 
his  sermon  there,  before  his  royal  master, 
appeared  as  lukewarm,  as  that  at  West- 
minster had  been  interpreted  as  violent,  a 
strong  proof  no  doubt  of  the  moderation 
to  which  he  warmly  exhorted  all  parties. 
In  1644,  he  was  chaplain  to  lord  Hopton, 
and  was  left  with  part  of  his  army  at  Bas- 
ing-house,  when  it  was  besieged  by  Sir 
William  Waller,  and  in  this  situation  he 
behaved  with  such  courage  that  the  parlia- 
mentary general  raised  the  siege  with  loss. 
Fuller  afterwards  retired  to  Exeter,  where 
he  was  chaplain  to  the  princess  Henrietta, 
and  where  he  continued  during  the  siege  of 
the  city,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  London,  and  became  a  popular 
preacher  at  St.  Clement's  lane,  and  after- 
wards at  St.  Bride's,  Fleet-street.  In  1643 
he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Waltham, 
in  Essex,  by  lord  Carlisle,  and  in  1654  he 
married  a  sister  of  viscount  Baltinglasse. 
At  the  restoration,  he  found  himself  a  fa- 
vourite at  court,  and  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  and  would  have  risen  to  a  bishopric, 
had  not  a  fever  unfortunately  carried  him 
off,  16th  Aug.  1661.  His  funeral  was  at- 
tended by  200  of  his  brethren,  and  a  ser- 
mon was  preached  over  him  by  dean 
Hardy.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  works 
are  "  the  Church  History  of  Britain,  from 
the  birth  of  Christ  till  1648,"  with  the 
History  of  Cambridge  University,  and  the 
History  of  Waltham-abbey  annexed,  1656 
— History  of  the  Worthies  of  England,  a 
valuable  book,  published  in  1662,  fol. — 
Good  Thoughts,  in  Bad  Times,  and  in 
Worse  Times — the  History  of  the  Holy 
War,  1640,  fol.— the  Holy  State,  fol.  1642 
— Pisgah  Sight  of  Palestine,  and  the  Con- 
fines thereof,  with  the  history  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,  1650— Abel  Redi- 
vivus,  or  English  divines,  1651,  4to. — the 
Speech  of  Birds,  moral  and  mystical,  8vo. 
1660 — Andronicus,  or  the  Unfortunate  Po- 
litician, 1649,  8vo.  besides  sermons,  &c. 
His  Church  History  was  attacked  with 
severity  by  Dr.  Hevlin,  and  ablv  defended, 

cta> 


but  with  such  moderation  that  the  two  an- 
tagonists were  reconciled  in  lasting  friend- 
ship. Dr:  Fuller  left  a  son  by  each  of  his 
two  wives.  He  was,  in  private  as  well  as 
public  life,  a  very  respected  and  amiable 
character.  His  memory  is  said  to  have 
been  uncommonly  retentive,  so  that  he 
could  repeat  a  sermon  verbatim,  after  once 
hearing  it,  and  once  after  walking  from 
Temple  bar  to  the  end  of  Cheapside,  he 
mentioned  all  the  signs,  on  both  sides  of 
the  way,  either  backwards  or  forwards. 
He  was  in  his  conversation  very  humo- 
rous. It  is  said  that  he  once  travelled  with 
a  friend  of  the  name  of  Sparrowhawk,  and 
he  could  not  but  ask  him  jocosely  what 
was  the  difference  between  an  Owl  and  a 
Sparrowhawk.  The  difference  is  very  great, 
replied  his  companion,  eyeing  his  corpu- 
lent person  with  a  smile,  for  it  is  Fuller  in 
the  head,  fuller  in  the  body,  and  fuller  all 
over. 

Fuller,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  of 
some  celebrity.  The  resurrection  in  All 
Soul's  college-chapel,  and  that  of  Magda- 
len college,  and  an  historical  piece  only  in 
two  colours,  in  Wadham  college,  Oxford, 
are  excellent  proofs  of  his  great  abilities. 
He  studied  under  Perrier,  in  France,  and 
was  very  accurate  in  the  anatomy  of  his 
figures,  but  he  often  offended  in  decency  and 
historical  truth.  He  died  at  the  end  of  the 
second  Charles's  reign  in  London. 

Fullo,  Peter,  an  heretical  bishop  of 
Antioch,  during  the  exile  of  Martyrius 
in  the  fifth  century.  He  maintained  with 
the  Eutychian  tenets,  that  all  the  three 
persons  of  the  trinity  suffered  on  the 
cross. 

Fulton,  Robert,  eminent  as  the  inventor 
of  steam-boats,  was  born  in  the  town  of  Lit- 
tle Britain,  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 1765.  His  parents,  who  were  Irish, 
were  respectable,  and  gave  him  a  common 
English  education  at  Lancaster.  He  early 
exhibited  a  superior  talent  for  mechanism 
and  painting,  and  in  his  eighteenth  year 
established  himself  in  the  latter  employ- 
ment in  Philadelphia,  and  obtained  much 
credit  and  emolument  by  his  portraits  and 
landscapes.  On  entering  his  22d  year  he 
went  to  England,  for  the  purpose  of  im- 
proving his  knowledge  of  that  art,  and  was 
received  into  the  family  of  Mr.  West,  with 
whom  he  spent  several  years,  and  cultivated 
a  warm  friendship.  After  leaving  that 
family,  he  employed  two  years  in  Devon- 
shire as  a  painter,  and  there  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  duke  of  Bridgewater, 
and  lord  Stanhope,  the  former  famous  for 
his  canals,  and  the  latter  for  his  love  of  the 
mechanic  arts.  He  soon  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  mechanics,  particularly  to  the  im- 
provement of  inland  navigation  by  canals, 
and  the  use  of  steam  for  the  propelling  of 
boat?  ;  and  in  1794  obtained  patents  for  a 


FUL 


FUN 


double  inclined  plane,  to  be  used  for  trans- 
portation, and  an  instrument  to  be  employ- 
ed in  excavating  canals.  He  at  this  time 
professed  himself  a  civil  engineer,  and  pub- 
lished a  treatise  on  canal  navigation.  He 
soon  after  went  to  France,  and  obtained  a 
patent  from  the  government  for  the  improve- 
ments he  had  invented.  He  spent  the  suc- 
ceeding seven  years  in  Paris,  in  the  family 
of  Mr.  Joel  Barlow,  during  which  period 
he  made  himself  acquainted  with  the 
French,  Italian,  and  German  languages, 
and  soon  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  high 
mathematics,  physics,  chymistn,  and  per- 
spective. He  soon  turned  his  attention  to 
submarine  navigation  and  explosion,  and 
in  1801,  under  the  patronage  of  the  first 
consul,  constructed  a  plunging  boat,  and 
torpedoes,  (differing  materially  from  Bush- 
nel's  invention,  with  which  he  was  ac- 
quainted,) with  which  he  performed  many 
experiments  in  the  harbour  of  Brest,  de- 
monstrating the  practicability  of  employing 
subaquatic  explosion  and  navigation  for 
the  destruction  of  vessels.  These  inventions 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  British  go- 
vernment, and  overtures  were  made  to 
him  by  the  ministry  which  induced  him 
to  go  to  London,  with  the  hope  that  they 
would  avail  themselves  of  his  machines  ; 
but  a  demonstration  of  their  efficacy  which 
he  gave  the  ministry,  by  blowing  up  a  ves- 
sel in  their  presence,  led  them  to  wish  to 
suppress  the  invention  rather  than  encou- 
rage it ;  and  accordingly  they  declined  pa- 
tronising him.  During  this  period  he  also 
made  many  efforts  to  discover  a  method  of 
successfully  using  the  steam  engine  for  the 
propelling  of  boats,  and  as  early  as  1793, 
made  such  experiments  as  inspired  him 
with  great  confidence  in  its  practicability. 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  Esq.  chancellor  of 
New-York,  and  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  the  French  court,  on  his  arrival  in 
France,  induced  him  to  renew  his  attention 
to  this  subject,  and  embarked  with  him  in 
making  experiments  for  the  purpose  of 
satisfying  themselves  of  the  possibility  of 
employing  steam  in  navigation.  Mr.  Ful- 
ton engaged  with  intense  interest  in  the 
trial,  and  in  1803,  constructed  a  boat  on 
the  river  Seine,  at  their  joint  expense,  by 
which  he  fully  evinced  the  practicability  of 
propelling  boats  by  that  agent.  He  imme- 
diately resolved  to  enrich  his  country  with 
this  invaluable  discovery,  and  on  returning 
to  New-York  in  1806,  commenced,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Livingston,  the  construc- 
tion of  the  first  Fulton  boat,  which  was 
launched  in  the  spring  of  1807  from  the 
ship-yard  of  Charles  Browne,  New- York, 
and  completed  in  August.  This  boat, 
which  was  called  the  Clermont,  demonstra- 
ted on  the  first  experiment,  to  a  host  of,  at 
first  incredulous,  but  at  length  astonish- 
ed spectators,  the  correctness  of  his  ex- 


pectations, and  the  value  of  his  invention, 
Between  this  period  and  his  death  he  su- 
perintended the  erection  of  14  other  steam 
vessels,  and  made  great  improvements  in 
their  construction.  He  obtained  a  patent 
for  his  inventions  in  navigation  by  steam  in 
February,  1809,  and  another  for  some 
improvements  in  1811.  In  the  latter  year 
he  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  of 
New- York,  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
explore  a  route  for  a  canal  from  the  great 
lakes  to  the  Hudson,  and  engaged  with 
zeal  in  the  promotion  of  that  great  work. 
On  the  commencement  of  hostilities  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  great  Britain 
in  1812,  he  renewed  his  attention  to  sub- 
marine warfare,  and  contrived  a  method  of 
discharging  guns  under  water,  for  which 
he  obtained  a  patent.  In  1814  he  contrived 
an  armed  steam  ship  for  the  defence  of  the 
harbour  of  New- York,  and  also  a  sub-ma- 
rine vessel,  or  plunging  boat,  of  such  di- 
mensions as  to  carry  100  men,  the  plans  of 
which  being  approved  by  government  he 
was  authorized  to  construct  them  at  the 
public  expense.  But  before  completing 
either  of  those  works,  he  died  suddenly, 
February  24th,  1815.  His  person  was 
tall,  slender,  and  well  formed,  his  manners 
graceful  and  dignified,  and  his  disposition 
generous.  His  attainments  and  inventions 
bespeak  the  high  superiority  of  his  talents. 
He  was  an  accomplished  painter,  was  pro- 
foundly versed  in  mechanics,  and  possessed 
an  invention  of  great  fertility,  and  which 
was  always  directed  by  an  eminent  share  of 
good  sense.  His  style  as  a  writer  was 
perspicuous  and  energetic.  To  him  is  to 
be  ascribed  the  honour  of  inventing  a  me- 
thod of  successfully  employing  the  steam 
engine  in  navigation,  an  invention  justly 
considered  one  of  the  most  important 
which  has  been  made  in  modern  ages,  and 
by  which  he  rendered  himself  both  a  per- 
petual and  one  of  the  greatest  benefactors 
of  mankind.  He  was  not  indeed  the  first 
who  conceived  it  to  be  possible  ;  others  had 
believed  its  practicability,  and  made  many 
attempts  to  propel  boats  by  steam,  but 
having  neither  his  genius,  his  knowledge, 
nor  his  perseverance,  they  were  totally 
unsuccessful.  Mr.  Fulton  was  familiarly 
acquainted  with  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished literary  and  political  characters 
both  of  the  United  States  and  of  Europe, 
was  a  director  of  the  American  academy  of 
fine  arts,  and  a  member  of  several  literary 
and  philosophical  societies.  ICF*  L. 

Fulvia,  wife  of  Mark  Antony,  known 
for  her  hatred  against  Cicero.  When  the 
orator's  head  was  brought  to  her  she  pierced 
the  tongue  repeatedly  with  a  silver  bod- 
kin. 

Funccius,  or  Funck,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celebrated  critic,  born  at  Marpurg  in  1693. 
He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Rint- 
693 


FUR 


F¥0 


Jen,  and  wrote  some  very  able  and  learned 
treatises,  de  Origine  Latins  Linguae,  and 
de  Pueritia  Latins  Linguae,  &c.  He  died 
1778. 

Furetiere,  Anthony,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Paris  1620,  and  eminent  as  an  advocate  in 
the  parliament.  He  afterwards  took  or- 
ders, and  became  abbot  of  Chalivoy  and 
prior  of  Chuines.  He  was  expelled  in 
1685  from  the  French  academy,  on  the  ac- 
cusation that  he  had  composed  "  a  Dic- 
tionary of  the  French  Tongue"  which,  being 
borrowed  from  the  same  materials,  was  in- 
tended to  supersede  theirs.  This  valuable 
work  was  published  two  years  after  his 
death,  in  1690,  2  vols,  folio. 

Furini,  Francesco,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1646,  aged  42.  His  ba- 
thing nymphs  were  particularly  admired, 
but  he  displayed  in  his  figures  more  ele- 
gance than  regard  to  decency. 

Furius  Bibaculus,  a  Latin  poet  of  Cre- 
mona, author  of  some  annals  and  satires, 
100  B.C. 

Furneaux,  Philip,  a  nonconformist, 
born  at  Totness,  Devonshire.  He  was  as- 
sistant to  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
Southwark,  and  afterwards  lecturer  at 
Salter's  hall,  and  in  1753  he  succeeded 
Lowman  at  Clapham.  He  was  compli- 
mented with  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  a 
Scotch  university,  and  died,  1783,  aged  59. 
He  wrote  an  Essay  on  Toleration,  and  let- 
ters to  judge  Blackstone  on  his  Exposition 
of  the  Toleration  Act. 

Furst,  Walter,  or  Furstius,  a  Swiss, 
revered  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  liber- 
ty of  his  country.  He  seized  in  1307  with 
some  of  his  brave  countrymen,  the  forts  by 
which  his  country  was  enslaved  under  Al- 
bert of  Austria,  and  by  their  demolition 
the  independence  of  the  Swiss  was  re-es- 
tablished. 

Furstemberg,  Ferdinand  de,  a  native 
of  Westphalia,  promoted  in  the  church  by 
pope  Alexander  VII.  and  in  1678  made  bi 
shop  of  Munster,  and  apostolical  vicar  of 
Northern  Europe.     He  published  Monu- 


menta  Paderbornensia,  1672,  4to. — a  Col- 
lection of  Latin  poems,  &c.  and  was  a  libe- 
ral patron  of  literature,  and  encouraged 
strenuously  the  propagation  of  Christianity 
in  foreign  parts.     He  died,  1683,  aged  57. 

Fusi,  Anthony,  a  doctor  of  theSorbonne, 
minister  of  St.  Bartholomew  church  at  Pa- 
ris. He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Jesuits, 
whose  opinions  and  conduct  he  opposed, 
and  accused  of  incontinency  and  heresy, 
but  he  was  afterwards  set  free,  and  retired 
to  Geneva,  where  he  publicly  embraced  the 
protestant  tenets.  He  wrote  against  the 
errors  and  corruptions  of  the  Romish 
church,  besides  an  account  of  his  own  case, 
&c.     He  died,  1630. 

Fust,  or  Faust,  John,  a  goldsmith  of 
Mentz,  to  whom  with  Guttemberg  and 
Schaeffer,  is  attributed  the  invention  of 
printing.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  only 
assisted  Guttemberg  with  money,  to  enable 
him  to  make  moveable  metal  types  at  Stras- 
burg  in  1444.  Koster,  however,  at  Haer- 
lem,  invented,  in  1430,  the  cutting  of 
wooden  blocks,  and  Schaeffer,  in  1452, 
found  out  the  method  of  casting  metal  types. 
The  first  printed  book  with  metallic  types 
is  Durandi  Rationale  Divinorum  Officiorum, 
1459,  and  afterwards  Catholicon  Januensis, 
though  it  is  said  that  there  is  a  psalter, 
with  the  date  of  1457,  printed  at  Mentz. 
Fust  died  at  Paris,  1466,  of  the  plague. 
The  report  of  his  being  arrested  as  a  magi- 
cian at  Paris,  for  having  in  his  possession 
various  copies  of  the  Bible  in  unusual  exact- 
ness, is  false. 

Fuzelier,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
Paris,  who  also  conducted  the  Mercury,  a 
periodical  work,  from  1744  to  1752,  when 
he  died,  aged  80.  His  tragedies,  operas, 
&c.  were  written  with  ease  and  spirit. 

Ftot  de  la  Marche,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,  a  native  of  Dijon,  highly  honoured 
by  Lewis  XIV.  and  made  counsellor  of 
state,  and  prior  of  Notre  Dame.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  fol. 
and  some  religious  tracts,  and  died  at  Di- 
jon, 1721,  aged  91. 


GAB 

VJAAL,  Barent,  a  Dutch  landscape  paint- 
er, the  disciple  of  P.  Wouvermans.  He 
was  born  about  1650,  and  by  imitating 
his  master  acquired  some  celebrity. 

Gabbiani,  Antonio  Domenico,  a  painter 
of  Florence,  patronised  by  the  duke  Cosmo 
III.  and  sent  by  him  to  Rome  to  improve 
himself.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  a 
scaffold,  1726,  aged  74. 

Gabinius,  Aulus,  a  Roman  consul,  em- 
ployed against  Alexander  king  of  Judea, 
694 


GAB 

He  placed  Ptolemy  Auletes  on  the  Egyptian 
throne,  and  died  B.  C.  40. 

Gabriel,  Severus,  a  Greek  bishop,  born 
at  Monembasia  in  Peloponnesus.  He  was 
made  bishop  of  Philadelphia,  but,  in  1577, 
came  to  Venice,  and  presided  over  the 
Greeks  in  that  republic.  His  various  tracts 
on  theological  subjects,  Greek  and  Latin, 
were  published,  Paris,  1671,  4to. 

Gabriel,  Sionite,  a  Maronite,  once  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Rome,  died 


GAk> 


GAF 


at  Paris,  1648,  then  professor  of  Syriac  and 
Arabic.  He  assistedl  e  Jay  in  the  Polyglott 
Bible,  and  published  a  translation  of  the 
Arabic  Geography,  called  Geographia  Nu- 
biensis,  in  1619,  4to. 

Gabriel,  James,  a  French  architect,  the 
pupil  of  Mansard.  He  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died,  1742,  aged  77.  His  merit,  as  the 
able  builder  of  several  noble  edifices  in 
France,  placed  him  in  the  office  of  inspec- 
tor general  of  buildings,  gardens,  arts,  and 
manufactures,  and  of  first  architect  and  en- 
gineer of  bridges  and  public  ways  in  the 
kingdom.  He  was  also  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  Michael. 

Gabrielle  de  Bourbon,  daughter  of 
count  de  Montpensier,  married,  1485,  Lew- 
is de  la  Tremouille,  who  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  1525.  Her  son  Charles 
count  of  Talmond,  was  also  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Marignan,  1515,  and  she  died, 
1516.  Her  virtues  were  very  great,  and 
some  published  treatises  remain  as  proofs 
of  her  great  piety  and  devotion. 

Gabrino,  Augustine,  a  fanatic  of  Bres- 
cia, who  called  himself  prince  of  the  num- 
ber seven,  and  monarch  of  the  holy  Trini- 
ty. His  followers,  amounting  to  80,  called 
themselves  Knights  of  the  Apocalypse.  He 
rushed  into  a  church  on  Palm  Sunday,  1694, 
while  the  priests  were  singing,  Who  is  the 
king  of  glory  ?  and  with  a  drawn  sword 
he  proclaimed  himself  the  king  of  glory. 
He  was  confined  in  a  mad-house,  and  his 
sect  dispersed. 

Gabrino.  Vid.  Rienzi. 
Gaburet,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,   under  Lewis   XIII.      He   died, 
1662,  at  an  advanced  age. 

Gacon,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Lyons.  He  became  father  of  the  oratory, 
and  died  at  his  priory  of  Baillon,  1727, 
aged  58.  He  is  known  for  his  severe  sa- 
tires against  Bossuet,  Rousseau,  la  Motte, 
and  others.  Though  he  had  personally  at- 
tacked almost  all  the  members  of  the  aca- 
demy, yet  the  poetical  prize  was  adjudged 
to  him  in  1717.  The  best  of  his  works  is 
a  translation  of  Anacreon.  His  other 
pieces  are  chiefly  satirical. 

Gaddesden,  John  of,  an  Englishman, 
the  first  employed  as  physician  at  the  court. 
He  wrote  "  Rosa  Anglica,"  a  treatise  which 
contains  a  compendium  of  all  the  practice 
of  physic  in  England  in  his  time.  He  was 
an  ecclesiastic  and  had  preferment,  and  as 
a  medical  man  was  very  superstitious, 
though  superior  to  others  of  his  time. 

Gaddi,  Gaddo,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died,  1312,  aged  73.  His  works  were 
chiefly  Mosaic,  he  also  excelled  in  designs. 
Gaddi,  Taddeo,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died,  1350,  aged  50. 
A  crucifixion  by  him  is  still  preserved  at 
Arezzo. 
Gaddi,  Agnolo,  the  son  and  pupil  of 


Taddeo,  died,  1387,  aged  60.     He  success- 
fully  imitated  his  father. 

Gadsden,  Christopher,  lieutenant  gover- 
nor of  South  Carolina,  was  born  about  the 
year  1724.  He  became  early  distinguished 
by  his  talents  and  love  of  liberty.  In  1765 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  congress 
which  met  at  New-York  to  petition  against 
the  stamp  act,  and  again  of  that  which  as- 
sembled in  1774.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
who  openly  advocated  a  separation  from 
the  parent  country.  He  remained  in 
Charleston  during  the  siege  of  that  city  in 
1780.  Some  time  after  the  capitulation 
took  place,  by  the  order  of  Cornwallis  he 
was  seized  with  many  others,  and  conveyed 
in  a  guard  ship  to  St.  Augustine,  where  he 
was  confined  in  the  castle  near  a  year,  in 
the  grossest  violation  of  his  rights  as  a 
prisoner  on  parole.  In  1782  he  was  elected 
governor  of  South  Carolina,  but  declined 
the  office  on  account  of  the  infirmities  of 
his  age.     He  died  in  1805.         ICP  L. 

Gaelen,  Alexander  Van,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er who  died,  1728,  aged  58.  He  was  in 
London,  and  painted  three  battles  between 
Charles  I.  and  Cromwell,  besides  a  picture 
of  the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 

Gaertner,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Calu  in 
Swabia,  son  to  the  physician  of  the  duke  of 
Wirtemberg.  He  studied  at  Tubingen,  but 
his  fondness  for  natural  history  was  so 
great  that  he  abandoned  divinity  to  devote 
himself  more  fully  to  his  favourite  pursuits, 
and  to  mathematics  and  medicine.  He 
next  attended  the  lectures  of  Haller,  at 
Gottingen,  and  after  travelling  over  part  of 
Europe  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  and  in 
1759  applied  himself  to  botany  and  vegeta- 
ble anatomy,  at  Leyden.  His  visit  to  Eng- 
land was  marked  by  his  friendly  reception 
among  men  of  rank  and  of  science  ;  he  was 
made  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  and  en- 
riched the  philosophical  transactions  with 
a  curious  paper  on  the  fructification  and 
propagation  of  Confervae,  &c.  In  176S  he 
was  honourably  appointed  professor  of  bo- 
tany and  natural  history  at  Petersburg,  and 
was  thus  enabled  to  examine  the  natural 
curiosities  of  the  Ukraine  with  the  eye  and 
attention  of  a  philosopher  and  botanist. 
He  returned  to  Swabia  in  1770,  and  in 
1778  again  visited  London,  to  finish  the 
drawings  and  figures  for  his  great  work 
called  Carpology,  which  he  dedicated  to 
sir  Joseph  Banks.  This  indefatigable  na- 
turalist died,  1791,  aged  59,  leaving  behind 
him  many  valuable  manuscripts,  &c. 

GiETANO  Scipio,  a  Florentine  painter, 
who  died,  1588,  aged  38.  His  portraits 
and  historical  pieces  arc  much  admired. 

Gaffarell,  James,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Mannes,  in  Provence,  1601,  and 
educated  at  the  university  of  Apt  in  that 
province.  He  studiously  devoted  himself 
to  the  Hebrew  language,  and  to  RabbinicaT 
695 


GAG 


GA1 


learning,  and  at  the  age  of  22  wrote  a  large 
4to.  volume  in  defence  of  the  mysterious 
doctrine  of  the  Cabala.  He  was  appointed 
librarian  to  Richelieu,  and  enabled  by  his 
munificence  to  travel  into  Italy  to  make  a 
collection  of  valuable  books  and  manu- 
scripts. On  his  return  his  abilities  were 
employed  by  his  patron  in  the  difficult  and 
unavailing  task  of  reconciling  the  protes- 
tants  to  the  papists.  He  died  at  Sigonce, 
where  he  was  abbot,  16S1,  aged  81.  By 
the  recommendation  of  Richelieu,  whom  he 
survived  many  years,  he  was  dean  of  canon 
law  at  Paris,  prior  of  Revest  de  Brousse, 
and  commandant  of  St.  Omeil.  His  works 
are  numerous,  learned,  and  curious.  The 
most  known  are  "  Unheard  of  Curiosities 
concerning  the  Talismanic  Sculpture  of  the 
Persians, — the  Horoscope  of  the  Patriarchs 
and  the  Reading  of  the  Stars,"  a  work 
which  passed  through  three  editions  in  six 
months,  and  in  asserting  some  bold  things 
concerning  magic,  drew  upon  the  author 
the  censures  of  the  Sorbonne, — a  History 
of  the  Subterranean  World,  with  an  ac- 
count of  Grottos,  S  aults,  and  Catacombs, 
seen  during  his  travels,  with  plates,  left 
unfinished  at  his  death — a  treatise  of  Good 
and  Evil  Genii,  &c.  Though  learned  he 
was  very  superstitious,  and  more  fond  of 
magic  than  became  his  knowledge  of  the 
world,  and  his  experience. 

Gafurio,  Franchino,  a  native  of  Lodi, 
who  became  head  of  the  choir  in  Milan 
cathedral,  and  also  musical  professor.  He 
wrote  in  Latin,  Theoricum  Opus  Musicse 

Discipline Practica  Musicae    Utriusque 

Cantus — Angelicum  et  Divinum  Opus  Mu- 
sics Materna  Lingua  Scriptum — de  Har- 
monia  Music.  Instrument.  &c.  He  died 
at  Milan,  1520,  aged  69. 

Gage,  Thomas,  an  Irishman,  monk 
among  the  Spanish  jacobins,  sent  as  mis- 
sionary to  the  Philippines  1625.  He  ac- 
quired some  property  in  his  mission,  which 
he  came  to  enjoy  in  England,  where,  in 
1651,  he  published  his  account  of  the  East 
Indies,  translated  into  French,  by  order  of 
Colbert,  1676. 

Gage,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of 
Massachusetts  appointed  by  the  king,  was 
an  officer  of  distinction  in  the  British  army. 
He  first  came  to  America  as  a  lieutenant 
with  Braddock.  He  was  present  at  the 
battle  in  which  that  general  received  his 
mortal  wound,  and,  assisted  by  another 
officer,  carried  him  from  the  field.  In  1758 
he  held  a  colonel's  commission.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  Montreal  in  1760, 
and  in  1763  succeeded  general  Amherst  as 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
North  America.  In  1774  he  succeeded 
Hutchinson  as  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  furnished  several  regiments  to  support 
his  measures,  soon  began  the  course  of  il- 
legal and  oppressive  acts,  which  drew  on 
696 


the  war  of  the  revolution.  In  1775  the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  de- 
clared him  an  enemy  to  the  colony,  and 
released  the  inhabitants  from  all  obligation 
to  obey  his  mandates.  Not  long  after,  he 
returned  to  England,  where  he  died  in 
1787.  ICF  L. 

Gagnier,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  and  educated  there.  He 
was  a  most  able  orientalist,  and,  upon  aban- 
doning the  popish  faith,  for  the  tenets  of 
the  English  church,  he  came  to  England, 
where,  in  honour  of  his  merits,  the  two 
universities  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  M.A.  He  lived  some  time  at  Oxford, 
by  teaching  Hebrew,  but  during  the  ab- 
sence, and  after  the  death,  of  Dr.  Wallis, 
he  was  appointed  Arabic  professor,  and  de- 
livered lectures  to  the  university,  with  uni- 
versal approbation,  till  his  death  1725.  In 
1706  he  edited  Jos.  Ben  Gorion's  History 
of  the  Jews,  in  Hebrew,  with  a  Latin 
translation  and  notes,  4to.  and  in  1723  he 
published  Abulfeda's  life  of  Mahomet,  in 
Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation  in  fol.  His 
translation  of  Abulfeda's  description  of 
Arabia,  had  appeared  in  Hudson's  Geogra- 
phic Veteris  Scriptores  Graeci  Minores, 
1712,  8vo. 

Gagny,  John,  first  Almoner  to  Francis  I. 
was  chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  au- 
thor of  Commentaries  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment— the  Psalms  in  verse,  &c.  He  died 
1549. 

Gagdin,  Robert,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Colines,  near  Amiens,  and  edu- 
cated at  Paris,  where  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree in  law.  His  abilities  were  employed 
by  Charles  VIII.  and  Lewis  XII.  in  embas- 
sies to  England,  Germany,  and  Italy.  He 
was  royal  librarian,  and  general  of  the 
Unitarians,  and  died  1501,  advanced  in 
years.  His  chief  work  is  "  De  Gestis 
Francorum"  from  1200  to  1500,  in  11  books 
folio,  Lyons,  1524. 

Gaiches,  John,  priest  of  the  oratory, 
and  canon  of  Soissons,  was  author  of 
Academical  discourses, — Maxims  for  Pul- 
pit Orators,  &c.  and  died  at  Paris  1731, 
aged  83. 

Gaillard,  de  Lonjumeau,  bishop  of  Apt, 
from  1673  to  his  death  1695,  is  to  be  re- 
corded as  being  the  first  projector  of  a 
universal  historical  dictionary.  In  the 
execution  of  his  useful  work  he  patronised 
his  almoner  Moreri,  and  enabled  him  to 
consult  the  libraries  of  Europe,  and  the 
Vatican.  According  to  Moreri's  dedication 
of  his  first  edition,  Gaillard  was  a  man  of 
eminent  virtues,  exemplary  in  public  and 
private  life,  and  distinguished  as  the  en- 
courager  of  literature,  and  of  learned  men. 

Gaillard,  Gabriel  Henry,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Ostel  near  Soissons,  in 
1728.  He  was  a  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  also  of  that  of  inscriptions. 


GAL 


GAL 


and  died  in  1806.  His  works  arc — 1.  Rhe- 
torique  Frawjaise,  12mo.  2.  Poetique 
FranQaise,  2  vols.  3.  Parallele  des  quatre 
Electre,  de  Sophocle,  d'Euripide,  de  Cre- 
billon,  et  de  Voltaire,  8vo.  4.  Melanges 
litteraires  en  prose  et  en  vers,  12mo.  5. 
Histoire  de  Marie  de  Bourgogne,  12mo.  6. 
Histoire  de  Francois  I.  7  vols.  12mo.  7. 
Histoire  des  Rivalites  de  la  France  et  de 
J'Angleterre,  11  vols.  12mo.  8.  Histoire  de 
Charlemagne,  4  vols.  12mo.  9.  Observa- 
tions sur  l'Histoire  de  France,  de  Messrs. 
Velley,  Villaret,  et  Gamier,  4  vols.  12mo. 
10.  Eloge  historique  sur  M.  Malesherbes, 
8vo.  &c—  W.  B. 

Gainas,  a  Goth,  who  by  his  valour,  be- 
came a  general  under  Arcadius,  and  ruined 
and  destroyed  Ruffinus,  and  the  eunuch 
Eutropius,  who  were  the  favourites  of 
their  imperial  master.  He  invaded  and 
desolated  Thrace,  because  refused  a  church 
for  the  Arians,  according  to  the  promise  of 
Arcadius  at  Chalcedonia,  and  was  at  last 
killed  near  the  Danube,  A.D.  400,  and  bis 
head  carried  in  triumph  through  the  streets 
of  Constantinople. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  an  English 
painter,  born  at  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  1727. 
He  was  self-taught,  and  after  trying  the 
powers  of  his  genius,  in  delineating  the 
scenes  of  the  country,  he  came  to  London, 
where  he  acquired  celebrity,  by  the  supe- 
rior style  of  his  portraits,  and  the  elegant 
simplicity  of  his  landscapes.  He  was  of 
a  very  benevolent  turn  of  mind,  and  it  is 
said  that  be  impoverished  himself  by  his  ex- 
tensive liberality.  He  died  1783,  aged 
61.  His  eldest  brother  was  also  eminent 
as  an  artist,  and  another,  minister  of  a 
dissenting  congregation  at  Henley,  Oxon, 
was  said  to  be  a  very  able  and  ingenious 
mechanic. 

Galadin,  Mahomet,  a  popular  emperor 
of  the  Moguls,  who  died  1605.  He  gave 
twice  a  day  audience  to  his  subjects,  and 
was  very  careful  that  their  complaints 
should  be  listened  to  and  redressed,  for 
which  purpose  he  had  a  bell  in  his  room, 
with  a  rope  descending  into  the  street, 
to  the  ringing  of  which  he  punctually  at- 
tended. 

Galantini,  Hippolito,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, called  also  Capucino,  as  belonging  to 
the  fraternity  of  Capuchins.  His  minia- 
tures possess  delicacy  and  expression.  He 
died  1706,  aged  79. 

Galanus,  Clement,  an  Italian  of  the 
order  of  the  Theatin  monks,  for  some 
years  a  missionary  in  Armenia.  His  gram- 
mar of  the  Armenian  tongue  appeared  at 
Rome,  1650,  and  also  some  treatises  in  that 
language, with  Latin  translations,  2  vols.  fol. 
Galas,  Matthew,  a  general  who  from 
being  page  to  baron  Beaufremont,  so  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  valour  and  intre- 
pidity under  marshal  Tilli,  that  he  suc- 
Vol.  I.  SS 


ceeded  him  in  the  command  of  the  imperial 
forces.  After  being  in  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Frederic  II.  and  of  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  he  fell  into  disgrace  in  conse- 
quence of  the  loss  of  a  battle,  against  Tor- 
stenson,  the  Swede,  near  Magdeburg. 
He  was  restored  afterwards  to  favour,  but 
died  shortly  after,  at  Vienna,  1647,  leaving 
behind  the  character  of  a  very  great  general. 
Galateo  Ferrari,  Antonio,  a  scholar 
and  physician,  born  at  Galatina,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Otranto.  He  was  physician  to 
the  king  of  Naples,  but  retired  from  the 
court  through  ill  health,  and  died  at 
Lecce,  in  his  native  province,  1517,  aged 
73.  He  wrote  "  a  Description  of  Iapygia" 
— a  tract  in  praise  of  the  Gout — Latin 
verses — a  treatise  on  the  elements,  &c. 

Galatin,  Peter,  author  of  the  valuable 
work,  de  Arcanis  Catholicae  Veritatis,  edi- 
ted best  in  1672,  fol.  was  a  Franciscan 
monk,  about  1530. 

Galba,  Servius  Sulpicius,  emperor  of 
Rome  after  Nero,  was  slain  by  the  preto- 
rian  guards,  who  had  raised  Otho  to  the 
imperial  throne,  in  his  stead,  A.D.  69. 

Gale,  John,  a  baptist  preacher,  born 
May  26th,  1680,  in  London.  At  the  age 
of  17  he  was  an  able  scholar,  and  passed  to 
Leyden  to  complete  his  studies,  and  there 
took,  in  his  19th  year,  his  degrees  of  mas- 
ter of  arts  and  doctor  of  philosophy.  From 
Leyden,  where  his  abilities  had  been  ac- 
knowledged with  universal  applause,  he 
went  to  Amsterdam,  and  studied  under 
Limborch,  and  began  a  lasting  intimacy 
with  J.  Le  Clerc.  Soon  after  his  return 
home  in  1703,  the  university  of  Leyden 
offered  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  if  he  would 
assent  to  the  articles  of  Dort,  which  he 
refused.  In  1711  he  published  his  Reflec- 
tions on  Wall's  Defence  of  Infant  Baptism, 
and  so  high  was  the  character  of  this  work, 
that  he  acquired  great  influence  among  the 
dissenters.  At  the  age  of  35  he  began  to 
preach  among  the  people  of  his  persuasion, 
and  became  one  of  the  ministers  of  St.  Paul's 
alley  near  Barbican.  A  meeting  upon  the 
disputed  subject  of  baptism,  took  place  be- 
tween Wall  and  Gale,  but  though  each  en- 
deavoured to  convince  the  other,  both 
parted  dissatisfied,  and  Wall  published  soon 
after  in  1719,  his  Defence  of  the  History 
of  Infant  Baptism,  which  was  so  highly  re- 
spected that  the  university  of  Oxford  pre- 
sented him  with  the  degree  of  D.D.  To 
this  defence  it  is  said  that  Gale  prepared  an 
answer,  which  death  prevented  him  from 
completing.  He  died  of  a  fever,  Decem- 
ber, 1721,  aged  42.  Besides  the  book  al- 
ready mentioned,  Gale  published  some 
sermons,  4  vols,  of  which  appeared  in  a 
second  edition,  8vo.  1726.  He  was  in 
private  life  a  respectable  character,  much 
esteemed  by  bishops  Hoadly  and  Brad- 
ford, and  by  chancellor  King. 

697 


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Gale,  Theophilus,  a  learned  dissenter, 
born  1628,  at  King's  Teignton,  Devon- 
shire, where  his  father  was  vicar.  He  en- 
tered at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  in  1647, 
and  in  1649,  in  consequence  of  his  great 
proficiency  in  literature,  he  was  presented 
with  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts.  In 
1650  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college, 
and  became  an  active  tutor.  He  after- 
wards became  a  popular  preacher,  and  set- 
tled at  Winchester,  but  at  the  restoration 
he  was  ejected  from  his  fellowship  for  re- 
fusing to  conform,  and  in  1662  attended  as 
tutor  the  two  sons  of  lord  Wharton  to 
Caen  university  in  Normandy.  He  re- 
turned in  1665,  and  the  following  year  saw 
the  city  of  London  in  flames,  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  general  calamity  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  find  his  papers  saved  from 
the  conflagration,  and  "  the  Court  of  the 
Gentiles"  was  destined  to  appear  before 
the  public.  He  assisted  Rowe  in  the 
ministry  of  his  congregation  in  Holborn, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1677,  and  then  took 
a  few  private  pupils  at  Newington.  He 
died  March,  1678,  and  as  a  proof  of  his 
attachment  to  the  nonconformists,  he  left 
his  property  to  trustees  for  the  education 
of  students  in  his  own  persuasion,  and  he 
also  bequeathed  bis  library  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  same  principles  in  New-England. 
Besides  his  Court  of  the  Gentiles,  published 
in  four  parts,  between  1669  and  1677,  in 
which  he  proved  that  the  theology  and  phi- 
losophy of"  the  pagans  were  derived  from 
the  Holy  Scriptures,  he  wrote  "  the  True 
Idea  of  Jansenism,"  4to.  1669 — the  Anato- 
my of  Infidelity,  &c.  8vo. — a  Summary  of 
the  two  Covenants,  and  other  tracts. 

Gale,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1636  at  Scruton,  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and 
M.A.  1662.  His  great  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  be  professor  of  Greek  in 
the  university,  and  in  1672  he  was  elected 
master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  and  had  the 
honour  to  receive  a  handsome  present  of 
plate  from  the  city,  for  writing  the  inscrip- 
tion on  the  monument  which  records  the 
conflagration  of  London.  In  1675  he  took 
his  degrees  of  B.D.  and  D.D.  and  the  next 
year  became  prebendary  of  St:  Paul's,  and 
was  made  member  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
consequence  of  his  presenting  that  learned 
body  some  curiosities,  especially  a  Roman 
urn  with  ashes,  found  at  Peckham  in 
Surrey.  After  presiding  with  great  popu- 
larity and  national  advantage  over  his 
school  for  25  years,  he  was  made  dean  of 
York  in  1697,  and  showed  his  liberality  by 
not  only  presenting  the  new  library  of  his 
college  with  five  Arabic  MSS.  but  by  im- 
proving the  cathedral,  and  displaying  the 
hospitality  of  a  virtuous  and  noble-minded 
dignitary.  He  died  at  his  deanerv,  8th 
698 


April,  1702,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  in 
the  middle  of  the  cathedral.  Though  en- 
gaged the  best  part  of  life  in  active  and 
laborious  employments,  he  yet  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  literature  and  classical 
learning.  He  published  in  1671,  the  Greek 
Mythologic  Authors,  Ethic  and  Physical — 
Historiae  Poeticae  Scriptores,  1675 — Rhe- 
tores  Selecti,  Gr.  and  Lat.  1676 — Jambli- 
cus,  &c.  1678 — Herodoti  Historia,  Gr.  and 
Lat.  1679 — Cicero's  works,  2  vols,  folio, 
1681,  and  4 — Historiae  Anglicanae  Scrip- 
tores  quinque,  1687,  fol. — Historian  Britan- 
nicae,  Saxonicae,  Ang.  Danicae  Scriptores, 
quindecim,  &c.  1691,  fol.  and  other  works. 

Gale,  Roger,  Esq.  F.R.  and  A.S.S. 
son  of  the  dean,  was  educated  at  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow  1697.  He  was  a  man  of  large 
property,  and  represented  North  Allerton 
in  three  parliaments,  and  was  commissioner 
of  excise.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  treasurer 
to  the  Royal  Society.  He  was  considered 
as  one  of  the  most  learned  and  polite  scho- 
lars of  the  age.  He  died  at  Scruton  25th 
June,  1744,  aged  72.  He  published  Anto- 
nini  Iter  Britanniarum  Commentariis  Illus- 
tratum,  T.  G.  1709,  4to.— the  Knowledge 
of  Medals,  by  F.  Jobert,  translated  from 
the  French,  and  other  works.  He  left  his 
MSS.  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and 
bis  cabinet  of  Roman  coins  to  the  public 
library  there. 

Gale,  Samuel,  the  youngest  of  the  three 
sons  of  dean  Gale,  was  a  man  of  some 
learning.  He  published  some  essays  in  the 
Archaeologia,  and  died  1754,  aged  72. 

Galeano,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Paler- 
mo, eminent  also  for  his  knowledge  of  clas- 
sical and  polite  literature.  He  died  1675, 
aged  70,  much  regretted.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral treatises  on  his  profession,  and  espe- 
cially "  Hippocrates  Redivivus,  &c."  1650, 
besides  the  smaller  pieces  of  the  Sicilian 
poets,  5  vols. 

Galen,  Claudius,  a  celebrated  physician 
of  Pergamus,  who  practised  at  Rome  under 
Aurelius  with  great  success.  He  died  A.D. 
201.  He  wrote  300  vols. on  his  profession, &c. 

Galen,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  afterwards  chan- 
cellor of  Douay  university.  He  wrote 
Commentarium  de  Catholico  et  Christiano 
Sacerdote,  4to. — de  Originibus  Monast. — 
de  Missaj  Sacrific. — de  Saeculi  Nostri  Cho- 
rds, &c.  and  died  1573. 

Galen,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  West- 
phalia, known  as  a  bishop  and  as  a  general. 
He  was  originally  in  the  service  of  the 
elector  of  Cologne,  and  then  took  orders 
and  became  canon,  and  then  bishop  of 
Munster,  but  when  the  pope  refused  to 
confirm  his  elevation,  he  determined  to  se- 
cure his  power  by  having  a  garrison  of  sol- 
diers devoted  to  his  own  interest.     The 


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citizens  in  vain  interfered,  Galea  was  re- 
solved to  have  recourse  to  arms,  but  hos- 
tilities were  suspended,  and  his  attention 
was  drawn  to  the  war  against  the  Turks, 
in  which  he  had  an  important  command. 
In  this,  however,  he  did  not  engage,  but  in 
1665,  he  attacked  the  United  States. 
Though  pacified  '  by  the  interference  of 
France,  he  again,  in  1672,  formed  a  league 
with  England  and  France  against  the 
States,  and  afterwards  directed  his  arms 
against  Sweden,  in  conjunction  with  Den- 
mark, and  distinguished  himself  in  this 
war,  as  he  had  done  before,  by  great  valour, 
but  not  unmixed  with  cruelty.  He  died 
19th  Sept.  1678,  aged  74,  little  regretted 
by  his  people,  whom  his  ambition  and  in- 
trigues had  contributed  to  render  dissatis- 
fied and  unhappy. 

Galeoti,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his 
order,  in  Latin  and  Italian,  1748 — Notes 
on  the  Musaeum  Odescalcum,  2  vols.  fol. 
&c.  died  1748. 

Galeoti,  Marcio,  a  native  of  Narni,  in 
the  papal  territories.  He  instructed  youth 
at  Bologna,  and  afterwards  in  Hungary, 
where  he  became  known  to  the  king,  Mat- 
thias Corvinus,  who  made  him  his  secre- 
tary, and  appointed  him  over  the  education 
of  his  son  John,  and  librarian  of  Buda. 
He  was  invited  by  Lewis  XI.  into  France, 
and  came  to  Lyons  to  meet  the  king.  The 
unexpected  meeting  of  the  king  at  the 
gates  of  the  city  proved  fatal  to  Galeoti ; 
he,  descending  too  hastily  from  his  chariot, 
to  pay  his  respects  to  his  majesty,  fell 
down,  and  being  very  corpulent,  so  much 
injured  himself  that  he  died  soon  after. 
He  published,  in  1748,  the  Bon  Mots  of 
Matthias  Corvinus,and  also  a  treatise  in  4to. 
"De  Homine  Interiore,  et  de  Corpore  ejus." 

Galerius,  C.  Valerius  Maximianus, 
from  a  herdsman  in  Dacia  became  emperor 
of  Rome,  and  married  Dioclesian's  daugh- 
ter.    He  was  warlike,  and  died  311. 

Galgacus,  a  Caledonian  chief,  famous 
for  his  noble  resistance  against  the  invasion 
of  the  Romans  under  Agricola. 

Galiani,  Ferdinand,  a  noble  writer, 
born  at  Chieti,  in  Abruzzi,  and  educated 
under  his  uncle  the  archbishop  of  Tarento. 
In  1750  he  published  his  work  on  Money 
and  Specie,  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity 
of  cash  in  the  two  Sicilies,  and  in  1772, 
appeared  his  Catalogue  of  Stones  found 
near  Vesuvuis,  which  he  presented  to  Be- 
nedict XIV.  with  this  inscription  on  one  of 
the  boxes  which  contained  the  collection  : 
Beatissime  pater,  fac  ut  lapides  isti  fiant 
panes.  The  witty  sentence  procured  a 
living  from  the  pope,  and  Galiani,  in  1759, 
was  sent  as  secretary  to  the  embassy  at 
Paris,  where  his  genius  and  his  talents 
were  seen  and  admired  by  the  French  lite- 
vati.     He  returned,  in  1779,  from  Paris, 


and  died  at  Naples,  1787.  Besides  his 
anonymous  dialogues  on  the  corn  trade, 
written  while  at  Paris,  and  which  possessed 
merit,  he  published  a  Commentary  on  Ho- 
race— a  treatise  on  the|Duties  of  Princes 
towards  belligerent  powers,  &c. 

Galigai,  Eleonora,  the  wife  of  Concini, 
marechal  D'Ancre,  was  daughter  of  a 
joiner  and  a  washerwoman  in  Italy.  She 
was  foster-sister  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  who 
loved  her  with  strong  affection,  and  to  this 
partiality  were  owing  her  greatness  and 
misfortunes. She  came  to  France  with  her  pa- 
troness, and  though  her  features  were  plain 
and  even  disgusting,  she  married  Concini. 
In  this  elevated  situation  she  did  not  show 
that  moderation  and  self-command  which 
her  great  powers  of  mind  seemed  to  promise, 
She  was  haughty  and  imperious,  and  by  her 
conduct  soon  gave  offence  to  Louis  XIII. 
the  son  of  her  partial  mistress,  who  with 
the  cruelty  of  those  barbarous  times,  caused 
her  husband  to  be  assassinated,  and  herself 
to  be  brought  to  trial,  though  no  crime  but 
that  of  being  a  favourite  and  of  governing 
the  queen,  could  be  proved  against  her. 
She  was  charged  with  sorcery  ;  and  when 
questioned  by  what  magic  she  had  so  fasci- 
nated her  mistress,  she  made  this  well- 
known  answer,  "  By  that  power  which 
strong  minds  naturally  possess  over  the 
weak."  She  was  condemned  in  May,  and 
the  July  following  1617,  she  was  executed. 
She  had  a  son  and  daughter ;  the  daughter 
died  young,  and  the  son  returned  to  Italy 
to  enjoy  the  vast  possessions  which  his 
mother's  good  fortune  had  heaped  together. 

Galilei,  Galileo,  a  celebrated  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence 19th  February,  1564.  His  father, 
who  was  a  Florentine  nobleman,  wish- 
ed him  to  apply  to  medicine,  but  his 
stronger  attachment  to  mathematics  pre- 
vailed, and  so  rapid  was  his  progress,  that 
in  1589  he  was  appointed  mathematical 
professor  at  Pisa.  His  opposition  there  to 
the  prevalent  maxims  of  Aristotle,  render- 
ed his  situation  unpleasant,  and  in  1592  he 
removed  to  Padua,  and  obtained  a  profes- 
sor's chair.  His  treatise  on  "  Mechanics," 
and  his  "  Balance,"  or  the  problem  of  Ar- 
chimedes about  the  crown,  now  made  him 
known  as  a  man  of  genius  and  application. 
In  1609,  while  at  Venice,  he  heard  of  the  in- 
vention of  the  telescope  by  James  Metius  in 
Holland,  and  he  immediately  applied  the 
powers  of  his  mind  to  construct  and  im- 
prove that  astonishing  instrument,  by 
which  he  penetrated  into  unknown  re- 
gions, and  displayed  the  heavens  in  a  new 
light.  He  discovered  mountains  in  the 
moon,  and  first  observed  four  of  the  satel- 
lites which  attend  the  planet  Jupiter,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Medicean  stars 
in  honour  of  his  patron  duke  Cosmo  II. 
He  was  in  1610  re-established  at  Pisa  bv* 


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the  duke,  with  a  handsome  salary,  and  he 
continued  his  observations  on  the  heavens, 
sind  observed  the  phases  of  Venus  ;  but  his 
discoveries  were  too  astonishing  and  too  op- 
posite to  the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  to  es- 
cape the  censure  of  the  philosophers  of  the 
age.  No  sooner  did  he  embrace  the  Co- 
pernican  system,  and  assert  that  the  sun, 
disfigured  by  spots,  remains  immoveable  in 
the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  that  the 
earth  turns  round  in  annual  and  diurnal 
motions,  than  he  was  summoned  before  the 
inquisition  for  opinions  so  false  in  philoso- 
phy, and  so  heretical,  and  so  contrary  to 
the  word  of  God.  After  a  year's  confine- 
ment in  the  inquisition  prison,  he  was  re- 
stored to  liberty,  1616,  on  the  promise  of 
renouncing  his  heretical  opinions  ;  but 
considering  forced  oaths  as  not  obligatory, 
he  continued  his  discoveries  in  the  plane- 
tary system.  In  1632,  his  dialogues  on 
the  two  systems  of  Ptolemy  and  Coperni- 
cus, drew  down  upon  him  the  vengeance 
of  the  monks.  Though  indeed  he  left  the 
question  undecided,  yet  he  wished  to  lean 
to  the  opinions  of  Copernicus,  and  by  thus 
overthrowing  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle, 
and  in  bold  language  ridiculing  the  blind- 
ness of  his  followers,  he  showed  himself  an 
obstinate  heretic.  He  was  therefore  cited 
before  the  inquisition  at  Rome,  and  after 
being  made  to  abjure  his  errors,  and  doing 
penance  for  his  offences,  by  repeating 
every  week  the  seven  penitential  psalms, 
he  was  detained  in  prison  till  1634.  Indig- 
nant at  the  cruelty  of  this  treatment,  and 
the  bigotry  and  blindness  of  his  persecu- 
tors, he  yet  continued  his  pursuits  ;  but 
in  silence  and  fear.  His  excessive  appli- 
cation, and  the  constant  use  of  his  teles- 
cope, together  with  frequent  exposure 
to  the  night  air,  had  such  effect  upon  him, 
that  in  1639  this  venerable  man  lost  his 
sight.  He  died  three  years  after  at  Arce- 
tri  near  Florence,  8th  Jan.  1642,  aged  78. 
Galileo  has  thus  immortalized  himself  by 
his  important  discovei'ies  ;  he  first  observed 
the  inequalities  on  the  surface  of  the  moon, 
and  knew  her  vibration  ;  he  planned  the 
accurate  calculation  of  the  longitude  by  the 
eclipses  of  the  Medicean  stars  ;  he  invent- 
ed the  cycloid,  and  observed  the  increasing 
celerity  in  the  descent  of  bodies.  His  works 
were  collected  in  3  vols.  4to.  1718,  but 
it  is  said  that  his  wife  permitted  a  fanatic 
monk  to  peruse,  and  consequently  to  des- 
troy many  of  his  valuable  manuscripts.  His 
son  Vincenzo  was  a  man  of  genius  and  abi- 
lities, and  author  of  some  treatises  and  in- 
ventions in  mechanics  and  music.  Among 
Galileo's  pupils,. were  Vincenzo  Viviani  the 
mathematician,  Toricelli  the  inventor  of  the 
barometer,  &c. 

Galissonniere,  Rolland  Michael  Barria 
marquis,  a  French  admiral,  born  at  Roche- 
fort;  11th  Nov.  1693.     After  serving  with 
700 


distinction  in  the  navy,  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  Canada,  1745,  and  in  1756  he  had  a 
severe  engagement  near  Minorca  with  the 
English  fleet  under  Byng.  He  died  the 
same  year  at  Nemours,  17th  Oct.  deser- 
vedly respected  by  the  nation  for  bravery, 
humanity,  and  benevolence. 

Galland,  Augustus,  a  French  counsel- 
lor of  state,  well  acquainted  with  the  laws, 
the  history,  and  royal  rights  of  his  country. 
He  wrote  Memoirs  for  the  History  of 
France  and  Navarre,  folio — a  treatise  on 
the  Ensigns  and  Standards  of  France,  &c. 
He  died  about  1644,  but  at  what  age  is 
unknown. 

Galland,  Antony,  a  French  antiquary, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Rollo,  in  Picardy, 
1646.  He  was  educated  at  Noyon  and 
Paris,  and  in  consequence  of  his  great 
knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  and  the  oriental 
languages,  he  was  sent  to  travel  in  the  East 
by  Colbert,  and  at  his  return  he  enriched 
the  literature  of  his  country  by  his  publica- 
tions. He  was  member  of  the  academy  of 
inscriptions,  and  professor  of  Arabic  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1715.  He  published 
a  Collection  of  Maxims  and  Bon  Mots  from 
oriental  writers — a  treatise  on  the  Origin 
of  Coffee — an  account  of  the  death  of  the 
Sultan  Osman,  &c. — Arabian  Nights'  En- 
tertainments, and  some  curious  disserta- 
tions on  medals,  &c. 

Galle,  or  Callous,  Servatius,  pastor 
of  the  Walloon  church  at  Haerlem,  wrote 
Dissertationes  de  Sibyllis  et  Oraculis, 
1688,  4to. — besides  an  edition  of  Lactan- 
tius,  with  notes  1660,  8vo. — and  of  the 
Sibylline  Oracles,  with  notes,  &c.  He 
died  1709. 

Gallet,  N.  a  French  spice  merchant, 
who  died  at  Paris,  June,  1757.  He  is 
known  for  some  short  comic  pieces,  which 
appeared  on  the  French  theatre  with  ap- 
plause. He  wrote  also  songs  and  poetical 
trifles,  with  great  neatness  and  pleasing 
variety. 

Gallienus,  a  Roman  emperor,  son  of 
Valerian.     He  was  assassinated  268. 

Galligai.     Vid.  Galigai. 

Gallitzin,  Basil,  a  noble  Russian,  iu 
great  favour  with  the  regent  princess  Sophia 
during  the  minority  of  the  Czars  Peter  I. 
and  Iwan,  who  reigned  jointly.  He  was 
unfortunate  in  his  military-  expeditions 
against  the  Tartars,  and  his  influence  was 
greatly  diminished.  When  the  princess 
regent  was  discovered  in  her  secret  in- 
trigues to  destroy  the  Czar  Peter,  and  to 
raise  her  favourite  to  the  throne  by  marry- 
ing him,  she  was  confined  to  a  monastery 
near  Moscow,  and  Gallitzin  banished  to 
Kargapol,  in  Siberia.  He  afterwards  re- 
covered his  liberty,  and  retired  to  a  mo- 
nastery, where  he  died  in  great  austerity, 
1713,  at  the  age  of  80.  Though  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  ambitious  views,   he  was  a 


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man  of  great  merit,  whose  attention  intro- 
duced improvement  and  civilization  into 
the  Russian  empire,  and  prepared  the  way 
for  the  illustrious  reign  of  Peter  the 
Great. 

Gallitzin,  Michael  Michaelowitz, 
prince  of,  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1674,  and  distinguished 
himself  under  Peter  the  Great  against 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  He  commanded 
ten  years  in  Finland,  and  concluded  the 
peace  of  Neustadt.  He  died  1730,  field- 
marshal,  and  president  of  the  college  of 
war,  and  highly  respected  as  an  able  minis- 
ter and  meritorious  general.  At  the  vic- 
tory of  Lerna  he  asked  only  the  pardon  of 
one  of  the  captives  for  the  reward  of  his 
services. 

Galloche,  Lewis,  a  painter  of  the 
French  school,  who  died  rector  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  Royal  academy,  1761,  aged 
91.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Boullongne,  and 
master  of  le  Moine.  The  Paris  churches 
are  adorned  by  his  pieces. 

Gallois,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  1632.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages, and  of  such  universal  information 
and  splendid  talents  that  he  engaged  with 
de  Sallo  in  the  conducting  of  the  Journal 
des  Sc,avans,  a  periodical  paper,  which, 
from  its  commencement,  Jan.  5th,  1665, 
has,  under  various  names,  and  under  differ- 
ent revolutions  and  characters,  claimed  the 
public  attention.  Gallois  was  patronised 
by  Colbert,  whom  he  instructed  in  Latin 
chiefly  in  his  coach,  as  he  travelled  be- 
tween Versailles  and  Paris.  He  was  made 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  1668, 
and  of  the  French  academy  1673,  and  after 
his  patron's  death,  librarian  to  the  king, 
and  then  Greek  professor  of  the  Royal 
college.  He  died  of  the  dropsy  1707,  and 
in  1710,  a  catalogue  of  his  books  was 
printed,  consisting  of  upwards  14,000 
volumes. 

Gallois,  Julien-Jean  Caesar  le,  a  French 
physiologist,  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  and 
educated  at  Caen,  where  at  the  outset  of 
the  revolution  he  headed  his  fellow  stu- 
dents, as  a  Federalist,  for  which  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  from  Normandy.  He  after- 
wards became  a  pupil  in  one  of  the  schools 
of  medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  admitted  to 
his  doctor's  degree.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  "  Experiments  on  the  Prin- 
ciple of  Life,  particularly  on  that  of  the 
Motion  of  the  Heart,  and  the  Si  at  of  this 
Principle."  Much  was  expected  from  his 
farther  observations  on  this  abstruse  sub- 
ject ;  when  he  was  cut  eft'  by  a  peripneu- 
mony  in  February,  ISIS. —  W.  B. 

Gallon io,  Antonio,  an  ecclesiastic  at 
Rome,  known  for  his  writings  on  the 
saints,  martyrs,  and  holy  virgins,  and 
especially  his  work  which   describes  the 


various  cruelties  exercised  on  primitive 
martyrs,  with  plates,  1594,  in  4to.  He 
died  1605. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  native  of  Delaware, 
and  was  liberally  educated.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  assembly  of  that  province 
in  1764,  and  in  opposition  to  John  Dickin- 
son, advocated  a  transference  of  the  govern- 
ment from  the  hands  of  the  proprietors  to 
those  of  the  king.  He  was  for  some  time 
speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  a  member  of 
the  Congress  of  1774.  In  1776  he  deserted 
the  cause  of  the  colonies,  and  after  spend- 
ing some  time  with  the  British  in  New- 
York  went  to  England.  He  there  publish- 
ed observations  on  the  conduct  of  Sir 
William  Howe,  in  which,  notwithstanding 
his  attachment  to  the  British  cause,  he  un- 
disguisedly  exhibited  and  condemned  the 
cruelties  of  their  troops.  He  also  publish- 
ed a  work  on  prophecy,  creditable  to  his 
talents,  learning,  and  piety.  He  died  in 
1803.  gr~P  L. 

Gallucci,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
who  pronounced  an  oration  on  cardinal 
Bellarmine,  and  wrote  "  Virgilianae  Indi- 
cationes,"  in  which  he  asserted  in  bold  and 
animated  language,  the  superiority  of  Vir- 
gil over  Homer,  against  the  opinion  of 
Madame  Dacier.     He  died   1649,  aged  75. 

Gallucci,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Italian 
astronomer  of  the  16th  century.  He 
wrote  "  on  the  Instruments  of  Astrono- 
my," 1597— Theatrum  Mundi  et  Tem- 
poris,  folio,  1507 — Speculum  Uranicum, 
folio,  &c. 

Gallucci,  Angelo,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
born  at  Macerata.  He  is  author  of  "  Com- 
mentarii  de  Bello  Belgico,"  from  1593  to 
1609,  Rome,  1674,  2  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1674. 

Gallus,  Cornelius,  a  Roman  poet,  made 
governor  of  Egypt  by  Augustus.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Virgil,  and  he  destroyed  him- 
self, B.C.  26. 

Gallus,  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  emperor 
after  Decius.  After  two  years'  reign  he 
was  assassinated  by  his  soldiers.  253. 

Gallus,  Flavius  Claudius  Constantius, 
brother  of  the  emperor  Julian,  was  made 
Caesar  by  Constantius  ;  but  afterwards  put 
to  death  on  suspicion  of  cruelty  and  ill 
conduct,  354. 

Gally,  Henry,  was  bom  at  Beckenham, 
Kent,  August,  1696,  and  educated  at 
Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1728,  when  the  king 
visited  the  university.  In  1721  he  was 
made  lecturer  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden, 
and  rector  of  Wandcn,  Bucks,  and  in  1728 
he  was  presented  to  a  prebend  of  Gloucester 
by  King,  lord  chancellor,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain.  He  afterwards  had  a  prebend  at 
Norwich,  and  became  rector  of  Ashton, 
Northamptonshire,  and  St.  Giles  in  the 
701 


GAM 


GAM 


Fields,  and  in  1735  chaplain  to  the  king. 
He  died  August  7th,  1769.  He  wrote  some 
sermons,  besides  the  Characters  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  translated  from  the  Greek,  with 
notes — a  dissertation  against  pronouncing 
the  Greek  language  according  to  Accents, 
1754,  8vo. — a  second  dissertation  on  the 
same  subject,  8vo.  &c. 

Galvani,  Lewis,  an  eminent  physiolo- 
gist, born  at  Bologna.  He  studied  medi- 
cine under  Galeazzi,  whose  daughter  he 
married,  and  in  1762  he  began  to  give  lec- 
tures in  anatomy  in  his  native  city.  He 
accidentally  discovered,  while  preparing 
broth  from  frogs  for  his  sick  wife,  that  the 
muscles  of  these  animals  were  thrown  into 
convulsion  by  the  touch  of  a  dissecting 
knife,  and  exhibited  all  the  appearance  of 
the  electric  shock.  The  subject  was  accu- 
rately examined  by  the  patient  philosopher, 
and  upon  incontrovertible  grounds  he 
proved  that  the  nerves  of  all  animals  are 
thus  powerfully  acted  upon,  and  he  had  the 
honour  of  giving  his  name  by  this  impor- 
tant discovery  to  this  new  system  of  physio- 
logy. His  observations  were  communicated 
to  the  world  in  his  treatise  de  Viribus  Elec- 
tricitatis  in  Motu  musculari  Commen- 
tarius,  1691,  and  the  subject  afterwards 
engaged  the  attention  of  Valli,  Fowler, 
Aldini,  and  especially  Volta,  who  intro- 
duced very  great  improvements  in  the 
system.  After  the  death  of  his  wife,  in 
1790,  Galvani  became  a  prey  to  a  se- 
vere melancholy,  and  died  1798,  aged  61. 
He  wrote  besides  tracts  on  medical  sub- 
jects, &c. 

Galvano,  Antony,  a  native  of  the  East 
Indies,  governor  of  the  Moluccas.  He 
was  prudent  and  vigorous  in  his  admini- 
stration, and  cleared  the  sea  of  pirates, 
but  he  reduced  himself  so  much  by  his 
liberality  that  he  returned  poor  to  Europe, 
and  not  meeting  with  the  treatment 
which  he  deserved  from  John  III.  king 
of  Portugal,  he  died  in  a  hospital  at  Lis- 
bon, 1557. 

Gam,  David,  a  brave  Welchman  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt.  He  observed  of  the 
enemy  that  there  were  enough  to  kill, 
enough  to  take  prisoners,  and  enough  to 
fly.  He  fell  in  the  fight  in  nobly  defending 
the  person  of  Henry  V.  and  just  as  he  ex- 
pired he  was  knighted  by  his  grateful  sove- 
reign on  the  field  of  battle. 

Gama,  Vasco,  or  Vasquez  de,  an  illus- 
trious Portuguese,  born  at  Sines,  on  the 
sea-coast  of  Portugal,  immortalized  as  the 
discoverer  of  a  passage  to  the  East  Indies 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He  set  sail 
from  the  Tagus,  8th  July,  1497,  with  four 
ships,  and  though  his  expedition  was  con- 
sidered as  most  perilous,  he  boldly  encoun- 
tered the  storms  of  the  African  coast,  and 
the  more  dangerous  mutiny  of  his  follow- 
ers, and  on  the  20th  November  doubled 
70-2 


the  cape,  which  hitherto  had  been  called 
the  Cape  of  Tempests,  and  proceeded  as 
far  as  Calicut.  He  redoubled  the  cape, 
April,  1499,  and  returned  home  after  an 
absence  of  two  years  and  nearly  two 
months,  and  was  loaded  with  honours  due 
to  his  merit  and  services.  In  1502  he 
again  visited  the  East  Indies,  with  twenty 
ships,  as  admiral  of  the  eastern  seas,  and 
returned  September,  1503,  with  thirteen 
ships  richly  laden.  Under  John  III.  he 
was  appointed  viceroy  of  India,  and  for  the 
third  time  returned  to  the  country,  and 
fixed  the  seat  of  government  at  Cochin, 
but  he  unfortunately  died  soon  after,  24th 
December,  1525.  He  was  a  man  of  the 
greatest  intrepidity  and  the  most  perse- 
vering courage,  but  he  also  possessed  in  a 
very  eminent  degree  the  virtues  of  private 
life,  and  for  a  while  forgot  his  ambition 
and  his  fame  in  deploring  the  death  of 
his  brother  and  companion,  Paulus  de 
Gama.  His  adventures  have  been  immor- 
talized by  the  poem  of  Camoens,  called 
"  The  Lusiad,"  translated  into  English  by 
Mickle. 

Gamaches,  Stephen  Simon,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  who 
died  at  Paris,  1756,  aged  84.  He  was 
author  of  Physical  Astronomy,  2  vols.  4to. 
— Literary  and  Philosophical  Dissertations, 
8vo. — System  of  the  Heart — the  Elegan- 
cies of  Language  reduced  to  their  Princi- 
ples, a  valuable  book. 

Gamaches,  Philip  de,  author  of  2  vols, 
of  Commentaries  on  the  Summa  of  Aqui- 
nas, was  divinity  professor  in  Paris  uni- 
versity, and  ably  defended  the  Gallican 
church  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
papal  power.    He  died  at  Paris,  1625. 

Gamaliel,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law, 
and  a  secret  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He 
defended  the  conduct  of  the  apostles  against 
the  machinations  of  the  Sanhedrim,  and 
when  Stephen  had  been  cruelly  stoned  to 
death,  it  is  said  that  he  caused  his  remains 
to  be  decently  buried. 

Gambara,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet,  pa- 
tronised by  cardinal  Alexander  Farnese. 
He  died  1586,  aged  90.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
poem  on  Columbus,  besides  eclogues,  &c. 
but  his  poetry  is  spoken  of  with  great  con- 
tempt by  Muretus. 

Gambara,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady, 
born  at  Brescia.  She  married  the  lord  of 
Corregio,  and  after  his  death  devoted  her- 
self to  literature  and  the  education  of 
her  two  sons."  She  died  1550,  aged  65. 
The  best  edition  of  her  poems,  which  pos- 
sess merit,  and  of  her  letters,  is  that  of 
Brescia,  1759. 

Gambold,  John,  a  native  of  Haverford- 
west, educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1734. 
He  was,  on  the  presentation  of  Seeker, 
vicar  of  Staunton   Harcourt,   and  wrote 


GAR 


GAR 


there  "  the  Martyrdom  of  Ignatius,"  a 
tragedy,  1740,  and  in  1742  edited  at  the 
Oxford  press,  the  New  Testament,  after 
Milles.  He  joined  in  1748  the  united  Mo- 
ravian brethren,  and  was  for  many  years 
their  minister  in  Neville's  court,  Fetter- 
lane.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  his 
fraternity  at  the  synod,  1754,  and  in  1765 
he  established  a  congregation  at  Coot-hill, 
in  Ireland.  He  died  in  his  native  town, 
Sept.  13,  1771,  and  though  an  enthusiast 
he  was  universally  respected  for  his  learn- 
ing and  information,  and  for  his  inoffensive 
manners.  He  wrote  several  things  for  the 
use  of  his  Moravian  brethren,  besides  a 
Character  of  count  Zinzendorf — 16  Dis- 
courses on  the  second  Article  of  the  Creed 
— and  the  History  of  Greenland,  translated 
from  the  Dutch,  &c. 

Gandt,  James,  a  painter,  who  came  to 
Ireland  with  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  died 
there  1689.  He  was  the  pupil  and  imita- 
tor of  Vandyck. 

Ganganelli.     Vid.  Clement  XIV. 

Gansevoort,  Peter*  Jun.  a  distinguish- 
ed officer  in  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Albany,  July  19th,  1749,  of  a 
highly  respectable  family.  In  1775  he  was 
appointed  by  congress  a  major  in  the 
second  New- York  regiment,  and  in  August 
of  that  year  joined  the  army  under  Mont- 
gomery, which  invaded  Canada.  In  March, 
1776,  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  in  November  appointed 
to  the  colonelcy  of  the  third  regiment,  and 
assigned  the  command  of  Fort  George. 
In  April,  1777,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
command  of  Fort  Stanwix,  at  Rome,  and 
gallantly  defended  it  against  the  British, 
under  St.  Leger,  who,  after  besieging  it 
from  the  2d  to  the  22d  of  August,  retreated. 
By  preventing  the  co-operation  of  that 
general  with  Burgoyne,  he  contributed 
most  essentially  to  the  embarrassment 
and  defeat  of  the  latter,  and  obtained  the 
distinguished  applause  of  the  country.  In 
1781  the  state  of  New- York  appointed  him 
a  brigadier-general,  and  he  continued  in 
that  rank  till  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
afterwards  filled  a  number  of  respectable 
offices,  among  which  were,  commission  of 
Indian  affairs  and  for  fortifying  the  fron- 
tiers, military  agent,  and  brigadier-general 
in  the  United  States'  service,  which  ap- 
pointment he  received  in  1S09,  and  held  till 
his  death,  July  2d,  1812.  He  was  an  emi- 
nently brave  and  skilful  officer,  discharged 
the  duties  of  the  several  stations  which  he 
filled  with  intelligence  and  fidelity,  and 
was  greatly  respected  and  esteemed  in  pri- 
vate life.  ItZF'  L. 

Garamond,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris, 
known  as  an  ingenious  engraver  and  letter- 
founder.  He  first  banished  the  use  of  the 
Gothic,  or  black  letter,  and  founded  his 
types  in  so  complete  a  manner  that  they 


became  universally  admired  in  Europe,  ami 
by  way  of  excellence,  the  small  Roman, 
letters  were  denominated  in  every  country 
by  his  name.  At  the  desire  of  Francis  I. 
he  founded  three  different  Greek  types,  for 
Robert  Stephens,  for  the  publication  of  the 
Greek  Testament,  and  of  the  Greek  clas- 
sics. This  ingenious  and  indefatigable 
man  died  1561,  and  his  types  became  the 
property  of  Fournier  the  elder,  an  eminent 
letter-founder. 

Garasse,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  An- 
gouleme,  1585.  He  displayed  his  genius 
by  his  publication  of  the  elegies  on  the 
death  of  Henry  IV.  and  in  a  poem  in  heroic 
verse  addressed  to  Lewis  XIII.  on  his  in- 
auguration. As  a  preacher  he  was  very  elo- 
quent and  popular,  but  he  aspired  to  the 
public  admiration  by  the  force  and  conse- 
quence of  his  writings.  In  his  style  he  was 
violent  and  scurrilous,  and  his  "  Horoscope 
of  Anti-Coton,"  &c.  and  his  "  Calvinistic 
Elixir,  &c."  were  proofs  of  the  virulence 
and  buffoonery  with  which  he  defended 
his  order  against  the  attacks  of  his  ene- 
mies. In  1620  he  published  "Rabelais 
Reformed,  &c."  and  afterwards  in  other 
publications  attacked  the  ghost  of  Plas- 
quier,  an  affront  which  was  severely  re- 
sented by  the  indignant  sons  of  this  reve- 
rend father.  His  "  Summe  Theologique 
des  Verites  Capitales  de  la  Religion  Chre- 
tienne,"  published  1625,  first  raised  the 
torch  of  dissension  and  hatred  between  the 
Jesuits  and  Jansenists.  The  book  was 
attacked  by  the  abbot  of  St.  Cyran,  and  in 
1626  the  rector  of  the  Sorbonne  complain- 
ed to  his  society  of  the  evil  tendencies  of 
a  composition  which  recommended  hereti- 
cal opinions,  and  abounded  in  false  quota- 
tions from  Scripture.  Garasse  was  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  after  a  solemn  examina- 
tion, censured,  but  the  virulence  and  ani- 
mosity which  had  been  excited  between  the 
two  orders  continued  to  be  displayed  on 
both  sides  with  increasing  violence.  Though 
supported  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  dispute, 
Garasse  was  banished  to  one  of  their  houses 
at  some  distance  from  Paris.  During  the 
pestilence  which  raged  at  Poictiers,  he 
showed  himself  charitably  active  in  the 
relief  of  the  infected,  and  fell  a  victim  to 
the  contagion,  14th  June,  1631.  He  is 
styled  by  Warburton  in  his  commentary  on 
the  Essay  on  Man,  an  eminent  casuist. 

Garbieri,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, pupil  to  Ludovico  Caracci.  He  died 
1654,  aged  64. 

Garbo,  Raphael  del,  an  historical  pain- 
ter of  Florence,  who  died  1534,  aged  58. 
His  representation  of  the  resurrection  is 
his  best  piece. 

Garcias  II.  king  of  Navarre  after  San- 
cho  II.  died  1000. 

Garcilasso,  or  Garcias  Lasso  de  la 
Vega,  a  Spanish  poet,  born  of  a  noble  fa- 
703 


GAR 


GAR 


mily  at  Toledo,  1500.     He  was  educated    the  Royal  Society   of  London.     Shortly 


under  the  eye  of  Charles  V.  who  patronised 
and  esteemed  him,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  as  much  by  his  valour  as  by  his 
poetry.  After  accompanying  Charles  in 
his  campaigns  in  Germany,  Africa,  and 
Provence,  he  received  a  wound  on  the  head 
from  a  stone  thrown   from   a  tower,  when 


after  his  return  to  Great  Britain  in  1783, 
he  was  appointed  one  of  its  councillors, 
and  afterwards  one  of  its  vice-presidents. 
He  died  in  London  in  the  year  1792,  in 
the  64th  year  of  his  age.  |CP  L. 

Gardie,  Pontus  de  la,  a  French  adven- 
turer in  the  service  of  marshal  Brisac,  and 


at  the  head  of  a  battalion,  and  died  three     afterwards  of  the  Danes,  and  then  of  the 


weeks  after  at  Nice,  in  his  36th  year.  To 
his  genius  and  his  labours  the  poetry  of  the 
Spaniards  is  greatly  indebted.  His  works 
are  written  not  only  in  elegant  language, 
but  with  true  poetic  fire,  and  his  odes  are 
said  by  Paul  Jovius  to  equal  those  of  Ho- 
race in  sweetness.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished with  learned  notes  by  Franc.  San- 
chez, Naples,  1664,  in  8vo.  There  was 
another  Spaniard  of  the  same  name,  born 
atCusco,  who  wrote  the  History  of  Florida, 
of  Peru,  and  of  the  Incas. 

Garden,  Alexander,  a  distinguished 
Episcopal  clergyman,  who  long  resided  in 
America.  He  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
1685,  and  came  to  Charleston  in  South 
Carolina,  about  the  year  1720.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  he  became  rector  of  St.  Philip's 
Church  in  Charleston,  in  which  office  he 
continued  for  thirty-four  years,  and  died 
in  1756  in  the  71st  year  of  his  age.  In  a 
short  time  after  he  fixed  his  residence  in 
South  Carolina  he  was  appointed  com- 
missary of  the  Bishop  of  London,  for  the 
two  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and  the  Bahama 
islands,  and  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties 
of  this  high  trust  was  strict,  impartial,  and 
exemplary.  He  was  a  man  of  learning, 
and  constant  in  his  attention  to  the  literary 
as  well  as  the  religious  interests  of  the 
people  committed  to  his  care.  iCF*  L. 
Garden,  Alexander,  M.D.,  was  the  son 
of  a  distinguished  clergyman  of  the  same 
name,  belonging  to  the  church  of  Scotland, 
where  he  was  born  in  the  year  1728.    He 


Swedes.  He  was  ambassador  from  Swe- 
den at  V  ienna  and  at  Rome,  and  in  1580 
he  was  emplo  ed  against  the  Russians, 
and  fought  with  great  success.  He  was 
drowned  accidentally  in  the  port  of  Revel 
1585. 

Gardin  Dumesnil,  N.  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Paris,  was  eminent  as  a  scho- 
lar, as  appears  in  his  Synoymes  Latines, 
in  imitation  of  Girard's  Synonymes  Fran- 
cois. He  died  at  Valogne,  May,  1802, 
aged  82. 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Lionel 
Woodville,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  brother 
to  Elizabeth  the  queen  of  the  fourth  Ed- 
ward. He  was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
Suffolk,  1483,  and  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  his  progress  in 
classical  literature,  and  in  civil  and  canon 
law,  was  very  rapid.  His  introduction  into 
the  Norfolk  family,  and  afterwards  into 
the  service  of  Wolsey,  soon  rendered  him 
a  favourite  at  court.  In  the  business  of 
the  divorce  he  was  sent  in  1527  to  Rome, 
where  he  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  his 
sovereign,  and  when  he  found  that  the 
pope  was  inexorable,  he  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  procure  the  dismissal  of  the  virtu- 
ous Catharine,  without  paying  any  respect 
to  the  opinion  of  the  papal  court.  For  his 
services  he  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
and  in  1531  raised  to  the  see  of  Winches- 
ter. He  went  afterwards  as  ambassador 
to    the    French   court,    and    when    Henry 


received  his  education  in  the  University  of    broke  oft' his  dependence  on  the  papal  see, 


Aberdeen,  and  afterwards  pursued  his 
medical  studies  with  high  reputation  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  arrived 
in  South  Carolina  about  the  year  1750, 
and  commenced  the  practice  of  physic, 
and  also  engaged  with  great  zeal  in  the 
study  of  botany.  He  was  an  excellent 
classical  scholar,  and  had  made  very 
honourable  proficiency  in  mathematics, 
natural  philosophy,  history,  and  general 
literature.  But  natural  history  was  his 
favourite  study,  and  he  made  a  number  of 
valuable  communications  to  his  scientific 
friends,  which  were  published.  The  cele- 
brated Linnaeus,  with  whom  he  correspond- 
ed in  Latin,  gave  the  name  of  Gardenia  to 
a  flowery  shrub  in  honour  of  him.  Dr. 
Garden  maintained  an  extensive  corres- 
pondence with  learned  men  of  Europe, 
and  was  highly  esteemed  by  them.  '  About 


the  new  bishop  evinced  his  acquiescence 
in  the  bold  measure  by  defending  it  in  his 
tract  de  Vera  Obedientia.  After  various 
employments  of  confidence  and  honour, 
he  was  at  last  directed  by  Henry  to  draw 
up  articles  on  an  accusation  of  heresy, 
against  his  last  wife  Catharine  Parr, 
but  the  devoted  queen  had  the  art  to 
avert  the  storm  from  her  own  head  upon 
that  of  Gardiner,  who  ever  after  continued 
in  disgrace  with  the  king.  Under  Edward 
VI.  he  showed  himself  averse  to  the  intro- 
duction of  the  reformation,  and  though 
threatened  and  imprisoned,  he  still  perse- 
vered in  his  opposition.  Under  Mary  he 
was  restored  to  his  bishopric  from  which 
he  had  been  deprived,  and  he  was  raised 
to  the  high  office  of  lord  chancellor  and 
of  prime  minister.  Much  to  the  disgrace 
of  his  character  he  conducted  himself  in 


the  year  1772  he  was  elected  a  member  of    this  elevated  situation  with  great  caprice 
704 


ii  Mi 


UAH 


and  unpardonable  cruelty.  The  protest- 
ants  who  opposed  his  views  were  with  lit- 
tle ceremony  committed  to  the  flames,  and 
these  measures  of  violence  and  blood  were 
sanctioned  by  the  bigoted  queen,  and  ap- 
proved by  the  criminal  catholics.  He  died 
12th  Nov.  1555,  aged  72.  In  his  private 
character  he  was  not  without  some  good 
qualities.  He  was  learned,  and  promoted 
the  cause  of  learning.  His  gratitude  to 
Wolsey,  to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  part 
of  his  greatness,  is  highly  commendable, 
and  though  much  injured  by  Henry  VIII. 
he  never  mentioned  his  name  without 
marks  of  respect  and  affection.  That  he 
possessed  ambition,  the  history  of  his 
life  sufficiently  proves,  and  that  he  was  not 
unskilled  in  art  and  dissimulation  is 
strongly  evident  from  the  greatness  with 
which  he  supported  his  measures  in  the 
midst  of  jarring  factions,  and  opposite 
religions. 

Gardiner,  James,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  George  II.  who  on  reading  a  reli- 
gious book  called  Heaven  taken  by  Storm, 
suddenly  reformed  the  licentious  conduct 
of  his  youth,  by  the  most  correct  morals, 
and  the  most  undisguised  piety.  This 
worthy  man  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Preston-pans,  in  sight  of  his  own  house, 
21st  September,  1745. 

Garengeot,  Rene  Jacques  Croissant 
de,  a  French  surgeon,  born  at  Vitri  1688. 
He  was  royal  lecturer  on  surgery  at  Paris, 
and  fellow  of  the  London  Royal  Society, 
and  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  the  suc- 
cess of  his  operations,  and  the  ingenious 
and  valuable  works  which  he  wrote  on  his 
profession.  He  died  at  Paris  1759.  His 
works  are  a  Treatise  on  Surgical  Opera- 
tions, two  vols.  8vo. — on  Surgical  Instru- 
ments, 2  vols.  12mo. — the  Anatomy  of  the 
Viscera,  12mo.  &c. 

Garessoles,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
tauban,  where  he  was  divinity  professor, 
and  also  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Cha- 
renton.  He  wrote  a  Way  to  Salvation, — 
de  Christo  Mediatore, — Explicatio  Cate- 
cheseos  Christ.  Relig. — some  Latin  poems, 
&c.  and  died  1650,  aged  63. 

Garet,  John,  a  Benedictine,  of  the  con- 
gregation of  St.  Maur.  He  was  born  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  died  1694,  aged  69. 
He  edited  Cassiodorus,  2  vols.  fol.  with 
interesting  notes. 

Garlande,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian, 
born  at  Garlande  en  Brie  in  Normandy. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  a  "  poem 
on  the  contempt  of  the  World." — Floretus 
on  the  Doctrines  of  Faith  ; — Facetus  on 
the  duties  of  Men  towards  God, — Dictiona- 
rium  Artis  Alchymis,  1571.  Basle.  He 
was  living  in  1081,  and  as  he  passed  much 
of  his  time  in  England,  with  William  of 
Normandy,  some  have  imagined  that  he 
was  an  Englishman. 

Vol.  I.  S9 


Garnet,  Henry,  known  as  one  of  the 
conspirators  in  the  gunpowder  plot,  was 
born  in  England,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  from  whence  he  went  to 
Rome,  and  in  1575,  took  the  habit  of  the 
Jesuits.  In  J  586,  he  returned  home  as  the 
provincial  of  his  order,  and  began  by  se- 
cret intrigues  to  plot  the  overthrow  of  the 
religion  of  the  country.  By  impiously 
asserting  that  the  innocent  might  be  in- 
volved in  the  destruction  of  the  guilty,  to 
establish  his  plans,  he  encouraged  his  asso- 
ciates in  the  forwarding  of  that  dreadful 
plot  which  was  prevented  by  a  happy  dis- 
covery. He  was  in  consequence  sent  to 
the  Tower,  and  hanged  for  high  treason,  at 
the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's,  May  3d,  1606. 
Though  deservedly  punished  for  his  medi- 
tated crimes,  yet  he  passed  as  a  martyr 
among  the  catholic  enthusiasts. 

Garnett,  Thomas,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, educated  at  Sedburgh  school, 
under  Dawson,  from  whence  he  went  to 
Edinburgh  to  study  under  Dr.  Brown.  He 
afterwards  studied  surgery  in  London,  and 
then  settled  at  Harrowgate ;  but  finding 
success  not  equally  rapid  with  his  expecta- 
tions, he  removed  to  Liverpool  with  the 
intention  of  emigrating  to  America.  The 
interference  of  his  friends  prevented  his 
leaving  the  country,  and  he  applied  himself 
to  chymistry  and  natural  philosophy,  and 
after  reading  some  lectures  on  those  sci- 
ences at  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  he  was 
appointed  Anderson's  lecturer  at  Glasgow. 
The  establishment  of  the  royal  institution 
in  London  drew  him  to  the  capital,  and 
for  two  seasons  he  read  lectures  to  nume- 
rous and  applauding  audiences,  after 
which  he  resigned,  to  lecture  publicly  in 
his  own  house,  Great  Marlborough-street. 
His  prospects  of  future  eminence,  however, 
unfortunately  vanished,  he  died  of  a  fever 
28th  June,  1802.  As  an  author  he  was  re- 
spectable, and  as  a  lecturer  intelligent  and 
animated.  He  published  Analysis  of  the 
Harrowgate  Waters, — a  Tour  through 
Scotland,  2  vols.  4to. — a  Lecture  on 
Health,  12mo,— various  papers,  &c.  on 
medical  and  physical  Subjects,  and  his  Lec- 
tures on  Zoonomia,  appeared  in  4to.  for 
the  benefit  of  his  orphan  daughters. 

Garnier,  Robert,  a  French  tragic  post, 
born  at  Ferte  Bernard  in  Maine,  1534. 
He  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  but  left  it  for 
poetry;  and  so  successful  were  his  attempts 
that  he  was  compared  to  Sophocles  and 
Euripides.  His  merits  were  rewarded  by 
some  honourable  offices,  and  he  died  1590. 
His  works,  consisting  of  tragedies,  besides 
elegies,  songs,  &c.  but  all  in  a  style  and 
manner  which  modern  improvements  ren- 
der very  obsolete,  were  published  at  Lyons, 
l2mo.  1597,  and  re-printed  Paris,  1607. 

Garnier,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  philosophv,  was  born  at  Pari?. 
70. i 


GAR 


GAR 


and  died  at  Bologna,  1681,  aged  69.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  an  edition  of 
Mercator,  folio,  1673. — Systema  Biblio- 
thecaj  Collegii  Parisiensis,  4to.  1678,  &c. 

Garnier,  Julian,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
who  edited  St.  Basil's  works,  3  vols,  folio, 
and  died  1723,  aged  53. 

Garosalo,  Bonvenuto,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, born  at  Ferrara.  He  succeeded  chiefly 
in  copying  the  pieces  of  Raphael,  and 
other  most  celebrated  masters.  He  died 
1695,  aged  80. 

Garrard,  Mark,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bruges  in  Flanders,  1561.  He  was  in  the 
service  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and  of  Anne 
the  wife  of  James  I.  and  some  of  his  pieces 
are  preserved  in  England.  He  died  in 
London,  1635. 

Garrard,  James,  governor  of  Kentucky, 
was  an  officer  in  the  revolution,  and  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  contributed  much  to  pro- 
cure the  passage  of  the  religious  freedom 
bill.  He  was  a  native  of  that  state,  but 
removed  early  to  Kentucky,  and  shared 
in  all  the  perils  and  privations  of  the  first 
settlers.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1796, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Greenup  in  1804. 
He  died  at  Mount  Lebanon,  Bourbon  coun- 
ty, January  19th,  1822,  aged  74.  sCF>  L. 
Garrick,  David,  an  illustrious  English 
actor.  His  grandfather  was  a  Frenchman, 
who  left  the  country  at  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  his  father  was  a 
captain  in  the  army,  and  chiefly  resided  at 
Lichfield.  David  was  born  at  Hereford, 
where  his  father  was  on  a  recruiting  party, 
and  was  baptized  there  in  All-Saints 
church,  20th  February,  1716.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Lichfield  school,  but  was  more 
attached  to  theatrical  pursuits  than  learn- 
ing, so  that  he  acted  with  his  fellow-pupils 
the  play  of  "  the  Recruiting  Officer,"  and 
supported  himself  the  character  of  ser- 
geant Kite.  He  went  afterwards  to  reside 
with  his  uncle,  a  wine  merchant  at  Lisbon, 
but  soon  returned  to  Lichfield  school,  and 
after  being  six  months  the  pupil  and  com- 
panion of  Dr.  Johnson,  be  accompanied 
him  to  London  in  1735.  He  was  recom- 
mended by  Mr.  Walmsley  of  Lichfield  to 
Mr.  Colson,  under  whom  he  might  improve 
himself  in  mathematical  knowledge,  and 
afterwards  enter  at  the  Temple.  But 
though  he  studied  for  a  while  under  Colson, 
and  entered  into  partnership  in  the  wine 
trade  with  his  brother  Peter,  in  Durham 
yard,  not  business,  but  a  theatrical  life  was 
his  favourite  object,  and  soon  after  the 
death  of  his  uncle,  the  Lisbon  merchant, 
who  left  him  1000/.  and  of  his  father  and 
his  mother,  he  now  without  the  control  of 
superiors  indulged  the  favourite  bent  of 
his  heart.  The  powers  with  which  nature 
had  endowed  him  were  fostered  and  im- 
proved by  the  conversation  and  companv 
'  70rt 


of  the  most  popular  actors,  but  Garrick*. 
still  diffident,  flew  from  a  London  audience 
to  Ipswich,  where  in  1741  he  performed 
the  part  of  Aboan  in  Oroonoko,  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Lyddal.  His  efforts 
were  received  with  repeated  and  increasing 
applause,  and  thus  flushed  with  provincial 
approbation,  he  came  to  Goodman's  fields, 
and  acted  Richard  III.  October  19th,  1741. 
So  superior  were  his  abilities,  and  so  pow- 
erful their  display,  that  the  other  theatres 
were  now  left  empty,  and  the  house  in 
Goodman's  fields  was  daily  crowded  with 
all  the  beauty,  the  fashion,  and  the  taste 
of  the  town.  This  success  was  viewed 
with  envy  by  his  rival  heroes  Quin  and 
Cibber.  By  the  influence  of  sir  John  Bar- 
nard, an  act  of  parliament  was  obtained  to 
shut  up  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  fields,  so 
that  Garrick,  thus  obliged  to  abandon  a 
situation  where  he  divided  the  profits  with 
Giffard  the  manager,  made  an  engagement 
with  Fleetwood  the  patentee  of  Drury-lano 
for  500/.  a  year.  Thus  popular  in  England, 
Garrick  passed  to  Dublin  in  the  summer  of 
1742,  and  so  prodigious  were  the  numbers 
which  assembled  to  view  this  theatrical  phe- 
nomenon, that  in  consequence  of  the  crowd- 
ed houses,  and  the  intense  heat  of  the  wea- 
ther, a  contagious  disorder  fatally  broke  out 
in  the  town,  which  was  called  Garrick's 
fever.  In  1747  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
Drury-lane  with  Lacy,  and  in  July  1749,  he 
married  Mademoiselle  Violetti,  an  Italian 
stage  dancer.  In  1763  he  went  with  his 
wife  to  Paris  and  Italy,  and  though  some 
attributed  this  journey  to  a  jealousy  at  the 
successful  efforts  of  Beard  in  the  manage- 
ment of  Covent-garden,  it  was  more  pro- 
bably undertaken  for  the  restoration  of  his 
health  and  that  of  Mrs.  Garrick,  who  re- 
ceived some  benefit  from  the  baths  of 
Padua.  While  on  the  continent,  Garrick 
was  liberally  condescending  in  exhibiting 
various  characters,  not  only  in  the  presence 
of  the  duke  of  Parma,  but  before  his 
friends,  and  so  judicious  was  his  discern- 
ment, that  he  foretold  the  future  celebrity 
of  Mademoiselle  Clairon,  though  at  that 
time  Dumesnil  was  the  favourite  actress  of 
the  French  stage.  He  returned  to  London 
in  April,  1765,  but  so  fearful  was  he  of  the 
public  opinion,  that  with  a  timidity  un- 
worthy of  his  great  character,  he  always 
endeavoured  to  prevent  censure,  and  on 
this  occasion  he  caused,  by  means  of  a 
friend,  to  be  published  "  the  Sick  Monkey," 
a  poem  in  which,  by  drawing  the  censures 
of  animals  on  himself  and  his  travels,  he 
attempted  to  blunt  the  edge  of  ridicule. 
In  1769  he  projected  and  conducted  the 
jubilee  at  Stratford,  in  honour  of  Shak- 
speare,  which  though  admired  on  one  side 
and  ridiculed  on  the  other,  should  be^'meu- 
tioned  with  commendation  as  the  homage 
of  a  great  man,' to  an  immortal  genius.  Bv 


GAR 


GAS 


the  death  of  Lacy,  in  1773,  the  whole 
management  devolved  on  him,  and  now  the 
fatigues  of  his  situation  were  so  great,  and 
his  infirmities  were  increasing  so  rapidly, 
that  in  June,  1776,  he  left  the  stage,  and 
disposed  of  his  moiety  to  Sheridan,  Linley, 
and  Ford,  for  35,000/.  He  was  seized 
while  at  lord  Spencer's  with  a  fit,  and  re- 
moved immediately  to  his  house  in  the 
Adelphi,  where  he  died  three  weeks  after, 
20th  Jan.  1779.  Besides  the  display  of  his 
astonishing  powers  on  the  stage,  Garrick 
merited  the  public  approbation  as  a  writer. 
The  Biographia  Dramatica  mentions  not 
less  than  38  of  his  plays,  some  of  which 
were  original,  and  some  translations,  be- 
sides a  great  number  of  prologues,  epi- 
logues, songs,  elegies,  &c.  A  monument 
has  been  erected  to  his  memory  in  West- 
minster-abbey, and  his  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Thomas  Davies,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Garriel,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Montpellier 
in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  an  account 
of  Montpellier  cathedral,  1631,  12mo. — A 
chronological  view  of  the  Governors  of 
Provence, — Series  Praesulum  Megalonen- 
sium  Montispell.  ab  451,  ad  1652  folio. 

Garsault,  Francis  Alexander,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences.  He  paid  much  attention  to  lite- 
rature and  the  arts,  and  particularly  to  the 
history  and  character  of  the  horse.  He 
died  at  Paris  of  a  paralytic  stroke,  Novem- 
ber, 1778,  aged  85.  He  wrote  the  anatomy 
of  the  Horse,  translated  from  the  English  of 
Snap,  4to. — le  nouveau  Parfait  Marechal,  a 
work  of  merit, — le  Guide  du  Cavalier, — 
Traite  des  Voitures,  &c. 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  poet,  born  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  July  7th,  1691. 
He  settled  in  London,  and  was  elected 
fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians  1692. 
His  assistance  and  influence  were  great  in 
the  dispute  between  the  physicians  and  the 
apothecaries  about  the  establishment  of 
dispensaries,  and  he  boldly  supported  the 
former,  who  with  charitable  zeal  wished  to 
administer  to  the  relief  of  their  fellow- 
creatures  gratis.  Irritated  at  the  obstinate 
conduct  of  the  apothecaries,  who  violently 
opposed  the  benevolent  plans  of  the  college, 
he  employed  his  pen  to  throw  ridicule  upon 
them,  and  in  1699,  produced  his  "  Dis- 
pensary," which  in  a  few  months  went 
through  three  editions.  The  sixth  edition 
of  this  popular  piece  appeared  1706,  much 
improved  with  the  episodes  and  inscrip- 
tions, but  though  it  gained  so  much  of  the 
public  attention,  it  wants  something  of 
poetical  ardour,  as  Johnson  has  observed, 
and  no  longer  supported  by  accidental  and 
extrinsic  popularity,  it  is  now  almost  for- 
gotten. In  1697,  Dr.  Garth  spoke  the 
annual  Latin  Speech  on  St.  Luke's  day ;  and 


in  this  he  showed  himself  an  elegant  ami 
refined  scholar,  and  an  able  and  eloquent 
orator.  This  high  reputation,  recommended 
by  polite  manners,  and  agreeable  conversa- 
tion, soon  placed  Garth  at  the  head  of  his 
profession.  His  noble  and  spirited  con- 
duct, in  raising  a  subscription  for  the  inter- 
ment of  Dryden's  corpse,  which  the  licen- 
tious son  of  lord  JefTeries  had  insulted  and 
abandoned,  also  tended  to  increase  his 
popularity,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first  who 
united  to  form  the  Kitcat  club,  in  1703, 
composed  of  above  thirty  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  to  support  the  succession  of  the 
Hanoverian  family  to  the  throne.  In  his 
politics,  Garth  was  the  friend  of  Marlbo- 
rough and  Godolphin,  and  on  their  dis- 
grace he,  though  ridiculed  by  Prior,  em- 
ployed his  pen  to  defend  their  conduct,  and 
honour  their  meritorious  services.  On  the 
accession  of  George  I.  he  was  knighted 
with  Marlborough's  sword,  and  appointed 
king's  physician  in  ordinary,  and  physician 
general  to  the  army.  This  very  humane 
and  liberal-minded  physician  died  after  a 
short  illness,  18th  Jan.  1718-19,  and  his 
remains  were  interred  at  Harrow  on  the 
Hill.  He  was  survived  by  an  only  daugh- 
ter, married  to  the  honourable  col.  William 
Boyle.  His  death  was  universally  lament- 
ed, and  Pope,  who  loved  and  admired  him, 
observed  that  if  there  ever  was  a  good 
Christian  without  knowing  himself  to  be  so, 
it  was  Dr.  Garth.  Besides  his  Dispensary 
he  published  "  Claremont,"  on  the  villa  of 
the  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  other  fugitive 
pieces,  besides  an  edition  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses, a  book  to  which  he  was  very 
partial,  &c. 

Garthshore,  Maxwell,  a  physician, 
was  born  in  1732,  at  Kircudbright,  in  Scot- 
land, of  which  place  his  father  was  the 
minister.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was 
placed  with  a  surgeon  and  apothecary  at 
Edinburgh,  after  which  he  entered  into  the 
medical  service  of  the  army.  In  1756  he 
settled  at  Uppingham  in  Rutlandshire, 
where  he  married.  After  continuing  there 
seven  years  he  removed  to  London,  where 
he  practised  with  great  reputation  near 
fifty  years.  He  was  physician  to  the 
British  Lying-in-hospital,  and  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  He 
died  in  1812.  Some  of  his  papers  are  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  and  other 
journals. —  W.  B. 

Garzi,  Lewis,  a  painter,  born  at  Pistoia 
in  Tuscany,  and  brought  up  under  Andrea 
Pacchi.  He  is  considered  as  the  success- 
ful rival  of  Carlo  Marat,  and  his  finest 
piece  is  the  painting  of  the  dome  of  the 
church  of  Stigmatie  at  Rome,  by  order  ot" 
Clement  XI.  undertaken  when  he  was  30. 
He  died  1721,  aged  83. 

Gascoigne,   Sir  William,    chief  justice 
under  Henrv  IV.  was  born  of  a  noble  Nor 
70-/ 


GAS 


GAS 


man  family  at  Gawthorp  in  Yorkshire,  1350. 
He  was  made  king's  sergeant  1398,  and  the 
next  year  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and 
in  1401,  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench. 
He  was  commissioner  to  treat  with  those 
deluded  subjects  who  had  joined  the  rebel- 
lion of  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  but 
when  archbishop  Scroop  was  taken  in  arms, 
he  refused,  at  the  repeated  solicitations  of 
Henry  IV.  to  condemn  him  for  treason, 
observing  with  undaunted  firmness  that 
neither  the  king  nor  his  subjects  could 
legally  adjudge  a  bishop  to  death.  With 
persevering  integrity  he  pursued  his  lauda- 
ble exertions  to  improve  the  morals  and 
the  jurisprudence  of  England,  and  he  made 
some  wholesome  regulations  for  the  reduc- 
tion and  limitation  of  attorneys,  who  it 
seems  were  become  a  public  grievance  in 
each  county.  His  presence  of  mind  and 
his  great  dignity  were  most  nobly  exhibited, 
when  the  prince  of  Wales,  determined  to 
rescue  one  of  his  servants  who  was  arraign- 
ed before  the  king's  bench,  presumed  to 
interrupt  and  even  to  strike  the  chief  jus- 
tice. Gascoigne  supported  the  character 
of  his  station  against  the  bold  aggression, 
and  committed  the  prince  to  the  custody  of 
the  king's  bench  to  await  his  father's  plea- 
sure. The  king  heard  of  the  circumstance 
with  becoming  propriety,  and  thanked  God 
"  that  he  had  given  him  a  judge  who  knew 
how  to  administer,  and  a  son  who  could 
obey  justice."  The  venerable  judge  died 
soon  after,  17th  Dec.  1413.  He  was  twice 
married  and  left  a  numerous  family.  The 
famous  Strafford  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
was  one  of  his  descendants. 

Gascoigne,  George,  an  early  English 
poet,  born  in  Essex,  and  educated  at  both 
universities  according  to  Wood.  He 
studied  at  Gray's  Inn,  and  was  a  soldier  in 
the  Low  Countries.  He  cultivated  poetry 
under  the  patronage  of  lord  Gray  de  Wil- 
ton, and  though  his  verses  and  language 
are  obsolete,  yet  he  possesses  both  strength, 
energy,  and  elegance.  He  died  at  Walt- 
hamstow,  1578. 

Gasparini,  a  grammarian,  surnamed 
Barzizio  from  the  place  of  his  birth  near 
Bergamo.  During  the  troubles  of  Italy, 
and  the  ignorance  of  the  times,  he  laboured 
earnestly  to  restore  learning  to  its  ancient 
splendour.  He  was  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  at  Padua,  and  was  patronised  by  the 
duke  of  Milan.  He  died  1431,  aged  61. 
He  wrote  in  elegant  Latin  commentaries 
on  several  of  Cicero's  works,  besides 
(>  Letters  and  Orations,"  reprinted  1723. 

Gassendi,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  born  22d  Jan.  N.  S.  1592,  at 
Chantersier  near  Digne  in  Provence.  In 
his  infancy  he  frequently  amused  himself 
by  gazing  at  the  moon  and  stars,  and  as 
soon  as  he  was  able  to  go  to  school  at 
Digne,  he  made  such  progress  that  he  far 
70? 


outstripped  all  his  fellow-students  in  every 
branch  of  science.  After  studying  philo- 
sophy at  Aix  for  two  years,  he  returned  to 
Digne,  and  at  the  age  of  16  was  made 
teacher  of  rhetoric,  and  three  years  after, 
he  removed  to  Aix,  where  he  succeeded  his 
old  master  Fesey  as  professor  of  philosophy. 
His  "  Paradoxical  Exercitations,"  against 
Aristotle's  philosophy,  gained  the  attention 
of  that  humane  patron  of  learning  Nicho- 
las Peiresc,  and  of  Joseph  Walter  prior  of 
Valette,  and  by  means  of  these  disinterest- 
ed friends  he  entered  into  orders,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  dignity  of  D.D.  and 
to  the  wardenship  of  Digne  church,  where 
he  continued  20  years.  His  attention  to 
astronomy  had  never  been  relaxed  in  the 
midst  of  all  other  pursuits,  and  his  reputa- 
tion became  so  extensive  that  in  1645  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Paris.  In  the  discharge  of  this  new  office 
he  unfortunately  contracted  a  cold,  which 
assumed  such  unpleasant  symptoms  that  he 
left  Paris  in  1647  to  breathe  his  native  air. 
Here  he  was  patronised  by  Valois  earl  of 
Alais,  and  while  residing  under  his  hospi- 
table roof  he  planned  the  life  of  his  bene- 
volent friend  Peiresc.  He  quitted  Digne 
in  1653,  and  in  company  with  Francis  Ber- 
nier,  a  physician,  and  Anthony  Poller,  his 
amanuensis,  he  came  to  Paris,  and  lived  in 
the  house  of  his  friend  Monmor,  master  of 
the  court  of  requests,  at  whose  desire  he 
undertook  the  life  of  Tycho  Brahe,  which 
appeared  1654,  with  an  account  of  Coper- 
nicus, Purbachius,  and  Regio-Montanus. 
His  studious  pursuits  greatly  enfeebled  his 
constitution,  but  he  was  in  some  degree 
relieved  by  phlebotomy.  He  had  already 
undergone  that  operation  nine  times  when 
he  remonstrated,  but  one  of  his  physicians 
prevailed  upon  the  other  two  to  assent  to 
the  necessity  of  a  repetition  of  the  bleed- 
ing, and  the  yielding  patient  submitted  to 
it,  even  to  a  fourth  time.  He  soon  after 
sunk  under  his  complaints,  and  placing  the 
hand  of  his  faithful  amanuensis  on  his 
heart,  after  hearing  that  the  motion  of  that 
spring  of  life  was  faint  and  fluttering,  he 
exclaimed  in  these  last  words,  "  you  see 
what  is  man's  life,"  and  immediately  ex- 
pired, 22d  Oct.  1655.  His  papers  were  left 
to  the  care  of  his  friend  Monmor,  who  with 
the  assistance  of  an  able  and  impartial 
judge,  perused  them  and  deemed  them  all 
worthy  of  the  name  of  the  philosopher. 
These,  therefore,  with  the  books  printed 
before,  appeared  uniformly  in  6  vols.  fol.  at 
Leyden,  1658.  This  great  man,  who  lived 
and  died  in  the  bosom  of  the  catholic 
church,  was  the  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Kepler,  Longomontanus,  Snellius,  He- 
velius,  Galileo,  Bullialdi,  Kercher,  and 
other  respectable  scholars,  and  to  his 
genius,  learning,  and  application,  are  owing 
in  some  degree  the  rapid  improvements  in 


GAS 


GAT 


philosophy,  which  banished  the  foolish  and 
unreasonable  hypothesis  of  Aristotle  and 
of  his  followers  from  the  schools  of 
Europe. 

Gassion,  John  de,  a  native  of  Pau,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  army  under  duke  de  Ro- 
han, in  favour  of  the  protestants,  and 
under  Gustavus  of  Sweden,  whose  body- 
guards he  commanded  in  the  German  wars. 
On  the  death  of  Gustavus  he  returned  to 
France,  and  fought  under  la  Force.  His 
valour  was  eminently  displayed  at  the  vic- 
tory of  Rocroy,  and  he  was  made  a  mar- 
shal of  France  in  consequence  of  the 
honourable  wounds  he  received  at  the  siege 
of  Toulouse,  1643.  He  was  afterwards  in 
the  wars  of  Flanders,  and  fell  at  the  siege 
of  Lens,  1647. 

Gast,  John,  a  native  of  Dublin,  descend- 
ed from  a  French  protestant  family.  He 
was  educated  at  Dublin  college,  and  from 
the  curacy  of  St.  John's  church  he  became 
rector  of  Arklow,  which  he  afterwards  ex- 
changed m  1775  for  St.  Nicholas  without 
Dublin.  He  also  obtained  the  archdeacon- 
ry of  Glandelogh,  and  the  living  of  New- 
castle, and  died  1788,  aged  73.  He  pub- 
lished in  1753  the  Rudiments  of  Grecian 
History,  a  work  of  merit,  for  which  the 
university  of  Dublin  honoured  him  with 
the  degree  of  D.D.  without  the  usual  ex- 
penses— and  a  Letter  from  a  Clergyman  of 
the  Irish  established  Church  to  his  Popish 
Parishioners. 

Gastaldi,  John  Baptiste,  a  native  of 
Sisteron,  who  died  at  Avignon,  1747,  aged 
73.  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
was  employed  in  the  household  of  the 
French  king.  He  wrote  Institutiones  Me- 
dicine Physico-Anatomia?,  12mo. — Medi- 
cal Tracts  on  Curious  Subjects,  &c. 

Gastaud,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Aix 
in  Provence,  father  of  the  oratory,  preacher 
in  Paris,  and  afterwards  a  pleader  in  his 
native  city.  He  was  very  violent  in  his 
dislikes  and  in  his  attachments,  and  there- 
fore while  he  supported  the  opinions  of 
Quesnel,  he  acrimoniously  attacked  Girard 
and  his  friends.  He  died  1732  at  Viviers, 
where  he  had  been  banished,  and  as  he  had 
insulted  the  bishop  of  Marseilles  in  his 
writings,  he  was  denied  the  honours  of 
sepulture.  He  wrote  a  set  of  Homilies, 
&c. — the  Policy  of  the  Jesuits  Unmask- 
ed, &c. 

Gaston,  of  France,  John  Baptist,  duke 
of  Orleans,  was  son  of  Henry  IV.  and 
brother  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  he  is  known 
for  his  deep  intrigues  against  the  power  of 
Richelieu.     He  died  1660,  aged  52. 

Gaston  de  Foix,  duke  of  Nemours,  son 
of  the  count  d'Etampes,  by  Mary  the  sister 
of  Lewis  XII.  early  distinguished  himself 
in  the  army  in  Italy.  He  defeated  the 
Swiss,   and  obtained  a  glorious  victory  at 


Ravenna,  and  soon  after  fell  in  the  field  of 
battle,  1512,  aged  24. 

Gastrell,  Francis,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Slapton,  in  Northamptonshire, 
about  1662,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  1687.  He 
was  preacher  at  Lincoln's  inn  and  Boyle's 
lecturer,  and  he  distinguished  himself  not 
only  by  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  but  by 
his  writings  in  defence  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion. In  1700,  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  and  became  chaplain  to  Harley, 
speaker  of  the  Commons,  and  in  1702,  he 
was  appointed  canon  of  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  In  1711,  he  was  chaplain  to  the 
queen,  and  in  1714,  he  was  raised  to  the 
See  of  Chester,  with  permission  to  retain 
his  canonry.  As  bishop,  he  refused  to  ad- 
mit Peploe,  vicar  of  Preston,  to  the  warden- 
ship  of  Manchester  college,  because  he  had 
not  taken  the  degree  of  B.D.  as  the  sta- 
tutes required.  The  candidate  had  indeed 
been  admitted  to  that  degree  by  the  arch- 
bishop, but  Gastrell  considered  a  metropo- 
litan degree  as  nothing,  till  the  interference 
of  the  court  of  king's  bench  decreed,  that 
the  primate's  qualification  was  sufficient. 
On  this  occasion  the  bishop  received  the 
solemn  thanks  of  the  university  of  Oxford, 
for  his  vindication  of  their  rights  and  privi- 
leges, not  only  in  his  conduct,  but  in  the 
pamphlet,  which  he  wrote  in  his  own  de- 
fence. Though  popular  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  queen  Anne,  Gastrell  became  ob- 
noxious to  the  ministers  of  George  I.  but 
though  he  disliked  the  arbitrary  manners 
and  haughty  temper  of  Atterbury,  he 
boldly  opposed  the  proceedings  against 
him,  and  censured  the  conduct  of  his  ac- 
cusers, as  too  violent,  acrimonious,  and  un- 
charitable. He  died  of  the  gout,  24th 
Nov.  1725,  and  was  buried  in  Oxford  cathe- 
dral, without  any  monument.  He  is  well 
known  for  his  considerations  concern- 
ing the  Trinity,  and  "  Remarks  on  the 
Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Clarke,"  besides  "  the  Christian 
Institutes,  or  the  Sincere  Word  of  God, 
&c."  a  useful  performance,  first  published 
1707,  and  his  defence  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion, against  the  deists,  preached  at  Boyle's 
lectures,  and  afterwards  digested  into  a 
continued  discourse,  1699. 

Gatakek,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
descended  from  a  Shropshire  family,  and 
born  1574,  in  the  parsonage  house  of  St. 
Edmund,  Lombard-street,  where  his  father 
was  minister.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  on  the 
foundation  of  Sidney  college,  he  was  on 
account  of  his  great  abilities  admitted  one 
of  the  fellows.  After  being  tutor,  and 
chaplain  to  the  families  of  Ayloff,  and  Sir 
William  Cook,  he  was  appointed,  1601, 
preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1611,  h^ 
709 


GAT 


GAY 


married  and  took  the  living  of  Rotherhithe 
in  Surrey.  In  1620,  he  travelled  into  the 
Low  Countries,  and  every  where  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  able  preacher,  and 
an  active  opponent  of  the  popish  tenets. 
As  a  writer  he  excited  the  public  attention 
by  his  "  Discourse  on  the  Nature  and  Use 
of  Lots,  a  treatise  historical  and  theologi- 
cal, 1619,  4to."  and  by  his  defence  of  it, 
1623,  and  so  high  was  his  reputation  that, 
on  the  removal  of  Dr.  Comber,  he  was 
offered  the  mastership  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  which  his  infirm  health  did  not 
permit  him  to  accept.  He  was  one  of  the 
•assembly  of  divines  who  met  at  Westmin- 
ster, concerning  justification,  and  other 
theological  subjects,  and  though  he  de- 
clared strongly  in  favour  of  episcopacy,  he 
signed  the  covenant,  in  obedience  to  the 
sense  of  the  majority  of  his  brethren.  In 
1 648  he  was  the  first  of  the  47  ministers 
who  signed  a  remonstrance  to  the  army, 
and  the  general,  against  the  design  of  try- 
ing the  king,  and  both  in  private  and  in 
the  pulpit,  he  spoke  against  the  prevailing 
tenets  of  the  independent  faction.  He 
was  a  sufferer  by  the  violence  of  the  times, 
yet  when  his  parishioners  refused  to  pay 
him  the  composition  which  they  had  agreed 
in  lieu  of  the  tithes,  he  bore  the  disappoint- 
ment with  patience,  and  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  literary  pursuits.  He  married  four 
wives,  and  died  1654,  aged  80,  and  was 
buried  in  his  own  church.  His  funeral 
sermon  was  preached,  and  published  with 
a  narrative  of  his  life,  by  Simon  Ashe,  but 
he  gave  directions  that  no  monument  or 
stone  should  mark  the  place  where  his  re- 
mains were  deposited.  He  was  a  man  who, 
to  extensive  erudition,  united  great  modera- 
tion and  benevolent  principles.  He  op- 
posed strongly  in  the  reigns  of  James,  and 
Charles  I.  the  high  notions  of  churchmen, 
and  deprecated  the  fatal  consequences 
which  he  foresaw  would  fall  on  the  govern- 
ment, and  on  the  church.  The  modera- 
tion of  his  conduct  drew  upon  him  the 
abuses  and  the  virulence  of  the  bigoted 
fanatics  of  the  times,  but  he  always  pre- 
ferred peaceful  retirement,  and  such  uni- 
form conduct  as  his  conscience  approved, 
to  all  the  reputation  of  guilty  elevation  and 
successful  artifice.  As  a  critic,  and  a  wri- 
ter, he  was  highly  respected,  and  Salma- 
sius,  Axenius,  Colomies,  and  others,  bear 
honourable  testimony  to  his  abilities.  He 
was  one  of  the  divines  who  wrote  Annota- 
tions on  the  Bible,  especially  Isaiah,  Jere- 
miah, and  the  Lamentations,  and  Calamy 
has  observed  that  no  commentator,  ancient 
or  modern,  is  entitled  to  higher  praise.  He 
wrote  besides  "  Marcus  Antoninus's  Medi- 
tations, with  a  discourse  on  the  Philosophy 
of  the  Stoics,  and  a  Commentary,"  1697 
— "  Opera  Critica,"  Utrecht,  fol.  1668,  and 
he  was  besides  engaged  in  a  controversy 
710 


with  Lilly,  the  astrologer,  in  which  more 
learning,  and  more  animosity  were  shown 
than  became  the  subject.  Some  of  his 
MSS.  were  published  by  his  son  Charles, 
rector  of  Haggeiston,  Bucks,  who  was  also 
a  writer  on  controversial  divinity,  and  died 
1680,  aged  66. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas,  was  a  member  of 
the  Virginia  company  named  in  the  patent 
of  1606,  and  was  constituted  lieutenant 
general  of  the  colony  under  lord  Delawar 
in  that  of  1609.  He  arrived  in  May,  1610, 
and  assumed  the  government.  Lord  Dela- 
war arriving  in  June  following,  it  was  sur- 
rendered to  him.  Sir  Thomas  returned 
to  England,  and  again  arriving  in  Virginia 
in  August,  1611,  he  succeeded  Sir  Thomas 
Dale  in  the  administration,  bringing  large 
supplies  for  the  use  of  the  colony.  He 
again  returned  to  England  in  1614,  and 
the  government  reverted  to  Dale.  Gates 
afterwards  went  to  the  East-Indies  where 
he  died.  |CP  L. 

Gates,  Horatio,  major  general  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States,  was  a  native  of 
England.  He  entered  the  British  service 
in  early  life,  and  rose  by  his  merits  to  the 
rank  of  major.  He  was  aid  to  general 
Monkton,  at  the  capture  of  Martinico,  and 
was  with  Braddock  at  his  defeat  in  1755. 
At  the  close  of  that  war  he  settled  in  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  resided  till  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  in  1775,  when  he 
received  from  congress  the  appointment  of 
adjutant  general,  and  accompanied  general 
Washington  to  Cambridge.  In  June,  1776, 
he  was  advanced  to  the  command  of  the 
army  in  Canada.  General  Schuyler  suc- 
ceeded him  a  few  months  in  1777,  but  in 
August  he  resumed  his  station,  and  in  the 
following  October  revived  the  hopes  of  his 
country,  and  overthrew  those  of  the 
British,  by  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  and 
his  army.  In  June,  1780,  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  the  southern  army, 
but  being  soon  after  defeated  by  Cornwallis 
at  Camden,  was  in  consequence  superse- 
ded by  General  Greene.  He  was  restored 
to  his  command  in  1782.  After  the  ter- 
mination of  the  war  he  resided  on  his  farm 
in  Virginia,  till  1790,  when  he  removed  to 
New-York,  where  he  lived  highly  respected 
for  his  talents,  the  essential  services  he  had 
rendered  his  country,  and  bis  piety,  till  his 
death,  in  1806.  ICP  L. 

Gatimosin,  the  last  of  Mexican  kings, 
was  nephew  to  Montezuma.  He  was 
cruelly  tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  by  Cortez 
and  the  Spaniards,  who  wished  to  discover 
his  treasures,  and  three  years  after,  he  was 
ignominiously  hanged  in  his  capital,  with 
many  of  his  caciques,  in  the  sight  of  his 
subjects,  1526. 

Gavants,  Bartholomew,  a  Barnabite 
monk,  born  in  the  Milanese.  He  wrote 
the  Thesaurus  Sacrorum  Rittmm.  on  the 


GAlT 


CiAU 


Ceremonies,  &c.  of  the  Roman  church, 
5  vols.  4to.  with  plates — Manuale  Episco- 
porum — a  tract  on  conducting  Synods,  &c. 
He  died  at  Milan,  1638,  aged  70. 

Gaubil,  Anthony,  a  French  missionary 
in  China,  where  he  resided  30  years.  He 
Was  born  at  Caillac,  1708,  and  died  1759. 
He  was  interpreter  at  the  court  of  Pekin, 
and  astonished  even  the  Chinese  themselves 
for  his  knowledge  of  their  language.  He 
sent  some  curious  anecdotes  to  Europe, 
and  published  a  good  history  of  Gengis 
Khan,  1739,  4to.  and  a  translation  of 
Chou-king,  1771.  His  eulogium  appears 
in  the  31st  volume  of  Lettres  Curieuses, 
et  Edifi  antes." 

Gaubius,  Jerome  David,  a  native  of 
Heidelberg,  who  studied  medicine  under 
his  uncle,  a  physician  at  Amsterdam,  and 
afterwards  went  to  Handerwyck,  and  to 
Leyden.  In  1731,  he  succeeded  his  illus- 
trious friend  and  preceptor  Boerhaave,  as 
Lecturer  of  Botany  and  Chymistry  at 
Leyden,  and  obtained  the  medical  profes- 
sorship three  years  after.  He  died  1780, 
aged  75.  His  works  are  a  Thesis  on  the 
Solids,  1725,  when  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree — another  on  the  method  of  Pre- 
scribing, and  Writing  Recipes,  a  valuable 
work,  1738 — Institutions  Pathologic* 
Medicinal,  4to.  1758. — Adversaria  de  Variis 
Argumentis,  &c.  He  also  edited  Albinus 
de  Praesagienda  Vita  et  Morte — Cramer's 
Elementa  Artis  Docimasticae,  &c. 

Gaud,  Henry,  a  painter  and  engraver  of 
Utrecht,  who  died  1639.  His  seven  en- 
gravings from  Adam  Elshamier's  pictures 
are  much  admired. 

Gauden,  John,  a  prelate,  born  1605,  at 
Mayfield,  Essex,  where  his  father  was 
vicar.  He  was  educated  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's school,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
arts.  In  1630  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Sir  William  Russell,  of  Chippenham,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, and  obtained  that  vicaragp, 
and  afterwards  the  rectory  of  Brightwell, 
Berks.  From  his  connexion  with  Oxford, 
he  entered  at  Wadham  college,  and  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  1641.  He  was  chap- 
lain to  lord  Warwick,  and  he  preached 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  in  a  style 
which  procured,  with  their  approbation,  the 
present  of  a  large  silver  tankard,  with  an 
appropriate  inscription,  and  afterwards  the 
rich  deanery  of  Bocking,  in  Essex,  for  the 
regular  possession  of  which  he  obtained  the 
collation  of  Laud,  then  a  prisoner  in  the 
Tower.  He  submitted  to  the  regulations 
of  the  parliament,  upon  the  abolition  of 
the  hierarchy,  and  he  was  one  of  the  assem- 
bly of  divines,  who  met  at  Westminster, 
though  Godwin  was  afterwards  substituted 
in  his  room.  When  preparations  were 
made  to  try  the  king,  he  was  one  of  those 


divines  who  boldly  petitioned  against  it, 
and  after  the  king's  death  he  published  "  a 
Just  Invective  against  those  who  murthered 
king  Charles  I.  &c."     His   zeal   was  fur- 
ther manifested  in  printing  the  "  Icon  Ba- 
silike,"  with  a  copy  of  the  MS.  of  which, 
written  by  the  unfortunate  Charles,  he  had 
been  intrusted,  and  though  diligent  search 
was  made  by  the  parliament  for  the"  pub- 
lisher of  that  popular  book,   Gauden  had 
the  good  fortune  to  escape  discovery.     In 
1659  he  published  "  the  Tears,  Sighs,  &c. 
of  the  Church  of  England,  &c.  in  4  books, 
folio,"  and  so  highly  approved   were  his 
services  that  he  was  made,  on  the  death  of 
Brownrigg,  preacher  to  the  Temple,  and 
bishop    of  Exeter.     In   1662  he  was  re- 
moved to  Worcester,  but,  it  is  said,  that  he 
was   so  much  disappointed   in  not  being 
translated  to  the  rich  see  of  Winchester, 
that   he   died   of  a  broken   heart  in  Sep- 
tember that  same  year.     Though  he  had 
cleared  upwards   of  20,000Z.   by  renewing 
leases  at  Exeter,  his  widow,  with  his  five 
children,  petitioned  the  king  for  the  half 
year's  profits   of   the   see   of  Worcester, 
which  was  refused.    Gauden  has  been  cen- 
sured for  his  ambition,  and  he  is  described 
by  Clarendon,  Burnet,  Kennet,  and  others, 
as  so  inconstant,  ambiguous,  and  covetous 
of  preferment,  that  he  would  follow  any- 
party  or  subscribe  to  any  opinions  to  gain 
his  ends.     Wood  says  that  he  was  esteem- 
ed by  all  who  knew  him,  that  he  was  a 
man  of  vast  parts,   of  unwearied  labour, 
and  much  resorted  to  for  his  most  admira- 
ble and   edifying  way  of  preaching.     He 
wrote   several    tracts  on  the  politics  and 
theological  disputes  of  the  times.     Some 
have    considered    the    Icon    Basilike,    as 
wholly  written  by  him,  but  the  style  is 
so    superior  to   that  of   the  bishop,  that 
the  king  is  now  regarded  as  the  sole  author 
of  it. 

Gaudentio,  a  painter  of  Milan,  born 
about  1480.  He  adorned  the  churches  of 
his  native  city  with  fresco  and  oil  paint- 
ings. 

Gaudentius,  St.  a  bishop  of  Brescia, 
who  obtained  his  preferment  much  against 
his  wishes  from  the  hands  of  St.  Ambrose. 
He  wrote  sermons — letters — the  Life  of 
Philaster,  his  predecessor,  &c.  published, 
Brescia,  fol.  1738,  and  died  427.  Another, 
in  the  same  age,  wrote  two  apologies  for 
the  Donatists,  of  whom  he  was  bishop. 

Gaudenzio,  Paganin,  a  native  of  the 
Valteline.  He  rece  ved  his  education  at 
Rome,  where  he  acquired  celebrity  as 
Greek  professor,  and  afterwards  at  Pisa, 
where  he  filled  the  chair  of  belles  lettres. 
He  wrote  Dcclamationes — Chartae  Palan- 
tes — Obstetrix  Literaria — Academ.  Instar, 
— de  Philosophise  apud  Roman.  Initio  ct 
Progressti,  4to,  and  died  1648,  aged  52. 
711 


GAY 


GAY 


Gavestox,  Peter,  son  of  a  Gascon  gen- 
tleman, is  known  in  English  history  as  the 
favourite  of  Edward  II.  In  his  elevation 
he  was  proud,  overbearing,  and  cruel,  and 
the  barons  therefore  rose  up  against  him, 
and  he  was  beheaded  1312. 

Gadli,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  at  Rome  1709,  aged  68. 
His  chief  merit  was  historical  and  portrait 
painting. 

Gaolmin,  Gilbert,  a  French  writer  of 
some  celebrity,  acquired  by  his  harangues 
in  the  society  of  beaux  and  belles.  He  died 
1665,  aged  60.  He  wrote  Commentaries 
on  Psellus  and  Theod.  Prodromus,  besides 
Remarks  on  the  false  Callisthenes, — an 
edition  of  Romance  of  Ismenus  and  Isme- 
nias,  &c. 

Gaupp,  John,  a  native  of  Lindau  in  Swa- 
bia,  educated  at  Jena.  He  was  the  pro- 
testant  pastor  of  his  native  town,  where  he 
died  1738,  aged  71.  He  was  an  able  ma- 
thematician, and  wrote  Gnomonica  Me- 
chanica  Universalis,  4to.  besides  some 
tracts  on  Astronomy,  Chronology,  sermons, 
&c. 

Gaurico,  Luca,  an  Italian  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Ferrara.  His  prediction 
that  John  Bentivoglio  would  lose  the  su- 
preme power  of  Bologna,  exposed  him  to 
persecution,  and  he  removed  to  Venice, 
and  then  to  Rome.  He  was  made  bishop 
of  Civita  in  Naples  by  pope  Paul,  who  was 
a  great  follower  of  astrology,  but  he  re- 
signed the  see  in  1550,  and  came  to  Rome, 
where  he  died  1558,  aged  83.  His  works 
on  astrology  and  astronomy  appeared  at 
Basil,  3  vols.  fol.  1575.  His  brother,  Pom- 
ponio,  wrote  Latin  poems,  tracts  on  Phy- 
siognomy, architecture,  &c.  and  died  pro- 
fessor in  Naples  university. 

Gaussem,  Jane  Catherine,  a  celebrated 
actress,  who,  after  enjoying  for  30  years 
the  applauses  of  a  French  audience,  re- 
tired from  the  theatre  1664,  from  motives 
of  religion.  She  died  at  Paris  1767,  aged 
56. 

Gauthier,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French  ab- 
be, chaplain  to  de  Langle,  bishop  of  Bou- 
logne, and  to  Colbert,  bishop  of  Montpel- 
lier,  was  born  at  Louviers  in  the  diocess  of 
Evreux  1685.  He  died  of  a  fall  1755.  He 
wrote  against  Infidels.  His  chief  works 
are  "  a  tract  against  Pope's  Essay  on  Man," 
which  he  describes  as  impious, — Letters 
against  Hardouin  and  Berruyer,  3  vols. 
12  mo. — an  Attack  upon  the  Jesuits,  3  vols, 
and  other  works  mentioned  in  "  France 
Literaire"  1758. 

Gat,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  1688, 
near  Barnstaple,  Devon.  The  only  edu- 
cation which  he  received  was  at  the  free- 
school  of  bis  native  town,  under  Luck,  who 
had  some  knowledge  of  poetry, -but  such 
was  bis  taste  for  literature,  that  when  his 
parents,  who  were  poor,  though  of  a  res- 
712 


pectable  family,  bound  him  apprentico  to  a 
silk-mercer  in  London,  he  attended  behind 
the  counter  with  silent  indignation,  and,  as 
soon  as  he  could,  he  purchased  his  inden- 
tures of  his  master.  Now  freed  from  the 
shackles  of  business,  he  cultivated  the 
muses,  and  was  introduced  to  the  wits  of  the 
times.  Flattered  with  the  friendship  of 
Swift  and  of  Pope,  he  courted  the  public  ap- 
probation by  dedicating,  in  1711,  his  first 
piece,  "  Rural  Sports,  a  Georgic,"  to  the 
latter  of  these  high  poetical  characters. 
But  though  successful  as  an  author,  his  re- 
sources were  scanty,  and  his  creditors  now 
threatened  his  liberty,  when  the  patronage 
of  the  dutchess  of  Monmouth,  by  appoint- 
ing him  her  secretary,  placed  him  above 
want,  and  called  his  muse  to  new  exer- 
tions. In  this  sunshine  of  prosperity  he 
wrote  his  "  Trivia,  or  the  art  of  Walking 
the  Streets,"  and  the  next  year  he  formed 
the  plan  of  his  "  Pastorals."  In  espousing 
the  cause  of  Pope,  who  had  been  insulted 
by  Philips,  he  not  only  produced  an  excel- 
lent poem,  "  the  Shepherd's  Week,"  which 
rivalled  his  antagonist's  performance,  but 
he  fixed  the  friendship  and  gained  the  re- 
commendation of  his  poetical  patron.  He 
was  flattered  by  the  ministry,  and  was  sent 
as  secretary  to  lord  Clarendon,  in  his  em- 
bassy to  Hanover.  The  death  of  queen 
Anne  seemed  to  ruin  his  hopes,  but  he  paid 
his  court  to  the  new  ministry,  and  ensured 
the  patronage  of  the  princess  of  Wales  by 
a  well-timed  compliment.  He  was  admit- 
ted into  the  company  of  the  great  and  pow- 
erful, and  the  sweetness  of  his  manners, 
and  the  sincerity  of  his  heart,  gained  him 
friends  wherever  he  appeared.  He  went 
to  Aix  in  France  with  Mr.  Pulteney,  and  at 
his  return  he  introduced  on  the  stage  his 
"  Three  Hours  after  Marriage,"  which  did 
not  meet  with  the  same  success  which  his 
"  What  d'ye  call  it"  had  a  little  time  before 
commanded.  In  1718  he  was  with  Pope 
at  Lord  Harcourt's,  where  he  celebrated  in 
beautiful  verse  the  sad  catastrophe  of  the 
two  lovers  destroyed  by  lightning.  In 
1720,  he  recruited  his  finances  by  a  hand- 
some subscription  to  his  poems,  in  2  vols. 
4to.  but  the  whole,  amounting  to  1000/. 
was  ventured  and  lost  in  the  unfortunate 
South  Sea  scheme.  This  stroke  had  such 
effect  upon  his  spirits  that  he  almost  sunk 
under  the  loss,  but  by  the  friendship  and 
advice  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot  he  gradually  re- 
covered. In  1724  he  read  his  "  Captives" 
before  the  princess  of  Wales,  and  at  her 
request  wrote  his  beautiful  and  elegant  fa- 
bles for  the  use  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland. 
In  1727  he  produced  his  "  Beggar's  Opera," 
which  met  with  the  most  unusual  success, 
and  was  acted  63  successive  nights  in  Lon- 
don, 50  at  Bath  and  Bristol,  and  with  equal 
popularity  at  other  places.  So  great  in- 
deed was  the  public  admiration,  that  the 


GAV 


tiAZ 


songs  of  the  opera  appeared  on  the  tuns  ot' 
the  ladies,  arid  the  person  who  acted  Polly, 
though  hitherto  obscure,  became  an  impor- 
tant character  in  the  history  of  the  town, 
and  at  last,  though  mother  of  some  natural 
children,  she  rose  by  marriage  to  the  rank 
of  a  dutchess.  This  favourite  play  owed  its 
celebrity  to  the  unpopularity  of  the  court, 
and  the  resentment  of  the  poet,  who  was 
offered  the  place  of  gentleman  usher  to  the 
young  princess  Louisa,  which  he  rejected 
with  marked  indignation.  To  take  advan- 
tage of  his  situation  with  the  public,  he 
produced  a  second  part  to  the  Beggar's 
Opera,  by  the  title  of  "Polly,"  but  the 
court  forbad  its  appearance  on  the  stage, 
and  Gay  had  the  satisfaction  of  obtaining 
an  unusually  large  subscription  for  its  pub- 
lication. To  make  his  triumph  complete, 
the  duke  and  dutchess  of  Queensbury  em- 
braced his  cause,  resigned  their  places  at 
court  to  patronise  him,  and  ever  after 
made  him  an  inmate  at  their  splendid  ta- 
ble. Thus  raised  to  independence  and 
comfort,  he  began  to  improve  "  the  Wife  of 
Bath,"  a  play  which  had  been  received 
with  indifference  in  1714,  but  the  second 
representation,  in  1720,  was  unsuccessful, 
and  brought  upon  his  spirits  a  severe  fit  of 
melancholy.  Some  lucid  intervals  indeed 
interposed  during  the  gloomy  depression, 
and  under  the  hospitable  roof  of  the  duke, 
at  Amesbury,  he  was  enabled  to  finish  his 
opera  of  "  Achilles."  He  came  to  town  to 
present  his  play  to  the  stage,  but  an  in- 
flammatory fever  unhappily  brought  on  a 
mortification  in  his  bowels,  and  he  died  at 
Burlington-house  11th  December,  1732. 
His  bequest  to  his  friend  Pope  was  faith- 
fully complied  with,  and  these  his  verses 
were  accordingly  engraved  on  his  tomb ; 
Life  is  a  jest,  and  all  things  shoio  it, 
I  thought  so  once,  but  noio  I  knoio  it. 
After  lying  in  state  at  Exeter  change,  his 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Westminster  ab- 
bey, by  the  duke  of  Queensbury,  and  inter- 
red in  the  southeast  aisle,  against  the  tomb 
of  Chaucer,  where  his  monument  is  erected. 
The  opera  of  Achilles  afterwards  appeared 
on  the  stage  for  the  benefit  of  his  two  wi- 
dowed sisters,  Catherine  Ballet,  and  Joan- 
na Fortescue,  who  inherited  equally  his 
property  of  about  3000J.  A  few  years  af- 
terwards a  comedy,  "  the  Distressed  Wife," 
was  published  under  his  name,  and  in  1754 
a  humorous  piece  called  the  Rehearsal  at 
Goatham.  His  papers  were  left  to  the 
care  of  Pope,  who  suppressed  some  of  them 
as  friendship  and  delicacy  required. 

Gay,  Ebenezer,  D.D.  minister  of  Hing- 
ham,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  1696, 
graduated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  in  1714,  and  was  ordained 
to  the  work  of  the  ministry  in  1718.  He 
died  in  1787,  in  the  91st  year  of  his  age, 
and  the   69th  of  his  ministry.     Dr.  Gay 

Vol.  T.  90 


was  a  man  of  strong  mind,  and  extensive 
information  ;  stood  in  the  first  rank  of  the 
divines  of  New-England  in  his  day.  He 
made  a  number  of  publications,  which  were 
honourable  to  his  talents  and  piety. 

ICPL. 

Gatot  de  Pitaval,  Francis,  a  French 
author,  born  at  Lyons.  He  wrote  "  Causes 
Celebres,"  a  voluminous  work,  in  20  vols. 
12mo.  which,  though  interesting  in  some 
parts,  is  yet  insipid  in  style,  and  inelegant 
composition.  Gayot  was  unfortunate  in 
all  his  pursuits.  He  was  successively  an 
abbe,  a  soldier,  and  at  50  an  advocate.  He 
died  1743,  aged  70. 

Gaza,  Theodore,  an  eminent  scholar, 
born  at  Thessalonica,  in  Greece,  1393. 
Upon  the  invasion  of  his  country  by  the 
Turks,  in  1430,  he  came  to  Italy,  and  by 
his  great  assiduity  became  one  of  the  bright- 
est ornaments  to  whom  Europe  is  indebted 
for  the  revival  of  learning.  He  soon  gain- 
ed a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, and  was  introduced  to  the  patronage 
of  Cardinal  Bessarion.  In  1450  he  came 
to  Rome,  and  was,  with  several  others, 
engaged  by  pope  Nicolas  V.  in  translating 
Greek  authors  into  Latin,  and  after  the 
death  of  that  pontiff,  in  1456,  he  went  to 
the  court  of  Alphonsus,  king  of  Naples. 
Two  years  after,  he  returned  to  Rome, 
and  by  the  patronage  of  his  friend  Bessa- 
rion, he  was  presented  to  a  small  benefice 
in  Calabria.  In  his  old  age  he  presented 
one  of  his  performances,  beautifully  written 
in  vellum,  to  pope  Sixtus  IV.  and  while  he 
expected  a  liberal  reward,  he  was  asked  by 
the  pontiff  what  his  expenses  had  been, 
and  these  were  carefully  repaid,  which 
treatment  so  excited  his  indignation  that 
he  exclaimed,  "  It  was  high  time  to  return 
home,  since  the  over-fed  asses  of  Rome 
had  no  relish  but  for  thistles  and  weeds." 
The  money  he  had  received  he  contemp- 
tuously threw  into  the  Tiber,  and  died  soon 
after  of  grief  and  disappointment.  The 
works  of  Gaza  consisted  of  original  pieces, 
and  of  translations — Grammatical  Grscae, 
Libri  quatuor,  written  in  Greek  1495, 
translated  by  Erasmus  1522 — Liber  de  At- 
ticis  Mensibus — and  translation  of  Cicero's 
de  Senectute,  et  de  Somnio  Scipionis,  into 
Greek — and  Aristotle's  History  of  Ani- 
mals, translated  into  Latin,  and  other 
works.  Gaza's  learning  and  reputation 
were  so  highly  respected  that,  Scaliger 
says,  there  were  not  more  than  three  he 
was  inclined  to  envy,  Theodore  Gaza,  An- 
gelus  Politianus,  and  Picus  of  Mirandula. 
He  is  ranked  among  the  best  translators  of 
Greek  authors  into  Latin,  though,  indeed, 
Erasmus  objected  to  the  elegance  of  his 
Latin  idiom,  and  Huetius,  in  commending 
his  fidelity  and  perspicuity,  allows  that 
some  things  might  have  been  rendered  bet- 
ter. He  died  at  Rome  1478,  aged  80. 
713 


GED 


UED 


Gazali,  of  Abon  Hamed  Mohammed 
Zein  Eddin  al  Thousi,  a  mussulman 
doctor,  who  died  at  Kborassan,  his  native 
place,  1112,  aged  56.  He  wrote  "  the  Se- 
veral Classes  of  Sciences  which  concern 
Religion."  Two  others  of  the  same  name 
were  authors.  One  of  them  wrote  a  tract 
on  the  Mercy  of  God. 

Gazet,  William,  a  native  of  Arras,  who 
died  1612,  aged  58.  He  was  an  ecclesias- 
tic, and  wrote  a  Chronological  History  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Cambray — Ecclesiasti- 
cal History  of  the  Low  Countries,  and 
other  works. 

Gazola,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Verona, 
who  died  1715,  aged  54.  He  is  very  can- 
did in  his  works,  and  acknowledges  that 
patients  as  often  died  by  the  negligence  or 
ignorance  of  their  physicians  as  by  the  force 
of  disease. 

Gazon-Dourxigne,  S.  M.  M.  a  native 
of  Quimper,  was  known  as  a  critic,  but  as- a 
poet  little  regarded.  He  died  19th  Jan.  1784. 

Gazzoli,  Benozzo,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  1478,  aged  78.  He  painted  land- 
scapes, portraits,  and  sacred  subjects. 

Geber,  John,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century.  He  wrote  a  Commen- 
tary on  Ptolemy's  "  Syntaxis  Magna," 
published  Nuremberg  1533,  and  in  his  la- 
bour on  alchymy  deserved  the  praises  of 
Boerhaave.  His  works  contain  much 
knowledge,  though  in  such  affected  jargon 
that  Dr.  Johnson  has  derived  the  word 
gibberish  from  the  cant  of  Geber  and  his 
followers.  His  works  are  "Astronomy," 
in  nine  books,  "  three  books  on  Alchymy," 
"  Flos  Naturarum,"  "  Chymica,"  &c. 

Ged,  William,  an  ingenious  artist  and 
goldsmith  of  Edinburgh,  who  invented  a 
plate  for  printing  whole  pages,  instead  of 
using  a  type  for  every  letter.  This  had 
first  been  practised  by  the  Chinese  and  Ja- 
panese in  blocks  of  wood,  as  pursued  by 
Coster,  the  European  inventor  of  this 
simple  method.  In  the  prosecution  of 
his  plan,  Ged  applied  to  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  in  conjunction  with  some 
others,  to  print  Bibles  and  prayer-books 
after  the  new  method  ;  but  much  money 
was  sunk  in  the  attempt,  and  by  the  vil- 
lany  of  the  pressmen  and  the  ill  conduct 
of  his  partners,  the  unfortunate  adventurer 
was  ruined  in  his  hopes  and  fortunes.  He 
returned  to  Scotland  1733,  and  gave  a  spe- 
cimen of  his  plan  by  the  publication  of  a 
Sallust  in  1744.  He  died  19th  Oct.  1749. 
His  son  James,  who  had  joined  him  in  the 
Cambridge  speculation,  became  a  rebel  in 
1745,  but  was  pardoned  and  released  in 
1748,  and  died  in  Jamaica,  where  he  had 
gone  to  settle  with  one  of  his  brothers  as 
printer. 

Ged  alia,  a  famous  rabbi,  who  died  1448. 
He  wrote  an  Account  of  a  Chain  of  Tra- 
ditions from  Adam  to  the  Year  of  Christ 
714 


761,  and  a  treatise  on  the  Creation  of  the 
World. 

Geddes,  James,  a  Scotch  advocate,  born 
1710,  in  the  shire  of  Tweedale.  He  dis- 
played great  powers  of  application  while  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  ra- 
pidly advancing  to  opulence  and  celebrity 
in  the  profession  of  the  law  when  he  was 
cut  off  by  a  lingering  consumption  before 
he  reached  his  40th  year.  To  the  dry  la- 
bours of  the  law  he  added  a  very  polished 
and  elegant  taste  for  classical  literature. 
He  wrote  "  an  Essay  on  the  Composition 
and  Manner  of  Writing  of  the  Ancients, 
particularly  Plato,"  published  Glasgow, 
1748,  8vo. 

Geddes,  Michael,  a  learned  divine,  for 
some  years  chaplain  to  the  Lisbon  factory, 
where  the  inquisition  suspended  his  eccle- 
siastical labours,  and  obliged  him  to  re- 
turn to  England.  He  was  honoured  with 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  university  of 
Oxford,  and  made  chancellor  of  Sarum, 
He  died  1715,  author  of  a  History  of  the 
church  of  Malabar — the  church  History  of 
Ethiopia — Miscellaneous  Tracts  against 
Popery,  3  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Geddes,  Dr.  a  native  of  Ruthven, 
Bamffshire,  educated  at  a  village  school  in 
the  Highlands,  and  removed,  1758,  to  the 
Scottish  college  at  Paris.  He  became  in 
1764  priest  of  a  Roman  catholic  congrega- 
tion in  Angusshin  ,  and  the  next  year  chap- 
lain in  lord  Tranquair's  family.  In  1769 
he  was  minister  at  Auchinhalrig,  Bamff- 
shire, and  10  years  after  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  at  Aberdeen,  and  then 
removed  to  London,  and  officiated  in  Duke- 
street  chapel,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  in 
the  Imperial  Ambassador's  chapel.  He 
began  in  1782  his  translation  of  the  Bible, 
of  which  he  published  a  Prospectus,  in 
4to.  1786,  with  an  appendix,  1787,  address- 
ed to  Lowth.  At  that  time  he  engaged  in 
a  controversy  with  Priestley  on  the  divinity 
of  Christ,  and  again  claimed  the  public  no- 
tice by  his  general  answer  in  1790  to  the 
various  queries,  criticisms,  and  hints  offered 
to  him  on  his  meditated  work.  The  first 
volume  of  this  long-promised  translation 
appeared  in  1792,  under  the  auspices  of 
lord  Petre,  as  far  as  the  end  of  the  book  of 
Joshua,  but  so  severe  was  the  opposition 
made  to  the  work,  that  the  bishops  of  his 
persuasion,  offended  with  the  liberties  and 
indelicacies  of  his  version,  actually  sus- 
pended him  from  his  ecclesiastical  func- 
tions. Regardless'  of  the  public  displea- 
sure, he  published  his  second  volume  1797, 
but  in  language  still  more  exceptionable, 
so  that  he  found  it  necessary  to  defend 
himself  against  the  attacks  and  reproaches 
of  his  opponents,  and  of  critics  by  his 
"Critical  remarks"  in  1800.  He  died 
1802,  aged  65.  He  was  in  his  character, 
irritable,  petulant,  and  vindictive,  though 


GEL 


GEL 


Ire  possessed  great  learning  and  a  capa- 
cious mind,  and  he  is  to  be  censured  for 
the  intemperate  and  licentious  perversions 
•which  he  wished  to  introduce  in  the  holy 
Scriptures.  He  wrote  also  an  apology  for 
the  Roman  Catholics  of  Great  Britain. 

Gedoyn,  Nicolas,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Orleans.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and  was 
a  Jesuit  for  10  years  ;  but  he  returned  to 
the  world,  and  as  the  friend  and  favourite 
of  Ninon  de  1'Enclos,  he  figured  as  a  man 
of  wit  and  letters.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  of  that  of  belles  let- 
trcs,  and  in  1732  was  made  abbot  of  Notre- 
dame  de  Beaugency.  He  wrote  some  in- 
genious essays  and  dissertations,  published 
1745,  and  is  chiefly  known  for  his  elegant 
translations  of  Quintilian  and  of  Pausa- 
nias.     He  died  1744,  aged  77. 

Geer,  Charles  de,  a  native  of  Sweden, 
descended  from  a  noble  Dutch  family,  and 
educated  at  Utrecht  and  at  Upsal  under 
Linnaeus.  He  acquired  much  property  by 
the  introduction  of  new  machines  in  the 
iron  works  of  Dannemora,  and  by  an  ap- 
paratus for  drying  corn  by  smelting  houses. 
He  was,  in  1761,  made  marshal  of  the 
court,  and  knight  of  the  Polar  Star,  and  a 
baron.  He  died  1778,  aged  58,  much  re- 
spected not  only  as  a  man  of  science,  but 
as  a  benevolent  man,  who  employed  his 
great  resources  to  the  relief  and  the  com- 
fort of  the  poor.  He  was  author  of  Me- 
moires  pour  servir  a  l'Histoire  des  In- 
sectes,  7  vols.  4to. — on  the  Procreation  of 
Insects — and  paoers  on  the  Transactions 
of  the  Academies  of  Stockholm  and  Upsal, 

Geinoz,  Francis,  a  learned  Swiss  abbe, 
member  of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  some  valuable  disser- 
tations on  Ancient  Medals — on  the  Plan  and 
Character  of  Herodotus,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1752,  aged  56,  much  esteemed  for 
his  learning  as  well  as  his  probity  and  be- 
nevolence. 

Gejer,  Martin,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew,  ecclesiastical  counsellor 
to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  author  of 
commentaries  on  several  of  the  books  of 
the  Old  Testament,  &c. — and  a  treatise  on 
the  mourning  of  the  Hebrews,  all  in  2  vols, 
fol.     He  died  1681,  aged  67. 

Gelasius,  the  elder,  bishop  of  Caesarea 
in  Palestine,  in  the  fourth  century,  was 
nephew  of  Cyril  of  Jerusalem.  He  trans- 
lated into  Greek  two  books  of  the  eccle- 
siastical history,  &c.  He  is  praised  by 
Theodoret  and  Jerome  for  the  elegance  of 
his  style.  A  fragment  of  one  of  his  homi- 
lies is  preserved  in  Theodoret. 

Gelasius,  of  Cyzicus,  bishop  of  Caesarea 
about  476,  is  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Nicene  Council  in  three  books,  not  very  re- 
spectable, according  to  Photius,  for  either 
stvle  or  matter. 


Gelasius  I.  bishop  of  Rome  after  Felix 
II.  492,  was  engaged  in  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts to  settle  the  disputes  between  the 
eastern  and  western  churches.  He  wish- 
ed also  to  expunge  from  the  list  of  saints 
the  name  of  Acacius,  which  Euphemius,  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople,  opposed.  Some 
of  his  works  are  extant  on  controversial 
subjects.     He  died  496. 

Gelasius  II.  a  Campanian  by  birth, 
raised  to  the  pontificate  1118.  He  was 
ejected  from  his  see  by  Cencio  Frangipani, 
consul  of  Rome,  and  by  the  influence  of 
the  emperor  Henry  V.  and  after  in  vain 
endeavouring  even  by  force  of  aims  to 
regain  the  popedom,  he  retired  to  the 
monastery  of  Clugny  in  France,  and  died 
1119. 

Geldenhaur,  Gerard  Eobanus,  a  Ger- 
man, born  at  Nimeguen  1482.  He  stu- 
died at  Deventer  and  Louvain,  and  such 
was  the  reputation  of  his  learning  that  he 
was  invited  to  the  court  of  Charles  of  Aus- 
tria, which  offer  he  declined  for  the  office 
of  secretary  to  the  bishop  of  Utrecht.  He 
visited  by  order  of  Maximilian  of  Bur- 
gundy, in  whose  service  he  afterwards  was, 
the  schools  and  the  churches  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  and  was  so  struck  with  the  zeal  and 
innocent  manners  of  the  protestants  there, 
that  he  abjured  for  their  tenets  the  popish 
faith.  He  afterwards  married,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  education  of  youth  at 
Worms,  at  Augsburg,  and  lastly  at  Mar- 
purg,  where  he  died  of  the  plague  1542. 
He  was  a  man  well  skilled  in  poetry,  his- 
tory, and  rhetoric,  but  his  change  of  re- 
ligion, and  the  freedom  with  which  he  in- 
veighed against  the  pope,  offended  his 
friends,  and  particularly  Erasmus,  who 
compared  him  to  the  traitor  Judas,  and 
spoke  with  contempt  of  his  conduct  and 
pretended  sincerity.  He  wrote  Historia 
Batavica — Historia  suae  ^Etatis — Germa- 
nic. Histori  Illustratio  de  Viris  IUustr.  In- 
ferior. Germanise,  &c. 

Gelder,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1727,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
disciple  and  imitator  of  Rembrandt. 

Geldorp,  Gualdorp,  a  painter  of  Lou- 
vain, who  died  1618,  aged  65.  He  excelled 
in  portraits  and  history. 

Gelee,  Claude,  commonly  called  Claude 
of  Lorraine.      Vid.  Claude. 

Gelenius,  Sigismond,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Prague  1498.  He  travelled  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  of  modern  languages, 
and  during  his  residence  at  Basil,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Erasmus,  who  re- 
commended him  to  John  Frobenius  as  a 
corrector  of  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin 
works,  in  which  his  printing-house  was 
engaged.  He  wrote  some  valuable  works, 
and  especially  Latin  translations  of  Diony- 
sius  of  Halicarnassus,  of  Appian,  Phile, 
Josephus,  Origen,  and  several  others.  Ho 
715 


GEL 


GEM 


also  published  a  dictionary  in  four  lan- 
guages, Greek,  Latin,  German,  and  Sclavo- 
uian,  and  showed  himself  to  be  a  most 
able  and  indefatigable  scholar.  His  talents 
have  been  deservedly  commended  by  Henry 
Valesius,  Erasmus,  and  others,  and  though 
Huetius  and  others  impeach  his  judgment 
in  the  great  liberties  which  he  took  in  alter- 
ing the  texts  of  some  authors,  especially 
Arnobius,  yet  he  gave  a  new  turn  to  what- 
ever passages  he  did  not  seem  to  under- 
stand. His  disregard  for  honours  was  very 
uncommon,  he  rejected  the  splendid  offers 
of  the  court  of  Bohemia  for  the  enjoy- 
ment of  humble  life,  and  though  deserving 
the  most  affluent  fortune,  he  struggled,  says 
Thuanus,  all  his  life  with  poverty.  He 
died  at  Basil  1555,  leaving  two  sons  and  a 
daughter. 

Gellert,  Christian  Furchtegott,  an 
eminent  German  poet,  born  at  Haynichen 
near  Freyberg  in  Misnia,  4th  July,  1715. 
He  studied  at  Meissen  and  Leipsic,  and  as 
the  circumstances  of  his  family  were  nar- 
row, he  maintained  himself  by  being  tutor 
in  private  families.  At  the  age  of  43  he 
was  made  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leip- 
sic. He  died  Dec.  1769.  He  was  of  a 
very  generous  and  amiable  disposition,  but 
of  a  hypochondriac  habit,  and  of  a  consti- 
tutional fear  of  death,  which,  however, 
gradually  disappeared,  so  that  he  expired 
calm  and  composed.  He  acquired  univer- 
sal celebrity  by  his  poetry.  His  "  Fables 
and  Tales,"  are  best  known.  He  wrote 
besides,  hymns,  didactic  poems,  the  De- 
votee, a  comedy,  &c. 

Gelli,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  writer, 
horn  at  Florence,  1498.  Though  of  the 
humble  occupation  of  a  tailor,  which  he 
followed  till  his  death,  yet  he  possessed 
great  powers  of  mind  highly  cultivated, 
and  wrote  some  very  valuable  books.  He 
was  universally  esteemed  for  his  modesty, 
and  his  talents  were  so  much  respected 
that  he  was  acquainted  with  all  the  men  of 
genius  and  learning  of  his  time,  and  was 
member  of  the  academy  of  Florence,  and 
a  burgess  of  the  city.  He  died  1563,  aged 
65.  He  wrote  besides  translations  from 
Latin  and  Greek  authors,  dialogues  after 
the  manner  of  Lucian,  which  have  been 
translated  into  Latin,  French,  and  English, 
also  dissertations,  two  comedies,  la  Sporta 
and  l'Errore,  and  other  things. 

Gellibrand,  Henry,  professor  of  astro- 
nomy in  Gresham  college,  was  born  in  St. 
Botolph's  parish,  Aldersgate,  1597,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  He 
became  cm-ate  of  Chiddington,  Kent,  and 
afterwards  devoted  the  whole  of  his  atten- 
tion to  mathematical  pursuits.  He  took  his 
degree  of  M.A.  1623,  and  was  intrusted  by 
his  dying  friend,  Briggs,  the  Savilian  pro- 
fessor at  Oxford,  to  complete  his  Trigono- 
jnctvia  Britanniea,  which  he  did  in  1632. 
716 


He  was  called  before  the  high  commission 
court  for  permitting  his  servant,  William 
Beale,  to  publish  an  almanac  for  1631, 
omitting  the  popish  saints  of  the  calendar, 
and  substituting  the  names  of  the  martyrs, 
for  which  he  was  acquitted,  though  Laud 
opposed  it.  Though  of  a  strong  enlighten- 
ed mind,  he  had  not  sagacity  enough  to 
abandon  the  Ptolemaic  for  the  Copernican 
system,  and  hence  his  treatises  in  explana- 
tion of  plane  and  spherical  triangles — on 
the  improvement  of  navigation,  &c.  are 
confused  and  unsatisfactory,  especially 
when  he  treats  of  the  variation  of  the 
needle.  He  died  of  a  fever  in  his  40th 
year.  He  possessed  great  application  as  a 
mathematician,  but  little  genius. 

Gelon,  king  of  Syracuse,  B.C.  484,  was 
universally  respected  by  his  subjects  for  his 
benevolence  and  mildness. 

Gemelli-Carreri,  Francis,  an  Italian 
writer,  author  of  an  interesting  account  of 
a  voyage  round  the  world,  between  1693 
and  1698.  Some  imagine  that  he  never 
went  round  the  world,  but  imposed  a  fic- 
titious account  on  the  public. 

Gemignagno,  Vinentio  de  St.  a  Tuscan 
painter,  who  died  1530,  aged  40.  He  was 
a  disciple  and  imitator  of  Raphael. 

Gemignano,  Giacinto,  a  painter,  born 
at  Pistoia.  He  died  1681,  aged  70.  The 
churches  of  Rome  are  adorned  with  his 
pieces.  His  son  was  also  an  eminent 
artist. 

Geminiani,  Francisco,  an  eminent  per- 
former on  the  violin,  and  composer,  born 
at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  1680.  He  studied  under 
Scarlatti  and  Corelli,  and  came  to  England 
1714,  where  he  was  introduced  to  George 
I.  He  refused  to  accept  the  place  of  mas- 
ter and  composer  of  music  in  Ireland,  be- 
cause he  was  a  Roman  catholic,  observing 
that  he  never  would  sacrifice  his  religion 
to  private  interest ;  and  from  his  particu- 
lar independence  of  mind,  unwilling  to 
submit  to  the  caprices  of  the  great,  he  led 
an  unsettled  life,  and  made  several  excur- 
sions into  foreign  countries.  He  was  so 
fond  of  painting,  that  he  injured  his  income 
by  purchasing  pictures,  but  he  found  in  the 
earl  of  Essex  a  great  friend  and  patron, 
who  supported  his  necessities.  He,  how- 
ever, rejected,  as  offensive  to  his  inde- 
pendent spirit,  the  offer  of  a  pension  of  100?. 
a  year  from  the  prince  of  Wales.  He  had 
employed  much  time  and  labour  on  a  trea- 
tise on  music,  which,  while  on  a  visit  at 
Dublin,  a  treacherous  female  servant  con- 
veyed away  from  his  house,  and  this  had 
such  an  effect  upon  him  that  he  died  soon 
after,  Sept.  17th,  1762.  He  composed 
Corelli's  solos  into  concertos,  and  publish- 
ed six  concertos  of  his  own,  besides  harp- 
sichord pieces,  &c. 

Gemistus,  George,  surnamed  Pletho, 
retired  to  Florence  upon  the   takine;  of  his 


GEN 


GEN 


native  city,  Constantinople,  by  the  Turks. 
He  lived  to  above  the  age  of  100,  distin- 
guished for  his  learning  and  virtues.  He 
was  a  strong  Platonican,  and  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  the  Magic  Oracles  of  Zoroas- 
ter— Historical  treatises — de  Gestis  Grae- 
corum  post  Mantinae  Pugnam — de  Rebus 
Peloponnes.  &c. 

Gemma,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of 
Dockum,  in  Friesland,  died  1555,  aged  43. 
He  was  also  an  able  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician, on  which  sciences  he  wrote  some 
valuable  works.  He  practised  physic  at 
Louvain.  His  works  are  Methodus  Arith- 
metical— de  Usu  Annuli  Astronomici — 
Demonstrationes  Geometries  de  Radii 
Usu,  &c. — de  Locrum  Describend.  Ra- 
tione,  &c. — de  Astrolabio  Catholico,  &c. 
His  son  Cornelius  was  equally  eminent, 
and  died  1579,  aged  44.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  Prodigiosa  Specie,  Naturaque  Co- 
metse,  &c. 

Gendre,  Lewis  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  of  an  obscure  family  at  Rouen,  and 
raised  to  notice  by  the  kindness  of  Harlay, 
archbishop  of  his  province.  He  died  1733, 
aged  74.  He  wrote  a  History  of  France, 
from  the  commencement  of  the  monarchy 
to  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.  3  vols,  folio, 
a  valuable  work — Manners  and  Customs  of 
the  French — the  Life  of  Francis  Harlay, 
his  patron — an  Essay  on  the  reign  of  Louis 
the  Great — the  Life  of  cardinal  d'Am- 
boise,  &c. 

Gendre,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of 
St.  Aubin,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  master  of  requests,  died  at  Paris, 
1746,  aged  59.  He  wrote  "  a  treatise  on 
Opinion,"  a  learned  and  elegant  perform- 
ance, 6  vols.  12mo. — Antiquities  of  the 
Royal  Family  of  France,  4to. 

Gendre,  Nicolas  le,  a  French  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1670,  aged  52.  His 
works  are  admired  for  chasteness  and  ele- 
gance of  design. 

Gendre,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  na- 
tional convention,  who  after  being  10  years 
a  sailor,  and  then  a  butcher  at  Paris,  dis- 
played himself  the  fit  instrument  of  the 
crimes  and  atrocities  of  Marat  and  Robes- 
pierre. He  figured  in  all  the  horrors  of 
the  10th  of  August,  and  of  September,  and 
the  night  before  the  execution  of  the  un- 
happy Lewis,  he  proposed  in  the  jacobin 
club  that  the  body  should  be  cut  into  84 
pieces,  and  sent  to  the  84  departments.  In 
his  missions  into  the  provinces,  at  Lyons, 
Rcuen,  Dieppe,  &c.  he  every  where  spread 
terror  and  dismay,  but  though  the  friend  of 
Robespierre,  he  no  sooner  saw  his  fall  than 
he  attacked  him  with  virulence,  and  drove 
away,  with  a  pistol  in  his  hand,  all  the 
members  of  the  jacobin  club,  and  brought 
the  key  of  their  hall  to  the  convention. 
He  continued  afterwards  the  enemy  of  the 
terrorists,    and    in    his    conduct    showed 


deep  art  and  dissimulation,  as  he  had  the 
management  to  survive  every  faction.  He 
was  member  of  the  council  of  ancients, 
and  died  at  Paris,  13th  December,  1797, 
aged  41,  desiring  in  his  will,  that  his  body 
might  be  sent  to  the  anatomical  school  for 
dissection,  wishing,  as  he  expressed  it,  to 
be  useful  to  mankind  even  after  death. 

Genebrard,  Gilbert,  a  benedictine 
monk,  born  at  Riom,  in  Auvergne,  1537. 
He  espoused  in  his  writings  the  cause  of 
the  league,  and  after  being  13  years  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Paris,  he  was  nomi- 
nated to  a  bishopric,  which,  however,  from 
his  animosity  in  his  pamphlets  against 
Henry  IV.  he  was  not  permitted  to  enjoy. 
By  the  interest  of  the  duke  of  Mayence, 
he  afterwards  obtained  the  archbishopric  of 
Aix,  but  he  became  there  very  unpopular 
by  the  publication  of  his  treatise  against 
the  right  of  the  king  of  appointing  bishops, 
which  was  burned  by  the  hands  of  the 
hangman.  He  died  1597,  in  exile  at 
his  priory  of  Semur,  in  Burgundy.  Be- 
sides bis  acrimonious  polemical  works,  he 
wrote  "  a  Sacred  Chronology,"  much  es- 
teemed— a  commentary  on  the  Psalms — 
"  a  translation  of  Josephus,  &c." 

Gf.nesius,  Josephus,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historians  who  wrote  the  History  of 
Constantinople  from  Leo  the  Armenian  to 
Basilius  the  Macedonian,  in  four  books, 
printed  Venice,  1733.     He  flourished  940. 

Genest,  Charles  Claude,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Paris,  1636.  In  his  attempt  to  go 
to  India  he  was  taken  by  the  English,  and 
supported  himself  by  teaching  French  in 
England.  He  returned  to  France,  and 
obtained  an  abbey,  and  became  member 
of  the  Academy.  He  died  1719,  aged  84. 
He  wrote,  among  other  tragedies,  Pe- 
nelope, much  admired — some  epistles-"- 
and  a  didactic  poem  on  the  Proof  of  the 
existence  of  a  God,  and  the  Immortality  of 
the  Soul. 

Genet,  Francis,  bishop  of  Vaison,  born 
at  Avignon,  1640,  son  of  an  advocate,  is 
known  for  the  Theology  of  Grenoble,  6  vols. 
12mo.  translated  into  Latin  by  his  brother 
the  abbe. 

Genga,  Jerome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  born  at  Urbino,  founder  of  the 
family  of  the  Ghengi.  He  died  1551, 
aged  75. 

Genga,  Bartholomew,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  eminent  as  an  architect.  He 
died  of  a  pleurisy  whilst  superintending  the 
fortifications  of  Malta,  1558,  aged  40. 

Gengis  Khan,  son  of  a  khan  of  the  Mo- 
guls, was  born  1193.  At  the  age  of  13  he 
ue^aii  to  reign,  but  the  conspiracies  of  his 
subjects  obliged  him  to  fly  for  safety  to 
Aventi  Khan,  a  Tartar  prince,  whom  he 
supported  on  his  throne,  and  whose  daugh- 
ter he  married.  But  these  ties  of  kindred 
were  not  binding,  Aventi  joined  against. 
'  717 


GEN 


GEN 


Gengis,  who  took  signal  vengeance  over 
his  enemies,  and  then  with  a  victorious 
army  directed  his  power  against  the  neigh- 
bouring states,  and  in  the  space  of  28 
years  conquered  Corea,  Cathany,  part  of 
China,  and  the  noblest  provinces  of  Asia. 
His  further  projects  of  extended  dominion 
over  China  were  stopped  by  death,  1227, 
and  his  vast  kingdom  divided  among  his 
four  sons. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple after  Anatolius,  458.  He  was  an  able 
theologian,  and  active  diocesan.  Of  his 
works  nothing  but  a  fragment  of  a  work 
against  Cyril's  anathemas  is  extant.  He 
died  471. 

Gennadius,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
who  was  a  priest  of  Marseilles,  and  not  a 
bishop,  about  493.  He  wrote  "  de  Dog- 
matibus  Ecclesiasticis"  et  "  Illustribus  Ec- 
clesiae  Scriptoribus."  He  favoured  the 
doctrines  of  Pelagius. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  was  at  the  council  of  Florence, 
1438.  He  resigned  his  dignity  after  enjoy- 
ing it  five  years,  1458,  and  died  in  a  mo- 
nastery, 1460.  He  wrote  among  other 
things  an  explanation  of  the  Christian  faith 
in  Greek,  Latin,  and  Turkish. 

Gennari,  Benedetto,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1715,  aged  82.  He  was 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  for  whom  he 
painted,  and  be  was  also  encouraged  in 
England  by  Charles  II.  and  the  English 
nobility. 

Gennari,  Caesare,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter  of  Bologna,  who  died  1688,  aged 
47.  He  was  eminent  in  historical  pieces, 
and  in  landscapes. 

Gennaro,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  distinguished  as  an  able  civilian 
and  as  an  upright  magistrate.  The  best 
known  of  his  learned  works,  which  are 
chiefly  on  civil  law,  and  written  in  an  easy 
and  pleasing  style,  is  Respublica  Juriscon- 
sultorum,  in  which,  in  the  fascinating  form 
of  a  novel,  he  gives  an  account  of  the  most 
intricate  parts  of  the  civil  law.  This  re- 
spectable author  died  1762,  aged  61. 

Genoels,  Abraham,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, born  1640.  He  was  admired  for  his 
landscapes  and  portraits. 

Genovesi,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Cas- 
tiglione,  who  acquired  great  celebrity  at 
Naples  as  a  lecturer  in  philosophy,  but  expo- 
sed himself  to  the  severe  censures  of  bigoted 
critics,  by  his  metaphysics,  in  which  he  re- 
commended the  works  of  Galileo,  Grotius, 
and  Newton.  The  popular  odium  was 
averted  for  a  while  by  the  protection  of 
the  king  of  Naples,  who  appointed  him 
professor  of  ethics,  but  his  application  for 
the  theological  chair  drew  upon  hirn  from 
the  clergy  the  ill-founded  charge  of  heresy. 
He  was  afterwards  professor  of  political 
philosophy,  and  died  1769,  aged  57.  He 
718 


wrote  in  Italian,  a  System  of  Logic — Hu- 
morous Letters — Philosophical  Meditations 
on  Religion  and  Morality — Italian  Morali- 
ty, his  best  work. 

Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals  in  Spain, 
succeeded  his  father  Godegisiles  428.  He 
defeated  the  Suevi,  conquered  Africa,  pil- 
laged Rome,  and  became  formidable  to  all 
the  powers  on  the  borders  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean.    He  died  477. 

Gensonne,  Armand,  an  advocate  at 
Bourdeaux,  born  10th  Aug.  1758.  At  the 
revolution  he  warmly  attacked  the  govern- 
ment, and  first  gave  currency  to  that  hor- 
rible opinion,  that  suspicion  was  a  sufficient 
reason  to  condemn  a  person  to  death.  He, 
however,  wished  to  refer  the  sentence  of 
the  unhappy  Lewis  to  the  primary  assem- 
blies, and  he  had  boldness  enough  to  de- 
mand in  the  convention  the  punishment  of 
the  Septembrizers.  This  proved  so  offen- 
sive to  the  assembly  and  to  Robespierre, 
that  he  was  marked  for  destruction  with 
the  Girondists,  and  was  guillotined  31st 
Oct.  1793. 

Gentile,  Ludovico,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, who  died  1670,  aged  64.  He  lived 
some  time  in  Italy,  and  painted  for 
churches.  His  portrait  of  Alexander  VII. 
is  admired. 

Gentilis,  de  Foligno,  a  physician,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  Avicenna.  He 
wrote  also  "  de  Legationibus" — de  Juris 
Interpretibus, — de  Advocatione  Hispani- 
ca,  &c.  and  died  at  Foligno,  1348. 

Gentilis,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
who  came  into  Germany,  and  studied  at 
Tubingen,  Wittemberg,  and  Leyden,  and 
was  professor  of  civil  law  at  Altorf.  He 
died  1616,  aged  51,  leaving  four  children 
by  his  wife,  a  beautiful  lady  of  Lucca, 
whom  about  four  years  before  he  had  mar- 
ried. He  wrote  "  de  Jure  Publico  Populi 
Romani,"  "  de  Conjurationibus,"  de  Bonis 
Maternis,  &c.  Tasso's  Jerusalem,  trans- 
lated into  Latin  verse,  1585,  4to. 

Gentilis,  John  Valentine,  a  relation  of 
the  preceding,  who  left  his  native  country, 
Naples,  not  to  be  burnt  in  consequence  of 
his  attachment  to  Arianism.  He  fled  to 
Geneva,  but  was  nearly  condemned  to  the 
flames,  by  the  influence  of  Calvin.  He  at 
last  was  condemned  to  lose  his  head  at 
Berne,  for  the  violence  of  his  religious 
opinions,  1567. 

Gentilis,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
son  of  a  physician.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
coming  to  England  as  attached  to  protes- 
tantism, he  was  made  professor  of  law  at 
Oxford,  and  died  1608,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  six  dialogues  on  the  Interpretation 
of  the  Law, — a  Treatise  de  Jure  Belli, 
commended  by  Grotius, — and  other  works. 

Gentileschi,  Horatio,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, born  at  Pisa  1563.  After  being  ad- 
mired for  his  pieces  in  Genoa,  Rome..  Flo- 


CEO 


GEO 


rence,  and  Savoy,  he  came  to  England,  and 
was  patronised  by  Charles  I.  He  employ- 
ed his  pencil  in  adorning  the  ceilings  of 
Greenwich  and  York-house,  and  died  in 
England  after  twelve  years'  residence, 
aged  34.  His  best  work  is  the  portico  of 
cardinal  Bentivoglio's  palace  at  Rome. 

Gentileschi,  Artemisia,  daughter  of 
the  preceding,  was'  eminent  as  an  historical 
painter.  Her  David  with  the  head  of  Go- 
liah,  is  her  best  piece.  She  took  some  of 
the  portraits  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the 
nobility  in  England  ;  but  chiefly  lived  at 
Naples,  where  her  gallantry  became  as 
public  as  her  eminence  as  a  painter,  and  the 
splendour  of  her  equipage. 

Gentillet,  Valentine,  a  native  of 
Dauphine,  syndic  of  the  city  of  Geneva. 
He  published,  in  1578,  an  Apology  for  the 
Protestants,  often  edited,  and  also  Anti- 
Machiavel  and  Anti-Socinus,  1612. 

Gentleman,  Francis,  an  actor,  author 
of  eleven  dramatic  pieces.  He  died  1784, 
aged  66. 

Geoffroi,  Stephen  Francis,  a  French 
physician  and  chymist,  born  at  Paris  1672, 
son  of  an  apothecary.  He  visited  Italy, 
Holland,  and  England,  to  complete  his  me- 
dical studies,  and  became  professor  of  chy- 
mistry  and  of  medicine  at  the  Royal  col- 
lege at  Paris.  He  died  1731,  much 
respected  for  his  attention  and  humanity  to 
his  patients.  His  chief  work  is  "  Materia 
Medica"  in  Latin,  3  vols.  8vo.  It  was 
translated  by  Bergier,  and  continued  by 
Nobleville,  and  extended  to  17  vols.  12mo. 

Geoffrot,  of  Monmouth,  a  British  his- 
torian, author  of  Chronicon  sive  Historia 
Britonum,  a  curious  book,  but  too  full  of 
legendary  tales  in  the  history  of  the  first 
British  kings.  He  was  archdeacon  of 
Monmouth,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  which 
be  resigned  to  live  at  the  monastery  of 
Abingdon,  where  he  was  abbot.  He  flou- 
rished about  1150. 

George,  St.  the  patron  of  England,  was 
supposed  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  in  the 
reign  of  Dioclesian.  Little  is  known  of  his 
history,  though  he  is  celebrated  by  many 
ecclesiastical  writers,  and  even  by  some  of 
the  Mahometans.  The  miracles  which  he 
is  said  to  have  performed  are  properly  re- 
garded as  fabulous. 

George  of  Trebizond,  a  native  of  Can- 
dia,  who  came  to  Rome  under  Eugenius. 
He  was  a  popular  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  at  Vicenza,  and  afterwards  be- 
came secretary  to  pope  Nicolas  V.  After 
residing  some  time  at  the  court  of  Alphon- 
so  of  Naples,  he  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  died  in  a  good  old  age,  14S4.  He 
wrote  de  Arte  Rhetorica — Reflections  on 
some  of  Cicero's  Orations  and  Letters, 
&c.  and  also  translated  into  Latin  Euse- 
bius's  Evangelical  Preparations — some  of 
me  works  of  Aristotle — Plato  de  Legibus 


— Ptolemy's  Almagest,  &c.  besides  some 
controversial  works. 

George,  the  Cappadocian,  bishop  of 
Alexandria,  was  elected  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria by  the  Arians,  after  the  expulsion  of 
Athanasius,  354.  He  was  of  obscure 
origin,  and  born  in  Epiphania,  in  Cilicia, 
and  for  some  time  he  was  employed  in 
selling  pork  and  provisions  to  the  army. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Egypt,  where  though 
without  character  or  integrity,  he  was 
placed  on  the  episcopal  seat  of  Alexandria, 
by  the  turbulent  opposers  of  Athana.-_.ius. 
On  his  elevation  he  betrayed  the  most  op- 
pressive conduct,  he  laid  taxes  severe  and 
arbitrary  on  the  people  to  enrich  himself, 
and  at  last  became  so  unpopular,  that  the 
populace  assassinated  him  in  the  sixth  year 
of  his  episcopacy,  361. 

George,  surnamed  Amira,  a  learned 
Maronite,  who  came  to  Rome  in  the  pon- 
tificate of  Clement  VIII.  and  published  a 
valuable  Syriac  and  Chaldee  grammar,  4to. 
1596.  He  afterwards  became  bishop  and 
patriarch  of  the  Maronites,  but  he  suffered 
much  during  the  wars  between  the  Turks 
and  the  Emirs.     He  died  about  1641. 

George,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of 
Edward  IV.  of  England,  was  condemned  to 
death,  for  conspiring  against  his  brother. 
As  he  was  permitted  to  choose  his  own 
death,  he  was,  1478,  smothered  in  a  vessel 
full  of  Malmsey  wine,  a  liquor  to  which  he 
was  particularly  partial.  Some  suppose 
that  he  suffered  this  cruel  treatment  from 
his  brother,  because  it  had  been  foretold 
by  some  soothsayer,  that  the  king's  child- 
ren would  be  deprived  of  the  throne  by  a 
man  whose  name  was  to  begin  with  a  G. ; 
that  monster  was  the  duke  of  Gloucester, 
Richard  III. 

George,  prince  of  Servia,  was  exposed 
to  the  attacks  of  Mahomet  II.  to  whom  he 
had  given  his  daughter  Mary  in  marriage. 
After  seeing  some  of  his  children  treated 
cruelly  by  the  victorious  enemy,  and  his 
cities  depopulated,  he  died  in  consequence 
of  a  wound  which  he  had  received,  1457, 
in  a  battle  against  the  Hungarians.  He 
was  succeeded  by  his  youngest  son  La- 
zarus. 

George  Lewis  I.  son  of  Ernest  Augus- 
tus of  Brunswick,  elector  of  Hanover,  and 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Frederic,  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  granddaughter  of  James  I.  was 
born  8th  May,  1660.  He  was  at  the  head 
of  the  Imperial  armies  in  1708  and  1709, 
and  behaved  with  great  intrepidity  and 
judgment,  and  on  the  death  of  queen  Anne, 
in  1714,  he  was  called  to  the  throne  of 
England.  By  espousing  the  party  of  the 
whigs,  who  had  contributed  to  his  eleva- 
tion, he  highly  offended  the  tories,  and 
instead  of  reconciling  all  parties  to  his  ad- 
ministration, he  thus  sowed  the  seeds  of 
animosity  and  rebellion.  An  insurrection 
719 


L.LO 


GER 


look  place  in  Scotland,  in  1715,  in  favour 
of  the  Pretender,  and  the  general  tranquil- 
lity was  restored  only  after  much  bloodshed. 
During  his  reign,  the  duration  of  parliament 
was  extended  from  three  to  seven  years, 
and  the  order  of  the  bath  was  revived,  but 
the  partiality  with  which  the  South  Sea 
schem  was  patronised  in  1720,  proved  the 
ruin  of  several  thousand  families.  George, 
whose  reign  was  distinguished  by  firmness 
and  political  sagacity,  died  suddenly  at 
Osnaburg,  11th  June,  1727,  in  his  way  to 
Hanover.  He  had  married  Sophia  Doro- 
thea, daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zell. 

George  Augustus  II.  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1633,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector  of  Hanover  and  king  of 
England  1727.  He  was  engaged  in  war 
with  the  Spaniards,  and  sent  against  the 
American  settlements  admiral  Vernon,  who 
took  Porto-bello,  though  he  was  unsuccess- 
ful in  his  attack  on  Carthagena.  In  the 
continental  wars  he  took  an  active  share, 
and  headed  his  troops  at  the  battle  of  Det- 
tingen,  1743,  where  he  obtained  a  brilliant 
victory.  The  insurrection  of  the  Scotch 
in  favour  of  the  Pretender,  in  1745,  was 
quelled  by  the  rapidity  and  valour  of  the 
duke  of  Cumberland,  who  defeated  the  re- 
bels at  the  battle  of  Culloden  1746.  Though 
the  peace  of  Aix-la-chapelle,  in  1748,  res- 
tored tranquillity  on  the  continent,  fresh 
disputes  soon  arose,  and  a  new  war  was 
kindled,  in  1755,  in  North  America.  Brad- 
dock  was  defeated,  and  slain  in  his 
expedition  in  America,  and  Byng  was 
shot,  for  not  giving  battle  to  the  combined 
fleets,  and  relieving  Minorca  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, but  at  last  the  disasters  of  the 
war  were  forgotten  in  the  blaze  of  the  glo- 
rious successes,  which  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Mr.  Pitt,  began  now  to  adorn 
the  annals  of  the  country.  The  destruction 
of  the  French  power  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  the  fall  of  Louisburg,  Quebec,  and  Ca- 
nada, were  followed  by  the  defeat  of  the 
French  fleet  under  Conflans,  and  the  tri- 
umphs of  the  English  navy  all  over  the 
world.  George  died  in  the  midst  of  the 
successes  of  his  valiant  subjects,  by  the 
sudden  bursting  of  the  right  ventricle  of 
the  heart,  25th  Oct.  1760,  in  his  77th  year. 
He  had  married  in  1705,  Caroline  of  Bran- 
denburgh  Anspach,  who  died  1737,  but  his 
domestic  happiness  was  much  embittered  by 
his  disputes  with  his  son  the  prince  of  Wales, 
who  died  1751.  The  reign  of  this  monarch 
was  splendid  more  than  useful,  he  supported 
the  rights  of  the  queen  of  Hungary  in  the 
war  of  1741,  and  in  that  of  1756,  he  en- 
larged the  power  of  his  subjects  by  his  con- 
quests in  America,  and  in  the  East,  but 
luxury  and  corruption  were  permitted  to 
flourish  unchecked,  and  the  conduct  of  the 
sovereign  was  not  always  consonant  with 
720 


the  strictest    principles  of   morality  and 
virtue. 

George  III.  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  was  the  son  of  Frederick,  prince 
of  Wales,  by  the  princess  Augusta  of  Saxe 
Gotha,  and  was  born  May  24th,  173S. 
He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
grandfather,  October  25th,  1760 ;  and  was 
married  in  the  following  year  to  the  prin- 
cess Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz. 
The  kingdom  was  at  that  period  in  a  flou- 
rishing condition,  the  public  debt  amounting 
to  only  about  122,000,000.  The  war  with 
the  colonies  commenced  in  1775,  and  ter- 
minated in  17S3.  In  1787  he  was  first  afliict- 
ed  with  the  malady  which  obscured  his  rea- 
son, and  an  interregnum  took  place  until  the 
beginning  of  1789,  when  he  was  restored. 
The  malady  again  returned  in  1810,  and 
terminated  his  political  life.  His  death  took 
place  January  29th,  1820,  in  the  82d  year 
of  his  age,  and  60th  of  his  reign.  The  prin- 
cipal persons  at  the  head  of  the  adminis- 
tration during  his  reign  were,  the  elder  Mr. 
Pitt,  the  earl  of  Bute,  lord  North,  the  se- 
cond Mr.  Pitt,  and  Mr.  Addington.  His 
reign  was  marked  by  the  loss  of  the  colo- 
nies, the  acquisition  of  India,  the  war  with 
the  continent  arising  from  the  French  revo- 
lution, and  the  accumulation  of  a  great  na- 
tional debt.  ICP  L, 

Gerard,  Tom  or  Tung,  the  institutor 
and  first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hos- 
pitalers of  Jerusalem,  afterwards  of  Malta, 
was  born  at  Amalfi.  He  took  the  religious 
habit  at  Jerusalem  in  1100,  and  associated 
with  others  to  relieve  all  Christiansen  dis- 
tress, and  bound  himself  to  observe  also 
chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience.  He 
died  1120,  and  his  order  was  confirmed 
by  Anastasius  IV.  who  divided  it  into 
knights  companions,  clerks,  and  serving 
brothers. 

Gerard,  Balthazar,  the  assassin  of  Wil- 
liam I.  prince  of  Orange,  was  a  native  of 
Villefans,  Franche  Comte.  He  ingratiated 
himself  into  the  society  and  the  friendship 
of  the  unfortunate  prince,  by  an  affect- 
ed air  of  devotion,  and  at  last  perpetrated 
the  deed  which  he  had  for  six  years  coolly 
meditated,  by  shooting  him  through  the 
head  with  a  pistol,  as  he  was  going  out  of 
his  palace  at  Delft.  He  suffered  the  same 
punishment  as  Ravaillac  and  Damien,  and 
died  a  martyr  to  the  church  of  Rome,  July, 
1584.  The  prince  of  Orange  was  the  head 
of  the  protestants,  and  thence  this  fanatic 
was  incited  by  his  bigoted  clergy  to  seek, 
as  he  said,  by  his  death,  the  expiation  of 
his  sins,  and  eternal  glory. 

Gerard,  John,  a  learned  protestant  di- 
vine, born  at  Quedlinburg,  1582.  He 
wrote,  among  other  things,  the  Harmony 
of  the  Evangelists,  Geneva,  3  vols,  folio. 


GER 


GER 


1640.  He  died  1638,  divinity  professor  at 
Jena. 

Gerard,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of 
philosophy  and  divinity  in  the  university  of 
Aberdeen.  He  was  a  native  of  Garioch  in 
Aberdeenshire,  and  died  March,  1795,  aged 
67.  He  wrote  an  Essay  on  Genius,  8vo. 
— 2  vols,  of  sermons — an  Essay  on  Taste, 
8vo. — on  the  Genius  and  Evidences  of 
Christianity,  Svo. — Discourse  on  Pastoral 
Care,  &c. 

Gerard,  Gilbert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  and  educated  at  Aberdeen.  On 
entering  into  the  ministry  he  became  pastor 
of  the  English  church  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  continued  several  years  ;  and  on  his 
return  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  in 
King's  college,  Aberdeen.  He  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  chair  of  divinity,  was  elect- 
ed one  of  the  ministers  of  Old  Aberdeen, 
and  made  king's  chaplain  for  Scotland.  He 
died  suddenly,  September  28,  1815.  Dr. 
Gerard  published — 1.  On  Indifference  with 
respect  to  Religious  Truths,  a  sermon,  8vo. 
— 2.  "  Institutes  of  Biblical  Criticism," 
8vo.  dedicated  to  Dr.  Herbert  Marsh,  now 
bishop  of  Peterborough. — W.  B. 

Gerard,  John,  a  native  of  Jena,  where 
he  became  theological  professor  and  rector 
of  the  university.  He  was  author  of  Har- 
monia  Linguarum  Oriental. — Disputatio- 
num  Theologic.  Fasciculus — de  Sepultura 
Mosis — de  Ecclesiae  Coptics  Ortu,  &c.  and 
died  1668,  aged  47.  His  son  John  Ernest, 
died  professor  of  divinity  at  Geissen,  and 
author  of  some  learned  works,  1707. 

Gerard,  John,  a  native  of  Nantwich, 
Cheshire,  educated  as  a  surgeon,  and  pa- 
tronised by  lord  Burleigh  in  London,  of 
whose  garden  he  had  the  care.  He  was 
very  eminent  as  a  botanist,  and  published 
an  account  in  Latin,  of  the  trees,  shrubs, 
plants,  foreign  and  domestic,  in  his  own 
garden,  4to.  1591.  His  chief  work  is  Her- 
bal, or  General  History  of  Plants,  1597, 
best  edited  by  Johnson,  1633.  He  died 
1607,  aged  62. 

Gerardi,  Christofaro,  an  Italian  painter 
of  Florence,  who  died  1556,  aged  56.  He 
excelled  in  landscape  and  the  grotesque  as 
well  as  history. 

Gerardi,  Mark,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
who  came  to  England,  15S0,  and  was  pa- 
tronised by  Elizabeth.  He  was  equally 
eminent  in  history,  landscape,  and  portrait 
painting,  and  died  1635,  aged  74. 

Gerbais,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
eminent  for  his  writings  in  support  of  the 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  church.  These 
works  proved  highly  offensive  to  the  pope. 
He  died  1699,  aged  70. 

Gerbelids,  Nicholaus,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, born  at  Pforzeim.  He  died  very  old, 
1 560,  at  Strasburg,  where  he  was  professor 
of  law.     He  wrote,  among  other   things, 

Vol.  I.  91 


an  excellent  work  containing  a  description 
of  Greece,  Basil,  1550,  folio. 

Gerberon,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, priest  of  the  oratory,  and  then  a  Bene- 
dictine of  St.  Maur,  was  born  at  Saint  Ca- 
lais, Maine,  1628.  Long  distinguished  at 
St.  Maur  as  a  theological  professor,  he  was 
ordered  to  be  arrested  by  Lewis  XIV.  for 
the  freedom  of  his  opinions  on  the  Jansen- 
ist  controversy,  but  he  escaped  to  Holland, 
and  in  1703  was  seized  by  the  bishop  of 
Mechlin,  and  imprisoned  at  Amiens,  and 
afterwards  at  Vineennes.  He  died  at  the 
prison  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  1711,  aged 
82.  His  chief  work  is  the  General  Histo- 
ry of  Jansenism,  3  vols.  12mo.  Amsterdam. 
Though  impetuous  in  his  character,  he  was 
firm  in  his  conduct,  and  exemplary  in  his 
piety. 

Gerbier,  Sir  Balthazar,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  recommended  by  Buckingham  to 
Charles  I.  who  knighted  him,  and  sent  him 
to  Brussels  as  resident  for  the  king  of  Great 
Britain.     He  died  1661,  aged  69. 

Gerbillon,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  China.  He  was  born  in  1654, 
became  a  Jesuit  1670,  and  was  sent  to  Chi- 
na 1685,  and  died  at  Pekin  1707,  superior 
of  all  the  missions  in  China.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  his  travels,  inserted  in  du 
Halde's  History.  He  was  in  great  favour 
with  the  emperor  of  China,  for  whom  he 
wrote  Elements  of  Geometry,  from  Euclid 
and  Archimedes,  splendidly  published  at 
Pekin  in  the  Chinese  and  Tartarian  lan- 
guages. 

Gerdes,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
who  took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Utrecht, 
and  became  professor  of  divinity  at  Duis- 
burg,  and  in  1735,  at  Groningen,  where  he 
died  1765,  aged  67.  He  wrote  Vesperao 
Vadenses,  or  Diatribae  Theologico-Philolo- 
gicae  de  Hyperbolis,  &c.  4to. — Observa- 
tions ad  quaadam  Loca  S.S.  &c. — Miscel- 
lanea Duisburgensia  ad  Incrementum  Rei 
Literariae,  &c.  4to. — Florilegium  Histo- 
rico-Criticum,  &c. — Compendium  Theolo- 
gical Dogmatics,  &c. 

Gerdil,  Hyacinth  Sigismond,  a  cardi- 
nal, was  born  at  Samoens,  in  Piedmont,  in 
I7i8.  He  was  of  the  Barnabite  order; 
and  in  1742  was  chosen  professor  of  philo- 
sophy at  Macerata,  from  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Turin,  where  he  was  appointed 
tutor  to  the  prince  royal  of  Sardinia.  In 
1777  he  was  made  a  cardinal.  He  treated 
the  concordat  proposed  by  Buonaparte  as 
a  hypocritical  farce  ;  and  told  the  pope, 
that  in  signing  it  he  had  ruined  religion. 
He  died  at  Rome  in  1802.  The  cardinal 
published — 1.  A  Treatise  on  the  Immor- 
tality of  the  Soul. — 2.  A  Treatise  on  the 
Nature  of  Ideas. — 3.  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Religion. — 4.  Another  against 
Duels. — 5.  Reflections  on  Education,  in 
Confutation  of  Rousseau,  2  vols. — fi.  The 
721 


GER 


GER 


Phenomona  of  Capillary  Tubes. — All  his 
works  were  printed  together,  in  6  vols.  4to. 
at  Bologna.—  W.  B. 

Gerhard,  Ephraim,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
professor  of  law  at  Altdorf,  where  he  died 
1718,  aged  36.  He  wrote  Delineatio  Phi- 
losophise Rationalis,  &c. 

Gerlach,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
educated  at  Tubingen,  where,  after  being 
five  years  chaplain  to  the  imperial  embassy 
at  Constantinople,  he  became  professor  of 
divinity  and  dean  of  the  church.  He  wrote 
Epitome  of  Ecclesiastical  History — Jour- 
nal of  the  embassies  to  the  Porte — disser- 
tations, &c.  He  died  at  Tubingen,  1612, 
aged  66. 

Germain,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Paris,  son 
of  the  king's  goldsmith.  He  resided  for 
some  years  at  Rome,  distinguished  as  an 
ingenious  goldsmith  and  as  an  architect, 
and  eminent  also  in  drawing.  His  metal 
sculptures  were  so  neatly  wrought  that 
they  obtained  high  celebrity  at  Paris,  and 
sold  very  dear.     He  died  1748,  aged  74. 

Germanicus,  Caesar,  son  of  Nero  and 
Antonia,  was  adopted  by  Tiberius,  and  be- 
came a  popular  character  at  Rome  in  con- 
sequence of  his  valour  in  the  field  of  battle, 
and  particularly  for  the  goodness  of  his 
disposition  and  his  many  private  virtues. 
He  died  near  Antioch,  A.D.  19,  it  is  sup- 
posed by  poison,  and  was  universally  la- 
mented. 

Germanio,  Anastasio,  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont. Originally  self-taught,  he  acquired 
celebrity  for  his  learning  at  Padua,  and  also 
at  Turin,  where  he  was  elected  professor  of 
canon  law.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  popes,  and  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Tarantasia.  He  died  at  Madrid,  where 
he  was  an  ambassador  from  the  duke  of 
Savoy,  1627,  aged  76.  He  wrote  De  Sa- 
crorum  Immunitatibus,  and  other  tracts. 

Germanus,  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  was  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  715,  and  died 
740.  He  was  degraded  by  a  council  for 
supporting  image  worship.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  de  Sex  Synodis  (Ecumanicis,  &c. 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  patriarch 
of  Constantinople  1222,  and  deposed  1240, 
but  restored  1254,  soon  after  which  he 
died.  He  was  author  of  some  homilies, 
orations,  &c. 

Germtn,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1719,  aged  69.  His  fruits 
and  landscapes  were  much  admired. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  vice  president  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Marblehead,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  July,  1744,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1762.  He  became  a 
merchant,  and  by  his  intimate  acquaintance 
with  commerce,  was  qualified- -to  render 
important  services  in  the  public  stations 
which  he  afterwards  filled.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished through  everv  period  of  the  re- 
772 


volution  for  his  zeal  in  the  popular  cause  ; 
was  several  years  a  member  of  the  provin- 
cial congress,  of  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence, and  of  the  board  of  war.  He 
was  one  of  the  delegates  to  congress  in 
1776  who  subscribed  the  declaration  of 
independence,  and  in  1778  assisted  in  form- 
ing the  system  of  confederation.  After 
this  he  was  successively  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  congress, 
and  in  1787,  was  one  of  the  delegates  to 
the  convention  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  Dissatisfied, 
however,  with  some  of  the  provisions  of 
the  constitution,  he  declined  subscribing  it. 
He  was  again  a  member  of  congress  under 
the  new  form  of  government,  until  his 
health  induced  him  to  retire.  In  1797  he 
was  sent  minister  to  France  with  Marshall 
and  Pinckney.  In  1804  he  was  one  of  the 
electors  of  president  and  vice  president 
of  the  United  States.  In  1810  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Strong  as  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, but  soon  lost  much  of  his  popu- 
larity by  generally  removing  from  office 
those  who  were  hostile  to  his  political 
principles.  In  1812  governor  Strong  was 
reinstated  in  the  office,  and  Mr.  Gerry  was 
elected  vice  president  of  the  United  States, 
and  filled  the  office  until  his  death,  which 
took  place  suddenly  at  Washington,  Nov. 
23d,  1814.  !CP  L. 

Gerson,  John,  an  illustrious  French- 
man, canon  and  chancellor  of  the  church 
of  Paris.  When  Petit  justified  the  murder 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  by  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, he  boldly  inveighed  against  it,  and 
had  the  doctrine  condemned  by  the  doctors 
and  bishops  of  the  university.  He  was  at 
the  council  of  Constance  as  ambassador 
from  France,  and  in  his  eloquent  speeches 
he  asserted  the  superiority  of  the  synod 
over  the  pope.  He  retired  to  Germany 
from  the  persecution  of  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  died  1429,  aged  66.  His  wri- 
tings have  been  published  by  Du  Pin,  5 
vols.  fol.  1706,  in  Holland.  Thuanus,  Hoff- 
man, Cave,  and  others,  speak  highly  of  his 
erudition  and  universal  knowledge. 

Gersten,  Christian  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Giessen,  where  he  was  mathematical  pro- 
fessor. He  was  deposed  from  his  office 
afterwards  for  refusing  to  submit  to  the 
sentence  of  a  court  of  law,  in  a  lawsuit 
with  his  brother-in-law,  and  was  also  im- 
prisoned for  12  years  for  writing  an  impro- 
per letter  to  his  sovereign  in  vindication  of 
his  contumacy.  He  died  two  years  after 
his  liberation  from  confinement,  1762,  aged 
61.  He  wrote  Methodus  Nova  ad  Eclipses 
Terra?,  et  Appulses  Lunae  ad  Stellas  sup- 
putandas — Tentamina  Systematis  Novi  ad 
Barometri  Mutationes,  &c. — Exercita- 
tiones  circa  Rons  Meteora — Methodus 
Calculi  Eclipsium  Terras,  in  the  43d  vol.  of 
philosophical  transactions — Mercurios  sUh 


G£S 


GET 


Sole  Visus — Quadr antes  Astronom.  Mu- 
ralis  Idea  Nova,  &c. 

Gervais,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite 
ecclesiastic,  superior  of  his  order,  and  in 
1695  abbot  of  La  Trappe,  which  he  soon 
after  resigned.  His  attack  on  the  Ber- 
nardines  procured  his  confinement  in  an 
abbey  at  Troyes,  where  he  died  1741. 
He  wrote  a  History  of  the  Cistercian  Or- 
der— the  Lives  of  Eloisa  and  Abelard,  and 
other  works  in  theology  and  biography. 

Gervaise,  Nicholas,  a  French  mission- 
ary in  Siam,  afterwards  provost  of  Seuvre 
in  the  church  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours.  He 
was  at  Rome  in  1724,  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Horren,  and  soon  after  went  as  mis- 
sionary to  Guiana,  where  he  and  his  at- 
tendants were  cruelly  murdered  by  the  na- 
tives, 1729.  He  wrote  History  of  Boe- 
thius — Life  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours — and 
the  History  of  his  Church — the  Natural 
and  Political  History  of  Siam,  4to.  16S8. 

Gesner,  Conrad,  an  able  scholar,  phy- 
sician, and  philosopher,  born  at  Zurich, 
1516.  The  poverty  of  his  father  would 
have  checked  the  display  of  his  great  abili- 
ties, had  not  Ammien,  professor  of  Latin  and 
eloquence  at  Zurich,  with  noble  generosity, 
taken  him  to  his  own  house  and  provided 
for  his  education.  The  death  of  his  father 
left  him  his  own  master,  and  he  began  to 
travel  to  seek  his  fortune.  He  visited 
Strasburg,  where  he  made  some  progress 
in  the  Hebrew  language,  and  as  he 
was  allowed  a  small  pension  from  Zurich 
university,  he  made  the  tour  of  France, 
and  in  company  with  John  Frisius  came  to 
Paris.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Stras- 
burg, and  was  called  back  to  Zurich  to 
preside  over  a  school,  and  there  he  mar- 
ried. His  appointment,  however,  was  not 
adequate  to  his  expenses,  and  determining 
to  apply  himself  to  physic,  he  left  Zurich  in 
disgust,  and  studied  the  Greek  physicians 
in  their  own  language  at  Basil,  till  he  was 
honourably  nominated  Greek  professor  at 
Lausanne.  In  some  degree  thus  indepen- 
dent, he  applied  himself  with  redoubled 
assiduity  to  the  medical  profession,  and 
passed  to  Montpellier,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  anatomy  and  botany,  and  on  his 
return  to  Zurich  he  began  to  practise  as 
physician,  and  received  the  honour  of  a 
doctor's  degree.  He  was  appointed  there 
professor  of  philosophy,  a  place  which  he 
enjoyed  24  years  till  his  death.  He  died 
of  the  plague  1565.  For  the  variety  of  his 
attainments,  and  the  extent  of  his  erudi- 
tion, he  was  deservedly  called  the  German 
Pliny,  and  among  his  various  avocations  he 
found  time  to  write  not  less  than  60  various 
pieces  on  subjects  of  grammar,  botany,  me- 
dicine, and  natural  history.  He  was  the 
first  who  distinguished  the  genera  of  plants 
by  the  comparison  of  their  flowers,  seeds, 
ynd  fruitf- 


Gesner,  Solomon,  bookseller  of  Zu- 
rich, was  author  of  some  elegant  poems  in 
the  German  language.  He  was  member 
of  the  senate  of  Zurich,  and  also  obtained 
celebrity  by  his  landscape  paintings,  many 
of  which  were  sold  in  England.  The  most 
admired  of  his  compositions  is  the  Death  of 
Abel,  in  poetic  prose,  which  has  been 
translated  into  English.  He  died  2d  March, 
1783,  aged  58.  He  wrote  besides,  "Night" 
— Daphnis,  a  pastoral — Idylls — a  Letter  on 
landscape  painting — poems,  &c.  He  also 
published  10  landscapes,  engraved  by  him- 
self, 1765. 

Gesner,  John  Matthew,  an  able  scholar 
and  acute  critic,  of  the  family  of  Conrad 
Gesner,  born  near  Newburg  in  Germany 
1691.  After  studying  eight  years  at  Ans- 
pach,  he  was  appointed  by  the  recommen- 
dation of  Budus  to  superintend  the  public 
school  at  Weinheim.  Eleven  years  after 
he  was  removed  to  the  same  but  more  lu- 
crative situation  at  Anspach,  and  lastly  to 
Gottingen,  where  he  became  professor  oi 
humanity,  public  librarian,  and  inspector 
of  public  schools  in  the  province  of  Lune- 
burg.  He  died  at  Gottingen  universally 
respected  in  1761.  He  is  much  known  as 
the  author  of  some  valuable  editions  of  the 
classics,  of  which  the  Horace  and  Clau- 
dian  are  the  more  popular.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  most  excellent  Thesaurus  of  the 
Latin  tongue. 

Gesner,  John  James,  a  native  of  Zurich. 
He  was  professor  in  the  university,  and 
died  there  1787,  aged  80.  He  wrote  The- 
saurus Universalis  Omnium  Numismatum 
Veterum  Grrecor.  et  Roman.  4  vols.  fol. — 
Specimen  Rei  Nummariaj  Numismata  Re- 
gum  Macedon.  ex  Laboribus  Crophii,  La- 
zii,  Golzii,  &c. 

Gesner,  Solomon,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
who  studied  at  Breslau  and  Strasburg,  and 
became  divinity  professor  at  Wittemberg, 
1 593,  and  afterwards  dean  and  rector  of  the 
university.  He  wrote  the  Prophecy  of  Hosea 
from  Jerome's  version — Dissertation  on  Ge- 
nesis, &c. ;  Disquisition  on  the  Psalter;  ser- 
mons, essays,  &c.    He  died  1605,  aged  46. 

Geta,  Septimius,  son  of  the  emperor 
Severus,  and  brother  of  Caracalla,  was  slain 
in  the  arms  of  his  mother,  by  his  brother, 
who  was  jealous  of  his  merits  and  virtues, 
A.  D.  212. 

Gethin,  lady  Grace,  an  English  lady, 
daughter  of  Sir  George  Norton,  of  Abbots- 
Leith,  Somersetshire,  born  1676.  She 
married  Sir  Richard  Gethin,  of  Gethin- 
Grott,  Ireland  ;  but  she  did  not  live  long- 
enough  to  display  to  the  world  the  superior 
talents  she  possessed,  as  she  died  at  the 
premature  age  of  21.  She  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  where  a  beautiful  mo- 
nument records  her  merits,  and  where,  to 
perpetuate  her  memory,  she  also  founded  a 
«ermon  to  be  preached  every  Ash-Wediicc- 
723 


Gill 


GIB 


clay  for  ever.  After  her  death  were  publish- 
ed "  Reliquia;  Gethiniana?,"  or  Remains 
of  the  ingenious  and  excellent  lady  Grace 
Gethin,  being  a  collection  of  choice  dis- 
courses, pleasant  apophthegms,  and  witty 
sentences,  &c.  1700,  4to.  This  work,  con- 
taining much  good  sense,  and  many  judi- 
cious observations,  deserves  the  compli- 
ments which  the  fair  author  received  from 
the  pen  of  Congreve. 

Gething,  Richard,  a  curious  penman 
of  Herefordshire.  He  settled  in  London 
about  1616,  at  the  Hand  and  Pen,  Fetter- 
lane,  London,  and  published  copy-books 
of  various  hands  with  plates.  One  of  them 
was  dedicated  to  Sir  Francis  Bacon.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

Gevartius,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent 
critic,  born  at  Antwerp,  1593.  He  studied 
under  the  Jesuits  at  Antwerp,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Louvain  and  to  Douay.  He  was  at 
Paris  in  1617,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
in  the  university  of  Douay,  and  became 
town  clerk  of  Antwerp,  an  employment 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  1666.  He 
was  married  1625.  He  published  Lec- 
tionum  Papinianarum  Libri  quinque  in 
Statu  Sylvas,  1621,  8vo.  Leyden— Elec- 
torum  libri  ties,  &c.  1619,  4to.  Paris — a 
Latin  poem  on  the  death  of  Thuanus, 
1618,  &c. 

Geuss,  John  Michael,  a  native  of  Hol- 
stcin,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  author  of  the  Theory  of  the  Art 
of  constructing  Mines,  1776 — a  voyage  to 
Iceland,  from  the  German,  2  vols.  4to. — an 
edition  of  Logarithmi  Numerorum  ab  Uni- 
tate  ad  10,000,  &c.  He  died  at  Holstein, 
1786,  aged  41. 

Ghelen,  Sigismund,  or  Gelenius.  Vid. 
Gelenius. 

Ghezzi,  Peter  Leone,  a  painter,  born  at 
Rome,  and  knighted  by  Francis  I.  duke  of 
Parma,  his  abilities  were  employed  by  the 
pope  in  adorning  the  castle  of  Gondolfo, 
and  other  public  edifices.  He  died  1755, 
aged  81. 

Ghilini,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer,  born 
at  Monza,  in  Milan,  1589.  He  was  educated 
by  the  Jesuits  at  Milan,  in  philosophy  and 
polite  literature,  and  studied  the  civil  and 
canon  law  at  Parma.  He  married  ;  but 
upon  the  death  of  his  wife  he  became  an 
ecclesiastic.  He  lived  to  the  age  of  80. 
He  is  chiefly  known  for  his  "  Theatro 
d'Huomini  Letterati,"  reprinted  2  vols.  4to. 
Venice,  1647.  The  work,  though  praised 
by  Baillet,  is  considered,  in  general,  as  in- 
sipid, partial,  and  often  incorrect.  He 
wrote  besides,  Cases  of  Conscience — poems 
—Annals  of  Alessandria. 

Ghirlandaio,  Domcnico,  a  Florentine 
painter,  born  1449.  He  was  intended  for 
the  profession  of  a  goldsmith  ;  but  he  stu- 
died with  success  painting,  and  though  his 
meces  possess  not  superior  merit,  he  is  vet 


respected  as  the  master  of  the  great  Mi 
chael  Angelo.     His  three  sons,  David,  Be~ 
nedict,  and  Randolph,  were  distinguished 
as  painters.     He  died  at  the  age  of  44. 

Ghisolfi,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
who  died  1683,  aged  60.  His  perspective 
views  and  his  sea-ports  are  much  admired. 

Giafar,  or  Sadek  the  Just,  a  Mussul- 
man doctor,  by  the  mother  side,  descended 
from  Abubekir  the  caliph.  He  wrote  a 
book  of  Prophecies — one  on  lots  and  tradi- 
tions, and  died  at  Medina  764. 

Giahedh,  or  Large-eyed,  a  Mussulman, 
the  head  of  the  Motazales,  a  sect  who 
united  religion  and  philosophy.  He  wrote 
treatises  on  Metaphysics,  &c.  and  died  840. 

Giannoni,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  author 
of  a  history  of  his  country,  which  so  of- 
fended the  court  of  Rome  that  he  fled  from 
persecution  to  the  king  of  Sardinia's  do- 
minions, and  died  at  Piedmont,  1748,  aged 
68.  His  history  was  translated  into  French 
by  Desmanceaux. 

Gibalyn,  le  Comte  de,  author  of  "  le 
Monde  Primitif,"  died  1784,  aged  59.  For 
this  valuable  work  he  twice  received  the 
prize  of  1200  livres  from  the  French 
academy. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  the  celebrated  author 
of  the  history  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  was  born  at  Putney,  8th 
May,  1737,  of  a  very  respectable  and  an- 
cient family.  From  Kingston  school  he  re- 
moved to  Westminster,  and  afterwards  en- 
tered as  gentleman  commoner  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford.  At  the  university  he  paid 
much  attention  to  books  of  divinity,  espe- 
cially the  works  of  Bossuet,  and  as  he  had 
never  imbibed  in  his  youth  proper  notions 
of  religion,  and  decided  tenets  of  faith,  he 
at  last,  either  from  conviction,  or  the  love 
of  singularity,  embraced  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic principles,  and  in  1753  renounced  the 
heresy  of  the  protestants  in  the  presence  of 
a  popish  priest  in  London,  and  was  receiv- 
ed ii;to  the  bosom  of  the  church.  This  con- 
duct alarmed  and  displeased  his  father,  who 
immediately  sent  him  to  Lausanne,  where, 
under  the  friendly  care,  and  by  the  sensible 
conversation  of  Pavilliard,  a  Protestant  di- 
vine, he  was  made  to  understand  the  true 
nature  of  religion,  and  the  pure  doctrines 
of  the  gospel,  and  in  1754,  he  renounced 
his  errors,  and  received  as  a  pledge  of  his 
reconciliation,  the  sacrament,  according  to 
the  rites  of  the  reformed  church.  During 
his  residence  at  Lausanne,  he  paid  much 
attention  to  classical  literature,  and  acqui- 
red such  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  French 
language,  that  he  both  spoke  and  wrote  it 
with  the  same  facility  as  his  own  native 
tongue.  He  here  became  intimate  with 
the  daughter  of  a  protestant  minister,  an 
accomplished  woman,  who  afterwards  be- 
came the  wife  of  the  celebrated  Necker  ; 
)>ui  his  wish  to  form  a  matrimonial  connev- 


GIB 


GIB 


ion  with  the  lady  was  checked  by  his  lather, 
and  while  he  sighed  as  a  lover,  he  obeyed 
as  a  son,  and  abandoned  the  object  of  his 
passion  to  lead  the  rest  of  life  in  peevish 
celibacy.  In  1758  he  returned  to  England, 
but  though  engaged  in  a  military  life,  as 
the  captain  of  the  grenadiers  of  the  Hamp- 
shire militia,  he  continued  his  studies  in 
the  midst  of  the  dissipation  of  a  camp,  and 
found  more  pleasure  in  the  company  of  his 
favourite  authors,  than  in  the  society  of  gay 
and  profligate  associates.  His  Essai  sur 
1'Etude  de  la  Literature,  appeared  in  1761, 
dedicated  to  his  father,  and  was  admired 
as  an  elegant  and  correct  performance.  At 
the  peace  of  1763  he  quitted  the  militia, 
and  travelled  through  Paris  and  Switzer- 
land to  Italy,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  ruins 
of  the  capital,  formed  the  plan  of  that  great 
work  which  has  immortalized  his  name. 
He  contributed  much  to  the  completion  of 
the  "  Memoires  Literaires"  of  Great  Bri- 
tain by  Deyverdun,  1767,  and  in  1770  he 
attacked  Warburton's  hypothesis  on  the 
descent  of  iEneas  to  the  infernal  regions, 
in  his  critical  observations  on  the  sixth  book 
of  Virgil's  iEneid.  The  death  of  his  father 
in  1770,  left  him  master  of  a  comfortable, 
independent,  though  encumbered  family 
estate,  and  therefore  as  an  owner  of  landed 
property,  he  determined  to  add  to  the  con- 
sequence of  bis  rank,  by  obtaining  a  seat  in 
parliament  for  Liskeard  in  1774.  The  first 
volume  of  his  immortal  work,  the  Decline 
and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  appeared 
in  1776,  and  was  continued  and  completed 
in  five  other  quarto  volumes.  The  book 
was  received  with  universal  applause,  and 
his  bookseller,  Mr.  Cadell,  sensible  of  the 
merits  of  the  performance,  and  of  its  rapid 
sale,  liberally  paid  him  on  the  completion 
of  the  history  8000/.  Much  and  deserved- 
ly as  the  historian  is  commended,  yet  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  he  has  inveighed  with 
sarcastic  rudeness,  and  with  an  insulting 
air  of  affected  impartiality,  against  the  great 
truths  of  Christianity.  The  unsettled  state 
of  his  own  religious  opinions,  and  the  fre- 
quent visits  which  he  paid  to  the  infidel 
hero  of  Ferney,  left  it  indeed  doubtful 
whether  he  was  much  more  than  a  masked 
atheist ;  but  it  required  the  deep  arts  of  hy- 
pocrisy to  pretend  to  developc  the  awful 
causes  which  produced  the  redemption  of 
mankind,  and  to  unveil  the  mysteries  which 
cover  the  revelations  of  heaven  to  fallen 
sinners.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be  wonder- 
ed, that  the  two  offensive  chapters  on  the 
growth  and  progress  of  Christianity  were 
violently  attacked  by  various  writers,  but 
these  were  disregarded  by  the  phlegmatic 
historian,  who  deigned  to  give  a  reply  only 
to  Mr.  Davis,  because  he  had  accused  him 
with  want  of  fidelity.  Though  the  abilities 
of  the  historian  were  thus  acknowledged 
op  superior  rank,  and  his  powers  of  under- 


standing extensive,  yet  he  never  ventured 
to  speak  in  parliament,  but  during  the  eight 
years  in  which  he  held  a  seat,  he  gave  a 
silent  vote  for  the  minister.  His  Memoir 
on  the  War  with  France,  in  consequence 
of  her  espousing  the  cause  of  the  Colonies, 
written  in  French,  was  much  admired,  and 
procured  for  him,  from  lord  North,  a  seat 
at  the  board  of  Trade,  till  its  abolition  by 
Burke's  bill.  In  1783  Gibbon  returned  to 
Switzerland,  to  complete  the  three  last  vo- 
lumes of  his  history,  and  he  returned  to 
England  1788,  where  the  work  was  pub- 
lished complete  on  his  birthday.  He  af- 
terwards returned  to  Lausanne,  but  the 
horrors  of  the  French  revolution,  the  origin 
of  which  he,  with  many  other  virtuous  and 
sensible  characters  had  falsely  hailed  as 
the  regeneration  of  mankind,  disturbed  the 
tranquillity  of  his  retirement,  and  he  has- 
tened back  to  England.  He  died  of  a 
dropsy  16th  Jan.  1794,  at  the  house  of  his 
friend,  lord  Sheffield.  His  posthumous 
works,  with  his  memoirs  written  by  him- 
self, and  finished  by  the  pen  of  his  friend 
lord  Sheffield,  appeared  in  2  vols.  4to.  soon 
after  his  death.  His  character  as  a  writer 
has  been  well  drawn  up  by  the  nervous  pen 
of  Mr.  Porson,  in  his  letters  to  archdeacon 
Travis.  His  history  he  allows  to  be  one  of 
the  ablest  performances  that  has  ever  ap- 
peared. His  industry  is  indefatigable,  his 
accuracy  scrupulous,  his  reading,  which  is 
sometimes  ostentatiously  displayed,  im- 
mense, his  attention  always  awake,  his 
memory  extensive,  his  periods  harmonious. 
In  endeavouring,  however,  to  avoid  vulgar 
terms  he  too  frequently  dignifies  trifles, 
and  clothes  common  thoughts  in  a  splendid 
dress  that  would  be  rich  enough  for  the 
noblest  ideas.  In  bis  anxiety  to  vary  his 
phrase,  he  becomes  obscure,  and  instead  of 
calling  his  personages  by  their  names,  he 
describes  them  by  their  birth,  alliance, 
office,  or  other  circumstances  of  their  his- 
tory. An  unpardonable  fault  too,  is  his 
rage  for  indecency,  which  pervades  the 
whole  work,  especially  the  last  volumes, 
though  it  is  remarkable  he  is  so  aftecledlv 
prudish  that  he  dares  not  call  Belisarius  a 
cuckold,  because  it  is  too  bad  a  word  to  be 
used  by  a  decent  historian. 

Gibbons,  Grinling,  a  famous  sculptor, 
son  of  a  Dutchman,  settled  in  England.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  works,  and 
was  employed  by  Charles  II.  The  best 
specimens  of  his  art  are  the  foliage  in 
Windsor  chapel,  the  choir  of  St.  Paul's 
cathedral,  the  font  of  St.  James's  church 
Westminster,  and  particularly  the  orna- 
ments of  Pctworth-bouse.     He  died  1721 

Gibbons,  Orlando,  a  native  of  Cam- 
bridge, made  organist  of  the  royal  chapel, 
and  admitted  Mus.  D-  at  Oxford  1622.  He 
died  three  years  after,  of  the  smallpox,  ai 
Canterbury,  as;ed  4?,  His  compositions  ir 
725 


HE 


GIB 


music  were  far  superior  to  all  those  of  his 
age.  He  published  Madrigals,  1612,  &c. 
His  son,  and  also  two  brothers,  were  emi- 
nent as  musicians. 

Gibbs,  James,  an  architect,  born  at 
Aberdeen  1685.  Besides  the  design  of  St. 
Martin's  church,  London,  which  cost 
32,000£.  in  the  erection,  the  new  church  at 
Derby,  the  senate  house,  and  the  new 
buildings  of  King's  college,  Cambridge, 
and  St.  Mary's  church  in  the  Strand,  are 
part  of  his  works.  He  sold  his  designs  in 
1728  for  1500Z.  and  the  plates  for  4001. 
He  died  5th  Aug.  1754. 

Gibbs,  Sir  Vicary,  chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas,  was  the  son  of  an  apothe- 
cary at  Exeter,  and  born  there  in  1752. 
He  received  his  education  at  Eton,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  distinguished  by 
his  classical  attainments,  and  in  1772  was 
elected  to  a  Craven  scholarship.  While  at 
college,  he  entered  as  a  student  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  and  in  due  course  was  called  to 
the  bar.  Through  the  friendship  of  Dun- 
ning, he  became  a  leading  counsel  on  the 
western  circuit ;  and  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Richard  Burke,  was  chosen  recorder  of 
Bristol.  The  trials  of  Home  Tooke, 
Hardy,  and  others,  for  high  treason, 
brought  the  talents  of  Mr.  Gibbs  still  more 
conspicuously  before  the  public  ;  and  soon 
after  he  became  king's  counsel.  He  was 
also  elected  into  parliament  for  the  univer- 
sity of  Cambridge ;  made  chief-justice  of 
Chester ;  next  solicitor,  and  afterwards 
attorney-general,  with  the  honour  of 
knighthood.  In  1813  he  was  appointed  a 
puisne  judge  of  the  common-pleas  ;  and 
the  year  following,  chief  of  the  same 
court.  After  discharging  the  duties  of  this 
office  with  the  greatest  reputation,  he  re- 
signed it,  at  the  end  of  1818,  on  account 
of  his  increasing  infirmities.  He  died 
Feb.  9th,  1820.— W.  B. 

Gibert,  Balthasar,  a  native  of  Aix,  who, 
after  being  four  years  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Beauvais,  was  elected  to  the  chair 
of  rhetoric  at  the  college  of  Mazarin, 
where  he  presided  50  years.  Though 
highly  respected  at  Paris  he  was  banished 
to  Auxere  by  the  court  in  1740,  because  he 
opposed  the  revocation  of  an  appeal  which 
the  university  had  made  against  the  bull 
Unigenitus.  He  died  at  Regennes  28th 
Oct.  1741,  aged  77.  His  works  are  Rheto- 
rique,  or  les  Regies  de  l'Eloquence — Juge- 
ment  des  Savans  sur  les  Auteurs  qui  ont 
traite  de  la  Rhetorique,  3  vols. — Observa- 
tions sur  le  Traite  des  Etudes  de  Rollin, 
&c.  His  nephew  Joseph  was  also  a  man 
of  literary  fame,  and  wrote  Memoire  pour 
l'Histoire  des  Gaules,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1771,  aged  60. 

Gibert,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Aix, 
professor  of  theology  at  Toulon  and  at  Aix, 
726 


from  which  he,  in  1709,  removed  to  Paris. 
He  lived  here  in  a  very  retired  and  abste- 
mious manner,  and  though  offered  several 
benefices  he  refused  them  all  with  the  most 
indifferent  composure.  As  a  canonist, 
learned  and  well-informed,  he  was  highly 
respected.  He  died  poor  at  Paris  2d  Dec. 
1736,  aged  76.  He  wrote  Practical  Cases 
concerning  the  Sacraments — Memoirs  con- 
cerning the  holy  Scriptures — Institutions 
ecclesiastical  and  beneficial,  &c. — Usage  of 
the  Gallican  Church  in  Censures,  &c. — 
Traditions,  or  History  of  the  Church,  on 
Marriage — Corpus  Juris  Canonici,  &c. 
3  vols.  fol. — Notes  on  the  Treatise  of 
Abus,  &c. 

Giberti,  John  Matthew,  a  native  of 
Palermo,  who  obtained  favour  and  conse- 
quence at  the  court  of  Leo  X.  and  Clement 
VII.  and  became  governor  of  Tivoli  and 
bishop  of  Verona.  He  was,  in  1527,  one 
of  the  hostages  whom  Clement  delivered 
to  the  Imperialists,  and,  according  to  the 
barbarous  prejudices  of  those  times,  he 
was  treated  with  great  rudeness,  and  even 
cruelty.  AVhen  set  at  liberty  he  retired  to 
his  diocess  ;  but  returned  to  Rome  at  the 
invitation  of  Paul  II.  and  with  a  liberal 
mind  he  established  in  his  own  house  a 
Greek  press,  and  thus  enabled  the  learned 
men  whom  he  patronised  to  publish  some 
editions  of  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
His  letters  and  directions  to  the  clergy  are 
valuable.     He  died  1543. 

Gibieuf,  William,  a  priest  of  the  con- 
gregation of  the  oratory,  who  wrote  a 
book  on  the  Liberty  of  God,  and  of  the 
Creator,  in  Latin,  a  performance  of  great 
merit.     He  died  1650. 

Gibson,  Edmund,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Knipe,  near  Bampton,  Westmore- 
land, 1669.  From  a  school  in  the  county 
he  entered  as  servitor  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  soon  evinced  his  proficiency 
by  publishing  1691,  William  Drummond's 
"  Polemo  Middiana"  and  James  V.  of 
Scotland's  Cantilena  Rustica,  4to.  with 
curious  and  interesting  notes.  In  1692, 
he  published  a  Latin  translation  of  the 
Chronicon  Saxonicum  4to.  and  soon  after 
Librorum  MSS.  in  duabus  Insignibus  Bib- 
liothecis,  Altera  Tenison,  Londini,  Altera 
Dugdali,  Oxonii,  Catalogus,  dedicated  to 
Tenison  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  appointed 
him  his  chaplain.  He  took  his  master's 
degree  in  1694,  and  the  next  year  showed 
his  abilities  as  an  antiquarian  by  publishing 
Camden's  Britannia,  with  great  additions, 
also  dedicated  to  Tenison,  under  whose 
patronage  he  rose  to  the  rectory  of  Stisted, 
Essex,  in  1700,  the  rectory  of  Lambeth, 
and  the  mastership  of  St.  Mary's  hospi- 
tal 1703,  and  in  1710,  the  archdeaconry  of 
Surrey.  His  Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastic  i 
Anglicani  in  fol.  appeared  in  1713,  and 
while  it  commanded  the  applause  of  the 


GIB 


GIF 


friends  of  the  church,  excited  the  censures 
and  the  envy  of  its  enemies.  When  Wake 
on  Tenison's  death  succeeded  to  the  pri- 
macy 1715,  Gibsqn  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Lincoln  in  his  room,  and  in  1723,  he 
was  translated  to  London.  He  died  at 
Bath  6th  Sep.  1748,  leaving  several  chil- 
dren. As  a  prelate  Gibson  ranks  high. 
Vigilant  over  the  rights  of  the  church,  he 
warmly  supported  the  test  act,  and  was 
zealous  that  those  who  were  admitted  into 
holy  orders  should  be  persons  of  character, 
discretion,  and  learning.  The  establish- 
ment of  preachers  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  at  Whitehall,  alternately, 
took  place  at  his  suggestion.  This 
worthy  prelate  wrote,  besides,  some  tracts 
and  pastoral  letters,  wisely  calculated  to 
recommend  religion  and  to  counteract  infi- 
delity and  immorality. 

Gibson,  William,  a  self-taught  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Boulton  near  Appleby, 
Westmoreland,  and  died  1791,  aged  71. 
Though  he  published  nothing,  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  of  navigation,  of 
mechanics,  optics,  and  experimental  philo- 
sophy was  very  great  and  very  accurate. 

Gibson,  Thomas,  an  eminent  painter, 
known  at  Oxford  and  in  London.  He  died 
April  28th,  1751,  aged  about  71. 

Gibson,  Thomas,  a  physician,  born  at 
Morpeth  in  Northumberland.  He  was 
very  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  botany, 
history,  physic,  and  divinity,  and  he  per- 
formed very  popular  cures.  He  favoured 
the  reformation,  and  fled  during  the  perse- 
cution of  Mary,  but  returned  under  Eliza- 
beth, and  died  in  London  1562.  The  titles 
of  his  writings  are  preserved  in  Tanner, 
and  in  Aikin's  Memoirs  of  Medicine. 

Gibson,  Richard,  commonly  called  the 
dwarf,  was  an  eminent  painter  in  the  time 
of  sir  Peter  Lely.  He  was  originally  ser- 
vant to  a  lady  at  Mortlake,  who  observed 
and  encouraged  his  fondness  for  painting, 
and  placed  him  under  de  Cleyn,  master  of 
the  tapestry  works  at  Mortlake,  and  the 
designer  of  the  cuts  for  Ogilvy's  works, 
and  Sandy's  Ovid.  Gibson's  pieces  in 
water  colours,  but  especially  his  copies  of 
Lely's  portraits,  gained  him  great  reputa- 
tion. He  was  page  of  the  back  stairs  to 
Charles  I.  he  was  also  a  favourite  with 
Oliver  Cromwell,  and  drew  him  several 
times,  and  he  also  instructed  in  drawing 
the  princesses  Mary  and  Anne,  afterwards 
queens.  He  married  Mrs.  Anne  Shep- 
herd, who  was  likewise  a  dwarf,  and  the 
ceremony  was  honoured  by  the  presence 
of  Charles  I.  ^vho  gave  away  the  bride. 
Though  only  three  feet  ten  inches,  they  had 
nine  children,  five  of  which  reached  matu- 
rity, and  were  well  proportioned,  and  of 
the  common  size.  Gibson  died  in  Covent 
Garden  in  his  75th  year,  and  his  wife  20 
years  after,  1709,  aged  89. 


Gibson,  William,  nephew  of  Richard, 
was  instructed  by  him  and  Lely  in  the  arfc 
painting,  in  which  he  became  eminent. 
He  was  successful  as  a  limner,  and  a  copier 
of  sir  Peter  Lely ;  whose  collection  he 
purchased  at  his  death,  and  enriched  with 
several  valuable  foreign  pieces.  He  died 
of  a  lethargy,  1702,  aged  58. 

Gibson,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William, 
was  instructed  by  him  in  drawing.  He  first 
painted  in  oil,  but  afterwards  acquired  great 
celebrity  in  crayons.  His  promising  abili- 
ties were  cut  short  by  death  when  very 
young. 

Gideon,  one  of  the  judges  of  Israel.  He 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh,  and  was 
called  by  God,  while  he  was  thrashing,  to 
extricate  the  people  of  Israel  from  the 
oppression  of  the  Midianites.  He  was 
judge  over  the  nation  forty  years,  and  died 
B.  C.  1236. 

Gifanius,  Hubertus  or  Obertus,  a  critic 
and  civilian,  born  at  Buren  in  Guelderland, 
1534.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Louvain 
and  Paris,  and  first  erected  a  library  for  the 
Germans  at  Orleans,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  civil  law,  1567.  He 
was  in  Italy  in  the  suite  of  the  French 
ambassador,  and  afterwards  was  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Strasburg,  and  then  at 
Altdorf  and  Ingoldstadt.  He  abandoned 
the  protestants  for  popery,  and  was  made 
counsellor  to  the  emperor  Rodolph.  He 
died  at  Prague  16th  Aug.  1604,  according 
to  Thuanus.  He  wrote  notes  and  com- 
mentaries on  Homer,  Aristotle's  Ethics 
and  Politics,  Lucretius,  and  other  authors, 
and  some  law  tracts,  but  he  is  accused  with 
dishonourably  suppressing  the  publication 
of  the  MSS.  of  Fiuterius,  an  extraordinary 
youth  who  died  at  the  age  of  twenty-five 
at  Paris,  and  which  had  been  intrusted  to 
his  care.  He  was  unfortunately  engaged 
in  quarrels  with  Lambin,  Scioppius,  and 
others,  which,  in  exhibiting  the  passions  of 
human  nature,  too  often  show  that  the  in- 
tellectual powers  do  not  always  exercise 
that  authority  over  the  heart  which  religion 
dictates. 

Gifford,  Dr.  Andrew,  a  baptist  minis- 
ter, for  some  time  assistant  librarian  in  the 
British  museum.  He  died  1784,  aged  84, 
leaving  his  library  to  the  baptist  meeting, 
Bristol. 

Gifford,  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  which 
he  left  after  taking  his  first  degree  in  arts. 
He  was  for  some  time  curate  of  Richard's 
castle,  Herefordshire,  and  then  morning 
preacher  of  St.  Anne's,  Soho,  and  in  175S 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  marquis  of 
Tweedale,  and  the  next  year  obtained  from 
bishop  Cornwallis,  Duffield  vicarage  in 
Derbyshire.  He  was  presented,  in  1772, 
to  North  Okendon  rectory  in  Essex,  where 
he  was  unable  lona;  to  reside  on  account  of 
727 


GIL 


GIL 


the  pestilential  vapours  of  the  fens.  He 
was  author  of  Remarks  on  Kennicott's 
Dissertation  on  the  Tree  of  Life  in  Para- 
dise,— Contemplation,  a  poem,  1753, 
quoted  by  Johnson  in  his  dictionary, — 
Outlines  of  an  Answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's 
Disquisitions  on  Matter  and  Spirit,  &c. 
He  died  at  Duffield  much  respected,  1st 
March  1807,  aged  82. 

Gifford,  John,  a  political  writer,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Richard  Green,  was 
born  in  1758.  He  was  brought  up  by  his 
grandfather,  who  left  him  some  property, 
which  enabled  him  to  go  to  Oxford,  where 
he  became  a  commoner  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege ;  but  left  the  university  without  a  de- 
gree. He  now  turned  to  the  law  as  a  pro- 
fession ;  but  having  dissipated  his  little 
fortune,  he  was  obliged  to  go  abroad,  under 
the  assumed  name,  which  he  ever  after 
retained.  He  returned  in  1783,  and,  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution, 
devoted  his  pen  to  the  defence  of  govern- 
ment in  church  and  state.  He  contributed 
to  the  establishment  of  the  British  Critic, 
and  afterwards  of  the  Anti-jacobin  Review, 
which  last  arose  out  of  a  newspaper  of  the 
same  name.  Besides  these  concerns,  and 
a  number  of  pamphlets,  which  he  publish- 
ed, Mr.  Gifford  found  time  to  compile 
some  larger  works;  as — 1.  "The  His- 
tory of  France,"  5  vols.  4to.  2.  The  Reign 
of  Louis  XVI.,  and  "  History  of  the 
French  Revolution,"  4 to.  3.  History  of 
the  Political  Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Pitt,  3  vols.  4to.  For  these  services 
he  was  rewarded  with  a  pension,  and  made 
a  police  magistrate.  He  died  at  Bromlev, 
in  Kent,  March  6th,  1318.— IF.  B. 

Giggeo,  Anthony,  an  Italian  divine, 
who  settled  at  Milan,  and  translated  into 
Latin  the  commentaries  of  R.  R.  G.  Solo- 
mon, Aben  Ezra,  and  Levi  Gersom  on  the 
Proverbs.  His  chief  work  is  Thesaurus  Lin- 
guae Arabicse,  or  Lexicon  Arabico-Latinum, 
four  vols,  folio.     He  died  about  1632. 

Gilbert,  William,  a  learned  physician, 
who  first  discovered  some  of  the  properties 
of  the  load-stone,  was  born  1540,  at  Col- 
chester, where  his  father  was  recorder. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  abroad,  and  on 
his  return  to  London,  was  elected  fellow 
of  the  college  of  physicians  1573.  He 
began  to  practise  in  London  with  such 
reputation,  that  Elizabeth  appointed  him 
her  physician,  with  a  liberal  pension.  In 
1600,  he  published  his  book  "  de  Magnete, 
&c.  Physiologia  Nova,"  which  contained 
the  observations  of  former  writers,  and 
might  be  said  to  be  the  foundation  of  all 
future  improvements.  He  died  30th  No- 
vember, 1603,  and  was  buried  in  Trinity 
church,  Colchester.  His  reputation,  in 
consequence  of  his  discoveries  on  the 
magnet  was  very  extensive,  so  that  not  onlv 
728 


Carpenter,  Barrow,  sir  Kenelm  Dighy,  an« 
others  have  compared  him  to  Harvey,  ta 
Galileo,  to  Gassendus,  and  other  great  lu- 
minaries of  philosophy,  but  foreigners 
have  regarded  him  as  a  man  of  uncommon 
merit  and  of  superior  abilities.  His  MS. 
de  Mundi  Nostri  Philosophia  Nova,  was 
published  at  Amsterdam,  1651,  4to.  by  sir 
William  Boswell.  He  left  his  books,  &c. 
to  the  college  of  physicians. 

Gilbert,  Thomas,  B.D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, educated  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford. 
He  was  ejected  from  the  parish  of  Eg- 
mond,  Salop,  for  nonconformity,  1662,  and 
died  14th  July,  1694,  aged  83.  He  wrote 
some  theological  tracts,  and  it  is  said  that 
he  made  a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  his 
opinion  concerning  predestination. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  able  navi- 
gator, born  at  Dartmouth.  His  mother, 
when  a  widow,  married  Mr.  Raleigh,  by 
whom  she  had  the  famous  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh. He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  followed  the  military 
profession,  and  was  knighted  in  1570  for 
his  services  in  Ireland.  He,  in  1583,  took 
possession  of  Newfoundland,  in  the  name 
of  his  mistress  Elizabeth,  where  his  at- 
tempts to  settle  a  colony  on  the  American 
continent  were  unsuccessful.  He  wrote 
a  book  to  prove  a  N.  W.  passage  to  Ca- 
thaia,  and  the  Indies.  On  his  return  from 
Newfoundland,  the  ship  in  which  he  was 
foundered,  and  every  soul  on  board  pe- 
rished, 1584. 

Gilbert,  Jeffrey,  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  Ireland,  and  afterwards  in 
England,  abridged  Locke's  Essay  on  the 
Human  Understanding,  published  by  Dodd, 
1750,  and  translated  the  12th  ode  of  Ho- 
race's second  book,  in  a  very  elegant  style, 
which  was  inserted  in  the  Wit's  Horace, 
p.  67. 

Gildas,  the  most  ancient  of  British  his- 
torians, is  known  for  his  epistle  written 
560,  twelve  years  after  the  evacuation  of 
Britain  by  the  Romans.  He  lived  near  the 
wall  built  by  Severus,  and  Nicholson  calls 
him  a  monk  of  Bangor.  His  epistle  was 
translated  into  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  There  was  also  a  poet  of  that 
name  concerned  in  the  writing  of  the  pro- 
phecies of  Merlin  in  Latin  verse. 

Gildon,  Charles,  an  English  critic,  born 
at  Gillingham,  Dorsetshire,  1666.  As  his 
friends  were  of  the  Roman  catholic  per- 
suasion, he  was  sent  to  Douay,  to  become 
a  priest,  but  his  inclinations  were  not  for 
the  church,  and  he  returned  to  England, 
1685.  He  spent  in  youthful  follies  in 
London  the  greatest  part  of  his  property, 
and  married  a  woman  of  no  fortune,  and 
at  last,  to  retrieve  his  affairs,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three,  he  went  on  the  stage,  but 
proved  unsuccessful  as  an  actor,  as  well  as 
the  anthor  of  three  plays.     He  afterwards 


GIL 


GIL 


published  various  pamphlets  and  essays, 
and  affected  the  name  and  office  of  a  critic, 
and  wrote  his  "  Complete  Art  of  Poetry," 
and  the  "  Laws  of  Poetry,"  &c.  He  of- 
fended Pope,  for  which  he  was  placed  in 
a  conspicuous  place  in  the  Dunciad.  He 
died  1723. 

Giles,  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal, 
the  favourite  of  the  popes  Julius  II.  and 
Leo  X.  He  was  legate  in  Germany,  from 
the  pope,  and  made  a  cardinal.  He  died 
1532.  He  was  author  of  Commentaries  on 
the  Psalms — dialogues — letters — poems — 
Remarks  on  the  three  first  chapters  of 
Genesis,  &c. 

Giles,  John,  or  JEgidius,  was  born  at 
St.  Alban's,  in  the  thirteenth  century.  He 
studied  at  Paris,  and  was  physician  to 
Philip,  king  of  France,  and  professor  of 
medicine  at  Montpellier  and  Paris.  He 
was  also  made  D.D.  and  was  the  first 
Englishman  on  record  entered  among  the 
Dominicans.  He  was  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, and  as  eminent  for  his  physical  recipes. 

Gilimer,  or  Gelimer,  descended  from 
Genseric,  was  the  last  of  the  Vandal  kings 
of  Africa.  He  deposed  his  relation  Hilde- 
ric,  530,  but  fled  into  Numidia,  when  in- 
vaded by  the  superior  force  of  the  great 
Eelisarius.  He  was  at  last  taken  prison- 
er after  various  defeats,  and  when  led 
through  the  streets  of  Constantinople,  he 
exclaimed,  Vanity  of  vanities,  all  is  vanity  ! 
He  was  honoured  by  Justinian,  but  re- 
fused to  be  raised  to  the  rank  of  senator, 
as  it  was  offered  on  condition  of  his  re- 
nouncing Arianism. 

Gill,  Alexander,  an  English  scholar, 
educated  at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and 
made  master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  1603, 
jn  which  he  continued  till  his  death,  1635, 
at  the  age  of  71.  He  wrote  some  theological 
tracts,  and  was  buried  in  Mercer's  chapel. 

Gill,  Alexander,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  in  London,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  usher  to  his  fa- 
ther in  St.  Paul's  school,  and  succeeded 
him  in  1635.  He  removed  five  years  after, 
and  kept  a  school  in  Aldersgate  till  his 
death,  1642.  He  is  called  by  Wood  a  good 
Latin  poet. 

Gill,  John,  D.D.  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Kettering,  Northamptonshire,  19th 
Nov.  1697.  In  1716  he  was  admitted  pas- 
tor of  the  anabaptists  at  Kettering,  and  two 
years  after  went  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Higham  Ferrers.  In  1721  he  was  invited 
to  Horsleydown  meeting,  in  Southwark, 
and  soon  after  removed  to  Tooley-street, 
where  he  died  October  13th,  1771.  He 
ranked  high  as  a  good  orientalist,  and  as 
an  extensive  scholar.  His  publications 
were  numerous,  and  in  his  principles  he 
was  a  rigid  Calvinist.  His  works  are,  an 
Exposition  of  the  Bible,  9  vols,  folio,  a 
valuable  performance — the  Cause  of  God 

Vol.  T.  92 


and  Truth,  3  vols.  Svo. — a  Body  of  Divini- 
ty, 3  vols.  4to. — a  dissertation  on  the  An- 
tiquity of  the  Hebrew  Language — tracts 
and  sermons. 

Gilles,  Peter,  a  learned  adventurer, 
born  at  Albi,  1490.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  classical  litera- 
ture, and  in  1533  he  dedicated  a  book  to 
Francis  I.  and  invited  him  to  send  learned 
men  into  foreign  countries  to  examine  their 
manners  and  customs.  He  was  according- 
ly sent  by  the  monarch  to  the  Levant,  but 
as  he  was  not  supplied  with  money  for  his 
expenses,  as  he  expected,  he  was  obliged 
in  his  distress  to  enrol  himself  in  the  army 
of  Soliman  II.  for  subsistence.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  in  another  voyage,  and 
carried  by  the  pirates  into  Algiers,  from 
which  he  extricated  himself  by  the  liberal 
assistance  of  cardinal  d'Armagnac.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1555.  He  was  author  of 
Tracts  de  Vi  et  Natura  Animalium — de 
Bosphoro  Thracio — de  Topographia  Con- 
stantinopoleos. 

Gillespie,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
one  of  the  four  sent  as  commissioners  from 
the  church  of  Scotland  to  Westminster, 
1643.  He  wrote  Aaron's  Rod  Blossoming 
— Miscellaneous  Questions,  &c.  and  died 
17th  Dec.  1648. 

Gillot,  Claude,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver  of  Langres,  disciple  to  Vateau, 
and  the  master  of  J.  Baptiste  Corneille. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1722,  aged  49.  He  was 
happy  in  representing  grotesque  figures,  &c. 

Gilpin,  Bernard,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Kentmire,  Westmoreland,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Christ  church,  and  became  a  zeal- 
ous supporter  of  the  reformation  in  con- 
sequence of  reading  attentively  the  works 
of  Erasmus,  and  of  other  German  divines. 
He  obtained  in  1552  the  living  of  Norton, 
in  Durham  dioccss,  but  with  remarkable 
humility  he  resigned  it,  considering  himself 
as  yet  unfit  to  preside  over  the  spiritual 
concerns  of  a  parish.  He  next  visited 
the  continent,  where  he  printed  a  treatise 
on  the  sacraments,  written  by  his  uncle 
Tonstal,  and  returned  to  England  in  1556. 
By  the  patronage  of  his  uncle  he  now  ob- 
tained the  archdeaconry  of  Durham,  and 
the  rectory  of  Easington,  and  afterwards 
the  rectory  of  Houghton  le  Spring.  Zeal- 
ous and  active  he  conducted  himself  as 
the  friend  of  piety  and  religion,  he  en- 
forced residence  among  the  clergy,  and 
every  where  supported  the  honour  and  the 
interests  of  virtue.  His  influence  as  a 
pastor  was  considered  as  so  great,  that 
Bonner,  jealous  of  the  increasing  power  of 
the  reformers,  marked  him  for  destruction, 
and  Gilpin,  summoned  to  London  before  a 
bloody  tribunal,  already  prepared  himself 
to  march  to  the  stake,  with  all  the  compo , 


GIN 


GIO 


sure  of  those  who  had  gone  before  him, 
when  the  death  of  Mary  stopped  the  hand 
of  his  persecutors,  and  restored  him  to  the 
wishes  of  his  parishioners,  and  the  duties 
of  a  benevolent  pastor.  This  examplary 
and  hospitable  man  was  offered  the 
bishopric  of  Carlisle  by  Elizabeth,  and  also 
the  headship  of  Queen's  college,  but  he 
modestly  refused  those  honours,  satisfied  to 
live  and  to  die  among  his  parishioners,  who 
regarded  him  as  a  friend  and  a  father.  He 
died  15S3,  aged  66.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  bishop  Carleton,  and  by  his  de- 
scendant William  Gilpin. 

Gilpin,  Richard,  a  native  of  Cumber- 
land, educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  He 
afterwards  took  orders,  and  became  minis- 
ter of  Greystock,  in  his  own  county,  and 
a  popular  preacher  about  London,  but  was 
expelled  for  nonconformity,  1662.  He 
then  practised  physic  in  the  north,  espe- 
cially at  Newcastle,  and  died  1675.  Of 
his  works  his  discourse  on  "  Satan's  Temp- 
tations," is  best  known. 

Gilpin,  William,  an  able  divine,  de- 
scendant from  the  famous  Bernard  Gilpin, 
of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account.  He  was 
born  in  Westmoreland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
distinguished  himself  at  the  head  of  a  re- 
spectable school  at  Cheam,  Surrey.  He 
died  5th  April,  1804,  aged  80,  vicar  of 
Boldre,  in  Hampshire,  and  prebendary  of 
Sarum.  He  published  the  Lives  of  Lati- 
mer, WicklirTe,  Huss,  and  Cranmer — Lec- 
tures on  Church  Catechism,  12mo. — Ex- 
position of  the  New  Testament,  2  vols. 
Svo. — Observations  on  Picturesque  Beauty, 
8vo. — a  Tour  to  the  Lakes,  2  vols.  Svo. — 
Remarks  on  Forest  Scenery,  2  vols. — Es- 
says on  Picturesque  Beauty — on  Prints — 
on  the  River  Wye,  &e. — on  the  Western 
Parts  of  England,  8vo. — Moral  Contrasts, 
Svo. — Sermons  to  Country  Congregations, 
3  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Gilpin,  Sawrey,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Carlisle,  in  1733.  He 
was  placed  with  a  ship-painter,  and  his 
first  works  which  attracted  notice  were 
some  market  group*,  which  he  sketched 
from  his  window.  He  next  applied  to 
drawing  of  animals,  particularly  the  horse, 
in  which  he  excelled.  He  also  etched 
the  plates  in  his  brother's  works,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
He  died  at  Brompton  in  1807.—  W.  B. 

Ginnani,  Francis,  a  native  of  Ravenna, 
page  to  duke  Anthony  Farnesc.  He  after- 
wards retired  to  solitude,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  estate, 
and  the  cultivation  of  natural  history.  He 
died  1766,  aged  50.  He  wrote  a  historical 
treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Growing  Corn, 
4to.  1759 — a  Description  of  Indigenous 
Plants — Dissertation    on    the    Seirpus   of 


Ravenna — and  an  Account  of  the  Curiosi~ 
ties  of  his  Museum. 

Giocondo,  Fra  Giovanni,  a  native  of 
Verona,  where  he  was  schoolmaster,  and 
had  Julius  Caesar  Scaliger  among  his  pu- 
pils. He  was  well  skilled  in  architecture, 
mathematics,  theology,  and  antiquities, 
and  he  constructed  some  of  the  bridges  of 
France  and  Italy.  He  died  1521.  He 
published  an  edition  of  Caesar's  commen- 
taries, and  of  Vitruvius. 

Gioia,  Flavio,  a  Neapolitan,  born  at 
Amain,  celebrated  as  being  the  inventor  of 
the  mariner's  compass.  As  the  sovereigns 
of  Naples  were  at  that  time  the  younger 
branches  of  the  royal  family  of  France,  he 
placed  at  the  north  of  the  compass  a  fleur 
de  lis,  a  distinction  adopted  by  every  suc- 
ceeding navigator.  The  principality  of 
Prineipato,  where  he  was  born,  also  as- 
sumed a  compass  for  its  arms,  no  doubt  as 
a  monument  of  the  celebrity  of  its  citizen. 
Some  have  attributed  the  invention  of  the 
compass  to  the  Chinese,  and  Dr.  Wallis  to 
the  English.  Gioia  was  born  about  1300, 
but  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

Giolito,  Del  Ferrari,  a  printer  of  the 
16th  century  at  Venice,  ennobled  by 
Charles  V.  His  types  were  more  elegant 
than  his  printing  was  correct.  He  left  two 
sons  printers,  and  died  1547. 

Giordan  i,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  mathe- 
matician. He  was  at  first  a  soldier  in  the 
pope's  galleys,  then  purser  of  a  ship,  after- 
wards keeper  of  St.  Angelo's  castle  at 
Rome,  and  lastly  professor  of  mathema- 
tics. He  died  1711.  He  wrote  Euclide 
Restituto,  fol. — de  Componendis  Gravium 
Momentis,  fol. — Fundamentum  Doctrinse 
Motus  Gravium,  et  ad  Hyac.  Christopho- 
rum  Epistol. 

Giordano,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Naples, 
who  died  1705,  aged  76.  He  improved 
himself  by  studying  the  works  of  Titian, 
Corregio,  and  Paul  Veronese,  and  for  his 
merits  he  was  knighted  by  the  king  of 
Spain.  Several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved 
at  Milan,  but  his  most  finished  picture  is 
the  battle  of  the  angels,  and  the  fall  of  Lu- 
cifer, preserved  at  Naples. 

Giorgiani,  or  Alseid  Alscherif  Abon 
Hassan,  or  Houssain  Ali,  a  native  of 
Georgia,  and  a  Mussulman  doctor,  author 
of  an  Explanation  of  Terms  used  in  The- 
ology and  Philosophy — a  Commentary  on 
Euclid,  &c.  He  died  1413,  at  Shiraz. 
Another  of  that  name  was  eminent  as  a 
grammarian  and  mathematician. 

Giorgione,  an  illustrious  painter,  so 
called  from  his  noble  and  comely  aspect, 
was  born  at  Castel  Franco  in  Trevisano, 
Venice,  1478.  He  devoted  himself  to  mu- 
sic, in  which  he  excelled,  and  afterwards 
directed  his  attention  to  painting,  and  was 
the  first  of  the  Lombards  who  found  out 
the  admirable  effects  of  strong  light*  ar,r< 


till) 


Gill 


shadows.  He  first  studied  under  Giovanni 
Bellino,  and  improved  himself  by  the  imi- 
tation of  the  works  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
Titian  was  his  friend  and  fellow-pupil,  but 
his  frequent  visits  alarmed  him,  and  view- 
ing him  in  the  light  of  a  rival  and  enemy, 
he  excluded  him  from  his  house.  Thus 
become  hostile  each  to  the  other,  Titian 
assiduously  laboured  to  copy  nature,  but 
while  he  surpassed  Giorgione  in  the  delica- 
cies of  natural  objects,  he  was  himself  sur- 
passed in  greatness  of  conception,  and 
sublimity  of  invention.  The  house  where 
the  German  merchants  assemble  at  Venice, 
had  its  front  adorned  by  the  pencils  of  these 
rival  masters,  and  while  Titian  embellished 
one  side,  Giorgione  laboured  on  the  other, 
but  time  unfortunately  has  defaced  these 
once  splendid  monuments  of  human  excel- 
lence. A  Christ  carrying  the  Cross,  in  St. 
Rovo's  church,  Venice,  is  considered  as 
the  best  piece  from  Giorgione's  pencil.  The 
ingenious  artist  employed  his  talents  to 
show  that  sculpture  is  not  superior  to  paint- 
ing, and  he  represented  all  the  sides  of 
the  body  in  the  same  picture,  by  the  aid 
of  reflection  from  a  fountain  at  his  feet, 
from  a  looking-glass  at  his  side,  and  a 
shining  armour.  He  died  in  his  33d  year, 
1511,  of  the  plague,  with  which  he  unfor- 
tunately was  seized  by  paying  a  visit  to 
a  favourite  mistress,  whose  infection  was 
not  suspected. 

Gioseppino,  a  painter,  so  called  from 
Gioseppe  d'Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples,  where 
he  was  born  1560.  He  learned  at  Rome 
the  elements  of  his  art,  and  so  distinguish- 
ed himself  that  he  became  the  favourite  of 
cardinals  and  popes,  and  was  made  knight 
of  St.  Michael  by  Lewis  XII.  His  battles 
in  the  capitol  are  his  best  pieces.  He  died 
at  Rome  1640. 

Giottino,  Tomaso,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, whose  name  was  Stefano.  He  was 
called  Giottino  from  the  resemblance  of 
his  style  to  that  of  Giotto.  He  died  1356, 
aged  32. 

Giotto,  an  eminent  painter,  sculptor, 
and  architect,  born  near  Florence  1276. 
He  was  found  by  Cimabue  while  he  was 
employing  himself  in  the  fields  in  drawing 
upon  the  sand  the  figures  of  the  sheep 
which  he  was  tending,  and  under  the  gui- 
dance of  this  excellent  friend  and  master, 
he  soon  rose  to  consequence  and  fame. 
When  Benedict  IX.  wished  to  see  designs 
from  the  Tuscan  artists,  Giotto,  with  the 
greatest  quickness,  drew  with  one  stroke  of 
his  pencil,  a  circle  so  round  and  so  perfectly 
equal,  that  round  as  Giotto's  0  after- 
wards became  proverbial.  The  pope  un- 
derstood from  this  the  genius  of  the  painter, 
and  employed  him  at  Rome.  His  most 
admired  piece  was  a  ship  of  Mosaic  work 
over  the  three  gates  of  the  portico  at  the 
entrance  of  St.  Petpr's  church.      Giotto, 


still  favoured  by  Clement  V.  Benedict's 
successor,  returned  in  1316  to  Florence 
loaded  with  riches,  and  was  afterwards 
honourably  engaged  in  the  service  of  the 
lord  of  Lucca,  and  of  the  king  of  Naples, 
and  every  where  left  specimens  of  his 
genius  and  of  his  art.  His  death  of  the 
Virgin,  with  the  apostles  about  her,  was 
greatly  admired  by  Michael  Angelo.  He 
died  1336,  and  the  city  of  Florence  erect- 
ed a  marble  statue  over  his  tomb.  Giotto 
was  respected  not  only  by  princes,  but 
by  the  learned  and  the  witty,  and  among  his 
particular  friends  were  Dante  and  Petrarch. 

Giraldi,  Lilio  Gregorio,  an  ingenious 
critic,  born  at  Ferrara  1479,  and  educated  in 
Latin  under  Guarini,  and  in  Greek  under 
Demetrius  Chalcondyles.  He  resided  at 
Modena,  and  afterwards  went  to  Rome,  and 
saw  the  pillage  of  that  ancient  capitol  by 
the  soldiers  of  Charles  V.  After  losing 
there  the  whole  of  his  little  property,  and 
attending  his  patron  cardinal  Rangoni  to 
the  grave,  and  losing  his  other  patron 
Mirandula,  he  returned  to  Ferrara  poor 
and  enfeebled  by  disease.  Though,  how- 
ever, terribly  afflicted  with  the  gout,  he  yet 
read  and  composed  several  of  his  books, 
till  he  sunk  under  the  heaviness  of  his 
complaint  1552,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  Ferrara.  He  wrote  17  dif- 
ferent things,  afterwards  collected  into  2 
vols,  folio,  Basil  1580,  and  Leyden  1696, 
The  most  valuable  of  his  compositions  are 
his  Historia  de  Deis  Gentium — Historian 
Poetarum  turn  Grajcorum  quam  Latino- 
rum  Dialogi  decern, — and  the  Dialogi  de 
Poetis  Nostrorum.  His  erudition  was  very 
great,  and  the  high  encomiums  of  Scaliger, 
of  Casaubon,  and  Thuanus  upon  his  meri- 
torious Services  to  the  republic  of  letters, 
are  very  just  and  honourable. 

Giraldi,  John  Baptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
of  the  family  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Fer- 
rara 1 504.  After  studying  philosophy  and 
the  languages  he  applied  to  physic,  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.D.  Though  only  21  years 
old  he  was  appointed  to  read  lectures  on 
physic  and  polite  literature  at  Ferrara,  and 
in  1542  he  became  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Ferrara.  After  teaching  belles  lettres  at 
Mondovi  three  years,  he  went  to  Turin,  and 
thence  to  Pavia,  where  he  was  honourably 
made  professor  of  rhetoric.  He  took  the 
name  of  Cintio  at  Pavia,  which  he  prefixed 
to  his  books.  He  was  greatly  afflicted 
with  the  gout,  and  retired  to  Ferrara, 
where  he  died  soon  after  1573.  He  wrote 
9  Italian  tragedies,  besides  some  orations 
in  Latin,  and  Hecatonmithi,  or  100  novels. 
His  tragedies,  which  some  critics  esteem 
as  excellent  compositions,  were  edited  by 
his  son  Celso,  Venice,  1583, 8vo. 

Giraldus,  Sylvester,  a  learned  Welch- 
man,  born  at  Mainarpir  castle  near  Pem- 
broke, South  Wale?,  1145.     He  was  cdu 
731 


(JIB 


HL& 


eatcd  under  his  uncle,  the  bishop  of  St. 
David's,  and  studied  theology  at  Paris  for 
some  time.  He  returned  to  England  1172, 
and  four  years  after  was  named  by  Henry 
II.  who  knew  his  merit  and  his  learning,  to 
ill  the  vacant  see  of  St.  David's,  which  he 
disinterestedly  refused.  Afterwards  he 
went  to  Paris  and  Bologna  to  study  the 
civil  law,  and  in  1185  he  was  sent  by  the 
Icing  as  secretary  to  his  son  John,  in  Ire- 
land. In  this  office  he  applied  himself  to 
making  collections  of  materials  for  the  His- 
tory of  Ireland,  and  in  1186  returned  to 
England.  In  1198  he  was  a  second  time 
elected  to  the  see  of  St.  David's,  but  as  he 
had  a  ri-.h  competitor,  and  as  every  thing 
was  venal  at  Rome,  he  did  not  succeed. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  about  70.  He  wrote 
several  works,  in  which  he  displayed  great 
erudition  and  commanding  eloquence, 
which  was  wonderful,  as  Tanner  observes, 
in  so  dark  and  ignorant  an  age.  He  was  a 
great  enemy  to  the  monks,  and  very  super- 
stitious, and  with  respect  to  dreams  and 
visions  contemptibly  ridiculous.  Besides 
his  History  of  Ireland,  he  wrote  "  Itinera- 
rium  Cambrian" — "  de  Rebus  a  se  Gestis," 
and  other  things,  some  of  which  are  still 
in  MS. 

Girard,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  born  at 
Dol.  He  was  tried  by  the  parliament  of 
Aix,  on  the  accusation  of  a  girl  of  18, 
Mary  Catherine  Cadiere,  for  using  sorcery, 
according  to  her  expressions,  in  the  viola- 
tion of  her  person,  and  in  the  attempt  to 
destroy  the  fruit  of  her  womb.  This  trial 
excited  much  of  the  public  attention. 
Girard  was  acquitted. 

Girard,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
almoner  to  the  dutchess  of  Berri,  and  in- 
terpreter to  the  king  in  the  Russian  and 
Sclavonian  languages.  He  wrote  Synony- 
mes  Francois — Principes  de  la  Langue 
Franchise,  &c.  and  died  much  respected 
1748,  aged  70. 

Girandon,  Francis,  a  native  of  Troyes. 
He  studied  sculpture  and  architecture  un- 
der Anguier,  and  was  sent  to  Rome  by 
Lewis  XIV.  to  complete  his  knowledge  of 
the  arts.  He  succeeded  Le  Brun  as  in- 
spector general  of  sculpture  to  the  king, 
and  died  1715,  aged  87.  His  chief  works 
are  the  Mausoleum  of  Richelieu  in  the 
church  of  the  Sorbonne — the  equestrian 
statue  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  Rape  of 
Proserpine  in  the  garden  of  Versailles. 

Giron,  D.  Pierre,  duke  of  Ossuna,  a  no- 
ble but  proud  and  imperious  Spaniard, 
who,  when  viceroy  of  Naples,  encouraged 
the  famous  conspiracy'  against  Venice, 
which  was  discovered  by  Jaffier,  one  of  the 
accomplices,  and  which  forms  the  subject 
of  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  the  English 
tragedy.  Giron  was  disgraced  and  died  in 
prison  1624,  aged  49. 

Gironst,  James,  a  native  of  Beaufort  in 
732 


Anjou,  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and 
known  as  a  popular  preacher.  His  sermons 
appeared  in  5  vols.  12mo.  1704.  He  died 
16S9,  aged  65. 

Girtin,  John,  an  English  painter  of 
great  excellence.  His  landscapes  in  water- 
colours,  and  in  oil,  were  much  admired. 
The  views  of  London  and  Paris,  exhibited 
in  the  Panorama  in  London,  were  by  him, 
and  are  pleasing  proofs  of  his  genius  and 
taste.  Though  labouring  under  the  attacks 
of  a  dreadful  asthma,  he  followed  his  pro- 
fession till  within  a  few  days  of  his  death, 
which  happened  Nov.  1802,  in  his  30th year. 

Giry,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  members  of 
the  French  academy,  translated  Tertullian's 
Apology — the  Sacred  History  of  Sulpicius 
Severus — Augustine  de  Civitate  Dei,  &c. 
This  learned  and  excellent  character  died 
1665,  aged  70. 

Gisbert,  John,  a  native  of  Cahors,  for 
some  years  divinity  professor  at  Toulouse, 
and  then  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  at  Lan- 
guedoc.  He  died  1710,  aged  71.  He 
wrote  Anti-Probalasimus,  4to.  and  other 
works  of  merit. 

GisBEur,  Blaise,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Cahors.  He  wrote  a  work  on  the  Edu- 
cation of  a  Prince — another  on  Christian 
Eloquence,  &c.  and  died  at  Montpellier 
1731. 

Giselintts,  a  physician,  native  of  Bru- 
ges, who  published  a  correct  edition  of 
Prudentius  at  Antwerp.  He  died  1551, 
aged  78. 

Giulano,  Di.  Majano,  a  Florentine, 
sculptor  and  architect,  who  died  at  Naples 
1447,  aged  70.  The  Poggio  Reale  palace, 
and  other  edifices  at  Naples,  are  the  monu- 
ments of  his  genius,  as  well  as  several 
buildings  at  Rome,  in  the  pontificate  of 
Paul  II. 

Giusti,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died  1705,  aged  81.  His  animals,  as 
well  as  landscapes  and  historical  charac- 
ters are  highly  esteemed. 

Glain,  N.  Saint,  a  native  of  Limoges, 
1620,  who  retired  to  Holland  to  profess 
the  protestant  faith.  After  serving  with 
reputation  in  the  armies  of  the  republic, 
he  wrote  in  the  Holland  gazette,  and  from 
a  zealous  protestant,  he  became,  by  reading 
Spinoza's  book,  a  rank  atheist.  So  de- 
voted was  he  to  his  new  opinions,  that  he 
translated  Spinoza  into  French,  and  pub- 
lished it  in  three  different  editions,  under 
three  different  titles,  to  attract  the  public 
attention. 

Glandorp,  Matthias,  a  physician,  born 
at  Cologne  1595, where  his  father  was  a  sur- 
geon. After  studying  at  Bremen,  and  im- 
proving himself  at  Padua  and  other  Italian 
universities,  he  became  physician  to  the 
archbishop  of  Bremen  1628.  He  died  soon 
after  1652.  His  works,  which  exhibit  the 
powers  of  an  attentive  and  able  man.  Were 


GLA 


uLA 


printed  together  at  London  1729,  4to.  with 
his  life  prefixed. 

Glanvil,  Joseph,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Plymouth,  Devonshire,  1636.  He 
was  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  in  1656 
removed  to  Lincoln  college,  and  soon  after 
taking  his  degree  of  JV1.A.  16o8,  entered 
into  orders,  and  became  chaplain  to  Rouse, 
provost  of  Lton  college.  1'he  death  of 
his  patron  soon  after  left  him  at  liberty  ; 
and  he  returned  to  his  college,  where  he 
continued  during  the  turbulence  of  the 
times,  till  the  restoration  brought  back 
peace,  confidence,  and  security.  Glanvil, 
who  had  howed  strong  partiality  for  Crom- 
well's usurpation,  now  became  an  active 
royalist,  and  he  drew  the  attention  of  the 
learned  by  his  popular  treatise,  called  the 
Vanity  of  Dogmatising,  &c.  against  the 
Aristotelians,  so  that  when  the  Royal  So- 
ciety was  established,  he  was  chosen  one 
of  that  learned  body,  whose  opinions  and 
philosophy  he  had  so  ably  defended.  In 
1663  he  engaged  m  a  controversy  about  the 
possibility  of  witches  and  witchcraft,  and 
though  his  friends,  and  particularly  Mr. 
Boyle,  advised  him  to  be  careful  in  his 
management  of  so  delicate  a  subject,  where 
religion  might  be  treated  with  levity,  he 
collected  with  more  superstition  than  pru- 
dence, not  less  than  26  modern  relations  of 
apparitions,  &c.  besides  that  of  the  invisi- 
ble drummer,  which  nightly  disturbed 
Mumpesson's  house  at  Tedworth,  Wilts, 
and  which  was  the  origin  of  the  contro- 
versy. In  1666,  by  the  interest  of  his 
friends,  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  the 
Abbey  church,  Bath,  where  he  fixed  his 
residence.  In  1677  he  engaged  in  a  con- 
troversy with  Crosse,  vicar  of  Chew,  So- 
mersetshire, in  defence  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  against  the  Aristotelian  philoso- 
phy ;  and  the  raillery  used  on  both  sides, 
Drought  afresh  antagonist,  Dr.  Stubbe,  phy- 
sician at  Warwick,  who  treated  our  author 
with  more  vehemence  and  scurrility  than 
propriety  could  countenance.  Glanvil  for- 
got his  resentment  in  the  attentive  perfor- 
mance of  his  ministerial  duty  ;  and  when 
Stubbe  was  unfortunately  drowned  near 
Bath,  and  his  remains  were  brought  to  be 
interred  in  the  Abbey  church,  he  preached 
a  very  pathetic  and  eloquent  sermon  on 
the  occasion,  and  paid  very  handsome  and 
deserved  compliments  to  the  memory  of 
his  departed  antagonist.  He  was  present- 
ed, in  1678,  to  a  prebendal  stall  of  Wor- 
cester, by  the  patronage  of  the  marquis  of 
Worcester,  to  whom  his  wife  was  related, 
and  with  the  approbation  of  the  king,  to 
whom  he  had  been  chaplain  since  1672. 
He  was  attacked  by  a  fever  which  proved 
fatal,  and  he  died  at  Bath,  4th  Nov.  1680. 
aged  44,  and  was  buried  in  his  own  church, 
where  his  widow  erected  a  decent  monu- 
ment to  hi?  memory.    He  was  twice  mar- 


ried, but  had  no  issue.  He  was  a  man  oi' 
great  parts ;  but  though  he  possessed  in  a 
high  degree  the  power  of  writing  with  ele- 
gance and  fluency,  his  publications  were 
all  on  temporary  and  controversial  subjects. 
Besides  the  works  mentioned  already,  he 
wrote  an  "  Essay  concerning  Preaching, — 
and  a  seasonable  Defence  of  Preaching," 
— a  blow  at  modern  Sadducism — "  Reflec- 
tions on  Drollery  and  Atheism" — Essays  on 
important  subjects  in  Philosophy  and  Re- 
ligion— sermons,  &c. 

Glanville,  Ranulph,  an  English  law- 
yer in  the  12th  century.  He  is  mentioned 
with  great  respect  by  law  writers,  for  his 
diligence  in  collecting  all  the  laws  of  the 
kingdom  into  one  body. 

Glaphtra,  a  priestess  of  Bellona's  tem- 
ple in  Cappadocia,  is  known  for  her  amours 
with  M.  Antony,  from  whom  she  obtained 
the  kingdom  for  her  two  sons,  Sisinna  and 
Arcbelaus. 

Glapthorne,  Henry,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  age  of  Charles  I.  Winstanley 
speaks  of  him  with  commendation,  but 
Langbaine  allows  him  little  merit.  Be- 
sides plays,  he  wrote  poems  to  his  mistress 
Lucinda. 

Glaser,  Christopher,  apothecary  to 
Louis  XIV.  was  author  of  an  elegant  and 
valuable  treatise  on  chymistry,  translated 
into  English  and  German.  He  died  about 
1679. 

Glass,  John,  M.A.  a  Scotch  divine, 
born  at  Dundee  1698,  and  educated  at 
Aberdeen.  Upon  his  publication  of  a  pam- 
phlet on  the  inconsistency  of  a  civil  esta- 
blishment with  Christianity,  he  was  de- 
posed from  his  church,  near  Dundee,  and 
then  became  the  founder  of  a  new  sect 
called  the  Glassites,  in  Scotland,  and  San- 
demanians  in  England.  As  the  discipline 
of  his  sect  was  very  rigorous,  few  embraced 
his  tenets,  and  the  name  is  scarce  known 
now.  He  wrote  various  controversial 
tracts,  published  at  Edinburgh,  4  vols.  8vo. 
He  died  at  Dundee  1773,  aged  75. 

Glass,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dundee,  1725,  and  went  a  surgeon 
to  the  West  Indies.  He  afterwards  quit- 
ted the  medical  profession  ;  and  as  captain 
of  a  ship  traded  to  the  Brazils.  After  an 
absence  of  two  years,  he  returned  from 
the  Brazils  to  London  in  1765,  with  all  his 
property  ;  but,  when  in  sight  of  Ireland, 
four  of  the  seamen  conspired  against  him, 
and  after  murdering  him,  his  wife  and 
daughter,  the  mate,  one  seaman,  and  two 
boys,  they  loaded  the  boat  with  dollars,  and 
sinking  the  ship,  landed  at  Ross,  and  came 
to  Dublin,  where  punishment  overtook 
them.  They  were  executed  for  the 
bloody  deed,  Oct.  1766.  Glass  possessed 
abilities,  and  published  a  description  of  Te- 
nerifi",  with  the  manners,  &c.  of  the  Portn 
guese.  4to. 

733 


GLL 


GLI 


Glassius,  Solomon,  a  German  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  and  D.D.  in  Jena  uni- 
versity. He  was  afterwards  superinten- 
dent of  schools  and  churches  in  Saxe  Go- 
tha,  and  died  1656,  aged  63.  He  wrote 
Philologia  Sacra,  4to. — Onomatologia  Mes- 
siae  Prophetica — Disputationes  in  Augus- 
tanam  Confessionem — Exegesis  Evange- 
liorum  et  Epistol. — Christologia  Mosaica, 
et  Davidica,  &c. 

Glauber,  Rodolphus,  a  German  chymist, 
author  of  a  volume  "  Glauberus  Concen- 
tratus,"  translated  into  Engiisb,  fol.  1689, 
London.  He  has  acquired  celebrity  as  the 
discoverer  of  the  neutral  purgative  salt, 
which  still  bears  his  name. 

Glauber,  John,  a  painter  of  Utrecht, 
who  died  1726,  aged  80.  His  landscapes 
are  much  admired.  His  pieces  are  enrich- 
ed by  the  expressive  figures  of  his  friend 
Lareisse. 

Glauber,  John  Gotlief,  brother  and  dis- 
ciple of  the  preceding,  died  1703,  aged  47. 
His  landscapes,  sea-ports,  &c.  are  in  a  very 
finished  style. 

Glauber,  Diana,  sister  of  the  above 
painters,  born  1650,  shone  likewise  by  the 
execution  of  her  pencil.  She  became  blind 
in  her  old  age.  Her  portraits  and  historical 
subjects  were  admired. 

Gleditsch,  John  Gottlieb,  a  native  of 
Leipsic,  who  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  1740,  and  there  be- 
came lecturer  in  botany,  physiology,  and 
the  Materia  Medica.  He  was  afterwards 
member  of  the  Berlin  academy  of  sciences, 
anatomical  professor,and  director  of  the  bo- 
tanical garden.  He  was  author  of  trea- 
tises on  the  management  of  Trees — on  the 
Means  of  destroying  Locusts — on  Fun- 
gusses — Miscellaneous  Essays  on  Medi- 
cine, Botany,  Economy — on  Bees — on  the 
System  of  Plants,  &c.  He  died  1786, 
aged  72. 

Gleichen,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  no- 
bleman, born  at  Bayreuth,  who,  after  ser- 
ving his  country  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel,  retired  from  public  life  in  1756, 
and,  satisfied  with  the  empty  title  of  privy 
counsellor,  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
natural  history.  He  was  very  ingenious 
in  the  delineation  of  plants,  and  well  ac- 
quainted with  cbymistry,  and  he  con- 
structed a  curious  microscope,  with  which 
he  made  observations  on  seminal  animal- 
cules, and  on  the  putrefaction  of  vegeta- 
bles, of  which  he  published  an  account. 
These,  and  other  works  on  subjects  of 
natural  history,  are  written  in  German, 
and  possess  merit.  He  died  1783,  aged  69. 
Glen,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on 
wood  of  Liege.  He  published,  in  the  16th 
century,  a  curious  work  of  ancient  and  mo- 
dern dresses,  with  figures,  &c. 

Glenn,  James,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina; was  appointed  in  1739,  but   did  not 
734 


assume  the  administration  until  January, 
1744.  He  was  recalled  in  1755,  and  was 
succeeded  by  governor  Lyttleton.  Al- 
though many  years  in  office  his  name  is 
seldom  mentioned  in  the  history  of  the 
colony.  It  was  a  season  of  quiet.  In  his 
message  in  January,  1748,  he  congratu- 
lated the  assembly,  that  such  was  the  peace- 
able condition  of  the  colony,  that  there  was 
not  an  Indian  enemy  within  a  thousand 
miles  of  Charleston.  Towards  the  close  of 
his  administration  he  met  the  Cherokee 
warriors  in  their  own  country,  and  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  them,  by  which  a  large 
extent  of  territory  was  ceded  to  the  king, 
greatly  to  the  interests  of  the  colony  and 
the  safety  of  the  inhabitants.  It  was  im- 
mediately followed  by  a  great  influx  of 
population,  and  extension  of  settlement. 

Glendower,  Owen,  a  famous  Welch- 
man,  who  boldly  opposed  in  the  field,  du- 
ring fourteen  years,  the  elevation  of  Henry 
IV.  to  the  English  throne.  His  name  is 
still  levered  among  the  Welch.  He  died 
1415,  aged  61. 

Glenie,  James,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  in  Scotland  in  1750,  and  educated  at 
St.  Andrews,  from  whence  he  removed  to 
a  cadetship  at  Woolwich.  He  served  in 
America  during  the  war,  and  while  acting 
as  lieutenant  of  the  artillery,  communicated 
papers  to  the  Royal  Society,  for  which 
he  was  elected  a  member  without  fees.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  active  opponents  of 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  in  1784.  The  next  year 
he  encountered  the  duke  of  Richmond's 
plan  of  fortifications,  and  thus  not  only  was 
stopped  in  his  career  of  promotion,  but  lost 
the  situation  which  he  had  hitherto  held. 
He  then  went  to  America,  and  was  em- 
ployed some  time  on  the  works  of  Halifax; 
but  here  also  he  became  involved  in  disputes, 
and  was  obliged  to  return  to  Europe.  After 
this  he  was  appointed  preceptor  in  the  mi- 
litary academy  of  the  East  India  Company ; 
which  place  he  also  lost  by  his  indiscretion, 
and  died  in  poor  circumstances,  Nov.  23d, 
1817.  Besides  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  he  published  "  A  History  of 
Gunnery,"  8vo.  "  The  Doctrine  of  Uni- 
versal Comparison  and  General  Propor- 
tion," 4to.  "  The  Antecedental  Calculus," 
4to.  "  Observations  on  Construction,"  8vo. 
&c— W.  B. 

Glicas,  a  Byzantine  historian,  whose 
works,  the  Annals  from  the  Creation,  and 
the  History  of  the  Byzantine  Emperors, 
were  published  by  Labbe,  1660,  in  Greek 
and  Latin. 

Glisson,  Francis,  an  English  physician, 
born  at  Rampisham,  Dorsetshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  became  fellow.  He  took  his  degrees  in 
physic,  and  became,  in  the  room  of  Winter- 
ton,  renins  professor  of  physic  to  the  uni- 


GLO 


GME 


Tcrsity,  an  office  which  he  held  forty 
years.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
college  of  physicians  1634,  and  in  his 
practice  and  studies  he  followed  the 
plans  of  the  great  Harvey,  and  depended 
more  upon  anatomical  dissection  and  mi- 
nute observations  than  wild  theories  and 
vague  conjectures.  During  the  civil  wars, 
he  removed  to  Colchester,  where  he  prac- 
tised physic,  and  he  was  present  at  the 
siege  and  surrender  of  that  important  for- 
tress. He  distinguished  himself  by  the 
great  attention  he  paid  to  the  progress  of 
the  rickets,  a  disorder  which  then  first 
began  to  appear  in  the  counties  of  Dorset 
and  Somerset,  and  he  communicated  his 
observations  and  discoveries  to  the  world 
in  his  "  Anatomia  Hepatis,"  1654.  He 
was  for  several  years  president  of  the  col- 
lege of  physicians,  and  died  1677,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Bride,  London.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  erudition,  and  universally 
esteemed.  He  contributed  much  to  the 
advancement  of  true  medical  knowledge, 
and  he  discovered  the  capsula  communis, 
or  vagina  portae,  and  more  clearly  defined 
the  vena  cava  porta,  and  vasa  fellea  of  the 
liver.  Of  his  many  compositions  on  ana- 
tomical and  medical  subjects  his  treatise  on 
the  Liver  is  his  best  work. 

Gloucester,  Robert  of,  the  most  an- 
cient of  English  poets,  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  II.  and  died  in  a  good  old 
age  in  the  beginning  of  John's  reign.  Cam- 
den speaks  very  highly  of  him,  and  quotes 
many  of  his  English  rhymes;  but  he  is  more 
esteemed  for  his  history  than  for  his 
poetry. 

Glover,  Richard,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Cheam  school, 
where  his  verses  on  the  memory  of  Newton 
were  deservedly  applauded.  He  after- 
wards engaged  with  his  father  in  the  Ham- 
burgh trade,  and  in  1737,  he  married  a 
woman  of  fortune,  and  produced  his  ad- 
mired poem  Leonidas.  The  powers  of 
mind  which  he  possessed  were  now  dis- 
played in  political  dissensions  ;  he  was  a 
popular  leader  at  elections,  and  when  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  committee  in  an  appli- 
cation to  the  house  of  Commons  from  the 
London  merchants,  he  spoke  with  such 
boldness  and  energy  at  the  bar,  that  his 
address  was  printed,  and  excited  uni- 
versal attention.  He  sat  in  parliament  for 
Weymouth  at  the  election  of  1761,  and 
died  1785,  aged  74,  much  and  deservedly 
lamented.  Besides  his  Leonidas  he  pub- 
lished London,  or  the  progress  of  Com- 
merce, a  poem,  1739 — Hosier's  Ghost,  a 
popular  ballad  to  rouse  the  spirit  of  the 
nation  against  the  insults  of  the  Spanish 
Court — Boadicea,  a  tragedy,  acted  at 
Drury-lane,  not  with  success,  1753 — Me- 
dea, another  tragedy,  better  received  1761 
— Athenaid,    an    epic    poem    of  inferior 


merit,  which  appeared  1738,  in  3  vols, 
12mo.  His  great  and  immortal  work  Leo- 
nidas has  been  translated  into  French,  and 
has  passed  through  various  editions. 

Gluck,  Christopher,  an  able  musician, 
born  in  the  Upper  Palatinate.  He  studied 
in  Italy,  and  visited  England  and  Germany, 
and  afterwards  acquired  great  celebrity  at 
Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris,  where  his  per- 
formances were  honourably  rewarded  with 
a  pension.  He  wrote  besides  operas,  let- 
ters on  music,  &c.  and  died  at  Vienna, 
1787,  aged  73. 

Glynn,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge, 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  He  studied  me- 
dicine, and  took  his  doctor's  degree  in 
1752  ;  but  he  preferred  the  easy  and  indo- 
lent life  of  a  college  to  the  labours  of  an 
extensive  practice,  which  his  knowledge  and 
information  might  have  commanded.  After 
being  for  63  years,  for  his  wit,  his  learn- 
ing, and  his  interesting  fund  of  anecdotes, 
the  favourite  of  his  society,  he  died  1800, 
aged  82.  He  is  known  as  the  author  of 
the  Day  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of  singular 
merit,  which  obtained  the  Setonian  prize 
at  Cambridge  1757,  and  which  is  much 
read  and  deservedly  admired. 

Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb,  son  of  a  phy- 
sician at  Tubingen,  was  born  in  1745,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  abilities  and 
his  perseverance  in  several  voyages  to 
France,  Holland,  and  on  the  shores  of  the 
Caspian  sea.  He  was  seized  by  the  Tar- 
tars when  in  their  country,  and  died  in 
confinement  1774.  He  published  in  Ger- 
man, "  Travels  in  Russia,"  and  "  Historia 
Fucorum,"  but  though  aman  of  genius,  and 
well  versed  in  natural  history,  he  was  of  a 
licentious  turn  of  mind.  Pallas  has  written 
his  life. 

Gmelin,  John  George,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Tubingen,  and  became 
member  of  the  academy  at  Petersburg. 
He  is  known  by  his  Flora  Siberica,  4  vols. 
4to. — and  his  Travels  in  Siberia,  published 
in  French,  2  vols.     He  died  1755,  aged  46. 

Gmelin,  John  Frederic,  a  physician  and 
chymist,  was  born  at  Tubingen,  in  1748. 
He  received  his  education  at  his  native 
place,  and  afterwards  at  Gottingen,  where 
he  became  professor  of  chymistry  and 
natural  history.  He  published  several 
works  on  chymistry,  mineralogy,  and 
natural  history.  One  of  the  most  celebrated 
is  his  edition  of  the  "  Systenia  Naturae  of 
Linnaeus."  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  A 
History  of  Chymistry  ;"  and  the  world  is 
indebted  to  him  for  the  discovery  of  several 
excellent  dyes,  extracted  from  minern!  and 
vegetable  substances.  He  died  at  Gottin- 
gen, in  1805.— W.  B. 

Goadbt,  Robert,  a  printer  of  Sherborne, 
Dorsetshire,  author  of  an  Illustration  of  the 
Scriptures,  3  vols.   fol.  and  the   Universe 
735 


GOO 


GOD 


Displayed,  and  other  books.  He  wrote 
also  the  life  of  Bamfylde  Moore  Carew, 
the  famous  king  of  the  beggars  ;  and  he 
acquired  some  property  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  provincial  paper  at  Sherborne. 
He  died  much  respected  1778. 

Goar,  James,  a  Dominican  friar  of  Paris, 
sent  to  the  Levant  in  1618.  He  published 
"  Grascorum  Eucologium,"  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  Paris,  1647,  and  also  translated 
some  of  the  Byzantine  historians.  He  re- 
sided for  some  time  at  Rome,  and  was 
universally  respected  for  his  learning.  He 
died  1653,  aged  52. 

Gobbo,  Pietro  Paolo  Cortonese,  a  paint- 
er of  Cortona,  who  died  1640,  aged  60. 
His  fruits  and  landscapes  by  their  charm- 
ing colouring  and  native  elegance,  are 
much  admired. 

Gobbo,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical 
painter,  who  died  about  lo27,  aged  about  67. 

Gobel,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hanne, 
bishop  of'Lydda.  At  the  revolution  he 
embraced  the  opinions  of  the  popular  party, 
and  was  appointed,  1791,  first  constitutional 
archbishop  of  Paris.  Soon  after,  however, 
he  resigned  his  episcopal  habit  in  the  con- 
vention, declaring  at  the  age  of  70,  that 
he  abjured  a  religion  in  which  he  placed  no 
faith,  and  which  dishonoured  humanity. 
This  hoary  delinquent  against  truth  and 
virtue  did  not  pass  unpunished,  he  was  ac- 
cused of  atheism  by  Robespierre,  and  con- 
demned as  the  accomplice  of  Chaumette. 
He  was  guillotined  14th  April,  1793,  re- 
gretted by  none. 

Gobelin,  Giles,  a  famous  dyer  in  the 
reign  of  Francis  I.  known  for  the  invention 
of  the  fine  scarlet  which  still  bears  his 
name.  The  house  where  he  lived  in  the 
Fauxbourg  of  St.  Marcel,  Paris,  still  pie- 
serves  his  name. 

Gobier,  Charles,  a  Jesuit  of  St.  Maloes, 
born  1644.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of 
the  Mariannes,"  and  "  Lettres  Edifiantes," 
which  contain  the  history,  geography,  and 
politics  of  those  countries,  subjected  to  the 
observations  and  discoveries  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  wrote  some  other  tracts,  and  warmly 
embraced  the  disputes  about  the  worship 
of  Confucius  in  China.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1703. 

Gobrtas,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  no- 
bles who  conspired  to  dethrone  the  usurper 
Smerdis.     He  was  father-in-law  of  Darius. 

Goclenius,  Conrad,  a  German,  born  in 
Westphalia,  1486,  and  esteemed  for  his 
learning  and  virtues  by  Erasmus.  He 
wrote  valuable  notes  on  Cicero's  Offices, 
and  published  an  edition  of  Lucan,  and  a 
translation  of  Lucian's  Hermotimus.  He 
died  1539. 

Goclenius,  Rodolphus,  author  of  a  tract 

on  the  Cure  of  Wounds  by  the  application 

of  the  Magnet,  may  be  considered  as  the 

founder  of  modern  magnetism.     He  was 

73G 


born  at  Wittemberg,  and  was  professor  of 
physic  and  mathematics  at  Marpurg,  and 
died  1621,  aged  49. 

Goclenius,  Rodolphus,  a  voluminous 
writer,  born  at  Wardeck,  1547.  He  was 
for  nearly  50  years  professor  of  logic  at 
Marpurg,  where  he  died,  1628.  His  works 
are  on  philosophical  subjects. 

Goddard,  Jonathan,  an  English  physi- 
cian and  chymist,  born  at  Greenwich,  1617, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford. 
After  four  years  residence  in  the  university 
he  travelled  to  improve  himself  in  the 
knowledge  of  physic,  and  on  his  return  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  as  member  of 
Christ  college,  Cambridge,  and  that  of  doc- 
tor at  Catherine-hall.  In  1646  he  was 
chosen  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
and  the  next  year  was  appointed  their 
reader  in  anatomy.  As  he  favoured  strong- 
ly the  measures  of  parliament,  he  was 
taken  under  the  protection  of  Cromwell, 
and  accompanied  him  as  physician  to  the 
army  to  Ireland,  and  afterwards  to  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  services  he  was  nominated 
by  the  usurper,  warden  of  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  1651.  During  Cromwell's  absence 
in  Scotland,  he  was  one  of  the  five  dele- 
gates, whom  he  appointed  to  settle  all 
grants  and  dispensations,  and  in  the  short 
parliament  of  1653,  he  sat  as  the  sole  re- 
presentative of  the  university.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  driven  with  disgrace 
from  his  wardenship,  and  he  retired  to 
Gresham  college,  where  he  had  been  in 
1655  chosen  professor  of  physic,  and  after- 
wards his  services  and  talents  were  con- 
sidered as  so  respectable,  that  on  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  Royal  Society,  to  which  he 
had  so  much  contributed,  he  was  named 
one  of  the  first  council,  1663.  In  his  ex- 
tensive practice,  as  physician,  he  was  so 
conscientious  that  he  mixed  up  his  own 
medicines,  and  regardless  of  the  clamours 
of  the  apothecaries  against  him,  he  even 
published  a  pamphlet  strongly  recommend- 
ing it  to  his  fellow-physicians.  After 
being  driven  from  the  Exchange  by  the  fire 
of  London,  he  was  enabled  to  return  to 
the  new  lodgings  in  1671,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  his  death,  eagerly  devoted  to  the 
advancement  of  medicine  and  of  philoso- 
phy. He  died  of  an  apoplectic  fit  in  Cheap- 
side,  as  he  returned  home  from  the  society 
of  a  number  of  his  learned  friends,  24th 
March,  1674.  He  was  not  only  an  able  wri- 
ter, but  he  was  the  liberal  patron  of  learned 
men, and  in  consequence  of  his  celebrity, bad 
several  books  dedicated  to  him.  He  pro- 
cured some  fame  by  the  invention  of  some 
drops,  long  since  forgotten,  but  he  deserves 
to  be  mentioned  with  particular  honour, 
if,  as  Dr.  Seth  Ward  says,  he  was  the  first 
Englishman  who  made  a  telescope.  His 
writings,  which  are  chiefly  on  medical  and 
philosophical  subjects,  are  preserve!  in  the 


GOD 


GOD 


philosophical  transactions,  in  Birch's  his- 
tory of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  separate 
pamphlets. 

Godeau,  Anthony,  a  French  prelate, 
born  at  Dreux  1605.  At  the  age  of  24  he 
was  one  of  those  learned  men  who  met  at 
the  house  of  Mr.  Courart,  on  subjects  of 
science  and  philosophy,  and  to  their  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  literature,  the  French  aca- 
demy of  belles  lettres  owed  its  origin,  and 
he  became  one  of  its  first  and  brightest 
ornaments.  In  1636  he  was  raised  by 
Richelieu  to  the  bishopric  of  Grasse,  which 
he  relinquished  for  that  of  Venice.  He 
was  an  active  prelate,  attentive  to  the 
duties  of  his  station,  and  exemplary  in 
every  part  of  his  conduct.  He  died  of  a 
fit  of  apoplexy  21st  April,  1671.  His 
writings,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  are 
numerous.  His  Ecclesiastical  History,  3 
vols,  folio,  1653,  is  very  valuable,  the  first 
of  which  only  appeared  in  1653.  He  trans- 
lated also  the  Psalms  into  French  verse, 
which  work,  though  abused  by  Vavassor 
and  others,  is  preferred  by  some  to  Marot's 
version. 

Godefroi,  Denys,  a  native  of  Paris, 
counsellor  in  the  parliament  there.  As  he 
was  a  protestant  he  left  France  at  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  retired 
to  Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Strasburg 
where  he  died,  1622,  aged  73.  He  wrote 
Corpus  Juris  Chilis,  4to. —  NotK  in  Qua- 
tuor  Libr.  Institut. — Opuscuia  Varia  Juris, 
&c. 

Godefroi,  Theodore,  el  lest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  catholic,  and  became 
counsellor  of  state  in  France.  He  wrote 
on  the  Genealogical  History  of  France, 
and  died  at  Strasburg,  1642.  His  brother 
James  remained  a  protestant,  and  was 
member  of  the  council  and  law  professor 
at  Geneva,  where  he  died,  1659.  He  was 
a  learned  man  and  edited  Cicero  and  other 
classical  authors. 

Godefroi,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  was 
author  of  Memoirs  and  Instructions  con- 
cerning the  Affairs  of  the  French  king,  in 
fol.  He  died  16S1.  His  son  John  edited 
Philip  de  Comines'  Memoirs,  5  vols.  8vo. 
and  published  also  queen  Margaret's  Me- 
moirs, &c.  and  died  1732. 

Godeschalc,  surnamed  Fulgentius,  a 
monk  of  Orbais  in  Saxony,  in  the  ninth 
century,  known  for  his  controversy  about 
predestination  and  grace.  He  was  attack- 
ed by  Rab.  Maurus,  archbishop  of  Mentz, 
and  thrown  into  prison,  where,  after  being 
degraded  from  bis  ecclesiastical  offices,  he 
died  ;  but  his  doctrines  as  well  as  his 
sufferings  gained  him  followers.  Maguin 
published  in  2  vols.  4to.  an  edition  of  all 
the  treatises  written  on  both  sides  of  the 
agitated  question.     He  died  about  869. 

Godewtck,  Margarita,  a  paintress  of 
Dort,  who  died  1677,  aged  50.     Her  land- 

Vol.  I.  0'? 


scapes,  and  also  her  works  in  embroidery, 
were  much  admired. 

Godfrey,  Sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  and 
upright  magistrate,  who  exerted  himself  in 
the  discovery  of  the  popish  plot.  He  was 
soon  after  found  dead,  pierced  with  his 
own  sword,  and  with  many  marks  of  vio- 
lence. His  death  was  imputed  to  the  re- 
sentment of  the  papists,  and  therefore  his 
funeral  was  performed  with  great  pomp, 
and  no  less  than  72  clergymen  preceded 
his  corpse,  and  1000  persons  of  rank 
attended  the  procession.  The  dean  of 
Bangor,  Dr.  William  Lloyd,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Worcester,  preached  his  funeral 
sermon.     He  died  17th  Oct.  1678. 

Godfrey,  of  Bouillon,  an  illustrious  and 
active  chieftain  during  the  crusades,  son  of 
Eustace  count  of  Boulogne.  He  was, 
after  the  fall  of  Jerusalem,  elected  by  the 
Christians  king  of  that  city,  and  of  the 
adjacent  country,  but,  from  motives  of  piety 
and  humility,  he  declined  the  lofty  title, 
and  was  satisfied  with  the  appellation  of 
duke  of  the  holy  sepulchre.  He  defeated 
the  armies  of  the  Egyptian  sultan  with 
great  slaughter,  and  made  himself  master 
of  all  the  holy  land.  He  made  an  excel- 
lent code  of  laws  for  his  subjects,  and  died 
after  enjoying  his  dignity  little  more  than  a 
year,  11 00.  He  is  one  of  the  heroes  of 
Tasso's  immortal  poem. 

Godfeey,  Thomas,  the  inventor  of  Had- 
ley's  quadrant,  was  a  citizen  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania,  and  by  trade  a  glazier. 
He  enjoyed  only  the  advantages  of  a  com- 
mon education,  but  having  an  ardent  thirst 
for  knowledge,  he  read  with  avidity  the 
books  which  fell  into  his  hands,  particularly 
such  as  related  to  mathematics,  with  which 
science  he  was  particularly  pleased,  and 
made  himself  familiarly  acquainted.  He 
learned  the  Latin  language  that  he  might 
enjoy  its  aid  in  acquiring  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  his  favourite  study.  It  was  about 
the  year  1730,  that  he  communicated 
to  Mr.  Logan  an  account  of  his  invention 
of  the  quadrant.  The  London  Royal 
Society,  on  being  made  acquainted,  through 
Mr.  Logan,  with  the  discovery,  presented 
Mr.  Godfrey  with  household  furniture  to 
the  value  of  200L  It  was  by  a  fraud  that 
the  instrument  came  to  bear  the  name  of 
Hadley.  Godfrey  put  it  into  the  hands  of 
an  ingenious  navigator  going  to  Jamaica, 
that  he  might  test  its  usefulness,  who,  on 
arriving  there,  showed  it  to  a  captain  sail- 
ing to  Englr.nd,  by  whom  a  description  of 
it  was  furnished  to  Hadley.  And  he,  mak- 
ing an  instrument  of  the  same  kind,  had 
the  baseness  to  claim  the  honour  of  having 
invented  it.  Godfrey  was  a  member  of  a 
literary  club  in  Philadelphia,  but  had  not 
the  merit  of  urbanity,  or  of  temperance. 
He  died  in  1749.  iCF*  L. 

Gottdi.kot,  John,  a  native  of  Rheim* 
737 


GOD 


GOD 


wbete  lie  was  canon  of  the  cathedral.  He 
was  also  a  wine-merchant,  ami  in  his  con- 
duct very  charitable.  He  was  zealously 
attached  to  the  tenets  of  the  Jansenists, 
and  died  1749,  aged  88. 

Godiva,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and 
greater  celebrity.  She  was  sister  to 
Therald  du  Bergenhall,  sheriff  of  Lincoln- 
shire, and  wife  of  Leofric  earl  of  Leicester, 
the  son  of  the  earl  of  Mercia.  She  soli- 
cited her  husband  to  exonerate  the  people 
of  Coventry  from  a  heavy  tax,  and  he  con- 
sented to  grant  her  petition  provided  she 
rode  naked  through  the  streets,  which, 
from  her  generous  affection  towards  the 
city  she  condescended  to  do.  The  adven- 
ture was  painted  in  one  of  the  windows  of 
Trinity  church,  Coventry,  with  these  words, 
J  Luric,  for  the  love  of  thee, 
Do  make  Coventry  toll-free. 
Godolphin,  John,  a  learned  civilian, 
horn  at  Godolphin,  in  the  island  of  Sicily, 
1617.  He  was  of  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford, 
and  devoted  himself  attentively  to  civil 
law,  and  took  his  doctor's  degree  1612-3. 
He  favoured  the  puritans,  and  under 
Cromwell  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
three  judges  of  the  admiralty.  So  great 
was  his  reputation  for  integrity  and  know- 
ledge, that  at  the  restoration  he  was  made 
land's  advocate,  and  he  asserted  in  bis  pub- 
lications the  king's  supremacy.  He  died 
1678.  He  published  "A  View  of  the 
Admiral's  Jurisdiction,"  8vo.  1661 — "  the 
Orphan's  Legacy,  Sic.  1674," — "  Repeito- 
rium  Canonicum,  4to." — the  Holy  Limbec, 
1 — the  Holy  Arbour,  fol.  &c. 

Godwin,  earl,  a  powerful  Saxon  baron, 
who,  in  1017,  went  with  Canute  against 
Sweden,  and  for  his  valour  in  that  expedi- 
tion received  that  monarch's  daughter  in 
marriage.  On  the  king's  death  he  .support- 
ed Hardicanute  against  his  brother  Harold, 
but  soon  after  changed  sides.  After  llar- 
dicanute's  death  he  declared  himself  in 
favour  of  Edward,  who  had  married  his 
daughter,  hut,  with  a  fickleness  peculiar  to 
his  character,  he  afterwards  conspired 
against  him,  and  escaped  to  Flanders  to 
avoid  punishment.  Bent,  however,  on  re- 
venge, he  invaded  the  kingdom  from  the 
continent,  and  spread  such  terror  by  sailing 
r.p  the  Thames  to  London,  that  the  king 
yielded  to  his  wishes,  and  received  him  again 
into  his  protection.  He  died  at  Winches- 
ter suddenly,  ivhile  dining  with  the  king, 
1053.  It  is  said  that  he  murdered  Alfred, 
one  of  the  sons  of  the  second  Ethelrcd, 
and  that  when  accused  of  it  he  purified 
himself  by  the  solemnity  of  an  oath. 

Godwin,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Ockingham,  Berks,  1517.  Under 
the  patronage  of  Dr.  Layton  he  was  sent 
to  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  fellow,  1544.  He  early  embraced 
tie  tenet's  of  the  protestants,  and  as  his 
738 


fellow-collegians  were  very  zealous  for  the 
popish  principles,  lie  quitted  Oxford,  and 
took  the  grammar-school  at  Brackley, 
Northamptonshire,  where  he  married,  and 
lived  in  comfortable  independence  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  At  the  accession  of 
Mary  he  was  exposed  to  persecution,  and, 
leaving  his  school,  he  began  to  practise 
physic,  and  took  his  bachelor's  degree  at 
Oxford  1555.  On  Elizabeth's  accession  he 
took  orders,  and,  by  the  friend -hip  of  Bul- 
lingham  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  the  queen,  who  admired  his  elo- 
quence in  the  pulpit,  and  rewarded  him 
with  the  deanery  of  Christ-church  1565, 
and  that  of  Canterbury  the  next  year.  In 
1584  he  was  made  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  but  he  soon  after  fell  under  the 
queen's  displeasure  for  taking  a  second 
wife,  and  this  weighed  much  on  his  spirits, 
and  increased  his  infirmities.  He  died  of 
a  quartan  ague  1590. 

Godwin,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Havington,  Northamptonshire, 
1561,  and  educated  at  Christ-churcn,  Ox- 
ford, of  which  he  became  student  i573. 
He  was  rector  of  Samford  Orcais,  Somer- 
setshire, prebendary  of  Wilts,  subdean  of 
Exeter,  and  in  1595  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  He  devoted  his  time  to  literary  pur- 
suits, and  accompanied  Camden  in  hi  1  tra- 
vels into  Wales  in  search  of  antiquities, 
but  whiic  he  left  his  friend  to  record  the 
features  of  the  country,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  history  of  some  of  the  in- 
habitants, and  produced  in  1601,  in  4to. 
"  a  Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  England, 
since  the  first  planting  of  Christianity  in 
the  Island,  with  a  History  of  their  Lives 
and  memorable  Actions."  This  valuable 
work  gained  him  the  friendship  of  lord 
Buckhurst,  and  the  patronage  of  Elizabeth, 
who  made  him  bishop  of  Llandaff.  He 
now  devoted  himself  to  the  improvement 
of  his  book,  and,  in  1615,  publish*  d  ano- 
ther edition,  which  however  was  so  erro- 
neously printed,  from  his  distance  from  the 
prejs,  that  he  gave  another  edition  in  an 
elegant  Latin  dress,  dedicated  to  James  I. 
who  was  so  pleased  with  it  than  he  trans- 
lated the  bishop  to  the  see  of  Hereford 
1617.  He  died  of  a  languishing  disorder 
April  1633,  leaving  several  children  by  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Wollton,  bishop  of  Exe- 
ter. After  his  death,  in  1638,  waspuolish- 
ed  "  the  Man  in  the  Moon,  by  Domingo 
Gonsales,  8vo."  an  entertaining  piece  on  a 
philosophical  subject,  which  he  had  written 
in  1583,  but  never  published.  He  wrote 
also  annals  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII. 
Edward  IV.  and  Mary,  in  Latin,  the  third 
edition  of  which  was  1630,  with  an  English 
translation  by  his  son  Morgan,  also  a  com- 
putation of  the  value  of  the  Attic  Talent, 
and  Roman  Sesterce,  &c. 

Godwin,  Thomas,   a  learned   English- 


i.un 


GOE 


man,  born  in  Somersetshire  1587.  He 
was  of  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  1603,  and  that 
year  he  was  elected  master  of  JRoysc's  free- 
school,  in  Abingdon,  where  his  genius  and 
abilities  were  soon  distinguished  by  a  res- 
pectable number  of  pupils.  He  wrote  for 
the  use  of  his  school  "  Romanic  Historiae 
Anthologia,"  1613,  4to.  and,  in  1616,  pub- 
lished at  Oxford  his  "  Synopsis  Antiquita- 
tum  Hebraicarum,  &c."  dedicated  to  his 
patron  Montague, bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells. 
Some  time  after  he  obtained  from  his  pa- 
tron the  rectory  of  Brightwell,  Berks,  and 
resigned  his  school.  He  printed,  1637, 
"  Moses  and  Aaron,"  and  took  bis  degree 
of  D.U.  1637.  He  died  at  Brightwell 
1642-3,  leaving  a  wife  whom  he  had  mar- 
ried while  at  Abingdon.  This  worthy  and 
learned  man  was,  on  account  of  his  book, 
called  Three  Arguments  to  prove  Election 
upon  Foresight,  by  Faith,  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Twise  of  Newbury. 

Godwin,  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  a  woman 
of  eccentric  character  and  superior  abili- 
ties, born  at  Beverley,  in  Yorkshire,  176S. 
Reduced  in  her  circumstances  by  the  ex- 
travagance of  her  father,  she  sought  for 
subsistence  in  the  resources  of  her  own 
mind,  and  as  a  teacher  of  a  day-school  at 
Islington,  and  then  at  Newington,  and  af- 
terwards as  governess  in  lord  Kingsbo- 
rough's  family,  she  maintained  herself  with 
reputation.  Too  fond  of  independence 
however  to  submit  to  the  caprices  and  hu- 
mours of  self-willed  children,  she  had  re- 
course to  her  pen,  and,  in  1787,  she  set- 
tied  in  London,  and  published  Original 
Stories  for  /the  use  of  children,  and  various 
translations  from  French  and  German  au- 
thors. She  was  also  engaged  in  the  Analy- 
tical  Review,  and,  in  l790,  was  one  of 
Burke's  opponents  in  an  attack  against  his 
famous  pamphlet  on  the  French  Revolution, 
and  the  next  year  she  published  her  vindi- 
cation of  the  Rights  of  Women,  a  book 
which  in  bold  language  attempts  to  over- 
throw the  established  regulations  of  society, 
and  which,  instead  of  conciliating  concord, 
harmony,  and  mutual  affection,  in  domes- 
tic life,  would  render  the  marriage  state  a 
scene  of  distrust  and  jealousy,  of  .strife  and 
contentious  rivalship.  She  was,  in  1792, 
at  Paris,  where  she  unfortunately  formed 
an  improper  connexion  with  an  American 
merchant,  by  whom  she  had  a  daughter, 
and  while  accompanying  him  in  Norway, 
she  wrote  her  letters  on  Scandinavia. 
The  little  respect  she  paid  to  her  charac- 
ter, proved  now  the  source  of  great  unhap- 
piness,  and,  deserted  by  her  ungrateful 
favourite,  she,  on  her  return  to  England, 
attempted  to  destroy  herself  by  throwing 
herself  into  the  Thames,  from  Putney 
bridge.  She  in  some  degree  atoned,  1796, 
for  the  insults  «he  had  offered  to  the  good 


sense  of  her  sex,  and  the  prceepts  of  a  lioly 
religion,  and,  after  defending  a  promiscuous 
intercourse  among  the  sexes,  as  passion  or 
inclination  dictated,  she  married  Mr.  God- 
win, but  died  the  August  of  the  following 
year  in  childbed.  Her  letters,  fragments, 
and  posthumous  works,  appeared  after  her 
death. 

Goerce,  William,  an  eminent  scholar  of 
Middleberg,  who  died  at  Amsterdam  1715, 
aged  80.  He  is  author  of  Jewish  Antiqui- 
ties, 2  vols.  fol.  Utrecht,  1700— History  of 
the  Jewish  Church — essay  on  the  Practice 
of  Painting — on  Architecture. 

Goertz,  John,  baron  of,  a  memorable 
Swede,  born  in  Holstein.  He  gained,  by 
his  intrepidity  and  valour,  the  good  opinion 
of  Charles  XII.  He  endeavoured  to  ex- 
cite an  insurrection  in  England,  in  favour 
of  the  pretender,  and  was  at  last  sacrificed 
to  the  popular  fury.  He  had  been  placed, 
by  Charles,  at  the  head  of  his  finances, 
and  the  discontents  which  he  caused  by 
raising  money  for  the  schemes  of  his  ec- 
centric master  were  such,  that  after  the 
king's  death  he  was  beheaded,  1719. 

Goes,  Hugo  Vander,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
disciple  of  Van  Eyck.  His  Abigail  in  the 
presence  of  David,  is  his  most  admired 
piece.     He  flourished  about  1480. 

Goesius,  William,  a  critic,  born  at  Ley- 
dcn.  His  notes  on  Petronius,  adopted  in 
Burman's  edition,  are  much  admired.  He 
was  son-in-law  of  Dan.  Heinsius,  and  died 
1636. 

Goetze,  George  Henry,  a  native  of 
Leipsic,  who  died  at  Lubec  1702,  aged  34. 
He  was  superintendent  of  the  churches  of 
Lubec,  and  wrote,  in  Latin,  dissertations 
historical,  critical,  and  theological.  A 
collection  from  his  works  appeared,  3  vol*. 
12mo.  1706. 

Goez,  John  Augustus  Ephraim,  a  native 
of  Ascherleben,  educated  at  Halle,  and  mi- 
nister of  Quedlinburg,  where  he  died  1736, 
aged  55.  He  was  an  eminent  naturalist, 
and  his  various  discoveries  with  the  micro- 
scope entitle  him  to  great  praise.  He  pub- 
lished Entomological  Collections,  in  four 
parts,  1771-1781— History  of  Intestinal 
Worms,  in  German,  1782,  &c. 

Goez,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
born  at  Alanquar,  near  Lisbon,  of  a  noble 
family.  He  travelled  much,  and  became 
acquainted  with  the  learned  of  Europe,  es- 
pecially John  and  Olaus  Magnus,  Erasmus, 
cardinal  Bembo,  and  others.  He  married 
at  Louvain,  and  hoped  there  to  enjoy 
peace  and  security,  after  14  years  spent  in 
travelling,  but  a  war  between  Charles  V. 
and  Henry  II.  of  France,  drove  him  from 
his  retirement.  He  was  recalled  home  by 
John  III.  of  Portugal,  but  the  favours  of 
the  monarch  were  embittered  by  the  jea- 
lousy and  the  persecution  of  the  courtiers. 
Bv  their  influence  he  was  confined  within 


t.'OG 


IjOL 


the  walls  of  Lisbon  on  his  parole,  and  he 
was  soon  after  found  dead  in  his  house, 
■with  the  appearance  of  having  been  stran- 
gled, or  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  a  violent  apo- 
plexy. He  wrote  "  Fides,  Religio,  Mo- 
resque iEthiopum" — "de  Imperio  et  Re- 
bus Lusitanorum,"  and  other  works  much 
esteemed. 

Goff,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  born 
in  Essex,  1592,  and  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school  and  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In 
1623  he  obtained  the  living  of  East  Chan- 
don,  Surrey,  where  he  took  for  his  wife  a 
Xantippe,  whose  violence  of  temper  des- 
troyed his  comforts,  and  probably  shortened 
his  days.  He  died  1627.  Among  his  wri- 
tings are  five  tragedies,  published  after  his 
death,  some  sermons,  and  two  funeral  ora- 
tions on  sir  Henry  Saville  and  Dr.  Godwin. 
Philips  and  Winstanley  ascribe  to  him  im- 
properly "  Cupid's  Whirligig." 

Goffe,  William,  one  of  the  Regicides, 
and  a  major  general  under  Cromwell,  left 
London  before  the  restoration,  in  company 
with  general  Whalley,  and  arrived  at  Boston 
in  June,  1660.  They  were  received  kindly 
by  governor  Endicot,  and  resided  at  Cam- 
bridge till  February,  1C61,  when  the  intel- 
ligence reached  them  that  they  were  not 
included  in  the  act  of  indemnity  ;  they  then 
removed  to  New  Haven,  and  were  secreted 
by  the  principal  inhabitants.  They  after- 
wards resided  for  some  time  on  West 
Rock,  and  in  the  neighbouring  towns.  But 
in  1664  they  removed  to  Hadley,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  remained  concealed  15  or  16 
years  in  the  house  of  the  reverend  Mr. 
Russel.  When  the  Indians  attacked  that 
town  in  1675,  and  threw  the  inhabitants, 
who  were  assembled  for  worship,  into  the 
utmost  confusion,  Goffe,  entirely  unknown 
by  them,  white  with  age,  of  a  commanding 
aspect,  and  clothed  in  an  unusual  dress, 
suddenly  presented  himself  among  them, 
and,  encouraging  them  by  his  exhortations, 
placed  himself  at  their  head,  and  led 
them,  by  his  military  skill,  to  an  immediate 
victory.  The  battle  had  scarcely  termina- 
ted when  he  disappeared,  and  the  people, 
alike  ignorant  of  the  place  from  whence  he 
came  and  of  his  retreat,  regarded  him  as  an 
angel  sent  for  their  deliverance.  He  died 
at  Hadley,  it  is  supposed,  about  the  year 
1679.  iCT-  L. 

Gogava,  Antonius  Hennanius,  a  Ger- 
man physician,  who  published  Aristoxeni 
Harmonicorum  Elementorum,  Libri  quin- 
que,  Venice,  1593. 

Goguet,  Antony-Yves,  a  French  writer, 
born  1716  at  Paris,  son  of  an  advocate. 
Though  dull  in  his  younger  years,  his  mind 
expanded,  and  produced  that  excellent 
work,  called  "  l'Origine  des  Loix,  des  Arts, 
des  Sciences,  et  de  leur  ProgrCs  chez  les 
Anciens  Peuples,  1758,"  3  vols.  4to.  The 
reputation  of  this  celebrated  performance 
740 


he  did  not  long  enjoy,  as  he  died  of  the 
small  pox  the  same  year  ;  and  his  friend, 
Conrad  Fugere,  to  whom  he  left  his  MSS. 
and  library,  followed  him  through  affliction 
to  the  grave  in  three  days. 

Goldast,  Melchior  Haiminsfield,  a 
learned  civilian,  born  at  Bischoffsel  in 
Switzerland  1576.  He  was  always  poor, 
though  his  distress  was  relieved  by  his 
publications  and  the  liberality  of  his  friends. 
He  was  of  a  very  unsettled  temper,  and  he 
passed  from  St.  Gal  to  Geneva,  from  Ge- 
neva to  Lausanne,  and  afterwards  he  was 
at  Frankfort,  Forsteg,  and  other  places. 
He  was  some  time  secretary  to  the  Duke 
of  Bouillon,  and  he  married  a  wife  at  Frank- 
fore,  with  whom  he  lived  nearly  thirty 
years.  He  survived  her  five  years,  and 
died  1635.  He  was  a  most  indefatigable 
man,  and  though  his  writings  were  not 
properly  his  own,  but  drawn  from  scarce 
books  and  old  manuscripts,  yet  he  display- 
ed astonishing  judgment  and  great  erudi- 
tion ;  and,  though  abused  by  Scioppius,  he 
probably  deserved  all  the  flattering  things 
which  Conringius  has  said  in  his  praise. 
As  to  the  knowledge  of  the  public  law  of 
the  empire,  and  a  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  affairs  of  Germany,  no  man  was 
better  entitled  to  respect,  and  there- 
fore it  might  be  said,  that  had  he  lived  in 
the  age  of  Athens,  he  would  have  found  an 
honourable  asylum  in  her  prytaneum.  His 
works  are  Monarchia  S.  Romani  Imperii, 
3  vols.  fol. — Alamania?  Scriptores,  3  vols, 
fol. — Commentarius  de  Bohemiae  Regno, 
4to. — Scriptores  Rerum  Suevicarum,  4to. 
— Collectio  Consuetudinum  Leg.  Imperial, 
fol. — Politica  Imperial.  2  vols.  fol.  &c. 

Goldhagen,  John  Eustachius,  of  Mag- 
deburg, translated  Herodotus,  Pausanias, 
Xenophon,  and  other  Greek  classics,  into 
Latin.     He  died  1772,  aged  71. 

Goldman,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on  military  ar- 
chitecture, on  the  proportion  of  the  circle, 
&c.     He  died  1665,  at  Leyden. 

Goldoni,  Charles,  a  native  of  Venice, 
who  early  showed  a  decided  partiality  for 
theatrical  representation,  so  that  his 
father,  to  humour  his  taste,  fitted  up  a 
play-house  on  his  own  premises.  The  ge- 
nius, so  kindly  patronised,  was  most  hap- 
pily exerted,  and  the  Italian  stage  was 
completely  reformed  by  the  labours  and 
the  judgment  of  Goldoni,  whose  plays  were 
numerous  and  popular.  After  acquiring 
deserved  celebrity  at  home  by  the  humour 
and  genuine  wit  of  his  comediess  he  went 
in  1761  to  Paris,  where  he  became  com- 
poser to  the  Italian  theatre,  and  obtained 
apartments  at  court,  and  a  pension.  He 
died  1792,  aged  85.  His  works  were  col- 
lected together  at  Leghorn,  in  thirty-one 
volumes,  8vo. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  a  celebrated  writer, 


GOL 


fclOL 


korn  at  Elphin  1729,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  at  Pallas,  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, 1731.  He  was  the  third  of  four  sons, 
and  hi3  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  in- 
tending him  for  the  church,  sent  him  in 
1744  to  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where  he 
took  his  first  degree  in  arts  1749.  He  pre- 
ferred, however,  medicine  to  divinity,  and 
in  1751  passed  to  Edinburgh  to  qualify 
himself  for  his  medical  degrees,  but  here 
the  benevolence  of  his  disposition  drew 
him  into  difficulties ;  and  his  imprudent 
offer  to  answer  for  the  payment  of  the  debts 
of  an  ungrateful  fellow-collegian,  obliged 
him  to  fly  precipitately  from  Scotland.  He 
was  pursued,  and  arrested  at  Sunderland, 
but  the  friendship  of  two  of  bis  college 
friends,  who  knew  his  merits,  and  pitied 
his  imprudence,  relieved  him  from  his  diffi- 
culties ;  and  he  immediately  embarked  for 
the  continent.  From  Rotterdam,  where 
he  had  landed,  he  proceeded  to  Brussels, 
and  then  passing  through  Flanders  he  came 
to  Strasburg,  and  visited  Louvain,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.B.  From  Flan- 
ders he  travelled  to  Geneva,  where  he  be- 
came tutor  to  a  young  man  whom  the1  sud- 
den possession  of  a  large  fortune  had  in- 
duced to  make  the  tour  of  Europe,  but  the 
dispositions  of  the  preceptor  and  the  pupil 
were  so  different,  that  after  visiting  the 
south  of  France,  they  separated  in  mutual 
disgust.  After  a  long  excursion,  chiefly  on 
foot,  Goldsmith  at  la*t  reached  Dover  in 
1758,  but  persecuted  by  poverty.  For  a 
while  he  sought  employment  in  London  ; 
but  the  rustic  appearance  of  his  dress  and 
his  broad  Irish  accent  proved  unfavourable 
to  his  application,  till  at  last  a  chymist  in 
Fish-street,  pitying  his  misfortunes,  re- 
ceived him  into  his  laboratory,  more  as  an 
act  of  charity  than  from  the  prospect  of 
private  advantage.  From  the  hospitable 
roof  this  accidental  patron,  he  soon,  how- 
ever, rose  to  greater  consequence  under 
the  patronage  of  his  old  friend  Dr.  Sleigh, 
and  after  being  usher  in  a  school  at  Peck- 
ham,  he  commenced  writer  in  the  Monthly 
Review,  and  then  in  the  Public  Ledger, 
where  his  Citizen  of  the  World  first  ap- 
peared under  the  title  of  Chinese  Letters. 
He  was  now  courted  as  a  man  of  genius, 
and  respected  as  a  public  character  ;  and 
emerging  from  his  obscure  lodgings  near 
the  Old  Bailey,  he  took  chambers  in  the 
Temple,  and  began  to  live  like  a  man  of 
fashion  and  of  fortune.  His  Traveller,  or 
Prospect  of  Society,  his  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field, and  his  Letters  on  the  History  of 
England,  added  to  his  reputation  and  to 
his  income,  and  in  1768,  his  Good-natured 
Man,  acted  at  Covent-garden,  though  cen- 
sured by  some  critics,  placed  him  in  the 
rank  of  the  most  popular  writers  of  the 
age.  His  excellent  poem  of  the  Deserted 
Village  appeared  in   1770,  and  two  years 


after  he  produced  his  comedy  of  She  stoops 
to  Conquer,  or  the  Mistakes  of  a  Night, 
which  was  received  with  great  and  deserv- 
ed applause,  and  will  long  engage  the  public 
approbation.  He  published  besides  a  His- 
tory of  England  in  4  vols.  8vo. — another  in 
a  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman  to 
his  Son,  long  attributed  to  lord  Lvttleton, 
in  2  vols.  12mo. — a  Roman  History,  two 
vols.  8vo. — a  Grecian  History,  two  vols. 
8vo. — a  History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated 
Nature,  eight  vols.  8vo.  &c.  but  tnough  his 
income  was  respectable,  he  was  far  from 
feeling  the  comforts  of  independence  and 
prosperity.  His  temper  was  unfortunately 
peevish  and  sullen,  and  though  humane, 
benevolent,  and  generous,  though  the  friend 
of  indigence  and  pining  merit,  he  was  often 
a  prey  to  childish  moroseness  and  sullen 
melancholy,  and  frequently  retired  from 
the  company  of  the  gay  and  the  convivial 
to  brood  over  his  self-created  miseries 
and  his  imaginary  woes.  The  last  part  of 
life  was  embittered  by  the  lingering  attack 
of  a  strangury,  and  bodily  disease  at  last 
produced  a  settled  melancholy.  A  nervous 
fever  succeeded  to  wear  out  his  constitu- 
tion, shattered  by  debility  and  the  horrors 
of  despondency,  and  by  inadvertently 
taking  an  improper  dose  of  Dr.  James's 
powders,  he  hastened  his  own  dissolution. 
He  died  4th  April,  1774,  aged  45,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Temple  churchyard.  A  mo- 
nument worthy  of  his  faffie  and  merit  has 
been  erected  to  his  memory  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  a  Latin  inscription,  in 
nervous  and  beautiful  language  by  the  pen 
of  Dr.  Johnson  records  his  virtues.  As  a 
writer,  Goldsmith  acquired  great  and  de- 
served celebrity.  His  poems  possess  singu- 
lar beauty  ;  the  Traveller  abounds  with 
elegant  and  animated  description,  and  as 
Dr.  Johnson  observed,  no  poem  of  greater 
excellence  has  appeared  since  the  days 
of  Pope.  The  Deserted  Village  exhibits 
beauties  peculiarly  its  own,  and  while  the 
simple  tale  of  indigent  nature,  and  of  suf- 
fering humanity  can  interest  and  captivate 
the  heart,  so  long  will  the  lines  of  this  cor- 
rect poem  continue  to  be  read  and  admired- 
Besides  the  works  already  mentioned, 
many  are  enumerated  as  the  composition 
of  Goldsmith,  though  it  is  probable  that,  like 
Guthrie,  Smollet,  and  others,  he  only  lent 
his  name  to  them  to  give  them  a  temporary 
celebrity. 

GoLD5MiTH,or  Gouldsmith,  Francis,  an 
able  translator  of  Grotius's  play  of  Sophom- 
parcas,  or  History  of  Joseph,  into  English 
verse.  He  lived  in  the  reign  of  diaries  I. 
and  was  highly  respected. 

Golius,  James,  a  lcarn?d  orientalist,  bom 
at  the  Hague,  1596.  He  studied  with  un- 
usual application  at  Leyden,  and  travelled 
afterwards  to  France  with  the  dutchess  de 
la  Tremouille,  and  was  honourably  invited 
741 


GOL 


GOL 


to  teach  Greek  at  Rochelle,  where  he  stay- 
ed till  that  city  was  reduced  by  the  French 
arms.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Holland, 
and  directed  by  the  genius  of  his  friend  and 
preceptor  the  learned  Arabic  professor  Er- 
penius, he  accompanied  the  Dutch  ambas- 
sador, in  1622,  to  the  court  of  Morocco, 
thus  to  enrich  his  mind  with  a  more  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  the  Arabian  tongue, 
and  to  advance  the  interests  of  literature. 
He  carried  with  him  a  letter  of  recommen- 
dation from  his  master  Erpenius,  for  the 
Moorish  prince,  with  a  present  of  a  grand 
atlas,  and  of  a  New  Testament  in  Arabic, 
which  was  received  with  great  satisfaction 
by  Muley  Zidan  the  king  of  Morocco. 
During  his  residence  here,  Golius  devoted 
himself  assiduously  to  the  Arabic,  and  in 
an  audience  which  he  had  from  the  king, 
he  was  admired  for  the  facility  with  which 
he  understood  the  language,  though  on 
account  of  its  guttural  sounds  he  could  not 
pronounce  it  fluently,  and  on  his  return  to 
Holland  he  brought  with  him  a  most  valu- 
able collection  of  books  and  manuscripts, 
hitherto  unknown  to  Europe,  and  among 
them  the  Annals  of  the  Kingdoms  of  Fez 
and  Morocco.  On  the  death  of  his  valued 
friend  Erpenius,  he  was  chosen  as  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  Arabic  chair,  but  so  great 
was  his  thirst  after  knowledge,  that  he 
asked  and  obtained  permission  to  travel  into 
the  east.  He  was  15  months  at  Aleppo, 
and  made  various  excursions  into  Arabia 
and  Mesopotamia,  and  then  came  by  land 
to  Constantinople,  and  at  last  in  1629,  he 
returned  to  Leyden.  He  not  only  had  thus 
become  a  perfect  master  of  the  Persian, 
Turkish,  and  Arabic  languages,  but  he  had 
made  observations  on  their  manners,  and 
he  brought  with  him  such  curious  and  va- 
luable manuscripts,  as  has  ever  since  been 
the  pride  and  glory  of  the  university  of 
Leyden.  With  indefatigable  zeal  he  now 
converted  the  treasures  he  possessed  to 
the  good  of  mankind,  and  nobly  patronised 
by  the  states,  he  began  and  finished  a  New 
Testament  in  the  Arabic  language,  with  a 
translation  into  the  vulgar  Greek,  besides 
the  Confession  of  the  Reformed  Protes- 
tants, and  a  Catechism  and  Liturgy,  as- 
sisted by  an  Armenian  and  an  Arcbman- 
drite,  to  be  dispersed  among  the  Greeks 
and  Mahometans  in  every  part  of  the 
world.  During  his  absence,  his  country- 
men, in  honour  of  his  great  services,  had 
appointed  him  mathematical  professor,  and 
soon  after  he  was  nominated  interpreter  in 
ordinary  to  the  States  for  eastern  languages, 
for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified.  To 
these  honours  from  his  country  he  added 
all  the  virtues  of  private  life  ;  his  tempe- 
rance and  regularity  ensured  him  a  vigorous 
constitution,  and  at  the  age  of  70' he  tra- 
velled on  foot  from  the  Meuse  to  the  Waal, 
a  journey  of  14  hours.  He  died  28th  Sep- 
742 


tember,  1667,  much  and  deservedly  re* 
spected  for  his  learning,  his  virtue,  meek- 
ness, and  piety.  He  had  by  his  wife,  with 
whom  he  lived  24  years,  and  who  survived 
him,  two  sons,  who  rose  to  distinction  in 
Holland.  Besides  a  valuable  "  Arabic 
Lexicon,"  and  a  new  edition  of  Erpenius's 
Grammar,  and  a  Persian  Dictionary,  print- 
ed in  London,  the  life  of  Tamerlane,  &c. 
he  engaged  in  a  Geographical  and  Histori- 
cal Dictionary  of  the  East,  which,  however, 
he  did  not  complete. 

Golius,  Feter,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Leyden,  and  established  a  mo- 
nastery of  the  bare-footed  Carmelites  on 
the  summit  of  mount  Libanus.  He  was 
an  excellent  orientalist,  and  published  some 
books  in  Arabic  and  Latin,  and  assisted  in 
the  editions  of  the  great  Arabic  Bible, 
printed  at  Rome  1671.  He  died  at  Surat, 
in  the  East  Indies,  1673. 

Goltzius,  Henry,  an  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  born  1658,  at  Mulbrec,  in 
the  dutchy  of  Juliers.  He  travelled  through 
Germany  to  Italy  disguised  in  the  habit  of 
a  servant,  whilst  his  servant  appeared  in 
the  character  of  a  master,  and  pretended 
to  keep  him  for  his  knowledge  and  skill  in 
painting.  After  visiting  Rome  and  Naples, 
and  studying  the  wo;ks  of  the  best  mas- 
ters, he  returned  to  Haerlem,  where  he 
died  1617.  As  an  engraver  he  has  been 
highly  commended  by  Evelyn,  and  his  imi- 
tations of  Leyden,  in  the  Passion,  the  dead 
Christ,  and  other  pieces,  have  been  long 
and  deservedly  admired. 

Goltzius,  Hubert,  a  German  writer, 
born  at  Venloo,  in  the  dutchy  of  Gueldres, 
1526.  Though  brought  up  a  painter  under 
his  father,  who  was  of  the  same  profession, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  pursuits  of  anti- 
quities, and  particularly  of  medals,  and  tra- 
velled through  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
in  the  cultivation  of  his  favourite  study. 
His  fame  as  an  antiquary  was  so  respecta- 
ble that  he  was  honoured  with  the  freedom 
of  Rome,  and  the  books  he  wrote  were  so 
curious  and  so  valuable  that  they  were 
deemed  the  ornaments  of  the  first  libraries 
in  Europe.  He  was  so  devoted  to  the  sci- 
ence of  antiquity,  that  he  gave  to  his 
children  the  names  of  ancient  Romans, 
such  as  Julius,  Marcellus,  &c.  but  though 
very  nice  and  judicious  in  his  examination 
of  antiques,  he  has  admitted  some  medals 
as  true  which  are  evidently  not  such.  He 
married  a  second  wife,  widow  of  Smetius, 
more  for  the  antiques  which  her  husband 
had  possessed  than  for  love,  and,  conse- 
quently, the  union  proved  so  disagreeable 
that  the  violent  temper  of  his  bride  short- 
ened his  days.  He  died  at  Bruges  1583, 
pged  57.  His  chief  publications  were  "  Im- 
peratorum  fere  omnium  vivs  Imagines  a 
J.  Caesare  ad  Carolum  V.  ex  Veter.  Nu- 
mismatibus." — "  Fasti  Magistratuum,  &e." 


UOM 


LOiN 


— -"  de  Origine  Populi   R." — "  Fasti  Con- 
sularcs" — "  Thesaurus  Antiquit." 

Goltddan,  a  bard  in  the  court  of  Cad- 
watlader  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury. 

Gomar,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bruges, 
known  for  his  strong  and  able  defence  of 
Calvin's  principles  against  Arminius,  his 
colleague  as  divinity  professor  at  Leyden, 
and  his  adherents.  He  died  at  Groningen, 
where  he  was  divinity  and  Hebrew  profes- 
sor, 1641.  He  had  before  held  a  literary 
situation  at  Middleburgh  and  Saumur.  His 
works  were  collected  into  one  volume,  Am- 
sterdam, 1645. 

Gom3auld,  John  Ogier  de,  a  French 
poet  born  at  St.  Just  de  Lussac,  in  Sain- 
tonge,  1567.  He  was  educated  at  Bour- 
deaux,  and  then  came  to  Paris,  where  he 
determined  by  his  abilities  to  advance  his 
fortune,  whicb  he,  as  the  son  of  a  fourth 
marriage,  found  very  circumscribed.  His 
sonnets  and  epigrams  gained  him  applause, 
and  the  verses  which  he  wrote  on  the 
king's  assassination  by  Ravaillac,  1610,  so 
pleased  the  queen  regent,  Mary  de  I'iedicis, 
that  she  made  tUm  her  favourite,  and  grant- 
ed him  a  pension  of  1200  livres.  Thus 
cherisbed  by  the  great,  and  the  respected 
friend  and  associate  of  those  who  frequent- 
ed the  house  of  tbat  virtuoas  and  amiable 
woman  Mid.  Rambouillet,  he  charmed 
every  company  with  his  wit  and  his  elegant 
manners.  He  was  one  of  those  whose 
meetings  gave  rise  to  the  academy  of  bel- 
les lettres,  1626,  under  the  patronage  of 
Ri< •;  elieu,  and  he  became  one  of  its  first 
members.  Though  a  friend  of  the  reform- 
ed religion  be  conducted  himself  with  such 
propriety  that  he  offended  no  party,  but  on 
the  contrary  he  gained  universal  esteem, 
and  lived  respected.  His  income  was  in- 
creased by  an  aJd'tional  pension  from  Se- 
guier,  chancellor  of  France,  and,  by  pru- 
dent economy,  his  equipage  and  finances 
were  always  on  the  most  respectable  foot- 
ing. By  an  accidental  fall  in  his  room  ha 
was  confined  for  some  of  the  last  years  of 
his  life  to  his  bed.  He  died  1666,  aged  99. 
At  the  age  of  90  he  published  a  collection 
of  epigrams,  and  some  years  after,  th  : 
tragedy  called  Danaides.  Among  his  chief 
productions  are  "  Endymion,"  a  romance, 
in  prose — Amarintha,  a  pastoral — letters 
— poems,  &c.  His  posthumous  work?  ap- 
peared in  Holland  1673,  and  were  chiefly 
religious,  and  in  favour  of  protectant  prin- 
ciples. 

Gomberville,  Marin  le  Roi,  a  native  of 
Chevreuse,  member  of  the  French  aca- 
demy, and  author  of  Polexandre — la 
Cytheree — la  Jeune  Alcidianc,  romances 
— Discours  sur  les  Vertus  et  les  Vices  de 
PHistoire,  &o. — !a  Doctrine  des  Mceurs 
selon  les  Stoiques— de  !a  Riviere  des  Ama- 


zones — Poesies  Diverscs,   &c.      He   died 
1674,  aged  75. 

Ggmersal,  Robert,  a  poet  in- the  time 
of  Charles  1.  student  of  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, and  B.D.  1627.  H:  left  poems  and 
sermons.  His  "  Levite's  Revenge,"  con- 
taining poetical  meditations  on  the  19th 
and  20th  chapters  of  Judges,  is  his  best 
piece.     He  died  1646. 

Gomez,  de  Cividad,  Alvarez,  a  Latin 
poet  of  Guadalaxara  near  Toledo.  He 
wrote  Solomon's  Proverbs  in  Latin  verse 
— the  Golden  Fleece,  and  other  works, 
esteemed  in  Spain.  He  died  1558,  aged  70. 
Gomez,  de  Castro,  Alvarez,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  born  near  Toledo,  and  author  of 
the  History  of  Cardinal  Ximenes.  He  died 
1580,  aged  65. 

Gomez,  Magdelene  Angelica Poisson  de, 
a  French  lady  who  wrote  some  romances 
and  theatrical  pieces,  very  numerous,  but 
not  much  esteemed.  She  died  1770,  aged 
S6. 

Gondebaud,  third  king  of  Burgundy, 
after  his  brother  Chiiperic  491.  He  at- 
tacked Italy,  and  endeavoured  in  vain  to 
reunite  the  catholics  and  Arians  at  a  synod 
at  Lyons  499,  but  he  was  afterwards  de- 
feated and  made  tributary  to  Clovis  king 
of  the  Franks.  He  put  to  death  his  bro- 
ther Godesil  who  had  revolted  against 
him,  and  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  the 
improvement  of  his  subjects,  whose  morals 
and  pr^pe.  ty  he  protected  by  the  establish- 
ment of  a  system  of  laws  still  called  la 
Loi  Gourbelle.     He  died  516. 

Gondrin,  Lewis  Antony,  a  favourite  of 
Lewis  XIV.  When  visited  at  his  country- 
house  by  the  monarch,  he  removed  in  one 
night  the  grove  of  old  trees  which  had  ap- 
peared to  the  king  as  offensive  to  the  sight. 
Lewis  the  next  day,  complained  of  a  large 
wood  which  obstructed  his  view,  and  in  a 
moment  1200  men,  who  were  ready,  level- 
led the  disagreeable  wood  to  the  ground. 
What  if  the  king,  said  the  dutchsss  of  Bur- 
gundy, who  was  present,  wished  our  heads 
thus  to  disappear,  the  duke,  I  fear,  would 
not  hesitate  to  gratify  his  sovereign. 

Gondy,  John  Francis  Paul,  cardinal  de 
Retz,  was  born  at  Month-Kiel  ,i  Brie,  in 
1613,  and  died  1679.  He  was  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  and  coadjutor  to  his  uncle 
archbishop  of  Paris,  and  after  many  in- 
trigues he  obtained  a  cardinal's  hat. 
Though  a  debau^hc.  in  his  yout'i,  be  yet 
assumed  the  sanctity  of  the  preacher,  and 
with  such  eloquence  and  effect  that  he  was 
adored  by  the  people.  He  caballed  against 
Richelieu,  and  at  last,  after  six  years  of 
exile,and  after  being  imprisoned  at  Vincen- 
nes  and  Nantes,  he  was  permitted  to  return, 
and  by  his  good  conduct  and  exemplarv 
manners  he  made  atonement  for  the  vices 
of  his  youth.  He  was,  says  Voltaire,  a 
Catiline  in  his  youth,  and  an  Atticus  in  his 
743 


go:n- 


GOO 


old  age.  He  wrote  besides  the  Conspiracy 
of  count  Fieaco — Memoirs  of  his  Life, 
which  are  very  uuthentic  and  interesting. 
The  best  edition  of  this  valuable  perfor- 
mance is  that  of  Amsterdam  1719,  4  vols. 
12mo. 

Gonet,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
doctor  and  professor  of  theology  in  the 
university  of  Bourdeaux,  and  author  of  a 
System  of  Theology,  in  5  vols,  folio.  He 
died  1681,  aged  65,  at  Beziers  his  native 
place. 

Govgora,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
born  at  Cordova  1562.  He  studied  at  Sala- 
manca, and  taking  orders,  became  chap- 
lain to  the  king,  and  prebendary  of  Cor- 
dova, where  he  died  1627.  His  works  were 
all  published  after  his  death,  and  consist  of 
sonnets,  elegies,  a  comedy,  a  tragedy,  &c. 
Though  he  is  abused  oy  some  critics  for 
affectation,  and  a  false  sublime,  yet  the 
Spaniards  regard  him  as  the  prince  of  their 
poets. 

Gonnelli,  John,  the  blind  man  of  Com- 
bassi,  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of  20.  He 
afterwards  became  a  sculptor,  and  by  the 
touch  acquired  great  excellence,  and  even 
attempted  portraits,  and  with  some  suc- 
cess. He  gave  a  good  likeness  of  pope  Ur- 
ban VIII.  and  of  Cosmo  the  great  duke  of 
Florence.  His  works  are  much  admired  in 
France. 

Gonsalva,  Fernandez,  the  great  captain 
of  Cordova,  was  an  illustrious  Spaniard, 
distinguished  against  the  Portuguese,  and 
in  the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in 
the  conquest  of  Grenada,  and  in  the  wars 
of  Italy,  where  he  conquered  Calabria, 
Apulia,  Naples.  This  great  character,  so 
respectable  for  his  valour  and  his  private 
virtues,  became  at  last  suspected  to  his 
sovereign,  by  the  artifice  of  his  enemies, 
and  he  died  in  retirement  in  Grenada,  1515. 
Florian  has  made  him  the  hero  of  his  ro- 
mance. 

Gontiher,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  the 
History  of  Constantinople,  1203. 

Gonthier,  John  and  Leonard,  two  bro- 
thers, eminent  as  painters  on  glass.  Their 
works  were  much  admired,  and  are  still 
held  in  high  estimation. 

Gonzaga,  Lucret:a,  a  learned  and  illus- 
trious woman  of  the  16th  century.  At  the 
age  of  14  she  married  Paul  Monfrone,  who 
conspired  against  the  life  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara,  and  was  discovered  and  impri- 
soned. Lucretia,  though  he  was  not  put 
to  death,  applied  to  every  European  power 
for  his  deliverance,  and  even  solicited  the 
grand  Signior  to  seize  the  cattle  where  he 
was  confined,  but  her  endeavours  were 
fruitless,  and  h  :r  guilty  husband  died  in 
prison.  Though  afterwards  solicited  in 
marriage,  she  lived  in  widowhood,  .and  of 
her  four  children  only  two  daughters  sur- 
vived, whom  she  placed  in  monasteries. 
744 


She  was  so  elegant  a  writer  that  her  epis- 
tles were  collected  and  published  at  Venice 
1552.  Though  she  did  not  profess  to  be 
learned,  yet  she  infused  spirit,  and  all  the 
graces  and  flowers  of  erudition  into  her 
pieces,  and  she  fully  deserved  all  the  praises 
and  flattering  compliments  of  tfortensio 
Lando,  and  of  the  wits  of  her  time.  She 
died  at  Milan,  1576. 

Gonzaga,  Scipio,  a  noble  Italian,  edu- 
cated at  Padua,  and  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  philosophy  and  divinity.  He 
was  created  a  cardinal  by  Sixtus  VI.  and 
died  1593,  aged  51.  He  wrote  some  poems, 
and  left  manuscript  memoirs  of  himself, 
&.c.  He  was  concerned  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  academy  of  Degli  Eterei  at 
Padua. 

Gonzaga,  Vespasian,  duke  of  Sabbione- 
ta,  a  city  which  he  founded,  and  which  he 
adorned  with  churches  and  schools,  died 
1591,  aged  60,  universally  respected  as  a 
liberal  patron  of  literature,  and  as  an  ex- 
cellent kalian  poet. 

Gonzalez,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Rome  1705. 
He  is  author  of  the  Doctrine  of  Probability, 
folio,  1694,  and  of  several  other  tracts. 

Gooch,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, succeeded  Drysdale  in  1727.  He 
had  formerly  been  an  officer  in  the  British 
service,  and  possessed  superior  military  ta- 
lents. On  the  death  of  general  Spotswood, 
in  1740,  he  was  appointed  commander  of 
the  forces  raised  for  the  Spanish  war,  and 
accompanied  them  in  the  unsuccessful  at- 
tack on  Carthagena.  In  1746  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier  general  in  the  army 
raised  for  the  invasion  of  Canada,  but  de- 
clined accepting  the  office.  The  same  year 
he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  in  1747 
major-general.  He  returned  to  England 
in  1749,  and  the  government  devolved  on 
Robinson,  president  of  the  council.  His 
administration  w  as  marked  by  great  civility 
towards  the  legislature,  and  was  extremely 
popular :  and  his  private,  as  well  as  pub- 
lic character,  was  free  from  reproach. 
ICPL. 

Goodall,  Walter,  a  writer,  born  in  the 
shire  of  Angus,  and  educated  at  King's 
college,  Aberdeen.  He  is  known  as  philo- 
logist, aod  as  the  author  of  a  Vindication  of 
Mary,  in  2  vols.  1751,  in  which  he  shows 
himself  very  strongly  attached  to  the  house 
of  Stuart.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  1758, 
aged  71.  He  has  been  censured  for  his 
excessive  fondness  of  drinking. 

Goodrich,  Eiizur,  D.D.  congregational 
minister  of  Durham,  Connecticut,  was 
born  at  Weathersfield  in  that  state,  October 
26th,  1734,  and  educated  at  Yale  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1752,  and  after- 
wards served  for  some  time  a  tutor.  He 
was  ordained  to  the  care  of  the  church  at 
Durham  November  24th,  1756,  and  con 


CiOO 


UOR 


tinued  there  till  his  death  in  November, 
1797,  aged  64.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  among  his  contemporaries 
in  the  ministry,  in  talents,  literary,  scien- 
tific, and  theological  acquirements,  and 
in  piety  and  usefulness  ;  and  was  for  more 
than  twenty  years  a  member  of  the  corpora- 
tion of  Yale  college.  IC.P  L. 

Goodrich,  Chauncy,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Connecticut,  was  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  was  born  at  Durham,  October 
20th,  1759,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1779,  with  a  high  reputation  for  genius 
and  acquirements.  After  having  spent 
several  years  as  a  tutor  in  that  seminary, 
he  established  himself  as  a  lawyer  at  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  and  soon  attained  the 
first  eminence  in  the  profession.  He  was 
chosen  a  representative  in  the  legislature 
of  the  state  in  1793,  and  the  following 
year  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress, 
and  continued  there  till  1800.  In  1802 
he  became  a  councillor  of  the  state,  and  re- 
tained the  office  till  1807,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  senator  of  the  United  States. 
He  received  the  office  of  mayor  of  Hart- 
ford in  1812,  and  lieutenant  governor  of 
the  state  in  1813,  when  he  resigned  his 
seat  in  the  United  States  senate.  His 
death  took  place  on  the  18th  of  August, 
1815.  He  possessed  superior  talents, 
was  an  accomplished  lawyer  and  states- 
man, and  was  greatly  distinguished  for 
uprightness,  benevolence,  and  piety. 

ICPL. 

Goodwin,  John,  an  able  disputant,  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
appointed,  1633,  minister  of  St.  Stephen, 
Coleman-street,  London,  from  which  he 
was  ejected,1645,  for  refusing  to  administer 
the  sacrament  to  his  people  promiscuously. 
Under  the  republic  his  principles  were  so 
violent  that  he  wrote  a  vindication  of  the 
beheading  of  Charles  I.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  excepted  from  the  act  of  in- 
demnity, and  his  works  were  burnt  by  the 
hangman,  and  he  soon  after  died  lamented 
by  few.  His  writings,  which  were  in  favour 
of  Arminianism,  were  a  treatise  of  Justifi- 
cation, 4to. — Exposition  of  the  ninth  of  the 
Romans,  4to. — Redemption  redeemed, 
fol.  &c. 

Goodwin,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
born  5th  Oct.  1600,  at  Rolseby,  Norfolk, 
and  educated  at  Christ-church,  Cambridge. 
He  was  fellow  of  Catherine-hall,  but  in 
1630,  to  avoid  persecution  he  went  to  Hol- 
land, and  settled  at  Arnheim,  as  pastor  of 
the  English  church  there.  During  the 
civil  wars  he  returned  to  London,  and  was 
one  of  the  assembly  of  divines  at  West- 
minster, and  in  1649  was  made  by  Crom- 
well president  of  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  attended  the  protector  in  his  last 
illness,  and  was  ejected  from  Oxford,  at 
the  restoration.     He  afterwards  preached 

Vol.  I.  94 


to  an  assembly  of  independents  in  London 
till  his  death,  23d  Feb.  1679.  His  works 
have  been  collected  5  vols,  folio.  He  is 
supposed  by  Granger  to  be  alluded  to  in  No. 
494  of  the  Spectator. 

Gookin,  Daniel,  author  of  the  historical 
collections  respecting  the  Indians  of  New- 
England,  and  major  general  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  a  native  of  Kent,  England.  In 
1621  he  came  with  his  father  to  Virginia  ; 
but  in  1644  removed  to  Massachusetts, 
that  he  might  enjoy  a  ministry  which  ho 
approved.  He  settled  at  Cambridge.  In 
1652  he  became  an  assistant  to  the  go- 
vernor, and  four  years  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  all  the  Indians 
who  were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  that 
colony.  In  1656  he  went  to  England,  and 
was  commissioned  by  Cromwell  to  persuade 
the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  to  re- 
move to  Jamaica,  which  had  then  lately 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  English.  But 
he  met  with  no  success  in  the  undertaking. 
At  the  commencement  of  Philip's  war  in 
1675,  he  in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Eliot,  greatly  to  the  credit  of  his  humanity, 
zealously  advocated  the  cause  of  the 
friendly  Indians,  whom  the  populace  were 
ready  to  destroy,  and  succeeded  in  shield- 
ing them  from  injury.  In  1681  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  major  general 
of  the  province.  He  died  in  1687,  aged 
75.  He  left  in  manuscript,  historical  col- 
lections respecting  the  New-England  In- 
dians, which  in  1792  were  published  by  the 
Massachusetts  historical  society  in  their 
first  volume,  and  are  a  most  valuable  re- 
cord of  information  respecting  them. 

ICJ2"  L. 

Gool,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  the  Hague,  1685.  He  also  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  Jives  and  works  of  the  Flemish 
painters. 

Gordian  I.  emperor  of  Rome,  was  in- 
vested with  the  purple  in  Africa,  niu*.-h 
against  his  wish,  237,  in  the  reign  of  Maxi- 
minus.  His  son  of  the  same  name  assumed 
the  imperial  power  with  him,  but  soo:i 
after  their  elevation  they  were  attacked  by 
a  general  of  Maximinus,  and  the  son  was 
killed  in  battle,  and  the  father  destroyed 
himself  with  his  girdle,  237.  A  youth  of  the 
family  afterwards  was  raised  to  ths  throne, 
but  a  few  years  after  he  was  murdered 
near  the  Euphrates  by  his  minister  Philip, 
244. 

Gordon,  Thomas,  apolitical  writer,  born 
at  Kircudbright,  Galloway.  He  came  to 
London  early,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  Bangorian  controversy,  and  other  poli- 
tical subjects  as  the  defender  of  lord  Ox- 
ford. He  was  patronised  by  Mr.  Trench- 
ard,  who  with  him  began  to  publish,  under 
the  name  of  "  Cato,"  a  number  of  letters 
on  public  affairs.  He  about  this  time  pub- 
lished "  the  Independent  Wilis;,"  in  which 
745 


GOR 


tiOIt 


he  showed  his  violence  against  the  hierar- 
chy, but  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  knowing  his 
abilities,  gained  him  over  to  his  party,  and 
made  him  commissioner  of  wine  licenses. 
Thus  devoted  to  the  minister,  he  began 
ably  to  defend  his  measures  in  several 
pamphlets,  and  continued  attached  to  him 
till  his  death,  which  happened  23th  July, 
1750,  at  the  age  of  66.  His  second  wife 
was  Trenchard's  widow,  by  whom  he  had 
some  children.  Besides  political  tracts, 
he  published  English  translations  of  Sallust 
and  Tacitus,  with  additional  discourses. 

Gordon,  Alexander,  M.A.  a  Scotchman, 
admired  as  a  draughtsman  and  as  a  Gre- 
cian. He  travelled  over  France,  Germany, 
and  other  places,  and  was  secretary  to  the 
society  for  the  encouragement  of  learning, 
afterwards  to  the  Egyptian  club,  whose 
members  had  visited  Egypt,  and  to  the 
Antiquarian  Society,  which  he  resigned 
1741.  He  went  with  governor  Glenn  to 
Carolina,  where  he  died  a  justice  of  peace, 
leaving  a  handsome  inheritance  to  his 
family.  He  wrote  "  Itinerarium  Septen- 
trionale,"  or  a  Journey  through  Scotland, 
with  plates — Lives  of  Alexander  VI.  and 
his  son  Caesar  Borgia,  &c.  folio — History 
of  Ancient  Amphitheatres — and  25  Plates 
of  Egyptian  Mummies,  &c.  folio,  1739 — 
Hieroglyphical  Figures,  &c. 

Gordon,  James,  a  Jesuit,  descended 
from  a  Scotch  family.  He  taught  philoso- 
phy and  languages  at  Bourdeaux  and  Paris, 
and  suffered  much  for  the  catholic  religion. 
He  died  at  Paris  1620,  aged  77.  He  wrote 
Controversiarum  Christinae  Fideli  Epi- 
tome, 2  vols,  folio.  There  was  another 
Jesuit  of  that  name,  author  of  a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Bible,  3  vols.  fol.  1632,  and 
other  works. 

Gordon,  Robert,  of  Stralogh,  was  au- 
thor of  "  Theatrum  Scotiae,"  an  excellent 
book  with  maps  of  the  country,  dedicated 
to  Oliver  Cromwell.  He  died  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century. 

Gordon,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
who  became  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
Scotch  monastery  of  Benedictines  at 
Erfurt,  where  he  died  1751,  aged  39.  He 
wrote  Phenomena  Electricitatis  Exposita, 
8vo. — Philosophia  Jucunda  et  Utilis,  three 
vols.  8vo. — Origin  of  the  Present  War  of 
Great  Britain,  4to. — Physicae  Experimen- 
tal Elementa,  8vo.  He  first  substituted 
a  cylinder  instead  of  a  globe  in  his  elec- 
trical machine. 

Gordon,  lord  George,  son  of  Cosmo 
duke  of  Gordon,  was  originally  in  the 
navy,  which  a  dispute  with  the  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty  obliged  him  to  quit.  He  after- 
wards obtained  a  seat  in  parliament  for 
Ludgers-hall,  and  anxious  to  gain  popu- 
larity he  violently  opposed  the  ministry, 
and  attacked  the  bill  which  granted  eertain 
immunities  to  the  Roman  catholics.  Not 
746 


satisfied  with  the  opposition  which  he  gave 
to  the  measures  in  the  house,  he  had  the 
imprudence  to  head  the  mob  when  they 
presented  a  petition  to  the  commons,  and 
thus  by  his  artful  and  intemperate  conduct, 
he  occasioned  those  dreadful  riots,  which 
in  1780,  nearly  converted  the  capital  into 
a  heap  of  ruins.  So  gross  a  violation  of 
duty  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he  was  sent 
to  Newgate  and  tried,  but  acquitted.  In 
1786  he  was  excommunicated  for  refusing 
to  appear  as  a  witness  in  a  cause,  and  two 
years  after  he  was  found  guilty  of  publish- 
ing a  gross  libel  against  the  queen  of 
France.  To  avoid  the  punishment  due  to 
this  offence  he  fled  to  Holland,  but  soon 
after  returned  in  the  habit  of  a  Jew.  His  dis- 
guise, however,  could  not  screen  him  from 
the  pursuits  of  the  officers  of  the  law, 
he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  and  died  there 
1793,  aged  43. 

Gordon,  Sir  Adam,  a  baronet  and  di- 
vine, was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1745.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
next  at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1777. 
On  entering  into  orders  he  served  the  cu- 
racy of  St.  Mary-le-Bone  ;  after  which  be 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Hinckworth  in 
Hertfordshire,  and  that  of  West  Tilbury 
in  Essex,  to  which  was  added  a  prebend  at 
Bristol.  Late  in  life  he  succeeded  to  the 
title  of  baronet.  He  died  in  1817.  Sir 
Adam  published — 1.  The  Contrast,  or  an 
Antidote  to  lord  Chesterfield's  Letters,  2 
vols.  2.  Plain  Sermons  on  Practical  Sub- 
jects, 2  vols.  3.  Sermons  on  the  Fasts 
and  Festivals,  8vo.  4.  Homilies  of  the 
Church  of  England  modernized,  2  vols. 
5.  Miscellaneous  Sermons  and  Tracts. — 
W.B. 

Gordon,  Patrick,  governor  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, under  the  proprietors,  commenced  his 
administration  as  the  successor  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Keith  in  June  1726.  It  was  distinguish- 
ed by  prudence,  moderation,  and  a  regard 
to  the  interests  of  the  province,  and  was 
highly  popular.  He  was  bred  to  arms,  and 
served  from  his  youth  to  near  the  close  of 
queen  Anne's  reign,  with  a  high  reputa- 
tion. He  died  at  Philadelphia,  August  5th, 
1736,  aged  72.  1CF5  L. 

Gordon,  Wiiliam,  D.D.  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  the  war  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  a  native  of  Hitchin,  Hertfordshire,  Eng, 
and  was  settled  at  an  early  age,  pastor  of 
an  independent  church  at  Ipswich,  where 
he  continued  a  number  of  years.  He  af- 
terwards preached  some  time  at  Wapping, 
but  in  1770,  came  to  America,  and  soon 
after  settled  in  Roxbury.  He  took  a  deep 
interest  in  the  contest  with  the  parent 
country,  and  in  1776,  began  the  collection 
of  materials  for  a  history  of  the  revolution, 
which,  going  to  England  after  the  close  of 
the  war,  he  published.     He  was  afterwards 


UOR 


G0S 


settled  at  Noets  in  Huntingdonshire,  but 
suffering  a  premature  failure  in  his  mental 
powers,  soon  resigned,  and  retired  to  Ips- 
wich, where  he  died  in  1807.      idP  L. 

Gore,  Thomas,  born  of  an  ancient  fa- 
mily at  Alderton,  Wilts,  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  was  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
died  on  his  estate,  1684,  author  of  some 
Latin  miscellaneous  pieces. 

Gorelli,  an  Italian  poet,  born  at  Arez- 
zo.  He  wrote  after  the  manner  of  Dante, 
the  history  of  his  country  from  1010  to 
1384,  which  if  not  elegant  as  a  poem,  is, 
however,  useful  as  a  chronicle. 

Gorgias,  Leontinus,  a  philosopher  of 
Sicily,  B.C.  417,  so  eminent  that  a  statue  of 
gold  was  raised  to  his  honour  at  Delphi. 

Gorham,  Nathaniel,  was  a  native  of 
Charletsown,  Massachusetts,  and  born  in 
1 738.  He  enjoyed  only  the  aid  of  an  ordi- 
nary school  education,  but  possessing  fine 
endowments,  rose  to  influence  in  the  state. 
After  having  been  for  some  time  a  leading 
member  of  the  legislature,  he  was  appoint- 
ed a  delegate  to  congress  in  1784,  and 
elected  president  of  that  body.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  highly  respected  by  that  body, 
particularly  for  his  skill  in  managing  de- 
bates.    He  died  June  11th,  1796. 

ICT'L. 

Gorius,  or  Gorio,  Antonius  Franciscus, 
a  historian,  critic,  and  antiquarian  of  Flo- 
rence. He  wrote  several  valuable  works 
on  Grecian  and  Roman  antiquities,  espe- 
cially Musaeum  Etruscum,  3  vols.  fol. — 
Musaeum  Cortonence,  fol. — Inscription  on 
Tuscany,  3  vols.  fol. — Description  of  the 
grand  duke's  Cabinet,  11  vols.  He  died 
1757. 

Uorl^eus,  Abraham,  an  antiquarian  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  Delft,  1609,  aged 
69.  He  published  an  interesting  collec- 
tion of  the  rings  and  seals  of  the  ancients, 
the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Leyden, 
1625.  He  also  gave  to  the  public  a  collec- 
tion of  medals  in  1608,  in  which,  says 
Scaliger,  he  is  not  always  to  be  depended 
upon.  His  collections  of  antiques  were 
sold  by  his  heirs  to  the  prince  of  Wales. 

Gorljeus,  David,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  in 
the  17th  century,  author  of  some  philoso- 
phical books,  in  which  he  advanced  new 
opinions. 

Goropius,  John,  a  physician  of  Brabant, 
who  after  travelling  over  Europe,  settled  at 
Antwerp.  In  his  "  Origines  Antverpianae," 
he  maintained  with  ridiculous  pertinacity, 
that  Flemish  was  the  language  of  Adam. 
He  died  1572. 

Gorran,  Nicholas  de,  a  Dominican, 
confessor  to  Philip  the  Fair  of  France.  He 
died  1295.  He  was  an  admired  and  elo- 
quent preacher,  and  his  sermons,  together 


with  a  commentary  on  the  gospels,  appear- 
ed at  Paris  1523  and  1539. 

Gorreus,  a  protestant  physician  at  Pa- 
ris, who  published  a  translation, of  Nican- 
der,  and  died  1572,  aged  72.  Upon  being 
suddenly  arrested  by  some  soldiers,  on  ac- 
count of  his  religion,  he  unfortunately  lost 
his  senses. 

Gorter,  John,  a  native  of  Enhuysen,  in 
WestFriesland,  who  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree in  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  in  1725, 
became  medical  lecturer,  and  public  physi- 
cian at  Harderwyck.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Petersburg,  but  returned  in  1758,  to 
Holland,  and  died  1762,  aged  73.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  de  Perspiratione  Insensibi- 
li  Sanctoriana  Batavia — Compendium  Me- 
dicinae — de  Secretione  Humorum  e  San- 
guine ex  Solidorum  Fabrica,  &c. — Morbi 
Epidemici  Descriptio  et  Cuatio — Materies 
Medica,  &c. — ^Exercitationes  Mcdicinae, 
4to.  &c. 

Gorton,  Samuel,  a  fanatic,  who  occa- 
sioned much  disturbance  in  Massachusetts 
and  Plymouth  colonies,  by  his  religious  ex- 
travagancies. He  came  to  Boston  in  1636. 
Having  been  punished  both  at  Plymouth 
and  Newport  for  his  disorderly  conduct,  he 
settled  in  1641  in  the  south  part  of  Provi- 
dence, but  soon  removed,  and  began  the 
settlement  of  Warwick.  In  1643  he  was 
seized  by  order  of  the  general  court  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  tried  on  the  charge  of  hos- 
tility to  the  gospel  and  to  civil  government. 
He  resorted  for  his  defence  to  ingenious 
equivocation,  but  such  impressions  were 
formed  respecting  his  opinions,  that  he 
narrowly  escaped  a  sentence  of  death.  He 
was  condemned  to  imprisonment  and  hard 
labour,  but  soon  after,  his  punishment  was 
changed  to  banishment.  In  1644,  he  ob- 
tained an  order  of  parliament  securing  him 
the  possession  of  his  property  at  Warwick, 
to  which  he  returned,  and  resided  there  till 
his  death  in  1676.  ICp-  L. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  the  first  navi- 
gator who  sailed  directly  across  the  Atlan- 
tic to  the  American  coast,  was  an  English- 
man. He  sailed  from  Falmouth  in  March 
1602,  and  on  the  14th  of  May,  discovered 
Cape  Cod,  to  which  he  gave  that  name,  on 
account  of  the  abundance  of  cod  fish  he 
found  on  its  coast.  After  spending  some 
time  on  the  Elizabeth  Islands  he  returned 
to  Europe.  He  afterwards  went  to  Virgi- 
nia and  there  died  in  1607.         iCF*  L. 

Gosselin,  Antony,  regius  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence,  and  principal  of 
the  college  du  Bois,  at  Caen,  published  the 
history  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  in  Latin 
1636. 

Gosselini,  Julian,  a  writer  born  at 
Rome,  1525.  At  the  age  of  17,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gonza- 
ga,  viceroy  of  Sicily,  in  whose  service  he 
continued  for-tv  years.  He  publishe* 
T47 


GOT 


GOU 


several  tilings  in  Italian,  in  verse  and  prose, 
besides  Latin  poems,  and  died  at  Milan, 
1587. 

Goth,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal, 
who  by  attempting  in  vain  to  restore  the 
Roman  catholic  religion  in  Sweden,  in 
conjunction  with  John  the  king,  nearly 
kindled  a  civil  war  in  the  16th  century. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  an  able  lawyer, 
born  at  Paris.  He  taught  law  in  some  of  the 
German  universities,  but  was  not  permitted 
to  reside  in  France,  on  account  of  his  at- 
tachment to  the  principles  of  Calvin.  He 
died  1622,  aged  73.  He  edited  "  Corpus 
Juris  Civilis,"  and  wrote  some  law  trea- 
tises, published  in  Holland,  in  folio. 

Gothofred,  Theodosius,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Geneva,  1580, 
and  professed  the  catholic  religion,  which 
his  father  had  abjured.  He  became  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  assisted  in  the  embassy 
for  a  general  peace  at  Munster,  where  he 
died  1649.  He  wrote  several  works  on  the 
history,  rights,  and  titles  of  the  French 
monarchy. 

Gothofred,  James,  son  of  Dennis,  was 
burn  15S7.  He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  en- 
joyed five  times  the  office  of  Syndic,  and 
other  high  appointments  at  Geneva,  where 
be  died  1652.  He  wrote  several  works, 
which  display  his  great  and  extensive 
erudition. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  son  of  Theodosius, 
was  born  at  Paris,  1615,  and  died  at  Lisle, 
1.681,  director  of  the  chamber  of  accounts. 
He  wrote  the  histories  of  Charles  VI.  VII. 
and  VIII. 

Gothofred,  John,  son  of  Dennis,  just 
mentioned,  succeeded  his  father  as  director 
at  Lisle.  He  was  equally  well  skilled 
in  the  history  and  antiquities  of  France, 
and  wrote  Journal  de  Henry  HI. — Me- 
moires  of  Marguerite,  and  an  edition  of 
Philip  Comines.  He  died  1732,  very  old. 
Gotteschalc.  Vid.  Godeschalc. 
Gotti,  Vincent,  Lewis,  an  Italian  of  Bo- 
logna, made  a  cardinal  by  Benedict  XIII. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  theology,  &c. 
and  died  1742,  aged  78. 

Gottignies,  Giles  Francis,  a  native  of 
Brussels,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Rome,  where  he  died  1689,  aged  59.  He 
was  also  a  Jesuit,  and  wrote  Elementa 
Geometriae  Plans — Arithmetica  Introduc- 
tio  ad  Logisticam  Mathesi  Universal  Ser- 
vientem — Epistolae  Mathemat. — Figura 
Cometarum,  qui  apparuerunt  Annis  1664, 
5,  and  8. 

Gottleber,  John  Christopher,  an  ex- 
cellent German  critic,  who  died  1785,  aged 
52.  Of  his  learned  works,  the  best  known 
is  Animadversions  on  Plato's  works. 

Gottsched,  John  Christopher,  a  Ger- 
man  poet  of    Koningsberg,    professor    of 
logic,    philosophy,    and  metaphysics,  who 
died  at   Leipsic   1 766,  aged  66.     He  was 
748 


assisted  in  the  composition  of  his  drama- 
tic pieces  by  his  wife,  and  so  great  was  his 
influence  and  celebrity,  that  he  banished 
buffoonery  from  the  stage,  and  spread  a 
love  of  literature  over  Germany.  His  wife 
died  1762.  The  best  of  his  works  are, 
Essay  towards  a  Critical  History  of  Poetry 
for  the  Germans — Collections  for  a  Critical 
History  of  the  Language,  Poetry,  and  Elo- 
quence of  Germany — Principles  of  General 
Philosophy — Principles  of  the  German  Lan- 
guage— the  German  Theatre — Poems — the 
Death  of  Cato,  a  tragedy,  &c. 

Goudelin,  or  Goudouli,  Peter,  a 
Gascon  poet,  born  at  Toulouse,  so  esteemed 
among  his  countrymen,  that  he  is  called  the 
Homer  of  Gascony.  His  works,  contain- 
ing great  sprightliness  and  elegance,  were 
published  at  Toulouse,  and  Amsterdam. 
He  died  10th  Sept.  1649,  aged  70. 

Goudimel,  Claudius,  an  excellent  musi- 
cian, put  to  death  at  Lyons,  for  setting  the 
Psalms  of  Marot  and  Beza  to  music. 

Govea,  Martial,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

Govea,  Andrew,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, taught  grammar  and  philosophy,  and 
established  under  John  III.  of  Portugal,  the 
college  of  Coimbra.     He  died  1548. 

Govea,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  for  his  erudition,  and 
professor  of  law  at  Toulouse,  and  then  at 
Turin.  Besides  an  excellent  edition  of  Vir- 
gil and  of  Terence,  he  wrote  Latin  epi- 
grams, and  a  commentary  on  Cicero's  To- 
pica.  He  died,  as  Blount  says,  after  an 
inordinate  meal  of  cucumbers,  at  Milan, 
1565,  aged  60. 

Gouffier,  Marie  Gabriel  Auguste  Lau- 
rent, Count  de  Choiseul,  was  born  in  1752. 
His  family  name  was  Choiseul,  to  which  he 
added  that  of  Gouffier,  in  compliment  to 
his  lady.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he 
travelled  into  the  Levant,  the  result  of 
which  he  published  in  a  work,  entitled 
"Voyage  en  Grece,"  folio,  1782.  This 
performance  procured  him  admission  into 
the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  and  also  into 
the  French  academy.  In  1784  he  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  the  Porte,  where  he 
established  a  printing-office  in  his  palace, 
and  took  several  men  of  letters  and  artists 
into  his  service,  for  the  purpose  of  illustra- 
ting the  antiquities  of  Asia  and  Greece. 
The  French  revolution  having  disarranged 
his  plans,  he  went  to  Russia,  where  he  was 
made  a  privy  counsellor,  director  of  the 
academy  of  arts,  and  superintendent  of  the 
imperial  libraries.  In  1802,  his  name  be- 
ing erased  from  the  list  of  emigrants,  he 
returned  to  France  ;  and  the  year  follow- 
ing was  chosen  a  member  of  the  National 
Institute.  He  now  published  a  continua- 
tion of  his  work  upon  Greece  ;  but  became 
involved  in  disputes  with  Le  Chevalier  and 
Cassas,  who  bad.  as  he  conceived,  injured 


GOU 


GOG 


him,  by  sending  to  the  press  their  works 
on  the  same  subject,  after  having  been  em- 
ployed in  his  service.  On  the  return  of 
Louis  XVIII.  our  author  was  made  a  peer 
of  France.  He  died  at  Aix,  June  22, 
1817.  Several  curious  papers  by  him  are 
in  the  memoirs  of  the  French  academy. — 
W.  B. 

Gouge,  William,  minister  of  Blackfriars, 
was  born  at  Stratford  le  Bow.  He  was  of 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  is  remarka- 
ble for  not  being  absent  from  morning  and 
evening  prayers  for  nine  years,  and  for 
reading  15  chapters  of  the  Bible  every  day. 
He  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  assem- 
bly of  Westminster,  and  was  appointed  one 
of  the  annotators  of  the  Bible.  He  died 
16th  Dec.  1653,  and  was  buried  at  his  own 
church,  leaving  an  exemplary  character  for 
perseverance  as  a  preacher,  for  humility, 
faith,  and  patience.  He  wrote  "  the  whole 
Armour  of  God" — Exposition  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer — "  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews,"  and  other  works  in  support 
of  Calvinism. 

Gouge,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  and  became  minister  of  St.  Se- 
pulchre, London,  for  24  years,  but  was 
ejected  at  the  restoration.  He  died  in  his 
sleep  1681,  aged  77.  He  wrote  several 
books  of  practical  divinity,  and  distributed 
many  thousand  copies  of  the  Bible,  cate- 
chism, &c.  among  the  300  schools  which  he 
is  said  to  have  established  in  Wales.  Dr. 
Tillotson  preached  his  funeral  sermon, 
though  he  was  a  nonconformist. 

Gouges,  Mary  Olympe  de,  a  native  of 
Montauban.  During  the  revolution,  she 
espoused  the  violent  measures  of  the  times, 
and  made  Mirabeau  the  hero  of  her  wri- 
tings. Reflection,  however,  and  the  enor- 
mities of  the  times,  cooled  her  prejudices, 
and  when  Louis  XVI  was  dragged  before 
the  bloody  tribunal,  she  had  the  courage  to 
demand  of  the  convention  the  privilege  of 
defending  an  innocent  monarch.  This 
heroic  conduct,  and  her  attacks  upon  Ma- 
rat and  Robespierre,  marked  her  out  for 
death.  She  was  guillotined  3d  November, 
1792,  aged  38.  She  wrote  some  dramatic 
pieces,  which  were  collected  in  three 
vols.  8vo. 

Goujet,  Claude  Peter,  a  French  writer 
who  died  at  Paris  1767,  aged  70.  He  pub- 
lished a  supplement  to  Dupin's  Biblio- 
theque,  18  vols.  12mo. — Richelet's  Dic- 
tionary, &c.  His  library  consisted  of  above 
10,000  volumes. 

Goujon,  John,  a  sculptor  of  Paris,  from 
the  correctness  and  grace  of  his  works, 
called  the  Correggio  of  sculpture.  He 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Francis  I.  and 
Henry  II.  and  was  killed  at  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew  1572. 

'■oulart,  Simon,  an  able  writer,  born 


near  Paris  1543.  He  studied  at  Geneva., 
where  he  succeeded  Calvin  as  minister  j 
and  died  there  1628.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  the  League — Notes  on  Plutarch's  worksr 
translated  by  Amiot — and  on  Cyprian's 
works ;  and  published  besides  some  treatises 
on  divinity — and  on  moral  subjects — and  a, 
Translation  of  Seneca,  and  other  authors. 
His  works  are  enumerated  in  Niceron's 
Memoirs. 

Gould,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  who 
died  1708.  His  works,  which  are  miscel- 
laneous, appeared  in  1709,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Goulin,  John,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Rheims,  10th  Feb.  1728.  He  studied  me- 
dicine, but  was  more  distinguished  as  an 
author,  learned,  judicious,  and  enlightened. 
He  published  various  works  of  merit,  and 
died  at  Paris  1799. 

Goulston,  Theodore,  a  physician,  born 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at  Mer- 
ton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fel- 
low, and  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
1610.  He  practised  with  great  celebrity  in 
London,  and  died  1632,  and  by  his  will  left 
2001.  to  purchase  a  rent-charge,  to  endow  a 
pathological  lecture  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians. He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  other  Greek  writers. 

Goulu,  John,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1625,  aged  49.  He 
translated  into  French  Epictetus,  Arrian, 
Basil,  Diogenes  the  Areopagite,  &c.  and 
had  a  very  severe  controversy  with  Balzac. 

Goupil,  James,  a  native  of  Lucon,  who 
studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  succeeded 
there  J.  Sylvius  as  royal  professor  of  phy- 
sic 1555.  Besides  editing  several  Greek 
medical  writers,  he  translated  from  the  Ita- 
lian, Piccolomini's  treatise  on  the  sphere  of 
the  world,  and  died  1564. 

Goupt,  Joseph,  a  French  artist,  admired 
for  his  execution  in  water  colours,  and  for 
his  skill  as  a  copier.  He  taught  the  prin- 
cess of  Wales  ;  and  his  cartoons  were  so 
highly  valued,  that  the  duke  of  Chandos 
gave  300Z.  for  the  copy,  when  they  produced 
at  his  death  not  more  than  17  guineas.  He 
died  1747. 

Goup.don,  Simon,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
at  the  age  of  15,  embraced  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal profession  among  the  canons  of  St. 
Victor,  and  lived  a  very  austere  life  till  his 
death  1729,  aged  83.  He  was  author  of 
Letters  on  Cases  of  Conscience,  hymns, 
&c. 

Gournat,  Mary  de  Jars,  lady  of,  a 
Frenchwoman,  born  in  Gascony,  1565,  and 
allied  to  several  illustrious  families.  She 
had  a  great  partiality  for  literature,  and  she 
showed  such  respect  for  Montaigne  upon 
reading  his  first  essays,  which  were  then 
published,  that  she  solicited  his  friendship  ; 
and  on  the  death  of  her  father,  adopted 
him  as  her  own  parent.  Thus  devoted  to 
the  muses,  and  the  purest  regards  of  this 
749 


Gt)\V 


y.JU 


celebrated  philosopher,  she  passed  the  best 
part  of  her  life  rejecting  every  connexion 
which  might  destroy  her  friendship  and 
her  mental  enjoyments.  On  Montaigne's 
death,  she  crossed  the  kingdom  to  mingle 
her  tears  with  those  of  his  widow  and  her 
much-loved  daughter,  and  as  a  proof  of 
her  great  gratitude  and  immortal  affection, 
she  reprinted  his  Essay  in  1634,  with  an 
elegant  preface  sacred  to  his  memory. 
Her  works,  in  prose  and  verse,  were  pub- 
lished in  1636,  in  one  volume.  She  died 
1645  at  Paris,  and  her  memory  was  ho- 
noured with  various  epitaphs  from  the  pens 
of  Menage,  Valois,  Patin,  laMothe,  Vayer, 
and  others. 

Gourville,  John  Herauld,  author  of 
"  Memoirs"  containing  anecdotes  of  the 
French  ministers  from  Mazarin  to  Colbert, 
and  of  Lewis  XIV.  was  originally  valet  to 
the  Duke  of  Rouchefoucault,  and  by  him 
raised  for  his  merit,  to  offices  of  trust  and 
confidence.     He  died  1705,  aged  80. 

Gousset,  James,  a  French  protestant 
minister  of  Blois,  who  left  France  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  be- 
came professor  of  Greek  and  theology  at 
Groningen.  He  died  there  1704,  leaving 
several  books  as  proofs  of  his  great  eru- 
dition, especially  an  Hebrew  Dictionary — 
Dissertations  on  Controversy  with  the 
Jews,  &c. 

Gouthieres,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  Chaumont.  He  wrote  some  valu- 
able works,  "de  Vetere  Jure  Pontificis 
Bomae  Publicoe,"  &c.     He  died  163S. 

Gouvion,  N.  a  French  officer  who  serv- 
ed in  America,  and  during  the  revolution 
was  member  of  the  national  assembly,  and 
afterwards  general  in  the  army  of  the 
North,  where  he  was  killed  at  the  head  of 
his  troops,  11th  June,  1793,  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Glisvelle. 

Goux  de  la  Boulate,  Francis  le,  a  na- 
tive of  Anjou,  who  travelled  through  Asia 
and  Africa  in  the  character  of  a  Mahome- 
tan, and  through  Europe  as  a  catholic,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  4to.  1653. 
He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  great  Mogul 
in  1668,  and  was  carried  off  by  a  fever  the 
next  year  in  Persia. 

Goute,  John,  a  Jesuit  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Dieppe,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences.  He  wrote  Mathematical  and 
Philosophical  Observations,  2  vols.  8vo. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1725,  aged  75. 

Goute  Longuemare,  a  French  author 
who  wrote  some  memoirs  and  disserta- 
tions, to  illustrate  the  history  of  France, 
and  died  1763. 

Gower,  John,  an  old  English  poet,  born 
in  Yorkshire  1320.  He  was  professor  of 
law  in  the  Inner  Temple,  and  according  to 
some  was  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas.  He  was  a  munificent  benefactor  to 
St,  Mary's  church,  now  St.  Saviour's, 
780 


Southwark,  where  his  monument  is  still 
preserved.  His  works  called  Speculum 
Meditantis — Vox  Clamantis — Confessio 
Amantis,  were  first  printed  by  Caxton, 
1483.  They  possess  great  spirit,  and  the 
author  in  bold  and  energetic  language  in- 
veighs against  the  debaucheries  of  the 
times,  the  immorality  of  the  clergy,  the 
wickedness  of  corrupt  judges,  and  the  vices 
of  an  abandoned  court. 

Goten,  John  Van,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
who  died  1656,  aged  60.  His  landscapes, 
battles,  and  sea-pieces  are  most  highly 
valued. 

Gozon,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  died  1353. 
A  fabulous  story  is  related  of  his  killing  an 
enormous  dragon  that  infested  Rhodes. 

Gozzi,  count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  noble 
who  died  1786,  aged  73,  illustrious  for  his 
lyrical  and  satirical  poems.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  a  periodical  paper  "  l'Obser- 
vatore,"  in  imitation  of  the  Spectator.  His 
works  appeared  together  at  Venice  1794, 
in  12  vols.  8vo. 

Gra  af,  Barent,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  1709,  aged  81.  His  landscapes 
were  in  the  style  of  Bomboccio. 

Graaf,  Regnier  de,  a  physician  born  at 
Schoonhaven  in  Holland,  13th  July,  1641. 
He  studied  at  Leyden,  and  with  such  suc- 
cess, that  in  1663  he  published  a  most  re- 
spectable treatise  "de  Succo  Pancreatico." 
He  went  to  France,  and  settled  at  Delft, 
where  he  practised  with  great  celebrity. 
He  had  a  controversy  with  Swammerdam, 
on  account  of  the  three  treatises  which  he 
published  on  the  organs  of  generation  in 
the  human  species.  He  died  17th  August, 
1673,  aged  only  32.  His  works  appeared 
at  Leyden  1677,  and  1705,  and  were  trans- 
lated into  Flemish,  1686. 

Graaw,  Henry,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  dis- 
ciple to  Van  Campen.  His  historical  pieces 
are  admired.     He  died  1632,  aged  55. 

Grabe,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Kon- 
ingsberg,  in  Prussia,  who  studied  divinity 
with  great  attention,  and  then  determined 
to  go  to  Rome,  to  embrace  popery,  because 
he  considered  the  Roman  church  as  the 
true  church  of  Christ.  He  published  his 
opinions  before  his  departure,  but  before 
he  reached  Rome,  he  met  with  three  pam- 
phlets, which  had  been  written  by  order  of 
the  elector  of  Bradenburg,  in  answer  to  his 
book,  and  these  had  such  an  effect  upon 
him,  that  after  conversing  with  Spener, 
the  author  of  one  of  them,  he  resolved  to 
come  to  England,  as  the  only  place  which 
retained  the  regular  succession  of  the  Apos- 
tolic ministry,  without  the  superstitions  of 
Rome.  He  was  liberally  received  in  Eng- 
land, and  presented  to  the  degree  of  D.D. 
by  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  in  proof 
of  his  sincerity,  and  his  adherence  to  the 
principles  of  the  Anglican  church,  he  took 


UK.\ 


GBA 


srders,  and  wrote  some  valuable  works  in 
divinity.  He  also  published  an  edition  of 
the  Septuagint,  from  the  Alexandrian  MS. 
preserved  in  the  king's  library.  He  died 
1712,  aged  46,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius,  and  Caius,  sons  of 
Sempronius  Gracchus  by  Cornelia,  are  ce- 
lebrated for  their  intrigues  and  death.  By 
attempting  to  revive  the  Agrarian  law  at 
Rome,  they  drew  down  upon  themselves 
the  vengeance  of  the  senate.  They  were 
both  killed,  Tiberius  133  B.  C.  and  Caius, 
some  years  after. 

Gracchus,  Sempronius,  a  Roman,  ba- 
nished for  his  licentious  amour  with  Julia, 
to  a  solitary  island  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
where  14  years  after  he  was  assassinated. 

Gracchus,  Rutilius,  a  Roman  poet  of 
the  10th  century.  Though  possessing  me- 
rit, he  was  inconsistent  in  his  character. 

Gracian,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
rector  of  the  college  of  Arragon.  He  died 
1658.  His  sermons  and  theological  trea- 
tises were  highly  esteemed  among  his  coun- 
trymen, though  written  in  a  turgid  and  af- 
fected style. 

Gradenigo,  Peter,  doge  of  Venice,  is 
known  in  the  history  of  Europe,  for  chang- 
ing the  government  of  his  country,  from  a 
democracy  to  an  aristocracy.  He  died 
1303. 

Gr^cinus,  Julius,  a  native  of  Frejus, 
Forum  Julii,  put  to  death  by  Caligula,  for 
refusing  to  become  the  accuser  of  M.  Sila- 
nus.  He  wrote  a  book  on  agriculture,  and 
was  the  father  of  Jul.  Agricola. 

Gr.eme,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  born  at 
Carnwarmth,  Lanarkshire,  1748.  As  the 
youngest  of  four  sons,  and  of  a  weakly  con- 
stitution, he  was  intended  for  the  ministry 
by  his  father,  a  farmer  of  the  middling 
class,  whose  income  arose  chiefly  from  his 
industry.  From  the  school  of  Lanark,  he 
was  removed  to  Edinburgh  university, 
where  his  talents  soon  displayed  themselves 
in  the  composition  of  elegant  Latin,  and 
in  the  acquisition  of  the  more  abstruse 
sciences  of  natural  philosophy  and  meta- 
physics. He  declined  accepting  an  exhi- 
bition at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews, 
and  satisfied  with  the  friendship  of  Wilkie, 
the  author  of  the  Epigoniad,  he  devoted 
himself  fully  to  the  cultivation  of  the  muses, 
in  the  ease  and  retirement  of  a  college  life, 
but  his  rising  fame  was  cut  short  by  the 
appearance  of  a  rapid  consumption,  of 
which  he  died  26th  July,  1772,  aged  22. 
His  poems,  consisting  of  elegies  and  miscel- 
laneous pieces,  were  printed  at  Edinburgh 
1773,  Svo.  and  exhibited  him  in  the  cha- 
racter of  a  spirited  author,  and  a  benevo- 
lent man. 

Gr^evius,  John  George,  a  celebrated 
critic.     Vid.  Grevius. 

Grapfi»,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua  in  the  16»h 


century,  author  of  two  4to.  volumes  oa 
moral  subjects.  He  was  grand  pensionary 
of  Naples. 

Grafignt,  Frances,  a  French  lady,  who 
wrote  the  "  Peruvian  Letters,"  an  admired 
and  elegant  performance,  translated  into 
every  European  language.  After  her  hus- 
band's death,  who  was  chamberlain  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  and  from  whom,  for  his 
brutality,  she  was  separated,  she  removed 
to  Paris,  to  live  with  the  wife  of  marshal 
Richelieu,  where  she  died  1758,  aged  65. 
She  wrote  also  Cenie — la  Fille  d'Aristide, 
two  dramatic  pieces. 

Grafton,  Richard,  author  of  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  Chronicles  of  England,  and  of 
a  Chronicle  and  large  meere  Historye  of 
the  Affayers  of  England,  and  Kings  of  the 
same  from  the  Creation  of  the  World,  was 
born  in  London  under  Henry  VIII.  and 
died  there  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Grafton,  Augustus  Henry  Fitzroy, 
duke  of,  was  born  Sept.  28,  1736.  He 
was  educated  under  Dr.  Newcombe,  at 
Hackney,  and  next  at  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge. He  succeeded  his  grandfather  in 
the  family  honours  in  1757,  and  in  1765 
was  appointed  secretary  of  state  ,  but  the 
year  following  he  relinquished  that  station, 
and  soon  after  became  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  which  he  held  till  1770.  During 
his  administration  he  was  virulently  at- 
tacked by  Junius,  who  seems  to  have  been 
actuated  by  personal  enmity.  In  1771  the 
duke  was  nominated  lord  privy  seal,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1775,  and  acted  in  op- 
position to  the  court  till  1782,  when  he  was 
again  in  place  for  a  short  time.  After  this 
he  was  uniformly  an  opponent  of  ministers 
till  his  death,  March  11,  1811.  Though 
his  grace  was  an  avowed  Socinian,  and 
regularly  attended  the  meeting-house  in 
Essex-street,  he  was  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  to  which  dignity  he 
was  elected  in  1768.  He  was  the  author  of — 
1.  Hints  submitted  to  the  serious  attention 
of  the  clergy,  nobility,  and  gentry  newly 
associated,  8vo.  1789. — 2.  Apeleutherus,  a 
volume  of  essays  on  theological  subjects, 
Svo.  He  was  at  the  expense  of  reprinting 
an  edition  of  Griesbach's  Greek  Testament. 
— W.  B. 

Graham,  George,  an  eminent  watch  and 
clock-maker,  born  at  Gratwick,  Cumber- 
land, 1675.  In  16S8  be  came  to  London, 
and  some  time  after  lived  in  the  family  of 
Tompion,  a  clock-maker,  who  knew  his 
merit,  loved  his  person,  and  respected  his 
abilities.  To  the  most  perfect  knowledge 
of  mechanics  he  added  practical  astrono- 
my, and  by  his  perseverance  and  accuracy, 
he  not  only  improved  but  invented  several 
astronomical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, with  a  degree  of  perfection  and 
dexterity  hitherto  unknown.  The  great 
mural  arch  in  Greenwich  observatory  was 
751 


CAR 


QKA 


«nade  for  Dr.  Ralley  under  his  inspection, 
"and  divided  by  his  own  hand  ,  and  with  his 
sector  Dr.  Bradley  first  discovered  two 
•new  motions  in  the  fixed  stars.  But  not 
only  England  was  benefited  by  his  genius, 
but  the  rest  of  Europe.  The  instruments 
with  which  the  French  academicians  made 
observations  to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the 
earth,  and  those  which  enriched  the  collec- 
tions and  cabinets  of  the  king  of  Spain  and 
other  princes,  were  all  constructed  by  this 
most  ingenious  and  eminent  artist.  As  a 
member  of  the  Koyal  Society,  he  contri- 
buted some  valuable  discoveries,  especially 
on  the  horary  alteration  of  the  magnetic 
needle,  and  a  quick  silver  pendulum,  and 
other  particulars  respecting  the  simple  pen- 
dulum. With  all  the  powers  of  his  genius 
he  was  candid  and  modest,  friendly  and 
communicative,  and  more  anxious  to  ad- 
vance the  happiness  of  mankind  by  the 
improvement  of  science,  than  to  accumu- 
late a  private  fortune.  The  remains  of 
this  most  respectable  man  were  carried, 
Nov.  24,  1751,  with  great  solemnity  to 
Westminster,  and  deposited  in  the  same 
grave  with  his  friend  and  master  Tompion. 

Graham,  Catherine  Macauley.  Vid. 
Macaulay. 

Graham,  James,  a  Scottish  poet,  was 
bred  to  the  bar,  which  profession  he  for- 
sook, and  was  ordained  according  to  the 
form  of  the  church  of  England,  after  which 
he  entered  upon  a  curacy  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Durham,  where  he  died,  in  the 
prime  of  life,  of  hydrocephalus,  in  1811. 
His  poetry  is  mostly  of  a  religious  charac- 
ter, solemn,  yet  animated,  flowing,  and 
descriptive.  His  principal  pieces  are  The 
Sabbath — The  Bards  of  Scotland — and 
Georgics. — W.  B. 

Grain,  John  Baptiste  le,  a  French  histo- 
rian, born  1565.  He  was  counsellor  and 
master  of  the  requests  to  queen  Mary  de 
Medicis,  and  became  a  great  favourite  with 
Henry  IV.  He  wrote  the  Decades,  con- 
taining the  History  of  Henry  IV.  and  the 
History  of  Louis  XIII.  to  the  death  of 
marshal  d'Ancre,  1617.  He  was  so  cen- 
sured and  so  illiberally  abused  by  the  Je- 
suits, who  interpolated  his  works  to  make 
him  appear  ridiculous,  that  he  ordered  in 
his  will  that  none  of  his  descendants 
should  be  educated  by  the  Jesuits.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1643. 

Graindorge,  Andrew,  a  physician  and 
philosopher  of  the  Epicurean  3ect,  born  at 
Caen.  He  wrote  some  treatises  on  fire, 
light,  colours,  &c.  and  died  1676,  aged  60. 

Grainger,  James.      Vid.  Granger. 

Gramaye.  John  Baptist,  provost  of  Arn- 
heim,  and  historiographer  to  the  Low 
Countries,  was  taken  during  his  vovage 
from  Italy  to  Spain,  and  carried  to  Algiers. 
He  returned  home,  and  died  at  Lubec, 
1635.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Africa — 
752 


"  Peregrinatio  Belgica,"  a  valuable  work — 
"  Antiquitates  Flandriae,"  &c.  and  some 
poetry. 

Grammond,  Gabriel  lord  of,  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and  author 
of  the  History  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  of  a  cu- 
rious History  of  the  Wars  of  Lewis  XIII. 
against  the  Protestants,  died  1654,  re- 
spected for  his  integrity. 

Gramont,  Antony  duke  of,  marshal  of 
France,  is  known  as  a  warrior  and  as  a 
writer.  He  was  of  the  family  of  Gramont, 
in  Navarre,  and  by  marriage  was  allied 
to  cardinal  Richelieu.  He  wrote  two  vo- 
lumes of  Memoirs,  and  after  being  the 
greatest  ornament  of  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  he  died  1678,  aged  74. 

Gramont,  Philibert  count  of,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  volunteer  under  Conde 
and  Turenne.  He  had  the  temerity  of  pay- 
ing his  addresses  to  the  mistress  of  Lewis 
XIV.  and  in  consequence  of  this,  his  ser- 
vices were  forgotten,  and  he  fled  to  England 
for  protection,  where  his  vivacity  and 
agreeable  manners  gained  him  many  ad- 
mirers. He  became  a  favourite  at  the 
court  of  Charles  II.  and  afterwards  married 
a  lady  of  the  name  of  Hamilton.  His  me- 
moirs were  communicated  by  him  to  count 
Hamilton,  by  whom  they  were  made  public 
in  elegant  and  interesting  language. 

Granby,  Marquis  of.    Vid.  Manners. 

Grancolas,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  author  of  some  theological  works, 
and  of  some  translations  of  the  fathers, 
died  1732. 

Grand,  Antony  le,  a  Cartesian  philoso- 
pher of  the  17th  century,  author  of  some 
historical  treatises — of  a  Sacred  History 
from  the  Creation  till  the  Age  of  Constan- 
tine  the  Great,  published  in  London, 
8vo. — and  of  Institutio  Philosophia;  Des 
Cartes. 

Grand,  Joachim  le,  a  French  political 
writer,  much  esteemed  at  the  court  of 
Lewis  XIV.  He  wrote  some  interesting 
tracts  on  the  History  of  France,  besides 
translations  of  Lobo'sandof  Ribeyro's  His- 
tories, and  the  History  of  the  Divorce  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Catharine  of  Arragon,  3 
vols.     He  died  1733,  aged  80. 

Grand,  Mark  Antony  le,  a  French  ac- 
tor, who  died  at  Paris,  1 72S.  His  various 
comedies  were  received  with  great  ap- 
plause, as  well  as  his  performance  in  seve- 
ral characters.  His  works  appeared  4 
vols.  12mo. 

Grand,  Lewis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
born  at  Luzigni,  in  Autun.  His  works  on 
theological  subjects  are  much  admired.  He 
died  1780. 

Grand,  Peter  le,  captain  of  a  Dieppe 
privateer,  was  famous  for  his  courage.  He 
attacked,  in  1640,  with  his  ship  of  four  guns 
and  28  men,  a  Spanish  vessel  of  54  guns. 


URA 


GRA 


which  he  took,  and  carried  in  triumph  to 
France. 

Grandet,  Joseph,  a  French  priest  of 
Angers,  whose  amiable  manners  and  bene- 
volence of  heart  are  highly  commended. 
He  wrote  several  volumes  on  subjects  of 
biography,  in  12mo.  He  died  at  Angers, 
1724,  aged  78. 

Grandi,  Francis  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cre- 
mona, professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence, 
afterwards  at  Pisa,  and  then  abbot  of  St. 
Michael  at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1742,  aged 
71.  He  wrote  various  mathematical  works 
of  merit. 

Grandier,  Urban,  a  Jesuit,  native  of 
Bouvere,  near  Sable,  curate  and  canon  of 
St.  Peter's,  Loudun,  in  France.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  as  he  recommended 
confession  to  the  curate  at  Easter,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  envy  and  resentment  of 
the  monks  at  Loudun.  He  was  accused  of 
criminal  conversatioa  with  maids  and  mar- 
ried women  in  his  own  church,  and  when 
honourably  acquitted,  his  enemies  inveighed 
against  him  for  causing  the  Ursuline  nuns  of 
Loudun  to  be  possessed  with  the  devil.  The 
folly  of  this  accusation  would  have  appear- 
ed before  impartial  judges,  but  the  monks 
persuaded  cardinal  Richelieu,  that  Gran- 
dier was  the  author  of  "  la  Cordonniere 
de  Loudun,"  a  severe  satire  upon  himself, 
and  consequently  his  fate  was  determined 
upon.  He  was  ordered  to  be  tried,  and 
soon  found  guilty  of  magic,  witchcraft,  and 
possession,  and  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive,  and  to  have  his  ashes  dispersed  in 
the  air.  The  dreadful  sentence  was  exe- 
cuted, and  this  innocent  man  perished  in 
the  flames  because  his  enemies  were  acri- 
monious against  him,  and  their  virulence 
was  supported  by  the  approbation  of  a 
gloomy  tyrant  in  power. 

Grandik,  Martin,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  author  of  a  Popular  Course  of  The- 
ology, in  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1691,  aged  87. 

Grandius,  Guido,  a  mathematician  of 
Cremona,  who  among  other  things  transla- 
ted Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died  1742, 
aged  71. 

Granduet,  Charles,  a  French  actor  for 
35  years,  the  successful  representative  of 
all  the  Paris  petits-maitres.  His  operas, 
and  other  poetical  pieces,  met  with  some 
success  on  the  stage. 

Granet,  Francis,  a  learned  French 
writer,  intimate  with  the  abbe  de  Fontaine, 
who  speaks  with  great  respect  of  his  ta- 
lents and  amiable  character.  He  transla- 
ted Newton's  Chronology,  and  wrote  Re- 
marks on  Racine  and  Corneille,  and  was 
for  some  time  engaged  as  a  journalist  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1741. 

Graxge,  Joseph  de  Chancel,  a  French 
writer,  who  brought  upon  himself  several 
difficulties,  with  imprisonment  and  exile,  in 

Vol.  I.  95 


consequence  of  a  satirical  work  on  Philip 
duke  of  Orleans.  He  died  175S,  aged  82, 
leaving  several  works.  His  tragedies  are 
much  admired,  as  well  as  his  miscellaneous 
pieces,  and  they  display  genius,  judgment 
and  sublimity. 

Grange,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer  and 
critic.  He  translated  Lucretius  with  notes, 
and  edited  the  Greek  antiquities  of  le  Bos. 
His  translation  oi  Seneca  appeared  after 
his  death,  ™  ith  an  account  of  his  life  by 
his  friend  Diderot.  He  died  at  Paris,  1775, 
aged  37. 

Granger,  or  Grainger,  James,  M.D. 
a  physician,  known  as  the  author  of  a 
poem  on  the  Sugar  Cane,  of  a  translation 
of  Tibullus,  and  of  some  medical  tracts, 
was  born  at  Dunse,  in  the  south  of  Scot- 
land, 1723.  He  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  under  lord  Stair,  as  sur- 
geon in  the  army,  during  the  German  cam- 
paign of  174S,  and  afterwards  he  practised 
in  London,  where  his  genius  and  learning 
procured  him  the  friendship  of  Shenstone 
and  other  men  of  letters.  Probably  his 
success  as  a  physician  was  not  equal  ta 
his  expectations,  as  he  left  London  and 
embarked  to  settle  at  the  Island  of  St. 
Christopher.  In  his  passage  he  adminis- 
tered to  the  cure  of  Mrs.  Burt,  who  sailed 
in  another  ship  of  the  fleet,  and  who  had 
been  seized  with  the  smallpox,  and  by  his 
friendly  attentions  to  her  he  gained  the  af- 
fection of  her  daughter,  whom  he  married 
as  soon  as  he  reached  St.  Christopher.  In 
the  midst  of  a  respectable  practice,  Gran- 
ger did  not  forget  the  muses.  He  wrote 
his  Sugar  Cane,  which  he  came  to  England 
to  publish,  and  after  a  few  years'  residence 
again  returned  to  his  favourite  island, 
where  he  died  of  a  contagious  fever,  1767. 
His  wife  and  one  daughter  survived  his 
loss.  In  his  character  he  was  a  man  of 
pleasing  manners,  and  of  great  benevo- 
lence of  heart.  His  merits  as  a  poet  are 
well  known.  Besides  the  Sugar  Cane,  he 
wrote  an  Ode  to  Solitude — a  West  Indian 
Ballad — Historia  Febris  Anomalae  Batavae, 
1746 — a  Treatise  on  the  more  common 
West  India  Diseases,  8vo. — a  Translation 
of  Tibullus's  Elegies  into  English  verse. 

Granger,  James,  author  of  the  Biogra- 
phical History  of  England,  4  vols.  4to.  a 
valuable  work,  was  vicar  of  Shiplake,  Oxon, 
and  died  15th  April,  1776,  in  consequence 
of  an  apoplectic  fit,  with  which  he  had 
been  attacked  on  the  preceding  day,  whilst 
administering  the  sacrament  in  his  own 
church. 

Granger,  Gideon,  was  born  at  Suffield, 
Connecticut,  on  the  19th  day  of  July, 
1767.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1787,  and  in  the  following  year  was  ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  bar  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  where  he  practised 
law  with  great  celebrity  and  distinction, 
753 


GRA 


GRA 


iu  1793  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  public,  and  as  a  man  in  private  life,  he  was 
legislature  of  Connecticut,  and  was  con-  equally  great  as  a  writer.  His  essays  on 
tinued  in  that  body  for  several  years,  and  law,  religion,  education,  and  on  several  lite- 
distinguished  for  energy,  talents,  and  use-  rary  subjects,  proved  him  to  have  been  a  man 
Alness.  To  his  enlightened  exertions  that  of  solid  sense,  extensive  erudition,  and 
state  is  principally  indebted  for  its  school  strongly  fixed  principles.  He  left  three 
fund,  so  ju9Uy  celebrated  as  the  foundation  sons  and  five  daughters, 
of  its  primary  schools,  and  the  fostering  Grant,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  by  the 
parent  of  that  useful  information  which  title  of  lord  Preston-Grange,  was  born  at 
prevails  so  generally  in  that  state.  In  Edinburgh,  1698,  and  studied  at  Glasgow, 
1801  he  wa6  appointed  postmaster  general  of  Paris,  and  Leyden.  He  was  member  of 
the  United  States,  and  continued  to  execute  the  house  of  Commons,  and  in  1746,  was 
the  duties  of  that  important  office  with  made  lord  advocate,  and  in  1754,  advanced 
great  ability  until  the  spring  of  1814,  when  to  the  bench.  He  wrote  some  ingenious 
he  removed  to  the  state  of  New- York.  In  pieces  against  the  rebellion  of  1745,  and 
April,  1819,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  greatly  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer, 
the  senate  of  that  state,  which  situation  he  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  1762,  aged  64. 
resigned  in  1S21,  on  account  of  iil  health.  Granville,  George,  viscount  Lands- 
He  died  at  his  seat  in  Canandaigua,  on  the  downe,  an  English  poet,  second  son  of  Bar- 
31st  of  December,  1S22.  Mr.  Granger  nard  Granville,  Esq.  brother  of  the  first 
was  a  man  of  commanding  appearance,  of  earl  of  Bath  of  this  name,  who  had  aprin- 
a  striking  physiognomy,  of  talents  equally  cipal  share  in  bringing  back  Charles  II. 
brilliant  and  profound,  of  a  kind  and  be-  The  father  of  Barnard  was  Sir  Bevil,  kill- 
nevolcnt  heart,  and  unimpeachable  recti-  ed  in  the  royal  cause  at  Landsdowne,  1643„ 
tude.  He  was  an  able  speaker  and  a  Under  the  tuition  of  Sir  William  Ellys,  a 
powerful  writer.     His  writings  were  con-  pupil  of  Busby,  young   Granville  travelled 


fined  almost  entirely  to  political  subjects. 
His  principal  publications  were  written 
under  the  signatures  of  Algernon  Sidney, 
and  Epaminondars,  in  favour  of  president 
Jefferson's  and  governor  Clinton's  admi- 
nistrations, and  of  Senectus  on  the  school 
fund  of  Connecticut.  ICF3  L. 

Grant,  Francis,  lord  Cullen,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge  of  Scotland,  born  of  the 
ancient  family  of  the  Grants,  about  1660. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  finished 


abroad,  and  at  the  age  of  11  he  entered  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  two  years 
after,  in  consequence  of  his  extraordinary 
abilities,  he  was  created  M.A.  He  had  a 
strong  passion  for  a  military  life  ;  but  his 
father  checked  his  ambition  when  he  ex- 
pressed a  wish,  on  the  insurrection  of  the 
duke  of  Monmouth,  to  arm  in  defence  of 
the  king,  and  his  ardour  was  renewed  at 
the  invasion  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  but 
he  was  equally  rebuked,   and  he,  with  his 


his  studies  under  Voet  at  Leyden,  and  dis-    family,  remained  quiet  spectators  of  the 
played  even   in   his  younger  years,  such    revolution,  and  acquiesced  in  the  measures 


assiduity  as  promised  the  highest  exertions. 
On  his  return  to  Scotland  he  became  the 
friend  of  Sir  George  Mackenzie,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  able  and  consti- 
tutional character  which  he  supported  at 
the  revolution.  While  in  the  Scotch  con- 
vention of  estates,  some  of  the   aged  law- 


of  parliament.  Unable  to  shine  in  the 
field,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation 
of  the  muses,  and  soon  told  the  world,  in 
all  the  sweetness  of  amorous  poetry,  how 
much  he  was  charmed  with  the  beauty  of 
Myra,  a  name  under  which  he  immortal- 
ized the  charming,  but  inexorable  countess 


yers  argued  in  favour  of  the  house  of  of  Newburgh.  In  vain  his  friends  expos- 
Stuart,  he  boldly  and  manfully  adopted  the  tulated  with  him  for  the  prostitution  of  his 
principles  of  the  English  nation,  and  assert-  poetry  and  of  his  fame,  at  the  shrine  of  un- 
ed  the  right  of  the  people  to  fill  up  the  yielding  charms ;  he  indulged  his  favourite 
vacant  throne.  This  decided  conduct  tend-  passion,  and,  in  enjoying  the  company  of  the 
ed  not  a  little  to  recommend  the  succession  fair,  he  celebrated,  after  the  example  of  his 
of  William  III.  and  Grant  thus  became  a  predecessor  Waller,  the  reigning  beauties  of 
popular  advocate,  and  a  politician  whose  the  age.  He  wrote  also  some  dramatic  pieces, 
opinions  were  respected  and  universally  and  his  play  of  the  "  British  Enchanters," 
approved.  Without  his  solicitation  he  was  introduced  on  the  stage  under  the  care  of 
created  a  baronet  by  queen  Anne  in  1705,  Betterton,  called  and  obtained  the  public 
and  a  year  after  he  was  nominated  one  of  applause  for  40  successive  nights.  Thus 
the  judges  of  Scotland,  when  he  assumed  distinguished  as  a  writer,  and  flattered  by 
the  title  of  lord  Cullen.  After  20  years  of  the  muse  of  Addison  and  of  Dryden, 
indefatigable  and  honourable  labour  de-f  Granville,  at  the  age  of  35,  was  introduced 
voted  to  the  good  of  his  country,  and  the  to  queen  Anne  after  her  accession,  and 
impartial  administration  of  her  laws,  this  found  that  polite  reception  which  his  cha- 
upright  magistrate  fell  a  sacrifice  to  an  ill-  racter  and  his  great  veneration  for  his 
ness  of  three  days,  16th  March,  1726,  in  royal  mistress  deserved.  In  seconding  the 
his  66th  year.     Respected  as  a  judge  in  views   of   ministry  in   their  war   against 


UUA 


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Spaiu,  he  translated  the  second  Olynthiac 
of  Demosthenes  to  animate  his  country- 
men, and  presented  to  Harley  the  journal 
of  Wimbledon's  Expedition  against  Cadiz, 
in  1625,  that  his  errors  might  be  avoided  in 
the  projected  plan  under  the  duke  of  Or- 
mond  ;  but  in  vain,  for   the   attempt  was 
unsuccessful,  though    Vigo    fell   into    the 
hands  of  the  disappointed  English.     After 
the  death  of  his  father,   Granville  was  in 
parliament  for  Fowey,  and  by  the  death  of 
his  elder  brother,   who  died  governor  of 
Barbadoes,  he  was  now  at  the  head  of  his 
family,  and  in  possession  of  a  very  ample 
fortune.      A    change    of    administration, 
however,  cut  off  his  prospects  of  aggrand- 
izement, till,  at  the  trial  of  Sacheverell, 
in  1710,  his  friends  were  again  replaced 
into  the  favour  of  the  queen,  and  he  be- 
came secretary  at  war  in  the  room  of  Wal- 
pole.     In   1711,   he   married   Mary,   lord 
Jersey's     daughter,    widow    of    Thomas 
Thynne,  and  the  same  year  he  was  created 
baron  of  Bideford,  viscount  Landsdowne, 
in  Devonshire.     Though  he  was  one  of  the 
12  persons  created  peers  at  the  same  time, 
for  the  purposes   of  party,  his  elevation 
caused  not  so  much  noise  as  that  of  the 
others,   as  already  two  peerages  had  been 
extinct  in  his  family,  which,  for  antiquity, 
respectability,  and  fortune,  was  equal  to 
any  in  the  kingdom.     In   1712,   he  was 
made  privy  counsellor,  comptroller,    and 
afterwards    treasurer  of   the    household. 
The  death  of  the  queen  removed  him  from 
his  offices  ;  but  he  did  not  forget  his  friends, 
and  therefore   strongly  protested  against 
the  attainting  of  Ormond  and  Bolingbroke. 
As  he  was  suspected  of  violent  attachment 
to   the  pretender's  party,   and  was   even 
suspected  of  planning  an  insurrection  in 
the  West,  at  the  rebellion  of  1715,  he  was 
arrested  on  the  26th  Sept.  and  committed  a 
close  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  where  he  re- 
mained  till   1717.     As    he    continued   to 
oppose  the  ministry  his  conduct  was  always 
suspected  by  the  court,  and  therefore,  on 
the  breaking  out  of  Atterbury's  accusation, 
he  retired  to  France,  to  avoid  the  imputa- 
tion of  treason  and  the  persecution  of  his 
enemies.     After  10  years'  residence  at  Paris 
he  returned  to  England,  and  published,  in 
1732,  his  poems,  corrected  of  their  juvenile 
inelegances,  together  with  a  vindication  of 
his  uncle,  Sir  Richard  Granville,  against 
the  misrepresentations  of  Burnet,  of  Ech' 
ard,  and  Clarendon,  in  2  vols.  4to.     The 
rest  of  his  life  was  passed  in  the  ease  of 
privacy  and  literary  retirement.     He  died 
30th  Jan.  1735,  aged  68,  a  few  days  after 
his  wife,   and  as  he    had  no   male  issue, 
but  only  four  daughters,  the  title  was  ex* 
tinct.     The    last  verses   which  he  wrote 
were  to  inscribe  two  copies  of  his  poems 
fo  queen  Caroline,  who  had  honoured  him 


with  her  protection,  and  to  the  princess 
royal,  Anne  of  Orange. 

Grapaldus,  Francis  Marius,  a  native 
of  Parma,  who  distinguished  himself  so 
much  in  an  embassy  to  the  pope,  that 
Julius  II.  crowned  him  with  his  own  hand. 
He  wrote  a  book  in  which  he  described  all 
the  parts  of  a  house  with  great  judgment 
and  taste.  The  work  has  often  been  re- 
printed. 

Gras,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Paris,  who  translated  Cornelius  Nepos  into 
French,  and  wrote  an  account  of  the 
fathers  in  the  age  of  the  apostles.  He  died 
1761,  aged  70. 

Gras,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Rouen, 
who  translated  Hesiod's  Opera  et  Dies  into 
French  verse  in  the  17th  century. 

Graswinckel,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Mechlin,  1666,  aged  66. 
He  was  eminent  not  only  as  a  lawyer,  but 
as  a  man  of  letters,  and  he  was  made 
knight  of  St.  Mark  by  the  Venetians  for 
vindicating  them  against  the  duke  of  Savoy 
in  his  work  called  Libertas  Veneta.  He 
was  buried  at  the  Hague,  where  a  monu- 
ment is  erected  to  his  memory.  Hp  wrote 
besides  de  Jure  Majestatis  against  Bu- 
chanan, and  other  learned  and  valuable 
treatises. 

Gratarolus,  William,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, born  at  Bergamo.  As  a  protestant 
he  wished  to  live  in  Germany,  but  after' 
visiting  Marpurg  he  settled  at  Basil,  where 
he  practised,  and  died  1562,  aged  52.  He 
wrote  a  great  many  books. 

Gratian,  a  Raman,  emperor  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  father  Valentinian.  He  was 
cruel  in  his  government,  but  warlike  in  the 
field,  and  successful  against  the  Goths,  and 
the  other  barbarians  who  had  invaded  the 
Roman  empire.  He  was  killed  in  a  revolt, 
A.D.  383,  aged  24. 

Gratian,  a  private  soldier,  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  in  Britain,  407,  and  put  to 
death  four  months  after. 

Gratian,  a  Benedictine  monk  of  Chiusy 
in  Tuscany,  in  the  12th  century,  employed 
for  24  years  in  writing  a  book  to  reconcile 
the  contradictory  canons  one  to  the  other. 
This  book  called  "Decretals,"  was  in  high 
repute  for  some  centuries,  and  greatly  con- 
tributed to  advance  the  authority  and  su- 
premacy of  the  papal  see. 

Gratiani,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer  of 
the  17th  century,  author  of  the  Conquest 
of  Grenada — and  of  Cromwell,  a  tragedy — 
and  other  miscellanies  in  prose. 

Gratics  Faliscos,  a  Latin  poet  in 
Ovid's  age.  He  wrote  Cynegeticon,  or  Art 
of  Hunting,  &C. 

Gratius,  Ortuinus,  a  learned  Germanj 
born  at  Helwick  in  the  diocess  of  Munsteri 
His  real  name  was  Graes.  He  wrote  sevr» 
fgfi 


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ral  works,  especially  Lamentationes  Obscu- 
rorutn  Virorum,  &c.  and  died  1542. 

Ghattan,  Henry,  a  statesman,  was  born 
about  1750,  in  Dublin,  of  which  city  his 
father  was  recorder.  He  studied  at  Trini- 
ty-college, and  next  in  one  of  the  inns  of 
court,  where  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  but 
relinquished  that  profession  for  the  senate. 
He  was  elected  into  the  Irish  parliament  in 
1775  ;  and  by  his  powerful  remonstrances 
obtained  for  his  country  a  participation  in 
the  commerce  of  Britain,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  with  a  vote  of  fifty  thousand 
pounds.  In  1790,  he  was  returned  for  the 
city  of  Dublin,  and  from  that  time  was  the 
active  leader  of  the  opposition  till  the 
union,  which  measure  he  resisted  with  all 
his  eloquence  ;  but  when  it  was  effected 
he  accepted  a  seat  in  the  imperial  parlia- 
ment for  Malton.  In  the  late  war  he  sup- 
ported government,  with  great  ability  ;  but 
his  principal  exertions  were  called  forth  in 
advocating  the  Catholic  claims,  to  which 
cause  he  fell  a  martyr  by  leaving  Ireland  in 
an  exhausted  state  to  carry  the  petition 
with  which  he  was  intrusted  to  England. 
He  died  soon  after  his  arrival,  May  14th, 
1820  ;  and  his  remains  were  interred  in 
Westminster  abbey. — W.  B. 

Gravelot,  Henry  Francis  Bourguignon, 
an  engraver  of  Paris,  who  spent  some  time 
at  St.  Domingo,  and  afterwards  came  to 
London,  where  he  resided  13  years.  He 
employed  his  art  in  adorning  the  best  edi- 
tions of  the  French  poets,  and  died  1773, 
aged  74. 

Graverol,  Francis,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  Nismes,  who  wrote  among  other 
works  Sorberiana.  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  and  died  1694,  aged  59.  His  bro- 
ther John  wrote  Archseologia  Philosophies, 
against  bishop  Burnet. 

Graves,  Richard,  a  popular  English 
writer.  He  was  born  at  Micleton,  Glou- 
cestershire, 1715,  and  after  receiving  his 
education  at  Abingdon  school  he  removed 
to  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards in  1736,  was  elected  fellow  of  All- 
Souls.  He  studied  physic  for  some  time, 
but  abandoned  it  for  divinity,  and  entered 
into  orders  in  1740.  He  was  presented  in 
1750,  to  the  rectory  of  Claverton  near 
Bath,  and  to  this  was  added  in  1763,  the 
living  of  Cilmersdom,  by  the  friendship  of 
Mr.  Allen  of  Prior  park,  and  the  empty 
honour  of  being  chaplain  to  lady  Chatham. 
He  distinguished  himself  much  as  a  popular 
andpleasingwriter,  and  every  wheredisplay- 
cd  that  ease,  that  freedom,  and  that  good 
humour  which  were  so  eminently  visible  in 
his  character.  The  best  known  of  his  pub- 
lications are,  the  Festoon,  or  Collection  of 
Epigrams,  12mo. — Lucubrations,  in  prose 
and  rhyme,  published  under  the  name  of 
Peter  Pomfret — the  Spiritual  Quixote,  3 
s '"V  8\o.  a  work  of  merit,  in  which  he 
756 


successfully  exposed  to  ridicule  the  conduct 
and  tenets  of  the  Methodists — Eugenius,  ov 
Anecdotes  of  the  Golden  Bull — Columella, 
or  the  Distressed  Anchoret — Plexippus,  or 
the  Aspiring  Plebeian — political  pieces, 
under  the  name  of  Euphrosyne — Recollec- 
tions of  some  Particulars  in  the  Life  of  his 
friend  Shenstone — Life  of  Commodus, 
translated  from  the  Greek  of  Herodian — 
Hiero,  or  Royalty,  from  Xenophon — Ser- 
mons on  Various  Subjects — Meditations  of 
Antoninus  from  the  Greek — the  Reveries 
of  Solitude — the  Coalition,  or  Rehearsal  of 
the  Pastoral  Opera  of  Echo  and  Narcissus 
— the  Farmer's  Son,  as  a  Companion  to 
Anstey's  Farmer's  Daughter — the  Invalid, 
with  the  Means  of  enjoying  Long  Life — 
Senilities,  &c.  This  truly  amiable  man, 
long  respected  for  his  benevolence,  and 
the  urbanity  of  his  manners,  died  at  his 
rectory  of  Claverton,  1804,  in  his  90th 
year. 

Gravesande,  William  James,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician  and  astronomer,  born 
at  Delft,  in  Holland,  1688.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Leyden,  and  intended  for  the  law, 
and  before  the  age  of  19  he  wrote  an  able 
treatise  on  perspective.  He  settled  at  the 
Hague  1707,  and  practised  at  the  bar,  but 
his  acquaintance  with  learned  men  led  him 
to  the  cultivation  of  literature,  and  he  was 
one  of  those  who  united  in  the  periodical 
review,  called  "  le  Journal  Literaire,"  from 
1713  to  1722.  In  1715  he  was  one  of  the 
delegates  sent  to  congratulate  George  I.  on 
his  accession  to  the  English  throne,  and 
during  his  stay  in  England  he  became  the 
friend  of  the  great  Newton,  whose  sublime 
philosophy  he  afterwards  taught,  when 
elected  to  the  mathematical  and  philosophi- 
cal chair  of  Leyden.  This  learned  man 
died  1742,  after  long  enjoying  the  respect 
of  his  countrymen,  by  his  patriotism,  ta- 
lents, and  assiduity.  He  wrote,  among 
other  things,  "  an  Introduction  to  Newton's 
Philosophy" — "  a  small  treatise  on  the  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra," — a  Course  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics. 

Gravina,  Peter,  an  Italian  poet,  who 
published  a  4to.  volume  of  poems,  admired 
for  harmony,  sweetness,  and  delicacy.  He 
was  the  friend  and  favourite  of  Sannazius, 
and  Paul  Jovius,  who  speak  of  him  in  terms 
of  rapture  and  admiration. 

Gravina,  John  Vincent,  an  illustrious 
lawyer,  born  at  Roggiano,  18th  Feb.  1664, 
and  educated  under  his  relation,  Gregory 
Caloprese,  the  well-known  philosopher. 
He  afterwards  studied  at  Naples,  and  so 
ardent  was  his  attachment  to  literature  and 
science,  that  each  day  he  dedicated  10,  of- 
ten 12  hours  to  his  improvement.  He 
went  to  Rome  1696,  and  some  time  after- 
wards was  made  professor  of  canon  law  in 
the  Sapienzi  college,  by  Innocent  XI.  He 
was  invited  by  liberal  promises  and  high 


GRA 


GRA 


patronage  to  settle  in  the  universities  of 
Germany,  and  also  at  Turin,  but  he  prefer- 
red his  residence,  where  he  died  of  a  mor- 
tification in  his  bowels,  6th  Jan.  1718. 
Though  learned,  he  was  unhappily  of  a  dis- 
agreeable temper,  and  spoke  with  such 
freedom  and  contempt  of  mankind,  that  he 
raised  himself  many  enemies.  He  wrote 
various  works,  but  that  which  entitles  him 
to  the  praises  of  the  learned,  is  his  three 
books,  "  de  Ortu  et  Progressu  Juris  Civi- 
lis,"  the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of 
Naples,  2  vols.  4to.  with  the  addition  of 
his  treatise  de  Romano  Imperio.  In  this 
famous  work  he  called  upon  the  Roman 
youth  to  study  the  law  in  the  original  re- 
cords, in  the  pandects,  institutes,  and  the 
code,  and  not  in  modern  inelegant  abridg- 
ments. He  wrote  also  five  tragedies,  be- 
sides philological  treatises,  orations,  &c. 

Graunt,  Edward,  a  learned  man,  head 
master  of  Westminster  school,  and  author 
of  "  Gracae  Linguae  Specilegium  et  Insti- 
tute Graecae  Grammatics;."  He  died 
1601. 

Graunt,  John,  the  celebrated  author  of 
*'  Observations  on  the  Bills  of  Mortality," 
was  born  in  Birchinlane,  London,  24th 
April,  1 620.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  ri- 
gid principles  of  the  puritans,  and  as  he 
was  intended  for  trade,  he  received  no  ad- 
vantages from  grammar  education,  but  was 
barely  qualified  in  writing  and  arithmetic, 
for  the  business  of  a  haberdasher.  In  this 
employment  he  gained  by  his  good  sense 
and  strict  probity,  the  confidence  and  es- 
teem of  his  fellow-citizens  ;  so  that  he  rose 
to  all  the  offices  of  his  ward  ;  was  a  com- 
mon council-man,  and  a  captain,  and  then 
a  major  of  the  train  bands.  His  "  Obser- 
vations" first  appeared  in  1661,  and  with 
such  success  that  Louis  XIV.  of  France 
adopted  his  plans  for  the  regular  register 
of  births  and  burials,  and  Charles  II.  in 
proof  of  his  general  approbation,  recom- 
mended him  to  the  Royal  Society  to  be 
elected  one  of  their  members  in  1661-2. 
In  1665  the  third  edition  of  his  popular 
book  was  printed  by  the  society's  printer, 
and  the  author,  flattered  by  the  honours 
paid  to  his  literary  services,  abandoned  the 
business  of  shopkeeper,  and  in  1666  be- 
came a  trustee  for  the  management  of  the 
New  River,  for  the  countess  of  Clarendon. 
In  this  new  office,  it  has  been  reported  by 
Burnet,  that  he  was  guilty  of  a  most  diabo- 
lical crime,  by  stopping  all  the  cocks  which 
conveyed  water  from  Islington  to  London, 
the  night  before  the  fire  began,  which  con- 
sumed the  city.  The  accusation,  however, 
is  false,  as  he  was  admitted  among  the 
trustees  23  days  after  the  conflagration 
happened  ;  and  the  malevolent  report  arose 
only  after  his  death,  and  probably  owed 
its  origin  to  his  change  of  religious  princi- 
ples, as  about  1667  he  reconciled  himself 


to  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome.  He 
died  18th  April,  1674,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Dunstan's  church,  Fleet-street,  attended 
by  many  respectable  friends  ;  and  among 
them  by  sir  William  Petty,  to  whom  he  left 
his  papers.  A  fifth  edition  of  his  book  ap- 
peared in  1676,  under  the  care  of  his 
friend,  and  it  may  be  fairly  inferred,  that 
to  this  work,  and  the  persevering  powers 
and  inquisitive  mind  of  the  author,  we  are 
indebted  for  the  science  of  political  arith- 
metic, so  ably  treated  afterwards  by  sir 
William  Petty,  Daniel  King,  Dr.  Davenant, 
and  other  learned  men. 

Gray,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  son  of 
a  reputable  citizen,  was  born  in  Cornhill 
26th  Dec.  1716.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  and  four  years  after,  in 
1738,  he  came  to  town  to  apply  himself  to 
the  study  of  the  law.  His  pursuits  were 
for  a  while  suspended,  while  he  accom- 
panied his  friend  Horace  Walpole  on  the 
continent.  Two  months  after  his  return, 
in  1741,  his  father  died,  and  he  then  dis- 
covered that  his  income  was  inadequate  to 
support  him  in  the  study  of  the  law,  there- 
fore he  returned  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  LL.B.  and  where  he  af- 
terwards chiefly  fixed  his  residence.  Be- 
tween the  years  1759  and  1762,  he  had 
lodgings  in  Southampton-row,  to  be  ena- 
bled to  consult  the  Harleian  and  other 
MSS.  in  the  British  museum,  from  which 
he  made  some  curious  extracts.  In  1768 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  modern  his- 
tory at  Cambridge,  but  his  health  was  such 
that  he  never  executed  the  duties  of  the 
office.  He  died  of  the  gout  in  his  stomach 
July  30th,  1771,  and  was  buried  with  his 
family  at  Stoke  Pogges,  Buckinghamshire. 
As  a  scholar,  Gray  was  profound,  elegant, 
and  well  informed  ;  he  had  read  all  the 
historians  of  England,  France,  and  Italy, 
and  was  well  versed  in  antiquities,  in  cri- 
ticism, in  morals,  and  politics  ;  and  he  pos- 
sessed the  most  refined  taste  in  painting, 
architecture,  and  gardening.  His  letters 
are  correct,  pleasing,  and  instructive.  His 
poems,  which  are  very  few,  but  most  ele- 
gant, nervous,  and  sublime,  were  published 
in  1775,  in  4to.  by  his  friend  Mason,  who 
had  lived  with  him  in  intimacy  since  1747, 
and  who,  therefore,  was  well  qualified  to 
prefix  to  the  edition  "  Memoirs  of  his  Life 
and  Writings." 

Grayson,  William,  a  senator  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
was  in  1784  elected  a  member  of  congress 
by  that  state.  He  was  in  1788  a  member 
of  the  convention  of  Virginia,  which  assem- 
bled to  consider  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  made  himself  conspicu- 
ous in  that  assembly,  both  by  his  talents, 
and  his  union  with  Mr.  Henry  in  opposing 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution.     The  next 


IrtiL' 


GEE 


a  ear  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  and  died  at  Dumfries,  while 
on  his  way  to  the  seat  of  government, 
March  12th,  1790.  Id"  L. 

Grazzini,  Antony  Francis,  sumamed 
Lasca,  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  was  born  in  Florence, 
and  considered  as  nearly  equal  in  merit  as 
a  writer  to  Boccace.  He  published  sis  co- 
medies, and  other  things,  besides  a  collec- 
tion of  novels  printed  at  Paris  1756.  He 
died  1583. 

Greatrakes,  Valentine,  an  Irishman, 
who  acquired  some  celebrity  by  attempting 
to  cure  diseases  by  the  mere  touch.  He 
came  to  England  ;  but  the  high  expecta- 
tions formed  of  his  powers  were  soon  dissi- 
pated, when  the  populace  found  themselves 
disappointed.  He  is  described  as  an  extra- 
ordinary person,  by  Boyle,  who  with  several 
others  has  attested  his  cures.  But,  though 
Glanville  imputed  his  healing  powers  to 
some  sanative  qualities  about  his  person,  it 
is  plain  that  his  enthusiasm  was  strongly 
assisted  by  the-imagination  of  his  patients. 
He  was  otherwise  a  humane  and  virtuous 
character,  and  died  about  1680. 

Greaves,  John,  an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian and  antiquary,  born  1602  at  Colmore, 
near  Alresford,  Hants,  where  his  father 
was  rector.  At  15  he  entered  at  Baliol 
college,  and  in  1624  he  was  elected  first  of 
five  candidates  to  a  fellowship  in  Merton 
college.  He  devoted  his  time  to  mathe- 
matics and  oriental  learning,  and  in  1630 
he  was  chosen  geometry  lecturer  in  Gre- 
sham  college.  Intimately  acquainted  with 
the  works  of  the  most  celebrated  astrono- 
mers of  the  age,  he  wished  to  extend  his 
knowledge  by  travelling,  and  accordingly, 
in  1635,  he  went  to  Holland  to  attend  the 
lectures  of  Golius  at  Leyden,  and  after- 
wards passed  to  Paris,  and  then  visited 
Rome  and  other  parts  of  Italy.  Lord 
Arundel  saw  and  admired  his  spirit  in  Ita- 
ly, and  endeavoured  to  prevail  upon  him  to 
accompany  him  to  Greece,  with  the  liberal 
allowance  of  2001.  per  annum,  and  the  pro- 
mise of  more  extensive  patronage,  but 
Greaves  had  formed  the  design  of  penetra- 
ting to  Egypt,  and  therefore,  on  his  return 
to  England,  he  communicated  his  plan  to 
his  patron  Laud.  With  praiseworthy  zeal, 
Laud  applauded  and  liberally  encouraged 
his  intentions,  but  when  the  city  of  London 
was  solicited  to  add  its  influence,  and  to 
subscribe  to  the  design,  it  was  peremptori- 
ly rejected,  and  Greaves  remembered  ever 
after  with  sullen  disdain  the  illiberality  of 
the  Londoners.  In  June  1637  he  embark- 
ed for  Leghorn,  and  from  thence  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Constantinople,  where,  by  the 
kindness  of  sir  Peter  Wyche,  the  English 
ambassador,  he  was  introduced  to  Cyril 
Lucaris,  the  Greek  patriarch,  who  enabled 
him  to  procure  valuable  MSS.  but  whose 


violent  death,  however,  soon  frustrated  his 
design,  and  rendered  his  longer  residence 
at  the  Porte  dangerous.     He  then  embark- 
ed for  Alexandria,  and  after  visiting  Rhodes 
he  reached  Egypt,  Sept.  1638.     After  twice 
penetrating  into  the  desert,  measuring  the 
pyramids,  and  making  various  observations 
on  the  climate,  monuments,  and  manners 
of  the   country,  he  left    Alexandria  April, 
1639.     He  came   back  through  Italy,  and 
after  visiting  Florence  and  Rome,  with  the 
eye  of  a  philosopher  and  an  antiquarian,  he 
embarked  at  Leghorn,  and  reached  London 
before    midsummer,    1640,    richly   loaded 
with  the  classical  spoils  of  the  East,  Arabic, 
Persic,  Greek  MSS.  besides  gems,  coins, 
and  other  valuable  antiquities.     The  politi- 
cal state  of  the  kingdom,  however,  promi- 
sed  little  encouragement  to  his  studious 
pursuits,  and  for  his  attachment  to  his  pa- 
tron and  to  his  royal  master,  he  suffered 
much  from  the  virulence  and  persecution  of 
the  parliament.     He  was  removed  from  his 
professorship    at    Gresham    college,    and 
though  appointed  to  the  Savilian  professor- 
ship of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  permitted 
by  the  king  to  retain  his  Merton  fellowship, 
he  found  himself  disturbed  in  his  views  of 
arranging  his  papers  for  the  press.     In  this 
undertaking  be  was  assisted  by  his  friend 
archbishop  Usher,  and  though  the  Commons 
were  acrimonious  against  the  partisans  of 
royalty,  yet  he  found  an  active  patron  in 
Seldon,  who  was  burgess  in  the  house  for 
Oxford,    and   to   whom  he   dedicated  his 
"  Roman  Foot."     Such  at  last  was  the  per- 
secution  of  the  parliament  that   be  was 
ejected  from  the  Savilian  professorship,  in 
which  he  was  succeeded  by  Seth  Ward,  and 
he  afterwards  went  to  reside  in  London, 
where  he  married.     Devoting  himself  to 
studious  pursuits,  he  shunned  the  politics 
of  the  times,  and  chose  rather  to  enrich 
English  literature   by   the   translation    of 
Arabic  and  Persian  manuscripts,  with  ex- 
planatory notes.     He  died  8th  Oct.  1652, 
and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Benet 
Sherchog,  London.     He  had  no  children 
by  his  wife.     His  coins  were   left  to  his 
friend  sir  John  Marsham,  and  his  astrono- 
mical instruments   were  presented  to  the 
Savilian  professorship  of  Oxford,  with  se- 
veral of  his  papers.     The  best  known  of 
his  works  are,  his  "  Pyramidographia,"  and 
his  "  Description  of  the  Roman  Foot  and 
Denarius."      He  had   formed   a  plan   for 
adopting  the  Gregorian  calendar  by  omit- 
ting the  bissextile  days  for  40  years,  which, 
though  approved  by  the  king  and  council, 
was  not  adopted,  through  the  turbulence  of 
the  times. 

Grecoart,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villart 
de,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Tours.  Though 
an  ecclesiastic,  he  lived  a  disorderly  life, 
but  afterwards  quitted  the  church,  and  be- 
came the  favourite  of  men  of  rank  and  fa- 


uiie 


GllL 


bUion,  on  account  of  his  great  wit.  He 
died  1743,  aged  60.  He  wrote  tales,  epi- 
grams, songs,  fables,  sonnets,  and  other 
light  works. 

Green,  Robert,  a  poet  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  of  Clare-hall, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1583. 
The  wit  and  humour  which  he  possessed  in 
great  plenty,  were  unfortunately  prostitu- 
ted to  encourage  the  cause  of  vice  and  ob- 
scenity, and  he  showed  himself  a  most 
abandoned  libertine  in  theory  and  practice. 
He  is  said  to  be  the  first  English  poet  who 
wrote  for  bread,  and  happy  had  it  been  if 
virtue  had  been  the  idol  of  his  muse.  It  is 
said  that  he  felt  remorse  with  penury  and 
disease,  as  Cibber  has  preserved  one  of  his 
letters  to  his  much-injured  wife.  He  died, 
according  to  Wood,  1592,  of  a  surfeit,  after 
eating  too  many  pickled  herrings  and  swal- 
lowing too  much  Rhenish  wine.  His 
pieces,  which  are  numerous,  are  now  little 
known. 

Green,  Jo'm,  an  English  prelate,  bom 
at  or  near  Hull,  in  Yorkshire,  1706.  He 
was  of  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  usher  of  Lichfield  school,  and 
then  chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Some;  set,  who 
became  his  friend  and  active  patr  n,  and 
gave  him  the  rectory  of  Borough  Green 
near  Newmarket.  In  1748  he  was  made 
regius  professor  of  divinity,  in  1750,  mas- 
ter of  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  and  in 
1756  he  became  dean  of  Lincoln,  and  vice 
chancellor  of  the  university.  On  the  trans- 
lation of  Dr.  Thomas  to  Salisbury,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1764, 
he  resigned  the  headship  of  his  college.  In 
1771  his  income  was  increased  by  the  addi- 
tion of  the  residentiaryship  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  is  remarkable  that  on  the  debate  con- 
cerning th"  dissenters  in  1772,  he  favour- 
ed the  bill  for  their  relief,  and  was  the  only 
bishop  who  voted  with  that  side  of  the 
house.  He  died  suddenly  at  Bath,  25th 
April,  1779.  He  wrote  the  "  Academic, 
or  a  disputation  on  the  State  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,"  and  some  sermons. 

Green,  Edward  Burnaby,  author  of 
some  poetical  works,  was  educated  at  Be- 
net  college,  Cambridge.  He  translated 
Anacrcon,  Apollonius  Rhodius,  and  some 
parts  of  Pindar,  and  paraphrased  Persius. 
He  died  17S8. 

Green,  Matthew,  an  English  poet.  His 
parents  were  dissenters,  but  he  afterwards 
abandoned  their  tenets  for  the  church  of 
England.  He  held  an  oflice  at  the  custom- 
house, where  he  attended  to  his  duty  with 
diligence  and  ability.  His  best  poem  is 
the  "  Spleen,"  containing  wit,  elegance, 
and  originality.  He  was  a  very  amiable 
man,  and  died  at  the  age  of  41,  1737.  His 
works  have  been  elegantly  edited  by  Dr. 
Mkin, 


Greene,  Dr.  Maurice,  a  musician,  son 
of  a  London  clergyman.  He  was  organist, 
before  the  age  of  20,  to  St.  Dunstan  in  the 
West,  and  afterwards,  in  the  year  1718,  ta 
St.  Paul's,  and  in  1727,  to  the  royal  chapel. 
In  1730,  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  also  appointed  profes- 
sor of  music  to  the  university.  He  pro- 
jected the  plan  of  reforming  our  church 
music,  which  had  been  corrupted  by  muti- 
lated copies,  and  the  inattention  of  trans- 
cribers, and  the  design,  stopped  by  his  ill 
health,  was  happily  completed  by  his  friend 
Dr.  Boyce.  He  died  1st  Sept.  1755.  His 
performances  are  mentioned  by  sir  John 
Hawkins. 

Greene,  Samuel,  the  first  printer  in 
North  America.  The  press  he  used  was 
procured  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Glover,  who 
died  on  his  passage  to  Massachusetts  in 
1638.  It  soon  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Greene.  The  first  thing  printed  was  the 
freeman's  oath  in  1639,  the  next  an  Al- 
manac for  New  England,  made  by  Mr. 
Pierce,  a  mariner,  and  the  next  the  New- 
England  version  of  the  Psalms  in  1640.  He 
afterwards  printed  Eliot's  Bible  and  the 
laws  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  and  Con- 
necticut. The  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. !CP  L. 

Greene,  William,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  of  an  ancient  family  in  War- 
wick. He  was  many  years  clerk  of  the 
county  court  of  Providence.  In  1740  he 
was  elected  deputy  governor,  and  in  1743 
governor  of  the  colony.  In  both  instances 
he  succeeded  governor  Ward.  He  was  a 
very  useful  man,  and  held  the  office  of  go- 
vernor fifteen  years.  He  died  February 
23d,  1758,  aged  62.  |C3=>  L. 

Greene,  William,  speaker  of  the  assem-* 
bly  and  chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island,  was 
also  several  years  governor  of  the  state. 
He  was  born  in  1732,  and  died  at  Warwick, 
November  30th,  1809.  §Cp  L. 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  major-general  in. 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Warwick,  Rhode  Island.  He  en- 
joyed only  the  advantages  of  a  common 
education,  but  made  himself  acquainted 
while  a  boy  with  the  Latin  language,  and 
read  assiduously  the  books  which  fell  into 
his  hands,  particularly  such  as  related  to 
military  operations.  His  strong  mind,  and 
industrious  cultivation  of  it,  soon  gave  him 
a  superiority  over  his  fellow-townsmen, 
and  procured  his  being  sent  by  them  to  the 
legislature  at  an  early  period  of  his  life. 
He  had  a  strong  passion  for  a  military  life, 
though  educated  a  quaker,  and  on  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  between  the  Bri- 
tish and  the  colonies,  was  intrusted  by  his 
native  state  with  the  command  of  three 
regiments,  which  he  led  to  Cambridge.  In 
August,1776,  he  was  appointed  by  Congress 
major-general,  and  soon  after,  in  the  battles 
759 


GKL 


GRE 


of  Trenton  and  Princeton  distinguished 
himself  by  his  bravery  and  skill.  At  the 
battle  of  Germantown  he  commanded  the 
left  wing  of  the  army,  and  the  right  of  that 
at  Monmouth.  In  March,  1778,  he  was 
appointed  quarter- master  general,  and  by 
his  admirable  talents  for  business,  and  in- 
cessant application,  soon  rendered  the 
most  essential  services  to  the  army,  by  re- 
storing order  and  efficiency  to  that  depart- 
ment. He  presided  in  the  court-martial 
which  tried  major  Andre  in  1780.  In  De- 
cember of  that  year,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  southern  army,  and 
after  a  series  of  battles  and  marches,  in 
which,  amid  the  greatest  difficulties,  he 
sustained  the  American  cause  with  great 
credit  to  his  skill  and  courage,  he  at  length 
on  the  8th  September,  1781,  gained  the 
famous  victory  at  the  Eutaw  springs,  which 
procured  for  him  the  most  flattering  ap- 
plause from  Congress  and  the  American 
people.  He  retired  to  Rhode  Island  after 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  rendered  impor- 
tant services  to  that  state,  by  his  calming 
the  unhappy  dissensions  by  which  it  was 
distracted.  In  1785,  he  removed  to  Geor- 
gia to  take  possession  of  a  ttact  of  land 
presented  to  him  by  that  state  ;  but  died 
suddenly  on  the  19th  of  June,  1786,  in  the 
forty-seventh  year  of  his  age.  He  possess- 
ed a  mind  of  great  energy,  was  amiable  in 
his  disposition  and  manners,  but  capable  of 
the  keenest  sarcasm.  In  the  several  sta- 
tions which  he  occupied  in  the  army,  he 
distinguished  himself  by  an  extraordinary 
capacity  for  business,  and  great  talents  and 
courage  as  a  commander.  FCJ13  L. 

Green  hill,  John,  an  English  painter, 
born  at  Salisbury.  He  studied  under  sir 
Peter  Lely,  who  was  so  jealous  of  his 
powers  that  he  never  would  use  his  pencil 
before  him,  till  he  inadvertently  betrayed 
himself  by  taking  a  likeness  of  his  wife. 
His  licentious  and  imprudent  mode  of  life, 
it  is  said,  hastened  his  end  A  portrait  of 
bishop  Ward,  by  him,  is  preserved  in  Salis- 
bury town-hall.     He  died  19th  May,  1676. 

Greenup,  Christopher,  governor  of 
Kentucky,  succeeded  Garrard  in  1804,  and 
was  four  years  in  office.  He  was  a  revo- 
lutionary soldier,  and  was  at  various  tim*s 
a  member  of  the  state  legislature  and  re- 
presentative to  Congress.  He  died  at 
Frankfort,  April  24th,  1818.      ICP  L. 

Greenville,  sir  Richard,  grandfather 
to  the  well-known  Sir  Bevil  Greenville,  was 
son  of  Sir  Roger,  and  was  born  in  Corn- 
wall, 1540.  He  served  in  the  imperial 
army  against  the  Turks,  and  was  knighted 
1571.  He  was,  in  1585,  sent  on  an  expe- 
dition to  America,  and  in  1591  he  was 
commissioned  to  intercept  a  rich  Spanish 
fleet,  in  conjunction  with  lord  Howard. 
He  with  only  a  few  ships  attacked  the  ene- 
niv's  squadron  of  52  sail,  on  the  American 
760 


coast ;  but  when  about  to  sink  his  own  ship 
he  was  carried  on  board  the  Spanish  fleet, 
and  died  three  days  after  of  the  wounds 
which  he  had  received. 

Greenville,  sir  Bevil,  grandson  of  sir 
Richard,  was  born  at  Stow,  in  Cornwall, 
and  educated  at  Exeter  college,  under  Dr. 
Prideaux.  During  the  civil  wars,  he  be- 
haved with  singular  courage,  and  after  de- 
fending the  rights  of  his  sovereign,  in  va- 
rious encounters,  he  at  last  fell  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Lansdowne,  near  Bath,  5th  July, 
1643,  aged  47. 

Greenwood,  Isaac,  first  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in 
Harvard  college,  Massachusetts,  was  gra- 
duated at  that  institution  in  1721.  He  re- 
ceived his  appointment  to  that  professor- 
ship in  1728,  and  continued  in  the  office 
till  1738,  when  he  was  dismissed.  ICZP  L. 

Gregorius,  Georgius  Florentius,  or 
Gregory  of  Tours,  a  learned  bishop  of 
Tours,  in  the  6th  century.  He  was  an 
able  writer,  as  his  History  of  France, 
Lives  of  the  Saints,  and  other  works  fully 
prove,  though  Gibbon  censures  his  style  as 
devoid  of  elegance  and  simplicity.  He  died 
about  595. 

Gregory,  St.  surnamed  the  Great,  was 
descended  from  an  illustrious  Roman  fami- 
ly. He  was  made  prefect  at  Rome,  573, 
by  Justin  the  younger,  but  he  soon  after 
quitted  all  secular  employments  to  retire 
to  a  monastery.  He  was  sent  by  Pelagius 
to  Constantinople  as  nuncio,  and  on  the 
death  of  that  pontiff  he  was  elected  in  his 
room,  590.  He  laboured  earnestly  in  his  new 
dignity  to  heal  differences,  and  to  make 
proselytes  ;  and  in  Sardinia,  and  also  in 
England,  by  the  preaching  of  St.  Augustine, 
the  monk,  the  blessings  of  the  gospel  were 
rapidly  spread.  This  mild  and  benevolent 
pontiff  died  12th  March,  604,  aged  60. 

Gregory  II.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  after  Constantine,  715.  He  was  an 
enlightened  and  virtuous  pontiff,  and  died 
12th  February,  731. 

Gregory  III.  a  native  of  Syria,  who 
succeeded  the  preceding,  731.  He  excom- 
municated the  Iconoclastes,  and  solicited 
the  assistance  of  Charles  Mattel,  against 
the  Lombards,  who  ravaged  Italy,  by  means 
of  a  pompous  embassy  which  is  regarded 
by  some  authors  as  the  origin  of  the  apos- 
tolic nuncios  in  France.  He  was  a  charita- 
ble but  magnificent  pontiff,  and  the  first 
who  added  temporal  consequence  and 
imposing  splendour  to  the  ecclesiastical 
power  of  the  holy  see.  He  died  28th  No- 
vember, 741. 

Gregory  IV.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  827,  or  828.  He  rebuilt  Ostia,  and 
visited  France,  to  reconcile  the  jarring  in- 
terests of  the  royal  family,  but  returned 
without  accomplishing  his  designs,  and  died 
at  Rome,  25th  Januarv,  844. 


GRL 


URL 


Gregory  V.  Brunon,  a  German,  elected 
pope  after  John  XVI.  996.  He  was  op- 
posed by  Crescentius,  the  consul  of  Rome, 
who  raised  to  the  holy  seat  the  antipope, 
John  XVII.  but  the  usurper  was  expelled 
by  the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otho,  who 
was  the  relation  of  Gregory,  and  excom- 
municated in  the  council  of  Pavia.  He 
died  18th  Feb.  999,  aged  27. 

Gregory  VI.  John  Gratian,  a  Roman, 
elected  pope  1044,  after  Benedict  IX.  He 
laboured  zealously  to  restore  the  revenues 
of  the  church  to  their  former  flourishing 
situation,  and  punished  peculators  and 
plunderers,  but  his  anathemas  offended 
those  who  reaped  advantage  from  the  pub- 
lic calamities,  and  a  formidable  party  was 
raised  against  him.  Gregory  defeated 
them,  and  rendered  travelling  easy  and 
safe,  but  the  severity  of  his  measures  dis- 
pleased again  the  Romans,  who  preferred 
public  robbery  to  private  industry,  and 
Gregory,  in  disgust,  abdicated  the  tiara,  in 
the  council  of  Sutri,  near  Rome,  1046,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Clement  II. 

Gregory  VII.  Hildebrand,  son  of  a  car- 
penter of  Soano,  in  Tuscany.  He  entered 
among  the  monks  of  Cluni,  and  obtained 
preferment  at  Rome,  and  in  1073  was 
elected  successor  to  Alexander  II.  In  his 
new  dignity  the  pope  soon  assumed  extra- 
ordinary powers,  and  claiming  superiority, 
not  only  in  all  spiritual  but  temporal  affairs, 
he  regarded  the  sovereigns  of  Europe  as 
vassals,  whom  he  could  depose  and  appoint 
at  his  pleasure.  His  presumption  soon 
embroiled  him  with  his  ancient  friend  Hen- 
ry IV.  emperor  of  Germany,  who  had  the 
weakness  to  submit  to  his  power  by  the 
most  mortifying  penance.  A  reconcilia- 
tion was  followed  by  fresh  disputes,  and  at 
last  Henry  elected  another  pontiff',  in  oppo- 
sition to  Gregory,  while  the  offended  Ita- 
lian prevailed  upon  the  German  princes  to 
appoint  another  emperor.  At  last  Gregory, 
tired  with  the  dissensions,  which  his  inor- 
dinate ambition  had  raised  around  him, 
and  disgusted  with  the  murmurs  of  the  Ro- 
mans, retired  to  Salerno,  where  he  died 
24th  May,  1085. 

Gregory  VIII.  Albert  de  Mora,  of  Be- 
nevento,  succeeded  Urban  III.  as  pope 
1187,  and  died  two  months  after,  17th  Dec. 
exhorting  the  Christian  princes  to  under- 
take a  crusade  against  the  infidels.  The 
antipope  Bourdin  assumed  also  the  name 
of  Gregory  VIII. 

Gregory  IX.  Ugolin,  of  the  family  of 
the  counts  of  Scgni,  and  nephew  to  Inno- 
cent III.  was  elected  pope  1227.  He  ex- 
cited the  Christian  princes  to  undertake  a 
crusade,  and  Frederick,  emperor  of  Germa- 
ny, though  twice  excommunicated  for  his 
disputes  with  the  see  of  Rome,  joined  the 
expedition.     He  died  12th  Aug.  1241. 

Gregory  X.  Theobald,  of  the  noble  fa- 

Voi,.  T.  06 


mily  of  the  Visconti,  at  Placentia,  was 
elected  pope  1271,  while  he  was  in  the 
Holy  Land,  with  Edward  king  of  England. 
He  summoned  a  general  council  at  Lyons, 
and  laboured  earnestly  to  heal  all  schisms 
in  religion,  and  to  reconcile  the  Eastern 
and  Western  churches.  He  died  10th  Jan. 
1276,  at  Arezzo. 

Gregory  XI.  Peter  Roger,  nephew  to 
Clement  VI.  and  son  of  the  count  of  Beau- 
fort, of  Limousin,  was  elected  pope  1370. 
He  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  concord  and 
reconciliation  among  the  Christian  princes, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  benevo- 
lence, his  charity,  and  his  liberal  patronage 
of  letters.  He  quitted  Avignon,  where 
the  popes  had  fixed  their  residence  for 
several  years,  and  transferred  the  see  to 
Rome,  where  he  died  28th  March,  1378, 
aged  47. 

Gregory  XII.  Angelo  Corario,  a  native 
of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent 
VII.  and  elected  pope  1406,  during  the 
schism  in  the  West.  He  was  opposed  by 
Benedict  XIII.  the  other  pope,  and  at  last 
a  general  council,  held  at  Pisa,  deposed 
both  the  competitors,  and  elected  Alexan- 
der V.  in  their  room.  Gregory,  who  wish- 
ed to  oppose  the  proceeding  of  the  council, 
at  last  fled  before  the  storm  to  Gaeta  and 
Rimini,  and  sent  his  abdication  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Constance.  He  died  at  Recanati, 
13th  October,  1417,  aged  92. 

Gregory  XIII.  Hugh  Buoncompagno,  a 
Bolognese,  elected  pope  after  Pius  V.  1572. 
He  was  an  able  civilian,  and  warmly  op- 
posed the  protestants.  He  embellished 
Rome  with  churches,  palaces,  and  porti- 
coes, and  chiefly  immortalized  himself  bv 
the  reformation  of  the  calendar,  and  the 
adoption  of  the  style  which  bears  his  name. 
He  was  assisted  in  this  honourable  and 
necessary  alteration  by  the  labours  of  Lilio, 
an  able  astronomer  of  Rome,  but  though 
the  plan  was  acknowledged  universally 
useful,  it  was  pertinaciously  rejected  by  the 
protestant  princes  of  Europe.  Gregory 
also  published  the  Decretals  of  Gratian, 
which  were  enriched  with  valuable  learn- 
ed notes.  He  died  10th  April,  1585, 
aged  83. 

Gregory  XIV.  Nicholas  Sfondrate,  son 
of  a  senator  of  Milan,  was  elected  pope  after 
Urban  VII.  1590.  He  declared  himself,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  against 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  levied  an  army 
to  enforce  his  threats,  but  his  troops  were 
defeated,  and  his  military  plans  disconcert- 
ed. He  died  of  the  stone,  15th  Oct.  1591, 
aged  57. 

Gregory  XV.  Alexander  Ludovisio,  of 
an  ancient  family  of  Bologna,  was  arch- 
bishop of  his  native  town,  and  made  a  car-- 
dinal  by  Paul  V.  He  was  elected  pope 
1621,  and  died  8th  July,  1623,  aged  69. 
He  erected  the  see  of  Paris  into  an  arch- 
761 


(jki: 


LJR« 


bishopric,  and  assisted  the  emperor  and 
the  king  of  Poland  in  their  wars.  He  wrote 
Epistola  ad  Regem  Persarum  Sehah  Abbas, 
cum  Notis  Hegalsoni,  8vo. — Decisions  de 
la  Rote. 

Gregory,  James,  a  Scotch  mathemati- 
cian, born  and  educated  at  Aberdeen.  His 
strong  genius  began  early  to  display  itself, 
and  in  1663,  at  the  age  of  24,  he  invented 
the  reflecting  telescope,  which  still  hears 
his  name,  but  which  the  inexperience  of  the 
London  artists  could  not  then  construct 
according  to  his  approbation.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Italy,  which  at  that  time 
was  considered  as  the  cradle  of  mathema- 
tical knowledge,  and  applied  the  powers  of 
his  mind  with  such  success,  that  he  disco- 
vered a  new  analytical  method  of  summing 
trp  an  infinite  converging  series,  to  calcu- 
late with  exactness  the  area  of  the  hyper- 
bola, and  of  the  circle.  On  his  return  to 
London,  in  1669,  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  soon  after  en- 
gaged in  an  unfortunate  controversy  with 
Huygens  about  the  quadrature  of  the  circle, 
in  which  his  arguments  were  false.  His 
reputation  as  a  mathematician,  and  as  the 
inventor  of  the  reflecting  telescope,  and  of 
the  burning  concave  mirror,  was  now  so 
well  established,  that  the  royal  academy  at 
Paris  proposed  him  to  the  French  king  as 
deserving  an  honourable  pension  from  him, 
a  step  which  was  not,  however,  adopted.  In 
1672,  he  had  a  dispute,  but  in  amicable 
terms,  with  sir  Isaac  Newton,  after  his 
wonderful  discoveries  on  'the  nature  of 
light,  about  the  various  utility  of  his  diop- 
tric telescope  against  that  of  the  catoptric 
instrument  of  his  antagonist.  This  able 
philosopher,  whose  genius  daily  contribu- 
ted to  the  improvement  of  mathematical 
science,  was  unhappily  attacked  by  a  fever 
which  proved  fatal,  Dec.  1675,  in  his  36th 
year.  A  short  history  of  his  mathematical 
discoveries  was  compiled  and  published  by 
his  friend  Mr.  Collins,  with  his  letters  to 
him  in  the  "  Commercium  Epistolieum." 
His  works  are  Optica  Promota  seu  Abdila 
Radiorum  Reflexorum  et  Refractorum  Mys- 
teria,  &c.  1663,  translated  by  Dr.  Desagui- 
Jiers  into  English — Vera  Circuli  et  Hyper- 
bolae Quadratura,  &c.  besides  some  papers 
in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Gregory,  David,  nephew  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Aberdeen,  24th  June, 
1661.  He  there  received  the  elements  of 
his  education,  and  then  went  to  Edinburgh, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  The 
fame  of  his  uncle  and  the  perusal  of  his 
papers  excited  his  attention  in  mathemati- 
cal pursuits,  and  at  the  age  of  23  he  was 
deemed  capable  to  fill  the  mathematical 
chair  of  Edinburgh.  He  published,  in 
1684,  an  ingenious  treatise  called  "  Exerci- 
tatio  Geometrica  de  Dimensione  Figura- 
nnn,"  4to.  and  soon  after,  on  the  appear- 
269 


ance  of  Newton's  Principia,  he  applied 
himself  to  study  the  great  truths  of  that 
immortal  philosopher,  and  was  the  first  to 
introduce  them  into  the  university  schools. 
In  1691  he  came  to  London  with  the  in- 
tention of  soliciting  the  Savilian  professor- 
ship of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  upon  Dr. 
Bernard's  resignation,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  of  Flam- 
steed,  he  succeeded,  after  being  idrniucd 
at  Baliol  college,  and  :ncorpurated  M.A. 
and  created  M.D.  He  now  devoted  him- 
self to  his  laborious  studies,  and  displayed 
great  powers  in  the  elements  of  optics  and 
physical  and  geometrical  astronomy,  im- 
proving the  discoveries  of  others  by  new 
and  elegant  demonstrations.  He  proposed 
to  publish  the  works  of  all  the  ancient  ma- 
thematicians, and  in  the  prosecution  of 
this  plan  produced  an  edition  of  Euclid  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  prepared  with  his 
friend  Halley,  an  edition  of  the  Con  cs  of 
Apollonius.  His  labours,  however,  were 
stopped  by  death.  He  died  at  his  villa 
near  Maidenhead,  16th  Oct.  1710,  and  a 
handsome  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory,  in  St.  Marys,  Oxford,  by  his  wi- 
dow. His  eldest  son  David,  was  educated 
at  Christ-church,  and  successively  became 
regius  professor  of  modern  history,  canon, 
and  dean  of  his  college.  Many  of  his  pa- 
pers were  inserted  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  and  the  various  things  which 
he  wrote,  and  the  improvement  which  be 
made  in  geometry  and  philosophy,  are  fully 
mentioned  in  the  Biographia  Britannica. 
His  brother  James  was  for  33  years  mathe- 
matical professor  at  Edinburgh,  where  he 
was  succeeded  by  Maclaurin. — Another 
brother,  Charles,  was  32  years  mathemati- 
cal professor  at  St.  Andrews,  where  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  David,  author  of  a 
System  of  Arithmetic  and  Algebra  in  Latin. 
Gregory,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Agmondesham,  Bucki,  10th  November, 
1607.  His  abilities  displayed  themselves 
so  early  that  as  his  parents  were  poor, 
though  well  respected,  his  opulent  neigh- 
bours united  to  give  him  a  liberal  educa- 
tion by  common  subscription.  With  this 
benevolent  intention,  he  was  sent  with  Sir 
William  Drake  to  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
as  servitor,  under  the  tuition  of  Morley, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Winchester.  Young 
Gregory  rose  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow- 
students,  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1631, 
and  was  made  by  dean  Duppa  chaplain  of 
the  cathedral.  When  Duppa  was  promo- 
ted to  the  see  of  Chichester,  and  afterwards 
to  Salisbury,  he  accompanied  him  as  his 
domestic  chaplain,  and  obtained  from  him 
a  stall  in  the  church  of  Sarum.  The  vio- 
lence of  the  times,  however,  did  not  long 
permit  him  to  enjoy  his  ecclesiastical  ho- 
nours, he  was  ejected  by  the  parliament, 
and,  in  his  distress,  he  went  to  reside  in 


GRE 


GRE 


<he  house  of  one  Sutton,  who  kept  an  ale- 
house at  Kiddington  green,  near  Oxford, 
to  whose  son  he  had  been  tutor,  where  he 
died  of  the  gout  in  his  stomach,  March 
13th,  1646.  His  remains  were  buried  in 
Oxford  cathedral.  His  works  were,  Notes 
and  Observations  on  some  Passages  of 
Scripture, — an  edition  of  Ridley's  View  of 
the  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Law, — "  Gre- 
gorii  Posthuma,"  &.c. 

Gregory,  Edmund,  author  of  the"  His- 
torical Anatomy  of  Christian  Melancholy," 
— of  "  a  Meditation  on  Job,"  8vo.  was  of 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  died  1650. 

Gregory,  Dr.  John,  a  physician  of  re- 
spectability, born  at  Aberdeen.  He  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  medicine  at  Aber- 
deen. He  wrote  several  valuable  medical 
tracts,  but  he  is  chiefly  known  for  his 
"  Comparative  View  of  the  State  of  Man, 
and  other  Animals," — a  Father's  Legacy  to 
his  Daughter,  and  other  moral  pieces.  He 
settled  in  London  in  1751,  but  removed  to 
Edinburgh  as  professor  of  physic,  in  1766, 
and  died  there  1773,  aged  49.  His  works 
have  been  collected  into  4  vols.  8vo. 

Gregory,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  some  learned  but  injudicious 
works.     He  died  1527. 

Gregory,  George,  a  divine  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman 
in  Ireland,  and  born  in  1754.  He  was 
educated  at  Liverpool  for  the  counting- 
house,  in  which  he  spent  some  years  ;  but 
at  length  applied  for,  and  obtained  orders 
in  the  established  church.  In  1782  he  set- 
tled in  London,  where  he  became  evening 
preacher  at  the  Foundling,  and  lastly  vicar 
of  Westham  in  Essex,  for  which  preferment 
he  was  indebted  to  Mr.  Addington,  who 
employed  him  to  defend  his  administration. 
He  died  in  180S.  Dr.  Gregory,  for  he  had 
obtained  a  degree  from  Scotland,  published 
— 1.  Essays,  historical  and  moral,  8vo. — 
2.  A  Translation  of  Lowth's  Lectures,  2 
vols.— 3.  Church  History,  2  vols. — 4.  The 
Life  of  Chatterton,  8vo. — 5.  The  Economy 
of  Nature,  3  vols.  8vo. — 6.  Sermons,  8vo. 
He  left  for  the  press,  "  Letters  on  Philoso- 
phy," 2  vols.  ;  and  "  Letters  to  his  Son," 
2  vols.— W.  B. 

Grenada,  Lewis  de,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Grenada.  Devoted  to  the  duties  and 
austerities  of  a  monastic  life,  he  had  the 
firmness  to  refuse  the  bishopric  of  Bragan- 
za,  and  died  1588,  aged  84.  He  wrote  se- 
veral works  which  evince  his  labours,  his 
piety,  and  his  benevolence. 

Grenan,  Benignus,  a  Latin  poet,  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  Harcourt.  He  was 
born  at  Noyers,  and  died  at  Paris,  1723, 
aged  42.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  poet- 
ical rival  of  professor  Coffin.  His  verses 
contain  great  elegance,  with  many  noble 
and  delicate  sentiments. 


Grencc,  a  French  painter  of  great  merit; 
His  pieces  are  much  admired,  especially 
the  sacrifice  of  Jephtha,  Diana  and  Endy- 
mion,  Susannah,  &c. 

Grenville,  George,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, known  in  parliamentary  history  for 
his  two  bills  for  the  more  regular  payment 
of  the  navy,  passed  in  1757,  and  for  the 
trial  of  contested  elections,  passed  in  1770. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence  in 
the  senate,  and  possessed  that  extensive 
and  enlightened  knowledge  which  fitted 
him  for  the  highest  offices  of  the  state.  He 
was  in  1754,  made  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
and  became  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in 
1763,  but  resigned  two  years  after  to  lord 
Rockingham.  He  died  13th  November, 
1770,  aged  58.  By  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Sir  William  Wyndham,  he  had  four  sons 
and  five  daughters,  and  of  these,  the  present 
marquis  of  Buckingham,  who  inherited 
the  family  estates  in  Buckinghamshire  ; 
lord  Grenville,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Grenville, 
have  raised  themselves  high  in  the  public 
estimation  for  their  services  to  their  coun- 
try, in  the  important  offices  which  they 
have  filled  with  so  much  ability,  firmness, 
and  wisdom. 

Gresham,  Sir  Thomas,  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Norfolk,  was  born  in 
London,  1519,  and  was  bound  apprentice 
to  a  mercer.  That  his  mind  might,  how- 
ever, be  somewhat  more  cultivated,  he  be- 
came member  of  Caius  college,  Cambridge, 
where  his  proficiency  was  such  that  he  was 
called  by  Caius  the  founder,  "  Doctissimus 
Mercator."  He  was  admitted  into  the 
mercers'  company  in  1543,  and  about  that 
time  married,  and  in  1551,  he  went  to  Ant- 
werp to  settle  as  agent  to  king  Edward, 
for  taking  up  money  from  the  Flemish  mer- 
chants. In  this  office  he  displayed  great 
dexterity  and  wisdom,  and  made  the  ba- 
lance of  trade  preponderate  much  in  favour 
of  England.  On  Mary's  accession  he  was 
removed  from  his  office,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  presented  a  petition  to  the  queen, 
and  represented  in  modest  terms  the  many 
services  which  he  had  rendered  to  her  bro- 
ther Edward,  and  to  the  kingdom,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  was  restored  to  fa- 
vour, and  continued  in  the  same  employ- 
ment under  Elizabeth.  In  1559,  he  was 
knighted  by  the  queen,  and  in  the  midst 
of  his  great  reputation,  and  commercial 
prosperity,  he  built  himself  a  mansion- 
house  on  the  west  side  of  Bishopsgate- 
street,  but  his  hopes  were  ruined,  and  his 
happiness  embittered  by  the  death  of  his 
only  son,  a  youth  of  16,  in  1564.  Full  of 
liberality,  Sir  Thomas  wished  that  the  mer- 
chants of  London  might  meet  in  a  more 
convenient  place  than  the  open  air  in  Lom- 
bard-street, and  therefore,  agreeable  to  his 
suggestions,  the  city  of  London  bought  for 
more  than  35321!.  about  80  houses,  which 
76# 


GRE 


CRE 


were  pulled  down,  and  on  the  site  of  them 
was  begun,  7th  June,  1566,  the  erection  of 
a  noble  building.  It  was  fully  completed 
in  1569,  at  Sir  Thomas's  expense,  after  the 
model  of  the  exchange  at  Antwerp,  and 
Jan.  29th,  1570,  Elizabeth,  attended  by  her 
nobility,  visited  it,  and  by  the  voice  of  a 
herald,  caused  it  to  be  proclaimed  "  the 
Royal  Exchange."  Sir  Thomas  afterwards 
built  the  mansion-house  at  Osterly  park, 
for  his  residence,  and  he  determined  to 
appropriate  his  house  in  Bishopsgate-street 
to  literary  purposes,  though  earnestly  soli- 
cited to  apply  his  liberality  to  the  founda- 
tion of  a  college  at  Oxford,  or  more  parti- 
cularly at  Cambridge,  where  he  had  received 
some  part  of  his  education.  In  1575  he 
therefore  founded  Gresham  college,  leaving 
the  half  of  his  property  in  the  Royal  Ex- 
change to  the  corporation  of  London,  and 
the  other  to  the  mercers'  company,  for  the 
endowment  of  seven  lectures  in  divinity, 
law,  physic,  astronomy,  rhetoric,  geome- 
try, and  music,  at  50/.  each,  with  his  house 
where  the  lectures  were  to  be  delivered. 
Besides  these  munificent  donations,  he  was 
a  very  liberal  benefactor  to  various  charities 
and  institutions,  and,  in  every  respect, 
showed  that  riches  in  his  hand  could  best 
be  employed  in  acts  of  benevolence  and 
humanity.  This  truly  illustrious  character 
did  not  long  enjoy  the  satisfaction  of  con- 
scious and  dignified  virtue ;  he  fell  down 
senseless  on  his  return  from  the  exchange 
to  his  house,  Bishopsgate-street,  and  ex- 
pired soon  after,  21st  November,  1579. 
He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  in  his  pa* 
rish  church  of  St.  Helen's.  His  corpse  was 
attended  by  100  poor  men  and  as  many 
women,  clothed  in  black,  and  the  expenses 
of  the  funeral,  in  those  cheap  days,  amount- 
ed to  no  less  than  S00/.  His  lady  survived 
him  some  years  ;  she  died  23d  November, 
1596,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  vault  with 
him.  The  character  of  this  generous  and 
public  spirited  man  has  been  drawn  accu- 
rately by  Mr.  Ward,  who  observes  that,  to 
the  knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages, and  an  eagerness  to  patronise  lite- 
rature and  learned  men,  he  united  a  very 
comprehensive  knowledge  of  commercial 
affairs,  foreign  and  domestic.  He  there- 
fore deservedly  acquired  an  immense  for- 
tune, which  rendered  him  not  only  the 
highest  commoner  in  the  kingdom,  with 
the  appellation  of  the  Royal  merchant,  but 
the  most  capable  and  the  most  willing  to 
employ  his  opulence  in  such  acts  as  dignify 
human  nature. 

Gresset,  John  Baptist  Lewis,  a  cele- 
brated French  poet,  known  chiefly  for  his 
elegant,  lively,  and  interesting  poem  called 
Vert-vert.  His  (Euvres  Diverses  were  pub- 
lished J  748,  12mo.  He  was  director  of  the 
French  Academy,  and  obtained  the  order  of 
St.  Michael,  and  letters  of  nobilitv.  He 
764 


died  at  his  native  town,  Amiens,  16th  June, 
1777,  aged  68.  His  comedy  of  the  Me- 
diant was  a  very  popular  play. 

Gretser,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Marcdorf  1561.  He  was  twenty-four 
years  professor  of  morality  and  school  di- 
vinity at  Ingoidstadt,  and  published  a  great 
number  of  books  on  theological  subjects, 
and  against  the  protestants.  To  great 
learning  he  united  unusual  modesty.  He 
died  at  Ingoidstadt  1635.  His  works  were 
published  at  Ratisbon,  in  17  vols,  folio,  by 
Niceron,  1739. 

Grevenbroeck,  a  Flemish  painter  of 
the  17th  century,  admired  for  his  sea 
pieces,  and  particularly  for  the  correctness 
with  which  he  delineated  the  most  minute 
objects. 

Greville,  Fulk,  or  Foulk,  lord  Brooke, 
was  born  1554,  at  Beauchamp  court,  War- 
wickshire, the  seat  of  his  father  Sir  Fulk 
Greville.  He  was  educated,  as  is  supposed, 
at  Shrewsbury  school  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  afterwards  entered  at 
Oxford.  After  travelling  abroad,  he  was 
introduced  to  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
where  he  became  a  great  favourite,  and 
where  he  obtained  an  annual  income  of 
above  2000Z.  as  clerk  of  the  signet  to  the 
council  of  Wales.  Though  prevented  by 
the  commands  of  the  queen  from  indulging 
his  attachment  to  military  affairs,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself,  with  his  affectionate 
friend  Sir  Pbilip  Sydney,  in  the  tilts  and 
tournaments  which  engaged  the  public  at- 
tention on  the  expected  marriage  of  Eliza- 
beth to  the  duke  of  Anjou.  In  1597,  he 
was  knighted,  and  continued  to  represent 
his  county  in  parliament  till  the  end  of  the 
queen's  reign.  Though  under  James  he 
obtained  the  grant  of  Warwick  castle,  on 
the  reparation  of  which  he  spent  20,000/. 
yet  he  found  Cecil  jealous  of  his  power, 
and  therefore  retired  to  privacy,  and  to 
studious  pursuits.  He  wished  to  engage 
in  the  history  of  his  country  from  the  union 
of  the  two  roses  in  Henry  VII.  but  Cecil 
the  secretary  refused  him  the  perusal  of 
those  papers  which  might  have  thrown  a 
great  light  on  the  annals  of  that  interesting 
period.  After  Cecil's  death  he  became,  in 
1615,  a  favourite  at  court,  and  was  made 
under-treasurer  and  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  in  1620  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  the  peerage.  He  continued  in 
the  favour  of  Charles  I.  and  in  the  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  founded  a  history  lecture 
in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  with  an 
annual  salary  of  100/.  The  succeeding 
history  of  his  life  is  most  melancholy ; 
Ralph  Heywood,  one  of  his  domestics,  con- 
sidering his  services  too  long  unrewarded, 
upraided  him  in  his  chamber  with  unusual 
freedom,  and  upon  finding  his  application 
disregarded,  stabbed  him  mortally  in  the 
back  with  a  knife  or  sword,  and  then  re- 


6  RE 


ORE 


tiring  to  an  adjoining  chamber,  destroyed 
himself  with  the  same  weapon.  This  bloody 
catastrophe  happened  at  Brook-house, 
Holborn,  30th  September,  1628.  The  dead 
body  was  conveyed  to  Warwick,  and  buried 
in  St.  Mary's  church  there.  Lord  Brooke 
deserves  to  be  recorded  not  merely  as  a 
courtier,  but  as  the  friend  and  patron  of 
learned  men,  and  among  his  respectable 
associates  may  be  numbered  besides  Syd- 
ney, Spenser,  Shakspeare,  Ben  Jonson, 
Egerton,  Overal,  Camden,  Speed,  Dave- 
nant,  &c.  As  he  was  never  married  his 
estates  descended  to  his  relation  Robert 
Greville. 

Grevin,  James,  a  French  poet  and  phy- 
sician, born  at  Clermont,  1538.  He  was 
in  the  service  of  Margaret  of  France, 
dutchess  of  Savoy,  and  died  at  Turin,  5th 
Nov.  1573.  He  wrote  three  plays  ;  and 
had  he  not  died  thus  prematurely,  he  would 
have  been  distinguished  still  more  by  his 
genius  as  a  poet,  and  by  extensive  prac- 
tice as  a  physician.  His  poems,  &c.  were 
printed  at  Paris  1561,  in  8vo.  As  he  was  a 
strong  Calvinist,  he  joined  Roche  Chan- 
dieu  and  Christian  to  write  the  well-known 
poem  "  the  Temple,"  against  Ronsard,  who 
in  his  "  Miseries  of  the  Time,"  had  abused 
the  protestants. 

Grevius,  or  Gr^vius,  John  George,  a 
learned  Latin  critic,  born  at  Naumbourg  in 
Saxony,  29th  Jan.  1632.  He  finished  his 
studies  at  Leipsic,  but  though  intended  for 
the  law  by  his  father,  he  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  classical  literature,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship and  assistance  of  J.  F.  Gronovius  at 
Deventer,  and  of  D.  Heinsius,  at  Lcyden, 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  that  universal 
learning,  which  soon  after  so  eminently 
distinguished  him.  By  the  persuasion  of 
D.  Blondel,  at  Amsterdam,  he  quitted  the 
tenets  of  Luther  for  those  of  Calvin.  His 
reputation  was  so  well  established  that 
his  assistance  as  public  professor  was  soli- 
cited by  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  but  he 
finally  settled  at  Deventer,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded his  friend  Gronovius.  After  adorn- 
ing, by  his  eloquence  and  the  great  powers 
of  his  mind,  successively,  the  chairs  of 
eloquence,  politics,  and  history  ;  and  after 
being  honoured  with  the  particular  atten- 
tions of  the  states  of  Utrecht,  who  as  well 
as  many  students  from  Germany  and  Eng- 
land, paid  homage  to  his  superior  abilities  ; 
this  excellent  scholar  was  suddenly  carried 
off  by  an  apoplexy,  11th  Jan.  1703,  aged 
71.  By  his  wife,  whom  he  married  1656, 
he  had  18  children,  but  only  four  daugh- 
ters survived  him.  As  an  editor  and  anno- 
tator,  Graevius  has  acquired  great  celebrity. 
Hesiod, Suetonius, Cicero,  Florus,  Catullus, 
Tibullus,  Propertius,  Csesar,  Lucian,  &c. 
were  edited  by  him,  besides  Callimachus, 
which  his  son,  who  died  in  his  23d  year, 
had  nearly  completed.     His  chief  work  is 


his  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Romana  • 
rum,"  12  vols.  fol.  to  which  he  added  The- 
saurus Antiq.  et  Histor.  Italia?,  printed 
after  his  death,  3  vols.  fol.  The  best  part 
of  his  letters  to  the  learned  men  of  the  age 
were  preserved  in  Dr.  Mead's  collection. 

Greuze,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 
His  Pere  de  Famille  giving  his  daugl.ter  to 
an  honest  peasant,  to  whom  she  was  be- 
trothed, his  Filial  Piety,  and  his  \oung 
Woman  deploring  the  loss  of  her  canary- 
bird,  are  very  fine  performances. 

Grew,  Obadiah,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Atherston,  Warwickshire,  1607.  He 
entered  at  Balio!  college,  and  after  taking 
his  degrees  in  arts,  he  entered  into  orders 
at  the  age  of  28,  and  favouring  the  views 
of  parliament,  settled  at  Coventry  as  minis- 
ter of  St.  Michael's  there.  Active  and 
exemplary  in  his  conduct,  he  was  an  inde- 
fatigable parish  priest,  and  as  he  sided  with 
the  presbyterians  against  the  hieraichy,  so 
he  opposed  them  in  their  views  of  cutting 
off  the  king;  and  even  drew  a  piomise 
from  Cromwell,  as  he  passed  through  Co- 
ventry, in  16 17,  that  no  violence  should  be 
offered  to  his  royal  master.  In  1651,  he 
took  both  his  degrees  in  divinity,  but  at  the 
restoration  be  refused  to  conform,  for 
which  he  was  ejected  from  his  parish.  He 
died  22d  Oct.  1698.  He  published  Medi- 
tations on  the  Parable  of  the  Prodigal  Son, 
and  other  theological  tracts. 

Grew,  Nehemiah,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  eminent  as  a  writer  and  a  physician. 
He  was  educated  abroad,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  college  of  physicians,  1680.  His 
great  merits  and  extensive  practice,  in 
London,  recommended  him  to  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  he  became  fellow  ;  and 
in  1677,  secretary.  Besides  the  publica- 
tion of  the  philosophical  transactions  in 
which  he  was  engaged,  he  sent  to  press  the 
Anatomy  of  Plants,  fol.  Comparative  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Stomach,  &c. — Catalogue  of 
the  Rarities  of  the  Royal  Society — Cosmo- 
logia  Sacra,  &c.  He  died  suddenly,  Lady 
day,  1711,  in  London. 

Grey,  lady  Jane,  celebrated  for  her  vir- 
tues and  her  misfortunes,  was  daughter  of 
Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  Fran- 
ces Brandon,  daughter  of  Mary,  dowager 
of  France,  and  sister  to  Henry  VIII.  She 
was  born  in  1537,  at  Bradgate-hall,  Leices- 
tershire, and  from  her  very  infancy  showed 
great  quickness  and  comprehension  of 
mind.  Under  Harding  and  Aylmer,  her 
father's  chaplains,  she  improved  herself  in 
the  various  branches  of  learning  ;  and  be- 
came such  a  proficient  in  languages,  that 
she  spoke  and  wrote,  with  astonishing  fa- 
cility, the  French,  Italian,  Latin,  and  it  is 
said  the  Greek  ;  and  was  also  well  skilled 
in  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and  Chaldee.  To 
these  high  acquirements  in  literature,  were 
united  great  beautv,  the  mildest  manners. 
785 


fc.RK 


GRI 


And  the  most  captivating  virtues  of  humi- 
lity, benevolence,  and  modesty.  Regard- 
less of  the  pleasures  and  frivolous  occupa- 
tions of  the  great,  she  sought  for  gratifica- 
tion in  reading  and  in  meditation,  and  she 
observed  to  her  tutor  Ascham,  wlio  found 
her  reading  Plato  while  the  rest  of  the 
family  were  hunting  in  the  park,  that  the 
sport  which  they  were  enjoying,  was 
but  a  shadow  compared  to  the  pleasure 
which  she  received  from  the  sublime  author. 
The  alliances  of  her  family,  however,  and 
their  ambition,  were  too  powerful  to  suffer 
her  to  live  in  her  beloved  seclusion.  No 
sooner  was  the  declining  health  of  the  sixth 
Edward  perceived  by  his  courtiers,  than 
Dudley,  duke  of  Northumberland,  prevail- 
ed upon  the  unsuspecting  monarch,  to  set- 
tle the  crown  on  his  relation,  lady  Jane, 
whose  attachment  to  the  principles  of  the 
reformation  was  indubitable  ;  and  to  pass 
over  his  sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth.  When 
this  was  effected,  the  artful  favourite  mar- 
ried his  son  Guilford  Dudley  to  the  future 
queen,  and  thus  paved  the  way  to  the  ele- 
vation of  his  own  family  to  the  throne. 
But  while  others  rejoiced  in  these  plans  of 
approaching  greatness,  Jane  alone  seemed 
unconcerned,  and,  when  at  last,  on  Ed- 
ward's death,  she  was  hailed  as  queen  by 
her  ambitious  father-in-law,  Northumber- 
land, she  refused  the  proffered  dignity,  till 
the  authority  of  her  father  the  duke  of 
Suffolk,  and  the  entreaties  of  a  husband 
whom  she  tenderly  loved,  prevailed  upon 
her  reluctantly  to  consent.  She  was,  as 
usual,  conveyed  to  the  Tower,  preparatory 
to  her  coronation,  and  she  was  proclaimed 
queen  in  the  city,  and  honoured  with  all 
the  marks  of  Ro  alty.  This  sunshine  of 
prosperity  was,  however,  but  transitory  ; 
her  rival  Mary  proved  more  powerful,  and 
the  kingdom  seemed  to  espouse  her  cause 
with  such  loyalty,  that  Northumberland  and 
Suffolk  yielded  to  the  popular  voice,  and 
lady  Jane,  after  being  treated  as  queen  for 
a  few  days,  descended  again,  and  with  ex- 
ultation, to  privacy.  But  misfortunes  ac- 
companied her  fall.  She  saw  her  father- 
in-law  and  his  family,  her  own  father  anfl 
his  numerous  adherents,  brought  to  the 
Tower,  and  at  last  expire  under  the  hand 
of  the  executioner,  and  she  herself  to- 
gether with  her  husband  were  to  com- 
plete the  bloody  tragedy.  She  and  lord 
Guilford  and  Cranmer  were  carried  to 
Guildhall  from  the  Tower,  and  attainted  of 
high  treason,  and  condemned,  but  it  is 
imagined  that  had  not  Wyatt's  rebellion  at 
that  time  alarmed  the  suspicions  of  the  bigot- 
edMary,  the  innocent  Jane  might  have  been 
pardoned.  Three  months  after  her  con- 
demnation she  was  ordered  to  prepare  for 
death,  and  as  her  husband  was  dissuaded 
from  increasing  their  mutual  bitterness  by 
'aking;  leave  of  each  other,  she  jrave  him 
766 


her  last  farewell  though  the  window  as  he 
passed  to  the  place  of  execution,  and  soon 
after  she  saw  his  headless  body  wrapped  in 
a  linen  cloth  borne  to  the  chapel.  From 
the  horrid  sight  she  was  soon  summoned 
herself  to  the  scaffold,  where  she  suffered 
with  the  most  Christian  resignation,  ex- 
claiming with  fervency,  "  Lord,  into  thy 
hands]  commend  my  spirit."  This  bloody 
catastrophe  took  place  12th  Feb.  1554. 
Jane  carried  with  her  to  the  grave,  the 
regrets  and  the  affections  of  the  protes- 
tants,  and  Mary,  in  shedding  the  blood  ^of 
those  who  were  so  nearly  related  to  her, 
seemed  to  proclaim  that  she  little  regarded 
the  sacrificing  of  the  lives  of  her  subjects  to 
her  own  bigoted  principles. 

Grey,  Dr.  Zachary,  an  English  scholar, 
descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  and  after 
wards  removed  to  Trinity-hall,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was  rector 
of  Hough  ton-Conquest,  Bedfordshire,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Giles'  and  St.  Peter's,  in  Cam- 
bridge, and  died  25th  Nov.  1766,  aged  79. 
He  was  author  of  near  thirty  publications, 
the  best  known  of  which  is  his  edition  of 
Hudibras,  with  curious  and  interesting 
notes,  2  vols,  which  has  been  censured  and 
ridiculed  by  Warburton  and  H.  Fielding, 
but  ably  defended  by  Warton  on  Shaks- 
peare.  He  also  answered  Neale's  History 
of  the  Puritans,  3  vols.  8vo.  Dr.  Grey 
was  twice  married,  and  left  two  daughters. 

Grey,  Dr.  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
born  1693.  He  was  of  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  and  obtained  the  livings  of  Kiln- 
cote,  Leicestershire,  and  afterwards  Hin- 
ton  in  Northamptonshire,  and  a  pre- 
bend in  St.  Paul's.  He  was  made  D.D. 
1731,  by  the  university,  for  his  "  System 
of  English  Ecclesiastical  Law."  He  pub- 
lished, besides,  in  1736,  an  anonymous 
pamphlet,  called  "  the  Miserable  and  Dis- 
tracted State  of  Religion  in  England,  upon 
the  Downfal  of  the  Church  Established," 
8vo. — and  also  "  a  New  Method  of  Learning 
Hebrew  without  Points," — Liber  Jobi. — 
the  Last  Words  of  David — some  sermons, 
&c.  He  left  some  daughters,  and  died 
2Sth  Feb.  1771,  aged  78. 

Gribaldus,  Matthew,  a  learned  civilian 
of  Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  the 
protestant  faith,  and  became  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Tubingen.  He  followed  the 
errors  of  the  anti-trinitarians,  for  which  he 
was  obliged  to  fly  from  Tubingen,  and  he 
was  at  last  seized  at  Bern,  where  the 
plague  carried  him  off  in  Sept.  1564,  and 
thus  prevented  the  ignominious  death  which 
his  persecutors  would  have  inflicted  upon 
him.  He  wrote  some  valuable  books  on 
civil  law,  the  best  known  of  which  is  his 
';  Commentarii  in  Legem  de  Rerum  Mix- 
tura,  et  de  Jure  Fisci." 

Gbtbnf.r,  Michael   Henry,  professor  of 


GRI 


GK1 


the  law  at  Wirtemberg,  died  1734.  He 
wrote  several  works  in  Latin  on  jurispru- 
dence, &c.  and  his  abilities  are  mentioned 
with  respect  by  Saxius  in  his  Onomasticon. 

Gridley,  Jeremiah,  an  attorney  general 
of  the  province  of  Massachusetts,  who  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1725.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  the  law, 
and  soon  becoming  eminent  for  his  supe- 
rior talents  and  knowledge,  was  appointed 
king's  attorney.  It  was  in  that  capacity 
that,  in  1761,  he  defended  the  famous  writs 
of  assistance,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  James 
Otis.  He  held  the  first  place  among  his 
associates  at  the  bar,  in  strength  of  under- 
standing and  extent  of  legal  erudition.  He 
died  10th  September,  1767.        |cy  L. 

Grierson,  Constantia,  a  woman  of  great 
respectability  as  a  scholar  in  Greek  and 
Roman  literature.  She  was  born  in  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  of  poor  and  illiterate  pa- 
rents, but  she  proved  her  title  to  celebrity 
by  ner  edition  of  Tacitus,  dedicated  to  lord 
Carteret,  and  by  that  of  Terence,  inscribed 
to  his  son,  and  also  by  her  poems,  and  a 
Greek  epigram  of  great  merit.  In  acknow- 
ledgment of  her  literary  abilities,  lore!  Car- 
teret inserted  her  name  in  the  patent  which 
granted  the  office  of  king's  printer  to  her 
husband  for  life.  She  died  in  1733,  aged 
only  27.  She  received,  as  she  informed 
Mrs,  Pilkington,  some  instruction  from  the 
clergyman  of  her  parish,  but  for  the  best 
part  of  her  learning  she  was  indebted  to 
her  own  industry.  To  her  learning  and 
philosophical  knowledge,  she  united  great 
modesty,  genuine  piety,  and  every  female 
virtue. 

Griesbach,  John  Jacob,  a  learned  cri- 
tic and  divine,  was  born  Jan.  4,  1745,  at 
Buzbach,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  where  his 
father  was  a  minister.  The  son  was  edu- 
cated at  Frankfort,  afterwards  at  Tubin- 
gen, next  at  Halle,  and  lastly  at  Leipsic. 
In  1773  he  was  appointed  professor  extra- 
ordinary of  divinity  at  Halle,  where,  in 
1775,  he  published  bis  edition  of  the  Greek 
Testament,  with  various  readings.  This 
inestimable  edition  passed  through  several 
impressions,  one  of  which  was  taken  off  at 
the  expense  of  the  late  duke  of  Grafton. 
Professor  Griesbach  was  called  to  the  divi- 
nity chair  at  Jena,  where  also  he  became 
rector  of  the  university,  and  privy  counsel- 
lor for  ecclesiastical  affairs  to  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Weimar.  His  critical  notes  upon  the 
Scriptures  are  very  valuable  ;  but  his  pub- 
lications are  too  numerous  to  admit  of  a 
list  in  this  place.  He  died  at  Jena,  March 
24,  1812.— JF.  B. 

Griffet,  Henry,  a  Jesuit  of  Moulins, 
who  died  at  Brussels  1775,  aged  77.  He 
published  Daniel's  History  of  France,  in 
which  he  continued  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIII. 
t  vols.  4to.  besides  sermons,  and  a  popular 


work  called  "  Delices  des  Pays  Bas,"  5  vols. 
12mo. 

Griffier,  John,  an  eminent  painter, 
called  old  Griffier,  and  abroad  the  gentle- 
man of  Utrecht.  He  was  born  at  Amster- 
dam, and  died  in  London  1718,  aged  60. 
ilis  views  on  the  Thames  were  much  ad- 
mired, as  also  his  etched  prints  of  birds, 
beasts,  &.c.  from  the  designs  of  F.  liariow. 
His  son  Robert,  called  the  young  Gi  iffier, 
was  born  in  England,  and  was  living  in 
1713.  He  was  an  excellent  landscape 
painter. 

Griffin,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  before 
its  total  subjugation  by  the  English,  was  in- 
humanly put  to  death  in  London  by  his 
conqueror. 

Griffin,  Cyrus,  president  of  congress, 
was  educated  in  England,  and  connected 
by  marriage  with  an  ancient  and  noble  fa- 
mily in  that  country.  He  was  attached  to 
the  cause  of  American  independence,  and, 
after  having  held  a  seat  in  the  legislature  of 
Virginia,  was  elected,  in  1778,  a  delegate 
to  congress.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
president  of  the  admiralty  court,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  office  until  it  was  abolished. 
While  Kentucky  was  attached  to  Virginia, 
he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  that  ter- 
ritory, but  declined.  In  1787  he  was  again 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  was  chosen  president  of  that 
body.  He  was  the  last  who  held  the  office. 
Under  the  constitution,  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  United  States  district  court 
for  Virginia,  and  discharged  the  duties  of 
that  station  for  a  period  of  twenty-one 
years.  He  died  at  Yorktown,  December 
10th,  1810,  aged  62.  JO33  L. 

Griffith,  Michael,  a  native  of  London, 
who  studied  at  Seville  and  in  the  Low 
Countries,  and  became  a  Jesuit,  and  was 
sent  as  missionary  of  his  order  to  England. 
He  died  at  St.  Omers  1652,  aged  65.  He 
wrote  Annales  Eclesiae  Bntannicae,  4  vols, 
fol.—  Britannia  Illustrata,  4to. 

Griffiths,  Ralph,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, known  in  the  republic  of  letters  as 
the  first  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Month- 
ly Review,  a  periodical  work,  begun  in 
1749,  and  by  his  assiduity  and  the  co-ope= 
ration  of  men  of  talents  and  information, 
raised  to  great  celebrity.  This  useful  work 
was  so  ably  and  so  successfully  conducted, 
that  it  procured  him  a  comfortnble  inde- 
pendence, on  which  he  retired  to  his  resi- 
dence at  Turnham  Green,  some  years  be- 
fore his  death.  He  was  honoured,  for  his 
services  to  literature,  with  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  one  of  the  American  universi- 
versities,  and  he  died  1803,  aged  83. 

Grignan,  Frances  Margaret  de  Sevigne, 
countess  of,  daughter  of  the  celebrated  ma- 
dame  de  Sevigne,  was  born  in  1646.  She 
married,  in  1669,  count  Grignan,  an  officer 
of  high  rank  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV 
707 


wu 


am 


Her  residence  in  Provence  with  her  hus- 
band, and  at  a  distance  from  her  mother, 
was  the  cause  of  the  writing  of  those  ex- 
cellent letters,  which  passed  between  the 
mother  and  daughter.  She  had  two  daugh- 
ters and  one  son.  She  died  1705,  one 
year  after  the  death  of  her  son,  and  her 
husband  survived  her  till  1714,  aged  85. 

Grignion,  Charles,  an  engraver,  stu- 
died at  Paris,  under  Le  Bas,  after  which  he 
settle1,  ii  England,  where  he  was  most  ex- 
tensively employed  rur  above  half  a  centu- 
ry, till  his  bid-fashioned  manner  was  su- 
perseded by  a  more  imposing  style.  This 
revolution  in  the  art  threw  him  into  obscu- 
rity ;  and,  in  his  latter  years,  a  subscription 
was  formed  for  his  support.  He  died  at 
Kentish-Town,  aged  94,  in  1810.— W.  B. 

Grignon,  Charles,  an  artist,  was  the  son 
of  a  clock-maker  in  Russel-street,  Covent- 
garden,  and  born  there  in  1754.  He  dis- 
covered his  genius  for  drawing  at  an  early 
age  ;  and  at  fifteen  gained  the  prize  of  the 
silver  pallet  from  the  Society  of  Arts.  He 
was  at  this  time  a  pupil  of  Cipriani's,  with 
whom  he  was  a  favourite.  In  1769  he  be- 
came a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy  ; 
and,  in  1780,  gained  the  gold  medal  for  the 
best  Historical  painting,  on  the  choice  of 
Hercules.  After  this  he  was  sent  by  the 
academy  to  Rome,  where  he  painted  a  pic- 
ture of  the  death  of  captain  Cook.  He 
also  undertook  another  of  Prometheus,  for 
lord  Clive.  When  the  French  entered 
Rome  he  went  to  Naples,  and  thence  to  Sici- 
ly, where  he  painted  a  portrait  of  Nelson. 
He  next  removed  to  Leghorn, and  died  there 
of  a  malignant  fever,  Oct.  29,  1804.—  W.  B. 

Grignon,  Jaques,  a  French  engraver,  at 
the  end  of  the  17th  century.  His  best 
works  are  his  portraits.  He  engraved 
some  pieces  from  Chauveau's  designs  for 
"  les  Tableaux  de  la  Penitence." 

Grimaldi,  John  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Bologna  1606.  He  studied  under  his 
relations  the  Caraccis,  and  was  honoura- 
bly employed  by  Innocent  X.  in  adorning 
the  Vatican,  and  the  other  edifices  of 
Rome.  He  was  also  engaged  by  Mazarin, 
at  Paris,  for  three  years,  in  embellishing 
his  palace  and  the  Louvre,  but  the  troubles 
of  the  times,  and  the  warmth  %vith  which 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  his  patron,  obliged 
him  to  fly  to  the  Jesuits  for  protection. 
On  his  return  to  Rome  he  gained  the  pa- 
tronage of  Innocent's  two  successors,  Alex- 
ander VII.  and  Clement  IX.  and  devoted 
the  labours  of  his  pencil  in  their  service. 
He  was  also  skilled  in  architecture,  and  42 
of  his  engravings  in  aqua  fortis  are  men- 
tioned with  great  commendation.  In  him 
ibe  celebrity  of  the  painter  was  united  with 
•^reai  benevolence  and  the  most  charitable 
disposition.  He  died  of  a  dropsy,  af  Rome, 
1660,  leaving  a  considerable  fortune  among 
liis  six  children,  the  voungest  of  whom, 
7G= 


Alexander,    distinguished    himself   as     -* 
painter. 

Grimani,  Domenico,  son  of  the  doge  of 
Venice,  was  born  there  1460.  He  was  a 
learned  man  and  ihe  correspondent  of 
Erasmus,  and  translated  some  of  Chrysos- 
tom's  homilies  into  Latin.  He  was  made 
a  cardinal,  and  died  1523. 

Grimani,  Hubert,  an  excellent  portrait 
painter  of  Delft,  who  died  1629,  aged  30. 

Grimarest,  Leonard,  a  French  writer, 
who  died  1720.  He  wrote  the  Life  of 
Charles  XII.  and  that  of  Moliere,  severely 
censured  by  Voltaire. 

Grimaud,  N.  de,  professor  of  Medicine 
at  Montpellier,  is  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Fevers — Memoirs  on  Nutrition,  &c.  He 
died  1791. 

Grimmer,  James,  a  much  admired  land- 
scape painter  of  Antwerp,  who  died  1546, 
aged  30. 

Grimocx,  a  French  painter,  who  affect- 
ed to  make  no  distinction  between  night 
and  day.  His  portraits  are  highly  valued 
as  cabinet  pieces.     He  died  1740. 

Grimston,  sir  Harbottle,  a  learned  law- 
yer, master  of  the  rolls  to  Charles  I.  He 
died  1633,  aged  99. 

Grin dal,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  1519,  at  Halsingham  in 
Cumberland.  He  entered  at  Magdalen 
college,  Cambridge,  and  then  removed  to 
Christ's,  and  afterwards  to  Pembroke-hall, 
when  he  became  fellow  1538,  and  M.A. 
1541.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  lady 
Margaret's  public  preacher,  and  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  that  Ridley,  bi- 
shop of  London,  made  him  his  chaplain 
1550.  The  next  year  he  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and,  in  1553,  he  ob- 
tained a  stall  at  Westminster,  and  was 
marked  as  one  of  those  who  were  to  enjoy 
in  two  portions  the  rich  bishopric  of  Dur- 
ham, but  the  succession  of  Mary  clouded 
all  his  prospects.  He  fled  to  Strasburg, 
and  there  remained  till  the  death  of  the 
queen,  when  his  services  were  employed 
in  drawing  up  the  new  liturgy,  and  in  op- 
posing in  a  public  dispute  with  seven  other 
protestants  the  popish  prelates.  In  1559 
he  was  made  master  of  Pembroke-hall,  in 
the  room  of  Young,  who  refused  the  oaths 
of  supremacy,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
nominated  to  succeed,  after  Bonner's  depo- 
sition, as  bishop  of  London.  In  1564  he 
took  his  degree  of  D.D.  and,  in  1570,  he 
was  translated  to  York,  and  succeeded 
Parker,  five  years  after,  in  the  see  of  Can- 
terbury. His  elevation  was  of  short  dura- 
tion. Elizabeth  saw  with  displeasure  that 
the  frequent  meetings  of  the  clergy  for  pur- 
poses of  mutual  improvement,  and  for  the 
better  understanding  of  the  Scripture,  were 
often  converted  into  faction  instead  of 
Christian  edification,  and  she  therefore  di- 
rected Grindal  to  exercise  his  authority  to 


UKI 


GRO 


abolish  these  prophesyings,  as  they  were 
called.  The  primate,  who  acknowledged 
that  the  interference  of  the  laity  in  these 
public  meetings  was  often  subversive  of 
good  order  and  decorum,  yet  saw  conse- 
quences in  the  friendly  meeting  ol  the  clergy 
so  favourable  to  the  cause  ol  religion  that 
he  ventured  to  dispute  with  the  queen  about 
the  propriety  of  her  measures.  Elizabeth 
was  peremptory  ;  her  commands  were  is- 
sued to  the  bishops  to  silence  all  prophesy- 
ings and  exercises,  all  preachers  not  law- 
fully called  ;  and  Grindal,  after  being  al- 
lowed a  decent  time  to  consider  of  bis 
conduct,  was,  by  order  of  the  Star-cham- 
ber, confined  to  his  house,  and  his  see  se- 
questered from  him.  Though  in  some  de- 
gree afterwards  restored  to  his  metropoli- 
tan power,  yet  he  chose  to  resign  his  see, 
and  to  receive  a  pension  from  the  queen. 
With  this  he  retired  to  Croydon,  but  died 
two  months  after,  6th  July,  1583,  and  was 
interred  in  Croydon  church.  This  learned 
prelate,  whose  firmness  was  doubted  whilst 
he  held  the  see  of  London,  and  seemed  to 
waver  in  his  treatment  of  the  papists, 
wrote  little.  The  patrons  of  his  early  life 
were,  besides  Ridley,  secretary  Cecil  and 
archbishop  Parker.  He  was  engaged  in 
drawing  up  the  statutes  for  the  government 
of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  by  his  hu- 
manity he  provided  a  new  settlement  at 
Embden  for  the  British  merchants  of  Ant- 
werp, whom  Spanish  tyranny  oppressed 
and  insulted. 

Gringonneur,  Jacquemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  in  the  14th  century,  said  to  have 
invented  playing  cards  about  1392,  to 
amuse  the  melancholy  hours  of  Charles  VI. 
king  of  France.  Some,  however,  imagine 
that  cards  were  in  fashion  long  before  the 
derangement  of  the  sixth  Charles. 

Gringore,  Peter,  herald  at  arms  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  died  1544.  His  "  Mo- 
ralities" in  verse,  though  not  very  interest- 
ing, are  curious,  to  mark  the  progress  of 
theatrical  improvement. 

Grisaunt,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian, astronomer,  and  mathematician,  who 
studied  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  to 
avoid  the  suspicion  of  magic  which  in  those 
barbarous  ages  attended  the  possession  of 
learning,  fled  over  to  France.  He  settled 
atMontpellier  and  afterwards  at  Marseilles, 
where  he  acquired  eminence  and  fame  by 
an  inquisitive  examination  of  the  diseases 
and  constitution  of  his  patients.  His  son 
rose  to  the  pontificate  under  the  name  of 
Urban  V.  His  works  are  mentioned  in 
Aikin's  Biog.  Memoirs.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown,  though  he  was  an  old 
man  in  1350. 

Griswold,  Roger,  LL.D.  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  the  son  of  governor 
Matthew  Griswold,  born  at  Lyme,  May 
•21,  1762,  and  araduatcd  at  Yale  college  in 

Vol.  I.  97 


1780.  He  was  admitted  to  practise  law  iri 
1783,  and  was  elected  a  representative  in 
congress  from  Connecticut  in  1794.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  mem- 
bers of  that  body  during  the  administra- 
tions of  president  Adams  and  his  succes- 
sor, was  warmly  attached  to  the  principles 
of  the  federal  party,  and  a  powerful  advo- 
vate  of  its  measures.  In  1801  be  was  ap- 
pointed to,  but  declined  accepting,  the  office 
of  secretary  of  the  war  department.  In 
1807,  having  resigned  his  seat  in  congress, 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut.  In  1808  he  was  one 
of  the  electors  of  president  and  vice  presi- 
dent, and  in  1S09  was  elected  lieutenant 
governor  of  the  state.  In  1811  he  was 
chosen  governor.  His  death  took  place  at 
Norwich,  October  25th,  1812.  He  was  for 
several  years  regarded  by  both  political 
parties,  as  one  of  the  first  men  in  the  na- 
tion, in  talents,  political  knowledge,  and 
force  of  eloquence,  and  commanded  the 
esteem  and  admiration  of  opponents  as  well 
as  friends  in  the  several  stations  which  he 
occupied.  He  possessed  an  understand- 
ing of  uncommon  energy,  a  brilliant  fancy, 
a  fine  memory,  and  was  an  acute  reasoner, 
was  distinguished  by  great  uprightness  and 
public  spirit,  and  was  eminently  accom- 
plished and  dignified  in  his  manners. 

Ghive,  John  de  la,  a  French  geographer 
born  at  Sedan.  He  died  1757,  aged  68. 
His  "  Topography  of  Paris"  is  extremely 
accurate,  and  bis  plans  of  Versailles,  Marly, 
&c.  are  much  admired.  He  wrote  also  a 
Manual  of  Spherical  Trigonometry  and 
other  works. 

Grocyn,  William,  a  learned  Englishman, 
born  at  Bristol  1442,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  and  New  college,  Oxford. 
In  1479  he  obtained  from  his  college  the 
rectory  of  Newton  Longville,  Bucks,  and 
afterwards,  in  consequence  of  holding  in 
the  ablest  manner  a  disputation  before 
Richard  III.  when  he  visited  Oxford,  he  was 
made  prebendary  of  Lincoln.  He  travel- 
led to  Italy,  and  improved  himself  in  the 
Greek,  then  little  understood,  under  De- 
metrius Chalcondylas,  and  Politian,  and  at 
his  return  1491,  settled  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  public  professor 
of  his  favourite  language.  He  was  the 
correspondent  and  friend  of  Erasmus. 
When  that  illustrious  scholar  visited  Ox- 
ford, Grocyn  received  him  with  affection, 
and  introduced  him  to  Warham  the  pri- 
mate, and  other  great  and  learned  men. 
In  1490,  Grocyn  exchanged  his  living  for 
the  mastership  of  All-hallows  college, 
Maidstone,  Kent,  where  he  died  1522,  of 
a  stroke  of  the  palsy,  which  the  year  before 
had  greatly  impaired  his  faculties.  He  had 
little  respect  for  Plato,  but  paid  great  ho- 
mage to  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle 
7fi9 


(•HO 


GRO 


whose  works  he  undertook  with  Latimer, 
Linacrc,  and  More,  to  translate,  but  did  not 
pursue.  He  left  part  of  his  property  to  Lin- 
acre  his  executor,  and  to  Thomas  Lilly  the 
grammarian,  who  was  his  godson.  A 
Latin  epistle  from  him  to  Aldus  Manutius, 
is  preserved  in  Linacre's  translation  of 
Proclus  de  Sphaera.  Though  Erasmus 
says  this  is  all  he  wrote,  yet  some  other 
writings  of  his  are  mentioned  by  Bale  and 
Leland. 

Grochowski,  a  Pole,  who  after  serving 
in  the  Prussian  armies,  took  up  arms  in 
defence  of  his  country  against  the  Russians. 
He  was  with  Kosciuszko  at  the  battle  of 
Syezekociny,  6th  June,  1791,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  cannon  ball. 

Groditius,  Stanislaus,  a  Jesuit  of  Po- 
land, author  of  eight  volumes  of  Latin  ser- 
mons, and  other  polemical  writings.  He 
died  at  Cracow,  1613. 

Gronovius,  John  Frederic,  a  respecta- 
ble civilian,  critic,  and  historian,  born  at 
Hamburgh,  1613.  After  making  great  pro- 
gress in  literature  at  home,  he  travelled 
through  Germany,  Italy,  and  France,  fur- 
ther to  increase  the  resources  of  his  mind, 
and  on  his  return  through  Deventer,  he 
was  stopped  and  honourably  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  polite  learning.  In  1658  he  re- 
moved to  Leyden  as  successor  in  the  pro- 
fessorial chair,  to  Dan.  Heinsius,  and  there 
he  died  greatly  regretted,  1672.  He  mar- 
ried at  Deventer,  and  had  two  sons  both 
eminent  in  literature.  He  published  a  dis- 
sertation on  Statius's  Sylva — a  treatise  on 
the  Sesterce — a  work  of  Ecclesiastical 
Writers,  besides  valuable  editions  of  Plau- 
tus,  Seneca,  Sallust,  Livy,  Quintilian, 
Pliny,  &c. 

Gronovius,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Deventer,  20th  Oct.  1645,  and 
educated  under  his  father  at  Leyden.  In 
1670,  he  visited  England,  and  not  only  ex- 
amined the  valuable  libraries  of  the  uni- 
versities, but  he  gained  the  friendship  of 
the  learned,  of  Pocock,  Pearson,  and  M. 
Casaubon,  and  after  his  return  to  Leyden, 
he  extended  his  travels  to  France,  where  he 
>vas  introduced  to  Chaplain,  d'Herbelot, 
Thevenot,  and  other  scholars.  Though  his 
father's  death  disconcerted  his  plans,  he 
proceeded  to  Italy,  where  the  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany,  in  respect  to  his  merits,  grant- 
ed him  a  pension,  and  a  professor's  chair, 
at  Pisa,  where  he  had  for  his  colleague 
Henry  Norris,  afterwards  a  cardinal.  Af- 
ter some  time  he  left  Tuscany,  and  return- 
ing by  the  way  of  Venice  and  Padua,  he 
came  to  Leyden,  where,  in  1679,  a  profes- 
sorship awaited  him.  In  this  peaceful  re- 
treat, endeared  to  him  by  the  residence  of 
his  father,  and  the  partialities  of  jouthful 
life,  he  determined  to  pass  the  remainder  of 
his  days,  and  therefore  rejected  the  honour- 
able offers  of  a  chair  at  Padua,  and  also  at 
770 


Keil,  in  Holstcin,  under  the  duke  of  Sles- 
wick.  In  the  midst  of  his  literary  occupa- 
tions the  death  of  his  favourite  daughter 
rent  his  bosom  with  affliction,  so  that  in 
the  fulness  of  his  grief,  he  fell  sick,  and 
five  weeks  after  he  followed  her  to  the 
grave,  21st  Oct.  1/16.  He  left  two  sons, 
the  eldest  a  physician,  and  the  youngest 
Abraham,  history  professor  at  Utrecht. 
Gronovius  was  inferior  to  his  father  in 
modesty  and  moderation,  though  superior 
in  learning ;  but  his  virulence  against 
his  literary  antagonists  was  such,  that  he 
was  called  a  second  Scioppius.  Besides 
editions  of  Macrobius,  Polybius,  &c.  he 
published  that  valuable  book,  "  Thesaurus 
Antiquitatum  Grscarum,"  13  vols.  fol. 

Gropper,  John,  an  able  polemic  of 
Westphalia,  who  refused  a  cardinal's  hat. 
He  died  at  Rome  1559.  He  had  a  great 
abhorrence  of  women.  He  wrote  a  valu- 
able work  "  Erchiridion  Christians  Reli- 
gionis." 

Gros,  Peter,  an  able  sculptor,  born  at 
Paris.  He  embellished  the  capital  of  France 
with  many  fine  specimens  of  his  art,  and 
died  at  Rome  1710,  aged  44. 

Gros,  Nicholas,  a  theologian  of  Rheims, 
whose  opposition  to  the  bull  unigenitus 
obliged  him  to  fly  from  France.  He  was 
for  some  time  in  England,  and  wrote 
several  things  on  temporary  subjects.  He 
was  theological  professor  at  Amersfort, 
and  in  his  writings  ably  supported  the  Jan- 
senists  in  Holland.  He  died  1751,  aged 
76. 

Grose,  Francis,  an  English  antiquary, 
and  able  writer.  He  illustrated  "  the  An- 
tiquity of  England  and  Wales"  in  4  vols. 
4to.  "  and  of  Scotland,"  in  two.  His  de- 
sign, with  respect  to  Ireland,  was  checked 
by  death,  which  carried  him  off  in  Dublin, 
in  1791,  aged  52.  He  published  besides 
"a  Classical  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar 
Tongue," — Military  Antiquities,  &c. — a 
treatise  on  Ancient  Armour,  &c.  His 
talents  were  much  admired  as  a  draughts- 
man, and  he  was  equally  respectable  as  a 
pleasing  and  agreeable  companion  in  pri- 
vate life. 

Grosley,  Peter  John,  member  of  the 
academy  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  Inscrip- 
tions, was  born  at  Troyes,  and  died  there 
1785,  aged  67.  He  wrote  "  Recherches 
pour  l'Histoire  du  Droit  Francois" — the 
Lives  of  the  two  Pithou's,  &c.  besides  large 
contributions  to  the  Encyclopedia,  and  the 
Dictionnaire  Historique. 

Grosseteste,  Robert,  an  English  pre- 
late, born  about  1175,  at  Stradbrook,  Suf- 
folk. Though  obscurely  born,  he  received 
a  decent  education,  most  ably  assisted  by 
indefatigable  application,  at  Oxford  and 
Paris,  where  he  became  a  respectable  pro- 
ficient in  Greek  literature,  little  regarded  at 
that  time.     On  returning  from  Paris,  he 


GRO 


GRO 


read  lectures  on  philosophy  and  divinity  at 
Oxford,  and  from  the  celebrity  which  he 
acquired  was  made  archdeacon  of  Chester, 
afterwards  of  Wilts,  and  in  1234-5,  elect- 
ed bishop  of  Lincoln.  He  died  at  Buck- 
den,  1253,  highly  respected  for  learning, 
integrity,  and  piety,  even  in  the  opinion 
of  Matthew  Paris,  who  often  speaks  of  him 
with  marked  indifference.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle,  and  other  volumi- 
nous works,  mentioned  in  Tanner's  Biblio- 
theque.  He  possessed  great  learning,  a 
clear  and  vigorous  intellect.  Dr.  Pegge 
has  written  his  life. 

Grosteste,  Claude,  a  French  refugee, 
who  came  to  London,  after  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  He  was  minister 
of  the  Savoy,  and  wrote  several  sermons, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  Inspiration  of  the 
Sacred  Books,  displaying  learning,  benevo- 
lence, and  humility.  He  died  17l3,aged  2S. 

Grosvenor,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, made  minister  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation, in  Crosby-square,  1704,  and  in  1716 
removed  to  Salters'  hall  meeting-house. 
Besides  essay  on  Health,  and  the  Mourner, 
often  edited,  and  universally  approved,  he 
wrote  several  sermons,  and  died  1758, 
aged  83. 

Grotius,  or  Groot,  Hugo,  a  celebrated 
writer,  son  of  John  de  Groot,  a  respecta- 
ble burgomaster  of  Delft.  Fie  was  born 
at  Delft,  10th  April,  1583,  and  from  his 
earliest  years  displayed  strong  powers  of 
mind,  great  genius,  sound  judgment,  and  a 
most  retentive  memory.  He  studied  at 
the  Hague,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Leyden  under  the  care  of  Francis  Junius, 
and  here  Joseph  Scaliger  saw  and  admired 
his  promising  abilities,  and  affectionately 
interested  himself  in  his  improvement. 
In  1598  he  accompanied  count  Justin  of 
Nassau,  and  the  grand  pensioner  Barne- 
velt,  in  their  embassy  to  France,  and  he 
was  received  with  every  mark  of  kindness 
by  the  court,  and  presented  by  Henry  IV. 
with  his  picture  and  a  gold  chain.  The 
university  of  Paris  also  paid  its  respects  to 
this  learned  youth,  and  granted  him  a  doc- 
tor of  law's  degree  before  his  return  to 
Holland.  Devoting  himself  to  the  law,  he 
pleaded  his  first  cause  at  Delft,  and  though 
scarce  seventeen,  he  commanded  the  gene- 
ral applause  by  his  eloquence  and  exten- 
sive information.  But  polite  literature 
also  engaged  much  of  his  attention,  and  in 
1599  he  published  an  edition  of  Martianus 
Capella,  dedicated  to  the  celebrated  de 
Thou,  and  translated  into  Latin,  Stevin's 
treatise  for  the  instruction  of  pilots  in  find- 
ing a  ship's  place  at  sea.  In  1600  he  pub- 
lished his  phaenomena  of  Aratus,  and  ac- 
quired such  celebrity  as  a  poet  that  his  Pro- 
sopopoeia was  translated  into  French  by  du 
Vaer,  Rapin,  Pasquier,  and  Malherbe,  and 
into  Greek  by  Casaubon.     He  also  wrote 


tragedies,  and  his  Adamus  Euxi,  his  Chris- 
tus  Patiens,  and  his  Joseph,  were  received 
with  great  applause.  In  1603,  he  was  ap- 
pointed historiographer  to  the  states  of 
Holland,  who  thus  selected  him  as  the 
ablest  historian  worthy  to  transmit  to  pos- 
terity the  heroic  deeds  of  their  country- 
men, and  their  emancipation  from  Spanish 
slavery.  He  was  next  appointed  advocate 
general  for  the  fisc  of  Holland  and  Zea- 
land, with  an  increased  salary,  and  he  ably- 
defended  in  1609,  in  his  "  Mare  Liberum," 
the  freedom  of  the  ocean,  and  the  right 
of  the  Dutch  to  trade  to  the  east,  though 
the  work  was  severely  and  acutely  censur- 
ed by  Selden.  His  treatise  de  Antiquitate 
Republican  Batavac,  to  assert  the  ancient 
independence  of  his  country  from  the  Ro- 
man yoke,  and  the  modern  usurpations  of 
Spain,  appeared  in  1610,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  unanimous  thanks  of  the  states. 
In  1613,  he  was  honourably  elected  pen- 
sionary of  Rotterdam,  and  obtained  a  seat 
in  the  assembly  of  the  states  of  Holland, 
and  afterwards  of  the  states  general,  and 
soon  after  his  abilities  were  employed  in 
settling  the  disputes  between  the  English 
and  the  Dutch,  on  the  subject  of  the  fish- 
ery in  the  Northern  seas.  In  the  religious 
differences  which  now  began  to  agitate  Hol- 
land, Grotius,  who  had  hitherto  marched 
unopposed  in  the  road  of  honour  and  glory, 
took  a  share,  and,  in  embracing  the  tenets 
of  Arminius,  he  declared  himself  a  zealous 
advocate  for  toleration.  His  conduct,  and 
that  of  those  with  whom  he  acted,  proved 
offensive  to  prince  Maurice,  and  the  con- 
ference begun  for  reconciliation,  soon  ended 
in  mistrust  and  warfare.  At  the  national 
synod  of  Dort,  15th  November,  1618,  the 
five  articles  of  the  Arminians  were  con- 
demned, their  ministers  were  banished, 
and  their  three  able  defenders,  Barne- 
velt,  Grotius,  and  Hoogarbetz,  were  tried, 
and  the  first  was  executed,  and  the  others 
doomed  to  perpetual  imprisonment.  In 
his  prison  of  Louvestein,  Grotius  found 
consolation  in  literary  occupations,  and 
though  his  confinement  was  rigorous,  he 
derived  every  comfort  from  the  atten- 
tions of  his  wife,  who  after  some  difficulty 
was  permitted  to  visit  him.  The  fond  care 
of  this  worthy  woman  at  last  procured 
his  deliverance,  after  a  captivity  of  nearly 
two  years,  and  on  pretence  of  removing 
books  which  she  declared  proved  injurious 
to  her  husband's  health,  she  was  permitted 
to  send  away  a  small  chest  of  drawers  of 
the  length  of  three  feet  and  a  half,  in  which 
he  was  confined.  Thus  carried  by  two 
soldiers  from  the  fortress  of  Louvestein, 
the  chest  was  removed  to  Gorcum  on 
horseback,  and  at  the  house  of  a  friend  the 
illustrious  prisoner  was  set  at  liberty,  and 
immediately  escaped  disguised  in  the  dress 
of  a  mason  with  a  rule  and  a  trowel,  to 
771 


(jIRO 


gro 


Yalvie  in  Brabant,  and  then  to  Antwerp. 
From  Antwerp  he  wrote  to  the  states  gene- 
ral, exculpating  himself,  and  asserting  that 
his  conduct  was  guided  by  the  purest  love 
for  his  country,  and  the  sincerest  regard 
for  the  interests  of  the  states,  and  he  after- 
wards went  to  Paris,  where  he  received  a 
pension  from  the  French  court.  His  apolo- 
gy appeared  in  1622,  but  it  was  received 
with  such  indignation  by  the  states  general, 
that  all  persons  were  forbidden  to  read  it 
on  pain  of  death,  and  a  decree  was  issued 
to  seize  the  offending  author  wherever  he 
could  be  found.  In  1623,  he  retired  from 
the  tumults  of  Paris  to  the  seat  of  one  of 
his  friends  near  Boulogne,  and  there  began 
his  great  work  on  the  Rights  of  Peace  and 
War.  The  death  of  Maurice  in  Holland 
made  no  change  in  the  politics  of  the 
Dutch,  and  the  next  stadtholder,  Frederic 
Henry,  professed  the  same  enmity  against 
the  exiled  sufferer,  but,  at  last,  through  the 
solicitations  of  his  friends,  and  the  earnest 
applications  of  his  wife,  the  confiscation 
was  removed  from  his  property,  and  in 
October,  1631,  he  ventured  to  revisit  Hol- 
land. Though  honourably  received  at 
Rotterdam,  at  Amsterdam,  and  at  Delft,  he 
found  still  the  spirit  of  rancour  in  the  ma- 
gistrates, and  when  threatened  again  with 
persecution,  he  determined  to  remove  from 
an  ungrateful  country  on  which  his  services 
and  his  writings  have  conferred  immortal 
fame.  In  March,  1632,  he  retired  to 
Hamburgh,  and  there  was  flattered  with 
the  most  pressing  and  liberal  invitations 
from  Spain,  Portugal,  Denmark,  Holstein, 
and  other  princes,  but  he  preferred  the 
friendship  of  Oxenstiern,  and  a  residence 
in  Sweden,  to  all  other  situations.  By  the 
kindness  of  his  new  patron,  and  the  cele- 
brity of  his  own  meritorious  works,  he  was 
at  last  declared  counsellor  to  the  queen  of 
Sweden,  and  appointed  her  ambassador  to 
France,  and  for  eight  years,  till  1644,  he 
supported  the  character  of  his  station,  and 
the  interests  of  his  new  adopted  country, 
with  firmness  and  with  dignity.  When,  at 
his  own  solicitation,  he  retired  from  the 
French  embassy,  he  removed  through  Hol- 
land to  Sweden,  and  was  honourably  re- 
ceived by  queen  Christina  ;  but  seeing  the 
cabals  of  his  enemies,  who,  without  merit, 
were  jealous  of  his  fame  and  consequence, 
he  sighed  again  for  retirement,  and  re- 
quested permission  to  go  to  Lubec.  On 
the  12th  of  August,  1645,  he  embarked, 
but  the  vessel  was  driven  by  a  dreadful 
storm  on  the  coast  of  Pomerania,  and  Gro- 
tius,  intent  to  reach  Lubec,  arrived  at 
Rostock,  after  a  tedious  journey  of  sixty 
miles,  exposed  to  the  rain  and  to  the  in- 
clemency of  the  air.  The  difficulties  of 
his  journey  were  increased  by  the  attacks 
of  a  fever,  and  the  illustrious  stranger, 
whom  the  ingratitude  of  his  countrymen 
772 


had  banished  from  his  home,  and  the  enu 
of  courtiers  had  driven  from  his  long  wished 
for  asylum,  sinking  under  fatigue  and  dis- 
ease, expired  at  midnight,  28th  August, 
1645.  His  remains  were  conveyed  to 
Delft,  and  deposited  in  the  grave  of  hig 
family,  where  this  modest  epitaph  written 
by  himself  marks  the  spot  : 

Grotius  hie  Hugo  est,'  Batavum  captivus  et 
exul, 
Legatus  regni,  Suceia  magna,  tui. 

Besides  his  valuable  treatise  on  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  which  is  known  to  every 
student  of  Christianity,  and  his  treatise  de 
Jure  Belli  et  Pacis,  and  the  other  pieces 
already  mentioned,  he  published,  among 
other  works,  Via  ad  Pacem  Ecclesiasti- 
cam, — Anthologia, — HistoriaGothorum, — 
Commentary  on  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments,— Dissertatio  Historic,  de  Dogmat. 
Ritib.,  &c. — Ecclesiae,  &c. — de  Origine 
Gentium  American. — Notes  on  Tacitus, 
Lucian,  &c. — Epistles,  &c.  His  wife, 
Mary  Reigesberg,  whom  he  married  1608, 
survived  him.  She  was  a  woman  of  a 
most  respectable  family  in  Zealand,  and  in 
her  character  most  amiable,  benevolent, 
and  exemplary.  The  religious  opinions  of 
Grotius  were  very  favourable  to  the  church 
of  England,  and  it  is  no  despicable  testi- 
mony to  the  purity  and  authenticity  of  the 
doctrines  of  our  national  establishment, 
that  its  tenets  and  discipline  were  com- 
mended and  applauded  by  a  man  whose 
judgment  was  so  discriminating,  and  whose 
opinion  is  so  respectable  and  so  satisfac- 
tory, especially  on  the  subject  of  religion, 
to  which  he  devoted  for  a  long  time  all  the 
powers  of  a  strong,  vigorous,  and  unpre- 
judiced mind.  Two  of  the  sons  of  this 
illustrious  character,  Cornelius  and  Diede- 
ric,  embraced  the  military  profession,  and 
another,  Peter,  became  eminent  in  the 
law,  and  as  a  philologist,  and  was  known 
as  a  pensionary  of  Amsterdam.  He  died 
1678. 

Grotius,  William,  brother  of  Hugo, 
was  born  at  Delft,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  lawyer.  He  wrote  Enchiridion 
de  Principiis  Juris  Naturs, — et  Vits  Juris 
consultorum  in  Pandectis  Nomin.  &c.  and 
died  1662. 

Grove,  Henry,  a  learned  teacher  among 
the  presbyterians,  born  at  Taunton,  Somer- 
setshire, 4th  January,  1683.  He  was  de- 
scended from  very  respectable  families  in 
Devonshire  and  Wiltshire,  by  his  father 
and  mother,  and  therefore  his  education 
was  particularly  attended  to.  After  being 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Warren,  who  kept 
an  academy  at  Taunton,  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, and  studied  under  his  relation,  Mr. 
Rowe,  and  by  his  learning  and  abilities, 
recommended  himself  to  the  notice  of 
some  respectable    divines,   among  whom 


GHL 


GRY 


was  Dr.  Watts.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two 
he  began  to  be  a  preacher,  and  soon  after 
married  ;  and  undertook  with  Mr.  James, 
the  care  of  Taunton  academy,  in  the  room 
of  his  friend  Warren,  where  he  continued 
very  successfully  employed  for  IS  years. 
During  that  time  he  engaged  in  the  theolo- 
gical disputes  which  agitated  the  dissenters 
and  the  clergy,  and  he  published  his  "  Es- 
say on  the  Terms  of  Curistian  Communion," 
and  other  things.  In  1736  he  lost  his  wife, 
and  the  following  year  he  fell  a  victim  to 
a  violent  fever,  which  carried  him  off  27th 
Feb.  1736-7.  An  inscription  was  placed 
over  his  grave  by  Dr.  Ward  of  Gresham 
college.  He  wrote  Miscellanies  in  prose 
and  verse,  besides  a  Discourse  on  Saving 
Faith, — an  Essay  on  the  Soul's  Immorta- 
lity—and the  numbers  588,  601,  626,  635, 
in  the  Spectator.  His  posthumous  works 
appeared  in  1740,  4  vols.  8vo. 

Grove,  Joseph,  an  Englishman,  who 
wrote  the  life  of  cardinal  Wolsey.  He  died 
1764. 

Gruchius,  Nicolas,  of  a  noble  family  in 
Rouen,  was  the  first  who  explained  Aristo- 
tle in  Greek.  He  translated  Castanedo's 
history  of  the  Indies,  and  wrote  a  treatise 
de  Comitiis  Romanorum,  besides  tracts 
against  Sigonius,  and  other  works.  He 
died  1572,  at  Rochelle. 

Grudius,  Nicolas  Everard,  treasurer  of 
Brabant,  wrote  sacred  and  profane  poetry 
in  Latin,  and  died  1571. 

Grue,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman  at  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  who  translated 
several  English  works  into  French,  and 
among  them,  Ross's  history  of  all  Religions, 
and  Rogers'  Gate  opened  to  the  Knowledge 
of  Paganism. 

Gruet,  N.  a  young  poet  of  very  promis- 
ing abilities,  who  was  unfortunately  killed 
by  the  discharge  of  a  fow  ling-piece,  on 
which  he  was  resting  his  head,  and  of 
which  the  trigger  was  pulled  by  the  motion 
of  his  dog.  His  farewell  of  Hector  and 
Andromache,  and  his  Annibal  to  the  Car- 
thaginian senate,  are  poetical  pieces  of 
great  merit.     He  died  1778,  aged  25. 

Gruget,  Claude,  a  Parisian  of  the  16th 
century,  who  translated  Spanish  and  Italian 
works  into  French,  and  among  them  the 
queen  of  Navarre's  Heptameron. 

Gruner,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theolo- 
gian and  scholar,  born  at  Cobourg.  He 
wrote  an  introduction  to  Roman  Antiqui- 
ties,— Miscellanea  Sacra, — Critical  Re- 
marks on  the  Classics,  besides  editions  of 
Caelius  Sedulius,  Eutropius,  Paterculus, 
and  other  valuable  works.  He  died  1778, 
aged  55. 

Gruterus,  Janus,  an  eminent  philolo- 
ger,  born  3d  December,  1560,  at  Antwerp. 
His  father  was  burgomaster  there,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  fly  in  consequence  of  sign- 
ing that  petition  to  the  dutchess  of  Parma, 


which  gave  rise  to  the  word  Guex.  He 
came  to  Norwich  with  his  wife,  who  was 
an  Englishwoman,  and  with  his  infant  son. 
Under  the  eye  of  his  mother,  who  was  an 
excellent  scholar,  and  could  read  Galen  in 
the  original,  young  Gruter  made  a  rapid 
progress,  and  at  the  proper  age  he  was  sent 
to  Cambridge.  On  the  return  of  his  pa- 
rents to  the  continent  he  followed  them,  and 
completed  his  education  at  Leyden,  where 
he  took  a  doctor's  degree  in  civil  law. 
During  the  political  agitation  of  Flanders, 
he  travelled  into  foreign  countries,  and  was 
some  time  professor  of  history  at  Wittem- 
berg,  but  refused  to  continue  there,  as  a 
confession  of  faith,  contrary  to  his  senti- 
ments, was  tendered  to  him.  He  was 
afterwards  offered  a  professor's  chair  at 
Padua,  but  he  preferred  the  invitation 
which  he  had  received  to  settle  at  Heidel- 
berg. In  this  situation  he  published  his 
large  collection  of  inscriptions,  dedicated 
to  the  emperor  Rodolphus  II.  who 
in  approbation  of  his  merit  granted 
him  the  license  of  publishing  his  own 
works  and  those  of  others,  and  intended 
him  the  honours  of  nobility,  the  com- 
pleting of  which  his  death  prevented. 
On  the  taking  of  Heidelberg  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  lose  his  valuable  library, 
which  had  cost  him  1200  golden  crowns, 
and  all  applications  for  its  recovery  were 
fruitless.  He  afterwards  had  honourable 
invitations  to  settle  in  Denmark,  and  in 
the  university  of  Franeker.  but  he  rejected 
them,  and  at  last  fixed  his  residence  at  a 
country  house  near  Heidelberg,  from 
whence  going  to  visit  his  son-in-law  he  was 
10th  September,  1527,  suddenly  taken  ill, 
and  expired  ten  days  after.  He  was  buried 
in  St.  Peter's  church,  Heidelberg.  He  was 
an  able  critic,  a  man  of  extensive  erudi- 
tion, and  a  very  voluminous  and  respecta- 
ble writer. 

Gruterus,  Peter,  a  practitioner  of  phy- 
sic in  Flanders,  who  published  in  1709  at 
Leyden  "  a  Century  of  Latin  Letters," 
with  obsolete  phrases,  and  a  "  New  Cen- 
tury," also  in  1629  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  died,  1634. 

Grtllus,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  Epa- 
minondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  celebra- 
ted battle  of  Mantinea,  B.C.  363. 

Grtn^us,  Simon,  a  learned  German, 
son  of  a  peasant  of  Swabia,  born  at  Verin- 
gen,  in  the  county  of  Hohenzollern,  1493. 
He  studied  with  great  assiduity,  and  be- 
came Greek  professor  at  Vienna,  but  his 
attachment  to  the  protcstants  exposed  him 
to  many  dangers  and  frequent  persecution. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  monks  at  Baden, 
and  after  his  liberation,  had  a  conference 
with  Luther  and  Melancthon  at  Wittem- 
berg.  He  was  afterwards  for  six  years 
Greek  professor  at  Heidelberg,  from 
whence  he  went  to  Basil,  and  in  1531, 
773 


GUA 


GUA 


visited  England  with  strong  recommenda- 
tions from  Erasmus  to  Sir  Thomas  More, 
Montjoy,  and  others.  In  1534,  he  was 
employed  in  reforming  the  church  and 
school  of  Tubingen,  and  two  years  after 
returned  to  Ba.jii,  and  in  1540,  assisted  at 
the  conferences  of  Worms.  He  died  of 
the  plague  the  next  year  at  Basil.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  whose  great  erudition 
is  usefully  displayed  in  his  editions  of  the 
Almagest  of  Ptolemy,  of  Euclid,  Plato, 
Proclus,  &c. 

Gryn-seus,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Berne,  of  the  family  of  the  preceding. 
He  was  minister  and  divinity  professor  at 
Basil,  and  died  there  1617,  aged  77.  He 
was  blind  for  the  last  five  years  of  his  life. 
He  wrote  notes  on  several  of  the  fathers, 
besides  an  ecclesiastical  history,  &c. 

Gryn^us,  Thomas,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Syringen  in  Swabia, 
and  educated  under  the  care  of  his  uncle. 
He  was  Latin  and  Greek  professor  at  Berne 
and  Basil,  and  was  highly  respected  as  a 
scholar  and  a  man.  He  left  four  sons,  all 
eminent  in  literature. 

Gryphiarder,  John,  professor  of  his- 
tory and  poetry  at  Jena,  was  author  of 
some  works,  and  died  1612. 

Gryphius,  Sebastian,  a  celebrated  print- 
er at  Lyons,  born  at  Reuthlingen,  in  Swa- 
bia, 1493.  He  was  equally  known  as  a 
scholar,  and  Conrad  Gesner,  in  testimony 
of  his  merit,  dedicated  one  of  his  books  to 
him,  and  Julius  Scaliger  also  spoke  re- 
spectfully of  his  abilities.  The  books 
printed  by  Gryphius  are  much  admired, 
especially  his  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin 
editions,  and  particularly  his  "  Latin  Bi- 
ble," in  2  vols,  folio,  in  the  largest  types 
then  seen,  1550.  He  died  1556,  and  left 
his  trade  and  reputation  to  his  son  and 
able  successor  Anthony  Gryphius. 

Gryphius,  Andrew,  the  Corneille  of 
Germany,  was  born  at  Glogaw  1616.  He 
is  highly  extolled  by  the  Germans  as  a 
tragic  writer,  and  he  also  published  in  a 
fine  vein  of  satire  and  irony,  a  critique  on 
the  ancient  comedies  of  the  Greeks.  He 
died  1664. 

Gryphius,  Christian,  son  of  Andrew, 
was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Breslaw,  and 
principal  librarian  of  the  college  of  Magda- 
len. He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudi- 
tion, and  was  the  author  of  German  poems 
— a  treatise  on  the  German  language — of 
a  dissertation  on  the  historical  writers  of 
the  17th  century,  &c.  He  died  1706, 
aged  57. 

Gua  de  Malves,  John  Paul  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  born  at  Languedoc. 
He  first  conceived  the  idea  of  an  encyclo- 
pedia, which  was  so  successfully  executed 
by  d'Alembert,  Diderot,  and  others.  He 
wrote  Usage  de  1'Analyse  de  Des  Cartes, 
&c.  and  died  at  Paris,  1786,  aged  74. 
774      ' 


Guadagnolo,  Philip,  a  learned  oriental- 
ist, born  at  Magliano.  He  chiefly  devoted 
himself  to  the  siudy  of  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Chaldean,  Syriac,  Persian,  and  particular- 
ly Arabic,  which  he  taught  many  years  in 
the  Sapienza  college  at  Rome.  He  was 
so  well  versed  in  Arabic,  that  he  spoke  an 
oration  in  that  language  before  queen 
Christina  at  Rome,  1656.  He  also  at  the 
request  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  undertook  in 
1622,  and  finished  after  27  years'  labour,  a 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Arabic,  for 
the  use  of  the  Eastern  churches,  published 
at  Rome,  1671,  3  vols.  fol.  He  wrote  be- 
sides an  Apology  for  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion in  Latin,  1631,  and  in  Arabic,  1637, 
against  a  Mahometan,  and  with  such  effect 
that  his  antagonist  embraced  Christianity 
— "  a  Methodical  Arabic  Grammar" — an 
Arabic  Dictionary,  not  completed,  the 
manuscript  of  which  is  preserved  in  the 
convent  of  San  Lorenzo,  in  Lucinia.  This 
accomplished  scholar  died  1656,  aged  60. 

Guaguin,  Alexander,  an  author,  who 
was  born  at  Verona,  1538,  and  died  at 
Cracow,  aged  76.  He  wrote  some  valua- 
ble topographical  works,  especially  "  Sar- 
matiae  Europa?  Descriptio,  Spires,"  15S1 
— et  Rerum  Polonicarum  Scriptores,  3 
vols.  8vo. 

Gualbert,  St.  John,  a  Florentine,  who 
founded  a  monastery  at  Vallombrosa  among 
the  Apennines,  where  he  died,  1073.  The 
spot  is  immortalized  by  the  pen  of  Milton 
in  his  Paradise  Lost. 

Gualdus,  Prioratus,  or  Galeazzo,  an 
Italian  historian,  born  at  Vicenza,  where 
he  died  1678.  He  was  historiographer  to 
the  emperor,  and  wrote  the  History  of 
Ferdinand  II.  and  III.  and  also  of  Leopold, 
3  vols,  folio — the  Troubles  of  France  from 
1648  to  1654. 

Gualterus,  Rodolphus,  author  of  Com- 
nientaries  on  the  Bible,  and  of  a  translation 
of  Julius  Pollux,  was  born  at  Zurich,  1529, 
and  died  1586. 

Guarin,  Peter,  a  Benedictine  of  Rouen, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1729,  aged  51.  He  was 
an  excellent  Hebrew  scholar,  and  publish- 
ed a  Hebrew  Grammar,  2  vols.  4to.  and 
also  a  Hebrew  Lexicon. 

Guarini,  an  eminent  scholar,  of  a  noble 
Veronese  family,  who  went  to  Constanti- 
nople to  learn  Greek,  and  was  the  first  who 
taught  it  in  Italy.  He  was  professor  of 
learned  languages  at  Ferrara,  and  translated 
some  of  the  ancient  authors,  especially 
Strabo  and  Plutarch's  Lives,  and  died  1460, 
at  Ferrara.  His  son  Baptista  was  pro- 
fessor at  Ferrara,  and  translated  into  Ita- 
lian some  of  Plautus's  comedies,  and  wrote 
besides  some  poems  and  other  works,  &c. 

Guarini,  John  Baptist,  a  famous  Italian 
poet,  great-grandson  of  the  preceding,  born 
at  Ferrara,  1 537.  He  was  educated  at  Pisa 
and  Padua,  and  afterwards  introduced  to 


1,1  I) 


GUE 


the  court  of  Alphonso  II.  His  abilities 
were  employed  in  frequent  embassies  to 
Venice  and  to  Turin,  where  his  "  Pastor 
Fido"  was  first  exhibited  to  the  applauses 
of  an  admiring  populace,  at  the  nuptials  of 
the  duke  of  Savoy  with  the  sister  of  Philip 
HI.  of  Spain.  In  1571  he  went  as  ambas- 
sador to  Rome,  and  four  years  after  nego- 
tiated in  Poland,  to  obtain  for  his  master 
the  crown,  which  Henry  of  Valois  had  re- 
signed. Disgust,  with  the  intrigues  and 
ingratitude  of  the  court,  drove  him,  in 
1582,  into  retirement ;  but  he  was  prevailed 
upon  again  to  become  secretary  of  state, 
and  ambassador,  and  again  he  abandoned, 
with  dissatisfaction,  the  offices  of  elevated 
life  for  privacy.  As  the  duke  of  Ferrara 
had  favoured  his  son  in  a  lawsuit  against 
him,  he  offered  his  services  to  the  duke  of 
Savoy  ;  but  the  loss  of  his  wife,  in  1589, 
produced  a  revolution  in  his  sentiments, 
and  for  a  while  determined  him  to  become 
an  ecclesiastic.  After,  however,  being 
in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Mantua, 
he  was  reconciled  to  Alphonso  of  Ferrara  ; 
but  fresh  quarrels  arose,  and  Guarini  quit- 
ted his  country  for  the  protection  of  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany.  He  died  at  Venice, 
October,  1612,  aged  70,  after  exhibiting 
the  peevishness  and  dissatisfaction  of  an 
ambitious,  but  inconsistent  character.  He 
was  member  of  several  learned  societies  ; 
but  so  regardless  of  the  poetical  fame  which 
his  Pastor  Fido  had  acquired,  that  he  con- 
sidered it  below  the  rank  of  a  gentleman  to 
be  a  poet.  He  wrote  several  things  be- 
sides, mentioned  by  Niceron. 

Guarini,  Guarino,  a  well-known  archi- 
tect, born  at  Modena.  He  died  1683, 
aged  59.  He  embellished  Turin,  and  other 
cities  of  Italy,  and  even  Paris,  with  pa- 
laces ;  but  though  admired,  his  buildings 
are  irregular. 

Guasco,  Octavian,  a  native  of  Turin, 
who  died  at  Verona,  1783.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academies,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  writings,  especially 
"a  treatise  on  Asylums" — on  the  Statues 
of  the  Ancients,  &c. 

Guazzi,  Stephen,  an  Italian,  secretary 
to  the  dutchess  of  Mentz,  and  author  of 
some  poems,  dialogues,  &c.  much  esteem- 
ed.    He  died  at  Pavia,  1565. 

Guazzi,  Mark,  a  native  of  Padua,  emi- 
nent in  arms  and  in  literature.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  Charles  VIII. — a  History  of 
his  own  Time,  and  other  things,  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  1556. 

Guat  Trouin,  Rene  du,  a  famous  ad- 
miral.    Vid.  Du-Guay. 

Gudin,  De  la  Brenellerie,  Paul  Philip,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1738. 
and  died  there  in  1812.  He  wrote  some 
tragedies — Observations  on  Good  Manners 
—a  Discourse  in  verse  on  the  Abolition  of 
Slavery — Essay   on   the   Progress   of  the 


Arts  under  Lewis  XV. — a  Treatise  on 
writing  History,  against  Mably — Essay  on 
the  Comitia  of  Rome,  the  States  General 
of  France,  and  the  Commons  of  England, 
3  vols.  8vo. — The  Conquest  of  Naples,  3 
vols. — Tales,  2  vols. — and  Astronomy,  a 
poem. — W.  B. 

Gudius,  Marquard,  an  able  critic  of 
Holstein,  educated  at  Rensburg  and  Jena. 
He  early  displayed  a  strong  inclination  for 
literature,  and  was  recommended  by  Gro- 
novius  to  D.  Heinsius,  as  a  person  of  great 
and  promising  talents  ;  but  his  parents 
were  anxious  to  advance  him  at  court, 
and,  therefore,  earnestly  desired  to  see  him 
lay  aside  all  studious  pursuits.  By  the  in- 
terest, however,  of  his  friends  Graevius  and 
Gronovius,  he  obtained  the  office  of  tutor  to 
a  young  man  of  family  and  fortune,  named 
Samuel  Schas,  and  with  him  he  began  to 
travel,  in  1659,  into  France.  His  abilities 
and  the  recommendation  of  his  friends  in 
Holland  introduced  him  to  the  learned  of 
Paris  and  of  Toulouse,  and  after  visiting 
the  libraries  and  most  curious  collections 
of  France  and  Italy,  the  tutor  and  the  pupil 
returned,  in  1664,  to  Germany.  He  was 
afterwards  in  England,  and  in  the  company 
and  friendship  of  his  pupil,  who  possessed 
great  erudition,  and  employed  much  of  his 
great  propei  ty  in  the  collection  of  rare  and 
valuable  manuscripts,  he  spent  the  whole  of 
his  time,  and  declined  accepting  a  professor- 
ship, which  was  offered  him  at  the  Hague. 
So  great  and  sincere  was  the  friendship 
between  Gudius  and  Schas,  that  the  pupil 
left  his  property  to  his  preceptor  in  1675  ; 
but  such  was  the  ungrateful  conduct  of 
Gudius,  that  on  the  acquisition  of  his  riches 
he  forgot  and  disregarded  the  friends  in 
Holland,  to  whose  interference  he  owed  his 
elevation  and  his  opulence.  He  was  after- 
wards counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Holstein, 
and  to  the  king  of  Denmark,  and  died  im- 
maturely,  as  Burman  observes,  in  1689. 
Though  very  learned,  he  never  published 
any  thing  of  great  importance  ;  the  notes 
and  MSS.  however,  which  he  communica- 
ted to  his  friends  were  valuable,  and  his 
assistance  and  abilities  have  been  ho- 
nourably recorded  by  Graevius,  Burman, 
and  others. 

Gudius,  Gottlob  Frederic,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  author  of  some  valuable  works, 
especially  on  the  Difficulty  of  learning  He- 
brew— Remarks  on  the  Emperor  Julian — 
a  Life  of  Hoffman. 

Guedrier  de  St.  Aubin,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at 
Gournai-en-bray,  near  Rouen.  He  died 
abbot  of  St.  Vulmer  monastery,  in  Bayonne, 
1742,  aged  47.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  a  casuist,  and  wrote  the  Sacred  History 
of  the  two  Covenants,  7  vols.  12mo.  &c. 

Guerard,  Robert,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Rouen,  where  he  died  1715,  aged 
77.". 


UUE 


GUE 


74.  He  wrote  an  Abridgment  of  the  Bible 
in  questions  and  answers,  2  vols.  12mo. 
and  assisted  Delfau  in  the  editing  of  St. 
Austin's  work,  and  was  sent  to  exile,  when 
his  associate  was  disgraced  for  his  book 
called  l'Abbe  Commendataire. 

Guerard,  Benjamin,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  a  descendant  from  one  of 
the  families  of  protest^nt  refugees  who  fled 
from  France  to  Carolina  after  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  He  was  elect- 
ed speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives 
in  17ri3,  and  afterwards  governor.  He 
died  at  Charleston,  Jan.  1789.      ICJ^  L. 

Guercheville,  Antoinette  de  Pons, 
marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  remarkable 
for  her  dignified  answer  to  Henry  IV.  who 
meditated  an  attack  on  her  virtue.  If,  said 
she,  I  am  not  noble  enough  to  be  your  wife, 
I  am  too  noble  to  be  your  mistress.  When 
married  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  he  made  her 
lady  of  honour  to  his  queen,  saying,  Since 
you  are  a  lady  of  honour,  be  one  to  my 
wife. 

Guerchi,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier, 
count  de,  a  French  general,  who  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  wars  of  Italy  and 
Flanders,  and  afterwards  came  to  Eng- 
land as  ambassador  from  his  court.  He 
died  1768. 

Guercino,  Francisco  Barbieri  da  Cento, 
so  called  from  a  cast  in  one  of  his  eyes, 
was  a  painter  of  eminence,  born  near  Bo- 
logna, 1590.  He  began  to  practise  his 
profession  at  the  early  age  of  eight,  and  by 
attending  the  lessons  of  Michael  Angelo, 
and  the  Caraccis,  he  acquired  great  repu- 
tation for  correctness,  invention,  and  a 
becoming  boldness  in  his  figures.  For  two 
years  he  practised  at  Rome,  by  the  desire 
of  Gregory  XV.  but  afterwards  the  liberal 
offers  of  the  kings  of  England  and  France 
could  not  draw  him  away  from  his  favourite 
retreat  at  Bologna.  Christina,  queen  of 
Sweden,  paid  her  respects  to  him,  and 
shook  him  by  the  hand,  by  that  hand,  said 
he,  which  had  painted  106  altar  pieces,  144 
pictures  for  people  of  distinction,  and  be- 
sides composing  10  books  of  designs.  He 
died  1666,  a  bachelor,  leaving  much  of  his 
property  to  build  chapels,  and  for  other 
charitable  purposes.  His  private  character 
for  piety  and  morality  was  as  eminent  as 
his  abilities  as  a  painter. 

Gueret,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advo- 
cate at  the  bar,  and  as  an  author,  was  born 
at  Paris  1641,  and  died  there  1688.  He 
wrote  "  Parnassus  reformed" — the  War  of 
Authors,  and  other  facetious  and  satirical 
works. 

Guerick,  Otho,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  physician,  celebrated  as  the  inventor 
of  the  Air-pump,  and  of  the  Weather-glass. 
He  was  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Bra- 
•ienburgh,  burgomaster  of  Magdeburg, 
Mnd  author  of  some  treatises  on  experi- 
776 


mental  philosophy.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  by  his  first  wife  had  Otho,  who  was 
counsellor  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  a. 
man  of  learning.  This  able  man  died  at 
Hamburgh,  1686,  aged  84. 

Guerin,  Francis,  professor  of  the  col- 
lege of  Beauvais,  translated  Tacitus  and 
Livy  into  French.  His  Livy  was  esteem- 
ed, printed  at  Barbou's  press,  10  vols. 
l2mo 

Gueriniere,  Francis  Robichon,  author 
of  "  l'Ecole  de  Cavalerie,"  and  "  Elemens 
de  Cavalerie,"  was  equerry  to  the  French 
king,  and  died  1751. 

Guerre,  Martin,  a  Frenchman  whose 
history  excited  some  interest  in  his  coun- 
try. AfUr  living  about  ten  years  with 
Bertrande  de  Rols,  his  wife,  he  went  from 
her  and  engaged  in  the  Spanish  service. 
Eight  years  after  one  of  his  friends,  Arnaud 
du  Thil,  presented  himself  to  the  deserted 
Bertrande,  and  by  imposing  on  her  creduli- 
ty, was  received  by  her  as  her  husband. 
The  impostor  was  suspected  by  the  uncle 
of  Guerre,  but  du  Thil,  though  prosecuted, 
and  condemned  to  be  hanged,  asserted  his 
innocence,  and  declaring  himself  the  real 
Martin,  appealed  to  the  parliament  of  Tou- 
louse. The  cause  seemed  intricate,  but 
before  the  decisive  sentence  was  pronoun- 
ced, Martin  returned,  and  the  impostor 
was  for  his  treacherous  and  immoral  con- 
duct, hanged  and  burned,  1650. 

Guesclin,  Bertrand  du,  a  celebrated 
warrior,  constable  of  France,  he  was  a 
native  of  Britany,  but  his  education  had 
been  so  neglected,  that  he  could  neither 
read  nor  write,  and  in  his  person  he  was 
as  mean,  as  his  mind  was  noble.  He  was 
principally  distinguished  in  his  wars 
against  the  English.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  several  of  his  countrymen.  He 
died  in  the  midst  of  his  triumphs,  before 
Chateau  Neuf  de  Rendon,  1380,  aged  69. 

Guettard,  John  Stephen,  a  French 
physician  and  botanist,  whose  extreme  ap- 
plication in  literary  pursuits,  brought  on  a 
premature  death  1786.  He  wrote  Observa- 
tions on  Plants,  2  vols.  12mo.  and  Me- 
moirs of  different  parts  of  the  Sciences  and 
Arts,  3  vols.  4to. 

Guevara,  Antony  de,  a  Spanish  writer, 
born  in  the  province  of  Alaba.  He  was 
brought  up  at  court,  and  became  known  as 
a  preacher,  and  historiographer  to  Charles 
V.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Guadix  in 
Granada,  and  of  Mandonedo  in  Galicia, 
and  died  1544.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  is  "  Dial  of  Princes,  or,  the  life  of 
M.  A.  Antonius,"  which  has  been  transla- 
ted into  all  the  languages  of  Europe.  He 
is  deservedly  censured  as  a  historian,  not 
only  for  the  ill  taste,  but  the  improbabili- 
ties, and  distorted  accounts,  which  he  in- 
troduces as  historical  facts,  more  becoming 
the  meretrieiousness  of  romance  than  sober 


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truth.  He  wrote  besides  Golden  Epistles, 
&c.  His  nephew,  Anthony,  was  also  an 
ecclesiastic,  and  author  of  Commentaries  on 
the  Scriptures. 

Goevara,  Lewis  Velez  de,  a  Spanish 
comic  poet,  admired  at  the  court  of  Philip 
IV.  for  his  pleasantries.  His  humorous 
piece,  "  el  Diabolo  Cojuelo,"  is  the  founda- 
tion of  le  Sage's  Diable  Boiteux.  He 
was  a  native  of  Icija,  in  Andalusia,  and 
died  1646. 

Gueulette,  Thomas  Simon,  a  French 
advocate,  author  of  some  novels  and  co- 
medies, was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  1766, 
aged  83.  His  works  display  genius,  ele- 
gance, and  ease.  Besides  "  the  Sultans  of 
Guzerat,"  &c.  he  wrote  Italian  pieces,  &c. 

Guglielmini,  Dominic,  a  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Bologna.  He  was  of  the  aca- 
demy of  Paris,  and  was  patronised  by 
Lewis  XIV.  Of  the  valuable  works  which 
he  wrote  the  treatise  on  the  Nature  of 
Rivers  is  the  most  esteemed.  His  works 
are  printed  at  Geneva,  2  vols.  4to.  1719. 
He  died  1710,  aged  55. 

Guibert,  author  of  Gesta  Dei  per 
Francos,  or  a  History  of  the  first  Crusade, 
died  abbot  of  Rogent-sous-Couci,  1124, 
aged  71. 

Guibert,  James  Anthony  Hippolite,  a 
native  of  Montauban,  who  early  served  in 
the  German  wars,  and  became  a  colonel  in 
Corsica.  He  published,  in  1770,  Essai  ge- 
neral du  Tactique,  and  afterwards  quitted 
the  military  profession  to  devote  himself 
to  dramatic  writings.  He  became  member 
of  the  French  academy,  in  the  room  of 
Thomas,  and  died  1790,  aged  47.  Besides 
tragedies,  he  wrote  also  the  eulogy  of 
the  king  of  Prussia — of  Catinat,  and  of 
l'Hopital. 

Guicciardini,  Francisco,  a  celebrated 
historian,  born  at  Florence,  1482,  of  a 
noble  family.  After  receiving  a  most  libe- 
ral education,  he  practised  the  law,  and 
held  some  offices  of  dignity  and  importance, 
and  then  devoted  himself  to  the  public 
affairs  of  his  native  city.  From  Florence 
he  went  to  Rome,  and  was  highly  honoured 
by  Leo  X.  and  his  two  successors,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  a  high  civil  and  military 
capacity,  and  trusted  much  to  his  integrity 
and  talents.  He  died  universally  respected 
1540.  His  history  of  Italy,  in  Italian,  4 
vols.  4to.  is  a  performance  about  which 
his  countrymen  deservedly  pride  them- 
selves. 

Guicciardini,  Lewis,  nephew  of  the 
historian,  was  himself  a  writer  of  great 
fidelity.  He  was  born  at  Florence,  and 
died  at  Antwerp,  1589,  aged  66.  Of  his 
valuable  works  the  most  esteemed  is  his 
description  of  the  Pays  Bas,  in  Italian, 
translated  into  French  by  Belleforet. 

Guichard,  Claude  de,  historiographer 
to  the  duke  of  Savov,   was  author  of  a 

Vol.  I.  98 


curious  work  called  "  the  Funerals  of  the 
Ancients,"  in  4to.    He  died  1607. 

Guicheron,  Samuel,  a  French  advocate 
of  Bourge,  in  Bresse,  known  as  a  historian. 
Among  other  things  his  "  Genealogical 
History  of  the  House  of  Savoy,"  is  much 
admired  by  Bayle  and  others.  He  died 
1664,  aged  57. 

Guidi,  Alexander,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Pavia  in  Milan,  1650.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  after- 
wards under  the  protection  of  Christina  of 
Sweden,  who  resided  at  Rome,  he  not 
only  became  acquainted  with  the  literary 
characters  of  that  city,  but  read  to  great 
advantage  the  works  of  his  favourite  mas- 
ters, Dante,  Petrarch,  and  Chiabrara. 
After  thus  enjoying  the  friendship  of  the 
learned,  and  the  good  opinion  of  the  popes, 
of  Eugene  of  Savoy,  and  others,  he  was 
seized  with  an  apoplexy  which  proved 
fatal  atFrescati,  in  June,  1712.  His  body 
was  carried  back  to  Rome,  and  buried  in 
the  church  of  St.  Onuphrius,  near  that  of 
Tasso.  His  works,  which  consist  of  pasto- 
rals, operas,  and  other  poems  written  in  an 
easy,  agreeable,  but  correct  style,  were 
published  at  Verona,  1726,  l2mo.  with  an 
account  of  his  life.  Though  respectable  as 
a  poet,  he  was  in  his  person  very  deformed, 
his  head  was  disagreeably  large,  and  he 
was  blind  of  one  eye. 

Guido,  Reni,  a  celebrated  Italian  paint- 
er, born  at  Bologna  1575.  His  father,  who 
was  a  musician,  designed  him  for  his  pro- 
fession, but  nature  had  given  him  a  strong 
genius  for  painting,  and  by  improving  him- 
self under  the  direction  of  Dennis  Calvert, 
a  Flemish  painter,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Caraccis,  he  acquired  such  excellence  as 
rendered  him  superior  to  the  artists  of  his 
age.  His  merits  happily  were  not  buried  in 
oblivion,  he  was  honoured  with  the  notice 
and  esteem  of  pope  Paul  V.  of  the  cardinals 
and  princes  of  Italy,  of  Lewis  XIII.  of 
Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  and  of  Udislaus  king 
of  Sweden  and  Poland.  He  lived  in  great 
splendour  at  Bologna,  and  afterwards  at 
Rome,  but  a  most  invincible  attachment  to 
gaming  ruined  his  fortune,  and  rendered 
him  indigent  and  discontented.  From  the 
most  elevated  affluence  he  sunk  to  poverty, 
and  the  reflection  of  his  deplorable  and 
ruined  situation  had  such  an  effect  upon 
him  that  it  brought  on  a  distemper  of 
which  he  died  1642.  In  his  youth  his 
features  were  so  pleasing  that  his  master 
Ludovico  Caracci  painted  his  angels  from 
him.  In  every  part  of  his  character 
Guido  was  respectable,  gaming  was  his 
only  vice.  His  pictures  are  much  valued, 
and  they  adorn  the  collections  of  the  great. 
His  best  piece  is  what  he  painted  with  Do- 
menichino  in  the  church  of  St.  Gregory. 
Some  of  his  designs  were  etched  by  himself. 

Guido,  Cagnacci,  a  historical  painter. 
777 


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of  Bologna,  disciple  to'  Reni  Guido.     He 
possessed  great  merit.     He  died  1680. 

Guidotti,  Paul,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  architect,  of  Lucca.  He  had  also 
some  knowledge  of  anatomy,  and  pretend- 
ed he  could  fly  with  wings.  In  the  attempt 
he  fell  and  broke  his  limbs.  He  died  1629, 
aged  60. 

Guignard,  John,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Char- 
tres,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Clermont 
college.  He  was  executed  at  Paris,  7th 
Jan.  1595,  for  high  treason.  During  the 
affair  of  John  Chastel,  which  so  nearly 
concerned  the  life  of  Henry  IV.  some 
papers  were  seized  at  Clermont,  in  the 
handwriting  of  Guignard,  and  as  in  these 
he  maintained  that  the  murder  of  Henry 
III.  and  of  Henry  IV.  was  lawful,  and  re- 
fused to  retract  his  assertions,  he  was  put 
to  death. 

Guignes,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pon- 
toise,  who  studied  the  oriental  languages 
under  Stephen  Fourmont,  and  became  in- 
terpreter to  the  French  king,  1741,  and 
member  of  the  belles  lettres  academy  1753. 
The  revolution,  though  it  hurried  him  not 
to  the  guillotine,  yet  proved  the  source  of 
his  misery,  and  reduced  him  to  poverty.  He 
died  at  Paris  1800,  aged  79.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  Chinese  characters, 
and  for  thirty-five  years  was  the  principal 
conductor  of  the  Journal  des  Savans.  He 
wrote  General  History  of  the  Huns,  Turks, 
Moguls,  and  Tartars,  5  vols.  4to. — the 
Life  of  Fourmont — the  Military  Art  of  the 
Chinese — Memoir  to  prove  the  Chinese  an 
Egyptian  Colony — Essay  on  the  Oriental 
and  Greek  Topography — Principles  of  Ty- 
pographical Composition — Memoirs  in  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions,  &c. 

Guild,  William,  D.D.  a  Scotch  divine 
born  near  Dundee,  and  educated  at  the 
Marischal  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he  was 
successively  professor  of  philosophy,  divi- 
nity, and  church  history.  Though  he  op- 
posed the  covenant  in  1638,  he  afterwards 
complied,  and  at  the  restoration  went  as 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  Breda  to 
congratulate  Charles  II.  He  wrote  in 
1657,  an  answer  to  a  Koman  catholic  book 
on  Innovations,  and  died  1662,  much  es- 
teemed, aged  60. 

Guillain,  Simon,  a  sculptor,  rector  of 
the  painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Pa- 
ris.    He  died  1658,  aged  77. 

Gujllandius,  Melchior,  an  eminent 
physician  and  botanist  of  Koningsberg  in 
Prussia.  He  was  taken  by  the  Algerines 
when  going  on  botanical  pursuits  to  Africa. 
His  commentary  on  the  Papyrus  is  full  of 
erudition.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  at  Padua  1589,  where  he  was  botani- 
cal professor. 

Guillelma,  a  woman  of  Bohemia,  who 
in  the  13th  century,  founded  in  Italy  a  sect 
which    united  enthusiasm  with  lewdness. 
778 


Alter  being  respected  during  life  as  a  saint, 
she  was,  when  dead,  dug  up  from  her  grave 
and  burnt  with  ignominy. 

Guillemeau,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
author  of  some  valuable  books  on  his  pro- 
fession.    He  died  at  Paris,  1612. 

Guillet  de  St.  George,  George, 
first  historiographer  to  the  academy  of 
painting  and  sculpture  in  Paris,  was  born 
at  Thiers  in  Auvergne.  and  died  at  Paris, 
1705,  aged  80.  He  wrote  among  other 
things,  the  History  of  Mahomet  II. — 
Ancient  and  Modern  Sparta — Ancient  and 
Modern  Athens,  &c. 

Guilliaud,  Claude,  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  was  author  of  Commentaries  on 
the  Gospels  of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  John, 
and  of  Collationes  in  omnes  S.  Pauli  Epis- 
tolas,  &c. 

Guillim,  John,  author  of  the  celebrated 
work  "  display  of  Heraldry"  in  folio,  was 
born  in  Herefordshire,  1565,  and  educated 
at  Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
of  the  society  of  the  college  of  arms,  and 
in  1617,  was  made  rouge-croix  pursuivant 
of  arms.  He  died  1621.  The  sixth  edi- 
tion of  his  valuable  work  appeared  1724, 
with  many  additions.  Some  have  attri- 
buted the  work  to  Dr.  Barkbam. 

Guillotin,  a  physician,  born  at  Saintes, 
29th  March,  1738.  He  studied  at  Paris, 
and  at  the  revolution  he  was  sent  as  a 
deputy  to  the  national  assembly  from 
Paris.  In  making  a  report  on  the  penal 
code,  he  recommended  an  instrument  of 
death  which  might  be  more  expeditious, 
and  create  to  the  unhappy  sufferers  less 
pain  than  either  the  halter  or  the  wheel, 
and  this  new  machine  so  fatally  used  du- 
ring the  civil  dissensions  of  the  state,  has 
immortalized  the  name  of  its  author. 
Though  it  is  reported  that  he  perished 
under  his  guillotine,  it  is,  however,  certain 
that  he  died  a  natural  death,  and  it  is  said  of 
grief  for  the  infamous  abuse  of  what  he  in- 
tended for  the  more  humane  punishment, 
of  the  guilty. 

Guiscard,  Robert,  a  famous  Norman 
knight,  son  of  Tancred  Hauteville,  of  Cou- 
tances,  assisted  in  the  conquest  of  Naples 
and  Sicily,  from  the  Saracens.  He  ob- 
tained the  dukedom  of  Apulia  and  Cala- 
bria, and  took  prisoner  pope  Gregory  VII. 
who  died  a  captive  under  his  care.  His 
daughter  married  Constantine,  son  of  the 
emperor  Michael  Ducas,  for  which  eleva- 
tion he  is  censured  by  the  invidious  Anna 
Comnena.  He  died  1085,  in  the  island  of 
Corfu. 

Guiscard,  Charles,  a  Prussian  officer  of 
distinction,  author  of  "  Military  Memoirs 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,"  a  valuable 
work.  He  wrote  besides  Memoires  Cri- 
tiques et  Historiques  sur  Plusieurs  Points 
d'Antiquites  Militaires,  4  vols.  8vO.  &c. 
As  a  soldier,  he  served  with  reputation  un- 


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Uer  the  Dutch,  and  under  Frederic  II.  of 
Prussia,  who  called  him  Quintus  Icilius, 
and  gave  him  a  regiment.  He  died  1775, 
aged  33. 

Guise,  Claude  de  Lorraine,  duke  of, 
fifth  son  of  duke  Rene  II.  of  Lorraine,  set- 
tled in  France  and  became  the  founder  of 
the  family  of  Guise  there.  At  the  battle 
of  Marignan  he  displayed  such  valour,  that 
he  received  more  than  twenty  wounds. 
He  married  Antoinette  de  Bourbon,  of  the 
blood  royal,  in  1513,  and  died  1550. 

Guise,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and 
extensive  influence  in  France.  In  him  be- 
gan the  factions  of  Conde  and  Guise.  He 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Catholic  party,  and 
was  a  most  furious  bigot.  He  died  by  a 
pistol  shot  from  the  hand  of  Poltrot  de 
Mere,  a  protestant  gentleman,  1563,  aged 
44. 

Guise,  Henry,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Francis,  was  born  in  1550.  Brave  and 
gallant  as  a  soldier,  he  was  turbulent,  im- 
perious, factious,  and  violent  as  a  subject, 
and  at  the  head  of  that  party  which  were 
called  the  league,  and  formed  by  the  in- 
trigues of  his  brother  the  cardinal,  under 
pretence  of  supporting  the  catholic  re- 
ligion and  the  state,  he  long  overawed  the 
king,  Henry  III.  and  prevented  his  ap- 
pearance at  Paris.  After  massacring  the 
Huguenots,  and  filling  the  streets  of  Paris 
with  blood,  on  the  famous  day  called  the 
day  of  Barricades,  Guise  considered  his 
success  secure,  but  Henry  escaped  his 
guards  and  fled  to  Blois,  where  he  called 
an  assembly  of  the  states.  Guise  appeared 
there,  but  a  forced  reconciliation  with  the 
king  was  followed  by  the  assassination  of 
the  demagogues,  23d  Dec.  1588,  and  on  the 
morrow  the  cardinal  shared  the  fate  of  his 
brother. 

Guise,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Henry,  was  arrested  on  his  father's  mur- 
der and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Tours, 
from  which  he  escaped  1592.  His  parti- 
sans received  him  with  open  arms,  but  he 
afterwards  had  the  good  sense  to  be  recon- 
ciled to  the  king,  and  might  have  lived 
in  security,  had  not  Richelieu's  jealousy  of 
him  driven  him  from  the  kingdom.  He 
fled  to  Italy,  and  died  at  Cuna  1640,  aged 
69. 

Guise,  Lewis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal,  of, 
son  of  Henry,  was  illustrious  as  well  in 
arms  as  in  the  arts  of  peace.  He  was  with 
Lewis  XIII.  in  Poitou,  where  he  greatly 
signalized  himself.  He  died  at  Saintes 
1621. 

Guise,  Henry  of  Lorraine,  duke  of, 
grandson  of  Henry,  was  remarkable  for  his 
intrigues  with  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  and 
the  court  of  Soissons,  which  obliged  him  to 
fly  from  France  to  Rome.  During  his  ex- 
ile, the  revolt  of  the  Neapolitans  from  the 


Spanish  power,  called  him  into  the  field, 
but  while  flushed  with  victory  he  regarded 
the  crown  of  Naples  already  within  his 
reach,  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  Abruzzo 
and  carried  to  Spain.  After  four  years  im- 
prisonment he  was  liberated.  He  died 
1664,  aged  50,  author  of  Memoirs  of  his 
Neapolitan  Enterprise,  which  appeared  iu 
one  vol.  4to.  after  his  death. 

Guise,  William,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Ablond's  court,  near  Gloucester,  1653. 
He  entered  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  he  applied 
himself  with  indefatigable  zeal  to  the  study 
of  oriental  literature,  and  published  a 
translation  with  a  valuable  commentary  of 
"  Misna;  Pars  Ordinis  Primi  Zeraim  Tituli 
Septem."  His  learning  was  highly  es- 
teemed both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  died 
of  the  smallpox  1638,  and  was  buried  at 
St.  Michael's,  Oxford,  where  he  had  long 
resided,  and  where  his  wife  erected  a  mo- 
nument to  his  memory.  His  son  was  ge- 
neral Guise,  of  military  memory. 

Guitton,  d'Arezzo,  an  early  Italian 
poet,  some  of  whose  productions  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Florence  collection  of  ancient 
Italian  poets,  1527,  in  Svo.  He  flourished 
in  the  middle  of  the  13th  century. 

Guitton,  John,  a  native  of  Rochelle, 
mayor  of  the  town  when  it  was  besieged 
by  Richelieu.  He  always  had  a  dagger  on 
the  table,  to  stab  the  first  man  who  talked 
of  surrendering,  and  when  told  that  many 
perished  by  famine,  he  said,  it  matters  lit- 
tle if  one  only  is  left  to  shut  the  gates. 

Guldenstaedt,  John  Antony,  a  famous 
traveller,  born  at  Riga.  He  visited,  during 
an  absence  of  three  years,  Astracan,  Cau- 
casus, Georgia,  Tartary,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring places,  with  the  eyes  of  a  politician 
and  philosopher.  His  performances  are 
enumerated  by  Coxe.  He  was  honourably 
invited  to  Petersburg,  where  he  became 
professor  of  languages,  and  where  he  died 
of  a  fever,  1781. 

Gundling,  Nicolas  Jerome,  a  native  of 
Nuremberg,  professor  of  eloquence,  civil 
law,  and  philosophy,  at  Halle,  on  which 
subjects  he  wrote  some  valuable  works. 
His  reputation  for  sagacity  and  knowledge 
was  such  that  he  was  often  consulted  at 
Berlin  by  the  court.  His  "  Course  of 
Philosophy,"  "  of  Literary  History,"  and 
his  History  of  Moral  Philosophy,  are  much 
esteemed.     He  died  rector  of  Halle,  1729. 

Gunnerus,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of 
Christiana,  made  bishop  of  Drontheim 
1758.  He  died  at  Christiansund  1773, 
aged  55.  He  was  well  skilled  in  botany, 
and  published  Flora  Norwegian  &c.  He 
founded,  for  the  encouragement  of  Natural 
history,  the  royal  Norwegian  society  at 
Drontheim.  Linnaeus,  in  compliment  to 
his  merit,  gave  the  name  of  Gunnera  to  a 
plant. 

779 


GUN 


GL'S 


Gunning,  Peter,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Hoo  in  Kent,  1613,  and  educated 
at  Canterbury  school,  and  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  fellow  and  tutor  of  his 
college,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher,  but  he  exposed  himself  to  the 
persecution  of  the  parliament,  on  account 
of  his  zeal  for  the  king's  service  ;  and 
when  ejected,  he  returned  to  Oxford. 
Here  he  was  made  chaplain  of  New  col- 
lege, and  afterwards  became  tutor  to  lord 
Hatton,  and  sir  Francis  Compton,  and 
chaplain  to  sir  Robert  Shirley,  at  whose 
death  he  obtained  the  chapel  of  Exeter- 
house,  Strand.  At  the  restoration,  his 
services  and  sufferings  were  rewarded  ;  he 
was  created  D.D.  by  the  king's  mandate, 
and  then  advanced  to  a  prebend  of  Canter- 
bury, and  successively  to  the  headships  of 
Corpus  Christi  and  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  one  of  the  committee 
for  the  review  of  the  liturgy,  and  he  had  a 
conference  with  the  dissenters  at  the  Sa- 
voy, in  1661.  In  1669  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Chichester,  and,  in  1674,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  Ely,  where  he  died,  6th  July,  16S4, 
a  bachelor.  He  was  buried  in  his  cathe- 
dral. Opinions  have  varied  with  respect 
to  his  character,  but  it  must  be  confessed 
that,  though  some  question  whether  his 
head  was  as  good  as  his  heart,  he  was 
distinguished  by  erudition,  piety,  and  ex- 
emplary manners.  His  charities  to  public 
use  were  great  and  numerous. 

Gunter,  Edmund,  a  mathematician,  of 
Welch  extraction,  born  at  Gunter's  town, 
Brecknockshire,  1581.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster,  under  Busby,  and  entered 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degrees,  and  was  ordained.  His  genius 
led  him  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  by 
the  new  projection  of  a  sector,  he  acquired 
celebrity,  and  was,  in  1619,  honourably 
appointed  astronomy  professor  at  Gresham 
college.  In  this  appointment  he  directed 
all  the  powers  of  his  mind  in  the  improve- 
ment of  science.  He  invented  a  portable 
quadrant,  observed  a  new  variation  in  the 
magnetic  needle,  and  contrived  that  valua- 
ble rule  of  proportion,  the  line  of  numbers, 
called  from  him,  Gunter's  scale.  His  me- 
rits gained  him  not  only  the  friendship  of 
the  learned,  of  Oughtred,  Henry  Briggs, 
and  others,  but  the  patronage  of  the  earl  of 
Bridgewater,  and  the  notice  of  his  sove- 
reign, Charles  I.  This  excellent  philoso- 
pher was  carried  off  in  the  prime  of  life, 
10th  Dec.  1626.  He  was  buried  in  St. 
Peter's  the  poor,  Broad-street,  where  no 
monument  records  the  name  of  a  mathe- 
matician, whose  services  to  science  and  to 
mankind  are  so  great.  The  fifth  edition 
of  his  works  was  published  by  Leybourn, 
1674,  in  4to. 

Gunther,  a  German  poet  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century,  whose  superior 
780 


genius  proved  his  destruction.  As  he  was 
going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II.  king 
of  Poland,  a  rival  poet  mixed  some  poison- 
ous drugs  in  his  drink,  in  consequence  of 
which  the  unhappy  man,  as  he  was  ad- 
dressing the  monarch,  fell  down,  and  he 
expired  soon  after,  in  his  28th  year.  He 
wrote  some  elegant  poetry,  an  Ode  on  Eu- 
gene's victory  over  the  Turks,  &c. 

Gurtler,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  who 
died  1707,  aged  53.  He  wrote  a  Greek, 
German,  and  French  Lexicon — Historia 
Templariorum — Origines  Mundi  Institu- 
tiones  Theologicae. 

Gusman,  Lewis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  author 
of  the  history  of  his  fraternity  in  the  Indies, 
and  the  success  of  their  missions  in  Japan, 
14  books.  He  died  at  Madrid  1605,  pro- 
vincial of  Seville  and  Toledo. 

Gussanvillan,  Peter,  a  native  of  Char- 
tres.  He  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the 
Great,  the  best,  before  the  Benedictine  edi- 
tion. 

Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden,  was  son  of 
Eric,  duke  of  Gripsholm,  is  known  by  the 
name  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  He  was  born 
1490.  After  the  reduction  of  Sweden  by 
Christian  II.  king  of  Denmark,  Gustavus 
was  kept  a  prisoner  in  the  capital  of  the 
conqueror  ;  but  after  many  years  of  capti- 
vity he  escaped,  and  appeared  among  the 
Dalecarlians,  whom  he  engaged  to  revolt. 
A  great  boldness  of  character,  and  an  ar- 
dent love  of  military  glory,  together  with 
capacious  resources  of  mind,  had  calcula- 
ted him  for  a  leader  in  times  of  danger  and 
difficulty.  The  conduct  of  the  Danes,  who 
had  murdered  his  father  and  other  Swedish 
nobles,  roused  him  to  revenge.  He  retook 
Upsal ;  and  though  occasionally  defeated, 
he  acquired  fresh  vigour  from  disasters ; 
and,  animated  to  desperation  by  the  cruel- 
ties of  Christian,  who  put  his  mother  and 
his  sister  to  death,  by  shocking  tortures,  he 
overran  Gothland,  and  besieged  Stockholm. 
The  states  of  the  kingdom  were  convened, 
and  Gustavus  was  offered  that  kingdom 
which  his  valour  had  recovered,  and  by  his 
influence  the  crown  was  declared  heredita- 
ry in  his  male  issue.  Invasion  from  abroad 
ceased,  by  the  expulsion  of  the  Danish 
monarch  from  the  throne,  and  the  succes- 
sion of  Frederick,  duke  of  Holstein,  and 
Gustavus,  secure  in  the  love  of  his  subjects, 
cultivated  all  the  arts  of  peace  and  com- 
merce, and  made  the  Lutheran  tenets  the 
established  religion  of  his  country.  This 
great  and  heroic  monarch  died  at  Stock- 
holm 1560,  in  his  70th  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Eric. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  deservedly  sur- 
named  the  Great,  was  born  at  Stockholm 
1594.  In  1611  he  ascended  the  throne  of 
Sweden,  and  though  so  young  he  evinced 
the  sagacity  of  a  great  character  in  the 
choice  of  able  ministers.     He  was  fond  of 


uus 


GUT 


military  glory,  and  soon  acquired  renown 
in  his  battles  against  the  Danes,  Musco- 
vites, and  Poles.     By  his  heroic  valour  and 
judicious  conduct,  he  made  an  honourable 
peace  with  the  two  first,  and  obliged  the 
last  to  evacuate  Livonia,  and  then,  form- 
ing an  alliance  with  the  protestants  of  Ger- 
many, he  overran  in  two  years  and  a  half 
all  the  countries  between  the  Vistula,  the 
Rhine,  and  the  Danube.     The  imperial  ge- 
neral, Tilly,  was  twice   defeated,  and  the 
pride  of  Austria  was  humbled,  but  the  bat- 
tle in  the  plains  of  Lutzen  proved  fatal  to 
the  life  of  the  brave  monarch,  1632.     He 
fell,  it  is  said,  by  the  treacherous  intrigues 
of  Richelieu,  or  by  the    hand  of  Lauem- 
burgh,  one  of  his  generals,  who  had  been 
dishonourably  bribed  by  the  emperor  Fer- 
dinand to  take  away  his  life.     This  war- 
like monarch  possessed  those  virtues  which 
in  a  reign  of  peace  might  have  equally  dis- 
tinguished him.     He  patronised  literature, 
be  enriched  the  university  of  Upsal  by  his 
munificent  donations,  he  founded  the  royal 
academy  of  Abo,  and  the  university   of 
Dorp,    in   Livonia.      Before  his   time  the 
Swedes  were  indifferent  soldiers,  but  such 
was    the    enthusiasm    which   he    inspired 
among  his  subjects,  that  he  had  always  an 
army  of  80,000  men  well  disciplined.     He 
has  been,  with  some  justice,  compared  to 
the  great  Scipio  ;  and  the  parallel,  in  some 
particulars,  is  striking.     He  was  succeeded 
by  his  only  child,  the  celebrated  Christina, 
who  succeeded,  though  only  five  years  old. 
Gustavus  III.  king  of  Sweden,  son  of 
Frederic  Adolphus,  by  Louisa  Ulrica,  the 
sister  of  Frederic  II.  king  of  Prussia,  was 
born  24th  January,  1746,  and  succeeded  to 
his  father,  1771.     Disgusted  with   the  in- 
fluence of  Russia  at  Stockholm,  and  with 
the  usurpation  of  his  senators,  who  wished 
to  abridge  his  liberty,  and  not  only  to  ap- 
point him   a  confessor,  but  to  settle  even 
how  much  wine  he  might  be  permitted  to 
have  on  his  table  ;  he  secretly  formed  the 
plan  of  a  revolution,  which  was  effected 
without  bloodshed  in  1772.      The  senate, 
surrounded  by  the  guards,  surrendered  its 
authority,    and   the    friends   of   Gustavus 
were  afterwards  distinguished  by  wearing 
a  white  handkerchief  on  the  left  arm,  which 
was  the  signal  of  mutual  attachment  during 
the  revolution.    The  wisest  regulations  fol- 
lowed this  change  of  government,  a  new 
translation  of  the  Bible  was  made,  torture 
was  abolished,  commerce,  the  arts,  and  the 
sciences  were  liberally  encouraged,  agri- 
culture and  industry  patronised,  and  the 
laws  were  administered  with  greater  des- 
patch and  more  impartiality.     To  put  an 
end  to  the  disputes  which  prevailed  with 
Russia,  he  in  1777,  paid  a  visit  to  Catherine 
at  Petersburg,  and  was  received  with  mag- 
nificent hospitality,  and  in  1783  he  spent 
ten   months  in  travelling  over  Italv  and 


France,  not  only  to  improve  his  health,  bufc 
to  observe  the  manners,  the  political  regu- 
lations, and  the  industrious  exertions  of  fo- 
reign countries.     The  peace  with  Russia 
was  disturbed  in  1788,  by  the  emissaries 
of  Catherine,  who  wished  to  excite  distur- 
bances in  Finland,  and  Gustavus  declared 
war,  and  equipped  a  formidable  fleet  at 
Carlscrona.     Though  he   had    to    contend 
with  Denmark  and  Russia,  he,  encouraged 
by  assurances  of  support  from  Turkey  and 
Prussia,   boldly   attacked    Frederickshan, 
where  he  destroyed  several  vessels,  but  he 
was  repulsed  in  his  attempt  against  Revel, 
and  obliged  to  retreat.     The   attempt  on 
Wyburgh   was  equally  unsuccessful,  but  a 
splendid  victory  was  obtained   July   9th, 
1790,   by  the  monarch   over   the  Russian 
fleet,  who  took   and  destroyed  forty-five 
ships,   and  peace  soon  after  was  restored 
between  the  two  countries.     The  abilities 
which  Gustavus  had  displayed  made  him 
ambitious  of  acquiring  greater  glory  in  war, 
and  therefore  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
French  revolution,  he  zealously  engaged  in 
the  coalition  which  Spain  formed  with  the 
Northern    powers    for    the    invasion     of 
Fiance.     But  during  the  preparations  for 
this  distant  war,  the  life  of  the  monarch 
was  cruelly  sacrificed  by  the  hand  of  an  as 
sassin.     The   Swedish   nobles,  dissatisfied 
with  the  events  of  the  revolution  of  1772, 
and  with  the  changes  which  had  been  in- 
troduced into  the  government  at  the  diet 
of  Gefle,  in  1792,  conspired  against  his  life, 
and  three  of  them  drew  lots  who  should 
give  the  fatal  blow.     Ankarstroom,   a  dis- 
banded officer  who  had  received  favours 
from  the  monarch  was  the  assassin,   and 
during  a  mask  ball  in   which  the  unfortu- 
nate king  had  been  warned  of  his  danger, 
the  fatal  blow  was  given  by  the  discharge 
of  a  pistol.     This  was  in  the  night  of  the 
15th  April,  1792,  and  the  king  languished 
till   the  29th  of  the  same  month,  and  ex- 
pired in  great  agony,   maintaining  to  the 
last  the  firmness  and  serenity  of  a  heroic 
mind.     He  took  an  affectionate  farewell  of 
his  son  and  of  his  friends,  and  appointed 
his  brother  the  duke  of  Sundermania  the 
regent  of  the  minority.     Gustavus  possess- 
ed an  enlightened  mind,  and  as  his  educa- 
tion had  been  under  the  care  of  count  Tes- 
sin,  he  imbibed  a  strong  partiality  for  lite- 
rature  and  for  noble  achievements.     He 
wrote   some   dramatic  pieces,  academical 
discourses,  and  an  eulogy  on  Torstenson, 
which  was  secretly  conveyed  to  the  acade- 
my of  Stockholm,  and  obtained  the  prize. 

Guthieres,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
known  as  an  able  antiquarian  and  correct 
writer.     He  died  1638. 

Guthrie,  William,  was  born  at  Breich- 

en,   Angusshire,    1701,   and   educated  at 

King's  college,  Aberdeen.     A  love   affair 

drove  him  to  London,  where  he  wrote  for 

731 


GUY 


UUi 


the  booksellers,  and  died  1769.  He  was  a 
justice  of  Middlesex,  but  did  not  act.  His 
works  were  History  of  England,  three  vols, 
folio,  a  Geographical  Grammar  in  8vo.  and 
4to.  He  lent  his  name  to  "History  of 
Scotland,'  10  vols. — to  "Universal  Histo- 
ry, "  12  vols. — and  a  "  Peerage,"  4to. 

Guttemberg,  John,  a  German,  born  at 
Mentz,  1408,  of  a  noble  family.  He  dis- 
putes with  Faust,  Schoeffer,  and  others,  the 
honour  of  inventing  printing.  Boyer  says, 
Laurentius  of  Haerlem  is  the  real  inven- 
tor, and  that  his  types  were  stolen  by  a 
brother  of  Guttemberg.  Guttemberg,  how- 
ever, claims  the  merit  of  regularly  printing 
a  book,  and  of  inventing  cut  metal  types, 
with  which  the  earliest  editions  of  the 
Bible  were  printed.  He  died  at  Mentz, 
1468. 

Guy,  Thomas,  son  of  a  lighterman  and 
coal  dealer  of  the  same  name,  in  Horsley- 
down,  Southwark,  was  apprenticed  in 
1660  to  a  bookseller,  and  began  trade  with 
about  200/.  stock,  in  the  house  which  forms 
the  angle  between  Cornhill  and  Lombard- 
street.  He  engaged  with  others  in  a 
scheme  to  print  Bibles  in  Holland  to  import 
into  England  ;  but  when  that  was  prohibit- 
ed, he  contracted  with  the  university  of 
Oxford  for  their  privilege,  and  by  this  lu- 
crative connexion  he  began  to  amass  a 
large  fortune.  His  property,  however, 
was  immensely  increased  by  purchasing 
seamen's  tickets  and  south-sea  stock  in  the 
year  1720.  It  was  his  intention  to  marry 
his  maid-servant,  and  to  adorn  the  avenues 
of  his  house,  on  this  occasion,  he  had  the 
pavement  before  his  door  mended.  A 
broken  piece  was  observed  in  his  absence 
by  the  maid-servant,  and  she  desired  the 
workmen  to  repair  it,  and  when  they  said 
they  were  not  to  go  so  far,  she,  presuming 
on  the  partiality  of  the  old  man,  required 
them  to  mend  it,  and  to  tell  her  master  not 
to  be  angry,  as  she  had  directed  it.  The 
pavement  was  mended,  but  Guy  was  offend- 
ed at  the  presumption  of  his  intended 
bride  ;  he  determined  never  to  marry  her, 
but  to  apply  his  riches  to  charitable  pur- 
poses. After  being  a  great  benefactor  to 
St.  Thomas's  hospital,  he,  at  the  age  of  se- 
venty-six, formed  the  noble  design  of  erect- 
ing that  stately  pile  which  bears  the  name 
of  Guy's  hospital.  The  erection  cost  him 
18,793/.  and  219,499/.  were  left  by  him  for 
its  endowment,  and  he  had  the  satisfaction 
to  see  the  building  roofed  in  before  his 
death,  which  happened  17th  December, 
1724,  in  his  81st  year.  He  also  founded 
an  alms-house  at  Tamworth,  which  he  re- 
presented in  parliament,  and  which  was 
his  mother's  native  place,  and  he  also  gave 
400/.  a  year  to  Christ's  hospital,  and  left 
S0,000/.  to  his  relations.  This  most  extra- 
ordinary and  very  benevolent  man,  who  left 
more  to  charitable  uses  than  any  private 
782 


man  on  record,  was  in  his  habits  very  par- 
simonious. He  dined  on  his  shop  counter 
with  an  old  newspaper  for  his  table  cloth, 
without  dainties,  and  his  dress  and  appear- 
ance were  so  mean  that  in  some  instances 
the  alms  of  the  humane  were  pressed  upon 
him  as  upon  an  indigent  and  half-starved 
beggar. 

Gut,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  known  as  a  mu- 
sician, and  as  the  first  who  produced  a  de- 
lightful harmony  from  several  different 
voices  singing  together.  He  also  invented 
the  six  syllables  of  the  gamut,  ut,  re,  mi, 
fa,  sol,  la.  His  inventions  were  received 
with  applause  by  the  world.  He  lived  about 
the  year  1026. 

Gutard,  de  Berville,  a  French  author 
of  some  merit.  He  was  born  at  Bans,  1697, 
and  after  suffering,  like  Otway  and  Chat- 
terton,  all  the  evils  of  pinching  poverty  and 
accumulated  distress,  he  died  in  the  prison 
of  Bicetre,  at  the  age  of  73.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  Bertrand,  of  du  Guesclin,  of  the 
chevalier  Bayard,   &c. 

Gutard,  Anthony,  a  benedictine  monk, 
author  of  Political  Observations  on  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Benefices,  &c.  He  died  at 
Dijon,  1770. 

Guyet,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
at  Angers,  1575.  He  lost  his  parents  in  his 
infancy,  but  though  his  property  was  squan- 
dered by  the  negligence  of  his  guardian,  he 
devoted  himself  assiduously  to  letters,  and 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  had  the  happiness 
to  be  introduced  to  the  society  of  the  two 
du  Puys,  Thuanus,  and  other  learned  men. 
In  1608  he  visited  Rome,  and  acquired  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  Italian.  After  his  re- 
turn through  Germany  to  Paris,  he  became 
tutor  in  the  house  of  the  duke  d'Epernon  to 
the  abbot  de  Gransalve,  afterwards  cardinal 
de  la  Valette.  In  this  office  he  conducted 
himself  with  such  judgment  and  prudence, 
that  he  gained  the  confidence  of  his  patrons, 
and  might  have  risen  to  eminence  in  the 
church,  had  he  not  preferred  the  retire- 
ment of  Burgundy  college  to  the  splendour 
of  a  palace.  He  employed  himself  here  in 
a  work  to  prove  that  the  Latin  is  derived 
from  the  Greek,  and  that  all  the  primitive 
words  of  the  Greek  are  but  of  one  syllable. 
Though  learned,  he  published  nothing,  but 
his  criticisms  afterwards  appeared  very  va- 
luable in  the  hands  of  his  friends,  especial- 
ly those  on  Hesiod,  published  by  Graevius, 
and  those  on  Terence  by  Bocclerus.  As  a 
critic,  however,  he  was  severe,  and  he  scru- 
pled not  to  erase  many  verses  in  Virgil, 
and  to  reject  the  first  ode  in  Horace,  and 
the  secret  history  of  Procopius.  Thus  re- 
spected for  his  erudition,  and  for  the  vir- 
tues of  private  life,  this  good  man  died  of 
a  catarrh  after  three  days'  illness,  in  the 
arms  of  his  friends,  J.  du  Puy,  and  Me- 
nage, 12th  April,  1655,  aged  80.  His  life, 
in  Latin,  was  published  by  Portner. 


GUY 


UVV1 


Guyon,  Johanna  Mary  Bouviers  de  la 
Mothe,  a  French  lady  of  a  noble  family, 
born  at  Montargis,  1648,  famous  for  her 
writings.  She  wished  to  take  the  veil,  but 
her  friends  made  her  marry,  and  she  be- 
came, at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  a  widow. 
Abandoning  the  care  of  her  family,  she  de- 
voted herself  to  the  mysteries  of  quietism, 
which  Michael  de  Molinos,  a  Spanish  Jesuit 
at  Rome,  had  imposed  upon  the  credulity 
of  the  world.  Wavering  in  her  opinions, 
and  inconstant  in  her  temper,  she,  however, 
endured  persecution  for  her  tenets,  and 
when  she  declared  herself  th«  pregnant 
woman  mentioned  in  the  apocalypse,  and 
threatened  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  by  the 
number  of  her  followers,  she  was  imprison- 
ed in  the  Bastile  by  order  of  the  king.  Fe- 
nelon  undertook  her  defence,  but  his  ene- 
my, Bossuet,  had  the  art  to  procure  the 
condemnation  of  his  works  on  the  subject. 
Her  verses,  after  her  death,  which  happen- 
ed at  Blois,  1717,  were  published  in  five 
volumes,  and  also  some  of  her  Mystical 
Reveries. 

Guyon,  Claude,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Franche  Comte.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1771.  Besides  his  "  Ecclesiastical 
History,"  a  very  valuable  book,  he  wrote 
History  of  the  Indies, — of  the  Amazons, 
— and  a  continuation  of  Echard's  Roman 
History. 

Guts,  Peter  Augustine,  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, eminent  as  a  merchant,  and  as  a 
man  of  letters.  He  travelled  over  various 
parts  of  the  east,  with  the  eye  of  a  philo- 
sopher and  an  antiquarian,  and  published 
the  result  of  his  researches,  in  which  he 
compared  the  different  characters  of  the 
ancient  and  of  the  modern  inhabitants  of 
those  classical  countries.  He  died  at  Zante 
in  the  Ionian  sea,  in  1799,  aged  79.  His 
works  are  essays  on  the  Antiquities  of 
Marseilles,  8vo. — Voyage  Literaire  de  la 
Grece,  four  vols.  8vo.  1 783, — a  Voyage  in 
Italy  and  in  the  North,  8vo.  &c. 

Gutse,  John,  a  native  of  Hereford,  who 
became  a  dissenting  minister  there,  and  in 
1727  removed  to  New  Broad-street  inde- 
pendent congregation,  London.  He  was 
made  D.D.  by  the  university  of  Aberdeen 
1732,  and  though  blind  for  some  years  be- 
fore his  death,  he  nevertheless  continued 
his  pastoral  functions.  He  died  1761  aged 
81.  He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  the  New 
Testament,  three  vols.  4to. — the  Standard 
Use  of  Scripture  in  the  Purposes  of  Di- 
vine Revelation,  8vo. — Jesus  Christ  God- 
Man,  &c.  in  several  sermons, — the  Holy 
Spirit  in  sermons, — Youth's  Monitor  in  ten 
sermons  to  young  persons,  12mo. 

Guyton  de  Morveau,  Lewis  Bernard, 
was  born  in  1737  at  Dijon,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  professor  of  civil  law.  He  was 
bred  to  the  bar,  and  became  advocate-gene- 
ral to  the  parliament  of  his    native  city  : 


where,  however,  he  applied  chiefly  to  na- 
tural philosophy  and  chymistry,  in  which 
science  he  made  many  discoveries.  In  1777 
he  was  appointed  to  examine  the  coal- 
mines of  Burgundy,  on  which  he  made  a 
mineralogical  tour  of  that  province  ;  in 
the  course  of  these  inquiries  he  discovered 
a  rich  lead-mine.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
engaged  in  %vriting  the  articles  on  chymistry 
in  tiie  Encyclopedic  Methodique,  and  in 
in  1782  he  published  his  new  Chymical 
Nomenclature,  which  met  with  much  oppo- 
sition. Afterwards  Guyton  renounced  the 
phlogistic  theory,  and  embraced  the  sys- 
tem of  Lavoisier.  In  1783  he  established 
a  soda  manufactory,  and  the  same  year 
published  his  pleadings  at  the  bar.  The 
discovery  of  aerostation  engaged  much  of 
his  attention  ,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first 
who  ascended  in  a  balloon.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  Revolution,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  council  of  five  hundred. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  first  members  of 
the  National  Institute,  a  director  of  the 
polytechnic  school,  administrator  of  the 
mint,  a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
and,  lastly,  a  baron  of  the  empire.  He 
died  Dec.  21,  1815.  His  principal  works 
are — 1.  A  Course  of  Chymistry,  4  vols. 
8vo.  2.  The  Articles  of  Chymistry  in  the 
New  Encyclopedia.  3.  Papers  in  the  An- 
nales  de  Chymie,  &c. — W.  B. 

Gwinnet,  Button,  was  born  in  England 
about  the  year  1732,  and  after  receiving  a 
good  education,  embarked  in  mercantile 
pursuits  at  Bristol.  In  1770  he  emigrated 
to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  after  a 
residence  there  of  two  years,  removed  to 
Georgia  and  became  a  planter.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  favour  of  the  colonies  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolution,  and 
was  elected  a  representative  of  Georgia  in 
the  general  congress  of  1775,  1776,  and 
1777,  and  signed  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. He  was  also  chosen  to  a  3eat 
in  the  convention,  which  in  1777  formed  a 
constitution  for  that  state,  and  was  one  of 
its  most  conspicuous  members.  He  was 
not  long  after  appointed  president  of  the 
council.  But  his  rapid  exaltation  to  popu- 
larity and  office,  by  exciting  his  ambition 
and  provoking  the  jealousy  and  rivalry  of 
general  M'Intosh,  who  was  also  a  leader 
of  a  popular  party  in  that  state,  involved 
him  in  a  quarrel  with  that  gentleman,  and 
at  length  in  a  duel,  in  which  Mr.  Gwinnet 
was  mortally  wounded,  and  died  May  27, 
1777,  in  his  45th  year.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous  mind,  and  was  polished  in  his 
manners,  but  was  irritable  and  ambitious. 
IC^L. 

Gwynn,  Eleanor,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Nell,  was  famous  in  the  history 
of  courtezans,  as  she  rose,  from  an  orange 
girl  of  the  meanest  description  in  the  play- 
house, to  be  the  mistress  of  Charles  H 
783 


GWY 


U/VZ 


In  the  first  career  of  life  sbe  gained  her 
bread  by  singing  from  tavern  to  tavern  for 
the  amusement  of  the  guests,  and  gradu- 
ally advanced  to  the  rank  of  a  popular 
actress,  at  the  theatre  royal.  She  is  repre- 
sented as  handsome,  but  low  of  stature. 
She  was  mistress  successively  to  Hart, 
Lacy,  and  Buckhurst,  before  she  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  arms  of  the  licentious 
Charles.  It  is  said  that  in  her  elevation 
she  showed  her  gratitude  to  Dryden,  who 
had  patronised  her  poverty,  and  she  was, 
unlike  the  other  concubines,  faithful  to 
her  royal  lover.  From  her  are  sprung  the 
dukes  of  St.  Alban's.     She  died  1687. 

Gwtnne,  Matthew,  an   English  physi- 
cian, born  in  London,  of  an  ancient  Welch 
.784 


family.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  in  1593,  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
He  went  in  1595,  as  physician  to  Sir  Henry 
Unton,  queen  Elizabeth's  ambassador  to 
France.  He  obtained  great  reputation  by 
his  practice,  as  well  as  by  his  writings, 
which  modern  discoveries  have  rendered 
now  of  little  value.  He  died  after  1639, 
though  what  year  is  uncertain. 

Gtlippus,  a  Lacedaemonian  genera],  sent 
to  assist  Syracuse  against  the  Athenians, 
B.C.  414.  He  was  banished  for  embez- 
zling the  booty  which  he  had  obtained. 

Gtzen,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter,  dis- 
ciple to  John  Breughel,  born  at  Antwerp, 
about  1636.  His  views  on  the  Rhine  are 
much  admired. 


